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⌀ | Overview
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| When to see a doctor
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⌀ | Causes
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373
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Foot drop
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/foot-drop/symptoms-causes/syc-20372628
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/foot-drop/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372633
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/foot-drop/doctors-departments/ddc-20372634
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Foot drop, sometimes called drop foot, is a general term for difficulty lifting the front part of the foot. If you have foot drop, the front of your foot might drag on the ground when you walk.
Foot drop isn't a disease. Rather, it is a sign of an underlying neurological, muscular or anatomical problem.
Sometimes foot drop is temporary, but it can be permanent. If you have foot drop, you might need to wear a brace on your ankle and foot to support the foot and hold it in position.
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Foot drop makes it difficult to lift the front part of the foot, so it might drag on the floor when you walk. To help the foot clear the floor, a person with foot drop may raise the thigh more than usual when walking, as though climbing stairs. This unusual kind of walking, called steppage gait, might cause the foot to slap down onto the floor with each step. In some cases, the skin on the top of the foot and toes feels numb.
Depending on the cause, foot drop can affect one or both feet.
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If your toes drag on the floor when you walk, consult your healthcare professional. If foot drop isn't treated, it can cause a loss of mobility and function. This may lead to chronic pain, which can impact a person's quality of life.
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Foot drop is caused by weakness or paralysis of the muscles involved in lifting the front part of the foot. Causes of foot drop might include:
Nerve injury.The most common cause of foot drop is compression of a nerve in the leg that controls the muscles involved in lifting the foot. This nerve is called the peroneal nerve. A serious knee injury can lead to the nerve being compressed. It also can be injured during hip or knee replacement surgery, which may cause foot drop.A nerve root injury — "pinched nerve" — in the spine also can cause foot drop. People who have diabetes are more susceptible to nerve disorders, which are associated with foot drop.
Muscle or nerve disorders.Various forms of muscular dystrophy, an inherited disease that causes progressive muscle weakness, can contribute to foot drop. So can other neurological disorders, such as polio or Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.
Brain and spinal cord disorders.Disorders that affect the spinal cord or brain — such as stroke, multiple sclerosis or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) — may cause foot drop.
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The peroneal nerve controls the muscles that lift the foot. This nerve runs near the surface of the skin on the side of the knee closest to the hand. Activities that compress this nerve can increase the risk of foot drop. Examples include:
Leg crossing.People who habitually cross their legs can compress the peroneal nerve on their uppermost leg.
Prolonged kneeling.Occupations that involve prolonged squatting or kneeling — such as picking strawberries or laying floor tile — can result in foot drop.
Wearing a leg cast.Plaster casts that enclose the ankle and end just below the knee can exert pressure on the peroneal nerve.
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Foot drop is usually diagnosed during a physical exam. Your healthcare professional will watch you walk and check your leg muscles for weakness. Your health professional also may check for numbness on your shin and on the top of your foot and toes.
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Treatment for foot drop depends on the cause. If the cause is successfully treated, foot drop might improve or even disappear. If the cause can't be treated, foot drop can be permanent.
Treatment for foot drop might include:
Braces or splints.A brace on your ankle and foot or splint that fits into your shoe can help hold your foot in a normal position.
Physical therapy.Exercises can strengthen your leg muscles and help you maintain the range of motion in your knee and ankle. These exercises might improve gait problems associated with foot drop. Stretching exercises are particularly important to prevent the stiffness in the calf and heel.
Nerve stimulation.Sometimes stimulating the nerve that lifts the foot improves foot drop.
Surgery.Depending on the cause, and if your foot drop is relatively new, nerve surgery might be helpful. If foot drop is long-standing, your healthcare professional might suggest surgery that transfers a working tendon to a different part of the foot to improve function.
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You're likely to start by seeing your family healthcare professional. Depending on the suspected cause of foot drop, you may be referred to a doctor who specializes in brain and nerve disorders, called a neurologist.
Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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Because foot drop can increase your risk of tripping and falling, consider taking these precautions around your house:
Keep all floors clear of clutter.
Avoid the use of throw rugs.
Move electrical cords away from walkways.
Make sure rooms and stairways are well lit.
Place fluorescent tape on the top and bottom steps of stairways.
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numb, drag on the floor, numb skin, foot slap down, raise the thigh, lift the front part of the foot
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375
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Desmoplastic small round cell tumors
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dsrct/symptoms-causes/syc-20355405
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dsrct/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20449484
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dsrct/doctors-departments/ddc-20355407
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Desmoplastic (des-moe-PLAS-tik) small round cell tumors (DSRCT) are a type of cancer that often begins in the abdomen. Sometimes this type of cancer can occur in other parts of the body.
Desmoplastic small round cell tumors are rare cancers that begin as a growth of cells. The growths often form on the tissue that lines the inside of the abdomen and pelvis. This tissue lining is called the peritoneum. The cancer cells can quickly spread to other nearby organs. This might include the bladder, colon and liver.
Desmoplastic small round cell tumors can happen to anyone, but they're more common in young men and boys.
Treatment for desmoplastic small round cell tumors typically involves a combination of treatments. Options might include surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy.
Desmoplastic small round cell tumors are a type of soft tissue sarcoma. Soft tissue sarcoma is a term used to describe a large group of cancers that all start in the tissues that connect, support and surround other body structures.
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Desmoplastic small round cell tumor symptoms vary depending on where the cancer begins. Most often it begins in the abdomen.
Signs and symptoms of desmoplastic small round cell tumors in the abdomen include:
Swelling of the abdomen
Abdominal pain
Constipation
Difficulty urinating
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Make an appointment with your healthcare professional if you have any persistent signs and symptoms that worry you.
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It's not clear what causes desmoplastic small round cell tumors.
Cancer begins when a cell develops changes in its DNA. A cell's DNA contains the instructions that tell a cell what to do. The changes tell the cell to multiply quickly. This creates a clump of cancer cells called a tumor. The cancer cells can invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, the cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body.
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Healthcare professionals haven't found many risk factors for desmoplastic small round cell tumors. This cancer can happen to anyone, but it's more common in young men and boys.
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Tests and procedures used to diagnose desmoplastic small round cell tumors include:
Removing a sample of tissue for testing.Your healthcare professional might recommend a procedure to remove a sample of cells for testing. This is called a biopsy. The sample might be collected during surgery. Another option might be to get the sample with a needle that's passed through the skin.Tissue samples are sent to a lab for testing. Tests can tell your healthcare team whether cancer is present. Other lab tests analyze the cancer cells to understand which DNA changes are present. The results can help rule out other similar types of cancer and ensure your diagnosis is correct. The results also help your care team pick the treatments that are best for you.
Imaging tests.Imaging tests help your care team understand the size and location of your cancer. Imaging tests may include ultrasound,CT,MRIand positron emission tomography (PET).
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Treatment for desmoplastic small round cell tumor depends on your situation. Your healthcare team considers your cancer's location and whether it has spread to other parts of the body. Most people with this type of cancer receive a combination of treatments.
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Being diagnosed with cancer can feel overwhelming. With time you'll find ways to cope with the distress and uncertainty of cancer. Until then, you may find it helps to:
Learn enough about cancer to make decisions about your care.Ask your healthcare professional for details about your cancer. Ask about your treatment options. If you like, ask about your prognosis. As you learn more about desmoplastic small round cell tumors, you may become more confident in making treatment decisions.
Keep friends and family close.Keep your close relationships strong. They will help you deal with your diagnosis and the impact it has on your life. Friends and family can provide the practical support you'll need. For example, they can help with tasks like taking care of your home if you're in the hospital. They can serve as emotional support when you feel overwhelmed by cancer.
Find someone to talk with.Find a good listener who is willing to listen to you talk about your hopes and fears. This may be a friend or family member. The concern and understanding of a counselor, medical social worker, clergy member or cancer support group also may be helpful.Ask your healthcare team about support groups in your area. Or check with a cancer organization, such as the National Cancer Institute or the American Cancer Society.
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If your healthcare professional suspects you have a desmoplastic small round cell tumor, you may be referred to a specialist. Often this is a doctor who specializes in treating cancer. This doctor is called an oncologist.
Because appointments can be brief, and there's often a lot to discuss, it's a good idea to arrive prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready.
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constipation, cancer, difficulty urinating, abdominal pain, tumor, swelling of the abdomen, tumors
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378
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Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/deep-vein-thrombosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20352557
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/deep-vein-thrombosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352563
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/deep-vein-thrombosis/doctors-departments/ddc-20352565
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Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) occurs when a blood clot (thrombus) forms in one or more of the deep veins in the body, usually in the legs. Deep vein thrombosis can cause leg pain or swelling. Sometimes there are no noticeable symptoms.
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Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) symptoms can include:
Deep vein thrombosis can occur without noticeable symptoms.
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If you develop symptoms of Deep vein thrombosis (DVT), contact your health care provider.
If you develop symptoms of a pulmonary embolism (PE) — a life-threatening complication of deep vein thrombosis — seek emergency medical help.
The warning signs and symptoms of a pulmonary embolism include:
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Anything that prevents the blood from flowing or properly clotting can cause a blood clot.
The main causes of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) are damage to a vein from surgery or inflammation and damage due to infection or injury.
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Many things can increase the risk of developing DVT. The more risk factors you have, the greater your risk of DVT. Risk factors for DVT include:
Sometimes, a blood clot in a vein can occur with no identifiable risk factor. This is called an unprovoked venous thromboembolism.
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Complications of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) can include:
Pulmonary embolism (PE).PE is a potentially life-threatening complication associated with DVT. It occurs when a blood clot (thrombus) in a leg or other body area breaks free and gets stuck in a blood vessel in a lung.
Get immediate medical help if you have symptoms of PE. They include sudden shortness of breath, chest pain while breathing in or coughing, rapid breathing, rapid pulse, feeling faint or fainting, and coughing up blood.
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Lifestyle changes may help prevent deep vein thrombosis. Try these strategies:
Move your legs.If you've had surgery or have been on bed rest, try to move as soon as possible. Don't cross your legs while sitting. Doing so can block blood flow.
When traveling, take frequent breaks to stretch your legs. When on a plane, stand or walk occasionally. If you're traveling by car, stop every hour or so and walk around. If you can't walk, do lower leg exercises. Raise and lower your heels while keeping your toes on the floor. Then raise your toes while keeping your heels on the floor.
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To diagnose DVT, your health care provider will do a physical exam and ask questions about your symptoms. The provider will check the legs for swelling, tenderness or changes in skin color.
The tests you have depend on whether your provider thinks you are at a low or a high risk of DVT.
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There are three main goals to deep vein thrombosis (DVT) treatment.
DVT treatment options include:
Blood thinners.These medicines, also called anticoagulants, help prevent blood clots from getting bigger. Blood thinners reduce the risk of developing more clots.
Blood thinners may be taken by mouth or given by intravenous (IV) or an injection under the skin. There are many different types of blood-thinning drugs used to treat DVT. Together, you and your health care provider will discuss their benefits and risks to determine the best one for you.
You might need to take blood thinner pills for three months or longer. It's important to take them exactly as prescribed to prevent serious side effects.
People who take a blood thinner called warfarin (Jantoven) need regular blood tests to monitor levels of the drug in the body. Certain blood-thinning medications are not safe to take during pregnancy.
Clot busters (thrombolytics).These drugs are used for more-serious types of DVT or pulmonary embolism (PE), or if other medications aren't working.
Clot busters are given by IV or through a tube (catheter) placed directly into the clot. They can cause serious bleeding, so they're usually only used for people with severe blood clots.
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DVT is considered a medical emergency. It's important to get treated quickly. If there's time before your appointment, here's some information to help you get ready.
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vein thrombosis, none, dvt
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380
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Painful intercourse (dyspareunia)
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/painful-intercourse/symptoms-causes/syc-20375967
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/painful-intercourse/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20375973
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/painful-intercourse/doctors-departments/ddc-20375974
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Painful intercourse can happen for reasons that range from structural problems to psychological concerns. Many people have painful intercourse at some point in their lives.
The medical term for painful intercourse is dyspareunia (dis-puh-ROO-nee-uh). It is lasting or recurrent genital pain that occurs just before, during or after sex. Talk with your healthcare professional if you're having painful intercourse. Treatments focus on the cause and can help stop or ease this common problem.
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If you have painful intercourse, you might feel:
Pain only at sexual entry, called penetration.
Pain with every penetration, including putting in a tampon.
Deep pain during thrusting.
Burning pain or aching pain.
Throbbing pain lasting hours after sex.
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If you have recurrent pain during sex, talk with your healthcare professional. Treating the problem can help your sex life, your emotional intimacy and your self-image.
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Physical causes of painful intercourse differ, depending on whether the pain happens at entry or with deep thrusting. Emotional factors can be linked to many types of painful intercourse.
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Many factors can raise the risk of painful intercourse. They include illnesses, surgeries and other medical treatments, and mental health issues.
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A medical evaluation for dyspareunia usually consists of:
A thorough medical history.Your healthcare professional might ask when your pain began, where it hurts, how it feels and if it happens with every sexual partner and every sexual position. Your healthcare professional also might ask about your sexual history, surgical history and history of childbirth.Don't let embarrassment stop you from answering truthfully. These questions provide clues to the cause of your pain.
A pelvic exam.During a pelvic exam, your healthcare professional can check for symptoms of skin irritation, infection or anatomical problems. Your care professional also might try to locate your pain by applying gentle pressure to your genitals and pelvic muscles.A visual exam of your vagina also may be part of the evaluation. For this exam, an instrument called a speculum is used to separate the vaginal walls. Some people who have painful intercourse also have pain during a pelvic exam. You can ask to stop the exam if it's too painful.
Other tests.If your healthcare professional suspects certain causes of painful intercourse, you might have a pelvic ultrasound.
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Treatment options vary depending on the cause of the pain.
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Until vaginal penetration becomes less painful, you and your partner might find other ways to be intimate. Sensual massage, kissing and mutual masturbation offer alternatives to intercourse that might be more comfortable, more fulfilling and more fun than your regular routine.
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Talking with your healthcare professional is the first step in resolving painful intercourse. Your primary healthcare professional might diagnose and treat the problem or refer you to a specialist.
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To help with pain during sex, you and your partner could try to:
Change positions.If you have sharp pain during thrusting, try different positions, such as being on top. In this position, you might be able to regulate penetration to a depth that feels good to you.
Communicate.Talk about what feels good and what doesn't. If you need your partner to go slow, say so.
Don't rush.Longer foreplay can help stimulate your natural lubrication. You might reduce pain by delaying penetration until you feel fully aroused.
Use lubricants.A personal lubricant can make sex more comfortable. Try different brands until you find one you like.
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pain, aching pain, burning pain, throbbing pain, painful intercourse
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381
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Indigestion
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/indigestion/symptoms-causes/syc-20352211
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/indigestion/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352215
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/indigestion/doctors-departments/ddc-20352218
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Indigestion is discomfort or pain in the belly. Symptoms may include a burning pain, feeling full while eating or feeling full long after eating. Indigestion symptoms may happen once in a while or often.
Indigestion may be caused by a digestive system condition. But often, there is no clear underlying cause. Frequent or long-lasting indigestion often can be treated with changes in diet and lifestyle, mental health therapy, and medicines.
Indigestion also is called upset stomach or dyspepsia.
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Symptoms of indigestion may include:
Early fullness during a mealor not being able to finish a typical meal.
Uncomfortable fullnessthat lasts longer than it should after a meal.
Mild to severe painin the upper abdomen, which is the area between the bottom of your breastbone and your belly button.
Burning sensationin the upper abdomen.
Bloatingthat feels like swelling or tightness in the upper abdomen.
Feeling the need to vomitor vomiting.
Burpingor burping up food.
Sometimes people with indigestion also experience heartburn. Heartburn is a pain or burning feeling in the center of your chest during or after eating. The pain or burning feeling may radiate into your neck or back.
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Mild indigestion usually is nothing to worry about. Talk with your healthcare professional if symptoms of indigestion last more than two weeks.
Get care as soon as possible if you have indigestion and these symptoms:
Severe or constant belly pain.
Unintended weight loss or loss of appetite.
Repeated vomiting or vomiting with blood.
Black, tarry stools.
Trouble with swallowing.
Fatigue or weakness.
A yellowing of the skin or eyes, also called jaundice.
Get emergency care if you have indigestion-like symptoms that may be symptoms of a heart attack:
Shortness of breath, sweating, or chest pain radiating to the jaw, neck or arm.
Chest pain when you're active or stressed.
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Indigestion usually has no clear underlying medical condition as a cause. Long-lasting or frequent indigestion with no clear underlying medical cause is called functional indigestion.
Many factors may contribute to or worsen functional indigestion. These include:
Overeating or eating too quickly.
Fatty, greasy or spicy foods.
Caffeine, alcohol or carbonated beverages.
Acidic foods, such as tomatoes and oranges.
Anxiety, depression or trauma.
Smoking.
Certain antibiotics and pain relievers.
H. pylori bacteria can cause ulcers in the stomach or small intestine. H. pylori may contribute to indigestion even if it has not caused an ulcer.
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Several factors can make it more likely for you to have symptoms even though they don't always cause indigestion:
Eating too fast, overeating, or eating spicy, fatty, acidic or greasy foods.
Too many alcoholic, caffeinated or carbonated drinks.
Depression, anxiety or trauma.
Smoking or using other tobacco products.
Pregnancy-related hormones and pressure on the digestive system during pregnancy.
Carrying extra weight, particularly around the belly.
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Although indigestion doesn't usually have serious complications, it can affect your quality of life. You may eat less. You also might miss work or school because of your symptoms.
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To diagnose indigestion, your healthcare professional asks you about your symptoms, recent meals, eating habits, medical history, life stresses, exposure to anyone who's ill and other questions. Your answers help your health professional understand the possible factors linked to your symptoms.
You also have a thorough medical exam. This includes tapping or pressing on your abdomen and listening to your abdomen with a stethoscope.
Your healthcare professional may be able to diagnose functional indigestion based on your symptoms, medical history and exam.
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A variety of treatments may improve symptoms of indigestion.
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You're likely to start by seeing your primary healthcare professional. You may be referred to a doctor who specializes in digestive diseases, called a gastroenterologist. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment and know what to expect.
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Lifestyle changes that can be part of your routine may help lessen symptoms or prevent the return of symptoms:
Avoid fatty, acidic or spicy foods. Avoid caffeine, alcohol and carbonated beverages.
Eat five or six small meals a day instead of three large meals.
Avoid pain medicines such as aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) and naproxen sodium (Aleve).
Exercise regularly and maintain a healthy weight.
Stop smoking if you smoke.
Avoid stressors when possible.
Practice meditation or other mindfulness exercises to help manage stress.
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pain, early fullness, uncomfortable fullness, burping, bloating, fullness, swelling, vomiting, need to vomit, heartburn, indigestion, tightness, burning sensation
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384
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Persistent depressive disorder
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/persistent-depressive-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20350929
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/persistent-depressive-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350935
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Persistent depressive disorder is a continuous, long-term form of depression. You may feel sad and empty, lose interest in daily activities and have trouble getting things done. You may also have low self-esteem, feel like a failure and feel hopeless. These feelings last for years and may interfere with your relationships, school, work and daily activities.
If you have persistent depressive disorder, you may find it hard to be upbeat even on happy occasions. You may be described as having a gloomy personality, constantly complaining or not able to have fun. Persistent depressive disorder is not as severe as major depression, but your current depressed mood may be mild, moderate or severe.
Because persistent depressive disorder is long term, coping with depression symptoms can be challenging. A combination of talk therapy and medicine can be effective in treating this condition.
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Persistent depressive disorder symptoms usually come and go over a period of years. The intensity of symptoms can change over time. But symptoms usually don't disappear for more than two months at a time. Also, major depression episodes may occur before or during persistent depressive disorder.
Symptoms of persistent depressive disorder can cause major problems in your life and may include:
Sadness, emptiness or feeling down.
Loss of interest in daily activities.
Tiredness and lack of energy.
Low self-esteem, self-criticism or feeling you're not capable.
Trouble focusing clearly and trouble making decisions.
Problems getting things done well and on time.
Quickly becoming annoyed, impatient or angry.
Avoidance of social activities.
Feelings of guilt and worries over the past.
Poor appetite or overeating.
Sleep problems.
Hopelessness.
In children, symptoms of persistent depressive disorder may include depressed mood and being irritable, which means easily becoming annoyed, impatient or angry.
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If these feelings have been going on for a long time, you may think they'll always be part of your life. But if you have any symptoms of persistent depressive disorder, seek medical help.
Talk to your health care provider about your symptoms or seek help from a mental health professional. Or you can reach out to someone else who may be able to help guide you to treatment. This could be a friend or loved one, a teacher, a faith leader, or another person you trust.
If you think you may hurt yourself or attempt suicide, call 911 in the U.S. or your local emergency number immediately. Or contact a suicide hotline. In the U.S., call or text 988 to reach the988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline, available 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Or use theLifeline Chat. Services are free and confidential. The Suicide & Crisis Lifeline in the U.S. has a Spanish language phone line at888-628-9454(toll-free).
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The exact cause of persistent depressive disorder is not known. As with major depression, it may involve more than one cause, such as:
Biological differences.People with persistent depressive disorder may have physical changes in their brains. It's not clear how these changes affect the disorder, but they may eventually help determine the causes.
Brain chemistry.Neurotransmitters are naturally occurring brain chemicals. Research indicates that changes in neurotransmitters may play a large part in depression and its treatment.
Inherited traits.Persistent depressive disorder appears to be more common in people whose blood relatives also have the condition. Researchers are trying to find genes that may be involved in causing depression.
Life events.As with major depression, traumatic events such as the loss of a loved one, financial problems or a high level of stress can trigger persistent depressive disorder in some people.
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Persistent depressive disorder often begins early — in childhood, the teen years or young adult life — and continues for a long time. Certain factors appear to increase the risk of developing persistent depressive disorder, including:
Having a first-degree blood relative, such as a parent or sibling, with major depressive disorder or other depressive disorders.
Traumatic or stressful life events, such as the loss of a loved one or major financial problems.
Personality traits that include negativity, such as low self-esteem, being too dependent or self-critical, or always thinking the worst will happen.
History of other mental health disorders, such as a personality disorder.
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Conditions that may be linked with persistent depressive disorder include:
Lower quality of life.
Major depression, anxiety disorders and other mood disorders.
Substance misuse.
Relationship difficulties and family conflicts.
School or work problems and trouble getting things done.
Continuing pain and general medical illnesses.
Suicidal thoughts or behavior.
Personality disorders or other mental health disorders.
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There's no sure way to prevent persistent depressive disorder. Because it often starts in childhood or during the teenage years, identifying children at risk of the condition may help them get early treatment.
Strategies that may help reduce or prevent symptoms include the following:
Take steps to control stress,to increase your ability to recover from problems — which is called resilience — and to boost your self-esteem.
Reach out to family and friends,especially in times of crisis, to help you get through rough spells.
Get treatment at the earliest sign of a problemto help prevent symptoms from worsening.
Consider getting long-term treatmentto help prevent a relapse of symptoms.
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If your health care provider thinks that you may have persistent depressive disorder, exams and tests may include:
Physical exam.Your health care provider may do a physical exam and ask in-depth questions about your health to determine what may be causing your depression. In some cases, it may be linked to an underlying physical health problem.
Lab tests.Your provider may recommend lab tests to rule out other medical conditions that may cause depressive symptoms. For example, you may have a blood test to find out whether your thyroid is not making enough thyroid hormone, which is called hypothyroidism.
Psychological evaluation.This includes talking about your thoughts, feelings and behavior. It may include completing a questionnaire. This evaluation can help determine if you have persistent depressive disorder or another condition that can affect mood, such as major depression, bipolar disorder or seasonal affective disorder.
For a diagnosis of persistent depressive disorder, the main indication for an adult differs somewhat from that of a child:
For an adult, depressed mood occurs most of the day for two or more years.
For a child, depressed mood or irritability occurs most of the day for at least one year.
Symptoms caused by persistent depressive disorder can vary from person to person. When persistent depressive disorder starts before age 21, it's called early onset. If it starts at age 21 or older, it's called late onset.
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The two main treatments for persistent depressive disorder are medicines and talk therapy. What your health care provider recommends depends on factors such as:
How severe your symptoms are.
Your desire to explore emotional or other issues affecting your life.
Previous treatment methods.
Your ability to tolerate medicines.
Other emotional problems you may have.
What type of treatment you prefer.
Talk therapy may be the first option suggested for children and teenagers with persistent depressive disorder, but that depends on the individual. Sometimes antidepressants also are needed.
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Persistent depressive disorder makes it hard to engage in behavior and activities that can help you feel better. In addition to the treatments recommended by your doctor or therapist, consider these tips:
Focus on your goals.Dealing with persistent depressive disorder is an ongoing process. Set reasonable goals for yourself. Stay motivated by keeping your goals in mind. But give yourself permission to do less when you feel down.
Simplify your life.Cut back on obligations when possible.Structure your time by planning your day. You may find it helps to make a list of daily tasks, use sticky notes as reminders or use a planner to stay organized.
Write in a journal.Journaling as part of your treatment may improve mood by allowing you to express pain, anger, fear or other emotions.
Read reputable self-help books and websites.Ask your doctor or therapist to recommend books or websites to read.
Stay connected.Don't become isolated. Try to participate in social activities, and get together with family or friends regularly. Support groups for people with depression can help you connect with others facing similar challenges and share experiences.
Learn ways to relax and manage your stress.Examples include meditation, progressive muscle relaxation, yoga and tai chi.
Don't make important decisions when you're down.Avoid decision-making when you're feeling depressed, since you may not be thinking clearly.
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You may decide to schedule an appointment with your primary health care provider to talk about your concerns. Or you may decide to see a mental health provider, such as a psychiatrist or psychologist, for evaluation.
You may choose to take a family member or friend along to help you remember something that you missed or forgot.
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Persistent depressive disorder generally is not a condition that you can treat on your own. But along with professional treatment, these self-care steps can help:
Stick to your treatment plan.Don't skip therapy sessions or appointments. Even if you're feeling well, don't skip your medicine. Give yourself time to improve gradually.
Learn about persistent depressive disorder.Education about your condition can empower you and motivate you to follow your treatment plan. Encourage your family to learn about the disorder to help them understand and support you.
Pay attention to warning signs.Work with your health care provider or therapist to learn what might trigger your symptoms. Make a plan so that you know what to do if symptoms get worse or return. Contact your health care provider or therapist if you notice any changes in symptoms or how you feel. Consider involving family members or friends to watch for warning signs.
Take care of yourself.Eat a healthy diet, be physically active and get plenty of sleep. Consider walking, jogging, swimming, gardening or another activity that you enjoy. Sleeping well is important for both physical and mental well-being. If you're having trouble sleeping, ask your provider what you can do.
Avoid alcohol and recreational drugs.It may seem like alcohol or drugs lessen depression-related symptoms. But over time, they generally worsen depression and make it harder to treat. Talk with your provider or therapist if you need help dealing with alcohol or drug use.
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low self-esteem, guilt, worries, trouble focusing, problems getting things done, depressive disorder symptoms usually come and go over a period of years., poor appetite, tiredness, quickly becoming annoyed, overeating, depressive disorder, avoidance of social activities, trouble making decisions, hopelessness, feeling down, impatient, sadness, lack of energy, depressed mood, depression, angry, appetite, irritability, emptiness, self-criticism, feelings of guilt, sleep problems, loss of interest, irritable
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385
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Cervical dystonia
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cervical-dystonia/symptoms-causes/syc-20354123
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cervical-dystonia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354128
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cervical-dystonia/doctors-departments/ddc-20354130
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Cervical dystonia, also called spasmodic torticollis, is a painful condition in which your neck muscles contract involuntarily, causing your head to twist or turn to one side. Cervical dystonia can also cause your head to uncontrollably tilt forward or backward.
A rare disorder that can occur at any age, cervical dystonia most often occurs in middle-aged people, women more than men. Symptoms generally begin gradually and then reach a point where they don't get substantially worse.
There is no cure for cervical dystonia. The disorder sometimes resolves without treatment, but sustained remissions are uncommon. Injecting botulinum toxin into the affected muscles often reduces the signs and symptoms of cervical dystonia. Surgery may be appropriate in a few cases.
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The muscle contractions involved in cervical dystonia can cause your head to twist in a variety of directions, including:
The most common type of twisting associated with cervical dystonia is when your chin is pulled toward your shoulder. Some people experience a combination of abnormal head postures. A jerking motion of the head also may occur.
Many people who have cervical dystonia also experience neck pain that can radiate into the shoulders. The disorder can also cause headaches. In some people, the pain from cervical dystonia can be exhausting and disabling.
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In most people with cervical dystonia, the cause is unknown. Some people who have cervical dystonia have a family history of the disorder. Researchers have found gene mutations associated with cervical dystonia. Cervical dystonia is also sometimes linked to head, neck or shoulder injuries.
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Risk factors for cervical dystonia include:
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In some cases, the involuntary muscle contractions associated with cervical dystonia can spread to nearby areas of your body. The most common locations include the face, jaw, arms and trunk.
People who have cervical dystonia may also develop bone spurs that may reduce the amount of space in the spinal canal. This can cause tingling, numbness and weakness in the arms, hands, legs or feet.
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While a physical examination alone can often confirm a diagnosis of cervical dystonia, your doctor might suggest blood tests or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to rule out any underlying conditions causing your signs and symptoms.
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There is no cure for cervical dystonia. In some people, signs and symptoms may disappear without treatment, but recurrence is common. Treatment focuses on relieving the signs and symptoms.
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Severe cases of cervical dystonia may make you feel uncomfortable in social situations or even limit your abilities to accomplish everyday tasks such as driving. Many people with cervical dystonia feel isolated and depressed.
Remember that you're not alone. A number of organizations and support groups are dedicated to providing information and support for you and your family — whether you have the disorder or you have a friend or family member who does.
Your doctor may be able to suggest support groups available in your area, or there are a number of good sites on the internet with information about local support groups.
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While you might first discuss your symptoms with your family doctor, he or she may refer you to a neurologist — a doctor who specializes in disorders of the brain and nervous system — for further evaluation.
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pain, head twist, muscle contractions, dystonia, abnormal head postures, neck pain, chin pulled toward shoulder, jerking motion of the head, pain radiating into shoulders, headaches
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386
|
Swimmer's ear
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/swimmers-ear/symptoms-causes/syc-20351682
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/swimmers-ear/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351688
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Swimmer's ear is an infection in the outer ear canal. The outer ear canal runs from the eardrum to the outside the head. Swimmer's ear is often brought on by water that stays in the ear. The moisture helps bacteria grow.
Putting fingers, cotton swabs or other objects in the ears can damage the thin layer of skin lining the ear canal. This also can lead to swimmer's ear.
Swimmer's ear also is called otitis externa. Ear drops usually can treat swimmer's ear. Treating swimmer’s ear quickly can help prevent complications and more-serious infections.
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Swimmer's ear symptoms are usually mild at first. But they can get worse if the infection isn't treated or spreads. Doctors often classify swimmer's ear as mild, moderate and advanced.
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Make an appointment to get medical helpfor even mild symptoms of swimmer's ear.
Get urgent medical helpor go to an emergency room for:
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Swimmer's ear is an infection that's usually caused by bacteria. It's less common for a fungus or virus to cause swimmer's ear.
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The following can increase the risk of swimmer's ear:
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Swimmer's ear usually isn't serious if treated quickly. But complications that can happen include:
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Follow these tips to avoid swimmer's ear:
Keep ears dry.After swimming or bathing, tip your head from side to side with the ear on each side facing down. This helps water drain from the ear canal.
Dry only the outer ear by wiping it gently with a soft towel. You also can safely dry the outer ear canal with a blow dryer. Use the lowest setting and hold it at least 1 foot (about 0.3 meters) away from the ear.
At-home treatment to prevent swimmer's ear.If you know you don't have a punctured eardrum, you can make ear drops by mixing 1 part white vinegar to 1 part rubbing alcohol. Using this mixture helps the ear dry and prevents the growth of bacteria and fungi.
Before and after swimming, pour 1 teaspoon (about 5 milliliters) of the mixture into each ear. Let it drain back out.
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A healthcare professional usually can diagnose swimmer's ear during an office visit. An advanced or lasting infection might need more testing.
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The goal of treatment is to stop the infection and let the ear canal heal.
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Here are some suggestions to help you get ready for your appointment.
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infection, none
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387
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Ruptured eardrum (perforated eardrum)
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ruptured-eardrum/symptoms-causes/syc-20351879
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ruptured-eardrum/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351884
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ruptured-eardrum/doctors-departments/ddc-20351886
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A ruptured eardrum (tympanic membrane perforation) is a hole or tear in the thin tissue that separates the ear canal from the middle ear (eardrum).
A ruptured eardrum can result in hearing loss. It can also make the middle ear vulnerable to infections.
A ruptured eardrum usually heals within a few weeks without treatment. But sometimes it requires a patch or surgical repair to heal.
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Signs and symptoms of a ruptured eardrum may include:
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Call your health care provider if you have signs or symptoms of a ruptured eardrum. The middle and inner ears are made up of delicate structures that are sensitive to injury or disease. It is important to try to figure out the cause of ear symptoms and determine whether a ruptured eardrum has occurred.
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Causes of a ruptured (perforated) eardrum may include:
Barotrauma.Barotrauma is stress exerted on the eardrum when the air pressure in the middle ear and the air pressure in the environment are out of balance. If the pressure is severe, the eardrum can rupture. Barotrauma is most often caused by air pressure changes associated with air travel.
Other events that can cause sudden changes in pressure — and possibly a ruptured eardrum — include scuba diving and a direct blow to the ear, such as the impact of an automobile air bag.
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The eardrum (tympanic membrane) has two primary roles:
If the eardrum ruptures, uncommon problems can occur, especially if it fails to self-heal after three to six months. Possible complications include:
Middle ear cyst (cholesteatoma).Although very rare, this cyst, which is composed of skin cells and other debris, can develop in the middle ear as a long-term result of eardrum rupture.
Ear canal debris normally travels to the outer ear with the help of ear-protecting earwax. If the eardrum is ruptured, the skin debris can pass into the middle ear and form a cyst.
A cyst in the middle ear provides a friendly environment for bacteria and contains proteins that can damage the bones of the middle ear.
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Follow these tips to avoid a ruptured (perforated) eardrum:
Protect your ears during flight.If possible, don't fly if you have a cold or an active allergy that causes nasal or ear congestion. During takeoffs and landings, keep ears clear with pressure-equalizing earplugs, yawning or chewing gum.
Or use the Valsalva maneuver — gently pushing air into the nose, as if blowing your nose, while pinching the nostrils and keeping the mouth closed. Don't sleep during ascents and descents.
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Your provider or an ENT specialist can often determine if you have a ruptured (perforated) eardrum with a visual inspection using a lighted instrument (otoscope or microscope).
Your provider may conduct or order additional tests to determine the cause of your ear symptoms or to detect the presence of any hearing loss. These tests include:
Tuning fork evaluation.Tuning forks are two-pronged, metal instruments that produce sounds when struck. Simple tests with tuning forks can help your provider detect hearing loss.
A tuning fork evaluation may also reveal whether hearing loss is caused by damage to the vibrating parts of the middle ear (including the eardrum), damage to sensors or nerves of the inner ear, or damage to both.
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Most ruptured (perforated) eardrums heal without treatment within a few weeks. Your provider may prescribe antibiotic drops if there's evidence of infection. If the tear or hole in the eardrum doesn't heal by itself, treatment will likely involve procedures to close the tear or hole. These may include:
Eardrum patch.If the tear or hole in the eardrum doesn't close on its own, an ENT specialist may seal it with a paper patch (or a patch made of other material).
With this office procedure, your ENT doctor may apply a chemical to the edges of the tear, which can promote ear drum healing, and then apply a patch over the hole. The procedure may need to be repeated more than once before the hole closes.
Surgery.If a patch doesn't result in proper healing or your ENT doctor determines that the tear isn't likely to heal with a patch, he or she may recommend surgery.
The most common surgical procedure is called tympanoplasty. Your surgeon grafts a patch of your own tissue to close the hole in the eardrum. This procedure is done on an outpatient basis. In an outpatient procedure, you can usually go home the same day unless medical anesthesia conditions require a longer hospital stay.
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If you have signs or symptoms of a perforated eardrum, you're likely to start by seeing your provider. However, your provider may refer you to a specialist in ear, nose and throat (ENT) disorders (otolaryngologist).
Here's some information to help you prepare for your appointment.
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nausea, discharge or fluid leaking from the ear, buzzing or ringing in the ear, vomiting, spinning sensation, ear pain, hearing loss
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388
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Precocious puberty
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/precocious-puberty/symptoms-causes/syc-20351811
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/precocious-puberty/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351817
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Precocious puberty is when children's bodies begin to change into adult bodies too soon. This change is known as puberty. Most of the time, puberty occurs after age 8 in girls and after age 9 in boys. However, Black, Hispanic, and Native American children might naturally reach puberty earlier. Precocious puberty is when puberty begins too early for the child who's going through it.
In puberty, muscles and bones grow quickly. Bodies change shape and size. And the body becomes able to have children.
The cause of precocious puberty often can't be found. Rarely, certain conditions, such as infections, hormone issues, tumors, brain issues or injuries, may cause precocious puberty. Treatment for precocious puberty usually includes medicines to delay puberty.
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Precocious puberty symptoms include:
Breast growth and first period in girls.
Testicle and penis growth, facial hair and deeper voice in boys.
Pubic or underarm hair.
Rapid growth.
Acne.
Adult body odor.
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Make an appointment with your child's health care provider if your child has symptoms of precocious puberty.
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To understand the causes of precocious puberty in some children, it's helpful to know what happens at puberty. The brain starts the process by making a hormone called gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).
When this hormone reaches the small, bean-shaped gland at the base of the brain, called the pituitary gland, it leads to more estrogen in the ovaries and more testosterone in the testicles. Estrogen makes female sex traits. Testosterone makes male sex traits.
There are two types of precocious puberty: central precocious puberty and peripheral precocious puberty.
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Factors that increase the risk of precocious puberty include:
Being a girl.Girls are more likely than boys are to have precocious puberty.
Being obese.Carrying extra weight increases the risk of precocious puberty.
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Possible complications of precocious puberty include:
Short height.Children with precocious puberty might grow quickly at first and be taller than others their ages. But their bones mature too soon. So these children often stop growing earlier than usual. This can cause them to be shorter than average as adults.
Social and emotional problems.Children who begin puberty long before others of their age might be upset about the changes in their bodies. For example, dealing with early periods can cause distress. This might affect self-esteem and raise the risk of depression or using illegal drugs or alcohol.
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No one can avoid some of the risk factors for precocious puberty, such as sex and race. But there are things that can lower children's chances of precocious puberty, including:
Keep anything that contains estrogen or testosterone away from children. These might include prescription medicines for adults or diet supplements.
Encourage children to stay at a healthy weight.
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Diagnosing precocious puberty involves:
Reviewing the child's and the family's medical histories.
Doing a physical exam.
Running blood tests to measure hormone levels.
X-rays of children's hands and wrists also are helpful in diagnosing precocious puberty. These X-rays can show if the bones are growing too quickly.
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The primary goal of treatment is for children to grow to adult height.
Treatment for precocious puberty depends on the cause. However, when no cause can be found, treatment may not be needed, depending on the child's age and how fast puberty is moving. Watching the child for several months might be an option.
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Children who begin puberty early may feel unlike other children their age. There are few studies on the emotional effects of precocious puberty. But early puberty might lead to social and emotional problems. One result of that could be having sex at an early age.
Counseling can help families better understand and handle the feelings and issues that may come with precocious puberty. For answers to questions or for help finding a counselor, talk with a member of your child's health care team.
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You're likely to start by seeing your child's primary care provider. Or you might be sent to a specialist in the treatment of hormone-related conditions in children, known as a pediatric endocrinologist.
Here's information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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testicle growth, acne, penis growth, rapid growth, underarm hair, adult body odor, first period, pubic hair, deeper voice, facial hair, breast growth
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391
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Bulimia nervosa
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bulimia/symptoms-causes/syc-20353615
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bulimia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353621
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bulimia/doctors-departments/ddc-20353625
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Bulimia (boo-LEE-me-uh) nervosa, commonly called bulimia, is a serious, potentially life-threatening eating disorder. People with bulimia binge eat. This means people feel like they've lost control over their eating. They eat large amounts of food in one sitting. This often occurs in secret, and they often feel very guilty and shameful. Then they try to get rid of the food and extra calories in an unhealthy way, such as vomiting or misusing laxatives. This is called purging.
If you have bulimia, you probably focus on your weight and body shape even when you're trying to think about other things. You may judge yourself severely and harshly for what you see as flaws in your appearance and personality. Bulimia is related to how you see yourself — not just about food. It can be hard to overcome, and it can be dangerous.
It's important to remember that an eating disorder is not something you choose. Bulimia is a complex illness that affects how your brain works and how you make decisions. But effective treatment can help you feel better about yourself, eat healthier and reverse serious complications.
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Bulimia symptoms may include:
Living in fear of gaining weight and trying to lose weight in unhealthy ways.
Repeatedly eating unusually large amounts of food in one sitting.
Feeling a loss of control during binge eating. You may feel like you can't stop eating or can't control what you eat.
Vomiting on purpose or exercising to extremes after binge eating so that you don't gain weight.
Using medicines that make you urinate, called water pills or diuretics, or laxatives or enemas to pass stool when they're not needed.
Fasting, limiting calories or not eating certain foods between binges.
Using dietary supplements or herbal products for weight loss. These products can be dangerous.
Being very unhappy with your body shape and weight.
Letting your body shape and weight guide how you feel about yourself and your worth.
Having extreme mood swings.
People with bulimia may use different methods to purge. The severity of bulimia depends on the number of times a week that you purge and the problems caused by doing so.
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If you have any bulimia symptoms, seek medical help right away. If left untreated, bulimia can severely affect your physical and mental health.
Talk to your primary healthcare professional or a mental health professional about your bulimia symptoms and feelings. If you're not sure if you want to seek treatment, talk to someone about what you're going through. This could be a friend or loved one, a teacher, a faith leader, or someone else you trust. This person can help you take the first steps to get help.
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The exact cause of bulimia is not known. Genes may play a role in the development of bulimia and other eating disorders. Emotional health and family history may play a role. Also, pressures from society to be thin may play a role.
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Females are more likely to have bulimia than males. Bulimia often begins in the late teens or young adulthood.
Factors that raise your risk of bulimia include:
Family history and genes.Having a family history of eating problems and weight-control issues can increase the risk of an eating disorder. People with first-degree relatives — siblings, parents or children — who are diagnosed with an eating disorder may be more likely to have an eating disorder. This suggests a possible genetic link.
Mental health and emotional issues.Mental health and emotional problems, such as depression, anxiety or substance misuse, are linked closely with eating disorders. People with bulimia may feel badly about themselves, especially if they're bullied about weight or shape. In some cases, distressing events and factors that cause emotional distress may play a part, such as being mistreated as a child.
Dieting.People who diet are more likely to have eating disorders. Many people with bulimia severely limit calories between binge-eating sessions. This may cause them to binge eat again and then purge. Other causes for binge eating can include stress, strong emotions, having a distorted or negative body image and boredom.
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Bulimia may cause many serious and even life-threatening complications, including:
Not seeing yourself as worthy and feeling hopeless or even suicidal.
Problems getting along with others or being socially isolated.
Poor nutrition.
Not drinking enough fluids, which can lead to major medical problems, such as kidney failure.
Heart problems, such as an irregular heartbeat or heart failure.
Severe tooth decay and gum disease.
Not having a period or not having a period on a regular schedule.
Gastrointestinal problems, including tears in the tube that carries food, or a hole in your stomach or small intestine. You also could have rectal prolapse, which is when part of the large intestine slips outside the anus.
Conditions that often occur along with bulimia include anxiety, depression, personality disorders or bipolar disorder, and misuse of alcohol or drugs. Self-harm, thoughts about suicide or suicide also can occur.
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Although there's no sure way to prevent bulimia, you can steer someone toward healthier behavior or professional treatment before it gets worse. Here's how you can help:
Promote and support a healthy body image in your children, no matter what their size or shape. Help them become more confident in many parts of their personality, not just how they look.
Have regular, enjoyable family meals.
Don't talk about weight or shape at home.
Discourage dieting. This is especially important when it involves unhealthy weight-control behaviors, such as fasting, labeling foods as good or bad, using weight-loss supplements or laxatives, or vomiting.
Talk with your primary healthcare professional to look for early signs of an eating problem.
If you notice a loved one or friend who seems to have food issues that could lead to or suggest an eating disorder, think about talking to the person about these issues and ask how you can help. If you do so, be supportive.
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To diagnose bulimia, your healthcare professional will:
Talk to you about your eating habits, ways to lose weight and physical symptoms.
Do a physical exam.
Request blood and urine tests.
Request anECGor other tests to look for problems with your heart.
Do a mental health evaluation, including talking about how you feel about your body and weight.
Your healthcare professional also may request more tests to pinpoint a diagnosis, rule out medical causes for weight changes and check for any related complications.
A diagnosis of bulimia usually includes episodes of binging and purging at least once a week for three months. But any binge and purge behaviors, even when done less often, can be dangerous and need treatment. The more often the episodes occur, the more severe the bulimia is.
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When you have bulimia, you may need one or more types of treatment. Treatment includes proven therapies and medicines that may help you get better.
Treatment generally involves a team approach that includes you, your family, your primary healthcare professional, a mental health professional and sometimes a dietitian who knows how to treat eating problems.
Here's a look at bulimia treatment options.
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You may find it hard to cope with bulimia when the media, coaches, family, and maybe your own friends or peers are giving you mixed messages. How do you cope with a disease that can be deadly when you're also getting messages that being thin is a sign of success?
Be sure to:
Remind yourself what a healthy weight is for your body.
Try not to diet or skip meals, which can cause binge eating.
Don't skip therapy sessions.
Don't visit websites that support or praise eating disorders.
Work with your treatment team to figure out which situations cause thoughts or behaviors that may play a part in your bulimia. Create a plan to deal with those situations.
Make a plan to cope with the hardships of setbacks.
Look for positive role models who can make you feel better about yourself.
Find activities and hobbies that you enjoy to distract you from thoughts of binge eating and purging.
Feel better about yourself by forgiving yourself, focusing on the positive, and crediting and accepting yourself.
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Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment, and what to expect from your healthcare team. Ask a family member or friend to go with you, if possible, to help you remember key points and give a fuller picture of what's going on.
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In addition to professional treatment, use these self-care tips:
Follow your treatment plan.Don't skip therapy sessions. Also, try to follow what you and your therapist plan for the time between sessions, even if those plans make you uncomfortable.
Learn about bulimia.Knowing more about your condition can help you stay with your treatment plan.
Get the right nutrition.If you aren't eating well or you're purging a lot, your body likely isn't getting all the nutrients it needs. Talk to your primary healthcare professional or dietitian about what vitamin and mineral supplements you need. But you should try to get most of your vitamins and minerals from food.
Stay in touch.Don't stay away from caring family members and friends who want to see you get healthy. Know that they have your best interests at heart. And having people who care about you in your life is healthy for you.
Be kind to yourself.Try not to weigh yourself or check yourself in the mirror a lot. These actions may fuel your drive to keep unhealthy habits.
Be cautious with exercise.Talk to your primary healthcare professional about what kind of physical activity is right for you, especially if you exercise a lot to burn off calories after binge eating.
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feeling of loss of control, using laxatives or enemas, vomiting, enemas, limiting calories, exercising to extremes, fasting, bulimia, urinating, weight loss, fear of gaining weight, eating unusually large amounts of food, mood swings
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392
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Premature ventricular contractions (PVCs)
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/premature-ventricular-contractions/symptoms-causes/syc-20376757
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/premature-ventricular-contractions/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20376762
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/premature-ventricular-contractions/doctors-departments/ddc-20376763
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Premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) are extra heartbeats that begin in one of the heart's two lower pumping chambers (ventricles). These extra beats disrupt the regular heart rhythm, sometimes causing a sensation of a fluttering or a skipped beat in the chest.
Premature ventricular contractions are a common type of irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia). PVC are also called:
Occasional premature ventricular contractions in people without heart disease usually aren't a concern and likely don't need treatment. You might need treatment if the premature ventricular contractions are very frequent or bothersome, or if you have an underlying heart condition.
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Premature ventricular contractions often cause few or no symptoms. But the extra beats can cause unusual sensations in the chest, such as:
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If you feel fluttering, pounding or a sensation of skipped heartbeats in your chest, talk to your health care provider. A health care provider can determine if the sensations are due to a heart condition or other health concern. Similar signs and symptoms can be caused by many other conditions such as anxiety, low red blood cell count (anemia), overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism) and infections.
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To understand the cause of premature ventricular contractions (PVCs), it might help to learn more about how the heart typically beats.
The heart is made of four chambers — two upper chambers (atria) and two lower chambers (ventricles).
The heart's rhythm is controlled by a natural pacemaker (the sinus node) in the right upper chamber (atrium). The sinus node sends electrical signals that typically start each heartbeat. These electrical signals move across the atria, causing the heart muscles to squeeze (contract) and pump blood into the ventricles.
Next, the signals arrive at a cluster of cells called the atrioventricular (AV) node, where they slow down. This slight delay allows the ventricles to fill with blood. When the electrical signals reach the ventricles, the chambers contract and pump blood to the lungs or to the rest of the body.
In a typical heart, this heart signaling process usually goes smoothly, resulting in a resting heart rate of 60 to 100 beats a minute.
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Certain lifestyle choices and health conditions may make a person more likely to develop PVCs.
Risk factors for PCVs include:
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Having frequent premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) or certain patterns of them might increase the risk of developing irregular heart rhythms (arrhythmias) or weakening of the heart muscle (cardiomyopathy).
Rarely, when accompanied by heart disease, frequent premature contractions can lead to chaotic, dangerous heart rhythms and possibly sudden cardiac death.
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To diagnose premature ventricular contractions (PVCs), a health care provider will typically listen to your heart with a stethoscope. You may be asked questions about your lifestyle habits and medical history.
Tests are done to confirm a diagnosis of premature ventricular contractions.
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Most people with premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) who don't have heart disease won't need treatment. If you have heart disease, PVCs can lead to more-serious heart rhythm problems (arrhythmias). Treatment depends on the underlying cause.
A health care provider may recommend the following treatment for frequent PVCs:
| null |
You're likely to start by seeing your family care provider. You may be referred to a doctor trained in heart diseases (cardiologist).
Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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unusual sensations in the chest, extra beats, premature ventricular contractions
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394
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Dyshidrosis
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dyshidrosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20352342
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dyshidrosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352348
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Dyshidrosis is a skin condition that causes small, fluid-filled blisters to form on the palms of the hands and sides of the fingers. Sometimes the bottoms of the feet are affected too.
The itchy blisters last a few weeks and often come back.
Treatment for dyshidrosis most often includes prescription steroid skin creams or ointments. Your doctor or other health care provider may suggest a different treatment, such as light therapy or medicine taken by mouth or injection. The right treatment depends on how severe your symptoms are.
Dyshidrosis is also called dyshidrotic eczema and pompholyx.
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Dyshidrosis symptoms include painful, itchy and fluid-filled blisters on the sides of the fingers, the palms of the hands and the bottoms of the feet. The blisters are small — about the width of a standard pencil lead. They are grouped in clusters and can look like tapioca.
With severe disease, the small blisters can merge to form larger blisters. Skin affected by dyshidrosis can be painful and very itchy. After a few weeks, the blisters dry and flake off.
Dyshidrosis tends to come back regularly for months or years.
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Call your doctor if you have a rash on your hands or feet that's severe, doesn't go away, or spreads beyond the hands and feet.
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The cause of dyshidrosis isn't known. It tends to happen in people who have a skin condition called atopic dermatitis (eczema) and allergic conditions, such as hay fever or glove allergy. Dyshidrosis isn't contagious.
|
Risk factors for dyshidrosis include:
Stress.Dyshidrosis appears to be more common during times of emotional or physical stress.
Exposure to certain metals.These include cobalt and nickel — often in an industrial setting.
Sensitive skin.People who develop a rash after contact with certain irritants are more likely to form the blisters of dyshidrosis.
Atopic dermatitis.Some people with atopic dermatitis may have dyshidrosis.
|
For most people with dyshidrosis, it's just an itchy inconvenience. For others, the pain and itching may limit the use of their hands or feet. Intense scratching can increase the risk of a bacterial infection of the affected skin.
After healing, you may notice skin color changes in the affected area. This is called postinflammatory hyperpigmentation. It's more likely to occur in people with brown or Black skin. This complication most often goes away in time without treatment.
|
There's no way to prevent dyshidrosis. It may help to manage stress and avoid exposure to metal salts, such as cobalt and nickel.
Good skin care practices may help protect the skin as well. These include:
Using mild, nonsoap cleansers and lukewarm water to wash your hands.
Drying your hands well.
Applying moisturizer at least twice a day.
Wearing gloves. But if you notice that wearing gloves worsens the rash, you may be sensitive to gloves. Let your doctor know about this. Try cotton gloves to prevent irritation. For wet activities, you might try wearing cotton gloves under waterproof gloves.
|
To diagnosis dyshidrosis, your doctor will likely talk with you about your medical history and look at the affected skin. You might need other tests to rule out conditions that can cause symptoms similar to those of dyshidrosis. For example, a scraping of the skin can be tested for the type of fungus that causes athlete's foot. Or you might have a patch test. With this test, the skin is exposed to a small amount of suspected allergen and watched for a reaction.
|
Dyshidrosis treatment might involve:
Corticosteroids.Your doctor may prescribe a corticosteroid cream or ointment to help clear up the blisters. Covering the treated area in plastic wrap or a moist bandage helps the skin absorb the medicine. Long-term use of steroids can cause side effects, such as spider veins and thinning of skin.In severe cases, your doctor may prescribe a brief course of oral steroids, such as prednisone, as a bridge to other treatments.
Phototherapy.If other treatments aren't effective, your doctor may recommend light therapy. In this treatment, aUVlight called narrowbandUVBis directed at the affected skin.
Immune-suppressing ointments.The calcineurin inhibitor tacrolimus (Protopic) may be helpful for people who want to limit their exposure to steroids. Do not combine this treatment with phototherapy.
Controlling sweating.Heavy sweating of the palms and soles may contribute to dyshidrosis. Your doctor might suggest anti-perspirants or injection with botulinum toxin A. This treatment may help reduce sweating and improve the skin.
| null |
You're likely to start by seeing your primary care provider. You may be referred to a doctor who specializes in skin disorders (dermatologist). Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
|
Home treatment might include:
Applying a moist cloth.A wet, cool cloth may help reduce itching.
Taking anti-itch drugs.Antihistamine medicine that you can get at a store without a prescription may help relieve itching. Examples are diphenhydramine and loratadine (Alavert, Claritin).
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blisters, dyshidrosis, painful and very itchy, painful, fluid-filled blisters, dyshidrosis symptoms, larger blisters, itchy, painful, itchy, blisters dry, small blisters, very itchy, skin painful
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395
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Erectile dysfunction
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/erectile-dysfunction/symptoms-causes/syc-20355776
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/erectile-dysfunction/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355782
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/erectile-dysfunction/doctors-departments/ddc-20355785
|
Erectile dysfunction means not being able to get and keep an erection firm enough for sexual activity. It also is called impotence.
Having erection trouble from time to time isn't always a cause for concern. But if erectile dysfunction is ongoing, it can cause stress, affect self-confidence and add to challenges with a partner. Problems getting or keeping an erection can be a sign of a health condition that needs treatment and a risk factor for heart disease.
If you're worried about erectile dysfunction, talk to your healthcare professional, even if it's awkward. Sometimes, treating an underlying condition can fix erectile dysfunction. Or you might need medicines or other direct treatments.
|
Having trouble getting an erection once in a while is common. Erectile dysfunction symptoms are ongoing and often get worse over time. They might include:
Trouble getting an erection.
Trouble keeping an erection.
Wanting sex less.
|
Your main healthcare professional is a good place to start when you have erectile issues. See your healthcare professional if:
You worry about your erections or you have other sexual problems, such as ejaculating sooner than you want. This is called premature ejaculation. Ejaculating later than you want is called delayed ejaculation.
You have diabetes, heart disease or another health condition that might be linked to erectile dysfunction.
You have other symptoms with erectile dysfunction.
|
Male sexual arousal is complex. It involves the brain, hormones, emotions, nerves, muscles and blood vessels. Erectile dysfunction can result from a problem with any of these. Also, stress and mental health concerns can cause erectile dysfunction or make it worse.
Sometimes the cause of erectile dysfunction is both physical and mental. For instance, a minor physical condition that slows your sexual response might cause worry about keeping an erection. The anxiety can add to erectile dysfunction.
|
As you get older, erections might take longer to start and might not be as firm. You might need more direct touch to your penis to get and keep an erection. But erectile dysfunction is not a typical part of aging.
Risk factors that can add to erectile dysfunction include:
Medical conditions.Diabetes or heart conditions are big risk factors.
Tobacco use.This lowers blood flow to veins and arteries. Over time, tobacco use can cause ongoing health conditions that lead to erectile dysfunction.
Being overweight.Being obese, especially, can lead to erectile dysfunction.
Certain medical treatments.These include prostate surgery or radiation treatment for cancer.
Injuries.This is especially true if injuries damage the nerves or arteries that control erections.
Medicines.These include antidepressants, antihistamines, and medicines to treat high blood pressure, pain or prostate conditions.
Mental health conditions.These include stress, anxiety and depression.
Illicit drug and alcohol use.This is especially true for long-term drug use or heavy drinking.
|
Complications from erectile dysfunction can include:
A poor sex life.
Depression, stress or anxiety.
Embarrassment or low self-esteem.
Relationship issues.
Not being able to get your partner pregnant.
|
The best way to prevent erectile dysfunction is to make healthy lifestyle choices and to manage any health conditions. For instance:
Work with your healthcare professional to manage diabetes, heart disease or other ongoing health conditions.
Get regular checkups and medical screening tests.
Stop smoking, limit or don't drink alcohol, and don't use illicit drugs.
Exercise regularly.
Find ways to ease stress.
Get help for anxiety, depression or other mental health issues.
|
Diagnosing erectile dysfunction involves having a physical exam and answering questions about your medical and sexual history. If you have ongoing health conditions that could be involved, you might need other tests. Or you might need to see a specialist.
Tests for underlying conditions might include:
Physical exam.This might involve an exam of your penis and testicles and checking for nerve damage.
Blood tests.A sample of your blood sent to a lab can check for signs of heart disease, diabetes, low testosterone levels and other health conditions.
Urine tests, also called urinalysis.Like blood tests, urine tests can show signs of diabetes and other health conditions.
Ultrasound.This test uses sound waves to look at the blood vessels that send blood to the penis. It involves using a wandlike device called a transducer held over the blood vessels. It makes a video image that can show if you have blood flow problems.Healthcare professionals sometimes do this test after putting a shot of medicine into the penis to stimulate blood flow and make an erection.
Mental health exam.Your healthcare professional may ask questions to screen for depression and other mental issues that can cause erectile dysfunction.
|
Treatment for erectile dysfunction depends on the cause of your erectile dysfunction, how bad it is and whether you have underlying health conditions. You might have several treatment choices.
Your healthcare professional can tell you the pros and cons of each treatment. What you prefer matters. What your partner wants also might be part of your treatment choices.
|
No matter what causes erectile dysfunction, it can be a source of stress for you and your partner. Here are some steps you can take:
Don't assume the issue will last.It's common to have erection problems sometimes. Thinking you'll have it again or that it's a sign of something wrong with you can cause stress. Stress can make erectile dysfunction worse.
Involve your sexual partner.Your partner might think not being able to have an erection is a sign that you have less desire for sex. Assure your partner that this isn't true. Talk openly about your condition. Treatment can work better for you when you involve your partner.
Don't ignore stress, anxiety or other mental health concerns.Talk to your healthcare professional or a mental health professional to deal with these issues.
|
You're likely to start by seeing your main healthcare professional. Your healthcare professional may send you to a specialist. This could be a doctor who specializes in male genital problems, called a urologist, or a doctor who specializes in the hormonal systems, called an endocrinologist.
Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
|
For many people, lifestyle choices cause erectile dysfunction or make it worse. Here are some tips that might help:
If you smoke, quit.If you have trouble quitting, get help. Try nicotine replacement, such as over-the-counter gum or lozenges. Or ask your healthcare professional about a prescription medicine that can help you quit.
Lose excess weight.Being overweight can cause erectile dysfunction or make it worse.
Be more physically active.Exercise can help with underlying conditions that play a part in erectile dysfunction by easing stress, helping you lose weight and increasing blood flow.
Get treatment for alcohol or drug overuse.Drinking too much or taking certain illicit drugs can make erectile dysfunction worse. And overuse can cause long-term health problems that make erectile dysfunction worse.
Work through issues with your partner.Think about couples counseling for help working through problems with your partner.
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trouble getting an erection, trouble keeping an erection, erectile dysfunction symptoms, wanting sex less
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396
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Pulmonary edema
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-edema/symptoms-causes/syc-20377009
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-edema/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20377014
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-edema/doctors-departments/ddc-20377015
|
Pulmonary edema is a condition caused by too much fluid in the lungs. This fluid collects in the many air sacs in the lungs, making it difficult to breathe.
In most cases, heart problems cause pulmonary edema. But fluid can collect in the lungs for other reasons. These include pneumonia, contact with certain toxins, medications, trauma to the chest wall, and traveling to or exercising at high elevations.
Pulmonary edema that develops suddenly (acute pulmonary edema) is a medical emergency that needs immediate care. Pulmonary edema can sometimes cause death. Prompt treatment might help. Treatment for pulmonary edema depends on the cause but generally includes additional oxygen and medications.
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Pulmonary edema symptoms may appear suddenly or develop over time. Symptoms depend on the type of pulmonary edema.
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Pulmonary edema that comes on suddenly (acute pulmonary edema) is life-threatening. Call 911 or emergency medical help if you have any of the following acute symptoms:
Don't drive yourself to the hospital. Instead, call 911 or emergency medical care and wait for help.
|
The causes of pulmonary edema vary. Pulmonary edema falls into two categories, depending on where the problem starts.
Understanding the relationship between the lungs and the heart can help explain why pulmonary edema may occur.
|
Heart failure and other heart conditions that raise pressure in the heart increase the risk of pulmonary edema. Risk factors for heart failure include:
Some nervous system conditions and lung damage due to near drowning, drug use, inhaling smoke, viral illnesses and blood clots also raise the risk.
People who travel to high-altitude locations above 8,000 feet (about 2,400 meters) are more likely to develop high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE). It usually affects those who don't take the time — a few days to a week or more — to get used to the elevation.
Children who already have pulmonary hypertension and structural heart defects may be more likely to get HAPE.
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Complications of pulmonary edema depend on the cause.
In general, if pulmonary edema continues, the pressure in the pulmonary artery can rise (pulmonary hypertension). Eventually, the heart becomes weak and begins to fail, and pressures in the heart and lungs go up.
Pulmonary edema complications may include:
Immediate treatment is necessary for acute pulmonary edema to prevent death.
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You may be able to prevent pulmonary edema by managing existing heart or lung conditions and following a healthy lifestyle.
For example, controlling cholesterol and blood pressure can help lower the risk of heart disease. Follow these tips to keep your heart healthy:
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Breathing problems require immediate diagnosis and treatment. A health care provider can base a diagnosis of pulmonary edema on the symptoms and the results of a physical exam and certain tests.
Once the condition is more stable, the provider can ask about medical history, especially a history of cardiovascular or lung disease.
Tests that can help diagnose pulmonary edema or determine the reason for fluid in the lungs include:
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The first treatment for acute pulmonary edema is oxygen. Oxygen flows through a face mask or a flexible plastic tube with two openings (nasal cannula) that deliver oxygen to each nostril. This should ease some symptoms.
A health care provider monitors the oxygen level. Sometimes it may be necessary to assist breathing with a machine such as a mechanical ventilator or one that provides positive airway pressure.
Depending on the severity of the condition and the reason for the pulmonary edema, treatment might include one or more of the following medications:
It is important to diagnosis and treat, if possible, any nervous system problems or causes of heart failure.
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If you have pulmonary edema, you will likely first be seen by an emergency room doctor. If you think you have signs or symptoms of pulmonary edema, call 911 or emergency medical help rather than making an outpatient appointment.
You may see several specialists while you're in the hospital. After you are stable, you may be referred to a doctor trained in heart conditions (cardiologist) or lung conditions (pulmonologist).
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none, pulmonary edema
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397
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Pulmonary embolism
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-embolism/symptoms-causes/syc-20354647
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-embolism/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354653
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-embolism/doctors-departments/ddc-20354654
|
A pulmonary embolism is a blood clot that blocks and stops blood flow to an artery in the lung. In most cases, the blood clot starts in a deep vein in the leg and travels to the lung. Rarely, the clot forms in a vein in another part of the body. When a blood clot forms in one or more of the deep veins in the body, it's called a deep vein thrombosis (DVT).
Because one or more clots block blood flow to the lungs, pulmonary embolism can be life-threatening. However, prompt treatment greatly reduces the risk of death. Taking measures to prevent blood clots in your legs will help protect you against pulmonary embolism.
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Pulmonary embolism symptoms can vary greatly, depending on how much of your lung is involved, the size of the clots, and whether you have underlying lung or heart disease.
Common symptoms include:
Shortness of breath.This symptom usually appears suddenly. Trouble catching your breath happens even when resting and gets worse with physical activity.
Chest pain.You may feel like you're having a heart attack. The pain is often sharp and felt when you breathe in deeply. The pain can stop you from being able to take a deep breath. You also may feel it when you cough, bend or lean over.
Fainting.You may pass out if your heart rate or blood pressure drops suddenly. This is called syncope.
Other symptoms that can occur with pulmonary embolism include:
A cough that may include bloody or blood-streaked mucus
Rapid or irregular heartbeat
Lightheadedness or dizziness
Excessive sweating
Fever
Leg pain or swelling, or both, usually in the back of the lower leg
Clammy or discolored skin, called cyanosis
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A pulmonary embolism can be life-threatening. Seek urgent medical attention if you experience unexplained shortness of breath, chest pain or fainting.
|
A pulmonary embolism occurs when a clump of material, most often a blood clot, gets stuck in an artery in the lungs, blocking the flow of blood. Blood clots most commonly come from the deep veins of your legs, a condition known as deep vein thrombosis.
In many cases, multiple clots are involved. The portions of lung served by each blocked artery can't get blood and may die. This is known as a pulmonary infarction. This makes it more difficult for your lungs to provide oxygen to the rest of your body.
Occasionally, blockages in the blood vessels are caused by substances other than blood clots, such as:
Fat from the inside of a broken long bone
Part of a tumor
Air bubbles
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Although anyone can develop blood clots that result in a pulmonary embolism, certain factors can increase your risk.
|
A pulmonary embolism can be life-threatening. About one-third of people with an undiagnosed and untreated pulmonary embolism don't survive. When the condition is diagnosed and treated promptly, however, that number drops dramatically.
Pulmonary embolisms also can lead to pulmonary hypertension, a condition in which the blood pressure in the lungs and in the right side of the heart is too high. When you have blockages in the arteries inside your lungs, your heart must work harder to push blood through those vessels. This increases blood pressure and eventually weakens your heart.
In rare cases, small clots called emboli remain in the lungs and scarring develops in the pulmonary arteries over time. This restricts blood flow and results in chronic pulmonary hypertension.
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Preventing clots in the deep veins in your legs will help prevent pulmonary embolisms. For this reason, most hospitals are aggressive about taking measures to prevent blood clots, including:
Blood thinners (anticoagulants).These medicines are often given to people at risk of clots before and after surgery. Also, they're often given to people admitted to the hospital with certain medical conditions, such as heart attack, stroke or complications of cancer.
Compression stockings.Compression stockings steadily squeeze the legs, helping veins and leg muscles move blood more efficiently. They offer a safe, simple and inexpensive way to keep blood from pooling in the legs during and after surgery.
Leg elevation.Elevating your legs when possible and during the night can be very effective. Raise the bottom of your bed 4 to 6 inches (10 to 15 cm) with blocks or books.
Physical activity.Moving as soon as possible after surgery can help prevent pulmonary embolism and hasten recovery overall. This is one of the main reasons your nurse may push you to get up, even on your day of surgery, and walk despite pain at the site of your surgical incision.
Pneumatic compression.This treatment uses thigh-high or calf-high cuffs that automatically inflate with air and deflate every few minutes. This massages and squeezes the veins in your legs and improves blood flow.
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A pulmonary embolism can be difficult to diagnose, especially if you have underlying heart or lung disease. For that reason, your health care provider will likely discuss your medical history, do a physical exam, and order tests that may include one or more of the following.
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Treatment of a pulmonary embolism focuses on keeping the blood clot from getting bigger and preventing new clots from forming. Prompt treatment is essential to prevent serious complications or death.
Treatment can include medicines, surgery and other procedures, and ongoing care.
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A pulmonary embolism is often first evaluated in a hospital, emergency room or urgent care center. If you think you might have a pulmonary embolism, seek medical attention right away.
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swelling, blood-streaked mucus, dizziness, shortness of breath, excessive sweating, pulmonary embolism symptoms, cyanosis, cough, excessive sweating
fever
leg pain, lightheadedness, heart disease, pulmonary embolism, fainting, rapid or irregular heartbeat, leg pain, pain, fever, chest pain, syncope, bloody, clammy skin, trouble catching your breath
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398
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End-stage renal disease
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/end-stage-renal-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20354532
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/end-stage-renal-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354538
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/end-stage-renal-disease/doctors-departments/ddc-20354541
|
End-stage renal disease, also called end-stage kidney disease or kidney failure, occurs when chronic kidney disease — the gradual loss of kidney function — reaches an advanced state. In end-stage renal disease, your kidneys no longer work as they should to meet your body's needs.
Your kidneys filter wastes and excess fluids from your blood, which are then excreted in your urine. When your kidneys lose their filtering abilities, dangerous levels of fluid, electrolytes and wastes can build up in your body.
With end-stage renal disease, you need dialysis or a kidney transplant to stay alive. But you can also choose to opt for conservative care to manage your symptoms — aiming for the best quality of life during your remaining time.
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Early in chronic kidney disease, you might have no signs or symptoms. As chronic kidney disease progresses to end-stage renal disease, signs and symptoms might include:
Nausea
Vomiting
Loss of appetite
Fatigue and weakness
Changes in how much you urinate
Chest pain, if fluid builds up around the lining of the heart
Shortness of breath, if fluid builds up in the lungs
Swelling of feet and ankles
High blood pressure (hypertension) that's difficult to control
Headaches
Difficulty sleeping
Decreased mental sharpness
Muscle twitches and cramps
Persistent itching
Metallic taste
Signs and symptoms of kidney disease are often nonspecific, meaning they can also be caused by other illnesses. Because your kidneys can make up for lost function, signs and symptoms might not appear until irreversible damage has occurred.
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Kidney disease occurs when a disease or condition impairs kidney function, causing kidney damage to worsen over several months or years. For some people, kidney damage can continue to progress even after the underlying condition is resolved.
Diseases and conditions that can lead to kidney disease include:
Type 1 or type 2 diabetes
High blood pressure
Glomerulonephritis (gloe-mer-u-low-nuh-FRY-tis) — an inflammation of the kidney's filtering units (glomeruli)
Interstitial nephritis (in-tur-STISH-ul nuh-FRY-tis), an inflammation of the kidney's tubules and surrounding structures
Polycystic kidney disease or other inherited kidney diseases
Prolonged obstruction of the urinary tract, from conditions such as enlarged prostate, kidney stones and some cancers
Vesicoureteral (ves-ih-koe-yoo-REE-tur-ul) reflux, a condition that causes urine to back up into your kidneys
Recurrent kidney infection, also called pyelonephritis (pie-uh-low-nuh-FRY-tis)
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Certain factors increase the risk that chronic kidney disease will progress more quickly to end-stage renal disease, including:
Diabetes with poor blood sugar control
Kidney disease that affects the glomeruli, the structures in the kidneys that filter wastes from the blood
Polycystic kidney disease
High blood pressure
Tobacco use
Black, Hispanic, Asian, Pacific Islander or American Indian heritage
Family history of kidney failure
Older age
Frequent use of medications that could be damaging to the kidney
|
Kidney damage, once it occurs, can't be reversed. Potential complications can affect almost any part of your body and can include:
Fluid retention, which could lead to swelling in your arms and legs, high blood pressure, or fluid in your lungs (pulmonary edema)
A sudden rise in potassium levels in your blood (hyperkalemia), which could impair your heart's ability to function and may be life-threatening
Heart disease
Weak bones and an increased risk of bone fractures
Anemia
Decreased sex drive, erectile dysfunction or reduced fertility
Damage to your central nervous system, which can cause difficulty concentrating, personality changes or seizures
Decreased immune response, which makes you more vulnerable to infection
Pericarditis, an inflammation of the saclike membrane that envelops your heart (pericardium)
Pregnancy complications that carry risks for the mother and the developing fetus
Malnutrition
Irreversible damage to your kidneys (end-stage kidney disease), eventually requiring either dialysis or a kidney transplant for survival
|
If you have kidney disease, you may be able to slow its progress by making healthy lifestyle choices:
Achieve and maintain a healthy weight
Be active most days
Limit protein and eat a balanced diet of nutritious, low-sodium foods
Control your blood pressure
Take your medications as prescribed
Have your cholesterol levels checked every year
Control your blood sugar level
Don't smoke or use tobacco products
Get regular checkups
|
To diagnose end-stage renal disease, your health care provider may ask you about your family's and your medical history. You may also have physical and neurological exams, along with other tests such as:
Blood tests,to measure the amount of waste products, such as creatinine and urea, in your blood
Urine tests,to check the level of the protein albumin in your urine
Imaging tests,such as ultrasound,MRIorCTscan, to assess your kidneys and look for unusual areas
Removing a sample of kidney tissue (biopsy),to examine under a microscope to learn what type of kidney disease you have and how much damage there is
Certain tests might be repeated over time to help your provider follow the progress of your kidney disease.
|
End-stage renal disease treatments include:
Kidney transplant
Dialysis
Supportive care
|
Learning you're in kidney failure can come as a shock, even if you've known about your kidney disease for a while. It might be difficult to manage the treatment schedule if you're on dialysis.
To help you cope, consider trying to:
Connect with other people who have kidney disease.It might help you to talk to other people with end-stage renal disease Ask your doctor about support groups in your area. Or contact organizations such as the American Association of Kidney Patients, the National Kidney Foundation or the American Kidney Fund for groups in your area.
Maintain your routine, when possible.Try to continue to work and do the activities you enjoy, if your condition allows.
Be active most days of the week.With your provider's approval, aim for at least 30 minutes of physical activity most days of the week. This can help you with fatigue and stress.
Talk with someone you trust.It might help to talk about your feelings with a friend or family member, a faith leader, or someone else you trust. Your provider might be able to recommend a social worker or counselor.
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For end-stage renal disease, you'll likely continue to see the same health care provider and care team you've been seeing for treatment of chronic kidney disease. If you're not already being cared for by a doctor who specializes in kidney problems (nephrologist), you might be referred to one as your disease progresses.
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As part of your treatment for kidney disease, your health care provider might recommend that you follow a special diet to help support your kidneys and limit the work they must do. Ask for a referral to a registered dietitian with expertise in kidney disease to learn ways to make your diet easier on your kidneys.
Depending on your situation, kidney function and overall health, your dietitian might recommend that you:
Avoid products with added salt.Lower the amount of sodium you eat each day by avoiding products with added salt, including many convenience foods, such as frozen dinners, canned soups and fast foods. Other foods with added salt include salty snack foods, canned vegetables, and processed meats and cheeses.
Choose lower potassium foods.Your dietitian might recommend that you choose lower potassium foods at each meal. High-potassium foods include bananas, oranges, potatoes, spinach and tomatoes.Examples of low-potassium foods include apples, cabbage, carrots, green beans, grapes and strawberries. Be aware that many salt substitutes contain potassium, so you generally should avoid them if you have kidney failure.
Limit your protein.Your dietitian will estimate the grams of protein you need each day and make recommendations based on that amount. High-protein foods include lean meats, eggs, milk, cheese and beans. Low-protein foods include vegetables, fruits, breads and cereals.
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nausea, swelling of feet and ankles, metallic taste, nausea
vomiting
loss of appetite
, itching
metallic taste
signs and symptoms of kidney disease, shortness of breath, headaches, fatigue, changes in urination, loss of appetite, itching, muscle twitches, end-stage renal disease, difficulty sleeping, vomiting, cramps, weakness, chest pain, decreased mental sharpness, muscle cramps, hypertension
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400
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Uterine polyps
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/uterine-polyps/symptoms-causes/syc-20378709
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/uterine-polyps/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20378713
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/uterine-polyps/doctors-departments/ddc-20378714
|
Uterine polyps are growths attached to the inner wall of the uterus that expand into the uterus. Uterine polyps, also known as endometrial polyps, form as a result of cells in the lining of the uterus (endometrium) overgrowing. These polyps are usually noncancerous (benign), although some can be cancerous or can turn into cancer (precancerous polyps).
Uterine polyps range in size from a few millimeters — no larger than a sesame seed — to several centimeters — golf-ball-size or larger. They attach to the uterine wall by a large base or a thin stalk.
There can be one or many uterine polyps. They usually stay within the uterus, but they can slip through the opening of the uterus (cervix) into the vagina. Uterine polyps are most common in people who are going through or have completed menopause. But younger people can get them, too.
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Signs and symptoms of uterine polyps include:
Some people have only light bleeding or spotting; others are symptom-free.
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Seek medical care if you have:
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Hormonal factors appear to play a role. Uterine polyps are estrogen-sensitive, meaning they grow in response to estrogen in the body.
|
Risk factors for developing uterine polyps include:
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Uterine polyps might be associated with infertility. If you have uterine polyps and you're unable to have children, removal of the polyps might allow you to become pregnant, but the data are inconclusive.
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The following tests might be used to diagnose uterine polyps:
Transvaginal ultrasound.A slender, wandlike device placed in the vagina emits sound waves and creates an image of the uterus, including its insides. A polyp might be clearly present or there might be an area of thickened endometrial tissue.
A related procedure, known as hysterosonography (his-tur-o-suh-NOG-ruh-fee) — also called sonohysterography (son-oh-his-tur-OG-ruh-fee) — involves having salt water (saline) injected into the uterus through a small tube placed through the vagina and cervix. The saline expands the uterus, which gives a clearer view of the inside of the uterus during the ultrasound.
Most uterine polyps are benign. This means that they're not cancer. But, some precancerous changes of the uterus, called endometrial hyperplasia, or uterine cancers appear as uterine polyps. A tissue sample of the removed polyp is analyzed for signs of cancer.
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Treatment for uterine polyps might involve:
If a uterine polyp contains cancer cells, your provider will talk with you about the next steps in evaluation and treatment.
Rarely, uterine polyps can recur. If they do, they need more treatment.
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Your first appointment will likely be with your primary care provider or a gynecologist. Have a family member or friend go with you, if possible. This can help you remember the information you receive.
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spotting, uterine polyps, bleeding
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402
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Goiter
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/goiter/symptoms-causes/syc-20351829
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/goiter/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351834
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/goiter/doctors-departments/ddc-20351836
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A goiter (GOI-tur) is the irregular growth of the thyroid gland. The thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland located at the base of the neck just below the Adam's apple.
A goiter may be an overall enlargement of the thyroid, or it may be the result of irregular cell growth that forms one or more lumps (nodules) in the thyroid. A goiter may be associated with no change in thyroid function or with an increase or decrease in thyroid hormones.
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Most people with goiters have no signs or symptoms other than a swelling at the base of the neck. In many cases, the goiter is small enough that it's only discovered during a routine medical exam or an imaging test for another condition.
Other signs or symptoms depend on whether thyroid function changes, how quickly the goiter grows and whether it obstructs breathing.
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Two hormones produced by the thyroid are thyroxine (T-4) and triiodothyronine (T-3). When the thyroid releases T-4 and T-3 into the bloodstream, they play a role in many functions in the body, including the regulation of:
The thyroid gland also produces calcitonin, a hormone that helps regulate the amount of calcium in the blood.
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Anyone can develop a goiter. It may be present at birth or occur at any time throughout life. Some common risk factors for goiters include:
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A goiter itself usually doesn't cause complications. The appearance may be troublesome or embarrassing for some people. A large goiter may obstruct the airway and voice box.
Changes in the production of thyroid hormones that may be associated with goiters have the potential for causing complications in multiple body systems.
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A goiter is often discovered during a routine physical exam. By touching your neck, your health care provider may detect an enlargement of the thyroid, an individual nodule or multiple nodules. Sometimes a goiter is found when you are undergoing an imaging test for another condition.
Additional tests are then ordered to do the following:
Tests may include:
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Goiter treatment depends on the size of the goiter, your signs and symptoms, and the underlying cause. If your goiter is small and your thyroid function is healthy, your health care provider may suggest a wait-and-see approach with regular checkups.
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If you've been diagnosed with a goiter, you're likely to have further tests to determine the cause. You might find it helpful to make a list of questions to ask your health care provider, such as:
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goiter, breathing, goiters, swelling
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404
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Tennis elbow
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tennis-elbow/symptoms-causes/syc-20351987
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tennis-elbow/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351991
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tennis-elbow/doctors-departments/ddc-20351993
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Tennis elbow, also known as lateral epicondylitis, is a condition that can result from overuse of the muscles and tendons in the elbow. Tennis elbow is often linked to repeated motions of the wrist and arm.
Despite its name, most people who get tennis elbow don't play tennis. Some people have jobs that involve repeated movements that can lead to tennis elbow. These include plumbers, painters, carpenters and butchers. However, often tennis elbow has no clear cause.
The pain of tennis elbow occurs mainly where the tough, cord-like tissues of the forearm muscles attach to a bony bump on the outside of the elbow. The tissues are known as tendons. Pain can spread into the forearm and wrist.
Rest, pain medicines and physical therapy often help relieve tennis elbow. People for whom these treatments don't help or who have symptoms that get in the way of daily living might have a procedure, such as a shot or surgery.
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The pain of tennis elbow can travel from the outside of the elbow into the forearm and wrist. Pain and weakness can make it hard to:
Shake hands or grip an object.
Turn a doorknob.
Hold a coffee cup.
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Talk to a health care provider if self-care steps such as rest, ice and pain relievers don't ease your elbow pain and tenderness.
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Tennis elbow is often linked to overuse and muscle strain. But the cause is not well understood. Sometimes, repeated tensing of the forearm muscles that are used to straighten and raise the hand and wrist triggers the symptoms. This can cause a breakdown of the fibers in the tendon that attaches the forearm muscles to the bony bump at the outside of the elbow.
Activities that can cause tennis elbow symptoms include:
Playing racket sports, especially using backhand, with poor form.
Using plumbing tools.
Painting.
Driving screws.
Cutting up foods for cooking, particularly meat.
Using a computer mouse a lot.
Less often, an injury or a condition that affects the body's connective tissues causes tennis elbow. Often, the cause isn't known.
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Factors that can increase the risk of tennis elbow include:
Age.Tennis elbow affects people of all ages. But it's most common in adults between the ages of 30 and 60.
Work.People who have jobs that involve repeating motions of the wrist and arm are more likely to develop tennis elbow. These include plumbers, painters, carpenters, butchers and cooks.
Certain sports.Playing racket sports increases the risk of tennis elbow. Not having good form or using poor equipment increases the risk even more. Playing more than two hours a day also increases the risk.
Other factors that can increase the risk include smoking, being obese and certain medicines.
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Often, medical history and an exam are enough to diagnose tennis elbow. During the physical exam, a health care provider might press on the affected area or ask you to move your elbow, wrist and fingers in various ways.
X-rays, sonograms or other types of imaging tests might be needed if a care provider suspects something else might be causing the symptoms.
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Tennis elbow often gets better on its own. But if pain medicines and other self-care measures aren't helping, physical therapy might be the next step. A procedure, such as a shot or surgery, might help tennis elbow that doesn't heal with other treatments.
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You'll likely start by seeing your health care provider. You might then go to a sports medicine specialist or an orthopedic surgeon.
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The following self-care measures might relieve tennis elbow:
Rest.Do not do activities that aggravate elbow pain.
Pain relievers.Try pain relievers such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) or naproxen sodium (Aleve).
Ice.Apply ice or a cold pack for 15 minutes 3 to 4 times a day.
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pain, weakness
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405
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Frontal lobe seizures
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/frontal-lobe-seizures/symptoms-causes/syc-20353958
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/frontal-lobe-seizures/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353962
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/frontal-lobe-seizures/doctors-departments/ddc-20353966
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Frontal lobe seizures are a common form of epilepsy. Epilepsy is a brain disorder in which clusters of brain cells send a burst of electrical signals. This causes movements that can't be controlled, known as seizures. Frontal lobe seizures begin in the front of the brain, the area known as the frontal lobe.
The frontal lobe is large and has important functions. For this reason, frontal lobe seizures can produce symptoms that are unusual and may appear to be related to a mental illness. The seizures also can be mistaken for a sleep disorder because they often occur during sleep. Frontal lobe seizures also are known as frontal lobe epilepsy.
Changes in brain tissue, infection, injury, stroke, tumors or other conditions can cause frontal lobe seizures.
Medicines can help control the seizures. Surgery or electrical stimulation might be options if medicines don't reduce or stop the seizures.
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Frontal lobe seizures often last less than 30 seconds. Sometimes recovery is immediate.
Symptoms of frontal lobe seizures might include:
Head and eye movement to one side.
Not responding to others or having trouble speaking.
Explosive screams, including profanities or laughter.
Body posturing. A common posture is extending one arm while the other flexes, as if the person is posing like a fencer.
Repetitive movements. These may include rocking, bicycle pedaling or pelvic thrusting.
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See a health care professional if you're having symptoms of a seizure. Call 911 or emergency medical help if you see someone having a seizure that lasts longer than five minutes.
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Frontal lobe seizures can be caused by tumors, stroke, infection or traumatic injuries in the brain's frontal lobes.
Frontal lobe seizures also are associated with a rare inherited disorder called autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy. This form of epilepsy causes brief seizures during sleep. If one of your parents has this form of epilepsy, you have a 50% chance of inheriting the disorder.
For about half of people who have frontal lobe epilepsy, the cause is not known.
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Risk factors of frontal lobe seizures include:
Family history of seizures or brain disorders.
Head trauma.
Brain infection.
Brain tumors.
Blood vessels or brain tissues that form in an irregular way.
Stroke.
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Frontal lobe seizures can cause complications that may include:
Seizures that last dangerously long.Frontal lobe seizures tend to occur in clusters. For this reason, they might provoke a condition in which seizure activity lasts much longer than usual, known as status epilepticus. If these seizures continue, they can cause permanent brain damage or death.Seizures that last longer than five minutes are medical emergencies. Call 911 or get medical help right away if you witness someone having a seizure for longer than five minutes.
Injury.The motions that occur during frontal lobe seizures sometimes result in injury to the person having the seizure. Seizures also can result in accidents and drowning if they occur in certain situations, such as while driving or swimming.
Sudden unexplained death in epilepsy (SUDEP).People who have seizures have a greater risk than the average person of dying suddenly. The reasons for this are not known. Possible factors include heart or breathing problems, perhaps related to genetic changes. Controlling seizures as well as possible with medicines appears to be the best way to preventSUDEP.
Depression and anxiety.Both are common in people with epilepsy. Children also have a higher risk of developing attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
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Frontal lobe epilepsy can be hard to diagnose. Its symptoms can be mistaken for mental health problems or sleep disorders such as night terrors. It also is possible that some symptoms of frontal lobe seizures are the result of seizures that begin in other parts of the brain.
To make a diagnosis, a health care professional reviews your symptoms and medical history. The care professional also conducts a physical exam. You may have blood drawn to test for health conditions or disorders that may be causing the seizures.
You might need a neurological exam, which will test your:
Muscle strength.
Sensory skills.
Hearing and speech.
Vision.
Coordination and balance.
You also might need the following tests:
Brain scans.Brain imaging — usually anMRI— might reveal the source of frontal lobe seizures. AnMRIuses radio waves and a powerful magnetic field to produce detailed images of soft tissues, which make up the brain.AnMRIinvolves lying on a narrow table that slides into a long tube. The test often takes about an hour. Some people have a fear of enclosed spaces. They can be given a medicine to feel sleepy and less anxious. The test itself is painless.
Electroencephalogram, known as an EEG.AnEEGmonitors the electrical activity in the brain. This is done by attaching small metal discs called electrodes to the scalp.EEGs often help diagnose some types of epilepsy. However,EEGresults might not identify frontal lobe epilepsy.
VideoEEG.VideoEEGis recommended for some people with seizures. This test is usually performed during an overnight stay at a sleep clinic. Both a video camera and anEEGmonitor run all night. A videoEEGallows health care professionals to match what physically occurs during a seizure with what appears on theEEG.
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Over the past decade, treatment options have increased for frontal lobe seizures. There are newer types of anti-seizure medicines. There also are a variety of surgical procedures that might help if medicines don't work.
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Some people who have epilepsy are frustrated by their condition. Frontal lobe seizures can involve loud utterances or sexual movements that may make the person with epilepsy anxious.
Parents of children with frontal lobe seizures can find information, resources and emotional connections from support groups. Support groups also can help children who have epilepsy. Counseling also can be important. Adults with epilepsy can find support through in-person and online groups.
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You're likely to first see a health care professional. This person may refer you to a doctor trained in nervous system conditions, called a neurologist.
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You may find that some things trigger seizures. Seizures can be triggered by alcohol intake, smoking and, especially, lack of sleep. There also is evidence that severe stress can provoke seizures, and that seizures themselves can cause stress. Avoiding these triggers where possible might help improve seizure control.
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explosive screams, pelvic thrusting, body posturing, frontal lobe seizures, rocking, trouble speaking, head and eye movement to one side, bicycle pedaling, repetitive movements, not responding
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406
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Parvovirus infection
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/parvovirus-infection/symptoms-causes/syc-20376085
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/parvovirus-infection/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20376090
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A parvovirus infection is an illness caused by a virus called parvovirus B19.
The illness is most common in children. Adults may get parvovirus, too, if they didn't catch the virus as children. The virus spreads easily through the air and between people.
Children with parvovirus infections often get a face rash. It can look like a slapped cheek. The rash is a symptom of an illness related to parvovirus infections called fifth disease. The rash is red on white skin. It is purplish and harder to see on brown or Black skin. Adults with parvovirus may have joint problems.
Most illnesses caused by parvovirus B19 are mild. People who are pregnant, have weakened immune systems or have blood conditions may need treatment.
You can help prevent a parvovirus infection by lowering your risk of catching the virus that causes it. Wash hands often, cover coughs and sneezes, and stay away from people who are sick if you can.
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Symptoms of infection with parvovirus B19 appear about 5 to 10 days after contact with the virus.
Many people don't have symptoms. But when symptoms do appear, they depend on your age and whether you have health issues that affect the blood or immune system.
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Most people with minor parvovirus infections don't need to see a healthcare professional. But some people have conditions that can make the illness worse or lead to other medical problems. Get a healthcare checkup for symptoms of a parvovirus infection if you or your child also has:
Also call your healthcare professional right away if you are pregnant.
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Parvovirus infection is caused by a virus that spreads from person to person through sneezing, coughing and saliva. Infections can happen through close contact between people and through hand-to-hand contact.
Parvovirus B19 also can spread through blood or blood products. A pregnant person with the virus can pass it to the unborn baby as well.
Parvovirus B19 is most likely to spread early in an infection, when a person has cold-like symptoms. It's not likely to spread after later symptoms such as rashes and joint pain appear. Most often, it's safe to go back to work or school once the rash shows up.
Other types of parvoviruses exist, but they only infect animals such as cats and dogs. So you can't get infected from a sick pet. You also can't pass parvovirus B19 to a pet.
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A parvovirus infection can lead to other health conditions called complications. The risk of complications is higher for some people, including:
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There's no vaccine to prevent human parvovirus infection. But you can practice healthy habits to lower the chances of getting the illness:
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Diagnosis of a parvovirus infection involves a physical exam. Often, a healthcare professional can tell if a person has a parvovirus infection based on symptoms such as a face rash that looks like a slapped cheek.
People who are at risk of complications from parvovirus infections might need blood tests. Blood tests can help find out if people have natural protection from parvovirus infections or if they've recently become infected.
If a person is diagnosed with a parvovirus infection while pregnant, the healthcare team may suggest more tests. Ultrasound imaging and blood tests can help track the unborn baby's health. The amniotic fluid that surrounds the baby in the womb also may be tested. This is done to find out if the virus has spread to the baby.
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Treatment for parvovirus infection depends on how sick you are. It also depends on whether you have other health concerns.
Rest and care at home may be enough to treat parvovirus infection for someone with no other health concerns.
Parvovirus infection can be more serious for people managing:
People with severe anemia may need blood from a donor, called a blood transfusion, in the hospital.
People with weakened immune systems may need shots of medicine called immune globulin. This medicine helps the immune system clear out the virus.
If a pregnant person gets a parvovirus infection, it may affect the unborn baby. The infection may cause the baby to have anemia and need a blood transfusion. The treatment may be done while the baby is in the womb or shortly after birth.
After you've had a parvovirus infection, you're not likely to get the infection again if your immune system is healthy. About half of adults have natural protection from future parvovirus infections. This most likely is because of an earlier childhood infection that might not have been noticed at the time.
If the immune system is weakened, there's a chance that the virus could become active in the body again. You might get infection symptoms again or severe anemia. If this happens, it's called a chronic parvovirus infection.
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Make an appointment with a healthcare professional if you or your child has parvovirus infection symptoms and has a weakened immune system. A weakened immune system raises the risk of complications from parvovirus infection. Also make an appointment with your healthcare professional if you have parvovirus infection symptoms while pregnant.
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parvovirus b19, symptoms, infection
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407
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E. coli
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/e-coli/symptoms-causes/syc-20372058
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/e-coli/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372064
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Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria normally live in the intestines of healthy people and animals. Most types ofE. coliare harmless or cause relatively brief diarrhea. But a few strains, such asE. coliO157:H7, can cause severe stomach cramps, bloody diarrhea and vomiting.
You may be exposed toE. colifrom contaminated water or food — especially raw vegetables and undercooked ground beef. Healthy adults usually recover from infection withE. coliO157:H7 within a week. Young children and older adults have a greater risk of developing a life-threatening form of kidney failure.
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Signs and symptoms ofE. coliO157:H7 infection usually begin three or four days after exposure to the bacteria. But you may become ill as soon as one day after exposure to more than a week later. Signs and symptoms include:
Diarrhea, which may range from mild and watery to severe and bloody
Stomach cramping, pain or tenderness
Nausea and vomiting, in some people
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Contact your doctor if your diarrhea is persistent, severe or bloody.
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Only a few strains ofE. colitrigger diarrhea. TheE. coliO157:H7 strain belongs to a group ofE. colithat produces a powerful toxin that damages the lining of the small intestine. This can cause bloody diarrhea. You develop anE. coliinfection when you ingest this strain of bacteria.
Unlike many other disease-causing bacteria,E. colican cause an infection even if you ingest only small amounts. Because of this, you can be sickened byE. colifrom eating a slightly undercooked hamburger or from swallowing a mouthful of contaminated pool water.
Potential sources of exposure include contaminated food or water and person-to-person contact.
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E. colican affect anyone who is exposed to the bacteria. But some people are more likely to develop problems than are others. Risk factors include:
Age.Young children and older adults are at higher risk of experiencing illness caused byE. coliand more-serious complications from the infection.
Weakened immune systems.People who have weakened immune systems — fromAIDSor from drugs to treat cancer or prevent the rejection of organ transplants — are more likely to become ill from ingestingE. coli.
Eating certain types of food.Riskier foods include undercooked hamburger; unpasteurized milk, apple juice or cider; and soft cheeses made from raw milk.
Time of year.Though it's not clear why, the majority ofE. coliinfections in the U.S. occur from June through September.
Decreased stomach acid levels.Stomach acid offers some protection againstE. coli. If you take medications to reduce stomach acid, such as esomeprazole (Nexium), pantoprazole (Protonix), lansoprazole (Prevacid) and omeprazole (Prilosec), you may increase your risk of anE. coliinfection.
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Most healthy adults recover fromE. coliillness within a week. Some people — particularly young children and older adults — may develop a life-threatening form of kidney failure called hemolytic uremic syndrome.
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No vaccine or medication can protect you fromE. coli-based illness, though researchers are investigating potential vaccines. To reduce your chance of being exposed toE. coli, avoid swallowing water from lakes or pools, wash your hands often, avoid risky foods, and watch out for cross-contamination.
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To diagnose illness caused byE. coliinfection, your doctor sends a sample of your stool to a laboratory to test for the presence ofE. colibacteria. The bacteria may be cultured to confirm the diagnosis and identify specific toxins, such as those produced byE. coliO157:H7.
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For illness caused byE. coli, no current treatments can cure the infection, relieve symptoms or prevent complications. For most people, treatment includes:
Rest
Fluids to help prevent dehydration and fatigue
Avoid taking an anti-diarrheal medication — this slows your digestive system down, preventing your body from getting rid of the toxins. Antibiotics generally aren't recommended because they can increase the risk of serious complications and they don't appear to help treat the infection.
If you have a seriousE. coliinfection that has caused a life-threatening form of kidney failure (hemolytic uremic syndrome), you'll be hospitalized. Treatment includesIVfluids, blood transfusions and kidney dialysis.
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Most people don't seek medical attention forE. coliinfections. If your symptoms are particularly severe, you may want to visit your primary care doctor or seek immediate care.
Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment and know what to expect from your doctor.
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Follow these tips to prevent dehydration and reduce symptoms while you recover:
Drink clear liquids.Drink plenty of clear liquids, including water, clear sodas and broths, gelatin, and juices. Avoid apple and pear juices, caffeine, and alcohol.
Avoid certain foods.Dairy products, fatty foods, high-fiber foods or highly seasoned foods can make symptoms worse.
Eat meals.When you start feeling better, you can return to your normal diet.
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pain, stomach cramping, nausea, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, vomiting, cramping, infection, ill, tenderness, watery
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409
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Hirsutism
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hirsutism/symptoms-causes/syc-20354935
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hirsutism/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354941
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hirsutism/doctors-departments/ddc-20354943
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Hirsutism (HUR-soot-iz-um) is a condition in women that results in excessive growth of dark or coarse hair in a male-like pattern — face, chest and back.
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Hirsutism is stiff or dark body hair, appearing on the body where women don't commonly have hair — primarily the face, chest, lower abdomen, inner thighs and back. People have widely varying opinions on what's considered excessive.
When high androgen levels cause hirsutism, other signs might develop over time, a process called virilization. Signs of virilization might include:
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If you think you have too much coarse hair on your face or body, talk with your doctor about treatment options.
Excess facial or body hair is often a symptom of an underlying medical problem. See your doctor for assessment if over a few months you experience severe or rapid hair growth on your face or body or signs of virilization. You may be referred to a doctor who specializes in hormone disorders (endocrinologist) or skin problems (dermatologist).
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Hirsutism may be caused by:
Often hirsutism occurs with no identifiable cause.
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Several factors can influence your likelihood of developing hirsutism, including:
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Hirsutism can be emotionally distressing. Some women feel self-conscious about having unwanted hair. Some develop depression. Also, although hirsutism doesn't cause physical complications, the underlying cause of a hormonal imbalance can.
If you have hirsutism and irregular periods, you might have polycystic ovary syndrome, which can inhibit fertility. Women who take certain medications to treat hirsutism should avoid pregnancy because of the risk of birth defects.
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Hirsutism generally isn't preventable. But losing weight if you're overweight might help reduce hirsutism, particularly if you have polycystic ovary syndrome.
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Tests that measure the amount of certain hormones in your blood, including testosterone or testosterone-like hormones, might help determine whether elevated androgen levels are causing your hirsutism.
Your doctor might also examine your abdomen and do a pelvic exam to look for masses that could indicate a tumor.
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Treatment of hirsutism with no sign of endocrine disorder is not necessary. For women who do need or seek treatment, it may involve treating any underlying disorder, developing a self-care routine for unwanted hair, and trying various therapies and medications.
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When you make your appointment, ask if you should avoid removing your unwanted hair so the doctor can better evaluate your condition. Make a list of:
For hirsutism, some questions to ask your doctor include:
Don't hesitate to ask other questions.
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hair on lower abdomen, hair on inner thighs, hair on back, hair on face, virilization, dark body hair, hair on chest, stiff body hair, hirsutism
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410
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Acromegaly
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acromegaly/symptoms-causes/syc-20351222
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acromegaly/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351226
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acromegaly/doctors-departments/ddc-20351227
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Acromegaly is a rare condition in adults that causes some bones, organs and other tissue to grow bigger. A small gland in the brain called the pituitary gland drives these changes by making too much growth hormone. This usually happens due to a tumor of the pituitary gland. The tumor isn't cancer.
When the body has too much growth hormone, bones get bigger. In childhood, this leads to increased height as part of a condition called gigantism. In adults with acromegaly, a change in height doesn't happen. Instead, bones in the hands, feet and face become bigger.
These changes happen slowly over many years. So people with acromegaly and their loved ones may take a long time to notice the symptoms. And healthcare professionals may have a hard time finding and treating the condition early on.
Without treatment, acromegaly can lead to other serious and sometimes life-threatening health conditions called complications. But treatments such as surgery, medicine and radiation can lower the risk of complications. Treatment also can improve many acromegaly symptoms.
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Acromegaly symptoms can change the way some body parts look. Changes can include:
Thick ears and lips.
A broad nose.
Enlarged hands and feet.
A jutting brow or jaw.
Gaps between teeth.
An enlarged tongue.
An expanded rib cage that may cause the chest to have a round shape.
Skin changes can include:
Acne.
Harmless skin growths called skin tags.
Coarse, oily and thickened skin.
Swelling in the tissue under the skin.
Most often, people with acromegaly don't have every possible body change. And because the changes come on slowly, they may take years to notice. But over time, rings may no longer fit fingers like they used to. Or shoe size may get bigger. Sometimes, people notice the changes only by comparing old photos with newer ones.
Other acromegaly symptoms can include:
Vision troubles, including loss of side vision.
More sweating and body odor than is typical.
Extreme tiredness.
Headaches.
Joint pain.
Deeper voice.
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Get a healthcare checkup if you think you have symptoms of acromegaly. The condition usually develops slowly. Even family members may take a long time to notice the physical changes that happen. But it's important for a healthcare professional to find the condition as early as possible. Treatment can help prevent serious health conditions that can happen along with acromegaly.
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The most common cause of acromegaly is a tumor in the pituitary gland. The tumor is called an adenoma. It isn't cancer. But it makes too much growth hormone over a long amount of time.
Too much growth hormone causes many symptoms of acromegaly. Some of the symptoms, such as headaches and impaired vision, are due to the tumor pressing on nearby brain tissues.
Rarely, tumors in other parts of the body cause acromegaly. These include tumors of the lung or pancreas. Sometimes these tumors release growth hormone. Or they make a hormone called growth hormone-releasing hormone. This signals the pituitary gland to make more growth hormone.
The pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain, behind the bridge of the nose. It makes growth hormone and other hormones. Growth hormone plays an important role in controlling physical growth.
The pituitary gland releases growth hormone into the bloodstream. This triggers the liver to make a hormone called insulin-like growth factor-1, also called IGF-1. IGF-1 is really what causes bones and other tissues to grow. Too much growth hormone leads to too much IGF-1. And that can cause acromegaly symptoms and complications.
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People who have a rare genetic condition called multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 1 have a higher risk of acromegaly. This condition also is called MEN 1.
In MEN 1, the parathyroid glands, pancreas and pituitary gland may grow tumors and release extra hormones. Extra parathyroid hormone can cause thin bones and kidney stones. A pancreas tumor may make the hormone insulin and cause low blood sugar. If the pituitary tumor makes extra growth hormone, acromegaly results. Very rarely, acromegaly can run in families.
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Without treatment, acromegaly can lead to other health conditions called complications. These complications can include the following.
Conditions of the heart and blood vessels such as:
High blood pressure.
Higher risk of narrow arteries, which may lead to a heart attack or stroke.
A disease of the heart muscle called cardiomyopathy.
Cancer and conditions that can lead to cancer:
Higher risk of some cancers.
Growths called polyps on the lining of the colon. Without treatment, these growths can lead to colon cancer.
Sexual and reproductive health conditions such as:
Missed periods or irregular vaginal bleeding.
Trouble getting or keeping an erection, also called erectile dysfunction.
Less sexual desire.
Other serious conditions including:
The most common type of arthritis, called osteoarthritis.
Type 2 diabetes.
An irregular growth of the thyroid gland, called a goiter.
A condition called sleep apnea in which breathing stops and starts many times during sleep.
A condition called carpal tunnel syndrome that causes numbness, tingling, and weakness in the hand and arm.
Spinal cord compression or fractures.
Vision changes or vision loss.
Early treatment of acromegaly can prevent these complications or keep them from becoming worse. Without treatment, acromegaly and its complications can lead to early death.
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Diagnosis involves the steps that your healthcare professional takes to find out if you have acromegaly. Your healthcare professional asks about your health history and does a physical exam. You also may need the following tests:
IGF-1 measurement.This blood test measures the level of IGF-1 in your blood. A high IGF-1 level can mean that the level of growth hormone also is high. This can be a clue for acromegaly.
Growth hormone suppression test.This blood test measures your growth hormone level before and after you drink a type of sugar water called glucose. In people who don't have acromegaly, the glucose drink typically causes the growth hormone level to fall. But if you have acromegaly, your growth hormone level tends to stay high.
Imaging tests.Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can help pinpoint the location and size of a tumor in your pituitary gland. If no pituitary tumors are seen, you may need more imaging tests to look for other types of tumors. Your healthcare professional also may recommend X-rays of the hands and feet. These can help check for bone growth.
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Acromegaly treatment aims to improve symptoms and treat or prevent complications. The goal is to lower growth hormone and IGF-1 back to their proper levels and keep them there.
To help lower your growth hormone (GH) and IGF-1 levels, treatment options often include:
Surgery to remove the tumor that's causing symptoms. Most often, this is the first treatment for acromegaly that's caused by a pituitary gland tumor.
Medicine to help lower hormone levels. This is usually an option if surgery doesn't bring down growth hormone to the right level.
Radiation to shrink the size of the tumor. Often, this a treatment choice if surgery isn't an option. It's also an option if surgery can't remove the whole tumor or if medicine doesn't help enough.
Some people need a mix of these treatments. Your treatment plan depends on factors such as:
The location and size of your tumor.
How serious your symptoms are.
Your age and overall health.
It's common for some changes in physical features to improve with treatment. For example, swelling of soft tissue often goes down. And the skin often becomes less oily and coarse. But enlarged bones don't return to the size that they used to be.
If you also have other health conditions due to acromegaly, you may need other treatments to manage them.
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You'll likely first see your primary healthcare professional. Or you may be referred right away to a doctor called an endocrinologist who finds and treats hormone conditions.
It's good to prepare for your appointment. Here's some information to help you get ready and to know what to expect from your healthcare professional.
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joint pain, swelling, enlarged hands, thickened skin, enlarged tongue, thick ears, excessive sweating, headaches, acne, tiredness, body odor, jutting brow, enlarged feet, acromegaly, growths, coarse skin, gaps between teeth, broad nose, extreme tiredness, skin tags, pain, vision troubles, jutting jaw, oily skin, loss of side vision, thick lips, deeper voice
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412
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Heavy menstrual bleeding
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/menorrhagia/symptoms-causes/syc-20352829
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/menorrhagia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352834
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/menorrhagia/doctors-departments/ddc-20352835
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Some women have menstrual bleeding that is heavy or lasts for more than a few days. This condition used to be called menorrhagia. Heavy menstrual bleeding is a common concern. But most women don't have enough blood loss for it to be called heavy menstrual bleeding.
Some women have menstrual bleeding between periods, or earlier or later in their cycles than expected. This type of bleeding is called abnormal uterine bleeding or irregular menstrual bleeding.
With heavy menstrual bleeding, blood flow and cramping make it harder to do your usual activities. If you dread your period because you have heavy menstrual bleeding, talk with your doctor. There are many treatments that can help.
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Symptoms of heavy menstrual bleeding may include:
Soaking through one or more sanitary pads or tampons every hour for several hours in a row.
Needing double sanitary protection to control your menstrual flow.
Getting up at night to change sanitary pads or tampons.
Bleeding for more than a week.
Passing blood clots larger than a quarter.
Limiting daily activities due to heavy menstrual flow.
Feeling tired, fatigued or short of breath as the result of blood loss.
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Seek medical help before your next scheduled exam if you have:
Vaginal bleeding so heavy it soaks at least one pad or tampon an hour for more than two hours in a row.
Bleeding between periods or unusual vaginal bleeding.
Vaginal bleeding after menopause.
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In some cases, the reason for heavy menstrual bleeding is unknown. But a number of conditions may cause heavy menstrual bleeding. They include:
Hormones being out of balance.In a typical menstrual cycle, there's a balance between the hormones estrogen and progesterone. This controls the buildup of the lining of the uterus. The lining of the uterus also is known as the endometrium. This lining is shed during a menstrual period. When hormones are out of balance, the lining becomes too thick and sheds by way of heavy menstrual bleeding or unexpected bleeding between periods.A number of conditions can cause hormone imbalances. These include obesity, insulin resistance, thyroid problems and polycystic ovary syndrome, which also is called PCOS.
Problems with the ovaries.Sometimes ovaries don't release an egg during a menstrual cycle. This also is known as anovulation. When this happens, the body doesn't make the hormone progesterone the way it usually does during a menstrual cycle. This leads to hormone imbalance and may result in heavy menstrual bleeding or unexpected bleeding between periods.
Uterine fibroids.These tumors develop during childbearing years. They are benign, which means they are not cancerous. Uterine fibroids may cause heavier than normal menstrual bleeding or bleeding that goes on for a long time.
Polyps.These small growths on the lining of the uterus may cause menstrual bleeding that is heavy or lasts for a long time. They may cause bleeding between periods. Polyps also can cause spotting or bleeding after menopause. The growths are not cancerous.
Adenomyosis.In this condition, glands from the lining of the uterus grow into the wall of the uterus itself. This can cause heavy bleeding and painful periods.
Intrauterine device, also called an IUD.Heavy menstrual bleeding is a well-known side effect of using a hormone-freeIUDfor birth control. Talk to your doctor about other birth control options.IUDs with progestin may ease heavy menstrual bleeding.
Pregnancy complications.A single, heavy, late period may be due to a miscarriage. Another cause of heavy bleeding during pregnancy includes the unusual location of the placenta, which supplies nutrition to the baby and removes waste. The placenta may be too low or covering the opening of the uterus, which is called the cervix. This condition also is known as placenta previa.
Cancer.Cancer of the uterus or cervix can cause abnormal uterine bleeding, unexpected or heavy menstrual bleeding. These cancers can happen before or after menopause. Women who have had an abnormal Pap test in the past are at higher risk of cervical cancer.
Genetic bleeding disorders.Some bleeding disorders that run in families cause heavy menstrual bleeding. These include von Willebrand's disease, a condition in which the blood does not clot properly.
Medicines.Some medicines can result in heavy or lengthy menstrual bleeding. These include hormonal medicines such as birth control pills that have estrogen and progestin. These medicines typically help lessen menstrual bleeding but sometimes cause unexpected bleeding between periods. Medicines that prevent blood clots also may cause heavy menstrual bleeding. They include warfarin (Jantoven), enoxaparin (Lovenox), apixaban (Eliquis) and rivaroxaban (Xarelto).
Other medical conditions.A number of other medical conditions may cause heavy menstrual bleeding. They include liver, kidney and thyroid disease.
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Risk factors vary with age and the medical conditions you have. Usually, the release of an egg from the ovaries signals the body to make progesterone. Progesterone is the hormone most responsible for keeping periods regular. If no egg is released, the body does not make enough progesterone. This can result in heavy menstrual bleeding or unexpected bleeding between periods.
In teenagers, an irregular period or heavy menstrual bleeding often happens when an egg is not released during a monthly cycle. Teenagers are most likely to have cycles without an egg release during the first year after they have their first period.
In older women of reproductive age, heavy menstrual bleeding is often caused by problems with the uterus. These include fibroids, polyps and adenomyosis. But other problems also could cause heavy menstrual bleeding. Examples include cancer of the uterus, bleeding disorders, side effects of medicines, and liver or kidney disease.
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Menstrual bleeding that is too heavy or lasts too long can lead to other medical conditions. These include:
Anemia.Heavy menstrual bleeding can cause anemia related to blood loss. Anemia is a condition in which the body lacks enough red blood cells to carry oxygen to tissues. The number of red blood cells is measured by hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen to tissues throughout the body.Iron deficiency anemia occurs as the body tries to make up for lost red blood cells. The body uses iron stores to make more hemoglobin so that enough oxygen can be carried to tissues. Heavy menstrual bleeding may make iron levels too low. This may result in iron deficiency anemia.Symptoms include headaches and feeling tired. Although diet plays a role in iron deficiency anemia, the problem is made worse by heavy menstrual periods.
Severe pain.Along with heavy menstrual bleeding, you might have painful menstrual cramps. This also is known as dysmenorrhea. Talk to your doctor if your cramps make it hard to do your daily activities.
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A member of your health care team will likely ask about your medical history and menstrual cycles. You may be asked to keep a diary to track days with and without bleeding. Record information such as how heavy your flow was and how many sanitary pads or tampons you needed to control it.
After doing a physical exam, your doctor or other member of your care team may recommend certain tests or procedures. They may include:
Blood tests.A sample of your blood may be tested for iron deficiency anemia. The sample also may be tested for other conditions, such as thyroid disorders or blood-clotting problems.
Pap test.In this test, cells from your cervix are collected. They are tested for inflammation or changes that may be precancerous, which means they could lead to cancer. Cells also are tested for human papilloma virus in women ages 25 to 30 and older.
Endometrial biopsy.Your doctor may take a tissue sample from the inside of your uterus. A pathologist will look for signs of cancer or precancer of the uterus.
Ultrasound.This imaging method uses sound waves to create pictures of your uterus, ovaries and pelvis.
Results of these initial tests may lead to more testing, including:
Sonohysterography.During this test, a fluid is injected through a tube into your uterus by way of your vagina and cervix. Your doctor then uses ultrasound to look for problems in the lining of your uterus.
Hysteroscopy.A thin, lighted instrument is inserted through your vagina and cervix into your uterus. This allows your doctor to see the inside of your uterus.
Your doctor can make a diagnosis of heavy menstrual bleeding or abnormal uterine bleeding only after it's known that something else isn't causing your condition. These causes may include menstrual disorders, medical conditions or medicines.
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Treatment for heavy menstrual bleeding is based on a number of factors. These include:
Your overall health and medical history.
The cause of the condition and how serious it is.
How well you tolerate certain medicines or procedures.
The chance that your periods will soon become less heavy.
Your plans to have children.
How the condition affects your lifestyle.
Your opinion or personal choices.
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You may start by seeing your primary care doctor or other health care professional. Or you may be referred immediately to a specialist called an obstetrician/gynecologist.
Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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fatigued, tampons, menstrual bleeding, getting up, bleeding, feeling tired, limiting, short of breath, passing blood clots, blood loss, needing, soaking
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415
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Blepharitis
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/blepharitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20370141
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/blepharitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20370148
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/blepharitis/doctors-departments/ddc-20370149
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Blepharitis (blef-uh-RYE-tis) is inflammation of the eyelids. Blepharitis usually affects both eyes along the edges of the eyelids.
Blepharitis commonly occurs when tiny oil glands near the base of the eyelashes become clogged, causing irritation and redness. Several diseases and conditions can cause blepharitis.
Blepharitis is often a chronic condition that's difficult to treat. Blepharitis can be uncomfortable and unsightly. But it usually doesn't cause permanent damage to your eyesight, and it's not contagious.
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Blepharitis signs and symptoms are typically worse in the morning. They include:
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If you have blepharitis signs and symptoms that don't seem to improve despite good hygiene — regular cleaning and care of the affected area — make an appointment with your doctor.
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The exact cause of blepharitis isn't clear. It might be associated with one or more of the following:
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If you have blepharitis, you might also have:
Excess tearing or dry eyes.Abnormal oily secretions and other debris shed from the eyelids, such as flaking associated with dandruff, can build up in your tear film — the water, oil and mucus solution that forms tears.
Abnormal tear film interferes with keeping your eyelids moist. This can irritate your eyes and cause symptoms of dry eyes or excess tearing.
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Tests and procedures used to diagnose blepharitis include:
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Self-care measures, such as washing your eyes and using warm compresses, might be all that's needed for most cases of blepharitis. If self-care measures aren't enough, your doctor might suggest prescription treatments, including:
Medications that fight infection.Antibiotics applied to the eyelid have been shown to provide relief of symptoms and resolve bacterial infection of the eyelids. These are available in several forms, including eyedrops, creams and ointments.
If you don't respond to topical antibiotics, your doctor might suggest an oral antibiotic.
Other treatment options, such as using intense pulsed light might unclog the glands. More study is needed.
Blepharitis rarely disappears completely. Even with successful treatment, the condition frequently is chronic and requires daily attention with eyelid scrubs. If you don't respond to treatment, or if you've also lost eyelashes or only one eye is affected, the condition could be caused by a localized eyelid cancer.
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You're likely to start by seeing your family doctor. If your doctor suspects you may have an eyelid problem, such as blepharitis, you might be referred to an eye specialist (optometrist or ophthalmologist).
Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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worse in the morning, blepharitis
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417
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Bell's palsy
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bells-palsy/symptoms-causes/syc-20370028
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bells-palsy/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20370034
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bells-palsy/doctors-departments/ddc-20370035
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Bell's palsy is a condition that causes sudden weakness in the muscles on one side of the face. Often the weakness is short-term and improves over weeks. The weakness makes half of the face appear to droop. Smiles are one-sided, and the eye on the affected side is hard to close.
Bell's palsy also is known as acute peripheral facial palsy of unknown cause. It can occur at any age. The exact cause is not known. Experts think it's caused by swelling and irritation of the nerve that controls the muscles on one side of the face. Bell's palsy could be caused by a reaction that occurs after a viral infection.
Symptoms usually start to improve within a few weeks, with complete recovery in about six months. A small number of people continue to have some Bell's palsy symptoms for life. Rarely, Bell's palsy occurs more than once.
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Symptoms of Bell's palsy come on suddenly and may include:
Mild weakness to total paralysis on one side of the face — occurring within hours to days.
Facial droop and trouble making facial expressions, such as closing an eye or smiling.
Drooling.
Pain around the jaw or pain in or behind the ear on the affected side.
Increased sensitivity to sound on the affected side.
Headache.
Loss of taste.
Changes in the amount of tears and saliva produced.
Rarely, Bell's palsy can affect the nerves on both sides of the face.
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Seek medical help right away if you experience any type of paralysis because you may be having a stroke. Bell's palsy is not caused by a stroke, but the symptoms of both conditions are similar.
If you have facial weakness or drooping, see your healthcare professional to find out the cause and the severity of the illness.
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Although the exact reason Bell's palsy occurs isn't clear, it's often related to having a viral infection. Viruses that have been linked to Bell's palsy include viruses that cause:
Cold sores and genital herpes, also known as herpes simplex.
Chickenpox and shingles, also known as herpes zoster.
Infectious mononucleosis, caused by the Epstein-Barr virus.
Cytomegalovirus infections.
Respiratory illnesses, caused by adenoviruses.
German measles, also known as rubella.
Mumps, caused by the mumps virus.
Flu, also known as influenza B.
Hand-foot-and-mouth disease, caused by a coxsackievirus.
The nerve that controls facial muscles passes through a narrow corridor of bone on its way to the face. In Bell's palsy, that nerve becomes inflamed and swollen — usually related to a viral infection. Besides affecting facial muscles, the nerve affects tears, saliva, taste and a small bone in the middle of the ear.
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Bell's palsy occurs more often in people who:
Are pregnant, especially during the third trimester, or who are in the first week after giving birth.
Have an upper respiratory infection, such as the flu or a cold.
Have diabetes.
Have high blood pressure.
Have obesity.
It's rare for Bell's palsy to come back. But when it does, there's often a family history of repeated attacks. This suggests that Bell's palsy might have something to do with genes.
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Mild symptoms of Bell's palsy typically disappear within a month. Recovery from more-complete facial paralysis can vary. Complications may include:
Irreversible damage to your facial nerve.
Irregular regrowth of nerve fibers. This may result in involuntary contraction of certain muscles when you're trying to move other muscles, known as synkinesis. For example, when you smile, the eye on the affected side may close.
Partial or complete blindness of the eye that won't close. This is caused by excessive dryness and scratching of the clear protective covering of the eye, known as the cornea.
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There's no specific test for Bell's palsy. Your healthcare professional looks at your face and asks you to move your facial muscles. You're asked to close your eyes, lift your brow, show your teeth and frown, among making other movements.
Other conditions — such as a stroke, infections, Lyme disease, inflammatory conditions and tumors — can cause facial muscle weakness that mimics Bell's palsy. If the cause of your symptoms isn't clear, your healthcare professional may recommend other tests, including:
Electromyography (EMG).This test can confirm the presence of nerve damage and determine how serious it is. AnEMGmeasures the electrical activity of a muscle in response to stimulation. It also measures the nature and speed of the conduction of electrical impulses along a nerve.
Imaging scans.Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computerized tomography (CT) may be needed on occasion to rule out other possible sources of pressure on the facial nerve, such as a tumor or skull fracture.
Blood tests.There is no blood test for Bell's palsy. But blood tests can be used to rule out Lyme disease and other infections.
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Most people with Bell's palsy recover fully — with or without treatment. There's no one-size-fits-all treatment for Bell's palsy. But your healthcare professional may suggest medicines or physical therapy to help speed your recovery. Surgery is rarely an option for Bell's palsy.
Because the eye on the affected side doesn't close, it's important to take steps to protect and care for that eye. Use lubricating eye drops during the day and an eye ointment at night to help keep your eye moist. Wear glasses or goggles during the day and an eye patch at night to protect your eye from getting poked or scratched. You may need to see a healthcare professional to monitor your eye.
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You may start by seeing your healthcare professional. You may be referred immediately to a doctor who specializes in the nervous system, known as a neurologist.
It's good to prepare for your appointment. Here's some information to help you get ready.
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Home treatment may include:
Taking pain relievers.Aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) or acetaminophen (Tylenol, others) are available without a prescription and may help ease your pain.
Doing physical therapy exercises.Massaging and exercising your face according to your physical therapist's advice may help relax your facial muscles.
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pain, droop, loss of taste., headache, weakness, loss of taste, palsy, changes in tears, trouble making facial expressions, paralysis, bell's palsy, changes in saliva, drooling, facial droop
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418
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Flatfeet
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/flatfeet/symptoms-causes/syc-20372604
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/flatfeet/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372609
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/flatfeet/doctors-departments/ddc-20372610
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Flatfeet is a common condition, also known as flatfoot, in which the arches on the inside of the feet flatten when pressure is put on them. When people with flatfeet stand up, the feet point outward, and the entire soles of the feet fall and touch the floor.
Flatfeet can occur when the arches don't develop during childhood. It can also develop later in life after an injury or from the simple wear-and-tear stresses of age.
Flatfeet is usually painless. If you aren't having pain, no treatment is necessary. However, if flatfeet is causing you pain and limiting what you want to do, then an evaluation from a specialist may be warranted.
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Most people have no symptoms associated with flatfeet. But some people with flatfeet experience foot pain, particularly in the heel or arch area. Pain may worsen with activity. Swelling may occur along the inside of the ankle.
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Talk to your health care provider if you or your child has foot pain, particularly if it is limiting what you want to do.
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Flatfeet is not unusual in infants and toddlers, because the foot's arch hasn't yet developed. Most people's arches develop throughout childhood, but some people never develop arches. People without arches may or may not have problems.
Some children have flexible flatfeet, often called flexible flatfoot, in which the arch is visible when the child is sitting or standing on tiptoes but disappears when the child stands. Most children outgrow flexible flatfeet without problems.
People without flatfeet can also develop the condition. Arches can collapse abruptly after an injury. Or the collapse can happen over years of wear and tear. Over time, the tendon that runs along the inside of the ankle and helps support the arch can get weakened or tear. As the severity increases, arthritis may develop in the foot.
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Factors that can increase the risk of flatfeet include:
Obesity
Injury to the foot or ankle
Rheumatoid arthritis
Aging
Diabetes
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To view the mechanics of your feet, a health care provider will observe your feet from the front and back and ask you to stand on your toes. The provider will test strength in the ankles and locate the main area of your pain. The wear pattern on your shoes also may reveal information about your feet.
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No treatment is necessary for flatfeet if it doesn't cause pain.
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If your feet cause you significant pain, your health care provider may refer you to a doctor specializing in foot disorders, such as an orthopedic surgeon or a podiatrist.
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If flatfeet causes you minor pain, you might want to try:
Rest.Avoid activities that aggravate the condition. Participate in low-impact activities — such as walking, biking or swimming — rather than jumping and running activities.
Arch supports.Arch supports that are available without a prescription might increase your comfort.
Medications.Pain relievers that are available without a prescription, such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) and naproxen sodium (Aleve) might help.
Weight loss.Losing weight can reduce stress on the feet.
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pain, foot pain, swelling
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419
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Tetralogy of Fallot
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tetralogy-of-fallot/symptoms-causes/syc-20353477
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tetralogy-of-fallot/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353482
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tetralogy-of-fallot/doctors-departments/ddc-20353485
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Tetralogy of Fallot (teh-TRAL-uh-jee of fuh-LOW) is a rare heart condition that is present at birth. That means it's a congenital heart defect. A baby born with the condition has four different heart problems.
These heart problems affect the structure of the heart. The condition causes altered blood flow through the heart and to the rest of the body. Babies with tetralogy of Fallot often have blue or gray skin color due to low oxygen levels.
Tetralogy of Fallot is usually diagnosed during pregnancy or soon after a baby is born. If the heart changes and symptoms are mild, tetralogy of Fallot may not be noticed or diagnosed until adulthood.
People who are diagnosed with tetralogy of Fallot need surgery to fix the heart. They will need regular health checkups for life.
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Tetralogy of Fallot symptoms depend on how much blood flow is blocked from leaving the heart to go to the lungs. Symptoms may include:
Blue or gray skin color.
Shortness of breath and rapid breathing, especially during feeding or exercise.
Trouble gaining weight.
Getting tired easily during play or exercise.
Irritability.
Crying for long periods of time.
Fainting.
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Serious congenital heart defects are often diagnosed before or soon after your child is born. Seek medical help if you notice that your baby has these symptoms:
Trouble breathing.
Bluish color of the skin.
Lack of alertness.
Seizures.
Weakness.
More irritable than usual.
If your baby becomes blue or gray, place your baby on the side and pull the baby's knees up to the chest. This helps increase blood flow to the lungs. Call 911 or your local emergency number immediately.
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Tetralogy of Fallot occurs as the baby's heart grows during pregnancy. Usually, the cause is unknown.
Tetralogy of Fallot includes four problems with heart structure:
Narrowing of the valve between the heart and the lungs, called pulmonary valve stenosis.This condition reduces blood flow from the heart to the lungs. The narrowing may just involve the valve. Or it could happen in more than one place along the pathway between the heart and lungs. Sometimes the valve isn't formed. Instead, a solid sheet of tissue blocks blood flow from the right side of the heart. This is called pulmonary atresia.
A hole between the bottom heart chambers, called a ventricular septal defect.A ventricular septal defect changes how blood flows through the heart and lungs. Oxygen-poor blood in the lower right chamber mixes with oxygen-rich blood in the lower left chamber. The heart has to work harder to pump blood through the body. The problem may weaken the heart over time.
Shifting of the body's main artery.The body's main artery is called the aorta. It's usually attached to the left lower heart chamber. In tetralogy of Fallot, the aorta is in the wrong place. It's shifted to the right and sits directly above the hole in the heart wall. This changes how blood flows from the aorta to the lungs.
Thickening of the right lower chamber of the heart, called right ventricular hypertrophy.When the heart has to work too hard, the wall of the right lower heart chamber gets thick. Over time, this may cause the heart to become weak and eventually fail.
Some people with tetralogy of Fallot have other problems that affect the aorta or heart arteries. There also may be a hole between the heart's upper chambers, called atrial septal defect.
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The exact cause of tetralogy of Fallot is unknown. Some things may increase the risk of a baby being born with tetralogy of Fallot. Risk factors include:
Family history.
Having a virus during pregnancy. This includes rubella, also known as German measles.
Drinking alcohol during pregnancy.
Eating poorly during pregnancy.
Smoking during pregnancy.
Mother's age older than 35.
Down syndrome or DiGeorge syndrome in the baby.
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Untreated tetralogy of Fallot usually leads to life-threatening complications. The complications may cause disability or death by early adulthood.
A possible complication of tetralogy of Fallot is infection of the inner lining of the heart or heart valves. This is called infective endocarditis. Sometimes antibiotics are given before dental work to prevent this type of infection. Ask your healthcare team if preventive antibiotics are right for you or your baby.
Complications also are possible after surgery to repair tetralogy of Fallot. But most people do well after such surgery. When complications occur, they may include:
Backward flow of blood through a heart valve.
Irregular heartbeats.
A hole in the heart that doesn't go away after surgery.
Changes in the size of the heart chambers.
Swelling of part of the aorta, called aortic root dilation.
Sudden cardiac death.
Another procedure or surgery may be needed to fix these complications.
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Because the exact cause of most congenital heart defects is unknown, it may not be possible to prevent these conditions. If you have a high risk of giving birth to a child with a congenital heart defect, genetic testing and screening may be done during pregnancy.
There are some steps you can take to help reduce your child's overall risk of birth defects, such as:
Get proper prenatal care.Regular checkups with a healthcare team during pregnancy can help keep mom and baby healthy.
Take a multivitamin with folic acid.Taking 400 micrograms of folic acid daily has been shown to reduce birth defects in the brain and spinal cord. It may help reduce the risk of heart defects as well.
Don't drink or smoke.These lifestyle habits can harm a baby's health. Also avoid secondhand smoke.
Get a rubella (German measles) vaccine.A rubella infection during pregnancy may affect a baby's heart development. Get vaccinated before trying to get pregnant.
Control blood sugar.If you have diabetes, good control of your blood sugar can reduce the risk of congenital heart defects.
Manage chronic health conditions.If you have other health conditions, including phenylketonuria, talk to your healthcare team about the best way to treat and manage them.
Avoid harmful substances.During pregnancy, have someone else do any painting and cleaning with strong-smelling products.
Check with your healthcare team before taking any medications.Some medications can cause birth defects. Tell your healthcare team about all the medications you take, including those bought without a prescription.
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Tetralogy of Fallot is often diagnosed soon after birth. Your baby's skin may look blue or gray. A whooshing sound may be heard when listening to the baby's heart with a stethoscope. This is called a heart murmur.
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All babies who have tetralogy of Fallot need surgery to fix the heart and improve blood flow. A heart surgeon, called a cardiovascular surgeon, does the surgery. The timing and type of surgery depends on the baby's overall health and specific heart problems.
Some babies or young children are given medicine while waiting for surgery to keep blood flowing from the heart to the lungs.
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You may find that talking with other people who've experienced the same situation brings you comfort and encouragement. Ask your healthcare team if there are any support groups in your area.
Living with a congenital heart problem can make some people feel stressed or anxious. Talking to a therapist or counselor also may help you and your child learn new ways to manage stress and anxiety. Your care team can suggest therapists who may be helpful to you or your child.
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Serious congenital heart problems such as tetralogy of Fallot are typically diagnosed during pregnancy or soon after birth.
If you think your child has a heart problem that wasn't noticed at birth, talk to your child's healthcare team. Be prepared to describe your child's symptoms. Ask family members if anyone was born with a heart problem, called a congenital heart defect. Some congenital heart defects may occur in families.
Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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After treatment for tetralogy of Fallot, your healthcare team may suggest some steps to keep the heart healthy. These may include:
Sports and activity restrictions.Some people born with a serious heart problem such as tetralogy of Fallot may need to limit exercise or sports activities. But many others can participate in such activities. Ask your or your child's healthcare team which sports and types of activities are safe.
Antibiotics to prevent heart infection.Sometimes, severe heart problems can increase the risk of infection in the lining of the heart or heart valves. This infection is called endocarditis. Antibiotics may be recommended before dental procedures, especially for people who have a mechanical heart valve. Ask your child's healthcare professional if preventive antibiotics are necessary for your child. Good oral care and regular dental checkups also are important ways to help prevent infection.
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irritability, crying, rapid breathing, trouble gaining weight, getting tired easily, fainting, tetralogy of fallot symptoms, shortness of breath, blue or gray skin color
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420
|
Familial Mediterranean fever
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/familial-mediterranean-fever/symptoms-causes/syc-20372470
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/familial-mediterranean-fever/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372475
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Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is a genetic autoinflammatory disorder that causes recurrent fevers and painful inflammation of your abdomen, chest and joints.
FMF is an inherited disorder that usually occurs in people of Mediterranean origin — including those of Jewish, Arab, Armenian, Turkish, North African, Greek or Italian ancestry. But it can affect people in any ethnic group.
FMF is typically diagnosed during childhood. While there's no cure for this disorder, you may be able to relieve or even prevent signs and symptoms of FMF by following your treatment plan.
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Signs and symptoms of familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) usually begin during childhood. They occur in bouts called attacks that last 1-3 days. Arthritic attacks may last for weeks or months.
Signs and symptoms of FMF attacks vary, but can include:
The attacks generally resolve spontaneously after a few days. Between attacks, you'll likely feel back to your typical health. Symptom-free periods may be as short as a few days or as long as several years.
In some people, the first sign of FMF is amyloidosis. With amyloidosis, the protein amyloid A, which is not typically found in the body, builds up in organs — especially the kidneys — causing inflammation and interfering with their function.
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See your health care provider if you or your child has a sudden fever accompanied by pain in the abdomen, chest and joints.
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Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is caused by a gene change (mutation) that's passed from parents to children. The gene change affects the function of an immune system protein called pyrin, causing problems in regulating inflammation in the body.
In people with FMF, change occurs in a gene called MEFV. Many different changes in MEFV are linked to FMF. Some changes may cause very severe cases, while others may result in milder signs and symptoms.
It's unclear what exactly triggers attacks, but they may occur with emotional stress, menstruation, exposure to cold, and physical stress such as illness or injury.
|
Factors that may increase the risk of familial Mediterranean fever include:
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Complications can occur if familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) isn't treated. Inflammation can lead to complications such as:
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Tests and procedures used to diagnose familial Mediterranean fever include:
Genetic testing for FMF may be recommended for your first-degree relatives, such as parents, siblings or children, or for other relatives who may be at risk. Genetic counseling can help you understand gene changes and their effects.
|
There's no cure for familial Mediterranean fever. However, treatment can help relieve symptoms, prevent attacks and prevent complications caused by inflammation.
Medications used to relieve symptoms and prevent attacks of familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) include:
Colchicine is effective in preventing attacks for most people. To lessen the severity of symptoms during an attack, your health care provider may recommend intravenous fluids and medications to reduce fever and inflammation and control pain.
Regular appointments with your health care provider are important to monitor your medications and your health.
|
Learning that you or your child has a chronic illness, such as familial Mediterranean fever, can be upsetting and frustrating. Here are some tips that may help you cope:
|
If you have signs and symptoms of familial Mediterranean fever, you may begin by seeing your family health care provider. Your health care provider may refer you to a specialist in inflammatory diseases (rheumatologist).
Because appointments can be brief, and because there's often a lot to discuss, it's a good idea to arrive prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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pain, arthritic, arthritic attacks, fever, amyloid a, attacks, amyloidosis, inflammation, fmf
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421
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Familial adenomatous polyposis
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/familial-adenomatous-polyposis/symptoms-causes/syc-20372443
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/familial-adenomatous-polyposis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372446
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/familial-adenomatous-polyposis/doctors-departments/ddc-20372448
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Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is a rare, inherited condition caused by a defect in the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene. Most people inherit the gene from a parent. But for 25 to 30 percent of people, the genetic mutation occurs spontaneously.
FAP causes extra tissue (polyps) to form in your large intestine (colon) and rectum. Polyps can also occur in the upper gastrointestinal tract, especially the upper part of your small intestine (duodenum). If untreated, the polyps in the colon and rectum are likely to become cancerous when you are in your 40s.
Most people with familial adenomatous polyposis eventually need surgery to remove the large intestine to prevent cancer. The polyps in the duodenum also can develop cancer, but they can usually be managed by careful monitoring and by removing polyps regularly.
Some people have a milder form of the condition, called attenuated familial adenomatous polyposis (AFAP). People with AFAP usually have fewer colon polyps (an average of 30) and develop cancer later in life.
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The main sign of FAP is hundreds or even thousands of polyps growing in your colon and rectum, usually starting by your mid-teens. The polyps are nearly 100 percent certain to develop into colon cancer or rectal cancer by the time you're in your 40s.
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Familial adenomatous polyposis is caused by a defect in a gene that's usually inherited from a parent. But some people develop the abnormal gene that causes the condition.
|
Your risk of familial adenomatous polyposis is higher if you have a parent, child, brother, or sister with the condition.
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In addition to colon cancer, familial adenomatous polyposis can cause other complications:
Duodenal polyps.These polyps grow in the upper part of your small intestine and may become cancerous. But with careful monitoring, duodenal polyps can often be detected and removed before cancer develops.
Periampullary polyps.These polyps occur where the bile and pancreas ducts enter the duodenum (ampulla). Periampullary polyps might become cancerous but can often be detected and removed before cancer develops.
Gastric fundic polyps.These polyps grow in the lining of your stomach.
Desmoids.These noncancerous masses can arise anywhere in the body but often develop in the stomach area (abdomen). Desmoids can cause serious problems if they grow into nerves or blood vessels or exert pressure on other organs in your body.
Other cancers.Rarely, FAP can cause cancer to develop in your thyroid gland, central nervous system, adrenal glands, liver or other organs.
Noncancerous (benign) skin tumors.
Benign bone growths (osteomas).
Congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (CHRPE).These are benign pigment changes in the retina of your eye.
Dental abnormalities.These include extra teeth or teeth that don't come in.
Low numbers of red blood cells (anemia).
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Preventing FAP is not possible, since it is an inherited genetic condition. However, if you or your child is at risk of FAP because of a family member with the condition, you will need genetic testing and counseling.
If you have FAP, you will need regular screening, followed by surgery if needed. Surgery can help prevent the development of colorectal cancer or other complications.
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You're at risk of familial adenomatous polyposis if you have a parent, child, brother or sister with the condition. If you're at risk, it's important to be screened frequently, starting in childhood. Annual exams can detect the growth of polyps before they become cancerous.
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At first, your doctor will remove any small polyps found during your colonoscopy exam. Eventually, though, the polyps will become too numerous to remove individually, usually by your late teens or early 20s. Then you will need surgery to prevent colon cancer. You will also need surgery if a polyp is cancerous. You may not need surgery for AFAP.
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Some people find it helpful to talk with others who share similar experiences. Consider joining an online support group, or ask your doctor about support groups in your area.
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colon cancer, fap, cancer, polyps, hundreds or even thousands of polyps
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422
|
Factitious disorder
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/factitious-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20356028
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/factitious-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356034
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Factitious disorder, previously called Munchausen syndrome, is a serious mental health condition in which people deceive others by pretending to be sick. They do this by faking symptoms, getting sick on purpose or hurting themselves. Factitious disorder also can happen when family members or caregivers falsely present others, such as children, as being ill, hurt or having a hard time functioning.
Factitious disorder symptoms can range from mild to severe. People may make up symptoms or even tamper with medical tests to convince others that they need treatment, such as high-risk surgery.
Factitious disorder isn't the same as making up medical issues for a benefit or reward, such as getting out of work or winning a lawsuit. Although people with factitious disorder know they are causing their symptoms or illnesses, they may not know why they do what they do or see themselves as having mental health issues.
Factitious disorder is a rare condition that can be hard to diagnose and treat. Help from medical and mental health professionals is critical to prevent serious injury and even death when people with factitious disorder hurt themselves.
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Factitious disorder symptoms involve people trying to look ill, making themselves ill or hurting themselves. They also may fake symptoms, make symptoms seem worse than they are or pretend they can't do certain things because of their symptoms so they can deceive others. People with the condition work hard to hide their lies. It may be hard to know that their symptoms are part of a serious mental health condition. People with this condition continue with the lies, even without any benefit or reward, or when faced with evidence that doesn't support their claims.
Factitious disorder symptoms may include:
Clever and convincing medical or mental health problems.
Deep knowledge of medical terms and diseases.
Vague symptoms or symptoms that aren't consistent.
Conditions that get worse for no clear reason.
Conditions that don't respond as expected to standard treatments.
Seeking treatment from many healthcare professionals or hospitals, which may include using a fake name.
Not wanting healthcare professionals to talk to family or friends or other healthcare professionals.
Staying in the hospital a lot.
Desire for frequent testing or risky surgeries and procedures.
Many surgical scars or evidence of many procedures.
Having few visitors when in the hospital.
Arguing with healthcare professionals and staff.
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People with factitious disorder may know the risk of injury or even death when they hurt themselves or seek treatment that's not needed. But they have a hard time managing their behaviors. They also aren't likely to seek help. Even when they see proof that they're causing their illness, such as a video, they often deny it and refuse mental health help.
If you think that a loved one may be exaggerating or faking health problems, it may help to try to talk to that person about your concerns. Try not to be angry or to judge or confront the person. Also try to reinforce and urge healthier, more productive activities rather than focus on beliefs and behaviors that aren't healthy. Offer support and care. If possible, help find treatment for the person.
If your loved one causes self-harm or attempts suicide, contact a suicide hotline. In the U.S., call or text 988 to reach the988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline, available 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Or use theLifeline Chat. Services are free and confidential. The Suicide & Crisis Lifeline in the U.S. has a Spanish language phone line at1-888-628-9454(toll-free).
If you suspect that a child is being harmed or abused by a caregiver as part of factitious disorder, you can contact the Childhelp National Child Abuse Hotline at1-800-422-4453(toll-free). This hotline is available 24 hours a day, seven days a week. There also may be local and state child protective services agencies in your area.
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The cause of factitious disorder isn't known. But a mix of mental health issues and stressful life experiences may cause the condition.
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Several factors may raise the risk of developing factitious disorder, including:
Childhood trauma, such as emotional, physical or sexual abuse.
A serious illness during childhood.
Loss of a loved one through death or illness, or feeling abandoned.
Past experiences while sick and the attention it brought.
A poor sense of identity or low self-esteem.
Personality disorders.
Depression.
Desire to be linked with healthcare professionals or medical centers.
Working in the healthcare field.
Factitious disorder is thought to be rare, but it isn't known how many people have the condition. Some people use fake names. Some visit many hospitals and healthcare professionals. And some are never identified. This makes it hard to get a reliable estimate.
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People with factitious disorder are willing to risk their lives to be seen as sick. They often have other mental health conditions as well. As a result, they face many possible complications, including:
Injury or death from medical conditions that they cause themselves.
Severe health issues from infections or from surgeries or other procedures that aren't needed.
Loss of organs or limbs from surgeries that aren't needed.
Misuse of alcohol or other substances.
Major problems in daily life, including having trouble getting along with others and working.
Abuse, when the behavior is imposed on another.
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Because the cause of factitious disorder isn't known, there's no way to prevent it. Recognizing and treating factitious disorder may help avoid potentially dangerous tests and treatments that aren't needed.
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Diagnosing factitious disorder is often very hard. People with factitious disorder are experts at faking many diseases and conditions. And while these people often look like they have real and even life-threatening medical conditions, they may have brought those conditions on themselves.
The use of many healthcare professionals and hospitals, the use of fake names, and privacy and confidentiality laws may make it hard or even impossible to gather information about previous medical experiences.
Diagnosis is based on objectively identifying symptoms that are made up, rather than the person's intent or motivation for doing so. A healthcare professional may suspect that people have factitious disorder when:
Their medical history doesn't make sense.
No believable reason exists for an illness or injury.
The illness doesn't follow the usual course.
There's no clear reason why they're not getting better, despite the right treatment.
There are contradictory or inconsistent symptoms or lab test results.
They don't want to give information from previous health records, other healthcare professionals or family members.
They're caught lying or harming themselves.
To help figure out if a person has factitious disorder, healthcare professionals:
Do a detailed interview.
Require past health records.
Work with family members to get more information — if the person being examined gives permission.
Run only tests needed to look at possible physical issues.
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Treatment of factitious disorder is often hard, and there are no standard therapies. Because people with factitious disorder want to be in the sick role, they often aren't willing to seek or accept treatment for the condition. But if approached in a way that doesn't judge, people with factitious disorder may agree to have a mental health professional assess and treat them.
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People with factitious disorder are likely to first get care for this condition when healthcare professionals raise concerns that mental health issues may play a part in an illness. If people have symptoms of factitious disorder, healthcare professionals may get permission to contact family members in advance to talk about their loved one's health history.
Here's some information to help you get ready for that talk.
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Along with professional treatment, these tips may help people who have factitious disorder:
Stay with your treatment plan.Attend therapy appointments and take any medicines as directed. If you feel an urge to hurt yourself or cause yourself to become ill, talk honestly to your therapist or primary healthcare professional about better ways to cope with emotions.
Have a medical gatekeeper.Rather than visiting many healthcare professionals, specialists and surgeons, have one trusted primary health professional to manage your medical care.
Remember the risks.Remind yourself that you could be hurt for life or even die when you have a risky test or surgery that isn't needed.
Don't run.Resist urges to find a new healthcare professional or flee to a new town where medical professionals don't know your background. Your therapist can help you overcome these powerful urges.
Connect with someone.Many people with factitious disorder have no friends or close relationships. Try to find someone you can confide in, share enjoyable times with and offer your own support to.
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few visitors, scars, many surgical scars, desire for frequent testing, arguing, vague symptoms, symptoms that aren't consistent, desire for risky surgeries, conditions that get worse, conditions that don't respond, staying in the hospital
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423
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Fuchs dystrophy
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fuchs-dystrophy/symptoms-causes/syc-20352727
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fuchs-dystrophy/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352731
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fuchs-dystrophy/doctors-departments/ddc-20352733
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Fuchs dystrophy is a condition in which fluid builds up in the clear tissue at the front of the eye, called the cornea. This causes your cornea to swell and thicken, leading to glare, blurred or cloudy vision, and eye discomfort.
Fuchs (fewks) dystrophy usually affects both eyes. It may cause your vision to get worse over time. The disease often starts in the 30s and 40s, but many people with Fuchs dystrophy don't develop symptoms until they reach their 50s or 60s.
Some medicines and self-care steps may help relieve symptoms of Fuchs dystrophy. When advanced disease causes more-serious vision problems, cornea transplant surgery is the best way to restore vision.
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As Fuchs dystrophy gets worse, symptoms often affect both eyes. Symptoms may include:
Blurred or cloudy vision, sometimes described as a lack of clear vision.
Changes in vision throughout the day. Symptoms are worse in the morning when you wake up and slowly get better during the day. As the disease gets worse, blurred vision may take longer to get better or does not get better at all.
Glare, which can decrease your vision in dim and bright light.
Seeing halos around lights.
Pain or grittiness from tiny blisters on the surface of your cornea.
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If you have some of these symptoms, and especially if they get worse over time, see an eye care professional. The eye care professional may refer you to a corneal specialist. If symptoms develop suddenly, call for an urgent appointment. Other eye conditions that cause the same symptoms as Fuchs dystrophy also require treatment right away.
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The cells lining the inside of the cornea are called endothelial cells. Those cells help maintain a healthy balance of fluid within the cornea and keep the cornea from swelling. In Fuchs dystrophy, the endothelial cells slowly die or do not work well, causing fluid buildup within the cornea. The fluid buildup, called edema, causes thickening of the cornea and blurred vision.
Fuchs dystrophy tends to run in families. The genetic basis of the disease is complex. Family members can be affected to different degrees or not at all.
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Some factors make it more likely that you'll develop Fuchs dystrophy They include:
Sex.Fuchs dystrophy is more common in women than in men.
Genetics.Having a family history of Fuchs dystrophy increases your risk.
Age.There is a rare early-onset type of Fuchs dystrophy that starts in childhood. Most cases start in the 30s and 40s, but many people with Fuchs dystrophy don't develop symptoms until their 50s or 60s.
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An eye care professional will test your vision. You also may have tests to help diagnose Fuchs dystrophy. Those tests may include:
Cornea examination and grading.A member of your eye care team will use a special eye microscope called a slit lamp to look for drop-shaped bumps called guttae on the back surface of the cornea. This eye care professional will then check your cornea for swelling and stage your Fuchs dystrophy.
Corneal thickness.An eye care professional may use a test called corneal pachymetry to measure the thickness of the cornea.
Corneal tomography.Taking a special picture of your cornea helps an eye care professional look for swelling in your cornea. This test is called corneal tomography.
Corneal cell count.Sometimes an eye care professional uses a special instrument to record the number, shape and size of the cells that line the back of the cornea. This test is not required.
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Some nonsurgical treatments may help relieve symptoms of Fuchs dystrophy. If you have advanced disease, an eye care professional may suggest surgery.
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You may start by seeing an eye care professional called an optometrist or ophthalmologist. Or you may be referred immediately to an ophthalmologist who specializes in corneal disease.
Here's information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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Follow instructions from your eye care team to take care of your eyes. You also can try other things to help reduce glare and soothe your eyes.
Use nonprescription salt solution (5% sodium chloride) eye drops or ointment.
Dry your eyes with a hair dryer. Hold it at arm's length and direct warm — not hot — air across your face, especially in the morning when swelling is worse. This helps remove extra fluid in the cornea, which reduces swelling.
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pain, blisters, blurred or cloudy vision, cloudy vision, blurred vision, grittiness, changes in vision, seeing halos, fuchs dystrophy, glare
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425
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Cold sore
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cold-sore/symptoms-causes/syc-20371017
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cold-sore/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20371023
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Cold sores, or fever blisters, are a common viral infection. They are tiny, fluid-filled blisters on and around the lips. These blisters are often grouped together in patches. After the blisters break, a scab forms that can last several days. Cold sores usually heal in 2 to 3 weeks without leaving a scar.
Cold sores spread from person to person by close contact, such as kissing. They're usually caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), and less commonly herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2). Both of these viruses can affect the mouth or genitals and can be spread by oral sex. The virus can spread even if you don't see the sores.
There's no cure for cold sores, but treatment can help manage outbreaks. Prescription antiviral medicine or creams can help sores heal more quickly. And they may make future outbreaks happen less often and be shorter and less serious.
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A cold sore usually passes through several stages:
Tingling and itching.Many people feel itching, burning or tingling around the lips for a day or so before a small, hard, painful spot appears and blisters form.
Blisters.Small fluid-filled blisters often form along the border of the lips. Sometimes they appear around the nose or cheeks or inside the mouth.
Oozing and crusting.The small blisters may merge and then burst. This can leave shallow open sores that ooze and crust over.
Symptoms vary, depending on whether this is your first outbreak or a recurrence. The first time you have a cold sore, symptoms may not start for up to 20 days after you were first exposed to the virus. The sores can last several days. And the blisters can take 2 to 3 weeks to heal completely. If blisters return, they'll often appear at the same spot each time and tend to be less severe than the first outbreak.
In a first-time outbreak, you also might experience:
Fever.
Painful gums.
Sore throat.
Headache.
Muscle aches.
Swollen lymph nodes.
Children under 5 years old may have cold sores inside their mouths. These sores are often mistaken for canker sores. Canker sores involve only the mucous membrane and aren't caused by the herpes simplex virus.
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Cold sores generally clear up without treatment. See your health care provider if:
You have a weak immune system.
The cold sores don't heal within two weeks.
Symptoms are severe.
The cold sores often return.
You have gritty or painful eyes.
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Cold sores are caused by certain strains of the herpes simplex virus (HSV).HSV-1usually causes cold sores.HSV-2is often the cause of genital herpes. But either type can spread to the face or genitals through close contact, such as kissing or oral sex. Shared eating utensils, razors and towels can also spreadHSV-1.
Cold sores are most likely to spread when you have oozing blisters. But you can spread the virus even if you don't have blisters. Many people who are infected with the virus that causes cold sores never develop symptoms.
Once you've had a herpes infection, the virus can hide in nerve cells in the skin and may cause another cold sore at the same place as before. A return of cold sores may be triggered by:
Viral infection or fever.
Hormonal changes, such as those related to a menstrual period.
Stress.
Fatigue.
Being in the sun or wind.
Changes in the immune system.
Injury to the skin.
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Almost everyone is at risk of cold sores. Most adults carry the virus that causes cold sores, even if they've never had symptoms.
You're most at risk of complications from the virus if you have a weak immune system from conditions and treatments such as:
HIV/AIDS.
Atopic dermatitis (eczema).
Cancer chemotherapy.
Anti-rejection medicine for organ transplants.
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In some people, the virus that causes cold sores can cause problems in other areas of the body, including:
Fingertips.BothHSV-1andHSV-2can be spread to the fingers. This type of infection is often referred to as herpes whitlow. Children who suck their thumbs may transfer the infection from their mouths to their thumbs.
Eyes.The virus can sometimes cause eye infection. Repeated infections can cause scarring and injury, which may lead to vision problems or loss of vision.
Widespread areas of skin.People who have a skin condition called atopic dermatitis (eczema) are at higher risk of cold sores spreading all across their bodies. This can become a medical emergency.
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Your health care provider may prescribe an antiviral medicine for you to take on a regular basis if you develop cold sores more than nine times a year or if you're at high risk of serious complications. If sunlight seems to trigger your condition, apply sunblock to the spot where the cold sore tends to form. Or talk with your health care provider about using an oral antiviral medicine before you do an activity that tends to cause a cold sore to return.
Take these steps to help avoid spreading cold sores to other people:
Avoid kissing and skin contact with people while blisters are present.The virus spreads most easily when the blisters leak fluid.
Avoid sharing items.Utensils, towels, lip balm and other personal items can spread the virus when blisters are present.
Keep your hands clean.When you have a cold sore, wash your hands carefully before touching yourself and other people, especially babies.
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Your health care provider can usually diagnose cold sores just by looking at them. To confirm the diagnosis, your health care provider might take a sample from the blister for testing in a laboratory.
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Cold sores often clear up without treatment in 2 to 4 weeks. Your doctor might prescribe antiviral medicine that may speed the healing process. Examples include:
Acyclovir (Zovirax).
Valacyclovir (Valtrex).
Famciclovir.
Penciclovir (Denavir).
Some of these products are pills. Others are creams you put on the sores several times a day. In general, the pills work better than the creams. For very severe infections, some antiviral medicines can be injected.
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Cold sores often clear up without treatment in 2 to 4 weeks. Make an appointment with your primary care provider if your cold sores:
Are lasting or severe.
Return often.
Are accompanied by eye pain or gritty eyes.
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The cold sore ointment docosanol (Abreva) may shorten the healing time of a cold sore. At the first sign of symptoms, apply it to the affected skin as directed on the package. Use a cotton-tipped swab to put medicine on a cold sore. This helps prevent the spread of the sores to other parts of the body.
To ease the discomfort of a cold sore:
Try other cold sore remedies.Some nonprescription products contain a drying agent, such as alcohol, that may speed healing.
Use lip balms and cream.Protect your lips from the sun with a zinc oxide cream or lip balm with sunblock. If your lips become dry, apply a moisturizing cream.
Apply a compress.A cold, damp cloth may ease symptoms and help remove crusting. Or try using a warm cloth on the blisters to ease pain.
Rest and try pain relievers.Take nonprescription pain medicine if you have a fever or the cold sore is painful. Creams with lidocaine or benzocaine may offer some pain relief.
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blisters, throat, headache, painful gums, fever, swollen lymph nodes, muscle aches, tingling, burning, painful spot, oozing, sore, itching, crusting, sore throat, cold sore
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428
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Familial hypercholesterolemia
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/familial-hypercholesterolemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20353755
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/familial-hypercholesterolemia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353757
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/familial-hypercholesterolemia/doctors-departments/ddc-20353758
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Familial hypercholesterolemia affects the way the body processes cholesterol. As a result, people with familial hypercholesterolemia have a higher risk of heart disease and a greater risk of early heart attack.
The genetic changes that cause familial hypercholesterolemia are inherited. The condition is present from birth, but symptoms may not appear until adulthood.
People who inherit the condition from both parents usually develop symptoms in childhood. If this rare and more severe variety is left untreated, death often occurs before age 20.
Treatments for both types of familial hypercholesterolemia include a variety of medications and healthy-lifestyle behaviors.
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Adults and children who have familial hypercholesterolemia have very high levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in their blood. low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol is known as "bad" cholesterol because it can build up in the walls of the arteries, making them hard and narrow.
This excess cholesterol is sometimes deposited in certain portions of the skin, some tendons and around the iris of the eyes:
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Familial hypercholesterolemia is caused by a gene alteration that's passed down from one or both parents. People who have this condition are born with it. This change prevents the body from ridding itself of the type of cholesterol that can build up in the arteries and cause heart disease.
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The risk of familial hypercholesterolemia is higher if one or both of your parents have the gene alteration that causes it. Most people who have the condition receive one affected gene. But in rare cases, a child can get the affected gene from both parents. This can cause a more severe form of the condition.
Familial hypercholesterolemia may be more common in certain populations, including:
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People who have familial hypercholesterolemia have a higher risk of heart disease and death at a younger age. Heart attacks may occur before age 50 in men and age 60 in women. The rarer and more severe variety of the condition, if undiagnosed or untreated, can cause death before age 20.
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A detailed family history is an important key to diagnosing familial hypercholesterolemia. Doctors will be interested to know if your siblings, parents, aunts, uncles or grandparents ever had high cholesterol levels or heart disease — especially during childhood.
During the physical exam, doctors usually check for cholesterol deposits that may occur in the skin around the hands, knees, elbows and eyes. Tendons in the heel and hand may be thickened, and a gray or white ring may develop around the iris of the eye.
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Familial hypercholesterolemia treatment focuses on reducing the extremely high levels ofLDL(bad) cholesterol. This helps lower the risk of heart attack and death.
| null | null | null |
hard and narrow arteries, cholesterol, hypercholesterolemia
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429
|
Uterine fibroids
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/uterine-fibroids/symptoms-causes/syc-20354288
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/uterine-fibroids/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354294
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/uterine-fibroids/doctors-departments/ddc-20354296
|
Uterine fibroids are common growths of the uterus. They often appear during the years you're usually able to get pregnant and give birth. Uterine fibroids are not cancer, and they almost never turn into cancer. They aren't linked with a higher risk of other types of cancer in the uterus either. They're also called leiomyomas (lie-o-my-O-muhs) or myomas.
Fibroids vary in number and size. You can have a single fibroid or more than one. Some of these growths are too small to see with the eyes. Others can grow to the size of a grapefruit or larger. A fibroid that gets very big can distort the inside and the outside of the uterus. In extreme cases, some fibroids grow large enough to fill the pelvis or stomach area. They can make a person look pregnant.
Many people have uterine fibroids sometime during their lives. But you might not know you have them, because they often cause no symptoms. Your health care professional may just happen to find fibroids during a pelvic exam or pregnancy ultrasound.
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Many people who have uterine fibroids don't have any symptoms. In those who do, symptoms can be influenced by the location, size and number of fibroids.
The most common symptoms of uterine fibroids include:
Heavy menstrual bleeding or painful periods.
Longer or more frequent periods.
Pelvic pressure or pain.
Frequent urination or trouble urinating.
Growing stomach area.
Constipation.
Pain in the stomach area or lower back, or pain during sex.
Rarely, a fibroid can cause sudden, serious pain when it outgrows its blood supply and starts to die.
Often, fibroids are grouped by their location. Intramural fibroids grow within the muscular wall of the uterus. Submucosal fibroids bulge into the uterine cavity. Subserosal fibroids form on the outside of the uterus.
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See your doctor if you have:
Pelvic pain that doesn't go away.
Heavy or painful periods that limit what you can do.
Spotting or bleeding between periods.
Trouble emptying your bladder.
Ongoing tiredness and weakness, which can be symptoms of anemia, meaning a low level of red blood cells.
Get medical care right away if you have severe bleeding from the vagina or sharp pelvic pain that comes on fast.
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The exact cause of uterine fibroids isn't clear. But these factors may play roles:
Gene changes.Many fibroids contain changes in genes that differ from those in typical uterine muscle cells.
Hormones.Two hormones called estrogen and progesterone cause the tissue the lines the inside of the uterus to thicken during each menstrual cycle to prepare for pregnancy. These hormones also seem to help fibroids grow.Fibroids contain more cells that estrogen and progesterone bind to than do typical uterine muscle cells. Fibroids tend to shrink after menopause due to a drop in hormone levels.
Other growth factors.Substances that help the body maintain tissues, such as insulin-like growth factor, may affect fibroid growth.
Extracellular matrix (ECM).This material makes cells stick together, like mortar between bricks.ECMis increased in fibroids and makes them fibrous.ECMalso stores growth factors and causes biologic changes in the cells themselves.
Doctors believe that uterine fibroids may develop from a stem cell in the smooth muscular tissue of the uterus. A single cell divides over and over. In time it turns into a firm, rubbery mass distinct from nearby tissue.
The growth patterns of uterine fibroids vary. They may grow slowly or fast. Or they might stay the same size. Some fibroids go through growth spurts, and some shrink on their own.
Fibroids that form during pregnancy can shrink or go away after pregnancy, as the uterus goes back to its usual size.
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There are few known risk factors for uterine fibroids, other than being a person of reproductive age. These include:
Race.All people of reproductive age who were born female could develop fibroids. But Black people are more likely to have fibroids than are people of other racial groups. Black people have fibroids at younger ages than do white people. They're also likely to have more or larger fibroids, along with worse symptoms, than do white people.
Family history.If your mother or sister had fibroids, you're at higher risk of getting them.
Other factors.Starting your period before the age of 10; obesity; being low on vitamin D; having a diet higher in red meat and lower in green vegetables, fruit and dairy; and drinking alcohol, including beer, seem to raise your risk of getting fibroids.
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Uterine fibroids often aren't dangerous. But they can cause pain, and they may lead to complications. These include a drop in red blood cells called anemia. That condition can cause fatigue from heavy blood loss. If you bleed heavily during your period, your doctor may tell you to take an iron supplement to prevent or help manage anemia. Sometimes, a person with anemia needs to receive blood from a donor, called a transfusion, due to blood loss.
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Researchers continue to study the causes of fibroid tumors. More research is needed on how to prevent them, though. It might not be possible to prevent uterine fibroids. But only a small percentage of these tumors need treatment.
You might be able to lower your fibroid risk with healthy lifestyle changes. Try to stay at a healthy weight. Get regular exercise. And eat a balanced diet with plenty of fruits and vegetables.
Some research suggests that birth control pills or long-acting progestin-only contraceptives may lower the risk of fibroids. But using birth control pills before the age of 16 may be linked with a higher risk.
|
Uterine fibroids often are found by chance during a routine pelvic exam. Your doctor may feel irregular changes in the shape of your uterus, suggesting the presence of fibroids.
If you have symptoms of uterine fibroids, you may need these tests:
Ultrasound.This test uses sound waves to get a picture of your uterus. It can confirm that you have fibroids, and map and measure them.A doctor or technician moves the ultrasound device, called a transducer, over your stomach area. This is called a transabdominal ultrasound. Or the device is placed inside your vagina to get images of your uterus. This is called a transvaginal ultrasound.
Lab tests.If you have irregular menstrual bleeding, you may need blood tests to look for possible causes of it. These might include a complete blood count to check for anemia due to ongoing blood loss. Other blood tests can search for bleeding disorders or thyroid problems.
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There's no single best treatment for uterine fibroids. Many treatment choices exist. If you have symptoms, talk with your care team about ways to get relief.
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Your first appointment likely will be with either your primary care doctor or a gynecologist. Appointments can be brief, so it's a good idea to prepare for your visit.
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pain, pelvic pressure, constipation, subserosal fibroids, growing stomach area, heavy menstrual bleeding, pain during sex, submucosal fibroids bulge, sudden serious pain, menstrual bleeding, fibroids, trouble urinating, lower back pain, pain in the stomach area, uterine fibroids, painful periods, frequent urination, fibroid
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430
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Interstitial lung disease
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/interstitial-lung-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20353108
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/interstitial-lung-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353113
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/interstitial-lung-disease/doctors-departments/ddc-20353116
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Interstitial (in-tur-STISH-ul) lung disease, also called ILD, describes a large group of conditions. Most of these conditions cause inflammation and progressive scarring of lung tissue. As part of this process, lung tissue thickens and stiffens, making it hard for the lungs to expand and fill with air.
At some point, the scarring from interstitial lung disease makes it harder to breathe and get enough oxygen into the bloodstream. Many people with ILD are short of breath with activity and may have a bothersome dry cough.
Interstitial lung disease can have many causes, including long-term exposure to hazardous materials such as asbestos. Some types of autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, also can cause interstitial lung disease. But the cause isn't known sometimes. ILD can have many causes, so treatment varies.
The disease may get worse slowly or rapidly at a pace that often can't be predicted. Once lung scarring occurs, it generally isn't reversible. Treatment focuses on keeping more scarring from occurring, managing symptoms and making quality of life better. Medicines may slow the damage of interstitial lung disease, but many people never fully use their lungs again. Lung transplant is an option for some people who have ILD.
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The main symptoms of interstitial lung disease are:
Shortness of breath at rest or shortness of breath that worsens with physical activity.
Dry cough.
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By the time symptoms appear in certain types of interstitial lung disease, lasting lung damage has already occurred. That's why it's important to see your healthcare professional at the first sign of breathing problems. Many conditions other than ILD can affect your lungs. Getting an early and correct diagnosis is important for proper treatment.
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Interstitial lung disease seems to occur when an injury to your lungs causes a healing response that isn't proper. Ordinarily, your body creates just the right amount of tissue to repair damage. But in ILD, the repair process doesn't work properly. Tissue in and around the lungs' air sacs, called alveoli, becomes inflamed, scarred and thickened. This makes it harder for oxygen to pass into your bloodstream.
There are many types of interstitial lung disease. They're generally grouped by known or unknown causes:
Your work or the environment.
An underlying systemic condition.
Certain types of medicines, or radiation.
No known cause.
Some interstitial lung diseases can be related to smoking.
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Factors that may make you more likely to get interstitial lung disease include:
Age.ILD is much more likely to affect adults, although babies and children sometimes get the disease.
Exposure to toxins at work or in the environment.Working in mining, farming or construction, or for any reason getting exposed to pollutants known to damage lungs, raises your risk of getting ILD.
Smoking.Some forms of ILD are more likely to occur in people with a history of smoking. Active smoking may make the condition worse, especially if you also have emphysema.
Radiation and chemotherapy.Having radiation treatments to your chest or using certain chemotherapy drugs raises your risk of lung disease.
Connective tissue disease.This includes autoimmune diseases that can raise your risk of ILD.
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Interstitial lung disease can lead to a series of life-threatening complications, including:
High blood pressure in your lungs, also known as pulmonary hypertension.Unlike systemic high blood pressure, this condition affects only the arteries in your lungs. Scar tissue or low oxygen levels restrict the smallest blood vessels, limiting blood flow in your lungs. This raises pressure within the pulmonary arteries and can worsen oxygen exchange, lowering oxygen levels in your blood. Pulmonary hypertension is a serious illness that may get worse over time, causing the right side of your heart to fail.
Right-sided heart failure, also known as cor pulmonale.This serious condition occurs when your heart's lower right chamber, also known as the right ventricle, must pump harder than usual to move blood through blocked pulmonary arteries. Eventually, the right ventricle fails from the extra strain. This is often due to pulmonary hypertension.
Respiratory failure.In the end stage of chronic ILD, respiratory failure occurs when severely low blood oxygen levels, along with rising pressures in the pulmonary arteries and the right ventricle, cause the heart to fail.
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To prevent interstitial lung disease, avoid exposure to toxins at work, such as asbestos, coal dust and silica dust. Also, avoid exposure to toxins in the environment, such as bird protein, mold and bacteria. If you must be around these toxins, protect yourself by wearing a respirator. Other ways to prevent ILD include not smoking and avoiding secondhand smoke.
If you have an autoimmune disease or are taking medicines that raise your risk of getting ILD, talk with your healthcare professional about steps you can take to prevent ILD. Also, get vaccinated because respiratory infections can make symptoms of ILD worse. Be sure you get the pneumonia vaccine and a flu shot each year. Also, ask your healthcare professional about getting vaccinated for pertussis, COVID-19 and respiratory syncytial virus, also called RSV.
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Finding the cause of interstitial lung disease can be challenging, and sometimes the cause can't be found. Many conditions fall into the category of ILD. In addition, the symptoms of a wide range of medical conditions can appear to be ILD. Healthcare professionals must rule out these conditions before making a diagnosis.
Some of the following tests may be necessary.
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Lung scarring that already has occurred in interstitial lung disease can't be reversed, and treatment won't always stop the disease from getting worse. Some treatments may make symptoms better for a short time or slow the disease. Others help maintain quality of life.
Because many of the different types of scarring diseases have no approved or proven therapies, clinical trials may be an option to get an experimental treatment.
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Living with a chronic lung disease is emotionally and physically challenging. You may need to change your daily routines and activities — sometimes a lot — as breathing problems worsen or health care needs become more important. Feelings of fear, anger and sadness are typical as you grieve for the loss of your old lifestyle and worry about what's next for you and your family.
Share your feelings with your loved ones and your healthcare professional. Talking openly may help you and your loved ones cope with the emotional challenges of your disease. Also, clear communication can help you and your family plan for your needs if your disease gets worse.
Think about joining a support group, where you can talk with people who are facing challenges like yours. Group members may share coping strategies, exchange information about new treatments or simply listen as you express your feelings. If a group isn't for you, you may want to talk with a counselor in a one-on-one setting.
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You'll probably first see your family healthcare professional about your symptoms. Your family healthcare professional may refer you to a pulmonologist, who is a doctor who specializes in lung diseases.
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You must be actively involved in your own treatment and stay as healthy as possible when you're living with interstitial lung disease. For that reason, it's important to:
Learn about your disease.Understanding your condition and how it can be treated can help you decide about your care. Including family members and friends can help them learn your needs.
Stop smoking.If you have lung disease, the best thing you can do for yourself is to stop smoking. Talk with your healthcare professional about options for quitting, including programs to help you stop smoking. These programs use various proven techniques to help people quit. And because secondhand smoke also can harm your lungs, don't allow people to smoke around you.
Avoid exposure at work or during hobbies.When possible, stay away from substances that can irritate your lungs. Ask your healthcare professional for more information and advice.
Eat well.If you have lung disease, you may lose weight because it isn't comfortable to eat and because of the extra energy it takes to breathe. Aim to eat a nutritionally rich diet that contains enough calories. A dietitian can give you more guidelines for healthy eating.
Get vaccinated.Respiratory infections can make symptoms of ILD worse. Make sure you get the pneumonia vaccine and a flu shot each year.
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shortness of breath, cough, dry cough, interstitial lung disease
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431
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Pulmonary fibrosis
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-fibrosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20353690
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-fibrosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353695
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-fibrosis/doctors-departments/ddc-20353698
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Pulmonary fibrosis is a lung disease that occurs when lung tissue becomes damaged and scarred. This thickened, stiff tissue makes it harder for the lungs to work properly. Pulmonary fibrosis worsens over time. Some people can stay stable for a long time, but the condition gets worse faster in others. As it gets worse, people become more and more short of breath.
The scarring that happens in pulmonary fibrosis can be caused by many things. Often, doctors and other healthcare professionals cannot pinpoint what's causing the problem. When a cause cannot be found, the condition is called idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis usually occurs in middle-aged and older adults. Sometimes pulmonary fibrosis is diagnosed in children and infants, but this is not common.
The lung damage caused by pulmonary fibrosis cannot be repaired. Medicines and therapies can sometimes help slow down the rate of fibrosis, ease symptoms and improve quality of life. For some people, a lung transplant might be an option.
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Symptoms of pulmonary fibrosis may include:
Shortness of breath.
Dry cough.
Extreme tiredness.
Weight loss that's not intended.
Aching muscles and joints.
Widening and rounding of the tips of the fingers or toes, called clubbing.
How fast pulmonary fibrosis worsens over time and how severe the symptoms are can vary greatly from person to person. Some people become ill very quickly with severe disease. Others have moderate symptoms that worsen more slowly, over months or years.
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If you have symptoms of pulmonary fibrosis, contact your doctor or other healthcare professional as soon as possible. If your symptoms get worse, especially if they get worse fast, contact your healthcare team right away.
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Pulmonary fibrosis is scarring and thickening of the tissue around and between the air sacs called alveoli in the lungs. These changes make it harder for oxygen to pass into the bloodstream.
Damage to the lungs that results in pulmonary fibrosis may be caused by many different things. Examples include long-term exposure to certain toxins, radiation therapy, some medicines and certain medical conditions. In some cases, the cause of pulmonary fibrosis is not known.
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Pulmonary fibrosis has been found in children and infants, but this is not common. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is much more likely to affect middle-aged and older adults. Other types of pulmonary fibrosis, such as that caused by connective tissue disease, can occur in younger people.
Factors that can raise your risk of pulmonary fibrosis include:
Smoking.If you smoke now or used to smoke, you're at a higher risk of pulmonary fibrosis than people who never smoked. People with emphysema are at higher risk, too.
Certain types of work.You have a higher risk of developing pulmonary fibrosis if you work in mining, farming or construction. The risk also is higher if you have continuous or repeated contact with pollutants known to damage the lungs.
Cancer treatments.Having radiation treatments to your chest or using certain chemotherapy medicines can raise your risk of pulmonary fibrosis.
Genetics.Some types of pulmonary fibrosis run in families, so genes may play a role.
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Complications of pulmonary fibrosis may include:
High blood pressure in the lungs.Called pulmonary hypertension, this type of high blood pressure affects the arteries in the lungs. These are the pulmonary arteries. Stiff and thick arteries may slow down or block blood flow through the lungs. This raises the pressure inside the pulmonary arteries and the lower right heart chamber, called the right ventricle.
Right-sided heart failure.This serious condition occurs when your heart's right chamber has to pump harder than usual to move blood through partly blocked pulmonary arteries.
Respiratory failure.This is often the last stage of long-term lung disease. It occurs when blood oxygen levels fall dangerously low.
Lung cancer.Long-standing pulmonary fibrosis increases your risk of developing lung cancer.
Other lung problems.As pulmonary fibrosis gets worse over time, it may lead to serious problems such as blood clots in the lungs, a collapsed lung or lung infections.
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To diagnose pulmonary fibrosis, your doctor or other healthcare professional reviews your medical and family history and does a physical exam. You can talk about your symptoms and review any medicines you take. You also will likely be asked about any continuous or repeated contact with dusts, gases, chemicals or similar substances, especially through work.
During the physical exam, your healthcare professional listens carefully to your lungs while you breathe. Pulmonary fibrosis often occurs along with a crackling sound at the base of the lungs.
You may have one or more of these tests.
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The lung scarring and thickening that occurs in pulmonary fibrosis cannot be repaired. And no current treatment has proved effective in stopping the disease from getting worse over time. Some treatments may improve symptoms for a time or slow how fast the disease worsens. Others may help improve quality of life.
Treatment depends on the cause of your pulmonary fibrosis. Doctors and other healthcare professionals evaluate how severe your condition is. Then together you can decide on the best treatment plan.
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Pulmonary fibrosis is a life-long lung condition that worsens over time. Having pulmonary fibrosis can cause fear, depression and stress. Here are some tips that may help you cope.
Learn about your condition.Understanding the condition and treatments can help you and your family cope.
Spend time with family and friends.Let them know how they can support and help you.
Talk to your doctor or other healthcare professional.Talk about your condition and how you feel. If you're depressed or anxious, your doctor may suggest that you see a mental health professional.
Join a support group.Meeting with other people who have pulmonary fibrosis may help. You can talk to people who have had similar symptoms or treatments. You also can learn ways to cope.
Learn about palliative care services.As your condition gets worse, your care team may suggest palliative care services. These services provide support for severe symptoms, such as providing relief from pain and helping to improve other symptoms. They also help you and your family discuss end-of-life issues and plan advance directives.
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If your primary care doctor or other healthcare professional suspects a serious lung problem, you are likely to be referred to a pulmonologist. This is a doctor with training and skills in diagnosing and treating lung disorders.
Pulmonary fibrosis is a serious and complex disease. Take a friend or family member with you to your appointment. That person can take notes while you talk with your healthcare team, provide emotional support and help remember information that you may forget or miss.
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Being actively involved in your treatment and staying as healthy as possible are essential to living with pulmonary fibrosis. It's important to:
Stop smoking.If you have lung disease, it is important to stop smoking. Talk with your healthcare team about options for quitting, including smoking cessation programs. These use proven techniques to help people quit. Because secondhand smoke can be harmful to your lungs, avoid being around people who are smoking.
Avoid other things that can irritate your lungs.Breathing indoor pollutants, such as fumes from heating fuel or chemicals, can irritate your lungs. So can outdoor pollutants, such as dust or car exhaust.
Eat well.People with lung disease may lose weight both because eating is not comfortable and because of the extra energy it takes to breathe. A healthy diet that contains enough calories is needed. Try to eat smaller meals more often during the day. A dietitian can give you more information on healthy eating for your condition.
Get moving.Regular exercise can help you keep your lung function and manage your stress. Aim to include physical activity, such as walking or biking, into your daily routine. Talk to your healthcare team about what activities may be best for you. If over time you need help getting around, such as using a wheelchair, look for active movements you can do that do not require walking. One example is tai chi.
Take time to rest.Make sure to get enough rest. Taking time to rest can help you have more energy and cope with the stress of your condition. If you have problems sleeping, talk with your healthcare team.
Get vaccinated.Respiratory infections, such as colds and flu, can worsen symptoms of pulmonary fibrosis. Make sure that you get the pneumonia vaccine, an annual flu shot and COVID-19 vaccines. It's important that your family members also be vaccinated. Try to stay out of crowds when possible.
Follow your treatment plan.You usually need ongoing treatment from your healthcare team. Follow the care team's instructions. Take your medicines as prescribed. Adjust your diet and exercise as needed. Attend pulmonary rehabilitation sessions. Go to all of your appointments and contact your care team if symptoms worsen.
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clubbing, tiredness, dry cough, fibrosis, extreme tiredness, weight loss, shortness of breath, cough, aching muscles and joints
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434
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Arteriovenous fistula
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/arteriovenous-fistula/symptoms-causes/syc-20369567
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/arteriovenous-fistula/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20369571
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/arteriovenous-fistula/doctors-departments/ddc-20369572
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An arteriovenous (AV) fistula is an irregular connection between an artery and a vein. Usually, blood flows from the arteries to tiny blood vessels (capillaries), and then on to the veins. Nutrients and oxygen in the blood travel from the capillaries to tissues in the body.
With an arteriovenous fistula, blood flows directly from an artery into a vein, avoiding some capillaries. When this happens, tissues below the avoided capillaries receive less blood.
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Small arteriovenous fistulas in the legs, arms, lungs, kidneys or brain often won't have any signs or symptoms. Small arteriovenous fistulas usually don't need treatment other than monitoring by a health care provider. Large arteriovenous fistulas may cause signs and symptoms.
Arteriovenous fistula signs and symptoms may include:
A significant arteriovenous fistula in the lungs (pulmonary arteriovenous fistula) is a serious condition and can cause:
An arteriovenous fistula in the digestive tract can cause gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding.
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If you have signs and symptoms of an arteriovenous fistula, make an appointment to see your health care provider. Early detection of an arteriovenous fistula may make the condition easier to treat. It may also reduce the risk of developing complications, including blood clots or heart failure.
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Arteriovenous fistulas may be present at birth (congenital) or they may occur later in life (acquired). Causes of arteriovenous fistulas include:
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Certain genetic or congenital conditions increase the risk of arteriovenous fistulas. Other potential risk factors for arteriovenous fistulas include:
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Left untreated, an arteriovenous fistula can cause complications. Some complications may be serious. These include:
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To diagnose an arteriovenous fistula, a health care provider may use a stethoscope to listen to the blood flow in the arms and legs. The blood flow through an arteriovenous fistula makes a sound like humming.
If your provider thinks you have a fistula, other tests are typically done to confirm the diagnosis. Tests to diagnose an arteriovenous fistula can include:
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If an arteriovenous fistula is small and doesn't cause any other health problems, close monitoring by a health care provider may be the only treatment needed. Some small arteriovenous fistulas close by themselves without treatment.
If an arteriovenous fistula requires treatment, your provider may recommend:
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If you think you may have an arteriovenous fistula, make an appointment with your primary care provider. You may be referred to a doctor trained in blood vessel (vascular) or heart (cardiologist) diseases.
Appointments can be brief. Because there's often a lot of ground to cover, it's a good idea to be prepared for your appointment. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment and know what to expect from your provider.
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arteriovenous fistula, pulmonary arteriovenous fistula, small arteriovenous fistulas, bleeding, gastrointestinal (gi) bleeding, signs, arteriovenous fistula signs and symptoms
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435
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Gas and gas pains
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gas-and-gas-pains/symptoms-causes/syc-20372709
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gas-and-gas-pains/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372714
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Gas in your digestive system is part of the normal process of digestion. Getting rid of excess gas, either by burping or passing gas (flatus), also is normal. Gas pain may occur if gas is trapped or not moving well through your digestive system.
An increase in gas or gas pain may result from eating foods that are more likely to produce gas. Often, relatively simple changes in eating habits can lessen bothersome gas.
Certain digestive system disorders, such as irritable bowel syndrome or celiac disease, may cause — in addition to other signs and symptoms — an increase in gas or gas pain.
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Signs or symptoms of gas or gas pains include:
Burping is normal, particularly during or right after a meal. Most people pass gas up to 20 times a day. Therefore, while having gas may be inconvenient or embarrassing, burping and passing gas are rarely by themselves a sign of a medical problem.
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Talk to your doctor if your gas or gas pains are so persistent or severe that they interfere with your ability to function well in daily life. Gas or gas pains accompanied by other signs or symptoms may indicate more-serious conditions. See your doctor if you experience any of these additional signs or symptoms:
Seek immediate care if you experience:
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Gas in your stomach is primarily caused by swallowing air when you eat or drink. Most stomach gas is released when you burp.
Gas forms in your large intestine (colon) when bacteria ferment carbohydrates — fiber, some starches and some sugars — that aren't digested in your small intestine. Bacteria also consume some of that gas, but the remaining gas is released when you pass gas from your anus.
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Your doctor will likely determine what's causing your gas and gas pains based on:
During the physical exam, your doctor may touch your abdomen to determine if there is any tenderness and if anything feels abnormal. Listening to the sound of your abdomen with a stethoscope can help your doctor determine how well your digestive tract is working.
Depending on your exam and presence of other signs and symptoms — such as weight loss, blood in your stool or diarrhea — your doctor may order additional diagnostic tests.
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If your gas pains are caused by another health problem, treating the underlying condition may offer relief. Otherwise, bothersome gas is generally treated with dietary measures, lifestyle modifications or over-the-counter medications. Although the solution isn't the same for everyone, with a little trial and error, most people are able to find some relief.
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Before you see your doctor be prepared to answer the following questions:
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gas pains, gas, burping, pains
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437
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Eye floaters
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/eye-floaters/symptoms-causes/syc-20372346
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/eye-floaters/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372350
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/eye-floaters/doctors-departments/ddc-20372351
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Eye floaters are spots in your vision. They may look to you like black or gray specks, strings, or cobwebs. They may drift about when you move your eyes. Floaters appear to dart away when you try to look at them directly.
Most eye floaters are caused by age-related changes that occur as the jelly-like substance (vitreous) inside your eyes liquifies and contracts. Scattered clumps of collagen fibers form within the vitreous and can cast tiny shadows on your retina. The shadows you see are called floaters.
If you notice a sudden increase in eye floaters, contact an eye specialist immediately — especially if you also see light flashes or lose your vision. These can be symptoms of an emergency that requires prompt attention.
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Symptoms of eye floaters may include:
Small shapes in your vision that appear as dark specks or knobby, transparent strings of floating material
Spots that move when you move your eyes, so when you try to look at them, they move quickly out of your line of vision
Spots that are most noticeable when you look at a plain bright background, such as a blue sky or a white wall
Small shapes or strings that eventually settle down and drift out of the line of vision
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Contact an eye specialist immediately if you notice:
Many more eye floaters than usual
A sudden onset of new floaters
Flashes of light in the same eye as the floaters
A gray curtain or blurry area that blocks part of your vision
Darkness on a side or sides of your vision (peripheral vision loss)
These painless symptoms could be caused by a retinal tear, with or without a retinal detachment. This is a sight-threatening condition that requires immediate attention.
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Eye floaters may be caused by vitreous changes related to aging or from other diseases or conditions:
Age-related eye changes.The vitreous is a jelly-like substance made primarily of water, collagen (a type of protein) and hyaluronan (a type of carbohydrate). The vitreous fills the space in your eye between the lens and retina and helps the eye maintain its round shape.As you age, the vitreous changes. Over time, it liquifies and contracts — a process that causes it to pull away from the eyeball's inside surface.As the vitreous changes, collagen fibers within the vitreous form clumps and strings. These scattered pieces block some of the light passing through the eye. This casts tiny shadows on your retina that are seen as floaters.
Inflammation in the back of the eye.Uveitis is inflammation in the middle layer of tissue in the eye wall (uvea). Posterior uveitis affects the back of the eye, which includes the retina and an eye layer called the choroid. The inflammation causes floaters in the vitreous. Causes of posterior uveitis include infection, autoimmune disorders and inflammatory diseases.
Bleeding in the eye.Bleeding into the vitreous can have many causes, including retinal tears and detachments, diabetes, high blood pressure (hypertension), blocked blood vessels, and injury. Blood cells are seen as floaters.
Torn retina.Retinal tears can happen when a contracting vitreous tugs on the retina with enough force to tear it. Without treatment, a retinal tear may lead to retinal detachment. If fluid leaks behind the tear, it can cause the retina to separate from the back of your eye. Untreated retinal detachment can cause permanent vision loss.
Eye surgeries and eye medications.Certain medications that are injected into the vitreous can cause air bubbles to form. These bubbles are seen as shadows until your eye absorbs them. Silicone oil bubbles added during certain surgeries on the vitreous and retina also can be seen as floaters.
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Factors that can increase your risk of eye floaters include:
Age over 50 years
Nearsightedness
Eye injury
Complications from cataract surgery
Diabetes complication that causes damage to the blood vessels of the retina (diabetic retinopathy)
Eye inflammation
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Your eye care specialist conducts a complete eye exam to determine the cause of your eye floaters. Your exam usually includes eye dilation. Eye drops widen (dilate) the dark center of your eye. This allows your specialist to better see the back of your eyes and the vitreous.
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Most eye floaters don't require treatment. However, any medical condition that is the cause of eye floaters, such as bleeding from diabetes or inflammation, should be treated.
Eye floaters can be frustrating and adjusting to them can take time. Once you know the floaters will not cause any more problems, over time you may be able to ignore them or notice them less often.
If your eye floaters get in the way of your vision, which happens rarely, you and your eye care specialist may consider treatment. Options may include surgery to remove the vitreous or a laser to disrupt the floaters, although both procedures are rarely done.
Surgery to remove the vitreous.An ophthalmologist who is a specialist in retina and vitreous surgery removes the vitreous through a small incision (vitrectomy). The vitreous is replaced with a solution to help your eye maintain its shape. Surgery may not remove all the floaters, and new floaters can develop after surgery. Risks of a vitrectomy include infection, bleeding and retinal tears.
Using a laser to disrupt the floaters.An ophthalmologist aims a special laser at the floaters in the vitreous (vitreolysis). This may break up the floaters and make them less noticeable. Some people who have this treatment report improved vision; others notice little or no difference. Risks of laser therapy include damage to your retina if the laser is aimed incorrectly.
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If you're concerned about eye floaters, make an appointment with a specialist in eye disorders (optometrist or ophthalmologist) for an eye exam. If you have complications that require treatment, you'll need to see an ophthalmologist. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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transparent strings, move when you move your eyes, floaters, most noticeable, settle down, small shapes, dark specks, move quickly out of your line of vision, drift out of the line of vision, knobby, spots
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439
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Influenza (flu)
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/flu/symptoms-causes/syc-20351719
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/flu/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351725
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/flu/doctors-departments/ddc-20351727
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Flu, also called influenza, is an infection of the nose, throat and lungs, which are part of the respiratory system. The flu is caused by a virus. Influenza viruses are different from the "stomach flu" viruses that cause diarrhea and vomiting.
Most people with the flu get better on their own. But sometimes, influenza and its complications can be deadly. To help protect against seasonal flu, you can get an annual flu shot. Although the vaccine isn't 100% effective, it lowers the chances of having severe complications from the flu. This is especially true for people who are at high risk of flu complications.
Aside from the vaccine, you can take other steps to help prevent infection with the flu. You can clean and disinfect surfaces, wash hands, and keep the air around you moving.
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The viruses that cause flu spread at high levels during certain times of the year in the Northern and Southern hemispheres. These are called flu seasons. In North America, flu season usually runs between October and May.
Symptoms of the flu such as a sore throat and a runny or stuffy nose are common. You may also get these symptoms with other illness such as a cold. But colds tend to start slowly, and the flu tends to come on quickly, within two or three days after you come in contact with the virus. And while a cold can be miserable, you usually feel much worse with the flu.
Other common flu symptoms include:
Fever.
Cough.
Headache.
Muscle aches.
Feeling very tired.
Sweating and chills.
In children, these symptoms may show up more generally as being fussy or irritable. Children also are more likely than adults to have ear pain, feel sick to the stomach, vomit or have diarrhea with the flu.
In some cases, people have eye pain, watery eyes or find that light hurts their eyes.
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Most people who get the flu can manage it at home and often don't need to see a healthcare professional.
If you have flu symptoms and are at risk of complications, see your healthcare professional right away. Starting antiviral medicine within two days after your symptoms show up may shorten the length of your illness and help prevent more-serious problems.
If you have emergency symptoms of the flu, get medical care right away. For adults, emergency symptoms can include:
Trouble breathing or shortness of breath.
Chest pain or pressure.
Ongoing dizziness.
Hard to wake up or confusion.
Dehydration.
Seizures.
Worsening of existing medical conditions.
Severe weakness or muscle pain.
Emergency symptoms in children include all the symptoms seen in adults, as well as:
Fast breathing or ribs that pull in with each breath.
Gray or blue lips or nail beds.
No tears when crying and a dry mouth, along with not needing to urinate.
Symptoms, such as fever or cough, that get better but then come back or get worse.
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Influenza is caused by viruses. These viruses travel through the air in droplets when someone with the infection coughs, sneezes or talks. You can inhale the droplets directly. Or you can pick up the virus from touching an object, such as a computer keyboard, and then touching your eyes, nose or mouth.
It's possible to spread the virus to others from about a day before symptoms appear until about 5 to 7 days after they start. This is called being contagious. Children and people with weakened immune systems may be contagious for a slightly longer time.
Influenza viruses are constantly changing, with new strains appearing often.
A person's first flu infection gives some long-term protection against similar strains of flu. But the vaccines offered each year are made to match the flu virus strains that are most likely to spread that season. The protection these vaccines offer lasts for months in most people.
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There are a range of factors that may raise your risk of catching a flu virus or having complications from a flu infection.
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If you're young and healthy, the flu usually isn't serious. Although you may feel awful while you have it, the flu usually goes away in a week or two with no lasting effects.
But people at high risk may develop other health problems after the flu, called complications.
Getting another infection can be a complication of getting the flu. That includes illnesses such as croup and sinus or ear infections. Lung infections are another complication. Infection of the heart muscle or heart lining may happen after getting the flu. And in some cases, people may have infection of the central nervous system.
Other complications may be:
Acute respiratory distress syndrome.
Muscle damage, called rhabdomyolysis, or muscle swelling, called myositis.
Toxic shock syndrome.
Worsening of a chronic illness, such as asthma or kidney disease.
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The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends annual flu vaccination for people age 6 months and older who do not have a medical reason to avoid the vaccine.
Getting a flu vaccine lowers:
The risk of getting the flu. If the vaccine is given later in pregnancy, the flu vaccine helps protect a newborn from the flu too.
The risk of having serious illness from the flu and needing to stay in the hospital due to the flu.
The risk of dying of the flu.
The 2024-2025 seasonal flu vaccines each provide protection against three influenza viruses that researchers expect to be the most common this flu season.
The vaccine is available as a shot, a jet injector and a nasal spray.
For older children and adults, the flu shot is usually given in a muscle in the arm. Younger children may get the flu shot in a thigh muscle.
If you are an adult under the age of 65, you can choose to get your vaccine with a jet injector. Instead of a needle, this device uses a high-pressure, narrow stream of fluid to go through the skin.
The nasal spray is approved for people between ages 2 and 49 years old. It isn't recommended for some groups, such as:
People who had a severe allergic reaction to a flu vaccine in the past.
Pregnant people.
Young people who take aspirin or a salicylate-containing medicine.
People with weakened immune systems and people who are caregivers or close contacts of people with weakened immune systems.
Children between ages 2 and 4 years old diagnosed with asthma or wheezing in the past 12 months.
People who recently took antiviral medicine for the flu.
People with a cerebrospinal fluid leak or the potential for a leak, as with a cochlear implant.
Check with your healthcare team to see if you need to be cautious about getting a nasal spray flu vaccine. If you can take the nasal spray flu vaccine, you may be able to do so, or give it to an eligible child, without seeing a healthcare professional.
There also are vaccines offered called high-dose or adjuvanted flu vaccines. These vaccines may help some people avoid the need for care in the hospital due to influenza. People over age 65 can get these vaccines. These vaccines also are recommended for people age 18 and older who have a solid organ transplant and take medicine to weaken their immune response.
If you have an egg allergy, you can still get a flu vaccine.
The first time children between 6 months and 8 years get a flu vaccine, they may need two doses given at least four weeks apart. After that, they can receive single annual doses of the flu vaccine. Check with your child's healthcare professional.
Also, check with your healthcare team before receiving a flu vaccine if you had a serious reaction to a previous flu vaccine. People who have had Guillain-Barre syndrome also should check with a healthcare professional before getting the flu vaccine. And if you feel sick when you go to get the shot, check with your healthcare team to see if you should delay getting the vaccine.
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To diagnose the flu, also called influenza, your healthcare professional does a physical exam, looks for symptoms of flu and possibly orders a test that detects flu viruses.
The viruses that cause flu spread at high levels during certain times of the year in the Northern and Southern hemispheres. These are called flu seasons. During times when flu is widespread, you may not need a flu test.
But a test for flu may be suggested to help guide your care or to know if you could spread the virus to others. A flu test may be done by a pharmacy, your healthcare professional's office or in the hospital. For people age 2 and older, a test you can take at home may be available. If you do use an at-home test, let your healthcare professional know the results. You may need to confirm the results, positive or negative, with a test from your healthcare team.
Types of flu tests you may have include:
Molecular tests.These tests look for genetic material from the flu virus. Polymerase chain reaction tests, shortened to PCR tests, are molecular tests. You also may hear this type of test called an NAAT test, short for nucleic acid amplification test.
Antigen tests.These tests look for viral proteins called antigens. Rapid influenza diagnostic tests are one example of antigen tests.
It's possible to have a test to diagnose both flu and other respiratory illness, such as COVID-19, which stands for coronavirus disease 2019. You may have both COVID-19 and influenza at the same time.
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If you have a severe infection or are at high risk of complications from a flu infection, your healthcare professional may prescribe an antiviral medicine to treat the flu. These medicines can include oseltamivir (Tamiflu), baloxavir (Xofluza) and zanamivir (Relenza).
You take oseltamivir and baloxavir by mouth. You inhale zanamivir using a device similar to an asthma inhaler. Zanamivir shouldn't be used by anyone with certain chronic respiratory problems, such as asthma and lung disease.
People who are in the hospital may be prescribed peramivir (Rapivab), which is given in a vein.
These medicines may shorten your illness by a day or so and help prevent serious complications.
Antiviral medicine may cause side effects. The side effects often are listed on the prescription information. In general, antiviral medicine side effects may include breathing symptoms, nausea, vomiting or loose stools called diarrhea.
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If you have the flu, these measures may help ease your symptoms:
Drink plenty of liquids.Choose water, juice and warm soups to help keep fluids in your body.
Rest.Get more sleep to help your immune system fight infection. You may need to change your activity level, depending on your symptoms.
Consider pain relievers.Use acetaminophen (Tylenol, others) or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) for fever, headache or achiness associated with influenza. Children and teens recovering from flu-like symptoms should never take aspirin because of the risk of Reye's syndrome, a rare but potentially fatal condition.
To help control the spread of influenza in your community, stay home and keep sick children home until the fever is gone, without the use of medicine, for 24 hours. Unless you're going to a medical appointment, avoid being around other people until you're feeling better. If you need to leave your home to get medical care, wear a face mask. Wash your hands often.
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headache, chills, muscle aches, colds, eye pain, runny nose, watery, sweating, sore throat, cough, watery eyes, diarrhea, vomiting, ear pain, stuffy nose, pain, throat, fever, feeling sick to the stomach, vomit, irritable, feeling very tired
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442
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H1N1 flu (swine flu)
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/swine-flu/symptoms-causes/syc-20378103
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/swine-flu/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20378106
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The H1N1 flu, sometimes called swine flu, is a type of influenza A virus.
During the 2009-10 flu season, a new H1N1 virus began causing illness in humans. It was often called swine flu and was a new combination of influenza viruses that infect pigs, birds and humans.
The World Health Organization (WHO) declared the H1N1 flu to be a pandemic in 2009. That year the virus caused an estimated 284,400 deaths worldwide. In August 2010,WHOdeclared the pandemic over. But the H1N1 flu strain from the pandemic became one of the strains that cause seasonal flu.
Most people with the flu get better on their own.
But flu and its complications can be deadly, especially for people at high risk. The seasonal flu vaccine can now help protect against the H1N1 flu and other seasonal flu viruses.
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The symptoms of flu caused by H1N1, commonly called the swine flu, are similar to those of other flu viruses.
Symptoms usually start quickly and can include:
Fever, but not always.
Aching muscles.
Chills and sweats.
Cough.
Sore throat.
Runny or stuffy nose.
Watery, red eyes.
Eye pain.
Body aches.
Headache.
Tiredness and weakness.
Diarrhea.
Feeling sick to the stomach, vomiting, but this is more common in children than adults.
Flu symptoms develop about 1 to 4 days after you're exposed to the virus.
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If you're generally healthy and develop flu symptoms, most people may not need to see a health care provider. But some people are at higher risk of flu complications.
Call your care provider if you have flu symptoms and you're pregnant or have a chronic disease. Some examples are asthma, emphysema, diabetes or a heart condition.
If you have emergency symptoms of the flu, get medical care right away. For adults, emergency symptoms can include:
Trouble breathing or shortness of breath.
Chest pain.
Signs of dehydration such as not urinating.
Ongoing dizziness.
Seizures.
Worsening of existing medical conditions.
Severe weakness or muscle pain.
Emergency symptoms in children can include:
Trouble breathing.
Pale, gray or blue-colored skin, lips or nail beds depending on skin color.
Chest pain.
Dehydration.
Severe muscle pain.
Seizures.
Worsening of existing medical conditions.
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Influenza viruses such as H1N1 infect the cells that line your nose, throat and lungs. The virus spreads through the air in droplets released when someone with the virus coughs, sneezes, breathes or talks. The virus enters your body when you breathe in contaminated droplets. It also can enter your body if you touch a contaminated surface and then touch your eyes, nose or mouth.
You can't catch swine flu from eating pork.
People with the virus are likely able to spread the virus from about a day before symptoms appear until about four days after they start. Children and people with weakened immune systems may be able to spread the virus for a slightly longer time.
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Factors that may increase your risk of developing H1N1 or other influenza viruses or their complications include:
Age.Influenza tends to have worse outcomes in children under age 2, and adults older than age 65.
Living or working conditions.People who live or work in facilities with many other residents are more likely to get the flu. Some examples are nursing homes or military barracks. People who are staying in the hospital also are at higher risk.
Weakened immune system.Cancer treatments, anti-rejection medications, long-term use of steroids, organ transplant, blood cancer or HIV/AIDS can weaken the immune system. This can make it easier to catch the flu and may increase the risk of developing complications.
Chronic illnesses.Chronic conditions may increase the risk of influenza complications. Examples include asthma and other lung diseases, diabetes, heart disease, and nervous system diseases. Other examples are metabolic disorders, problems with an airway and kidney, liver or blood disease.
Race.American Indians or Alaska Native people may have a higher risk of influenza complications.
Aspirin use under age 19.People on long-term aspirin therapy and who are younger than 19 years of age are at risk of Reye syndrome if infected with influenza.
Pregnancy.Pregnant people are more likely to develop influenza complications, especially in the second and third trimesters. This risk continues up to two weeks after the baby is born.
Obesity.People with a body mass index (BMI) of 40 or higher have a higher risk of flu complications.
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Influenza complications include:
Worsening of chronic conditions, such as heart disease and asthma.
Pneumonia.
Neurological symptoms, ranging from confusion to seizures.
Respiratory failure.
Bronchitis.
Muscle tenderness.
Bacterial infections.
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The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends annual flu vaccination for everyone age 6 months or older. The H1N1 virus is included in the seasonal flu vaccine.
The flu vaccine can lower your risk of getting the flu. It also can lower the risk of having serious illness from the flu and needing to stay in the hospital.
Each year's seasonal flu vaccine protects against the three or four influenza viruses. These are the viruses expected to be the most common during that year's flu season.
Flu vaccination is especially important because the flu and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cause similar symptoms.
BothCOVID-19and the flu may be spreading at the same time. Vaccination is the best way to protect against both. Flu vaccination could lessen symptoms that might be confused with those caused byCOVID-19.
Vaccination also helps lower the number of people with severe flu and complications. And that may lower the number of people needing to stay in the hospital.
The flu vaccine is available as an injection and as a nasal spray.
The nasal spray is approved for people between 2 and 49 years old. It isn't recommended for some groups, such as:
Children younger than age 2.
Adults age 50 and older.
Pregnant people.
Children between 2 and 17 years old who are taking aspirin or a salicylate-containing medication.
People with weakened immune systems.
Close contacts or caregivers of people with highly weakened immune systems. Examples are people receiving chemotherapy, or recent bone marrow or solid organ transplantation.
Children 2 to 4 years old who have had asthma or wheezing in the past 12 months.
If you have an egg allergy you can still get a flu vaccine.
These measures also help prevent the flu and limit its spread:
Wash your hands often.If available, use soap and water, washing for at least 20 seconds. Or use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer that has at least 60% alcohol.
Cover your coughs and sneezes.Cough or sneeze into a tissue or your elbow. Then wash your hands.
Avoid touching your face.Avoid touching your eyes, nose and mouth.
Clean and disinfect surfaces.Regularly clean often-touched surfaces to prevent spread of infection from a surface with the virus on it to your body.
Avoid contact with the virus.Try to avoid people who are sick or have symptoms of flu. And if you have symptoms, stay home if you can. When flu is spreading, consider keeping distance between yourself and others while indoors, especially in areas with poor air flow. If you're at high risk of complications from the flu consider avoiding swine barns at seasonal fairs and elsewhere.
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Your health care provider may do a physical exam to look for symptoms of influenza, including H1N1 flu, often called swine flu. Or the provider may review your symptoms with you over the phone.
The provider may order a test that finds influenza viruses such as H1N1.
There are many tests used to diagnose influenza. But not everyone who has the flu needs to be tested. In most cases, knowing that someone has the flu doesn't change the treatment plan.
Care providers are more likely to use a test to diagnose flu if:
You're already in the hospital.
You're at high risk of complications from the flu.
You live with someone who is at greater risk of flu complications.
Your care provider may use a test to find out whether a flu virus is the cause of your symptoms. Or the tests may be used to get more information to see if another condition is causing your symptoms, such as:
Heart problems, such as heart failure or an infection of the heart muscle.
Lung and breathing problems, such as asthma or pneumonia.
Brain and nervous system problems, such as encephalopathy or encephalitis.
Septic shock or organ failure.
A test called polymerase chain reaction (PCR) may be used to see if you have the flu. It is more sensitive than other types of tests and may be able to find the flu strain.
It is possible to have both flu and another virus such asCOVID-19at the same time.
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Most people with flu, including H1N1 flu, need only symptom relief. Supportive care such as drinking liquids, taking pain relievers for fever and headache, and resting may be helpful.
If you have a chronic respiratory disease, your health care provider may prescribe medications to help relieve your symptoms.
Health care providers may prescribe antiviral drugs within the first day or two of symptoms. They can reduce the severity of symptoms and may lower the risk of complications.
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved these four antiviral drugs to treat flu:
Oseltamivir (Tamiflu).
Zanamivir (Relenza).
Peramivir (Rapivab).
Baloxavir (Xofluza).
But flu viruses can develop resistance to these drugs. So health care providers reserve antivirals for certain groups. This includes people at high risk of complications and those who are in close contact with people who have a high risk of complications.
Using antivirals carefully makes development of resistance less likely and keeps supplies of these drugs for those who need them most.
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If you develop any type of flu, stay home. Keep sick children home until the fever has been gone for 24 hours.
These measures may help ease your symptoms:
Drink plenty of liquids.Choose water, juice and warm soups to prevent dehydration.
Rest.Get more sleep to help your immune system fight infection.
Consider pain relievers.Use a nonprescription pain reliever, such as acetaminophen (Tylenol, others) or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others). Use caution when giving aspirin to children or teenagers. Children and teenagers recovering from flu-like symptoms should never take aspirin. This is due to the risk of Reye syndrome, a rare but potentially life-threatening condition.
Avoid being around other people until you're feeling better, unless you're getting medical care. If you do need to leave your home and get medical care, wear a face mask. Wash your hands often.
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headache, chills, flu, body aches, eye pain, runny nose, h1n1, aches, tiredness, Here are the extracted medical symptoms:
fever, aching muscles, sore throat, cough, watery eyes, diarrhea, vomiting, red eyes, stuffy nose, swine, pain, throat, weakness, fever, sweats
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443
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Pericardial effusion
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pericardial-effusion/symptoms-causes/syc-20353720
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pericardial-effusion/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353724
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pericardial-effusion/doctors-departments/ddc-20353725
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Pericardial effusion (per-e-KAHR-dee-ul uh-FU-zhun) is the buildup of too much fluid in the double-layered, saclike structure around the heart (pericardium).
The space between these layers typically contains a thin layer of fluid. But if the pericardium is diseased or injured, the resulting inflammation can lead to excess fluid. Fluid can also build up around the heart without inflammation, such as from bleeding, related to a cancer or after chest trauma.
Pericardial effusion can put pressure on the heart, affecting how the heart works. If untreated, it may lead to heart failure or death in extreme cases.
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Pericardial effusion may not cause any noticeable signs and symptoms, particularly if the fluid has increased slowly.
If pericardial effusion signs and symptoms do occur, they might include:
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Call 911 or your local emergency number if you feel chest pain that lasts more than a few minutes, if your breathing is difficult or painful, or if you have an unexplained fainting spell.
See your health care provider if you have shortness of breath.
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Pericardial effusion can result from inflammation of the pericardium (pericarditis) after an illness or injury. In some settings, large effusions may be caused by certain cancers. A blockage of pericardial fluids or a collection of blood within the pericardium also can lead to this condition.
Sometimes the cause can't be determined (idiopathic pericarditis).
Causes of pericardial effusion may include:
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A potential complication of pericardial effusion is cardiac tamponade (tam-pon-AYD). In this condition, the excess fluid within the pericardium puts pressure on the heart. The strain prevents the heart chambers from filling completely with blood.
Cardiac tamponade results in poor blood flow and a lack of oxygen to the body. Cardiac tamponade is life-threatening and requires emergency medical treatment.
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To diagnose pericardial effusion, the health care provider will typically perform a physical exam and ask questions about your symptoms and medical history. He or she will likely listen to your heart with a stethoscope. If your health care provider thinks you have pericardial effusion, tests can help identify a cause.
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Treatment for pericardial effusion depends on:
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If your pericardial effusion is discovered as a result of a heart attack or another emergency, you won't have time to prepare for your appointment. Otherwise, you'll likely start by seeing your primary care provider. You might be referred to a doctor who specializes in heart diseases (cardiologist).
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pericardial effusion, none, pericardial effusion signs and symptoms
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448
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Food poisoning
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/food-poisoning/symptoms-causes/syc-20356230
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/food-poisoning/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356236
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Food poisoning, a type of foodborne illness, is a sickness people get from something they ate or drank. The causes are germs or other harmful things in the food or beverage.
Symptoms of food poisoning often include upset stomach, diarrhea and vomiting. Symptoms usually start within hours or several days of eating the food. Most people have mild illness and get better without treatment.
Sometimes food poisoning causes severe illness or complications.
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Symptoms vary depending on what is causing the illness. They may begin within a few hours or a few weeks depending on the cause.
Common symptoms are:
Upset stomach.
Vomiting.
Diarrhea.
Diarrhea with bloody stools.
Stomach pain and cramps.
Fever.
Headache.
Less often food poisoning affects the nervous system and can cause severe disease. Symptoms may include:
Blurred or double vision.
Headache.
Loss of movement in limbs.
Problems with swallowing.
Tingling or numbness of skin.
Weakness.
Changes in sound of the voice.
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Vomiting and diarrhea can quickly cause low levels of body fluids, also called dehydration, in infants and children. This can cause serious illness in infants.
Call your child's health care provider if your child's symptoms include vomiting and diarrhea and any of the following:
Unusual changes in behavior or thinking.
Excessive thirst.
Little or no urination.
Weakness.
Dizziness.
Diarrhea that lasts more than a day.
Vomiting often.
Stools that have blood or pus.
Stools that are black or tarry.
Severe pain in the stomach or rectum.
Any fever in children under 2 years of age.
Fever of 102 degrees Fahrenheit (38.9 degrees Celsius) or higher in older children.
History of other medical problems.
Adults should see a health care provider or get emergency care if the following occur:
Nervous system symptoms, such as blurry vision, muscle weakness and tingling of skin.
Changes in thinking or behavior.
Fever of 103 degrees Fahrenheit (39.4 degrees Celsius).
Vomiting often.
Diarrhea that lasts more than three days.
Symptoms of dehydration — excessive thirst, dry mouth, little or no urination, severe weakness, dizziness, or lightheadedness.
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Many germs or harmful things, called contaminants, can cause foodborne illnesses. Food or drink that carries a contaminant is called "contaminated." Food can be contaminated with any of the following:
Bacteria.
Viruses.
Parasites that can live in the intestines.
Poisons, also called toxins.
Bacteria that carry or make toxins.
Molds that make toxins.
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Anyone can get food poisoning. Some people are more likely to get sick or have more-serious disease or complications. These people include:
Infants and children.
Pregnant people.
Older adults.
People with weakened immune systems due to another disease or treatments.
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In most healthy adults, complications are uncommon. They can include the following.
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To prevent food poisoning at home:
Handwashing.Wash your hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds. Do this after using the toilet, before eating, and before and after handling food.
Wash fruits and vegetables.Rinse fruits and vegetables under running water before eating, peeling or preparing.
Wash kitchen utensils thoroughly.Wash cutting boards, knives and other utensils with soapy water after contact with raw meats or unwashed fruits and vegetables.
Don't eat raw or undercooked meat or fish.Use a meat thermometer to make sure meat is cooked enough. Cook whole meats and fish to at least 145 F (63 C) and let rest for at least three minutes. Cook ground meat to at least 160 F (71 C). Cook whole and ground poultry to at least 165 F (74 C).
Refrigerate or freeze leftovers.Put leftovers in covered containers in the refrigerator right after your meal. Leftovers can be kept for 3 to 4 days in the refrigerator. If you don't think you'll eat them within four days, freeze them right away.
Cook leftovers safely.You can safely thaw frozen food three ways. You can microwave it. You can move it to the refrigerator to thaw overnight. Or you can put the frozen food in a leakproof container and put it in cold water on the counter. Reheat leftovers until the internal temperature reaches 165 degrees Fahrenheit (74 degrees Celsius).
Throw it out when in doubt.If you aren't sure if a food has been prepared, served or stored safely, discard it. Even if it looks and smells fine, it may not be safe to eat.
Throw out moldy food.Throw out any baked foods with mold. Throw out moldy soft fruits and vegetables, such as tomatoes, berries or peaches. And throw away any nuts or nut products with mold. You can trim away mold from firm foods with low moisture, such as carrots, bell peppers and hard cheeses. Cut away at least 1 inch (2.5 centimeters) around the moldy part of the food.
Clean your refrigerator.Clean the inside of the refrigerator every few months. Make a cleaning solution of 1 tablespoon (15 milliliters) of baking soda and 1 quart (0.9 liters) of water. Clean visible mold in the refrigerator or on the door seals. Use a solution of 1 tablespoon (15 milliliters) of bleach in 1 quart (0.9 liters) of water.
|
A diagnosis is based on a physical exam and a review of things that may be causing vomiting, diarrhea or other symptoms. Questions from your health care provider will cover:
Your symptoms.
Food or drinks you've had recently.
Symptoms in people who ate with you.
Recent changes in the drugs you take.
Recent travel.
Your health care provider will examine you to rule out other causes of illness and check for signs of dehydration.
Your provider may order tests including:
Stool sample tests to name the bacteria, viruses, parasites or toxins.
Blood tests to name a cause of illness, rule out other conditions or identify complications.
When one person or a family gets food poisoning, it's hard to know what food was contaminated. The time from eating the contaminated food to the time of sickness can be hours or days. During that time, you may have had one or several more meals. This makes it difficult to say what food made you sick.
In a large outbreak, public health officials may be able to find the common food all of the people shared.
|
Treatment for food poisoning depends on how severe your symptoms are and what caused the illness. In most cases, drug treatment isn't necessary.
Treatment may include the following:
Fluid replacement.Fluids and electrolytes, maintain the balance of fluids in your body. Electrolytes include minerals such as sodium, potassium and calcium. After vomiting or diarrhea, it's important to replace fluids to prevent dehydration. Severe dehydration may require going to the hospital. You may need fluids and electrolytes delivered directly into the bloodstream.
Antibiotics.If the illness is caused by bacteria, you may be prescribed an antibiotic. Antibiotics are generally for people with severe disease or with a higher risk of complications.
Antiparasitics.Drugs that target parasites, called antiparasitics, are usually prescribed for parasitic infections.
Probiotics.Your care provider may recommend probiotics. These are treatments that replace healthy bacteria in the digestive system.
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You'll likely see your primary health care provider. In some cases, you may need to see a specialist in infectious diseases.
Be prepared to answer the following questions.
When did your symptoms begin?
Have the symptoms been continuous, or do they come and go?
Have you had bloody diarrhea or stools?
Have you had black or tarry stools?
Have you had a fever?
What have you recently eaten?
Did anyone who ate the same food have symptoms?
Have you recently traveled? Where?
What drugs, dietary supplements or herbal remedies do you take?
Had you taken antibiotics in the days or weeks before your symptoms started?
Have you recently changed medications?
|
For most people, symptoms improve without treatment within 48 hours. To help keep yourself more comfortable and prevent dehydration while you recover, try the following:
Let your stomach settle.Eat after your stomach is settled and you are hungry again.
Replace fluids.Replace fluids with water, sports drinks, juice with added water or broths. Children or people at risk for serious illness should drink rehydration fluids (Pedialyte, Enfalyte, others). Talk to your doctor before giving rehydration fluids to infants.
Ease back into eating.Gradually begin to eat bland, low-fat, easy-to-digest foods, such as soda crackers, toast, gelatin, bananas and rice. Stop eating if you feel sick to your stomach again.
Avoid certain foods and substances until you're feeling better.These include dairy products, caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, and fatty or highly seasoned foods.
Rest.Rest to recover from illness and dehydration.
|
upset stomach, headache, loss of movement, diarrhea, weakness, vomiting, fever, cramps, stomach pain, blurred vision, double vision, problems with swallowing, tingling, poisoning, bloody, numbness, bloody stools, changes in voice
|
449
|
Broken foot
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/broken-foot/symptoms-causes/syc-20355492
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/broken-foot/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355498
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/broken-foot/doctors-departments/ddc-20355499
|
A broken foot, also called a fractured foot, is an injury to one or more bones in the foot. A bone might break from a sports injury, a car crash, a heavy object dropped on the foot, or a misstep or fall.
Fractures can range from tiny cracks in the bones to breaks in more than one bone and breaks that come through the skin.
Treatment for a broken foot bone depends on where the bone breaks and how bad the break is. A badly broken foot bone may need surgery to put plates, rods or screws into the broken bone pieces to hold them in place while they heal.
|
A broken foot bone might cause some of these symptoms:
Instant throbbing pain.
Pain that gets worse with activity and gets better with rest.
Swelling.
Bruising.
Tenderness.
Change in the typical shape of the foot, called deformity.
Trouble or pain with walking or putting weight on the foot.
Bone sticking through the skin, called an open fracture.
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See a healthcare professional if your foot has lost its shape, if the pain and swelling don't get better with self-care, or if the pain and swelling get worse over time. It's possible to walk on some fractures, so don't assume you don't need medical care if you can put weight on your foot.
|
The most common causes of a broken foot include:
Car accidents.The crushing injuries that can happen in car accidents may cause breaks that need surgery to be fixed.
Falls.Tripping and falling can break bones in the feet. So can landing on the feet after jumping down from a height.
Impact from a heavy weight.Dropping something heavy on the foot is a common cause of fractures.
Missteps.Sometimes a stumble can result in a twisting injury that can cause a broken bone. A toe can break from stubbing it on furniture.
Overuse.Stress fractures are common in the weight-bearing bones of the feet. Repeated force or overuse over time, such as running long distances, most often is the cause of these tiny cracks. But they also can happen with regular use of a bone that's been weakened by a condition such as osteoporosis.
|
You may be at higher risk of a broken foot or ankle if you:
Play high-impact sports.The stresses, direct blows and twisting injuries that happen in sports such as basketball, football, gymnastics, tennis and soccer can cause foot bone breaks.
Use poor technique or sports equipment.Poor training techniques, such as not warming up, can raise the risk of foot injuries. Bad equipment, such as shoes that are too worn or don't fit right, also can increase the risk of stress fractures and falls.
Suddenly increase your activity level.Whether you're a trained athlete or someone who's just started exercising, suddenly boosting how long, hard or often you exercise can increase your risk of a stress fracture.
Work in certain jobs.Certain workplaces, such as construction sites, put you at risk of falling from a height or dropping something heavy on your foot.
Keep your home cluttered or poorly lit.Walking around in a house with too much clutter or too little light may lead to falls and foot injuries.
Have certain conditions.Having decreased bone density, called osteoporosis, can put you at risk of injuries to your foot bones.
Smoking.Cigarette smoking can increase the risk of getting osteoporosis. Studies also show that healing after a break may take longer in people who smoke.
|
Complications of a broken foot bone aren't common but may include:
Arthritis.Fractures that extend into a joint can cause arthritis years later. If your foot starts to hurt long after a break, see your healthcare professional.
Bone infection, called osteomyelitis.If you have an open fracture in which one end of the bone pokes through the skin, your bone may be exposed to bacteria that cause infection.
Nerve or blood vessel damage.Trauma to the foot can injure or tear nerves and blood vessels. Seek medical help right away if you notice numbness or feel like your foot isn't getting enough blood. Lack of blood flow can cause a bone to die, called avascular necrosis.
Compartment syndrome.This condition rarely occurs with foot fractures. It causes pain, swelling, numbness and sometimes being unable to use the affected muscles of the foot.
|
These sports and safety tips may help prevent a broken foot bone:
Wear proper shoes.Use hiking shoes on rough terrain. Choose the right athletic shoes for your sport.
Replace athletic shoes when needed.Get rid of shoes as soon as the tread or heel wears out or if the wear on the shoes isn't even. If you're a runner, replace your shoes every 300 to 400 miles.
Start slowly.That applies to a new fitness program and to every workout you do.
Have a balanced fitness program.A balanced fitness program includes aerobic fitness to work your heart, strength training to build muscles and movements that put your joints through their full range of motion, called flexibility.
Build bone strength.Get enough calcium and vitamin D. Calcium-rich foods include dairy products, leafy greens and tofu. Ask your healthcare professional if you need to take vitamin D supplements.
Use night lights.Many broken toes are the result of walking in the dark.
Get rid of clutter in your home.Keeping clutter off the floor can help you not trip and fall.
|
Your healthcare professional will look at your ankle, foot and lower leg and check for tenderness. Moving your foot around can show your range of motion. Your health professional might want to watch how you walk.
|
Treatments for a broken foot vary depending on which bone is broken and how bad the injury is.
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You will likely seek treatment for a broken foot bone in an emergency room or urgent care clinic. If the pieces of broken bone aren't lined up for healing, you may be referred to a doctor specializing in orthopedic surgery.
| null |
pain, swelling, deformity, trouble walking, fracture, throbbing pain, pain with walking, tenderness, bruising
|
450
|
Patent foramen ovale
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/patent-foramen-ovale/symptoms-causes/syc-20353487
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/patent-foramen-ovale/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353491
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/patent-foramen-ovale/doctors-departments/ddc-20353493
|
A patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a hole in the heart that didn't close the way it should after birth. The hole is a small flaplike opening between the upper heart chambers. The upper chambers of the heart are called the atria.
As a baby grows in the womb, an opening called the foramen ovale (foh-RAY-mun oh-VAY-lee) sits between the upper heart chambers. It typically closes during infancy. When the foramen ovale doesn't close, it's called a patent foramen ovale.
Most people never need treatment for patent foramen ovale.
|
Patent foramen ovale occurs in about 1 in 4 people. Most people with the condition never know they have it. A patent foramen ovale is often discovered during tests for other health problems.
| null |
It's unclear why the foramen ovale stays open in some people. Genetics may play a role.
| null |
A patent foramen ovale, also called a PFO usually doesn't cause complications. Some people with a PFO may have other heart defects
Possible complications of patent foramen ovale may include:
Some studies have found that PFO are more common in people with unexplained strokes and migraines with aura. But more research is needed. Usually, there are other reasons for these conditions. It's often just a coincidence a person also has a PFO.
| null |
Usually a patent foramen ovale is diagnosed when tests are done for another health concern. If your health care provider thinks you may have a PFO, imaging tests of the heart may be done.
If you have a patent foramen ovale and had a stroke, your provider may refer you to a doctor trained in brain and nervous system conditions. This type of provider is called a neurologist.
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Most people with a patent foramen ovale (PFO) don't need treatment. If a PFO is found when an echocardiogram is done for other reasons, a procedure to close the hole usually isn't done.
When treatment for a PFO is needed, it may include:
| null |
After a patent foramen ovale has been diagnosed, you'll likely have a lot of questions for your health care providers. Some questions you may want to ask include:
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patent foramen ovale, none
|
452
|
Growth plate fractures
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/growth-plate-fractures/symptoms-causes/syc-20351979
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/growth-plate-fractures/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351984
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/growth-plate-fractures/doctors-departments/ddc-20351985
|
A growth plate fracture affects the layer of growing tissue near the ends of a child's bones. Growth plates are the softest and weakest sections of the skeleton — sometimes even weaker than surrounding ligaments and tendons. An injury that might cause a joint sprain for an adult can cause a growth plate fracture in a child.
Growth plate fractures often need immediate treatment because they can affect how the bone will grow. An improperly treated growth plate fracture could result in a fractured bone ending up more crooked or shorter than its opposite limb. With proper treatment, most growth plate fractures heal without complications.
|
Most growth plate fractures occur in bones of the fingers, forearm and lower leg. Signs and symptoms of a growth plate fracture may include:
Pain and tenderness, particularly in response to pressure on the growth plate
Inability to move the affected area or to put weight or pressure on the limb
Warmth and swelling at the end of a bone, near a joint
If you suspect a fracture, take your child to be examined by a doctor. Also have your child evaluated if you notice a visible deformity in your child's arms or legs, or if your child is having trouble playing sports because of persistent pain.
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Growth plate fractures often are caused by a fall or a blow to the limb, as might occur in:
A car accident
Competitive sports, such as football, basketball, running, dancing or gymnastics
Recreational activities, such as biking, sledding, skiing or skateboarding
Growth plate fractures can occasionally be caused by overuse, which can occur during sports training or repetitive throwing.
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Growth plate fractures occur twice as often in boys as in girls, because girls finish growing earlier than do boys. By the age of 12, most girls' growth plates have already matured and been replaced with solid bone.
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Most growth plate fractures heal with no complications. But the following factors can increase the risk of crooked, accelerated or stunted bone growth.
Severity of the injury.If the growth plate has been shifted, shattered or crushed, the risk of limb deformity is greater.
Age of the child.Younger children have more years of growth ahead of them, so if the growth plate is permanently damaged, there is more chance of deformity developing. If a child is almost done growing, permanent damage to the growth plate may cause only minimal deformity.
Location of the injury.The growth plates around the knee are more sensitive to injury. A growth plate fracture at the knee can cause the leg to be shorter, longer or crooked if the growth plate has permanent damage. Growth plate injuries around the wrist and shoulder usually heal without problems.
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Because growth plates haven't hardened into solid bone, they are difficult to interpret on X-rays. Doctors may ask for X-rays of both the injured limb and the opposite limb so that they can be compared.
Sometimes a growth plate fracture cannot be seen on X-ray. If the child is tender over the area of the growth plate, your doctor may recommend a cast or a splint to protect the limb. X-rays are taken again in three to four weeks and, if there was a fracture, new bone healing will typically be seen at that time.
For more-serious injuries, scans that can visualize soft tissue — such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computerized tomography (CT) or ultrasound — may be ordered.
|
Treatment for growth plate fractures depends on the severity of the fracture. The least serious fractures usually require only a cast or a splint. If the fracture crosses the growth plate or goes into the joint and is not well-aligned, surgery may be necessary. Growth plates that are surgically realigned may have a better chance of recovering and growing again than do growth plates that are left in a poor position.
At the time of injury, it's difficult to tell if a growth plate has permanent damage. Your doctor may recommend checking X-rays for several years after the fracture to make sure the growth plate is growing appropriately. Depending on the location and severity of the fracture, your child may need follow-up visits until his or her bones have finished growing.
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If your child is injured, you may go straight to an emergency room or urgent care clinic. Depending on the severity of the break, the doctor who first examines your child may recommend a consultation with a pediatric orthopedic surgeon.
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pain, swelling, warmth, fractures, inability to move, fracture, tenderness
|
454
|
Broken leg
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/broken-leg/symptoms-causes/syc-20370412
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/broken-leg/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20370416
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/broken-leg/doctors-departments/ddc-20370417
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A broken leg (leg fracture) is a break or crack in one of the bones in your leg. Common causes include falls, motor vehicle accidents and sports injuries.
Treatment of a broken leg depends on the location and severity of the injury. A severely broken leg may require metal pins and plates to hold the fragments together. Less severe breaks may be treated with a cast or splint. In all cases, prompt diagnosis and treatment are critical to complete healing.
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The thighbone (femur) is the strongest bone in the body. It is usually obvious when the thighbone is broken because it takes so much force to break. But a break in the shinbone (tibia) or in the bone that runs alongside the shinbone (fibula) may be less obvious.
Signs and symptoms of a broken leg may include:
Severe pain, which may worsen with movement
Swelling
Tenderness
Bruising
Obvious deformity or shortening of the affected leg
Inability to walk
Toddlers or young children who break a leg may start limping or simply stop walking, even if they can't explain why.
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If you or your child has any signs or symptoms of a broken leg, seek care right away. Delays in diagnosis and treatment can result in problems later, including poor healing.
Seek emergency medical attention for any leg fracture from a high-impact trauma, such as a car or motorcycle accident. Fractures of the thighbone are severe, potentially life-threatening injuries that require emergency medical services to help protect the area from further damage and to provide safe transfer to a local hospital.
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A broken leg can be caused by:
Falls.A simple fall can fracture one or both lower leg bones. A much higher impact is usually needed to break the thighbone.
Motor vehicle accidents.All three leg bones can break during a motor vehicle accident. Fractures can occur when your knees become jammed against the dashboard during a collision or with damage to the car hitting your legs.
Sports injuries.Extending your leg beyond its natural limits during contact sports can cause a broken leg. So can a fall or a direct blow — such as from a hockey stick or an opponent's body.
Child abuse.In children, a broken leg may be the result of child abuse, especially when such an injury occurs before the child can walk.
Overuse.Stress fractures are tiny cracks that develop in the weight-bearing bones of the body, including the shinbone. Stress fractures are usually caused by repetitive force or overuse, such as running long distances. But they can occur with regular use of a bone that's been weakened by a condition such as osteoporosis.
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Stress fractures are often the result of repetitive stress to the leg bones from physical activities, such as:
Running
Ballet dancing
Basketball
Marching
Contact sports, such as hockey and football, also may pose a risk of direct blows to the leg, which can result in a fracture.
Stress fractures outside of sport situations are more common in people who have:
Decreased bone density (osteoporosis)
Diabetes
Rheumatoid arthritis
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Complications of a broken leg may include:
Knee or ankle pain.A broken bone in your leg may produce pain in your knee or ankle.
Bone infection (osteomyelitis).If a broken bone cuts through the skin and causes a wound, it is called an open fracture. If you have an open fracture, the bone may be exposed to germs that can cause infection.
Poor or delayed healing.A severe leg fracture may not heal quickly or completely. This is particularly common in an open fracture of the tibia because of lower blood flow to this bone.
Nerve or blood vessel damage.Leg fractures can injure nearby nerves and blood vessels. Seek immediate medical help if you notice any numbness, pale skin or circulation problems.
Compartment syndrome.This condition causes pain, swelling and sometimes disability in muscles near the broken bone. This is a rare complication that is more common with high-impact injuries, such as a car or motorcycle accident.
Arthritis.Fractures that extend into the joint and poor bone alignment can cause osteoarthritis years later. If your leg starts to hurt long after a break, see your health care provider for an evaluation.
Unequal leg length.The long bones of a child grow from the ends of the bones, in softer areas called growth plates. If a fracture goes through a growth plate, that limb might eventually become shorter or longer than the opposite limb.
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A broken leg can't always be prevented. But these basic tips may reduce your risk:
Build bone strength.Calcium-rich foods, such as milk, yogurt and cheese, can help build strong bones. A calcium or vitamin D supplement also may improve bone strength. Ask your health care provider if these supplements are right for you.
Wear proper athletic shoes.Choose the appropriate shoe for your favorite sports or activities. And replace athletic shoes regularly. Discard sneakers as soon as the tread or heel wears out or if the shoes are wearing unevenly.
Cross-train.Alternating activities can prevent stress fractures. Rotate running with swimming or biking. If you run on a sloped track indoors, alternate the direction of your running to even out the stress on your skeleton.
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During the physical exam, the health care provider will inspect the affected area for tenderness, swelling, deformity or an open wound.
X-rays can usually pinpoint the location of the break and determine the extent of injury to any adjacent joints. Occasionally, computerized tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is needed for more detailed images. For instance, you may need aCTscan or anMRIfor a suspected stress fracture, since X-rays often fail to reveal this injury.
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Treatment of a broken leg will vary, depending on the type and location of the break. Stress fractures may require only rest and immobilization, while other breaks may need surgery for best healing. Fractures are classified into one or more of the following categories:
Open fracture.In this type of fracture, the skin is pierced by the broken bone. This is a serious condition that requires immediate treatment to decrease the chance of an infection.
Closed fracture.In closed fractures, the surrounding skin remains intact.
Incomplete fracture.This term means that the bone is cracked but not separated into two parts.
Complete fracture.In complete fractures, the bone has broken into two or more parts.
Displaced fracture.In this type of fracture, the bone fragments on each side of the break are not aligned. A displaced fracture may require surgery to realign the bones properly.
Greenstick fracture.In this type of fracture, the bone cracks but doesn't break all the way through — like when you try to break a green stick of wood. Greenstick fractures are more likely to occur in children because a child's bones are softer and more flexible than those of an adult.
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Depending on the severity of the break, your health care provider may recommend examination by an orthopedic surgeon.
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pain, shortening, inability to walk, swelling, obvious deformity, severe pain, limping, tenderness, bruising
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455
|
Stress fractures
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/stress-fractures/symptoms-causes/syc-20354057
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/stress-fractures/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354063
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/stress-fractures/doctors-departments/ddc-20354065
|
Stress fractures are tiny cracks in a bone. Repeated stress to the bone causes them. The stress often comes from using the same body part too much. Some examples include jumping up and down a lot or running long distances. Stress fractures also can happen with regular use of a bone that's weaker due to a condition such as osteoporosis.
Stress fractures are most common in the weight-bearing bones of the lower leg and foot. People at highest risk of this injury include runners and gymnasts. Military recruits who carry heavy packs over long distances also have a high risk. But anyone can get a stress fracture. You might get this injury if you start a new exercise program or sport, and you do too much too soon.
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At first, you might barely notice the pain from a stress fracture. But it tends to become worse if you do more of an activity that puts stress on the cracked bone. The tender feeling often starts at a certain spot and gets better during rest. You also might have swelling around the painful area.
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Call your doctor if you have ongoing pain. Get help as soon as possible if you feel pain even when resting or at night. When people with stress fractures get treatment early, they're more likely to recover faster. And they're less likely to have complications.
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Stress fractures often happen when you increase the amount or intensity of an activity too fast.
Bone can adapt to greater amounts of stress, but it needs time to do so. During a lifelong process called remodeling, old bone tissue is destroyed and then rebuilt. This process speeds up when the weight-bearing load on the bone increases.
The risk of a stress fracture rises when a bone bears an unusual amount of force without enough time to recover. Bone tissue is destroyed faster than the body can replace it.
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Factors that can raise your risk of stress fractures include:
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Some stress fractures don't heal properly. That can cause long-term problems. It's important to not restart the activity that caused the stress fracture too soon. Doing so could put you at higher risk of larger stress fractures that may be harder to heal.
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Simple steps can help you prevent stress fractures.
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To find out if you have a stress fracture, your doctor asks you about your health and does a physical exam. Often, imaging tests are needed too. They might include:
|
Treatment aims to lessen the bone's weight-bearing load until it heals. You might need to wear a walking boot or brace or use crutches.
Sometimes, surgery is needed to help a stress fracture heal completely. You may be more likely to need surgery for stress fractures that happen in areas with a poor blood supply. Surgery also might be a treatment choice to help healing in elite athletes who want to return to their sport sooner. It may be an option for laborers whose work involves using the affected body part.
Let your doctor know if you have pain. You may be told to take small amounts of acetaminophen for relief. You'll likely be told to stay away from pain relievers called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). These include ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) and naproxen sodium (Aleve). NSAIDs can slow bone healing.
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You're likely to start by seeing your primary doctor. If you are a competitive athlete, you might go straight to a doctor who treats muscle and bone problems.
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pain, tender feeling, swelling, stress fracture
|
456
|
Broken nose
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/broken-nose/symptoms-causes/syc-20370439
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/broken-nose/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20370444
| null |
A broken nose, also called a nasal fracture, is a crack or break in one of the bones in the nose. Typically, the bone at the bridge of your nose is the one that breaks.
Common causes of a broken nose include contact sports, physical fights and falls. Motor vehicle accidents that injure the face also may cause a nose to break.
A broken nose can be painful and often causes a nosebleed. You may have swelling and bruising around your nose and under your eyes. Your nose may look crooked. And you may have trouble breathing through it.
Most broken noses don't require surgery. Treatment often involves procedures to realign the nose to help it heal properly.
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Symptoms of a broken nose include:
|
Seek emergency medical care if you experience a nose injury along with any of the following symptoms:
|
Common causes of a broken nose include:
|
Any activity that increases the risk of injuries to the face can increase the risk of a broken nose. Such activities may include:
|
A broken nose can sometimes lead to other injuries or complications, including:
|
You can reduce the risk of a nose fracture by following these safety tips:
|
Your healthcare professional may press gently on your nose and the areas around it to check for pain, swelling and broken bones. Your healthcare professional also may look inside your nose to see if there's a blockage or other signs of injury.
You may be given numbing medicine to make the exam more comfortable.
X-rays and other imaging typically are not needed to diagnose a broken nose. But if the injury is serious, or if a full exam isn't possible, your healthcare professional may order a CT scan to check for broken bones or other injuries.
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If the fracture is minor and your nose isn't crooked or misshapen, you may not need medical treatment. In many cases, using ice to lessen swelling and taking pain medicine you can buy without a prescription is enough to help you heal.
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If your injury is serious, you won't have time to prepare for your appointment because you'll need to seek medical attention right away.
If the injury to your nose is less serious and you have only swelling and moderate pain, you may choose to wait before seeking care. This allows time for the swelling to lessen, making it easier to evaluate the injury.
If your symptoms don't start to improve, it's best to see a healthcare professional within 3 to 5 days of the injury. Get medical help right away if:
When you make an appointment, you typically start by seeing your primary healthcare professional. Depending on your injury, you may be referred to a specialist in conditions of the ear, nose and throat.
| null |
none
|
457
|
Broken ribs
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/broken-ribs/symptoms-causes/syc-20350763
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/broken-ribs/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350769
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/broken-ribs/doctors-departments/ddc-20350770
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A broken rib is a common injury that occurs when one of the bones in the rib cage breaks or cracks. The most common causes are hard impacts from falls, car accidents or contact sports.
Many broken ribs are simply cracked. Cracked ribs are painful. But they don't cause the problems that ribs that have broken into pieces can. The sharp edge of a broken bone can harm major blood vessels or lungs and other organs.
Usually, broken ribs heal on their own in about six weeks. Pain control is important for being able to breathe deeply and avoid lung issues, such as pneumonia.
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The following can cause pain with a broken rib or make pain worse:
A deep breath.
Pressure on the injured area.
A bend or a twist of the body.
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See a health care provider if part of your rib area is tender after an accident or if you have trouble breathing or pain with deep breathing.
Seek medical help right away if you feel pressure, fullness or a squeezing pain in the center of your chest that lasts for more than a few minutes or pain that goes beyond your chest to your shoulder or arm. These symptoms can mean a heart attack.
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Direct impact — such as from a car accident, a fall, child abuse or contact sports — is the most common cause of broken ribs. Ribs also can be broken by repeated impact from sports such as golf and rowing or from coughing hard and long.
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The following can increase the risk of breaking a rib:
Osteoporosis.This disease in which bones lose their bulk increases the risk of breaking a bone.
Sports.Playing contact sports, such as hockey or football, increases the risk of injury to the chest.
Cancer in a rib.Cancer can weaken the bone, making it more likely to break.
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A broken rib can harm blood vessels and internal organs. Having more than one broken rib increases the risk.
Complications depend on which ribs break. Possible complications include:
Tear in the main artery of the body, known as the aorta.A sharp end from a break in one of the first three ribs at the top of the rib cage could pierce a major blood vessel, including the aorta.
Tear in a lung.The jagged end of a broken middle rib can punch a hole in a lung and cause it to cave in.
Ripped spleen, liver or kidneys.The bottom two ribs rarely break because they can move more than the upper and middle ribs. But the ends of a broken lower rib can cause serious harm to the spleen, liver or a kidney.
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To help keep a rib from breaking:
Protect from athletic injuries.Wear protective equipment when playing contact sports.
Reduce the risk of falls in the house.Remove clutter from floors. Wipe up spills right away. Use a rubber mat in the shower. Keep your home well lit. Put backing on carpets and area rugs to keep them from sliding.
Strengthen bones.Getting enough calcium and vitamin D in the diet is important for strong bones. Get about 1,200 milligrams of calcium and 600 international units of vitamin D daily from food and supplements.
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During the physical exam, a health care provider might press gently on the ribs, listen to your lungs and watch your rib cage move as you breathe.
One or more of the following imaging tests might help with the diagnosis:
X-ray.Using low levels of radiation, X-rays allow the bones to be seen. But X-rays might not show a fresh break, especially if the bone is only cracked. X-rays also can help diagnose a lung that has caved in.
CTscan.This often can find breaks that X-rays might miss.CTscans also make it easier to see injuries to soft tissues and blood vessels.
MRI.This scan can look for harm to the soft tissues and organs around the ribs. It also can help find smaller breaks.
Bone scan.This is good for viewing cracked bones, also called stress fractures. A bone can crack after repetitive trauma, such as long bouts of coughing. During a bone scan, a small amount of radioactive material is injected into your bloodstream. It collects in the bones, particularly in places where a bone is healing, and is detected by a scanner.
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Most broken ribs heal on their own within six weeks. Being less active and icing the area regularly can help with healing and pain relief.
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Because car accidents often cause broken ribs, many people learn they have a broken rib in a hospital's emergency department. There's no time to prepare. But if you break a rib because of repeated stress over time, you might see your primary care provider.
Here's information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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pain
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460
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Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fsgs/symptoms-causes/syc-20354693
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fsgs/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20562383
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fsgs/doctors-departments/ddc-20354695
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Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is a disease in which scar tissue develops on the glomeruli, the small parts of the kidneys that filter waste from the blood.FSGScan be caused by a variety of conditions.
FSGSis a serious condition that can lead to kidney failure, which can only be treated with dialysis or kidney transplant. Treatment options forFSGSdepend on the type you have.
Types ofFSGSinclude:
PrimaryFSGS.Many people diagnosed withFSGShave no known cause for their condition. This is called primary (idiopathic)FSGS.
SecondaryFSGS.Several factors, such as infection, drug toxicity, diseases including diabetes or sickle cell disease, obesity, and even other kidney diseases can cause secondaryFSGS. Controlling or treating the underlying cause often slows ongoing kidney damage and might lead to improved kidney function over time.
GeneticFSGS.This is a rare form ofFSGScaused by genetic changes. It also is called familialFSGS. It's suspected when several members of a family show signs ofFSGS. FamilialFSGScan also occur when neither parent has the disease but each one carries a copy of an altered gene that can be passed on to the next generation.
UnknownFSGS.In some cases, the underlying cause ofFSGScannot be determined despite the evaluation of clinical symptoms and extensive testing.
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Symptoms of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) might include:
Swelling, called edema, in the legs and ankles, around the eyes and in other body parts.
Weight gain from fluid buildup.
Foamy urine from protein buildup, called proteinuria.
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See a healthcare professional if you have any of the symptoms ofFSGS.
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Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) can be caused by a variety of conditions, such as diabetes, sickle cell disease, other kidney diseases and obesity. Infections and damage from illicit drugs, medicines or toxins also can cause it. Gene changes passed through families, called inherited gene changes, can cause a rare form ofFSGS. Sometimes there's no known cause.
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Factors that can raise the risk of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) include:
Medical conditions that can damage the kidneys.Certain diseases and conditions increase the risk of gettingFSGS. These include diabetes, lupus, obesity and other kidney diseases.
Certain infections.Infections that increase the risk ofFSGSinclude HIV and hepatitis C.
Gene changes.Certain genes passed through families can raise the risk ofFSGS.
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Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) may lead to other health concerns, also called complications, including:
Nephrotic syndrome.This kidney condition causes the body to pass too much protein in the urine. Nephrotic syndrome raises the risk of other health conditions, such as blood clots and high blood pressure.
Kidney failure.Damage to the kidneys that can't be fixed causes the kidneys to stop working. The only treatments for kidney failure are dialysis or kidney transplant.
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For possible focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), your healthcare professional reviews your medical history and orders lab tests to see how well your kidneys work. Testing may include:
Urine tests.These include a 24-hour urine collection that measures the amount of protein and other substances in the urine.
Blood tests.A blood test called glomerular filtration rate measures how well the kidneys are getting rid of waste from the body.
Kidney imaging.These tests are used to show kidney shape and size. They might include ultrasound and CT or MRI scans. Nuclear medicine studies also might be used.
Kidney biopsy.A biopsy usually involves placing a needle through the skin to take a tiny sample from the kidney. The results of the biopsy can confirm a diagnosis ofFSGS.
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Treatment for focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) depends on the type and the cause.
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You may start by seeing your primary healthcare professional. Or you may be referred to a specialist in kidney conditions, called a nephrologist.
Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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The following lifestyle changes can help keep the kidneys healthier:
Don't use medicines that can damage your kidneys.These include some pain relievers such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).NSAIDSyou can get without a prescription include ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) and naproxen sodium (Aleve).
Eat a healthy diet.To protect your kidneys and lower your blood pressure, limit salt and protein.
Don't smoke.If you need help quitting, talk with a member of your healthcare team.
Stay at a healthy weight.Lose weight if you're overweight.
Be active on most days.Being active is good for your health.Ask your healthcare team what types of exercise and how much exercise you can do.
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proteinuria, foamy urine, swelling, fsgs, glomerulosclerosis, weight gain, edema
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464
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Nail fungus
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nail-fungus/symptoms-causes/syc-20353294
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nail-fungus/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353300
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Nail fungus is a common infection of the nail. It begins as a white or yellow-brown spot under the tip of your fingernail or toenail. As the fungal infection goes deeper, the nail may discolor, thicken and crumble at the edge. Nail fungus can affect several nails.
If your condition is mild and not bothering you, you may not need treatment. If your nail fungus is painful and has caused thickened nails, self-care steps and medications may help. But even if treatment is successful, nail fungus often comes back.
Nail fungus is also called onychomycosis (on-ih-koh-my-KOH-sis). When fungus infects the areas between your toes and the skin of your feet, it's called athlete's foot (tinea pedis).
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Symptoms of nail fungus include a nail or nails that are:
Thickened
Discolored
Brittle, crumbly or ragged
Misshapen
Separated from the nail bed
Smelly
Nail fungus can affect fingernails, but it's more common in toenails.
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You may want to see a health care provider if self-care steps haven't helped and the nail becomes increasingly discolored, thickened or misshapen. Also talk with your health care provider if you have:
Diabetes and think you're developing nail fungus
Bleeding around the nails
Swelling or pain around the nails
Difficulty walking
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Nail fungus is caused by various fungal organisms (fungi). The most common is a type called dermatophyte. Yeast, bacteria and molds also can cause nail infections. The discoloration from a bacterial infection tends to be green or black.
Fungal infection of the foot (athlete's foot) can spread to the nail, and a fungal infection of the nail can spread to the foot. You can also get the infection from contact with spaces where fungi can thrive, such as the floor tile in a gym shower or inside dark, sweaty, moist shoes.
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Factors that can increase your risk of developing nail fungus include:
Older age
Wearing shoes that make your feet sweat heavily
Having had athlete's foot in the past
Walking barefoot in damp public areas, such as swimming pools, gyms and shower rooms
Having a minor skin or nail injury
Having a skin condition that affects the nails, such as psoriasis
Having diabetes, blood flow problems or a weakened immune system
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A severe case of nail fungus can be painful and may cause permanent damage to your nails. And it may lead to other serious infections that spread beyond your feet if you have a suppressed immune system due to medication, diabetes or other conditions.
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The following habits can help prevent nail fungus or reinfections and athlete's foot, which can lead to nail fungus:
Keep your nails clean and dry. Wash your hands and feet regularly. Wash your hands after touching an infected nail. Dry well, apply an antifungal foot powder and moisturize your nails. Consider applying a nail hardener, which might help strengthen nails and cuticles.
Keep your nails trimmed. Cut nails straight across, smooth the edges with a file and file down thickened areas. Disinfect your nail clippers after each use. Letting your nails grow long creates more places for the fungus to grow.
Wear absorbent socks or change your socks throughout the day.
Choose shoes made of materials that breathe.
Discard old shoes or treat them with disinfectants or antifungal powders.
Wear footwear in pool areas and locker rooms.
Choose a nail salon that uses sterilized manicure tools for each customer. Or disinfect tools you use for home pedicures.
Give up nail polish and artificial nails.
If you have athlete's foot, treat it with an antifungal product.
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Your health care provider will examine your nails and perhaps take some nail clippings or scrape debris from under your nail. These samples are sent to a lab to identify the cause of your symptoms.
Other conditions, such as psoriasis, can mimic a fungal infection of the nail. Microorganisms such as yeast and bacteria also can infect nails. Knowing the cause of your infection helps determine the best treatment.
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Treatment for toenail fungus isn't always needed. And sometimes self-care and nonprescription products clear up the infection. Talk with your health care provider if your condition doesn't improve. Treatment depends on the severity of your condition and the type of fungus causing it. It can take months to see results. And even if your nail condition improves, repeat infections are common.
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You're likely to start by seeing your primary care provider. In some cases when you call to set up an appointment, you may be referred immediately to either a doctor who specializes in skin conditions (dermatologist) or one who specializes in foot conditions (podiatrist).
Here are some steps you can take to prepare for your appointment:
List your symptoms,including any that may seem unrelated to nail fungus.
List key personal information,including any major stresses or recent life changes.
List all the medications,vitamins and supplements you're taking.
List questions to askyour health care provider.
For nail fungus, your questions might include:
What is likely causing my symptoms or condition?
What are other possible causes for my symptoms or condition?
What tests do I need?
What is the best course of action?
What are the alternatives to the primary approach you're suggesting?
I have other health conditions. How can I best manage them together?
Is a generic alternative available for the medicine you're prescribing?
Do you have any brochures or other printed material that I can take home? Do you recommend any websites on nail fungus?
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Often, you can take care of a fungal nail infection at home:
Try nonprescription antifungal nail creams and ointments.Several products are available, such as terbinafine (Lamisil). If you notice white markings on the surfaces of the nails, file them off, soak your nails in water, dry them, and apply the medicated cream or lotion. Even if this clears up your symptoms, it's common for the infection to come back.
Trim and thin the nails.This helps reduce pain by reducing pressure on the nails. Also, if you do this before applying an antifungal, the drug can reach deeper layers of the nail.
Before trimming or using a nail file to thin thick nails, soften them with urea-containing creams. See a health care provider for foot care if you have a condition that causes poor blood flow to your feet.
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thickened, smelly, discolored, separated, brittle, crumbly, misshapen, ragged
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465
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Pectus excavatum
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pectus-excavatum/symptoms-causes/syc-20355483
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pectus-excavatum/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355488
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pectus-excavatum/doctors-departments/ddc-20355490
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Pectus excavatum is a condition in which the breastbone is sunken into the chest. The sunken breastbone often can be seen shortly after birth. If the breastbone sinks a lot over time, the center of the chest may look like it's been scooped out. This change leaves a deep dent or dip. But many people with the condition just have a slight dip in the breastbone.
This condition also is known as funnel chest. But it can affect much more than the look of the chest. It also can cause symptoms such as shortness of breath, chest pain, and a fast-beating, fluttering or pounding heart. The symptoms tend to become worse during the teenage growth spurt.
The exact cause of pectus excavatum isn't clear. When the condition is serious, it can affect how well the heart and lungs work over time. But even mild pectus excavatum that causes a slight dip in the breastbone can make children feel self-conscious about their bodies.
Surgery to repair pectus excavatum can improve symptoms and the appearance of the chest. But surgery isn't right for everyone with the condition. Other treatment choices may include physical therapy and medical devices.
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For many people with pectus excavatum, the only symptom is a slight dip in their chests. In some children, the dip becomes deeper during early puberty. It can keep getting deeper into adulthood.
In people with pectus excavatum, the breastbone may compress the lungs and heart. Symptoms can include:
A fast-beating, fluttering or pounding heart.
Chest pain.
Loss of endurance that becomes worse over time.
Shortness of breath or extreme tiredness during physical activity.
A high-pitched whistling sound made while breathing that's triggered by exercise.
Fainting or dizziness.
Frequent infections of the upper airway.
Stress and concern about how the chest looks.
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See a healthcare professional if you or your child has any symptoms of pectus excavatum. This is key if the symptoms become worse or if the chest keeps becoming more sunken.
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The exact cause of pectus excavatum isn't known. Some experts think it has to do with connective tissue called cartilage. Cartilage that connects the breastbone to the ribs may develop in an irregular way. Genes may play a role in this process.
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Pectus excavatum risk factors may include the following:
Having a family history of pectus excavatum.
Living with a connective tissue condition such as Marfan syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome or osteogenesis imperfecta.
Having a genetic condition such as Noonan syndrome or Turner syndrome.
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Sometimes, pectus excavatum can lead to serious health issues called complications. The complications can affect the heart, lungs and mental health.
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Diagnosis involves the steps that a healthcare professional takes to find out if you or your child has pectus excavatum. The healthcare professional starts by doing an exam of the chest. This may be enough to diagnose the condition. Other tests can check for health issues linked with pectus excavatum that affect the heart and lungs. These tests may include:
Chest X-ray.This test can make images of the dip in the breastbone. It often shows the heart being pushed into the left side of the chest. X-rays take only a few minutes to do.
CT scan or MRI.Each of these tests can help find out how serious the pectus excavatum is. They also can show whether the heart or lungs are being compressed. CT scans and MRI scans take many images from various angles to make detailed images of the organs and tissues in the body.
Electrocardiogram.An electrocardiogram can show whether the heart's rhythm is regular or not. It also can show whether the electrical signals that control the heartbeat are timed properly. To do the test, a healthcare professional places sticky patches called electrodes on the chest. Wires connect the patches to a computer that prints or shows results.
Echocardiogram.An echocardiogram can show real-time images of how well the heart and heart valves are working. To do the test, a healthcare professional presses a wand against the chest. The wand gives off sound waves that make pictures of the heart. An echocardiogram also shows whether the chest wall may be affecting heart function and the flow of blood through the heart.
Lung function tests.These types of tests measure the amount of air that the lungs can hold. They also measure how quickly the lungs can push out air.
Exercise function test.This test tracks how well the heart and lungs work during exercise, usually on a bike or treadmill.
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Pectus excavatum treatments include physical therapy, medical devices and surgery. Surgery is mainly for people who have moderate to severe symptoms. People who have mild symptoms may get better with other treatments.
Some treatments aim only to improve how the chest looks. For example, dermal fillers or silicone implants can help fill in the sunken part of the chest.
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Most children and teens just want to fit in and look like their peers. This can be very hard for young people who have pectus excavatum. Counseling may help some kids and teens feel better about themselves. Online support groups and forums also are available. These can help connect kids and teens with other young people who have pectus excavatum.
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If you or your child has pectus excavatum, you might first talk about the condition with your family healthcare professional. Then you might be referred to a doctor who does pediatric or chest surgery.
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frequent infections, tiredness, high-pitched whistling sound, pounding, fluttering heart, loss of endurance, chest pain, dizziness, infections, fast-beating heart, fainting, extreme tiredness, shortness of breath, pectus, pounding heart
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467
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Cholecystitis
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cholecystitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20364867
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cholecystitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20364895
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cholecystitis/doctors-departments/ddc-20365146
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Cholecystitis (ko-luh-sis-TIE-tis) is swelling and irritation, called inflammation, of the gallbladder. The gallbladder is a small, pear-shaped organ on the right side of the belly under the liver. The gallbladder holds fluid that digests food. This fluid is called bile. The gallbladder releases bile into the small intestine.
Most often, gallstones that block the tube leading out of the gallbladder cause cholecystitis. This results in a bile buildup that can cause inflammation. Other causes of cholecystitis include bile duct changes, tumors, serious illness and certain infections.
If not treated, cholecystitis can lead to serious complications, such as gallbladder rupture. These can be life-threatening. Treatment for cholecystitis often involves surgery to remove the gallbladder.
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Symptoms of cholecystitis may include:
Severe pain in the upper right or center belly area.
Pain that spreads to the right shoulder or back.
Tenderness over the belly area when it's touched.
Nausea.
Vomiting.
Fever.
Cholecystitis symptoms often come on after a meal. A large or fatty meal is most likely to cause symptoms.
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Make an appointment with your healthcare professional if you have symptoms that worry you. If your belly pain is so bad that you can't sit still or get comfortable, have someone drive you to the emergency room.
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Cholecystitis is when your gallbladder is inflamed. Gallbladder inflammation can be caused by:
Gallstones.Most often, cholecystitis is the result of hard particles of bile that can form in the gallbladder, called gallstones. Gallstones can block the tube that carries bile when it leaves the gallbladder. The tube is called the cystic duct. Bile builds up in the gallbladder, causing swelling and irritation.
Tumor.A tumor may keep bile from draining out of the gallbladder as it should. This causes bile buildup that can lead to cholecystitis.
Bile duct blockage.Stones or thickened bile and tiny particles called sludge can block the bile duct and lead to cholecystitis. Kinking or scarring of the bile ducts also can cause blockage.
Infection.AIDS and other infections caused by viruses can cause gallbladder swelling and irritation.
Serious illness.Very serious illness can damage blood vessels and lessen blood flow to the gallbladder. This can lead to cholecystitis.
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Having gallstones is the main risk factor for getting cholecystitis.
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If not treated, cholecystitis can lead to serious complications, including:
Infection within the gallbladder.If bile builds up in the gallbladder, the bile may get infected.
Death of gallbladder tissue.Cholecystitis that isn't treated can cause tissue in the gallbladder to die. This is called gangrene. This most common complication mainly affects older people, those who wait to get treatment and those with diabetes. Gangrene can lead to a tear in the gallbladder. Or it may cause the gallbladder to burst.
Torn gallbladder.A tear, called a perforation, in the gallbladder may result from gallbladder swelling or infection or the death of gallbladder tissue.
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You can reduce your risk of cholecystitis by taking the following steps to prevent gallstones:
Lose weight slowly.Fast weight loss can raise the risk of gallstones.
Be at a healthy weight.Being overweight makes you more likely to get gallstones. To get to a healthy weight, cut calories and increase your physical activity. Stay at a healthy weight through healthy eating and exercise.
Choose a healthy-eating plan.Eating foods high in fat and low in fiber may raise the risk of gallstones. To lower your risk, eat a lot of fruits, vegetables and whole grains.
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To diagnose cholecystitis, your healthcare professional does a physical exam and asks about your symptoms and medical history. Tests and procedures used to diagnose cholecystitis include:
Blood tests.Blood tests can look for signs of an infection or other gallbladder issues.
Imaging tests that show your gallbladder.Abdominal ultrasound, endoscopic ultrasound, CT scan or magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography can make pictures of your gallbladder and bile ducts. These pictures may show signs of cholecystitis or stones in the bile ducts and gallbladder.
A scan that shows the movement of bile through the body.A hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid (HIDA) scan tracks the making and flow of bile from the liver to the small intestine. A HIDA scan involves putting a radioactive dye into your body. The dye attaches to the cells that make bile. During the scan, the dye can be seen as it travels with the bile through the bile ducts. This can show any blockages.
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Treatment for cholecystitis most often involves a hospital stay to control the swelling and irritation, called inflammation, in your gallbladder. Sometimes, surgery is needed.
At the hospital, treatments to control your symptoms may include:
Fasting.You may not be able to eat or drink at first to take stress off your inflamed gallbladder.
Fluids through a vein in your arm.This treatment helps prevent loss of body fluids, called dehydration.
Antibiotics to fight infection.You might need these if your gallbladder is infected.
Pain medicines.These can help control pain until the inflammation in your gallbladder is relieved.
Procedure to remove stones.You may have a procedure called an endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). This procedure uses dye to make the bile ducts show up during imaging. Then a healthcare professional can use instruments to remove stones blocking the bile ducts or cystic duct.
Gallbladder drainage.Sometimes, gallbladder drainage, called cholecystostomy, can remove infection. You might have this procedure if you can't have surgery to remove your gallbladder. To drain the gallbladder, a healthcare professional can go through the skin on the belly. This method is called percutaneous drainage. Or the health professional could pass a scope through the mouth, called endoscopic drainage.
Your symptoms are likely to get better in 2 to 3 days. But gallbladder inflammation often returns. In time, most people with cholecystitis need surgery to remove the gallbladder.
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Make an appointment with your healthcare professional if you have symptoms that worry you. For cholecystitis, you may be sent to a specialist in the digestive system, called a gastroenterologist. Or you may be sent to a hospital.
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pain, nausea, fatty meal, vomiting, fever, severe pain, cholecystitis, tenderness
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471
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Dumping syndrome
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dumping-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20371915
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dumping-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20371922
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Dumping syndrome is a condition in which food, especially food high in sugar, moves from your stomach into your small bowel too quickly after you eat. Sometimes called rapid gastric emptying, dumping syndrome most often occurs as a result of surgery on your stomach or esophagus.
Most people with dumping syndrome develop signs and symptoms, such as abdominal cramps and diarrhea, 10 to 30 minutes after eating. Other people have symptoms 1 to 3 hours after eating. And still others have both early and late symptoms.
Generally, you can help prevent dumping syndrome by changing your diet after surgery. Changes might include eating smaller meals and limiting high-sugar foods. In more-serious cases of dumping syndrome, you may need medications or surgery.
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Signs and symptoms of dumping syndrome generally occur within minutes after eating, especially after a meal rich in table sugar (sucrose) or fruit sugar (fructose). They include:
Late dumping syndrome starts 1 to 3 hours after you eat a high-sugar meal. It takes time for signs and symptoms to develop because after you eat your body releases large amounts of insulin to absorb the sugars entering your small intestine. The result is low blood sugar.
Signs and symptoms of late dumping syndrome can include:
Some people have both early and late signs and symptoms. And dumping syndrome can develop years after surgery.
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Contact your health care provider if any of the following apply to you.
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In dumping syndrome, food and gastric juices from your stomach move to your small intestine in an uncontrolled, abnormally fast manner. This is most often related to changes in your stomach associated with surgery, including any stomach surgery or major esophageal surgery, such as removal of the esophagus (esophagectomy). But in rare cases, dumping syndrome can develop without a history of surgery or other obvious causes.
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Surgery that alters your stomach can increase your risk of dumping syndrome. These surgeries are most commonly performed to treat obesity, but are also part of treatment for stomach cancer, esophageal cancer and other conditions. These surgeries include:
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Your health care provider may use some of the following methods to determine if you have dumping syndrome.
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Early dumping syndrome is likely to resolve on its own within three months. In the meantime, there's a good chance that dietary changes will ease your symptoms. If not, your health care provider may recommend medications or surgery.
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If you have signs and symptoms of dumping syndrome, you're likely to first see your family health care provider. You may then be referred to a doctor who specializes in treating digestive system disorders (gastroenterologist).
Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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dumping syndrome, low blood sugar, sucrose
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472
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Viral gastroenteritis (stomach flu)
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/viral-gastroenteritis/symptoms-causes/syc-20378847
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/viral-gastroenteritis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20378852
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Viral gastroenteritis is an intestinal infection that includes signs and symptoms such as watery diarrhea, stomach cramps, nausea or vomiting, and sometimes fever.
The most common way to develop viral gastroenteritis — often called stomach flu — is through contact with an infected person or by consuming contaminated food or water. If you're otherwise healthy, you'll likely recover without complications. But for infants, older adults and people with compromised immune systems, viral gastroenteritis can be deadly.
There's no effective treatment for viral gastroenteritis, so prevention is key. Avoid food and water that may be contaminated and wash your hands thoroughly and often.
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Although it's commonly called stomach flu, gastroenteritis isn't the same as influenza. The flu (influenza) affects only your respiratory system — your nose, throat and lungs. Gastroenteritis, on the other hand, attacks your intestines, causing signs and symptoms such as:
Depending on the cause, viral gastroenteritis symptoms may appear within 1-3 days after you're infected and can range from mild to severe. Symptoms usually last just a day or two, but occasionally they may last up to 14 days.
Because the symptoms are similar, it's easy to confuse viral diarrhea with diarrhea caused by bacteria, such as Clostridioides difficile, salmonella and Escherichia coli, or parasites, such as giardia.
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If you're an adult, call your health care provider if:
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You're most likely to get viral gastroenteritis when you eat or drink contaminated food or water. You may also be likely to get gastroenteritis if you share utensils, towels or food with someone who has one of the viruses that cause the condition.
Many viruses can cause gastroenteritis, including:
Noroviruses.Both children and adults are affected by noroviruses, the most common cause of foodborne illness worldwide. Norovirus infection can sweep through families and communities. It's especially likely to spread among people in confined spaces.
In most cases, you pick up the virus from contaminated food or water. But it can also spread between people who are in close contact or who share food. You can also get the virus by touching a surface that's been contaminated with norovirus and then touching your mouth.
Rotavirus.Worldwide, this is the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis in children, who are usually infected when they put their fingers or other objects contaminated with the virus into their mouths. It can also spread through contaminated food. The infection is most severe in infants and young children.
Adults infected with rotavirus may not have symptoms, but can still spread the illness. This is of particular concern in institutional settings such as nursing homes because adults with the virus unknowingly can pass the virus to others. A vaccine against viral gastroenteritis is available in some countries, including the United States, and appears to be effective in preventing the infection.
Some shellfish, especially raw or undercooked oysters, also can make you sick. Contaminated drinking water is a cause of viral diarrhea. But in many cases the virus is passed when someone with a virus handles food you eat without washing his or her hands after using the toilet.
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Gastroenteritis occurs all over the world and can affect people of all ages.
People who may be more susceptible to gastroenteritis include:
Each gastrointestinal virus has a season when it's most active. If you live in the Northern Hemisphere, for instance, you're more likely to have rotavirus or norovirus infections in the winter and spring.
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The main complication of viral gastroenteritis is dehydration — a severe loss of water and essential salts and minerals. If you're healthy and drink enough to replace fluids you lose from vomiting and diarrhea, dehydration shouldn't be a problem.
Infants, older adults and people with weakened immune systems may become severely dehydrated when they lose more fluids than they can replace. Hospitalization might be needed so that lost fluids can be replaced through an IV in their arms. Dehydration can rarely lead to death.
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The best way to prevent the spread of intestinal infections is to follow these precautions:
Wash your hands thoroughly.And make sure your children do, too. If your children are older, teach them to wash their hands, especially after using the toilet.
Wash your hands after changing diapers and before preparing or eating food, too. It's best to use warm water and soap and to rub hands well for at least 20 seconds. Wash around cuticles, beneath fingernails and in the creases of the hands. Then rinse thoroughly. Carry sanitizing wipes and hand sanitizer for times when soap and water aren't available.
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Your doctor will likely diagnose viral gastroenteritis (stomach flu) based on symptoms, a physical exam and sometimes on the presence of similar cases in your community. A rapid stool test can detect rotavirus or norovirus, but there are no quick tests for other viruses that cause gastroenteritis. In some cases, your doctor may have you submit a stool sample to rule out a possible bacterial or parasitic infection.
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There's often no specific medical treatment for viral gastroenteritis. Antibiotics aren't effective against viruses. Treatment first involves self-care measures, such as staying hydrated.
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If you or your child needs to see a doctor, you'll likely see your doctor first. If there are questions about the diagnosis, your doctor may refer you to an infectious disease specialist.
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gastroenteritis, throat, diarrhea, viral gastroenteritis symptoms
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473
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Glioblastoma
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/glioblastoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20569077
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/glioblastoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20569078
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/glioblastoma/doctors-departments/ddc-20569079
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Glioblastoma is a type of cancer that starts as a growth of cells in the brain or spinal cord. It grows quickly and can invade and destroy healthy tissue. Glioblastoma forms from cells called astrocytes that support nerve cells.
Glioblastoma can happen at any age. But it tends to happen more often in older adults. Glioblastoma symptoms may include headaches that keep getting worse, nausea and vomiting, blurred or double vision, trouble speaking, altered sense of touch, and seizures. There also may be trouble with balance, coordination, and moving parts of the face or body.
There's no cure for glioblastoma. Treatments might slow cancer growth and reduce symptoms.
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Signs and symptoms of glioblastoma may include:
Headache, particularly one that hurts the most in the morning.
Nausea and vomiting.
Confusion or a decline in brain function, such as problems with thinking and understanding information.
Memory loss.
Personality changes or irritability.
Vision changes, such as blurred vision, double vision or loss of peripheral vision.
Speech difficulties.
Trouble with balance or coordination.
Muscle weakness in the face, arms or legs.
Reduced sensation of touch.
Seizures, especially in someone who hasn't had seizures before.
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Make an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you have any signs or symptoms that worry you.
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The cause of most glioblastomas isn't known.
Glioblastoma happens when cells in the brain or spinal cord develop changes in their DNA. Healthcare professionals sometimes call these changes mutations or variations. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell a cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to make many more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
The cancer cells form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to press on nearby nerves and parts of the brain or spinal cord. This leads to glioblastoma symptoms and can cause complications. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue.
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Factors that can increase the risk of glioblastoma include:
Getting older.Glioblastomas are most common in older adults. But glioblastoma can happen at any age.
Being exposed to radiation.People who have been exposed to a type of radiation called ionizing radiation have an increased risk of glioblastoma. One example of ionizing radiation is radiation therapy used to treat cancer.
Inherited syndromes that increase cancer risk.In some families, DNA changes passed from parents to children may increase the risk of glioblastoma. Inherited syndromes may include Lynch syndrome and Li-Fraumeni syndrome. Genetic testing can detect these syndromes.
Researchers haven't found anything you can do to prevent glioblastoma.
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Tests and procedures used to diagnose glioblastoma include:
Neurological exam.This type of exam checks vision, hearing, balance, coordination, strength and reflexes. Problems in one or more of these areas might give clues about the part of the brain the glioblastoma affects.
Imaging tests.Imaging tests can help find the location and size of a glioblastoma.MRIis the imaging test used most often. Sometimes you have an injection of dye in a vein before yourMRI. This helps create better pictures. Other imaging tests may includeCTand positron emission tomography, which also is called aPETscan.
Removing a sample of tissue for testing.A biopsy is a procedure to remove a sample of tissue for testing. It can be done with a needle before surgery or during surgery to remove the glioblastoma. The sample is sent to a lab for testing. Tests can tell whether the cells are cancerous and if they're glioblastoma cells.Special tests of the cancer cells can give your health care team more information about your glioblastoma and your prognosis. The team uses this information to create a treatment plan.
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Glioblastoma treatment may begin with surgery. But surgery isn't always an option. For example, if the glioblastoma grows deeper into the brain, it might be too risky to remove all of the cancer. Other treatments, such as radiation therapy and chemotherapy, might be recommended as the first treatment.
Which treatments are best for you will depend on your particular situation. Your healthcare team considers the size of the glioblastoma and where it's located in the brain. Your treatment plan also depends on your health and your preferences.
Glioblastoma treatment options include:
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With time, you'll find what helps you cope with the uncertainty and worry of a cancer diagnosis. Until then, you may find it helps to:
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Make an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you.
If your healthcare professional thinks you might have a brain tumor, such as glioblastoma, you may be referred to a specialist. Specialists who care for people with glioblastoma include:
Doctors who specialize in brain nervous system diseases, called neurologists.
Doctors who use medicine to treat cancer, called medical oncologists.
Doctors who use radiation to treat cancer, called radiation oncologists.
Doctors who specialize in brain and nervous system cancers, called neuro-oncologists.
Surgeons who operate on the brain and nervous system, called neurosurgeons.
Because appointments can be brief, it's a good idea to be prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready.
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nausea, nausea and vomiting, headache, loss of peripheral vision, personality changes, trouble with balance, vomiting, double vision, reduced sensation of touch, blurred vision, muscle weakness, speech difficulties, glioblastoma, confusion, memory loss, coordination, seizures, irritability
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474
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Gender dysphoria
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gender-dysphoria/symptoms-causes/syc-20475255
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gender-dysphoria/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20475262
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gender-dysphoria/doctors-departments/ddc-20475277
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Gender dysphoria is a feeling of distress that can happen when a person's gender identity differs from the sex assigned at birth.
Some transgender and gender-diverse people have gender dysphoria at some point in their lives. Other transgender and gender-diverse people feel at ease with their bodies and gender identities, and they don't have gender dysphoria.
A diagnosis for gender dysphoria is included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). TheDSM-5is published by the American Psychiatric Association. The diagnosis was created to help people with gender dysphoria get access to the healthcare and treatment that they need. A diagnosis of gender dysphoria focuses on the feeling of distress as the issue, not gender identity.
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Gender identity is having the internal sense of being male or female or being somewhere along the gender spectrum, or having an internal sense of gender that is beyond male and female. People who have gender dysphoria feel a big difference between their gender identity and their sex assigned at birth. Gender dysphoria is different from simply not following stereotypical gender behaviors. It involves feelings of distress due to a strong, lasting desire to be another gender.
Gender dysphoria might start in childhood and continue into the teen years and adulthood. But some people may have periods of time in which they don't notice gender dysphoria. Or the feelings may seem to come and go. Some people have gender dysphoria when puberty starts. In others, it may not develop until later in life.
Some teens might express their feelings of gender dysphoria to their parents or a healthcare professional. But others might have symptoms of a mood disorder, anxiety or depression instead. Or they might have social difficulties or problems in school.
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Gender dysphoria can affect many parts of life, including daily activities. For example, school might be hard for people with gender dysphoria. That may be due to pressure to dress or act in a way that's linked to their sex assigned at birth. Being harassed, teased or bullied due to gender identity also can make it very challenging to do well in school.
If gender dysphoria makes school or work very hard, the result may be dropping out of school or not being able to find a job. Gender dysphoria can pose problems within relationships. Anxiety, depression, self-harm, eating disorders, substance misuse and other mental health concerns can happen too.
People who have gender dysphoria often are the targets of discrimination and prejudice. That can lead to ongoing stress and fear. This is called gender minority stress.
Accessing healthcare services and mental health services may be hard. This can be due to a lack of insurance coverage, being refused care, trouble finding a healthcare professional with expertise in transgender care or fear of discrimination in healthcare settings.
People with gender dysphoria who don't receive the support and treatment they need are at higher risk of thinking about or attempting suicide.
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A diagnosis of gender dysphoria includes distress due to gender identity differing from sex assigned at birth that lasts at least six months and involves two or more of the following:
A difference between gender identity and genitals or secondary sex characteristics. Examples of those characteristics include breasts and facial hair. In young teens who haven't started puberty, the distress may be caused by a difference between gender identity and the secondary sex characteristics that they expect will develop in their bodies.
A strong desire to be rid of genitals or secondary sex characteristics, or a desire to prevent the development of secondary sex characteristics.
A strong desire to have the genitals and secondary sex characteristics of another gender.
A strong desire to be or to be treated as another gender.
A strong belief of having the typical feelings and behaviors of another gender.
Gender dysphoria also includes distress that makes it hard to handle work, school, social situations and other parts of daily life.
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The purpose of treatment is to ease gender dysphoria. Specific goals for gender dysphoria treatment depend on the person.
If you have gender dysphoria, it's important to find a healthcare professional who has expertise in the care of gender-diverse people. If you need help, you can look online for organizations such as the World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH).WPATHoffers a search on its website that can find healthcare professionals in your area who work with transgender and gender-diverse people.
Treatment for gender dysphoria can include changes in gender expression, hormone therapy, surgery and supportive behavioral health therapy.
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Gender dysphoria often can be eased by being in a supportive environment. Social support from family, friends and other loved ones may help prevent depression, suicidal thoughts, suicide attempts, anxiety or high-risk behaviors.
Talking to other transgender or gender-diverse people also may help. Ask your healthcare professional about support groups in your area. Some community centers or LGBTQ+ centers have support groups. Online support groups are available too.
Joining an LGBTQ+ organization can help you build community and may offer useful support. Or consider getting involved in other community organizations where you feel comfortable and supported expressing your gender identity.
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You may start by seeing your primary healthcare professional. Or you may be referred to a behavioral health professional.
Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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mood disorder, anxiety, feelings of distress, social difficulties, depression, distress, dysphoria
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476
|
Rubella
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rubella/symptoms-causes/syc-20377310
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rubella/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20377315
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Rubella is a contagious viral infection best known by its distinctive red rash. It's also called German measles or three-day measles. This infection may cause mild or no symptoms in most people. However, it can cause serious problems for unborn babies whose mothers become infected during pregnancy.
Rubella isn't the same as measles, but the two illnesses share some signs and symptoms, such as the red rash. Rubella is caused by a different virus than measles, and rubella isn't as infectious or as severe as measles.
The measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine is safe and highly effective in preventing rubella. The vaccine provides lifelong protection against rubella.
In many countries, rubella infection is rare or even nonexistent. However, because the vaccine isn't used everywhere, the virus still causes serious problems for babies whose mothers are infected during pregnancy.
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The signs and symptoms of rubella are often difficult to notice, especially in children. Signs and symptoms generally appear between two and three weeks after exposure to the virus. They usually last about 1 to 5 days and may include:
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Contact your health care provider if you think you or your child may have been exposed to rubella or if you notice the signs or symptoms that may be rubella.
If you're considering getting pregnant, check your vaccination record to make sure you've received your measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine. If you're pregnant and you develop rubella, especially during the first trimester, the virus can cause death or serious birth defects in the developing fetus. Rubella during pregnancy is the most common cause of congenital deafness. It's best to be protected against rubella before pregnancy.
If you're pregnant, you'll likely undergo a routine screening for immunity to rubella. But if you've never received the vaccine and you think you might have been exposed to rubella, contact your health care provider immediately. A blood test might confirm that you're already immune.
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Rubella is caused by a virus that's passed from person to person. It can spread when an infected person coughs or sneezes. It can also spread by direct contact with infected mucus from the nose and throat. It can also be passed on from pregnant women to their unborn children through the bloodstream.
A person who has been infected with the virus that causes rubella is contagious for about one week before the onset of the rash until about one week after the rash disappears. An infected person can spread the illness before the person realizes he or she has it.
Rubella is rare in many countries because most children are vaccinated against the infection at an early age. In some parts of the world, the virus is still active. This is something to consider before going abroad, especially if you're pregnant.
Once you've had the disease, you're usually permanently immune.
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Rubella is a mild infection. Some women who have had rubella experience arthritis in the fingers, wrists and knees, which generally lasts for about one month. In rare cases, rubella can cause an ear infection or inflammation of the brain.
However, if you're pregnant when you get rubella, the effect on your unborn child may be severe, and in some cases, fatal. Up to 90% of infants born to mothers who had rubella during the first 12 weeks of pregnancy develop congenital rubella syndrome. This syndrome can cause one or more problems, including:
The highest risk to the fetus is during the first trimester, but exposure later in pregnancy also is dangerous.
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The rubella vaccine is usually given as a combined measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine. This vaccine may also include the chickenpox (varicella) vaccine — measles-mumps-rubella varicella (MMRV) vaccine. Health care providers recommend that children receive the MMR vaccine between 12 and 15 months of age, and again between 4 and 6 years of age — before entering school.
The MMR vaccine prevents rubella and protects against it for life. Getting the vaccine can prevent rubella during future pregnancies.
Babies born to women who have received the vaccine or who are already immune are usually protected from rubella for 6 to 8 months after birth. If a child requires protection from rubella before 12 months of age — for example, for certain foreign travel — the vaccine can be given as early as 6 months of age. But children who are vaccinated early still need to be vaccinated at the recommended ages later.
Providing the MMR vaccine as a combination of recommended vaccines can prevent delays in protection against measle, mumps and rubella — and with fewer shots. The combination vaccine is as safe and effective as the vaccines given separately.
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The rubella rash can look like many other viral rashes. So health care providers usually confirm rubella with the help of lab tests. You may have a virus culture or a blood test, which can detect the presence of different types of rubella antibodies in your blood. These antibodies show whether you've had a recent or past infection or a rubella vaccine.
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No treatment shortens the course of rubella infection, and symptoms don't usually need to be treated because they're often mild. However, health care providers usually recommend isolation from others — especially from pregnant women — during the infectious period. Isolate from others as soon as rubella is suspected and until at least seven days after the rash disappears.
Support of an infant born with congenital rubella syndrome varies depending on the extent of the infant's problems. Children who have multiple complications may require early treatment from a team of specialists.
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As you prepare for your appointment, it's a good idea to write down any questions you have. Your health care provider is likely to ask you a number of questions as well. Being ready to answer them may reserve time to go over any points you want to spend more time on.
Your provider may ask:
When you check in for the appointment, be sure to tell the check-in desk that you suspect an infectious disease. You and your child may be asked to wear a face mask or shown to an exam room immediately.
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symptoms, signs
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480
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Gaucher disease
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gauchers-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20355546
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gauchers-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355551
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gauchers-disease/doctors-departments/ddc-20355553
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Gaucher (go-SHAY) disease is a rare, inherited condition that leads to the buildup of a fatty substance in tissues. This buildup causes damage and dysfunction of tissues and organs. The spleen, liver and bones are most often affected.
There are three general types of Gaucher disease. More than 90% of cases are type 1.
Primary treatments either break down the fatty substance or limit its production. Regular tests are done to monitor treatments and look for signs of tissue damage.
Type 1 Gaucher disease is more common among people with Eastern and Central European Jewish ancestry, also called Ashkenazi Jews.
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Some symptoms are shared by all types of Gaucher disease, but each type varies in important ways.
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If you or your child has symptoms associated with Gaucher disease, make an appointment with your healthcare professional.
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A fatty substance, called glucocerebroside, is a part of a cell's wall and plays an important role in cell activity. When a cell dies, a particular enzyme breaks down this fatty substance.
In Gaucher disease, the gene responsible for making this enzyme has an irregular change, called a mutation. The fatty substances aren't broken down. Instead, they build up in white blood cells that are responsible for eating up the debris from dead cells.
These irregular white blood cells, called Gaucher cells, damage tissues.
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People of Eastern and Central European Jewish ancestry, called Ashkenazi Jews, are at a higher risk than the general population of developing type 1 Gaucher disease.
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Complications of type 1 Gaucher disease include:
Parkinson's disease risk.People with type 1 Gaucher disease have a greater risk of developing Parkinson's disease than the general population. People who carry one copy of a Gaucher-related gene mutation also have an increased risk. Also, there's an increased risk of the related disorder called Lewy body dementia.
Cancer risk.People with type 1 Gaucher disease have an increased risk of cancers of bone marrow and blood.
Pregnancy complications.Gaucher disease symptoms may worsen during pregnancy. Also, there's an increased risk of bleeding after delivery.
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A complete exam typically includes questions about symptoms and family medical history. Diagnostic exams may include:
Applying pressure to the belly to check the size and condition of organs.
Measurements of height and weight of children and a review of growth charts.
Tests of movement, coordination and reflexes.
Examination of skin for signs of bruising.
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Treatment goals for type 1 Gaucher disease are to lessen symptoms, prevent damage to tissues and organs, and improve quality of life. Regularly scheduled imaging tests monitor disease progression and treatment effect.
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Individuals and families affected by Gaucher disease face challenges in managing care and coping with the stress of a lifelong illness. The National Gaucher Foundation and the Gaucher Community Alliance have resources for community services, support groups and education.
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You'll likely start by seeing your primary healthcare professional. You will likely see other specialists such as doctors who specialize in blood disorders, called hematologists, or specialists in inherited disorders, called geneticists.
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and I'll be happy to extract the medical symptoms for you., gaucher disease, (no symptoms mentioned in the paragraph)
Please provide a paragraph where a patient describes their health condition
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481
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Celiac disease
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/celiac-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20352220
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/celiac-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352225
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/celiac-disease/doctors-departments/ddc-20352229
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Celiac disease is an illness caused by an immune reaction to eating gluten. Gluten is a protein found in foods containing wheat, barley or rye.
If you have celiac disease, eating gluten triggers an immune response to the gluten protein in your small intestine. Over time, this reaction damages your small intestine's lining and prevents it from absorbing nutrients, a condition called malabsorption.
The intestinal damage often causes symptoms such as diarrhea, fatigue, weight loss, bloating or anemia. It also can lead to serious complications if it is not managed or treated. In children, malabsorption can affect growth and development in addition to gastrointestinal symptoms.
There's no definite cure for celiac disease. But for most people, following a strict gluten-free diet can help manage symptoms and help the intestines heal.
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The symptoms of celiac disease can vary greatly. They also may be different in children and adults. Digestive symptoms for adults include:
Diarrhea.
Fatigue.
Weight loss.
Bloating and gas.
Abdominal pain.
Nausea and vomiting.
Constipation.
However, more than half the adults with celiac disease have symptoms that are not related to the digestive system, including:
Anemia, usually from iron deficiency due to decreased iron absorption.
Loss of bone density, called osteoporosis, or softening of bones, called osteomalacia.
Itchy, blistery skin rash, called dermatitis herpetiformis.
Mouth ulcers.
Headaches and fatigue.
Nervous system injury, including numbness and tingling in the feet and hands, possible problems with balance, and cognitive impairment.
Joint pain.
Reduced functioning of the spleen, known as hyposplenism.
Elevated liver enzymes.
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Consult your health care team if you have diarrhea or digestive discomfort that lasts for more than two weeks. Consult your child's health care team if your child:
Is pale.
Is irritable.
Is failing to grow.
Has a potbelly.
Has foul-smelling, bulky stools.
Be sure to consult your health care team before trying a gluten-free diet. If you stop or even reduce the amount of gluten you eat before you're tested for celiac disease, you can change the test results.
Celiac disease tends to run in families. If someone in your family has the condition, ask a member of your health care team if you should be tested. Also ask about testing if you or someone in your family has a risk factor for celiac disease, such as type 1 diabetes.
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Your genes, combined with eating foods with gluten and other factors, can contribute to celiac disease. However, the precise cause isn't known. Infant-feeding practices, gastrointestinal infections and gut bacteria may contribute, but these causes have not been proved. Sometimes celiac disease becomes active after surgery, pregnancy, childbirth, viral infection or severe emotional stress.
When the body's immune system overreacts to gluten in food, the reaction damages the tiny, hairlike projections, called villi, that line the small intestine. Villi absorb vitamins, minerals and other nutrients from the food you eat. If your villi are damaged, you can't get enough nutrients, no matter how much you eat.
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Celiac disease tends to be more common in people who have:
A family member with celiac disease or dermatitis herpetiformis.
Type 1 diabetes.
Down syndrome, William syndrome or Turner syndrome.
Autoimmune thyroid disease.
Microscopic colitis.
Addison's disease.
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Celiac disease that is not treated can lead to:
Malnutrition.This occurs if your small intestine can't absorb enough nutrients. Malnutrition can lead to anemia and weight loss. In children, malnutrition can cause slow growth and short stature.
Bone weakening.In children, malabsorption of calcium and vitamin D can lead to a softening of the bone, called osteomalacia or rickets. In adults, it can lead to a loss of bone density, called osteopenia or osteoporosis.
Infertility and miscarriage.Malabsorption of calcium and vitamin D can contribute to reproductive issues.
Lactose intolerance.Damage to your small intestine might cause you abdominal pain and diarrhea after eating or drinking dairy products that contain lactose. Once your intestine has healed, you might be able to tolerate dairy products again.
Cancer.People with celiac disease who don't maintain a gluten-free diet have a greater risk of developing several forms of cancer, including intestinal lymphoma and small bowel cancer.
Nervous system conditions.Some people with celiac disease can develop conditions such as seizures or a disease of the nerves to the hands and feet, called peripheral neuropathy.
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Many people with celiac disease don't know they have it. Two blood tests can help diagnose it:
Serology testinglooks for antibodies in your blood. Elevated levels of certain antibody proteins indicate an immune reaction to gluten.
Genetic testingfor human leukocyte antigens (HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8) can be used to rule out celiac disease.
It's important to be tested for celiac disease before trying a gluten-free diet. Eliminating gluten from your diet might make the results of blood tests appear in the standard range.
If the results of these tests indicate celiac disease, one of the following tests will likely be ordered:
Endoscopy.This test uses a long tube with a tiny camera that's put into your mouth and passed down your throat. The camera enables the practitioner to view your small intestine and take a small tissue sample, called a biopsy, to analyze for damage to the villi.
Capsule endoscopy.This test uses a tiny wireless camera to take pictures of your entire small intestine. The camera sits inside a vitamin-sized capsule, which you swallow. As the capsule travels through your digestive tract, the camera takes thousands of pictures that are transmitted to a recorder. This test is used in some situations where an exam of the entire or end of the small intestine is desired.
If you might have dermatitis herpetiformis, your health care professional may take a small sample of skin tissue to examine under a microscope.
If you're diagnosed with celiac disease, additional testing may be recommended to check your nutritional status. This includes levels of vitamins A, B-12, D and E, as well as mineral levels, hemoglobin and liver enzymes. Your bone health also may be checked with a bone density scan.
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A strict, lifelong gluten-free diet is the only way to manage celiac disease. Besides wheat, foods that contain gluten include:
Barley.
Bulgur.
Durum.
Farina.
Graham flour.
Malt.
Rye.
Semolina.
Spelt (a form of wheat).
Triticale.
A dietitian who works with people with celiac disease can help you plan a healthy gluten-free diet. Even trace amounts of gluten in your diet can be damaging, even if they don't cause symptoms.
Gluten can be hidden in foods, medicines and nonfood products, including:
Modified food starch, preservatives and food stabilizers.
Prescription and over-the-counter medications.
Vitamin and mineral supplements.
Herbal and nutritional supplements.
Lipstick products.
Toothpaste and mouthwash.
Communion wafers.
Envelope and stamp glue.
Play dough.
Certain makeup products.
Removing gluten from your diet will typically reduce inflammation in your small intestine, causing you to feel better and eventually heal. Children tend to heal more quickly than adults.
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It can be difficult, and stressful, to follow a completely gluten-free diet. Here are some ways to help you cope and to feel more in control.
Get educated and teach family and friends.They can support your efforts in dealing with the disease.
Follow your health care professional's recommendations.It's critical to eliminate all gluten from your diet.
Find a support group.You might find comfort in sharing your struggles with people who face similar challenges. Organizations such as the Celiac Disease Foundation, Gluten Intolerance Group, the National Celiac Association and Beyond Celiac can help put you in touch with others who share your challenges.
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You might be referred to a doctor who treats digestive diseases, called a gastroenterologist. Here's some information to help you prepare for your appointment.
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If you've been diagnosed with celiac disease, you'll need to avoid all foods that contain gluten. Ask your health care team for a referral to a dietitian, who can help you plan a healthy gluten-free diet.
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ulcers, joint pain, anemia, loss of bone density, weight loss, numbness and tingling, mouth ulcers, headaches, nausea and vomiting, fatigue, bloating, skin rash, numbness, osteoporosis, bloating and gas, reduced functioning, dermatitis herpetiformis, constipation, diarrhea, iron, elevated liver enzymes, iron deficiency, pain, abdominal pain, celiac disease, hyposplenism, itchy skin rash, balance problems, cognitive impairment
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483
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Blood in urine (hematuria)
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/blood-in-urine/symptoms-causes/syc-20353432
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/blood-in-urine/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353436
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/blood-in-urine/doctors-departments/ddc-20353437
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It can be scary to see blood in urine, also called hematuria. In many cases, the cause is harmless. But blood in urine also can be a sign of a serious illness.
If you can see the blood, it's called gross hematuria. Blood that can't be seen with the naked eye is called microscopic hematuria. It's such a small amount that it can be seen only under a microscope when a lab tests the urine. Either way, it's important to figure out the reason for the bleeding.
Treatment depends on the cause.
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Blood in the urine can look pink, red or cola-colored. Red blood cells cause the urine to change color. It takes only a small amount of blood to turn urine red.
The bleeding often isn't painful. But if blood clots get passed in the urine, that can hurt.
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See a health care provider whenever urine looks like it might have blood in it.
Red urine isn't always caused by red blood cells. Some medicines can cause urine to turn red, such as a medicine called phenazopyridine that eases urinary tract symptoms. Certain foods also can turn urine red, including beets and rhubarb.
It can be hard to tell whether a change of urine color is caused by blood. That's why it's always best to get a checkup.
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This condition happens when the kidneys or other parts of the urinary tract let blood cells leak into urine. Different problems can cause this leaking to happen, including:
Urinary tract infections (UTIs).These happen when bacteria get into the tube through which urine leaves the body, called the urethra. Then the bacteria multiply in the bladder.UTIscan cause bleeding that makes urine look red, pink or brown. With aUTI, you also may have a strong urge to pee that lasts a long time. You may have pain and burning while peeing. Your urine may have a very strong smell too.
Kidney infection.This type ofUTIalso is called pyelonephritis.Kidney infections can happen when bacteria enter the kidneys from the bloodstream. Infections also can happen when bacteria move to the kidneys from a pair of tubes that connect the kidneys with the bladder, called the ureters. Kidney infections can cause the same urine-related symptoms that otherUTIscan. But they're more likely to cause a fever and pain in the back, side or groin.
A bladder or kidney stone.The minerals in urine can form crystals on the walls of the kidneys or bladder. Over time, the crystals can become small, hard stones.The stones are often painless. But they can hurt a lot if they cause a blockage or leave the body through urine. Bladder or kidney stones can cause blood in urine that can be seen with the naked eye as well as bleeding that can be seen only in the lab.
Enlarged prostate.The prostate gland is just below the bladder, and it surrounds the top part of the urethra. It often gets bigger toward middle age. It then puts pressure on the urethra, partly blocking the flow of urine. With an enlarged prostate, you might have trouble peeing, an urgent or lasting need to pee, or blood in the urine. Infection of the prostate, called prostatitis, can cause the same symptoms.
Kidney disease.Blood in urine that can be seen only in the lab is a common symptom of a kidney disease called glomerulonephritis. With this disease, the tiny filters in the kidneys that remove waste from blood become inflamed.Glomerulonephritis may be part of a condition that affects the whole body, such as diabetes. Or it can happen on its own.
Cancer.Blood in urine that can be seen with the naked eye may be a sign of advanced kidney, bladder or prostate cancer. These cancers might not cause symptoms sooner, when treatments could work better.
Inherited illnesses.A genetic condition that affects red blood cells, called sickle cell anemia, can cause blood in urine. The blood cells could be visible or too tiny to see. A condition that damages tiny blood vessels in the kidneys, called Alport syndrome, also can cause blood in the urine.
Kidney injury.A blow or other injury to the kidneys from an accident or contact sports can cause blood to show up in urine.
Medicines. The anti-cancer drug cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan) and the antibiotic penicillin are linked to blood in urine. Medicines that prevent blood clots also are tied to blood in urine. These include medicines that keep blood cells called platelets from sticking together, such as the pain reliever aspirin. Medicines that thin the blood, such as heparin, also may be a cause.
Hard exercise.Blood in the urine can happen after playing contact sports, such as football. It may be linked to bladder damage caused by getting hit. Blood in urine also can happen with long-distance sports, such as marathon running, but it's less clear why. It may be linked to bladder damage or other reasons that don't involve an injury. When hard exercise causes blood in urine, it may go away on its own within a week.If you see blood in your urine after exercise, don't assume it's from exercising. See your health care provider.
Often the cause of hematuria is unknown.
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Almost anyone can have red blood cells in the urine. This includes children and teens. Some things that can raise the risk of blood in the urine include:
Age.Middle-aged and older men may be more likely to have hematuria due to an enlarged prostate gland. The risk of some cancers that can cause blood in urine also may rise after the age of 50.
Urinary tract infection.This is one of the top causes of blood that can be seen in children's urine.
Family history.The chances of having blood in the urine may go up if one or more family members have had kidney disease.
Certain medicines.Some pain relievers, blood thinners and antibiotics can raise the risk of blood in urine.
Hard exercise.Marathon runner's hematuria is one nickname for hematuria. Contact sports can raise the risk too.
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These tests and exams play a key role in finding a cause for blood in the urine:
Physical exam.This includes a talk with a health care provider about your health history.
Urine tests.These can be used to diagnose blood in the urine. They also can be used weeks or months later to see if the urine still has blood in it. Urine tests also can check for a urinary tract infection or for minerals that cause kidney stones.
Imaging tests.An imaging test is often needed to find the cause of blood in the urine. You might need aCTorMRIscan, or an ultrasound exam.
Cystoscopy.A health care provider threads a narrow tube fitted with a tiny camera into your bladder to check for signs of disease.
Sometimes the cause of blood in the urine can't be found. In that case, you might need regular follow-up tests, mainly if you have risk factors for bladder cancer. These risk factors include smoking, radiation therapy to the pelvis or exposure to certain chemicals.
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The treatment for blood in the urine depends on the cause. Treatment might involve:
Taking antibiotic medicines to clear a urinary tract infection.
Trying a prescription medicine to shrink an enlarged prostate.
Having a treatment that uses sound waves to break up bladder or kidney stones.
In some cases, no treatment is needed.
If you get treatment, see your provider afterward to make sure there's no more blood in your urine.
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You can start by making an appointment with your regular health care provider. Or you might be referred to a doctor who specializes in urinary tract disorders, called a urologist.
Here's some information to help you prepare for your appointment.
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hurt, blood in the urine, bleeding, painful
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485
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Gingivitis
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gingivitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20354453
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gingivitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354459
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gingivitis/doctors-departments/ddc-20354461
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Gingivitis is a common and mild form of gum disease, also called periodontal disease. It causes irritation, redness, swelling and bleeding of your gingiva, which is the part of your gum around the base of your teeth. It's important to take gingivitis seriously and treat it promptly. Gingivitis does not cause bone loss. But left untreated, it can lead to a much more serious gum disease, called periodontitis, and tooth loss.
The most common cause of gingivitis is not keeping your teeth and gums clean and healthy. Good oral health habits, such as brushing at least twice a day, flossing daily and getting regular dental checkups, can help prevent and reverse gingivitis.
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Healthy gums are firm and pale pink. They fit tightly around the teeth. Symptoms of gingivitis include:
Swollen or puffy gums.
Bright red or dark red gums, or gums that are darker than usual.
Gums that bleed easily when you brush or floss.
Tender gums.
Bad breath.
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The most common cause of gingivitis is poor care of teeth and gums, which allows plaque to form on teeth. This causes swelling of the surrounding gum tissues.
Here's how plaque can lead to gingivitis:
Plaque forms on your teeth.Plaque is a sticky film that has no color. It's mainly made up of bacteria that form on your teeth after eating starches and sugars in food. Plaque needs to be removed every day because it forms quickly.
Plaque turns into tartar.Plaque that stays on your teeth can harden under your gumline into tartar. This tartar, also known as calculus, then collects bacteria. Tartar makes plaque harder to remove, creates a protective shield for bacteria and irritates the gumline. You need professional dental cleaning to remove tartar.
Gingiva becomes irritated and swells.The gingiva is the part of your gum around the base of your teeth. The longer that plaque and tartar remain on your teeth, the more they irritate the gingiva. In time, your gums become swollen and bleed easily. This is called gingivitis. If not treated, gingivitis can lead to tooth decay, periodontitis and tooth loss.
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Gingivitis is common, and anyone can develop it. Factors that can increase your risk of gingivitis include:
Poor oral care habits.
Smoking or chewing tobacco.
Older age.
Dry mouth.
Poor nutrition, including not getting enough vitamin C.
Repairs to teeth that don't fit properly or are in poor condition, such as fillings, bridges, dental implants or veneers.
Crooked teeth that are hard to clean.
Conditions that lower immunity, such as leukemia,HIV/AIDSor cancer treatment.
Certain drugs, such as phenytoin (Dilantin, Phenytek, others) for epileptic seizures and some calcium channel blockers used for angina, high blood pressure and other conditions.
Hormonal changes, such as those related to pregnancy, the menstrual cycle or use of birth control pills.
Certain genes.
Medical conditions, such as certain viral and fungal infections.
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Untreated gingivitis can lead to gum disease that spreads to underlying tissue and bone, called periodontitis. This is a much more serious condition that can lead to tooth loss.
Ongoing gum disease may be related to some diseases that affect the entire body, such as respiratory disease, diabetes, coronary artery disease, stroke and rheumatoid arthritis. Some research suggests that the bacteria responsible for periodontitis can enter your bloodstream through gum tissue, possibly affecting your heart, lungs and other parts of your body. But more studies are needed to confirm a link.
Trench mouth, also known as necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis or NUG, is a severe form of gingivitis that causes painful, infected, bleeding gums and ulcers. Trench mouth is rare today in developed nations, though it's common in developing countries that have poor nutrition and poor living conditions.
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To prevent gingivitis:
Practice good oral care.That means brushing your teeth for two minutes at least twice daily — in the morning and before going to bed — and flossing at least once a day. Better yet, brush after every meal or snack or as your dentist recommends. Flossing before you brush cleans away loosened food particles and bacteria.
Go to the dentist regularly.See your dentist or dental hygienist regularly for cleanings, usually every 6 to 12 months. If you have risk factors that increase your chance of developing periodontitis — such as having dry mouth, taking certain medicines or smoking — you may need professional cleaning more often. Annual dental X-rays can help pinpoint diseases not seen by a visual dental exam and watch for changes in your dental health.
Take steps to lead a healthy lifestyle.Practices such as healthy eating and managing blood sugar if you have diabetes, for example, also are important to supporting gum health.
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Dentists usually diagnose gingivitis based on:
Review of your dental and medical historyand conditions that may contribute to your symptoms.
Looking at your teeth, gums, mouth and tonguefor signs of plaque, irritation or swelling.
Measuring the pocket depthof the groove between your gums and teeth. A dental probe is inserted beside your tooth beneath your gumline, usually at several sites in your mouth. In a healthy mouth, the pocket depth is between 1 and 3 millimeters (mm). Pockets deeper than 4mmmay mean gum disease.
Dental X-raysto check for bone loss in areas where your dentist sees deeper pockets.
Other tests as needed.If it's not clear what has caused your gingivitis, your dentist may recommend that you get a medical evaluation to check for other health conditions. If your gum disease is further along, your dentist may refer you to a periodontist. This is a dentist with advanced training who specializes in treating gum diseases.
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Prompt treatment usually reverses symptoms of gingivitis and prevents it from leading to more-serious gum disease and tooth loss. You have the best chance for successful treatment when you also practice good oral care daily and stop using tobacco.
Professional gingivitis care includes:
Dental cleaning.Your first professional cleaning will include the removal of all traces of plaque, tartar and bacterial products. This procedure is known as scaling and root planing. Scaling removes tartar and bacteria from the surface of your teeth and under your gums. Root planing removes the bacterial products produced by swelling and irritation, and it smooths the root surfaces. This discourages further buildup of tartar and bacteria, and it allows proper healing. The procedure may be done using instruments, a laser or an ultrasonic device.
Any needed dental repairs.Crooked teeth or poorly fitting crowns, bridges or other dental repairs may irritate your gums and make it harder to remove plaque during daily oral care. If problems with your teeth or dental repairs play a part in your gingivitis, your dentist may recommend fixing these problems.
Ongoing care.Gingivitis usually clears up after a thorough professional cleaning — as long as you continue good oral care at home. Your dentist will help you plan an effective at-home program and a schedule of regular checkups and cleaning.
If you follow your dentist's suggestions and regularly brush and floss your teeth, healthy gum tissue should return within days or weeks.
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Follow your dentist's recommended schedule for regular checkups. If you notice any symptoms of gingivitis, make an appointment with your dentist. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment and know what to do to prepare.
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Steps you can take at home to prevent and reverse gingivitis include:
Brush your teeth twice a day or, better yet, after every meal or snack.
Use a soft toothbrush and replace it at least every three months.
Think about using an electric toothbrush, which may remove plaque and tartar better.
Floss daily. If you have a hard time handling dental floss, try a floss holder. Or floss with a dental pick, brush or stick designed to clean between your teeth. Work with your dentist or dental hygienist to determine the best dental tool that fits your needs.
Use a mouth rinse to reduce plaque between your teeth.
Get regular professional dental cleanings on a schedule recommended by your dentist.
Don't smoke or chew tobacco.
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gingivitis, swollen or puffy gums, bright red or dark red gums, gums that bleed easily, bad breath, tender gums
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486
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Periodontitis
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/periodontitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20354473
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/periodontitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354479
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/periodontitis/doctors-departments/ddc-20354481
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Periodontitis (per-e-o-don-TIE-tis), also called gum disease, is a serious gum infection that damages the soft tissue around teeth. Without treatment, periodontitis can destroy the bone that supports your teeth. This can cause teeth to loosen or lead to tooth loss.
Periodontitis is common but can usually be prevented. It's often the result of not taking care of your mouth and teeth. To help prevent periodontitis or improve your chance of successful treatment, brush at least twice a day, floss daily and get regular dental checkups.
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Healthy gums are firm and fit snugly around teeth. The color of healthy gums can vary. They may range from light pink in some people to dark pink and brown in others.
Symptoms of periodontitis can include:
Swollen or puffy gums.
Bright red, dark red or dark purple gums.
Gums that feel tender when touched.
Gums that bleed easily.
A toothbrush that looks pink after brushing your teeth.
Spitting out blood when brushing or flossing your teeth.
Bad breath that won't go away.
Pus between your teeth and gums.
Loose teeth or loss of teeth.
Painful chewing.
New spaces that develop between your teeth that look like black triangles.
Gums that pull away from your teeth, making your teeth look longer than usual, called receding gums.
A change in the way your teeth fit together when you bite.
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In most cases, the development of periodontitis starts with plaque. Plaque is a sticky film mainly made up of bacteria. If not treated, here's how plaque can advance over time to periodontitis:
Plaque forms on your teethwhen starches and sugars in food interact with bacteria commonly found in your mouth. Brushing your teeth twice a day and flossing once a day removes plaque, but plaque quickly comes back.
Plaque can harden under your gumline into tartarif it stays on your teeth. Tartar is more difficult to remove. You can't get rid of it by brushing and flossing — you need a professional dental cleaning to remove it. Because plaque and tartar are filled with bacteria, the longer they stay on your teeth, the more damage they can do.
Plaque can cause gingivitis,the mildest form of gum disease. Gingivitis is irritation and swelling of the gum tissue around the base of your teeth. Gingiva is another word for gum tissue. Gingivitis can be reversed with professional treatment and good home oral care, but only if treated early before you have bone loss.
Ongoing gum irritation and swelling, called inflammation, can cause periodontitis.Eventually this causes deep pockets to form between your gums and teeth. These pockets fill with plaque, tartar and bacteria and become deeper over time. If not treated, these deep infections cause a loss of tissue and bone. Eventually you may lose one or more teeth. Also, ongoing inflammation can put a strain on your immune system, causing other health problems.
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Factors that can increase your risk of periodontitis include:
Gingivitis.
Poor oral health care habits.
Smoking or chewing tobacco.
Hormonal changes, such as those related to pregnancy or menopause.
Recreational drug use, such as smoking marijuana or vaping.
Obesity.
Poor nutrition, including a low vitamin C level.
Genetics.
Certain medicines that cause dry mouth or gum changes.
Conditions that lower immunity, such as leukemia,HIV/AIDSand cancer treatment.
Certain diseases, such as diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn's disease.
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Periodontitis can cause tooth loss. The bacteria that cause periodontitis can enter your bloodstream through gum tissue, possibly affecting other parts of your body. For example, periodontitis is linked with respiratory disease, rheumatoid arthritis, coronary artery disease, preterm birth and low birth weight, and problems controlling blood sugar in diabetes.
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The best way to prevent periodontitis is to get into the habit of taking good care of your mouth and teeth. Start this routine at a young age and keep it throughout life.
Good oral care.This means brushing your teeth for two minutes at least twice a day — in the morning and before going to bed — and flossing at least once a day. Flossing before you brush allows you to clean away the loosened food bits and bacteria. Good oral care keeps your teeth and gums clean and removes the bacteria that cause periodontal disease.
Regular dental visits.See your dentist regularly for cleanings, usually every 6 to 12 months. If you have risk factors that increase your chance of developing periodontitis — such as having dry mouth, taking certain medicines or smoking — you may need professional cleaning more often.
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To tell whether you have periodontitis and how severe it is, your dentist may:
Review your medical historyto identify any factors that could be linked to your symptoms. Examples include smoking or taking certain medicines that cause dry mouth.
Examine your mouthto look for plaque and tartar buildup and check for easy bleeding.
Measure how deep the pockets are between your gums and teethby placing a tiny ruler called a dental probe between your teeth and gumline. Pockets are measured at several places in your upper and lower gums. In a healthy mouth, the pocket depth is usually between 1 and 3 millimeters (mm). Pockets deeper than 4mmmay indicate periodontitis. Pockets deeper than 5mmcannot be cleaned well with routine care.
Take dental X-raysto check for bone loss in areas where your dentist sees deeper pockets.
Your dentist may assign a stage and a grade to periodontitis based on how severe the disease is, the complexity of treatment, your risk factors and your health. Then a treatment plan is made.
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Treatment may be done by a dentist or a periodontist. A periodontist is a dentist who specializes in gum disease. A dental hygienist may work with your dentist or periodontist as part of your treatment plan. The goal of treatment is to thoroughly clean the pockets around teeth and prevent damage to surrounding gum tissue and bone. You have the best chance for successful treatment when you also have a daily routine of good oral care, manage health conditions that may impact dental health and stop tobacco use.
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You may start by seeing your general dentist. Depending on how severe your periodontitis is, your dentist may refer you to a specialist in the treatment of periodontal disease called a periodontist.
Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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Try these measures to reduce or prevent periodontitis:
Brush your teeth twice a day or, better yet, after every meal or snack.
Use a soft toothbrush and replace it at least every three months.
Consider using an electric toothbrush, which may be more effective at removing plaque and tartar.
Floss every day. If it's hard to use standard dental floss, try a floss holder. Other options include interdental brushes, water flossers or interdental cleaning aids designed to clean between your teeth. Talk with your dentist or dental hygienist about what would work best for you.
Use a mouth rinse to help reduce plaque between your teeth, if recommended by your dentist.
Get regular professional dental cleanings on a schedule recommended by your dentist.
Don't smoke or chew tobacco.
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change in bite, receding gums, swollen or puffy gums, bright red gums, bad breath, bleeding gums, periodontitis, new spaces between teeth, loose teeth, dark red gums, painful chewing, dark purple gums, pus between teeth and gums, spitting, tender gums
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487
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Enlarged breasts in men (gynecomastia)
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gynecomastia/symptoms-causes/syc-20351793
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gynecomastia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351799
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gynecomastia/doctors-departments/ddc-20351801
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Gynecomastia (guy-nuh-koh-MAS-tee-uh) is an increase in the amount of breast gland tissue in boys or men. An imbalance of the hormones estrogen and testosterone causes it. Gynecomastia can affect one or both breasts, sometimes unevenly.
Pseudogynecomastia is an increase in fat but not gland tissue in male breasts.
Newborns, boys going through puberty and older men may develop gynecomastia due to natural changes in hormone levels. There are other causes too.
Most often, gynecomastia isn't a serious problem. But it can be tough to cope with the condition. People with gynecomastia sometimes have pain in their breasts. And they may feel embarrassed.
Gynecomastia may go away on its own. If it doesn't, medicine or surgery may help.
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Gynecomastia symptoms can include:
Pain, especially in teenagers.
Swollen breast tissue.
Tender breasts.
Sensitive nipples when they rub against clothes.
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See a member of your health care team if you have:
Swelling.
Pain or tenderness.
Fluid coming out of one or both breast nipples. This is called nipple discharge.
A firm or hard lump.
Dimpled skin on the breast.
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In people assigned male at birth, the body mainly makes the sex hormone testosterone. It also makes small amounts of the hormone estrogen. Gynecomastia can happen when the amount of testosterone in the body drops compared with estrogen. The decrease can be caused by conditions that lower testosterone or block its effects. Or it can be caused by conditions that raise the estrogen level.
Some things that can change the body's hormone balance include the following:
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Risk factors for gynecomastia include:
Puberty.
Older age.
Obesity.
Use of anabolic steroids to improve athletic performance.
Certain health conditions. These include liver and kidney disease, thyroid disease, Klinefelter syndrome and some tumors.
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Gynecomastia has few physical complications. But it may lead to mental health concerns due to changes in how the chest looks.
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Several factors within your control may lower the risk of gynecomastia:
Don't use drugs.Examples include anabolic steroids, amphetamines, heroin and marijuana.
Limit or stay away from alcohol.It helps not to drink alcohol. If you do drink, do so in moderation. That means no more than two drinks a day for men.
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To find out if you have gynecomastia, a member of your health care team starts by asking you some questions. For example, you'll likely be asked about your symptoms and any medicines you take. You're also given a medical exam to check your breast tissue, stomach area and genitals.
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Gynecomastia often goes away over time without treatment. But if gynecomastia is caused by a medical condition, that condition may need treatment.
If you take medicine that may be the cause of gynecomastia, ask your health care team about your choices. Your doctor may have you stop the medicine or try a different one.
Often, no treatment is needed for teenagers who have gynecomastia due to natural hormone changes during puberty. A teen's health care team may recommend checkups every 3 to 6 months to see if the condition is getting better on its own. Gynecomastia in teens often goes away without treatment in less than two years.
Treatment may be needed if gynecomastia doesn't get better on its own. Treatment also can help if the condition causes pain, tenderness or embarrassment.
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For people with gynecomastia, having enlarged breasts can be stressful and embarrassing. The condition can be hard to hide. Sometimes, it can be a challenge to romantic relationships. During puberty, gynecomastia can make teens a target for teasing from peers as well. It can make activities such as swimming or changing in the locker room traumatic.
Whatever your age, if you have gynecomastia, you might feel unhappy with your body. But you can take steps that may help you cope:
Get a checkup.Some people with gynecomastia worry that their symptoms are due to a more serious condition. It can be a relief to learn that gynecomastia is the cause.
Get counseling.Talk therapy can help you manage anxiety or depression caused by gynecomastia. It also can help you talk with your partner or family members, so they understand what you're going through.
Reach out to your family and friends.You may feel embarrassed to talk about gynecomastia with the people you care about. But if you explain your situation and ask for support, that could strengthen your relationships and ease stress.
Connect with others who have gynecomastia.It might feel good to talk with people who understand what you're going through. Websites such as Gynecomastia.org can help you connect with others who have the condition.
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pain, tender breasts, swollen breast, gynecomastia symptoms, sensitive nipples, swollen breast tissue
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488
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Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/h-pylori/symptoms-causes/syc-20356171
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/h-pylori/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356177
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/h-pylori/doctors-departments/ddc-20356178
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A Helicobacter pylori infection is a common stomach infection. It's caused by a germ called Helicobacter pylori, a bacteria also known as H. pylori.
More than half the people in the world may have an H. pylori infection at some point in their lives. These infections often happen during childhood, especially in developing countries. H. pylori germs seem to spread through contact with an infected person's bodily fluids, including vomit, stool or saliva. This includes contact that happens through poor hand hygiene. The germs also can spread through tainted food and water.
H. pylori infections can cause stomach pain, bloating, gas and other symptoms. But most people who become infected don't have symptoms. Sometimes, H. pylori infections lead to sores called peptic ulcers in the lining of the stomach or small intestine. Much less often, these infections can lead to stomach cancer.
Your healthcare professional likely will test you for an H. pylori infection if you get symptoms of a peptic ulcer. Treatment for the infection includes medicines called antibiotics to clear up the bacteria.
Help prevent an H. pylori infection by not sharing food or utensils.
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Most H. pylori infections don't cause symptoms. When a person gets symptoms, they often come from swelling of the stomach lining or a peptic ulcer. The symptoms can include:
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Make an appointment with your healthcare professional if you have ongoing stomach pain or other stomach symptoms. Get medical help right away for:
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H. pylori infections are caused by H. pylori germs that get into the stomach lining. The germs appear to be passed from person to person through contact with saliva, vomit or stool. They also may be spread through contaminated surfaces, or tainted food or water.
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Risk factors for H. pylori infections include your living conditions, health history and eating habits. These risk factors include:
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An H. pylori infection can lead to other health conditions called complications. These can include:
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You may be able to help prevent an H. pylori infection by not sharing food or utensils with family or friends.
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Diagnosis of an H. pylori infection involves testing to find out if your symptoms are caused by H. pylori germs. Your healthcare professional may recommend one or more of the following tests:
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Treatment for H. pylori infections usually involve taking at least two different antibiotics at once. This helps prevent the germs from resisting the effects of one particular antibiotic.
Treatment also may include medicine to help your stomach heal, such as:
Follow-up testing for H. pylori at least four weeks after your treatment is recommended. If the tests show that the treatment didn't work, you may need more treatment with a different mix of antibiotics.
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See your healthcare professional if you have symptoms of an H. pylori infection. Your healthcare team may test and treat you for H. pylori infection. Or you might be referred to a healthcare professional called a gastroenterologist, who treats diseases of the digestive system.
Here's some information to help you get ready for your healthcare appointment, and what to expect.
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peptic ulcer, swelling of the stomach lining, swelling, pylori infections
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492
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Trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder)
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/trichotillomania/symptoms-causes/syc-20355188
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/trichotillomania/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355193
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/trichotillomania/doctors-departments/ddc-20355195
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Trichotillomania (trik-o-til-o-MAY-nee-uh), also called hair-pulling disorder, is a mental health condition. It involves frequent, repeated and irresistible urges to pull out hair from your scalp, eyebrows or other areas of your body. You may try to resist the urges, but you can't stop. Trichotillomania is part of a group of conditions known as body-focused repetitive behaviors.
Pulling out hair from the scalp often leaves patchy bald spots. This can cause a lot of distress and can affect your work, school and social life. You may go to great lengths to hide the hair loss.
For some people, trichotillomania may be mild and can be managed. For others, the automatic or deliberate urge to pull out hair is too much to handle emotionally. Some treatment options may help reduce hair pulling or stop it entirely.
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Symptoms of trichotillomania often include:
Repeatedly pulling out your hair, whether it's automatic or on purpose, usually from your scalp, eyebrows or eyelashes, but sometimes from other body areas. The sites may vary over time.
An increasing sense of tension before pulling out your hair, or when you try to resist pulling.
A sense of pleasure or relief after the hair is pulled out.
Hair loss that's easy to see, such as shortened hair or thinned or bald areas on the scalp or other areas of your body. This may include thin or missing eyelashes or eyebrows.
Pulling out specific types of hair, taking the same steps in the same way each time hair is pulled out or pulling out hair in certain patterns.
Biting, chewing or eating pulled-out hair.
Playing with pulled-out hair or rubbing it across your lips or face.
Repeatedly trying to stop pulling out your hair or trying to do it less often without success.
Experiencing a great deal of distress or problems at work, school or in social situations related to pulling out your hair.
Often trichotillomania also includes picking your skin, biting your nails or chewing your lips. Sometimes pulling out hairs from pets or dolls or from materials, such as clothes or blankets, may be a sign. Pulling out hair is usually done in private. An episode can last from a few seconds to hours. You may try to hide your condition from others.
With trichotillomania, pulling out hair can be:
Automatic.You may pull out your hair without even realizing that you're doing it. This might happen, for example, when you're bored, reading or watching TV.
Focused.You may pull out your hair on purpose to relieve tension or distress. You may develop specific rituals for pulling out hair, such as finding just the right hair. You may play with, bite or eat pulled-out hairs.
You may do both automatic and focused hair pulling, depending on the situation and your mood. Certain positions or activities may trigger pulling out hair, such as resting your head on your hand or brushing your hair.
Trichotillomania can be related to emotions, including:
Negative feelings.Pulling out hair may be a way of dealing with negative or uncomfortable feelings, such as stress, anxiety, tension, boredom, loneliness, extreme tiredness or frustration.
Positive feelings.You may find that pulling out hair feels satisfying and provides some relief. As a result, you may continue to pull out your hair to keep these positive feelings.
Trichotillomania is a long-term disorder. If not treated, symptoms may come and go for weeks, months or years at a time. Also, symptoms can vary in severity over time. For example, hormone changes during the menstrual period can worsen symptoms in some females. Rarely, pulling out hair ends within a few years of starting.
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If you can't stop pulling out your hair or you feel embarrassed or ashamed by your appearance as a result, talk to your health care provider. Trichotillomania is not just a bad habit, it's a mental health condition. It's not likely to get better without treatment.
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The cause of trichotillomania is not clear. But like many complex disorders, trichotillomania likely results from a combination of genetic and learned factors.
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These factors tend to increase the risk of trichotillomania:
Family history.Genetics may play a role in the development of trichotillomania. You may be more likely to have the condition if you have a close relative with trichotillomania.
Health conditions.Some people may have hair or skin conditions that feel uncomfortable. This may focus their attention toward pulling hair or picking at their scalp.
Age.Trichotillomania usually develops just before or during the early teens — most often between the ages of 10 and 13 years. It's often a lifelong problem. Babies may pull out their hair, but this is usually mild and goes away on its own without treatment.
Other mental health conditions.Other conditions, such as depression, anxiety or obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) may occur along with trichotillomania.
Stress.Severely stressful situations or events may trigger trichotillomania in some people.
Environment.Boredom, isolation and privacy often increase the likelihood of hair pulling.
Although far more women than men are treated for trichotillomania, this may be because women are more likely to seek medical advice. In early childhood, trichotillomania occurs just as often in boys and girls.
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Although it may not seem serious, trichotillomania can have harmful effects on your life. Complications may include:
Emotional distress.You may feel frustrated, ashamed and embarrassed because of your condition and hair loss. You may feel that you don't have control over pulling out your hair. You may experience low self-esteem, depression, anxiety, and problems with alcohol or drugs.
Problems in your social life and with work.Hair loss may lead you to avoid social activities and school and job opportunities. You may wear wigs, style your hair to disguise bald patches or wear false eyelashes. You may avoid intimacy to hide your condition.
Skin and hair damage.Constantly pulling out hair can cause scarring, infections and other damage to the skin on your scalp or the area where hair is pulled out. This can permanently affect hair growth.
Hairballs.Eating your hair may lead to a large, matted hairball that stays in your digestive tract. Over a period of years, the hairball can cause weight loss, vomiting, an intestinal block and even death.
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To diagnose trichotillomania, you'll likely start by having a physical exam. You may then be referred to a mental health professional with experience in treating trichotillomania. Diagnosing trichotillomania may include:
Examining your hair loss.
Checking for possible medical causes of your hair loss. This may include lab tests.
Talking with you about hair loss, including your behaviors and emotions related to pulling out your hair.
Identifying any physical or mental health conditions that may occur along with pulling out your hair.
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Some treatment options have helped many people reduce hair pulling or stop completely. These include therapy and sometimes medicine.
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You may find dealing with trichotillomania challenging. It may help to join a support group for people with trichotillomania so that you can meet others with similar experiences who can relate to your feelings and offer support. Having a family member or loved one join you to learn how to respond to your hair pulling also can be helpful.
Ask your health care provider or mental health professional for a suggestion. The TLC Foundation for Body-Focused Repetitive Behaviors is an excellent resource for education, support and treatment options for trichotillomania.
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Seeking help is the first step in treating trichotillomania. At first you may see your primary care provider or a specialist in skin disorders called a dermatologist. Your provider may refer you to a mental health professional with experience in diagnosing and treating trichotillomania.
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pleasure, satisfying, eating, thinned areas, picking, negative feelings, trichotillomania, tiredness, boredom, anxiety, loneliness, relief, chewing, hair loss, positive feelings, bald areas, shortened hair, rubbing, playing, tension, extreme tiredness, distress, frustration, automatic, biting, focused, problems
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493
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Black hairy tongue
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/black-hairy-tongue/symptoms-causes/syc-20356077
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/black-hairy-tongue/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356080
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Black hairy tongue is a condition of the tongue that gives it a dark, furry look. The look usually results from a buildup of dead skin cells on the many tiny, rounded bumps on the surface of the tongue. These bumps, called papillae, contain taste buds. When these bumps become longer than usual, they can easily trap and be stained by tobacco, food, drinks, bacteria or yeast, or other substances.
Black hairy tongue may look alarming, but it's usually painless and doesn't cause any health problems. The condition usually goes away by dealing with the causes and by regular mouth and tongue cleaning.
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Symptoms of black hairy tongue include:
Black color of the tongue, but the color may be brown, green, yellow or white.
A hairy or furry look to the tongue.
Changed taste or a metallic taste in your mouth.
Bad breath.
Gagging or tickling feeling in your mouth, if the papillae are very large.
Rarely, a burning feeling on the tongue if hairy black tongue is caused by a yeast or bacterial infection.
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Though it doesn't look good, black hairy tongue is usually a harmless condition. It's usually short term when steps are taken to get rid of or manage the cause.
See your healthcare professional or dentist if:
You don't know what's causing black hairy tongue and want to talk about what steps to take.
You're worried that it might be related to a health issue.
Black hairy tongue doesn't go away even though you brush your teeth and tongue twice a day.
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Black hairy tongue usually happens when the many tiny, rounded bumps on the tongue, called papillae, grow too long because they don't shed dead skin cells. Food, drinks, tobacco, bacteria or yeast, and other substances can get trapped on the papillae and stain them. This makes the tongue look dark and hairy.
The cause of black hairy tongue can't always be found. Possible causes of black hairy tongue include:
Changes in the healthy bacteria or yeast found in the mouth when taking antibiotics.
Poor cleaning of the mouth and tongue.
Dry mouth.
Eating a soft diet that doesn't help to rub dead skin cells from your tongue.
Regularly using mouthwashes that have oxidizing agents, such as peroxide, that can irritate your mouth.
Using tobacco.
Drinking a lot of coffee or black tea.
Regularly drinking large amounts of alcohol.
Certain medicines.
Having a condition that lowers your ability to fight infections, such as cancer orHIV.
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Poor mouth and tongue cleaning, dry mouth, and eating only soft foods may raise your risk of black hairy tongue.
If you're male or an older adult, if you smoke, or if you've had hairy black tongue in the past, you may have a higher risk of the condition.
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Diagnosis of black hairy tongue is based on how your tongue looks and possible causes or risk factors. Making a diagnosis also includes checking for other conditions that may cause a similar look to the tongue, such as:
Normal differences in tongue color.
Foods or medicines that have stained the tongue.
Fungal or viral infections.
Patches that occur on the tongue, such as oral hairy leukoplakia.
Blackened tongue, called pseudo-black hairy tongue. This can happen if you use products containing bismuth, such as Pepto-Bismol.
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Black hairy tongue usually doesn't need medical treatment. Though it may not look good, it's usually a short-term, harmless condition.
Good mouth and tongue cleaning can help get rid of black hairy tongue. So can stopping things that may lead to the condition, for example, not using tobacco or irritating mouthwashes. Don't stop any prescription medicine without talking to your healthcare professional first.
If you smoke, talk with your healthcare team about options for quitting, including smoking cessation programs. These use proven techniques to help people quit.
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Here's information to help you get ready for your appointment, and to know what to expect from your healthcare professional or dentist.
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To keep your mouth and tongue healthy:
Brush your tongue.Give your tongue a gentle brushing whenever you brush your teeth. This removes dead cells, bacteria and food bits. Use a soft-bristled toothbrush or a flexible tongue scraper.
Brush after eating.Brush your teeth at least twice a day and ideally after every meal. Use a fluoride toothpaste.
Floss at least once a day.Proper flossing gets rid of food bits and plaque from between your teeth.
Visit your dentist regularly.Get professional teeth cleanings and regular mouth exams. This can prevent problems or help your dentist spot them early. Your dentist can let you know how often you should visit.
Eat a healthy diet.Drink plenty of water and eat a balanced diet that includes fresh fruits and vegetables.
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changed taste, metallic taste, tickling feeling, bacterial infection, gagging, burning feeling, bad breath, black color, hairy or furry look
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494
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Bad breath
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bad-breath/symptoms-causes/syc-20350922
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bad-breath/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350925
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Bad breath, also called halitosis, can be embarrassing and in some cases may even cause anxiety. It's no wonder that store shelves are overflowing with gum, mints, mouthwashes and other products to fight bad breath. But many of these products are only short-term measures. That's because they don't address the cause of the problem.
Certain foods, health conditions and habits are among the causes of bad breath. In many cases, you can make bad breath better by keeping your mouth and teeth clean. If you can't solve bad breath yourself, see your dentist or another healthcare professional to be sure a more serious condition isn't causing it.
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Bad breath odors vary, depending on the cause. Some people worry too much about their breath even though they have little or no mouth odor. Others have bad breath and don't know it. Because it's hard to know how your breath smells, ask a close friend or relative to confirm if you have bad breath.
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If you have bad breath, review how you keep your mouth and teeth clean. Try making lifestyle changes, such as brushing your teeth and tongue after eating, using dental floss, and drinking plenty of water.
If you still have bad breath after making changes, see your dentist. If your dentist thinks a more serious condition is causing your bad breath, you may need to see another healthcare professional to find the cause of the odor.
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Most bad breath starts in your mouth. There are many possible causes, including:
Food.The breakdown of food particles in and around your teeth can lead to more bacteria and cause a foul odor. Eating certain foods, such as onions, garlic and spices, also can cause bad breath. After you digest these foods, they enter your bloodstream, are carried to your lungs and affect your breath.
Tobacco products.Smoking causes unpleasant mouth odor. Tobacco users also are more likely to have gum disease, which is another source of bad breath.
Not keeping your mouth and teeth clean.If you don't brush and floss daily, food particles remain in your mouth, causing bad breath. A colorless, sticky film of bacteria called plaque forms on your teeth. If not brushed away, plaque can irritate your gums. Eventually, it can form plaque-filled pockets between your teeth and gums. The early stage of gum disease is known as gingivitis. Late-stage gum disease with bone loss is called periodontitis. Your tongue also can trap bacteria that produce odors. Dentures also can collect odor-causing bacteria and food particles, as can fixed or removable oral appliances such as braces that aren't cleaned regularly or don't fit properly.
Dry mouth.Saliva helps cleanse your mouth, removing particles that cause bad odors. A condition called dry mouth or xerostomia (zeer-o-STOE-me-uh) can be a part of bad breath because you produce less saliva. Dry mouth naturally occurs during sleep, leading to "morning breath." It gets worse if you sleep with your mouth open. Constant dry mouth can be caused by a problem with the glands that produce saliva and by some diseases.
Medicines.Some medicines can lead to bad breath by causing dry mouth. The body breaks down other medicines and releases chemicals that can be carried on your breath.
Infections in your mouth.Surgical wounds after mouth surgery, such as tooth removal, as well as tooth decay, gum disease or mouth sores, can cause bad breath.
Other mouth, nose and throat conditions.Small stones that form in the tonsils, called tonsil stones or tonsilloliths, are covered with bacteria that can cause bad breath. Infections, or constant swelling in the nose, sinuses or throat, can lead to postnasal drip. This is when fluid from your nose runs down the back of your throat. This condition also can cause bad breath.
Other causes.Diseases such as some cancers can cause a distinctive breath odor. The same is true for disorders related to the body's process of breaking food down into energy. Constant heartburn, which is a symptom of gastroesophageal reflux disease or GERD, can lead to bad breath. A foreign body, such as a piece of food lodged in a nostril, can cause bad breath in young children.
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Your risk of bad breath is higher if you eat foods known to cause bad breath, such as garlic, onions and spices. Smoking, not keeping your mouth clean and some medicines also can play a part, as can dry mouth, infections of the mouth and some diseases. In addition, other conditions such asGERDor cancer can lead to bad breath.
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Your dentist likely will smell the breath from your mouth and the breath from your nose and rate the odor on a scale. Because the back of the tongue most often causes the smell, your dentist also may scrape it and rate its odor.
Some devices also can detect certain chemicals that cause bad breath. But these tools aren't always available.
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To reduce bad breath, help avoid cavities and lower your risk of gum disease, regularly keep your mouth and teeth clean. Further treatment for bad breath can vary. If your dentist thinks another health condition is causing your bad breath, you likely will need to see your primary healthcare professional or a specialist.
Your dentist will work with you to help you better control bad breath caused by mouth issues. Dental measures may include:
Mouth rinses and toothpastes.If your bad breath is due to a buildup of bacteria called plaque on your teeth, your dentist may recommend a mouth rinse that kills the bacteria. Your dentist also may recommend a toothpaste that contains an antibacterial agent to kill the bacteria that cause plaque buildup.
Treatment of dental disease.If you have gum disease, your dentist may suggest that you see a gum specialist, known as a periodontist. Gum disease can cause gums to pull away from your teeth, leaving deep pockets that fill with odor-causing bacteria. Sometimes only professional cleaning removes these bacteria. Your dentist also might recommend replacing faulty fillings, a breeding ground for bacteria.
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If you're going to see your dentist about bad breath, these tips can help:
Dentists generally prefer morning appointments to test for bad breath. This lowers the chances that foods you eat during the day will affect the exam.
Don't wear perfume, scented lotions, or scented lipstick or lip gloss to your appointment. These products could mask any odors.
If you've taken antibiotics within the last month, check with your dentist to see if you need to reschedule your appointment.
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To reduce or prevent bad breath:
Brush your teeth after you eat.Keep a toothbrush at work to use after eating. Brush using a fluoride-containing toothpaste at least twice a day, especially after meals. Toothpaste with antibacterial properties has been shown to reduce bad breath.
Floss at least once a day.Proper flossing removes food particles and plaque from between your teeth, helping to control bad breath.
Brush your tongue.Your tongue collects bacteria, so carefully brushing it may reduce odors. A tongue scraper may help people who have a coated tongue from a major overgrowth of bacteria, such as from smoking or dry mouth. Or use a toothbrush that has a built-in tongue cleaner.
Clean bridges, dentures, retainers and mouth guards.If you wear a bridge or a denture, clean it thoroughly at least once a day or as directed by your dentist. If you have a dental retainer or mouth guard, clean it each time before you put it in your mouth. Your dentist can recommend the best cleaning product.
Keep your mouth moist.Stay away from tobacco and drink plenty of water. Don't take in too much caffeine, spicy food or alcohol. All can dry out your mouth. Chew gum or suck on candy, preferably sugarless, to make more saliva. For constant dry mouth, your healthcare professional may prescribe an artificial saliva preparation or a medicine that you take by mouth that raises the flow of saliva.
Change your diet.Stay away from foods such as onions and garlic that can cause bad breath. Eating a lot of sugary foods also is linked with bad breath.
Replace your toothbrush.Change your toothbrush when it becomes frayed, about every 3 to 4 months or sooner as needed. Also, choose a soft-bristled toothbrush.
Schedule regular dental checkups.See your dentist regularly — generally twice a year. During these checkups, your dentist can look at your teeth or dentures and clean them.
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bad breath, worry
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495
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Broken hand
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/broken-hand/symptoms-causes/syc-20450240
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/broken-hand/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20450277
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/broken-hand/doctors-departments/ddc-20450290
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A broken hand is a break or crack in one or more of the bones of your hand. This injury can be caused by direct blows or falls. Motor vehicle crashes can cause hand bones to break, sometimes into many pieces, and often require surgical repair.
You may be at higher risk of a broken hand if you participate in contact sports like football or hockey, or if you have a condition in which bones become thinner and more fragile (osteoporosis).
It's important to treat a broken hand as soon as possible. Otherwise, the bones might not heal in proper alignment, which might affect your ability to do everyday activities, such as writing or buttoning a shirt. Early treatment will also help minimize pain and stiffness.
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A broken hand might cause these signs and symptoms:
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Hand fractures can be caused by a direct blow or crushing injury. Motor vehicle crashes can cause hand bones to break, sometimes into many pieces, and often require surgical repair.
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Your risk of a broken hand may be increased if you participate in sports like football, soccer, rugby, or hockey. Osteoporosis, a condition that weakens bones, may also increase your risk of a broken hand.
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Complications of a broken hand are rare, but they might include:
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It's impossible to prevent the unforeseen events that often cause a broken hand. But these tips might offer some protection.
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The diagnosis of a broken hand generally includes a physical exam of the affected hand and X-rays.
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If the broken ends of the bone aren't aligned, there can be gaps between the pieces of bone or fragments might overlap. Your doctor will need to manipulate the pieces back into position, a procedure known as a reduction. Depending on the amount of pain and swelling you have, you might need a local or general anesthetic before this procedure.
Whatever your treatment, it's important to move your fingers regularly while the fracture is healing to keep them from stiffening. Ask your doctor about the best ways to move them. If you smoke, quit. Smoking can delay or prevent bone healing.
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You might first seek treatment for a broken hand in an emergency room or urgent care clinic. If the pieces of broken bone aren't lined up properly to allow healing with immobilization, you might be referred to a doctor specializing in orthopedic surgery.
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none
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497
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Hepatitis A
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hepatitis-a/symptoms-causes/syc-20367007
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hepatitis-a/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20367055
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hepatitis-a/doctors-departments/ddc-20367081
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Hepatitis A is a highly contagious liver infection caused by the hepatitis A virus. The virus is one of several types of hepatitis viruses that cause liver inflammation and affect your liver's ability to function.
You're most likely to get hepatitis A from contaminated food or water or from close contact with a person or object that's infected. Mild cases of hepatitis A don't require treatment. Most people who are infected recover completely with no permanent liver damage.
Practicing good hygiene, including washing hands frequently, can prevent the spread of the virus. The hepatitis A vaccine can protect against hepatitis A.
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Hepatitis A symptoms typically appear a few weeks after you've had the virus. But not everyone with hepatitis A develops symptoms. If you do, symptoms can include:
Unusual tiredness and weakness
Sudden nausea and vomiting and diarrhea
Abdominal pain or discomfort, especially on the upper right side beneath your lower ribs, which is over your liver
Clay- or gray-colored stool
Loss of appetite
Low-grade fever
Dark urine
Joint pain
Yellowing of the skin and the whites of your eyes (jaundice)
Intense itching
These symptoms may be relatively mild and go away in a few weeks. Sometimes, however, hepatitis A results in a severe illness that lasts several months.
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Make an appointment with your health care provider if you have symptoms of hepatitis A.
Getting the hepatitis A vaccine or an injection of an antibody called immunoglobulin within two weeks of exposure to the hepatitis A virus may protect you from infection.
Ask your health care provider or your local health department about receiving the hepatitis A vaccine if:
You traveled recently to areas where the virus is common, particularly Mexico, Central America and South America or to areas with poor sanitation
You ate at a restaurant with a hepatitis A outbreak
You live with someone who has hepatitis A
You recently had sexual contact with someone who has hepatitis A
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Hepatitis A is caused by a virus that infects liver cells and causes inflammation. The inflammation can affect how your liver works and cause other symptoms of hepatitis A.
The virus spreads when infected stool, even just tiny amounts, enters the mouth of another person (fecal-oral transmission). You may get hepatitis A when you eat or drink something contaminated with infected stool. You may also get the infection through close contact with a person who has hepatitis A. The virus can live on surfaces for a few months. The virus does not spread through casual contact or by sneezing or coughing.
Here are some of the specific ways the hepatitis A virus can spread:
Eating food handled by someone with the virus who doesn't thoroughly wash hands after using the toilet
Drinking contaminated water
Eating food washed in contaminated water
Eating raw shellfish from water polluted with sewage
Being in close contact with a person who has the virus — even if that person has no symptoms
Having sexual contact with someone who has the virus
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You're at increased risk of hepatitis A if you:
Travel or work in areas of the world where hepatitis A is common
Live with another person who has hepatitis A
Are a man who has sexual contact with other men
Have any type of sexual contact with someone who has hepatitis A
AreHIVpositive
Are homeless
Use any type of recreational drugs, not just those that are injected
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Unlike other types of viral hepatitis, hepatitis A does not cause long-term liver damage, and it doesn't become an ongoing (chronic) infection.
In rare cases, hepatitis A can cause a sudden (acute) loss of liver function, especially in older adults or people with chronic liver diseases. Acute liver failure requires a stay in the hospital for monitoring and treatment. Some people with acute liver failure may need a liver transplant.
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The hepatitis A vaccine can prevent infection with the virus. The vaccine is typically given in two shots. The first shot is followed by a booster shot six months later. The hepatitis A vaccine can be given in a combination that includes the hepatitis B vaccine. This vaccine combination is given in three shots over six months.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends the hepatitis A vaccine for the following people:
All children at age 1 year, or older children who didn't receive the childhood vaccine
Anyone age 1 year or older who is homeless
Infants ages 6 to 11 months traveling to parts of the world where hepatitis A is common
Family and caregivers of adoptees from countries where hepatitis A is common
People in direct contact with others who have hepatitis A
Laboratory workers who may come into contact with hepatitis A
Men who have sex with men
People who work or travel in parts of the world where hepatitis A is common
People who use any type of recreational drugs, not just injected ones
People with chronic liver disease, including hepatitis B or hepatitis C
Anyone wishing to obtain protection (immunity)
If you're concerned about your risk of hepatitis A, ask your health care provider if you should be vaccinated.
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Blood tests are used to look for signs of the hepatitis A virus in your body. A sample of blood is taken, usually from a vein in your arm. It's sent to a laboratory for testing.
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No specific treatment exists for hepatitis A. Your body will clear the hepatitis A virus on its own. In most cases of hepatitis A, the liver heals within six months with no lasting damage.
Hepatitis A treatment usually focuses on keeping comfortable and controlling symptoms. You may need to:
Rest.Many people with hepatitis A feel tired and sick and have less energy.
Get adequate food and liquid.Eat a balanced healthy diet. Nausea can make it difficult to eat. Try snacking throughout the day rather than eating full meals. To get enough calories, eat more high-calorie foods. For instance, drink fruit juice or milk rather than water. Drinking plenty of fluids is important to prevent dehydration, especially if vomiting or diarrhea occurs.
Avoid alcohol and use medications with care.Your liver may have difficulty processing medications and alcohol. If you have hepatitis, don't drink alcohol. It can cause liver damage. Talk to your health care provider about all the medications you take, including medications available without a prescription.
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If someone close to you is diagnosed with hepatitis A, ask your health care provider or local health department if you should have the hepatitis A vaccine to prevent infection.
If you have symptoms of hepatitis A, make an appointment with your health care provider.
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If you have hepatitis A, you can take steps to reduce the risk of passing the virus to others.
Avoid sexual activity.Avoid all sexual activity if you have hepatitis A. Many kinds of sexual activity can spread the infection to your partner. Condoms don't offer adequate protection.
Wash your hands thoroughly after using the toilet and changing diapers.Scrub vigorously for at least 20 seconds and rinse well. Dry your hands with a disposable towel.
Don't prepare food for others while you're actively infected.You can easily pass the infection to others.
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nausea, joint pain, illness, hepatitis a, clay-colored stool, tiredness, jaundice, dark urine, loss of appetite, itching, diarrhea, vomiting, sudden nausea and vomiting, pain, loss of appetite
low-grade fever, weakness, fever, yellowing of the skin, abdominal pain
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498
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Hepatitis B
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hepatitis-b/symptoms-causes/syc-20366802
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hepatitis-b/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20366821
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hepatitis-b/doctors-departments/ddc-20366893
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Hepatitis B is a serious liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). For most people, hepatitis B is short term, also called acute. Acute hepatitis B lasts less than six months. But for others, the infection lasts more than six months and is called chronic. Chronic hepatitis B raises the risk of liver failure, liver cancer and serious scarring of the liver called cirrhosis.
Most adults with hepatitis B recover fully, even if their symptoms are bad. Infants and children are more likely to develop a chronic, long-lasting hepatitis B virus infection.
A vaccine can prevent infection with the hepatitis B virus. For those who get infected, treatment depends on whether the infection is acute or chronic. Some people need medicine. Others with serious liver damage from a chronic infection need a liver transplant. If you're infected, taking certain safety measures can help prevent spreading the virus to others.
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Symptoms of acute hepatitis B range from mild to serious. The symptoms usually start about 1 to 4 months after you've been infected withHBV. But you could notice them as early as two weeks after you're infected. Some people with acute or chronic hepatitis B may not have any symptoms, especially young children.
Hepatitis B symptoms may include:
Pain in the stomach area, also called the abdomen.
Dark urine.
Fever.
Joint pain.
Loss of appetite.
Upset stomach and vomiting.
Weakness and extreme tiredness.
Jaundice, which is a yellowing of the whites of the eyes and the skin. Depending on skin color, this change may be harder or easier to see.
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If you know you've been exposed to the hepatitis B virus, call your healthcare professional right away. A preventive treatment may lower your risk of infection if you get the treatment within 24 hours of exposure to the virus.
If you think you have symptoms of hepatitis B, call your healthcare professional.
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Hepatitis B is caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). The virus passes from person to person through blood, semen or other body fluids. It does not spread by sneezing or coughing.
Common ways thatHBVcan spread are:
Sexual contact.You may get hepatitis B if you have sex with someone who is infected and you don't use a condom. The virus can pass to you if the person's blood, saliva, semen or vaginal fluids enter your body.
Sharing of needles.HBVeasily spreads through needles and syringes that are tainted with infected blood. Sharing equipment used to inject illicit drugs puts you at high risk of hepatitis B.
Accidental needlesticks.Hepatitis B is a concern for healthcare workers and anyone else who comes in contact with human blood.
Pregnant person to newborn.Pregnant people infected withHBVcan pass the virus to their babies during childbirth. But the newborn can be vaccinated to prevent getting infected in almost all cases. Talk with your healthcare professional about being tested for hepatitis B if you are pregnant or want to become pregnant.
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The hepatitis B virus spreads through contact with blood, semen or other body fluids from an infected person. Your risk ofHBVinfection rises if you:
Have sex without a condom with multiple sex partners or with someone who's infected withHBV.
Share needles during the use of drugs injected into a vein.
Are born male and have sex with men.
Live with someone who has a chronicHBVinfection.
Are an infant who was born to an infected pregnant person.
Have a job that exposes you to human blood.
Have hepatitis C orHIV.
Receive dialysis treatment.
Are or have been in prison.
Need to take medicine that can weaken the immune system, such as chemotherapy.
Travel to regions with high infection rates ofHBV, such as Asia, the Pacific Islands, Africa and Eastern Europe.
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Having a chronicHBVinfection can lead to serious health conditions called complications. These include:
Scarring of the liver, also called cirrhosis.Swelling called inflammation is linked with hepatitis B. The inflammation can lead to cirrhosis that may prevent the liver from working as it should.
Liver cancer.People with chronic hepatitis B have a higher risk of liver cancer.
Liver failure.Acute liver failure is a condition in which the vital functions of the liver shut down. When that happens, a liver transplant is needed to stay alive.
Sudden increase in the level of hepatitis B virus.In some people with chronic hepatitis B, levels of the virus are low or haven't yet been found by tests. If the virus starts to quickly make copies of itself, tests may spot this rise or find the virus. This is called reactivation of the virus. It can lead to liver damage or even liver failure.Reactivation tends to affect people who have weakened immune systems, also called suppressed immune systems. This includes people on medicines that weakens the immune system, such as high-dose corticosteroids or chemotherapy. Before taking these medicines, you should be tested for hepatitis B. If testing shows that you have hepatitis B, see a liver specialist called a hepatologist before you start these medicines.
Other conditions.People with chronic hepatitis B may develop kidney disease or inflammation of blood vessels.
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The hepatitis B vaccine is the main way to prevent infection withHBV. The vaccine is given as two shots one month apart, or three or four shots over six months. How many shots you get depends on the type of hepatitis B vaccine that you're given. You can't get hepatitis B from the vaccine.
In the United States, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommends that infants get their first shot of the vaccine after they're born. If you didn't get vaccinated as a baby or child, the committee still recommends the vaccine for everyone through age 59. If you're age 60 or older and haven't gotten vaccinated, get the vaccine if you're at risk of being exposed to the hepatitis B virus. People 60 and over who haven't been vaccinated and are not at high risk also can choose to get the vaccine.
The hepatitis B vaccine is strongly recommended for:
Newborns.
Children and adolescents not vaccinated at birth.
Those who work or live in centers for people who have developmental disabilities.
People who live with someone who has hepatitis B.
Healthcare workers, emergency workers and other people who come into contact with blood.
Anyone who has a sexually transmitted infection, includingHIV.
People born male who have sex with men.
People who have multiple sexual partners.
Sexual partners of someone who has hepatitis B.
People who inject street drugs or share needles and syringes.
People with chronic liver disease.
People with end-stage kidney disease.
Travelers planning to go to an area of the world with a highHBVinfection rate.
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Diagnosis involves the steps that your healthcare professional takes to find out if you have hepatitis B. Your healthcare professional gives you a physical exam and looks for symptoms of liver damage. These symptoms can include yellowing skin and stomach pain. Tests that can help diagnose hepatitis B or its complications are:
Blood tests.Blood tests can detect the hepatitis B virus in your body. They also can tell your healthcare professional if the infection is acute or chronic. A simple blood test also can find out if you're immune to the condition.
Liver ultrasound.A special ultrasound called transient elastography can show the amount of liver damage.
Liver biopsy.Your healthcare professional might remove a small sample of your liver for testing to check for liver damage. This is called a liver biopsy. During this test, your healthcare professional inserts a thin needle through your skin and into your liver. The needle removes a tissue sample for the lab to check.
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If you have hepatitis B, the following tips might help you cope:
Learn about hepatitis B.The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is a good place to start.
Stay connected to friends and family.You can't spread hepatitis B through casual contact, so don't cut yourself off from people who can offer support.
Take care of yourself.Eat a healthy diet full of fruits and vegetables, exercise regularly, and get enough sleep.
Take care of your liver.Don't drink alcohol or take new medicines without talking with your healthcare professional first. Get tested for hepatitis A and C. Get vaccinated for hepatitis A if you haven't been exposed.
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You're likely to start by seeing your family healthcare professional. You may be referred to a specialist right away. Doctors who specialize in treating hepatitis B include:
Doctors called gastroenterologists, who treat digestive diseases.
Doctors called hepatologists, who treat liver diseases.
Doctors who treat infectious diseases.
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If you've been infected with the hepatitis B virus, take steps to protect others.
Make sex safer.If you're sexually active, tell your partner you haveHBV. Talk about the risk of your partner catching the virus from you. Use a new latex condom every time you have sex. Be aware that condoms lower the risk but don't get rid of the risk completely.
Tell your sexual partner to get tested.Anyone with whom you've had sex needs to be tested for the virus. Your partners also need to know theirHBVstatus so that they don't infect others. If tests show that they've been infected, they should get healthcare checkups to see if they need treatment.
Don't share personal care items.If you use injected drugs, never share needles and syringes. And don't share razor blades or toothbrushes, because they may carry traces of infected blood.
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pain, upset stomach, joint pain, tiredness, weakness, hepatitis b, vomiting, fever, jaundice, dark urine, extreme tiredness, loss of appetite, pain in the stomach area
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499
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Hepatocellular carcinoma
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hepatocellular-carcinoma/cdc-20354552
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/liver-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353664
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/liver-cancer/doctors-departments/ddc-20353667
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Hepatocellular carcinoma might not cause symptoms that are noticed right away. This liver cancer happens most often in people with liver scarring, called cirrhosis, caused by hepatitis B or hepatitis C infection. In these people, the cancer symptoms might be the same as the cirrhosis symptoms.
If signs and symptoms of hepatocellular carcinoma develop, they may include:
Losing weight without trying.
Loss of appetite.
Upper abdominal pain.
A growth in the abdomen.
Yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes, known as jaundice.
Make an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you.
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It's not always clear what causes hepatocellular carcinoma. This cancer starts as a growth of cells in the liver. Most people with this type of cancer have an ongoing liver condition, such as cirrhosis caused by hepatitis B or hepatitis C infection.
Hepatocellular carcinoma happens when cells in the liver called hepatocytes develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to grow and multiply quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
The cancer cells form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.
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Factors that may increase the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma include:
Older age.Hepatocellular carcinoma is more common in older adults.
Infection with hepatitis B virus or hepatitis C virus.Ongoing or previous infection with the hepatitis B virus or hepatitis C virus increases the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma.
Cirrhosis.Cirrhosis is a progressive and irreversible condition that causes scar tissue to form in the liver. It increases the chances of developing hepatocellular carcinoma.
Certain inherited liver diseases.Some liver diseases that can run in families may increase the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Examples include hemochromatosis and Wilson's disease.
Excess fat in the liver.Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, also called metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, happens when fat builds up in the liver. People with this condition are at an increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma.
Diabetes.People with this blood sugar condition have a greater risk of hepatocellular carcinoma than those who don't have diabetes.
Obesity.People with obesity have a higher risk of cirrhosis and excess fat in the liver. These conditions increase the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma.
Exposure to aflatoxins.Aflatoxins are poisons produced by molds that grow on crops that are stored poorly. Crops, such as grains and nuts, can become contaminated with aflatoxins, which can end up in foods made of these products.
Excessive alcohol consumption.Consuming more than a moderate amount of alcohol daily over many years can lead to irreversible liver damage and increase the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma.
Smoking cigarettes.People who smoke cigarettes are at an increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Cirrhosis is scarring of the liver, and it increases the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. You can reduce your risk of cirrhosis if you:
Drink alcohol in moderation, if at all.If you choose to drink alcohol, do so in moderation. For healthy adults, that means up to one drink a day for women and up to two drinks a day for men.
Maintain a healthy weight.If your weight is healthy, work to maintain that weight. If you need to lose weight, ask a healthcare professional about healthy ways to lower your weight. Eat fewer calories and slowly increase the amount of exercise.
Infection with the hepatitis B virus increases the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. You can reduce your risk of hepatitis B by receiving the hepatitis B vaccine. The vaccine can be given to almost anyone, including infants, children, adults and older adults.
Infection with the hepatitis C virus increases the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. No vaccine for hepatitis C exists, but you can reduce your risk of infection.
Know the health status of any sexual partner.Don't engage in unprotected sex unless you're certain your partner isn't infected with hepatitis B, hepatitis C or any other sexually transmitted infection. If you don't know the health status of your partner, use a condom every time you have sexual intercourse.
Don't use intravenous drugs, but if you do, use a clean needle.Reduce your risk of hepatitis C by not injecting legal or illegal drugs that may be sold on the streets. But if that isn't an option for you, make sure any needle you use is sterile, and don't share it. Contaminated needles are a common cause of hepatitis C infection. Take advantage of needle-exchange programs in your community and consider seeking help for your drug use.
Seek safe, clean shops when getting a piercing or tattoo.Needles that may not be properly sterilized can spread the hepatitis C virus. Before getting a piercing or tattoo, check out the shops in your area and ask staff members about their safety practices. If employees at a shop won't answer your questions or don't take your questions seriously, take that as a sign that the facility isn't right for you.
Treatments are available for hepatitis B and hepatitis C infections. Research shows that treatment can reduce the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma.
For most people, screening for liver cancer hasn't been proved to reduce the risk of dying of liver cancer, and it isn't generally recommended. People with conditions that increase the risk of liver cancer might consider screening. People with an increased risk include those who have:
Hepatitis B infection.
Hepatitis C infection.
Liver cirrhosis.
Talk about the pros and cons of screening with your healthcare team. Together you can decide whether screening is right for you based on your risk. Hepatocellular carcinoma screening typically involves a blood test and an abdominal ultrasound every six months.
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Treatments for primary liver cancer depend on the extent (stage) of the disease as well as your age, overall health and personal preferences.
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Learning you have any life-threatening illness can be devastating. Each person finds his or her own ways of coping with a diagnosis of liver cancer. Although there are no easy answers for people dealing with liver cancer, the following suggestions may be of help:
Learn enough about liver cancer to make decisions about your care.Ask your doctor about your liver cancer, including the stage of your cancer, your treatment options and, if you like, your prognosis. As you learn more about liver cancer, you may become more confident in making treatment decisions.
Keep friends and family close.Keeping your close relationships strong will help you deal with your liver cancer. Friends and family can provide the practical support you'll need, such as helping take care of your house if you're in the hospital. And they can serve as emotional support when you feel overwhelmed by cancer.
Find someone to talk with.Find a good listener with whom you can talk about your hopes and fears. This may be a friend or family member. The support of a counselor, medical social worker, clergy member or cancer survivors group also may be helpful.Ask your doctor about support groups in your area. Or check your phone book, library or a cancer organization, such as the National Cancer Institute or the American Cancer Society.
Make plans for the unknown.Having a life-threatening illness, such as cancer, requires you to prepare for the possibility that you may die. For some people, having a strong faith or a sense of something greater than themselves makes it easier to come to terms with a life-threatening illness.Ask your doctor about advance directives and living wills to help you plan for end-of-life care, should you need it.
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If you think you may have liver cancer, you're likely to start by seeing your family doctor. If your doctor suspects you may have liver cancer, you may be referred to a doctor who specializes in diseases of the liver (hepatologist) or to a doctor who specializes in treating cancer (oncologist).
Because appointments can be brief, and because there's often a lot of ground to cover, it's a good idea to be well prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready and what to expect from your doctor.
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cancer, liver cancer, cirrhosis, hepatitis b, jaundice, worry, yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes, abdominal pain, upper abdominal pain, hepatocellular carcinoma, losing weight, hepatitis c infection, loss of appetite, growth in the abdomen
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500
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Hepatitis C
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hepatitis-c/symptoms-causes/syc-20354278
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hepatitis-c/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354284
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hepatitis-c/doctors-departments/ddc-20354286
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Hepatitis C is a viral infection that causes liver swelling, called inflammation. Hepatitis C can lead to serious liver damage. The hepatitis C virus (HCV) spreads through contact with blood that has the virus in it.
Newer antiviral medicines are the treatment of choice for most people with the ongoing, called chronic, hepatitis C infection. These medicines often can cure chronic hepatitis C.
But many people with hepatitis C don't know they have it. That's mainly because symptoms can take decades to appear. So, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends that all adults ages 18 to 79 years be screened for hepatitis C.
Screening is for everyone, even those who don't have symptoms or known liver disease.
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Every long-term hepatitis C infection starts with what's called an acute phase. Acute hepatitis C usually isn't diagnosed because it rarely causes symptoms. When there are symptoms in this phase, they may include jaundice, fatigue, nausea, fever and muscle aches.
Long-term infection with the hepatitis C virus is called chronic hepatitis C. Chronic hepatitis C usually has no symptoms for many years. Symptoms appear only after the virus damages the liver enough to cause them.
Symptoms can include:
Bleeding easily.
Bruising easily.
Fatigue.
Not wanting to eat.
Yellowing of the skin, called jaundice. This might show up more in white people. Also, yellowing of the whites of the eyes in white, Black and brown people.
Dark-colored urine.
Itchy skin.
Fluid buildup in the stomach area, called ascites.
Swelling in the legs.
Weight loss.
Confusion, drowsiness and slurred speech, called hepatic encephalopathy.
Spiderlike blood vessels on the skin, called spider angiomas.
Acute hepatitis C infection doesn't always become chronic. Some people clear the infection from their bodies after the acute phase. This is called spontaneous viral clearance. Antiviral therapy also helps clear acute hepatitis C.
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Hepatitis C infection is caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV). The infection spreads when blood that has the virus enters the bloodstream of a person who isn't affected.
Around the world, hepatitis C infection exists in several forms, called genotypes. There are seven genotypes and 67 subtypes. The most common hepatitis C genotype in the United States is type 1.
Chronic hepatitis C follows the same course no matter what the genotype of the infecting virus. But treatment can vary depending on viral genotype. However, newer antiviral drugs can treat many genotypes.
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Hepatitis C infection that continues over many years can cause serious complications, such as:
Scarring of the liver, called cirrhosis.Scarring can occur after decades of hepatitis C infection. Liver scarring makes it hard for the liver to work.
Liver cancer.A small number of people with hepatitis C infection get liver cancer.
Liver failure.A lot of scarring can cause the liver to stop working.
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The following might protect from hepatitis C infection:
Stop using illegal drugs.If you use illegal drugs, seek help.
Be careful about body piercing and tattooing.For piercing or tattooing, look for a shop that's known to be clean. Ask questions about how the equipment is cleaned. Make sure the employees use sterile needles. If employees won't answer questions, look for another shop.
Practice safer sex.Don't have sex without protection with any partner whose health status you don't know. Don't have sex with more than one partner. The risk of couples who only have sex with each other getting hepatitis C through sex is low.
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If a screening test shows hepatitis C, other blood tests can:
Measure the quantity of the hepatitis C virus in the blood, called the viral load.
Show the genotype of the virus.
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If you think you might be at risk of hepatitis C, see your health care provider. If you're diagnosed with a hepatitis C infection, your provider might refer you to a specialist in liver diseases, called a hepatologist, or a specialist in infectious diseases.
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Certain lifestyle changes can help manage hepatitis C. These measures can help keep you healthy longer and protect the health of others:
Stop drinking alcohol.Alcohol speeds liver disease.
Don't use medicines that might cause liver damage.Review all medicines you take with your health care provider. You might need to not take certain medicines.
Keep others from coming in contact with your blood.Cover wounds you have. Don't share razors or toothbrushes. Don't donate blood, body organs or semen. Tell health care workers that you have the virus.Tell your partner about your infection before you have sex. Always use condoms during intercourse.
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bruising easily, nausea, muscle aches, drowsiness, hepatitis c infection, weight loss, hepatitis, not wanting to eat, spiderlike blood vessels on the skin, fatigue, jaundice, slurred speech, hepatic encephalopathy, swelling in the legs, angiomas, bleeding, chronic hepatitis c, ascites, infection, Here are the extracted medical symptoms:
jaundice, fluid buildup in the stomach area, itchy skin, fever, bleeding easily, dark-colored urine, confusion, damages, bruising
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501
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Coma
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coma/symptoms-causes/syc-20371099
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20371103
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Coma is a state of prolonged loss of consciousness. It can have a variety of causes, including traumatic head injury, stroke, brain tumor, or drug or alcohol intoxication. A coma may even be caused by an underlying illness, such as diabetes or an infection.
Coma is a medical emergency. Quick action is needed to preserve life and brain function. Healthcare professionals typically order a series of blood tests and a brain scan to try to learn what's causing the coma so that proper treatment can begin.
A coma doesn't usually last longer than several weeks. People who are unconscious for a longer time might transition to a lasting vegetative state, known as a persistent vegetative state, or brain death.
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The symptoms of a coma commonly include:
Closed eyes.
Depressed brainstem reflexes, such as pupils not responding to light.
No responses of limbs except for reflex movements.
No response to painful stimuli except for reflex movements.
Irregular breathing.
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A coma is a medical emergency. Seek immediate medical care for the person in a coma.
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Many types of problems can cause a coma. Some examples are:
Traumatic brain injuries.These are often caused by traffic collisions or acts of violence.
Stroke.Reduced or stopped blood supply to the brain, known as a stroke, can result from blocked arteries or a burst blood vessel.
Tumors.Tumors in the brain or brainstem can cause a coma.
Diabetes.Blood sugar levels that become too high or too low can cause a coma.
Lack of oxygen.People who have been rescued from drowning or revived after a heart attack might not awaken due to lack of oxygen to the brain.
Infections.Infections such as encephalitis and meningitis cause swelling of the brain, spinal cord or the tissues that surround the brain. Severe cases of these infections can result in brain damage or a coma.
Seizures.Ongoing seizures can lead to a coma.
Toxins.Exposure to toxins, such as carbon monoxide or lead, can cause brain damage and a coma.
Drugs and alcohol.Overdosing on drugs or alcohol can result in a coma.
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Risk factors for coma include:
Serious head injury.
Stroke.
Bleeding in and around the brain, known as an intracranial bleed.
Brain tumor.
Diabetes with blood sugar that's very high or very low.
Health conditions, such as hypothyroidism or very low sodium in the blood.
Very low blood pressure from serious heart failure.
Epilepsy, including having seizures that last more than five minutes or that happen one after another without the person regaining consciousness.
Serious infection, such as sepsis, encephalitis or meningitis.
Near drowning, which decreases oxygen to the brain.
Excessive use of alcohol or use of illegal drugs.
Exposure to carbon monoxide, lead or other toxins.
The risk of coma goes up with age. This is especially true if older adults:
Have a brain disease or another condition such as diabetes, high blood pressure or kidney disease.
Take several medicines, which can lead to drug interactions or accidental overdose.
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Although many people gradually recover from a coma, others enter a persistent vegetative state or die. Some people who recover from a coma end up with major or minor disabilities.
During a coma, bedsores, urinary tract infections, blood clots in the legs and other problems may develop.
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Because people in comas can't express themselves, healthcare professionals must rely on physical clues and information provided by family members and friends. Be prepared to provide information about the affected person, including:
Events leading up to the coma such as vomiting or headaches.
Details about how the affected person lost consciousness, including whether it occurred quickly or over time.
Noticeable symptoms before losing consciousness.
Medical history, including other conditions the person may have had in the past. This includes whether the person has had a stroke or ministroke.
Recent changes in the person's health or behavior.
The person's drug use, including prescription and nonprescription medicines, unapproved medicines, and illicit drugs.
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A coma is a medical emergency. Healthcare professionals typically first check the affected person's airway and help maintain breathing and circulation. A person in a coma might need breathing assistance, medicines through a vein and other supportive care.
Treatment depends on the cause of the coma. A procedure or medicines to relieve pressure on the brain due to brain swelling might be needed. Emergency responders might give glucose or antibiotics through a vein in the arm. These may be given even before blood test results return in cases of very low blood sugar or an infection affecting the brain.
If the coma is the result of a medicine or an illegal drug overdose, healthcare professionals typically give medicines to treat the condition. If the coma is due to seizures, medicines can control seizures. Other treatments might focus on medicines or therapies to address an underlying disease, such as diabetes or liver disease.
Sometimes the cause of a coma can be completely reversed, and the affected person regains function. Recovery usually occurs gradually. A person with severe brain damage might have permanent disabilities or never regain consciousness.
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A coma is an emergency medical condition. If you are with a person who develops symptoms of a coma, call 911 or emergency medical help immediately.
When you arrive at the hospital, emergency room staff will need as much information as possible from family and friends about what happened to the affected person before the coma. You might be asked the following questions while riding in the ambulance:
Did the coma start abruptly or gradually?
Were there problems with vision, dizziness or weakness beforehand?
Does the affected person have a history of diabetes, seizures or strokes?
Did the affected person talk about changes in health in the time leading up to the coma, such as a fever or worsening headache?
Did you notice changes in the affected person's ability to function in the time leading up to the coma, such as frequent falls or confusion?
Did the affected person use prescription or nonprescription drugs?
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depressed reflexes, coma, closed eyes, irregular breathing, no responses
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502
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Chronic daily headaches
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-daily-headaches/symptoms-causes/syc-20370891
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-daily-headaches/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20370897
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-daily-headaches/doctors-departments/ddc-20370898
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Most people have headaches from time to time. But if you have a headache more days than not, you might have chronic daily headaches.
Rather than a specific headache type, chronic daily headaches include a variety of headache subtypes. Chronic refers to how often the headaches occur and how long the condition lasts.
The constant nature of chronic daily headaches makes them one of the most disabling headache conditions. Aggressive initial treatment and steady, long-term management might reduce pain and lead to fewer headaches.
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By definition, chronic daily headaches occur 15 days or more a month, for longer than three months. True (primary) chronic daily headaches aren't caused by another condition.
There are short-lasting and long-lasting chronic daily headaches. Long-lasting headaches last more than four hours. They include:
Chronic migraine
Chronic tension-type headache
New daily persistent headache
Hemicrania continua
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Occasional headaches are common, and usually require no medical attention. However, consult your doctor if:
You usually have two or more headaches a week
You take a pain reliever for your headaches most days
You need more than the recommended dose of over-the-counter pain remedies to relieve your headaches
Your headache pattern changes or your headaches worsen
Your headaches are disabling
Seek prompt medical care if your headache:
Is sudden and severe
Accompanies a fever, stiff neck, confusion, seizure, double vision, weakness, numbness or difficulty speaking
Follows a head injury
Gets worse despite rest and pain medication
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The causes of many chronic daily headaches aren't well-understood. True (primary) chronic daily headaches don't have an identifiable underlying cause.
Conditions that might cause nonprimary chronic daily headaches include:
Inflammation or other problems with the blood vessels in and around the brain, including stroke
Infections, such as meningitis
Intracranial pressure that's either too high or too low
Brain tumor
Traumatic brain injury
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Factors associated with developing frequent headaches include:
Female sex
Anxiety
Depression
Sleep disturbances
Obesity
Snoring
Overuse of caffeine
Overuse of headache medication
Other chronic pain conditions
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If you have chronic daily headaches, you're also more likely to have depression, anxiety, sleep disturbances, and other psychological and physical problems.
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Taking care of yourself might help ease chronic daily headaches.
Avoid headache triggers.Keeping a headache diary can help you determine what triggers your headaches so that you can avoid the triggers. Include details about every headache, such as when it started, what you were doing at the time and how long it lasted.
Avoid medication overuse.Taking headache medications, including over-the-counter medications, more than twice a week can increase the severity and frequency of your headaches. Consult your doctor about how to wean yourself off the medication because there can be serious side effects if done improperly.
Get enough sleep.The average adult needs seven to eight hours of sleep a night. It's best to go to bed and wake up at the same time every day. Talk to your doctor if you have sleep disturbances, such as snoring.
Don't skip meals.Eat healthy meals at about the same times daily. Avoid food or drinks, such as those containing caffeine, that seem to trigger headaches. Lose weight if you're obese.
Exercise regularly.Regular aerobic physical activity can improve your physical and mental well-being and reduce stress. With your doctor's OK, choose activities you enjoy — such as walking, swimming or cycling. To avoid injury, start slowly.
Reduce stress.Stress is a common trigger of chronic headaches. Get organized. Simplify your schedule. Plan ahead. Stay positive. Try stress-reduction techniques, such as yoga, tai chi or meditation.
Reduce caffeine.While some headache medications include caffeine because it can be beneficial in reducing headache pain, it can also aggravate headaches. Try to minimize or eliminate caffeine from your diet.
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Your doctor will likely examine you for signs of illness, infection or neurological problems and ask about your headache history.
If the cause of your headaches remains uncertain, your doctor might order imaging tests, such as a CT scan or MRI, to look for an underlying medical condition.
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Treatment for an underlying condition often stops frequent headaches. If no such condition is found, treatment focuses on preventing pain.
Prevention strategies vary, depending on the type of headache you have and whether medication overuse is contributing to your headaches. If you're taking pain relievers more than three days a week, the first step might be to wean yourself off these drugs with your doctor's guidance.
When you're ready to begin preventive therapy, your doctor may recommend:
Antidepressants.Tricyclic antidepressants — such as nortriptyline (Pamelor) — can be used to treat chronic headaches. These medications can also help treat the depression, anxiety and sleep disturbances that often accompany chronic daily headaches.Other antidepressants, such as the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) fluoxetine (Prozac, Sarafem, others), might help in treating depression and anxiety, but have not been shown to be more effective than placebo for headaches.
Beta blockers.These drugs, commonly used to treat high blood pressure, are also a mainstay for preventing episodic migraines. These include atenolol (Tenormin), metoprolol (Lopressor, Toprol-XL) and propranolol (Inderal, Innopran XL).
Anti-seizure medications.Some anti-seizure drugs seem to prevent migraines and might be used to prevent chronic daily headaches, as well. Options include topiramate (Topamax, Qudexy XR, others), divalproex sodium (Depakote) and gabapentin (Neurontin, Gralise).
NSAIDs.Prescription nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs — such as naproxen sodium (Anaprox, Naprelan) — might be helpful, especially if you're withdrawing from other pain relievers. They can also be used periodically when the headache is more severe.
Botulinum toxin.OnabotulinumtoxinA (Botox) injections provide relief for some people and might be a viable option for people who don't tolerate daily medication well. Botox would most likely be considered if the headaches have features of chronic migraines.
The use of one drug is preferred, but if one drug doesn't work well enough, your doctor might consider combining drugs.
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Chronic daily headaches can interfere with your job, your relationships and your quality of life. Here are suggestions to help you cope with the challenges.
Take control.Commit yourself to living a full, satisfying life. Work with your doctor to develop a treatment plan that works for you. Take good care of yourself. Do things that lift your spirits.
Seek understanding.Don't expect friends and loved ones to instinctively know what's best for you. Ask for what you need, whether it's time alone or less attention paid to your headaches.
Check out support groups.You might find it useful to talk to other people who have painful headaches.
Consider counseling.A counselor or therapist offers support and can help you manage stress. Your therapist can also help you understand the psychological effects of your headache pain. In addition, there's evidence that cognitive behavioral therapy can reduce headache frequency and severity.
|
You're likely to start by seeing your family doctor or a general practitioner. However, you may be referred to a headache specialist.
Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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short-lasting, chronic tension-type headache, headache, hemicrania continua, last more than four hours, long-lasting, migraine, headaches
|
504
|
Exercise headaches
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/exercise-headaches/symptoms-causes/syc-20372276
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/exercise-headaches/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372280
| null |
Exercise headaches occur during or after sustained, strenuous exercise. Some activities associated with exercise headaches include running, rowing, tennis, swimming and weightlifting.
Health care providers divide exercise headaches into two categories. Primary exercise headaches are usually harmless, aren't connected to any underlying problems and can often be prevented with medication.
Secondary exercise headaches are caused by an underlying, often serious problem within the brain — such as bleeding or a tumor — or outside the brain — such as coronary artery disease. Secondary exercise headaches may require emergency medical attention.
|
These headaches:
|
If you experience a headache during or after exercise, consult your provider. Call your provider right away if the headache begins abruptly or if it's your first headache of this type.
|
The exact cause of primary exercise headaches is unknown. One theory is that strenuous exercise dilates blood vessels inside the skull.
|
You may be at greater risk of exercise headaches if you:
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Exercise headaches tend to occur more often when the weather is hot and humid, or if you're exercising at high altitudes. If you're prone to exercise headaches, you may want to avoid exercising in these conditions.
Some people experience exercise headaches only during the performance of certain activities, so they may prevent their headaches by avoiding these activities. A warm-up prior to strenuous exercise also can help prevent exercise headaches.
|
Your provider will likely recommend an imaging test, especially if:
In these cases, different types of imaging tests can help your provider verify that you have the harmless variety of exercise headache, rather than the type caused by a structural or vascular irregularity.
Sometimes a spinal tap (lumbar puncture) is needed as well, especially if the headache started abruptly and very recently and brain imaging appears normal.
|
If no underlying structural or vascular problem is causing your exercise headaches, your provider may recommend medications to take regularly to help prevent the headaches.
Other therapies, including naproxen (Naprosyn), phenelzine (Nardil) and dihydroergotamine mesylate (Migranal, Trudhesa), have been reported to be effective in some people.
If your exercise headaches are predictable, you may be able to take a medication an hour or two before a scheduled event, such as a tennis match or a hike at high altitude. If your exercise headaches are frequent or unpredictable, you might need to take the preventive medicine every day.
| null |
You're likely to start by seeing your provider. In some cases, you may be referred to a neurologist. It's good to be prepared for your appointment. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment, and to know what to expect from your provider.
| null |
headaches
|
505
|
Migraine
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/migraine-headache/symptoms-causes/syc-20360201
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/migraine-headache/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20360207
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/migraine-headache/doctors-departments/ddc-20360213
|
A migraine is a headache that can cause intense throbbing pain or a pulsing feeling, usually on one side of the head. It often happens with nausea, vomiting, and extreme sensitivity to light and sound. Migraine attacks can last for hours to days, and the pain can be so bad that it interferes with your daily activities.
For some people, a warning symptom known as an aura occurs before or with a migraine. An aura can include visual changes, such as flashes of light or blind spots. The aura also can cause tingling on one side of the face or in an arm or leg and trouble speaking.
Medicines can help prevent some migraines and make them less painful. Combining medicines with self-help remedies and lifestyle changes also might help.
|
Migraines can affect children and teenagers as well as adults. A migraine can progress through four stages that have different symptoms: prodrome, aura, attack and postdrome. Not everyone who has migraines goes through all stages.
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Migraines are often not diagnosed or treated. If you regularly have symptoms of migraines, keep a record of your attacks and how you treated them. Then make an appointment with your healthcare professional to discuss your headaches.
If you have a history of headaches, see your healthcare professional if the pattern changes or your headaches suddenly feel different.
See your healthcare professional right away or go to the emergency roomif you have any of the following symptoms. They could be caused by a more serious medical issue.
An abrupt, very bad headache like a thunderclap.
Headache with a fever, stiff neck, confusion, seizures, double vision, or numbness or weakness in any part of the body. These symptoms could be a sign of a stroke.
Headache after a head injury.
A chronic headache that is worse after coughing, exertion, straining or sudden movement.
New headache pain after age 50.
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Though migraine causes aren't fully understood, genetics and environmental factors appear to play a role.
Changes in the brainstem and its interactions with the trigeminal nerve, a major pain pathway, might be involved. Imbalances in brain chemicals also might be involved — including serotonin, which helps regulate pain in your nervous system. Researchers are studying the role of serotonin in migraines.
Other chemical messengers play a role in migraine pain, including calcitonin gene-related peptide, also known as CGRP.
|
Several risk factors make you more prone to having migraines, including:
Family history.Having a family member with migraines means you have a higher chance of developing them yourself.
Age.Migraines can begin at any age, though the first often occurs when you're a teenager. Migraines tend to peak during your 30s and then gradually become less frequent.
Sex.Women are three times more likely than men to have migraines.
Hormonal changes.Migraines might begin just before or shortly after your first menstrual period. They also might change during pregnancy or menopause. Migraines generally improve after menopause.
|
A complication for some people with migraines is medication overuse headaches. Taking painkillers too often can trigger these headaches. Medication overuse headaches may occur if you take aspirin or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) for more than 14 days a month. Or they can occur if you take medicines known as triptans for more than nine days a month. The risk seems to be highest with medicines that combine aspirin, acetaminophen and caffeine.
Medication overuse headaches can lead to a painful cycle. If medicines stop relieving pain and begin to cause headaches, you might then try taking more pain medicine to find relief.
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Migraines can be diagnosed by a specialist trained in treating headaches, known as a neurologist. The diagnosis is based on your medical history, symptoms, and a physical and neurological exam.
If your condition is complex or suddenly becomes serious, tests to rule out other causes of your pain might include:
An MRI scan.A magnetic resonance imaging scan, also known as an MRI scan, uses a powerful magnetic field and radio waves to produce detailed images of the brain and blood vessels. MRI scans help diagnose tumors, strokes, bleeding in the brain, infections, and other brain and nervous system conditions.
A CT scan.A computerized tomography scan, also called a CT scan, uses a series of X-rays to create detailed cross-sectional images of the brain. This helps diagnose tumors, infections, brain damage, bleeding in the brain and other medical conditions that can cause headaches.
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Migraine treatment is aimed at stopping symptoms and preventing future attacks.
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You'll probably first see your primary healthcare professional, who might then refer you to a doctor trained in evaluating and treating headaches, called a neurologist.
|
When symptoms of migraine start, try heading to a quiet, darkened room. Close your eyes and rest or take a nap. Place a cool cloth or ice pack wrapped in a towel or cloth on your forehead and drink lots of water.
To help soothe migraine pain, you also might want to:
Try relaxation techniques.Breathing exercises and other forms of relaxation training teach you ways to deal with stressful situations, which might help reduce the number of migraines you have.
Develop a sleeping and eating routine.Don't sleep too much or too little. Set and follow a consistent sleep and wake schedule daily. Try to eat meals at the same time every day.
Drink plenty of fluids.Staying hydrated, particularly with water, might help.
Keep a headache diary.Recording your symptoms in a headache diary can help you learn more about what triggers your migraines and what treatment is most effective. It also can help your healthcare professional diagnose your condition and track your progress between visits.
Exercise regularly.Regular aerobic exercise reduces tension and can help prevent a migraine. If your healthcare professional agrees, choose aerobic activities you enjoy, such as walking, swimming and cycling. Warm up slowly, however, because sudden, intense exercise can cause headaches.Regular exercise also can help you lose weight or maintain a healthy body weight. Obesity is thought to be a factor in migraines.
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migraines, none, postdrome, migraine
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506
|
Cough headaches
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/primary-cough-headaches/symptoms-causes/syc-20371200
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/primary-cough-headaches/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20371204
| null |
Cough headaches are a type of head pain triggered by coughing and other types of straining. This may include sneezing, blowing your nose, laughing, crying, singing, bending over or having a bowel movement.
Cough headaches are fairly uncommon. There are two types: primary cough headaches and secondary cough headaches. Primary cough headaches are usually harmless, are caused only by coughing and get better quickly without treatment. A primary cough headache is diagnosed only when a provider has ruled out possible causes other than coughing.
A secondary cough headache may be triggered by a cough, but it is caused by problems with the brain or structures near the brain and spine. Secondary cough headaches can be more serious and may require treatment with surgery.
Anyone who has a cough headache for the first time should see their health care provider. The provider can determine whether a cough or something else caused the pain.
|
Symptoms of cough headaches:
Secondary cough headaches often present with only a cough headache, but you may also experience:
A cough headache only happens right after coughing. Other headache pain is not a cough headache if you already had a headache when you coughed, or if you have a headache condition such as migraine. For example, people with migraine might find that their headaches get worse when they cough. This is normal, and not a cough headache.
|
Consult your doctor or health care provider if you experience sudden headaches after coughing — especially if the headaches are new, frequent or severe or you have any other troubling signs or symptoms, such as imbalance or blurred or double vision.
|
The cause of primary cough headaches is unknown.
|
Risk factors for cough headaches vary widely based on the type and cause of the headache.
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After talking with your provider, here are some tips to prevent actions that trigger your cough headaches — whether that's coughing, sneezing or straining while using the toilet. This may help reduce the number of headaches you experience. Some preventive measures may include:
While these steps may help prevent a cough headache, any headache related to coughing or straining should always be checked by your provider.
|
Your doctor may recommend brain-imaging tests, such as MRI or CT scans, to rule out other possible causes for your headaches.
|
Treatment differs, depending on whether you have primary or secondary cough headaches.
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You're likely to start by seeing your family doctor or a general practitioner. However, in some cases when you call to set up an appointment, you may be referred immediately to a neurologist.
Because appointments can be brief, and because there's often a lot of ground to cover, it's a good idea to be well prepared for your appointment. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment, and know what to expect from your doctor.
| null |
headache, cough headache, cough headaches, migraine, cough, headache pain, headaches
|
507
|
Sex headaches
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sex-headaches/symptoms-causes/syc-20377477
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sex-headaches/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20377481
| null |
In rare instances, headaches can be brought on by sexual activity — especially with orgasm. You may notice a dull ache in the head and neck that builds up as sexual excitement increases. Or, more commonly, you may experience a sudden, severe headache just before or during orgasm.
Most sex headaches are nothing to worry about. But some can be a sign of something serious, such as problems with the blood vessels that feed the brain.
|
There are two types of sex headaches:
In some people, both types of headaches are combined.
Most sex headaches last at least several minutes. Others may linger for hours or even 2 to 3 days.
Many people who have sex headaches will experience them in clusters over a few months, and then they may go for a year or more without having any. Up to half of all people with sex headaches experience them over the course of about six months. Some people may only have one attack during their lives.
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Sex headaches aren't usually a cause for concern. But consult your health care provider right away if you experience a headache during sexual activity — especially if it begins abruptly or it's your first headache of this type.
|
Any type of sexual activity that leads to orgasm can trigger sex headaches.
Abrupt-onset and slow-to-build sex headaches can be primary headache disorders not associated with any underlying condition. Sex headaches that come on suddenly are more likely to be associated with:
Sex headaches associated with loss of consciousness, vomiting, stiff neck, other neurological symptoms and severe pain lasting more than 24 hours are more likely to be due to an underlying cause.
|
Sex headaches can affect anyone. But risk factors for these headaches include:
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Sometimes sex headaches can be prevented by stopping sexual activity before orgasm. Taking a more passive role during sex also may help.
|
Your provider will likely recommend brain imaging.
Computerized tomography (CT).In some cases, especially if your headache occurred less than 48 to 72 hours beforehand, a computed tomography (CT) scan of the brain may be done.
CTuses an X-ray unit that rotates around the body and a computer to create cross-sectional images of the brain and head.
|
In some cases, your first sex headache may also be your only one. Some sex headaches improve rapidly, so the pain is gone before any pain reliever can work.
| null |
You're likely to start by seeing your provider. However, you may be referred to a neurologist. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment and to know what to expect from your provider.
| null |
linger, last, headaches
|
508
|
Sinus headaches
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sinus-headaches/symptoms-causes/syc-20377580
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sinus-headaches/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20377584
| null |
Sinus headaches are headaches that may feel like an infection in the sinuses (sinusitis). You may feel pressure around the eyes, cheeks and forehead. Perhaps your head throbs.
But, this pain might actually be caused by a migraine.
|
Signs and symptoms of sinus headaches may include:
|
Consult your provider if:
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Sinus headaches are usually associated with migraines or other forms of headaches.
Sinus headaches are associated with pain and pressure in the face and sinuses and can cause nasal symptoms. Most of these headaches are not caused by sinus infections and generally should not be treated with antibiotics.
|
Sinus headaches can affect anyone but may be more likely if you have:
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Whether or not you take preventive medications, you may benefit from lifestyle changes that can help reduce the number and severity of headaches. One or more of these suggestions may be helpful for you:
Avoid triggers.If certain foods or odors seem to have triggered your headaches in the past, avoid them. Your provider may recommend you reduce your caffeine and alcohol intake and avoid tobacco.
In general, establish a daily routine with regular sleep patterns and regular meals. In addition, try to control stress.
Exercise regularly.Regular aerobic exercise reduces tension and can help prevent headaches. If your provider agrees, choose any aerobic exercise you enjoy, including walking, swimming and cycling.
Warm up slowly, however, because sudden, intense exercise can cause headaches.
Obesity is also thought to be a factor in headaches, and regular exercise can help you maintain a healthy weight or lose weight.
Reduce the effects of estrogen.If estrogen seems to trigger or make your headaches worse, you may want to avoid or reduce the medications you take that contain estrogen.
These medications include birth control pills and hormone replacement therapy. Talk with your provider about the appropriate alternatives or dosages for you.
|
The cause of headaches can be difficult to determine. The provider will question you about your headaches and do a physical exam.
Your provider may perform imaging tests to help determine the cause of your headache, including:
|
Most people who assume they have sinus headaches actually have migraines or tension-type headaches.
Migraines and chronic or recurrent headaches may be treated with prescription medication that is either taken every day to reduce or prevent headaches or taken at the onset of a headache to prevent it from getting worse.
To treat these types of headaches, your provider may recommend:
Triptans.Many people with migraine attacks use triptans to relieve pain. Triptans work by blocking pain pathways in the brain, but promote constriction of blood vessels and should be avoided if you have a history of heart disease or stroke.
Medications include sumatriptan (Imitrex, Tosymra, others), rizatriptan (Maxalt), almotriptan, naratriptan (Amerge), zolmitriptan (Zomig), frovatriptan (Frova) and eletriptan (Relpax). Triptans are available as tablets, nasal sprays and injections.
A single-tablet combination of sumatriptan and naproxen sodium (Treximet) has proved to be more effective in relieving migraine symptoms than either medication on its own.
Ergots.Ergotamine and caffeine combination drugs (Migergot) are less effective than triptans. Ergots seem to be most effective in those whose pain lasts for more than 72 hours.
Ergotamine may cause worsened nausea and vomiting related to your migraines and other side effects, and it may also lead to medication overuse headaches.
Dihydroergotamine (D.H.E. 45, Migranal) is an ergot derivative that is more effective and has fewer side effects than ergotamine. It's available as a nasal spray and in injection form. This medication may cause fewer side effects than ergotamine and is less likely to lead to medication-overuse headaches.
Ergots, including dihydroergotamine, promote constriction of blood vessels and should be avoided if you have a history of heart disease or stroke.
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You're likely to start by seeing your provider. You may be referred to a neurologist who specializes in headaches and migraines.
Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment and to know what to expect from your provider.
| null |
sinus headaches, none
|
509
|
Spinal headaches
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/spinal-headaches/symptoms-causes/syc-20377913
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/spinal-headaches/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20377917
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/spinal-headaches/doctors-departments/ddc-20377918
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Spinal headaches are a fairly common complication in those who undergo a spinal tap (lumbar puncture) or spinal anesthesia. Both procedures require a puncture of the membrane that surrounds the spinal cord and, in the lower spine, the lumbar and sacral nerve roots.
During a spinal tap, a sample of cerebrospinal fluid is withdrawn from the spinal canal. During spinal anesthesia, medication is injected into the spinal canal to numb the nerves in the lower half of the body. If spinal fluid leaks through the tiny puncture site, you may develop a spinal headache.
Most spinal headaches — also known as post-dural puncture headaches — resolve on their own with no treatment. However, severe spinal headaches lasting 24 hours or more may need treatment.
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Spinal headache symptoms include:
Dull, throbbing pain that varies in intensity from mild to very severe
Pain that typically gets worse when you sit up or stand and decreases or goes away when you lie down
Spinal headaches are often accompanied by:
Dizziness
Ringing in the ears (tinnitus)
Hearing loss
Blurred or double vision
Sensitivity to light (photophobia)
Nausea and vomiting
Neck pain or stiffness
Seizures
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Tell your health care provider if you develop a headache after a spinal tap or spinal anesthesia — especially if the headache gets worse when you sit up or stand.
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Spinal headaches are caused by leakage of spinal fluid through a puncture hole in the membrane (dura mater) that surrounds the spinal cord. This leakage decreases the pressure exerted by the spinal fluid on the brain and spinal cord, which leads to a headache.
Spinal headaches typically appear within 48 to 72 hours after a spinal tap or spinal anesthesia.
Sometimes epidural anesthesia may lead to a spinal headache as well. Although epidural anesthetic is injected just outside the membrane that surrounds the spinal cord, a spinal headache is possible if the membrane is unintentionally punctured.
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Risk factors for spinal headaches include:
Being between the ages of 18 and 30
Being female
Being pregnant
Having a history of frequent headaches
Undergoing procedures involving the use of larger needles or multiple punctures in the membrane that surrounds the spinal cord
Having a small body mass
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The provider will ask questions about your headache and do a physical exam. Be sure to mention any recent procedures — particularly a spinal tap or spinal anesthesia.
Sometimes the provider will recommend magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to rule out other causes of your headache. During the exam, a magnetic field and radio waves create cross-sectional images of the brain.
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Treatment for spinal headaches begins conservatively. Your provider may recommend getting bed rest, drinking plenty of fluids, consuming caffeine and taking oral pain relievers.
If your headache hasn't improved within 24 hours, your provider might suggest an epidural blood patch. Injecting a small amount of your blood into the space over the puncture hole will often form a clot to seal the hole, restoring normal pressure in the spinal fluid and relieving your headache. This is the usual treatment for persistent spinal headaches that don't resolve on their own.
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If you've recently had a spinal procedure and develop a headache that lasts 24 hours or longer, your provider can help you determine the seriousness of your condition. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment and to know what to expect from your provider.
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nausea, stiffness, dizziness, nausea and vomiting
neck pain, throbbing pain, headaches, blurred or double vision
, neck pain, hearing loss, sensitivity to light, photophobia, ringing in the ears, vomiting, double vision, spinal headache symptoms, seizures, pain, tinnitus, blurred vision, dull pain
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510
|
Tension headache
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tension-headache/symptoms-causes/syc-20353977
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tension-headache/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353982
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tension-headache/doctors-departments/ddc-20353986
|
A tension-type headache causes mild to moderate pain that's often described as feeling like a tight band around the head. A tension-type headache is the most common type of headache, yet its causes aren't well understood.
Treatments are available. Managing a tension-type headache is often a balance between practicing healthy habits, finding effective nonmedicine treatments and using medicines appropriately.
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Symptoms of a tension-type headache include:
Dull, aching head pain.
Feeling of tightness or pressure across the forehead or on the sides and back of the head.
Tenderness in the scalp, neck and shoulder muscles.
Tension-type headaches are divided into two main categories — episodic and chronic.
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See your health care professional if you need to take medicine for tension-type headaches more than twice a week. Also make an appointment if tension-type headaches disrupt your life.
Even if you have a history of headaches, see your health care professional if the headache pattern changes. Also see your care professional if your headaches suddenly feel different. Occasionally, headaches may be caused by a serious medical condition. These can include a brain tumor or rupture of a weakened blood vessel, known as an aneurysm.
Get emergency care if you have any of these symptoms:
A sudden, very bad headache.
Headache with a fever, stiff neck, mental confusion, seizures, double vision, weakness, numbness or trouble speaking.
Headache after a head injury, especially if the headache gets worse.
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The cause of tension-type headaches is not known. In the past, experts thought tension-type headaches were caused by muscle contractions in the face, neck and scalp. They thought the muscle contractions were a result of emotions, tension or stress. But research suggests that muscle contraction isn't the cause.
The most common theory is that people who have tension-type headaches have increased sensitivity to pain. Muscle tenderness, a common symptom of tension-type headaches, may result from this sensitized pain system.
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Most people experience a tension-type headache at some point in their lives. However, some research has found that women are more likely to have frequent episodic tension-type headaches and chronic tension-type headaches. Age also might play a factor. One study found that episodic tension-type headaches were more likely to affect people in their 40s.
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Because tension-type headaches are so common, they can have an effect on job productivity and quality of life, particularly if they're chronic. Frequent headache pain may make it hard to attend activities. You might need to stay home from work. If you do go to your job, it may be hard to function as usual.
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Regular exercise can help prevent tension-type headaches. Other techniques also can help, such as:
Biofeedback training.This training teaches you to control certain body responses that help reduce pain. A device monitors and gives you feedback on your muscle tension, heart rate and blood pressure. You then learn how to reduce muscle tension and slow your heart rate and breathing.
Cognitive behavioral therapy.This type of talk therapy may help you learn to manage stress. Doing this may help you have fewer or less painful headaches.
Other relaxation techniques.Anything that helps you relax may help your headaches. This can include deep breathing, yoga, meditation and progressive muscle relaxation. You can learn these methods in classes or at home using books or apps.
Using medicines along with stress management may be more effective than any one treatment in reducing your tension-type headaches.
Also, living a healthy lifestyle may help prevent headaches:
Get enough, but not too much, sleep.
Don't smoke.
Stay physically active.
Eat regular, balanced meals.
Drink plenty of water.
Limit alcohol, caffeine and sugar.
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If you have regular headaches, your health care professional may give you a physical and a neurological exam. Your care professional works to pinpoint the type and cause of your headaches using these approaches.
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Some people with tension-type headaches don't see a health care professional and try to treat the pain on their own. But repeated use of pain relievers available without a prescription can cause another type of headache known as medication overuse headache. Your health care professional can work with you to find the right treatment for your headaches.
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Chronic pain can cause anxiety and depression. It also can affect your relationships, your productivity and the quality of your life.
Here are some suggestions:
Talk to a counselor or therapist.Talk therapy may help you cope with the effects of chronic pain.
Join a support group.Support groups can be good sources of information and a source of comfort. Group members often know about the latest treatments. Your health care provider may be able to recommend a group in your area.
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You may start by seeing your health care professional. Or you may be referred to a specialist with expertise in the nervous system, known as a neurologist.
Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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Rest, ice packs or a long, hot shower may be all you need to relieve a tension-type headache. If you experience chronic tension-type headaches, these strategies can help you reduce how many you have or how painful they are:
Manage your stress level.One way to help reduce stress is by planning ahead and organizing your day. Another way is to allow more time to relax.
Go hot or cold.Applying heat or ice — whichever you prefer — to sore muscles may ease a tension-type headache. For heat, use a heating pad set on low, a hot-water bottle, a warm compress or a hot towel. A hot bath or shower also may help. For cold, wrap ice, an ice pack or frozen vegetables in a cloth to protect your skin.
Perfect your posture.Good posture can help keep your muscles from tensing. When standing, hold your shoulders back and your head level. Pull in your abdomen and buttocks. When sitting, make sure your thighs are parallel to the ground and your head isn't slumped forward.
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dull, feeling of tightness or pressure, aching head pain, head pain, neck and shoulder muscles, tension-type headache, tenderness in the scalp, tightness, tenderness, headaches
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511
|
Thunderclap headaches
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thunderclap-headaches/symptoms-causes/syc-20378361
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thunderclap-headaches/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20378366
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thunderclap-headaches/doctors-departments/ddc-20378367
|
Thunderclap headaches live up to their name, striking suddenly like a clap of thunder. The pain of these severe headaches peaks within 60 seconds.
Thunderclap headaches are uncommon, but they can warn of potentially life-threatening conditions — usually having to do with bleeding in and around the brain. Seek emergency medical attention for a thunderclap headache.
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Thunderclap headaches are dramatic. Symptoms include pain that:
Strikes suddenly and severely
Peaks within 60 seconds
Can be accompanied by nausea or vomiting
Thunderclap headaches might be accompanied by other signs and symptoms, such as:
Altered mental state
Fever
Seizures
These signs and symptoms might reflect the underlying cause.
|
Seek immediate medical attention for any headache that comes on suddenly and severely.
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There's no obvious cause for some thunderclap headaches. In other cases, a variety of potentially life-threatening conditions might be responsible, including:
Bleeding between the brain and membranes covering the brain (subarachnoid hemorrhage)
A rupture of a blood vessel in the brain
A tear in the lining of an artery that supplies blood to the brain
Leaking of cerebrospinal fluid — usually due to a tear of the covering around a nerve root in the spine
Death of tissue or bleeding in the pituitary gland
A blood clot in the brain
Severe elevation in blood pressure (hypertensive crisis)
Infection such as meningitis or encephalitis
Ischemic stroke
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The following tests are commonly used to try to determine the cause of a thunderclap headache.
CTscan of the head.CTscans take X-rays that create slice-like, cross-sectional images of your brain and head. A computer combines these images to create a full picture of your brain. Sometimes an iodine-based dye is used to augment the picture.
Spinal tap (lumbar puncture).The doctor removes a small amount of the fluid that surrounds your brain and spinal cord. The cerebrospinal fluid sample can be tested for signs of bleeding or infection.
MRI.In some cases, this imaging study might be done for further assessment. A magnetic field and radio waves are used to create cross-sectional images of the structures within your brain.
Magnetic resonance angiography.MRImachines can be used to map the blood flow inside your brain in a test called a magnetic resonance angiography (MRA).
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Treatment is aimed at the cause of the headaches — if one can be found.
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Thunderclap headaches are often diagnosed in an emergency room. However, if you call to set up an appointment with your own doctor, you might be referred immediately to a doctor who specializes in the brain and nervous system (neurologist).
If you have time to prepare for your appointment, here's some information to help you get ready.
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pain, nausea, thunderclap headaches, vomiting, fever, altered mental state, nausea or vomiting
thunderclap headaches, seizures
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512
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Illness anxiety disorder
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/illness-anxiety-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20373782
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/illness-anxiety-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20373787
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/illness-anxiety-disorder/doctors-departments/ddc-20373788
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Illness anxiety disorder, sometimes called hypochondriasis or health anxiety, is worrying excessively that you are or may become seriously ill. You may have no physical symptoms. Or you may believe that normal body sensations or minor symptoms are signs of severe illness, even though a thorough medical exam doesn't reveal a serious medical condition.
You may experience extreme anxiety that body sensations, such as muscle twitching or fatigue, are associated with a specific, serious illness. This excessive anxiety — rather than the physical symptom itself — results in severe distress that can disrupt your life.
Illness anxiety disorder is a long-term condition that can fluctuate in severity. It may increase with age or during times of stress. But psychological counseling (psychotherapy) and sometimes medication can help ease your worries.
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Symptoms of illness anxiety disorder involve preoccupation with the idea that you're seriously ill, based on normal body sensations (such as a noisy stomach) or minor signs (such as a minor rash). Signs and symptoms may include:
Being preoccupied with having or getting a serious disease or health condition
Worrying that minor symptoms or body sensations mean you have a serious illness
Being easily alarmed about your health status
Finding little or no reassurance from doctor visits or negative test results
Worrying excessively about a specific medical condition or your risk of developing a medical condition because it runs in your family
Having so much distress about possible illnesses that it's hard for you to function
Repeatedly checking your body for signs of illness or disease
Frequently making medical appointments for reassurance — or avoiding medical care for fear of being diagnosed with a serious illness
Avoiding people, places or activities for fear of health risks
Constantly talking about your health and possible illnesses
Frequently searching the internet for causes of symptoms or possible illnesses
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Because symptoms can be related to health problems, it's important to be evaluated by your primary care provider if this hasn't already been done. If your provider believes that you may have illness anxiety disorder, he or she may refer you to a mental health professional.
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The exact cause of illness anxiety disorder isn't clear, but these factors may play a role:
Beliefs.You may have a difficult time tolerating uncertainty over uncomfortable or unusual body sensations. This could lead you to misinterpret that all body sensations are serious, so you search for evidence to confirm that you have a serious disease.
Family.You may be more likely to have health anxiety if you had parents who worried too much about their own health or your health.
Past experience.You may have had experience with serious illness in childhood, so physical sensations may be frightening to you.
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Illness anxiety disorder usually begins in early or middle adulthood and may get worse with age. Often for older individuals, health-related anxiety may focus on the fear of losing their memory.
Risk factors for illness anxiety disorder may include:
A time of major life stress
Threat of a serious illness that turns out not to be serious
History of abuse as a child
A serious childhood illness or a parent with a serious illness
Personality traits, such as having a tendency toward being a worrier
Excessive health-related internet use
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Illness anxiety disorder may be associated with:
Relationship or family problems because excessive worrying can frustrate others
Work-related performance problems or excessive absences
Problems functioning in daily life, possibly even resulting in disability
Financial problems due to excessive health care visits and medical bills
Having another mental health disorder, such as somatic symptom disorder, other anxiety disorders, depression or a personality disorder
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Little is known about how to prevent illness anxiety disorder, but these suggestions may help.
If you have problems with anxiety, seek professional adviceas soon as possible to help stop symptoms from getting worse and impairing your quality of life.
Learn to recognize when you're stressed and how this affects your body— and regularly practice stress management and relaxation techniques.
Stick with your treatment planto help prevent relapses or worsening of symptoms.
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To determine a diagnosis, you'll likely have a physical exam and any tests your primary care provider recommends. Your provider can help determine if you have any medical conditions that require treatment and set limits on lab testing, imaging and referrals to specialists.
Your primary care provider may also refer you to a mental health professional. He or she may:
Conduct a psychological evaluation to talk about your symptoms, stressful situations, family history, fears or concerns, and ways that your anxiety is negatively affecting your life
Have you fill out a psychological self-assessment or questionnaire
Ask you about alcohol, drug or other substance use
Determine whether your illness preoccupation is better explained by another mental disorder, such as somatic symptom disorder or generalized anxiety disorder.
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The goal of treatment is to help you manage anxiety about your health and improve your ability to function in daily life. Psychotherapy — also called talk therapy — can be helpful for illness anxiety disorder. Sometimes medications may be added.
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In addition to your medical evaluation, your primary care provider may refer you to a mental health professional, such as a psychiatrist or psychologist, for evaluation and treatment.
Here's some information to help you prepare for your appointment and what to expect from your primary care provider or mental health professional.
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In addition to profession treatment for illness anxiety disorder, these self-care steps can help:
Work with your provider.Work with your primary care provider or mental health professional to determine a regular schedule for visits to discuss your concerns and build a trusting relationship. Discuss setting reasonable limits on tests, evaluations and specialist referrals. Avoid seeking advice from multiple doctors or emergency room visits that can make your care harder to coordinate and may subject you to duplicate testing.
Practice stress management and relaxation techniques.Learning stress management and relaxation methods, such as progressive muscle relaxation, may help reduce anxiety.
Get physically active.A graduated activity program may have a calming effect on your mood, reduce your anxiety and help improve your physical functioning.
Participate in activities.Staying involved in your work, as well as social and family activities, can provide you with support.
Avoid alcohol and recreational drugs.Substance use can make your care more difficult. Talk to your primary care provider if you need help quitting.
Avoid searching the internet for possible diseases.The vast amount of health information that may or may not be related to your situation can cause confusion and anxiety. If you have symptoms that concern you, talk to your primary care provider at your next scheduled appointment.
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rash, frequently searching internet, illness anxiety disorder, illness or disease, repeatedly checking body, constantly talking about health, avoiding people, being easily alarmed, minor rash, distress, frequent medical appointments, worrying, noisy stomach
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513
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Congenital heart disease in adults
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/adult-congenital-heart-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20355456
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/adult-congenital-heart-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355461
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/adult-congenital-heart-disease/doctors-departments/ddc-20355463
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Congenital heart disease is one or more problems with the heart's structure that are present at birth. Congenital means that you're born with the condition. A congenital heart condition can change the way blood flows through the heart.
There are many different types of congenital heart defects. This article focuses on congenital heart disease in adults.
Some types of congenital heart disease may be mild. Others may cause life-threatening complications. Advances in diagnosis and treatment have improved survival for those born with a heart problem.
Treatment for congenital heart disease may include regular health checkups, medicines or surgery. If you have adult congenital heart disease, ask your healthcare professional how often you need a checkup.
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Some people born with a heart problem don't notice symptoms until later in life. Symptoms also may return years after a congenital heart defect is treated.
Common congenital heart disease symptoms in adults include:
Irregular heartbeats, called arrhythmias.
Blue or gray skin, lips and fingernails due to low oxygen levels. Depending on the skin color, these changes may be harder or easier to see.
Shortness of breath.
Feeling tired very quickly with activity.
Swelling due to fluid collecting inside body tissues, called edema.
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Get emergency medical help if you have unexplained chest pain or shortness of breath.
Make an appointment for a health checkup if:
You have symptoms of adult congenital heart disease.
You received treatment for a congenital heart defect as a child.
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Researchers aren't sure what causes most types of congenital heart disease. They think that gene changes, certain medicines or health conditions, and environmental or lifestyle factors, such as smoking, may play a role.
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Risk factors for congenital heart disease include:
Genetics.Congenital heart disease appears to run in families, which means it is inherited. Changes in genes have been linked to heart problems present at birth. For instance, people with Down syndrome are often born with heart conditions.
German measles, also called rubella.Having rubella during pregnancy may affect how the baby's heart grows while in the womb. A blood test done before pregnancy can find out if you're immune to rubella. A vaccine is available for those who aren't immune.
Diabetes.Having type 1 or type 2 diabetes during pregnancy also may change how the baby's heart grows while in the womb. Gestational diabetes generally doesn't increase the risk of congenital heart disease.
Medicines.Taking certain medicines during pregnancy can cause congenital heart disease and other health problems present at birth. Medicines linked to congenital heart defects include lithium (Lithobid) for bipolar disorder and isotretinoin (Claravis, Myorisan, others), which is used to treat acne. Always tell your healthcare team about the medicines you take.
Alcohol.Drinking alcohol while pregnant has been linked to heart conditions in the baby.
Smoking.If you smoke, quit. Smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of congenital heart defects in the baby.
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Complications of congenital heart disease may occur years after the heart condition is treated.
Complications of congenital heart disease in adults include:
Irregular heartbeats, called arrhythmias.Scar tissue in the heart from surgeries to fix a congenital heart condition can lead to changes in heart signaling. The changes can cause the heart to beat too fast, too slow or irregularly. Some irregular heartbeats may cause stroke or sudden cardiac death if not treated.
Infection of the lining of the heart and heart valves, called endocarditis.Untreated, this infection can damage or destroy the heart valves or cause a stroke. Antibiotics may be recommended before dental care to prevent this infection. Regular dental checkups are important. Healthy gums and teeth reduce the risk of endocarditis.
Stroke.Congenital heart disease can let a blood clot pass through the heart and travel to the brain, causing a stroke.
High blood pressure in the lung arteries, called pulmonary hypertension.Some heart conditions present at birth send more blood to the lungs, causing pressure to build. This eventually causes the heart muscle to weaken and sometimes to fail.
Heart failure.The heart can't pump enough blood to meet the body's needs.
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Because the exact cause of most congenital heart disease is unknown, it may not be possible to prevent these heart conditions. Some types of congenital heart disease occur in families. If you have a high risk of giving birth to a child with a congenital heart defect, genetic testing and screening may be done during pregnancy.
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To diagnose congenital heart disease in adults, your healthcare professional examines you and listens to your heart with a stethoscope. You are usually asked questions about your symptoms and medical and family history.
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A person born with a congenital heart defect can often be treated successfully in childhood. But sometimes, the heart condition may not need repair during childhood or the symptoms aren't noticed until adulthood.
Treatment of congenital heart disease in adults depends on the specific type of heart condition and how severe it is. If the heart condition is mild, regular health checkups may be the only treatment needed.
Other treatments for congenital heart disease in adults may include medicines and surgery.
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You may find that talking with other people who have congenital heart disease brings you comfort and encouragement. Ask your healthcare team if there are any support groups in your area.
It also may be helpful to become familiar with your condition. You want to learn:
The name and details of your heart condition and how it's been treated.
Symptoms of your specific type of congenital heart disease and when you should contact your healthcare team.
How often you should have health checkups.
Information about your medicines and their side effects.
How to prevent heart infections and whether you need to take antibiotics before dental work.
Exercise guidelines and work restrictions.
Birth control and family planning information.
Health insurance information and coverage options.
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If you were born with a heart condition, make an appointment for a health checkup with a doctor trained in treating congenital heart disease. Do this even if you aren't having any complications. It's important to have regular health checkups if you have congenital heart disease.
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If you have congenital heart disease, lifestyle changes may be recommended to keep the heart healthy and prevent complications.
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irregular heartbeats, swelling, blue or gray skin, arrhythmias, congenital heart disease, feeling tired, oxygen, shortness of breath, edema
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514
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Plantar fasciitis
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/plantar-fasciitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20354846
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/plantar-fasciitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354851
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/plantar-fasciitis/doctors-departments/ddc-20354853
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Plantar fasciitis (PLAN-tur fas-e-I-tis) is one of the most common causes of heel pain. It involves inflammation of a thick band of tissue that runs across the bottom of each foot and connects the heel bone to the toes, known as the plantar fascia.
Plantar fasciitis commonly causes stabbing pain that often occurs with your first steps in the morning. As you get up and move, the pain normally decreases, but it might return after long periods of standing or when you stand up after sitting.
The cause of plantar fasciitis is poorly understood. It is more common in runners and in people who are overweight.
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Plantar fasciitis typically causes a stabbing pain in the bottom of your foot near the heel. The pain is usually the worst with the first few steps after awakening, although it also can be triggered by long periods of standing or when you get up from sitting.
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The plantar fascia is a band of tissue, called fascia, that connects your heel bone to the base of your toes. It supports the arch of the foot and absorbs shock when walking.
Tension and stress on the fascia can cause small tears. Repeated stretching and tearing of the facia can irritate or inflame it, although the cause remains unclear in many cases of plantar fasciitis.
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Even though plantar fasciitis can develop without an obvious cause, some factors can increase your risk of developing this condition. They include:
Age.Plantar fasciitis is most common in people between the ages of 40 and 60.
Certain types of exercise.Activities that place a lot of stress on your heel and attached tissue — such as long-distance running, ballet dancing and aerobic dance — can contribute to the onset of plantar fasciitis.
Foot mechanics.Flat feet, a high arch or even an atypical pattern of walking can affect the way weight is distributed when you're standing and can put added stress on the plantar fascia.
Obesity.Excess pounds put extra stress on your plantar fascia.
Occupations that keep you on your feet.Factory workers, teachers and others who spend most of their work hours walking or standing on hard surfaces can be at increased risk of plantar fasciitis.
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Ignoring plantar fasciitis can result in chronic heel pain that hinders your regular activities. You're likely to change your walk to try to avoid plantar fasciitis pain, which might lead to foot, knee, hip or back problems.
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Plantar fasciitis is diagnosed based on your medical history and physical exam. During the exam, your health care professional will check for areas of tenderness in your foot. The location of your pain can help determine its cause.
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Most people who have plantar fasciitis recover in several months with conservative treatment, such as icing the painful area, stretching, and modifying or staying away from activities that cause pain.
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Your health care professional might refer you to someone who specializes in foot disorders or sports medicine.
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To reduce the pain of plantar fasciitis, try these self-care tips:
Maintain a healthy weight.Extra weight can put extra stress on your plantar fascia.
Choose supportive shoes.Buy shoes with a low to moderate heel, thick soles, good arch support and extra cushioning. Don't wear flats or walk barefoot.
Don't wear worn-out athletic shoes.Replace your old athletic shoes before they stop supporting and cushioning your feet.
Change your sport.Try a low-impact sport, such as swimming or bicycling, instead of walking or jogging.
Apply ice.Hold a cloth-covered ice pack over the area of pain for 15 minutes three or four times a day to help reduce pain and swelling. Or try rolling a frozen bottle of water under your foot for an ice massage.
Stretch your arches.Simple home exercises can stretch your plantar fascia, Achilles tendon and calf muscles.
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pain, fasciitis, stabbing pain
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515
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Liver hemangioma
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/liver-hemangioma/symptoms-causes/syc-20354234
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/liver-hemangioma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354239
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/liver-hemangioma/doctors-departments/ddc-20354240
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A liver hemangioma (he-man-jee-O-muh) is a noncancerous (benign) mass in the liver made up of a tangle of blood vessels. Also known as hepatic hemangiomas or cavernous hemangiomas, these liver masses are common and are estimated to occur in up to 20% of the population.
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In most cases, a liver hemangioma doesn't cause any signs or symptoms.
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Make an appointment with your doctor if you experience any persistent signs and symptoms that worry you.
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It's not clear what causes a liver hemangioma to form. Doctors believe liver hemangiomas are present at birth (congenital).
A liver hemangioma usually occurs as a single abnormal collection of blood vessels that is less than about 1.5 inches (about 4 centimeters) wide. Occasionally liver hemangiomas can be larger or occur in multiples. Large hemangiomas can occur in young children, but this is rare.
In most people, a liver hemangioma will never grow and never cause any signs and symptoms. But in a small number of people, a liver hemangioma will grow to cause symptoms and require treatment. It's not clear why this happens.
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Factors that can increase the risk that a liver hemangioma will be diagnosed include:
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Women who have been diagnosed with liver hemangiomas face a risk of complications if they become pregnant. The female hormone estrogen, which increases during pregnancy, is believed to cause some liver hemangiomas to grow larger.
Very rarely, a growing hemangioma can cause signs and symptoms that may require treatment, including pain in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen, abdominal bloating or nausea. Having a liver hemangioma doesn't mean you can't become pregnant. However, discussing the possible complications with your doctor can help you make a more informed choice.
Medications that affect hormone levels in your body, such as birth control pills, could cause an increase in size and complications if you've been diagnosed with a liver hemangioma. But this is controversial. If you're considering this type of medication, discuss the benefits and risks with your doctor.
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Tests used to diagnose liver hemangiomas include:
Other tests may be used depending on your situation.
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If your liver hemangioma is small and doesn't cause any signs or symptoms, you won't need treatment. In most cases a liver hemangioma will never grow and will never cause problems. Your doctor may schedule follow-up exams to check your liver hemangioma periodically for growth if the hemangioma is large.
Liver hemangioma treatment depends on the location and size of the hemangioma, whether you have more than one hemangioma, your overall health, and your preferences.
Treatment options may include:
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Most liver hemangiomas are discovered during a test or procedure for something else. If it's thought that you have a liver mass, you may be referred to a doctor who specializes in the digestive system (gastroenterologist) or one who specializes in the liver (hepatologist).
Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment and to know what to expect from your doctor.
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no symptoms mentioned, liver hemangioma
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516
|
Intracranial hematoma
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/intracranial-hematoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20356145
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/intracranial-hematoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356149
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/intracranial-hematoma/doctors-departments/ddc-20356151
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An intracranial hematoma is a collection of blood within the skull. The blood may collect in the brain tissue or underneath the skull, pressing on the brain. It's usually caused by a blood vessel that bursts in the brain. It also may be caused by a head injury due to a car accident or fall.
Some head injuries, such as one that causes only a short period of unconsciousness, can be minor. However, an intracranial hematoma is potentially life-threatening. It usually requires immediate treatment. This might include surgery to remove the blood.
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Symptoms of an intracranial hematoma may develop right after a head injury, or they may take weeks or longer to appear. There may be a period of time without symptoms after a head injury. This is called the lucid interval.
Over time, pressure on the brain increases, producing some or all of the following symptoms:
Headache that gets worse.
Vomiting.
Drowsiness and gradual loss of consciousness.
Dizziness.
Confusion.
Pupils that are different sizes.
Slurred speech.
Loss of movement, known as paralysis, on the opposite side of the body from the head injury.As more blood fills the brain or the narrow space between the brain and skull, other symptoms may appear, such as:Feeling very sleepy or sluggish.Seizures.Loss of consciousness.
Feeling very sleepy or sluggish.
Seizures.
Loss of consciousness.
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An intracranial hematoma can be life-threatening and needs emergency treatment.
Seek immediate medical attentionafter a blow to the head if you or someone you know experiences:
Loss of consciousness.
A headache that doesn't go away.
Vomiting, weakness, blurred vision, trouble staying steady.
If you don't notice symptoms right after a hit to the head, watch for physical, mental and emotional changes. For example, if someone seems fine after a head injury and can talk but later becomes unconscious, seek immediate medical care.
And even if you feel fine, ask someone to watch you. Memory loss after a blow to your head can make you forget about the blow. Someone you tell might be more likely to recognize the warning signs and get you medical attention.
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The most common cause of an intracranial hematoma is a head injury. A head injury that causes bleeding within the skull may result from motor vehicle or bicycle accidents, falls, assaults, and sports injuries.
If you're an older adult, even mild head trauma can cause a hematoma. This is especially true if you're taking a blood-thinning medicine or an anti-platelet medicine, such as aspirin.
A head injury can cause an intracranial hematoma even if there's no open wound, bruise or other obvious damage.
What happens in the brain to cause bleeding varies based on the type of hematoma. There are three categories of hematoma — subdural hematoma, epidural hematoma and intracerebral hematoma. An intracerebral hematoma also is known as an intraparenchymal hematoma.
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Intracranial hematomas can be caused by a head injury. Activities that increase the risk of a bad head injury, such as riding a motorcycle or bicycle without a helmet, also raise the risk of an intracranial hematoma.
The risk of a subdural hematoma increases with age. The risk also is greater for people who:
Take aspirin or another blood-thinning medicine daily.
Have alcohol use disorder.
Some conditions also may increase the risk of having an intracerebral hematoma. They include being born with poorly connected arteries and veins, and having a bulging blood vessel in the brain, known as an aneurysm. High blood pressure, tumors and some diseases also increase the risk.
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To prevent or minimize a head injury that may cause an intracranial hematoma:
Wear a helmet and make sure your kids wear helmets.Wear an appropriate and properly fitted helmet when doing any activity that could result in head injury. This includes while playing contact sports, bicycling, motorcycling, skiing, horseback riding, skating, skateboarding and snowboarding.
Buckle your seat belt and make sure your kids are buckled in.Do so every time you drive or ride in a motor vehicle.
Protect young children.Always use properly fitted car seats. Pad countertops and edges of tables, block stairways, and attach heavy furniture or appliances to the wall to prevent tipping. Keep children from climbing on objects that aren't safe or steady. Place safety gates on stairs and guards on windows.
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Diagnosing an intracranial hematoma can be a challenge because people with a head injury may seem fine at first. Healthcare professionals usually assume that bleeding inside the skull is the cause of a loss of consciousness after a head injury until proved otherwise.
Imaging techniques are the best ways to determine the position and size of a hematoma. These include:
CT scan.This uses a sophisticated X-ray machine linked to a computer to produce detailed images of your brain. You lie still on a movable table that's guided into what looks like a large doughnut where the images are taken. CT is the most commonly used imaging scan to diagnose intracranial hematomas.
MRI scan.This is done using magnetic field and radio waves to make computerized images. During an MRI scan, you lie on a movable table that's guided into a tube.
Angiogram.If there is concern about a possible aneurysm in the brain or other blood vessel issue, an angiogram can provide more information. This test uses X-rays and a special dye to produce pictures of the blood flow in the blood vessels in the brain.
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Intracranial hematomas that are small and produce no symptoms don't need to be removed. However, symptoms can appear or worsen days or weeks after the injury. As a result, you might have to be watched for neurological changes, have your intracranial pressure monitored and undergo repeated head CT scans.
If you take blood-thinning medicine, such as warfarin (Jantoven), you may need therapy to reverse the effects of the medicine. This will reduce the risk of further bleeding. Options for reversing blood thinners include giving vitamin K and fresh frozen plasma.
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Patience is important for coping with brain injuries. The majority of recovery for adults happens during the first six months. Then you might have smaller, more-gradual improvements for up to two years after the hematoma.
To aid your recovery:
Get enough sleep at night,and rest in the daytime when you feel tired.
Ease back into your typical activitieswhen you feel stronger.
Don't participate in contact and recreational sportsuntil you get your doctor's OK.
Check with your healthcare teambefore you begin driving, playing sports, riding a bicycle or operating heavy machinery. Your reaction times likely will have slowed as a result of your brain injury.
Check with your healthcare teambefore taking medicine.
Don't drink alcohol until you've recovered fully.Alcohol may slow recovery, and drinking too much can increase your risk of a second injury.
Write down thingsyou have trouble recalling.
Talk with someone you trustbefore making important decisions.
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head injury, headache, feeling very sleepy or sluggish, vomiting, dizziness, drowsiness, slurred speech, paralysis, intracranial hematoma, confusion, seizures, loss of consciousness
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524
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Autoimmune hepatitis
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/autoimmune-hepatitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20352153
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/autoimmune-hepatitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352158
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/autoimmune-hepatitis/doctors-departments/ddc-20352159
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Autoimmune hepatitis is a liver disease that happens when the body's immune system attacks the liver. This can cause swelling, irritation and damage to the liver. The exact cause of autoimmune hepatitis is unclear, but genetic and environmental factors appear to interact over time to trigger the disease.
Untreated autoimmune hepatitis can lead to scarring of the liver, called cirrhosis. It can also eventually lead to liver failure. When diagnosed and treated early, however, autoimmune hepatitis often can be controlled with medicines that suppress the immune system.
A liver transplant may be an option when autoimmune hepatitis doesn't respond to medicines or liver disease becomes advanced.
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Symptoms of autoimmune hepatitis vary from person to person and may come on suddenly. Some people have few, if any, recognized problems in the early stages of the disease, whereas others experience symptoms that may include:
Fatigue.
Belly discomfort.
Yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes, called jaundice. Depending on skin color, this change may be harder or easier to see.
An enlarged liver.
Irregular blood vessels on the skin, called spider angiomas.
Skin rash.
Joint pain.
Loss of menstrual periods.
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Make an appointment with a healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you.
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Autoimmune hepatitis occurs when the body's immune system, which usually attacks viruses, bacteria and other causes of disease, instead targets the liver. This attack on the liver can lead to long-lasting inflammation and serious damage to liver cells. Just why the body turns against itself is unclear, but researchers think autoimmune hepatitis could be caused by the interaction of genes controlling immune system function and exposure to viruses or medicines.
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Factors that may increase your risk of autoimmune hepatitis include:
Being female.Although both males and females can develop autoimmune hepatitis, the disease is most common in females.
Genetics.Evidence suggests that a predisposition to autoimmune hepatitis may run in families.
Having an autoimmune disease.People who already have an autoimmune disease, such as celiac disease, rheumatoid arthritis or hyperthyroidism (Graves' disease or Hashimoto thyroiditis), may be more likely to develop autoimmune hepatitis.
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Autoimmune hepatitis that goes untreated can cause permanent scarring of the liver tissue, known as cirrhosis. Complications of cirrhosis include:
Enlarged veins in the esophagus, called esophageal varices.The portal vein carries blood from the intestine to the liver. When circulation through the portal vein is blocked, blood may back up into other blood vessels, mainly those in the stomach and esophagus.These blood vessels have thin walls. And because they become filled with more blood than they're meant to carry, they're likely to bleed. Massive bleeding in the esophagus or stomach from these blood vessels is a life-threatening emergency that needs immediate medical care.
Fluid in the abdomen, called ascites (uh-SY-teez).Liver disease can cause large amounts of fluid to build up in the belly. Ascites can be uncomfortable and may interfere with breathing. It's usually a sign of advanced cirrhosis.
Liver failure.Liver failure happens when extensive damage to liver cells makes it not possible for the liver to function well. At this point, a liver transplant is needed.
Liver cancer.People with cirrhosis have an increased risk of liver cancer.
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Tests and procedures used to diagnose autoimmune hepatitis include:
Blood tests.Testing a sample of blood for antibodies can distinguish autoimmune hepatitis from viral hepatitis and other conditions with similar symptoms. Antibody tests also help pinpoint the type of autoimmune hepatitis you have.
Liver biopsy.A sample of liver tissue may be taken to confirm the diagnosis and to determine the degree and type of liver damage. During the biopsy procedure, a thin needle is passed into the liver through a small cut in the skin. The needle is used to take a small sample of liver tissue. The sample is then sent to a laboratory for testing.
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The goal of treatment for autoimmune hepatitis is to slow or stop the immune system attack on the liver. This may help increase the time before the disease gets worse. To meet this goal, you'll likely need medicines that lower immune system activity. The first treatment is usually prednisone. A second medicine, azathioprine (Azasan, Imuran), may be recommended in addition to prednisone.
Prednisone, especially when taken long term, can cause a wide range of serious side effects, including diabetes, weakened or broken bones, high blood pressure, cataracts, glaucoma, and weight gain.
Healthcare professionals typically prescribe prednisone at a high dose for about the first month of treatment. Then, to reduce the risk of side effects, they gradually reduce the dose over the next several months until reaching the lowest possible dose that controls the disease. Adding azathioprine also helps you avoid prednisone side effects.
Although you may experience remission a few years after starting treatment, the disease often returns if the drug is discontinued. Depending on your situation, you may need lifelong treatment.
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If you have any symptoms that worry you, start by making an appointment with someone on your primary healthcare team. If your care team suspects that you may have autoimmune hepatitis, you may be referred to a specialist in liver diseases. This type of specialist is called a hepatologist.
Because appointments can be brief and there's often a lot to discuss, it's a good idea to be prepared for your appointment. Here's some information to help you get ready and know what to expect.
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pain, rash, joint pain, fatigue, enlarged liver, loss of menstrual periods, angiomas, skin rash, jaundice, yellowing of the skin, irregular blood vessels, belly discomfort, autoimmune hepatitis
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525
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Toxic hepatitis
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/toxic-hepatitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20352202
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/toxic-hepatitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352208
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Toxic hepatitis is an inflammation of your liver in reaction to certain substances to which you're exposed. Toxic hepatitis can be caused by alcohol, chemicals, drugs or nutritional supplements.
In some cases, toxic hepatitis develops within hours or days of exposure to a toxin. In other cases, it may take months of regular use before signs and symptoms appear.
The symptoms of toxic hepatitis often go away when exposure to the toxin stops. But toxic hepatitis can permanently damage your liver, leading to irreversible scarring of liver tissue (cirrhosis) and in some cases to liver failure, which can be life-threatening.
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Mild forms of toxic hepatitis may not cause any symptoms and may be detected only by blood tests. When signs and symptoms of toxic hepatitis occur, they may include:
Yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes (jaundice)
Itching
Abdominal pain in the upper right portion of the abdomen
Fatigue
Loss of appetite
Nausea and vomiting
Rash
Fever
Weight loss
Dark or tea-colored urine
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See your doctor right away if you have any signs or symptoms that worry you.
Overdoses of some medications, such as acetaminophen (Tylenol, others), can lead to liver failure. Get immediate medical care if you think an adult or a child has taken an overdose of acetaminophen. Signs and symptoms of a possible acetaminophen overdose include:
Loss of appetite
Nausea and vomiting
Upper abdominal pain
Coma
If you suspect an acetaminophen overdose, immediately call 911, your local emergency services, or the poison help line. There are two ways to get help from Poison Control in the U.S: online atwww.poison.orgor by calling800-222-1222. Both options are free, confidential, and available 24 hours a day. Do not wait for symptoms to develop. An acetaminophen overdose can be fatal but can be successfully treated if addressed early after ingestion.
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Toxic hepatitis occurs when your liver develops inflammation because of exposure to a toxic substance. Toxic hepatitis may also develop when you take too much of a prescription or over-the-counter medication.
The liver normally removes and breaks down most drugs and chemicals from your bloodstream. Breaking down toxins creates byproducts that can damage the liver. Although the liver has a great capacity for regeneration, constant exposure to toxic substances can cause serious, sometimes irreversible harm.
Toxic hepatitis can be caused by:
Alcohol.Heavy drinking over many years can lead to alcoholic hepatitis — inflammation in the liver due to alcohol, which can lead to liver failure.
Over-the-counter pain relievers.Nonprescription pain relievers such as acetaminophen (Tylenol, others), aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) and naproxen (Aleve, others) can damage your liver, especially if taken frequently or combined with alcohol.
Prescription medications.Some medications linked to serious liver injury include the statin drugs used to treat high cholesterol, the combination drug amoxicillin-clavulanate (Augmentin), phenytoin (Dilantin, Phenytek), azathioprine (Azasan, Imuran), niacin (Niaspan), ketoconazole, certain antivirals and anabolic steroids. There are many others.
Herbs and supplements.Some herbs considered dangerous to the liver include aloe vera, black cohosh, cascara, chaparral, comfrey, kava and ephedra. There are many others. Children can develop liver damage if they mistake vitamin supplements for candy and take large doses.
Industrial chemicals.Chemicals you may be exposed to on the job can cause liver injury. Common chemicals that can cause liver damage include the dry cleaning solvent carbon tetrachloride, a substance called vinyl chloride (used to make plastics), the herbicide paraquat and a group of industrial chemicals called polychlorinated biphenyls.
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Factors that may increase your risk of toxic hepatitis include:
Taking over-the-counter pain relievers or certain prescription drugs.Taking a medication or over-the-counter pain reliever that carries a risk of liver damage increases your risk of toxic hepatitis. This is especially true if you take multiple medications or take more than the recommended dose of medication.
Having a liver disease.Having a serious liver disorder such as cirrhosis or nonalcoholic fatty liver disease makes you much more susceptible to the effects of toxins.
Having hepatitis.Chronic infection with a hepatitis virus (hepatitis B, hepatitis C or one of the other — extremely rare — hepatitis viruses that may persist in the body) makes your liver more vulnerable.
Aging.As you age, your liver breaks down harmful substances more slowly. This means that toxins and their byproducts stay in your body longer.
Drinking alcohol.Drinking alcohol while taking medications or certain herbal supplements increases the risk of toxicity.
Being female.Because women seem to metabolize certain toxins more slowly than men do, their livers are exposed to higher blood concentrations of harmful substances for a longer time. This increases the risk of toxic hepatitis.
Having certain genetic mutations.Inheriting certain genetic mutations that affect the production and action of the liver enzymes that break down toxins may make you more susceptible to toxic hepatitis.
Working with industrial toxins.Working with certain industrial chemicals puts you at risk of toxic hepatitis.
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The inflammation associated with toxic hepatitis can lead to liver damage and scarring. Over time, this scarring, called cirrhosis, makes it difficult for your liver to do its job. Eventually cirrhosis leads to liver failure. The only treatment for chronic liver failure is to replace your liver with a healthy one from a donor (liver transplant).
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Because it's not possible to know how you'll react to a particular medication, toxic hepatitis can't always be prevented. But you may reduce your risk of liver problems if you:
Limit medications.Take prescription and nonprescription drugs only when absolutely necessary. Investigate nondrug options for common problems such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol and arthritis pain.
Take medications only as directed.Follow the directions exactly for any drug you take. Don't exceed the recommended amount, even if your symptoms don't seem to improve. Because the effects of over-the-counter pain relievers sometimes wear off quickly, it's easy to take too much.
Be cautious with herbs and supplements.Don't assume that a natural product won't cause harm. Discuss the benefits and risks with your doctor before taking herbs and supplements. The National Institutes of Health maintains the LiverTox website, where you can look up medications and supplements to see if they're linked to liver damage.
Don't mix alcohol and drugs.Alcohol and medications are a bad combination. If you're taking acetaminophen, don't drink alcohol. Ask your doctor or pharmacist about the interaction between alcohol and other prescription and nonprescription drugs you use.
Take precautions with chemicals.If you work with or use hazardous chemicals, take all necessary precautions to protect yourself from exposure. If you do come in contact with a harmful substance, follow the guidelines in your workplace, or call your local emergency services or your local poison control center for help.
Keep medications and chemicals away from children.Keep all medications and vitamin supplements away from children and in childproof containers so that children can't accidentally swallow them.
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Tests and procedures used to diagnose toxic hepatitis include:
Physical exam.Your doctor will likely perform a physical exam and take a medical history. Be sure to bring to your appointment all medications you're taking, including over-the-counter drugs and herbs, in their original containers. Tell your doctor if you work with industrial chemicals or may have been exposed to pesticides, herbicides or other environmental toxins.
Blood tests.Your doctor may order blood tests that look for high levels of certain liver enzymes. These enzyme levels can show how well your liver is functioning.
Imaging tests.Your doctor may recommend an imaging test to create a picture of your liver using ultrasound, computerized tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Additional imaging tests may include magnetic elastography and transient elastography.
Liver biopsy.A liver biopsy can help confirm the diagnosis of toxic hepatitis and help exclude other causes. During a liver biopsy, a needle is used to extract a small sample of tissue from your liver. The sample is examined under a microscope.
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Doctors will work to determine what's causing your liver damage. Sometimes it's clear what's causing your symptoms, and other times it takes more detective work to pinpoint a cause. In most cases, stopping exposure to the toxin causing liver inflammation will reduce the signs and symptoms you experience.
Treatments for toxic hepatitis may include:
Supportive care.People with severe symptoms are likely to receive supportive therapy in the hospital, including intravenous fluids and medication to relieve nausea and vomiting. Your doctor will also monitor for liver damage.
Medication to reverse liver damage caused by acetaminophen.If your liver damage was caused by an overdose of acetaminophen, you'll receive a chemical called acetylcysteine right away. The sooner this medication is administered, the greater the chance of limiting liver damage. It's most effective if administered within 16 hours of the acetaminophen overdose.
Emergency care.For people who overdose on a toxic medication, emergency care is essential. People who overdose on certain medications other than acetaminophen may benefit from treatments to remove the offending medication from the body or reduce its toxic effect.
Liver transplant.When liver function is severely impaired, a liver transplant may be the only option for some people. A liver transplant is an operation to remove your diseased liver and replace it with a healthy liver from a donor.Most livers used in liver transplants come from deceased donors. In some cases, livers can come from living donors who donate a portion of their livers.
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Make an appointment with your family doctor or a general practitioner if you have any signs or symptoms that worry you. If you're thought to have a liver problem, such as toxic hepatitis, you'll likely be referred to a liver specialist (hepatologist).
Because appointments can be brief, and because there's often a lot to cover, it's a good idea to be well-prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready and know what to expect from your doctor.
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nausea, rash, loss of appetite
nausea and vomiting
rash
fever
weight loss, fatigue, vomiting, fever, jaundice, dark urine, weight loss, yellowing of the skin, abdominal pain, toxic hepatitis, loss of appetite, itching, tea-colored
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526
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Wilson's disease
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/wilsons-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20353251
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/wilsons-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353256
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/wilsons-disease/doctors-departments/ddc-20353258
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Wilson's disease is a rare inherited condition that causes copper levels to build up in several organs, especially the liver, brain and eyes. Most people with Wilson's disease are diagnosed between the ages of 5 and 35. But younger and older people can be affected too.
Copper plays a key role in building healthy nerves, bones, collagen and the skin pigment melanin. You usually take in copper from the food you eat. Your liver produces a substance called bile that removes any extra copper.
But in people with Wilson's disease, copper isn't removed properly and instead builds up. Sometimes it can be life-threatening if it's not treated. When diagnosed early, Wilson's disease is treatable, and many people with the condition live normal lives.
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Wilson's disease is present at birth, but symptoms don't appear until copper levels build up in the brain, liver, eyes or another organ. Symptoms vary based on the parts of your body the disease affects.
These symptoms can include:
Tiredness and loss of appetite.
A yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eye, known as jaundice.
Golden-brown or copper-colored rings around the irises of the eyes, known as Kayser-Fleischer rings.
Fluid buildup in the legs or stomach area.
Problems with speech, swallowing or physical coordination.
Depression, mood changes and personality changes.
Having a hard time falling asleep and staying asleep.
Uncontrolled movements or muscle stiffness.
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Make an appointment with your doctor or other primary care provider if you have symptoms that worry you, especially if a family member has Wilson's disease.
|
Wilson's disease is caused by a changed gene passed down from each parent. If you get only one affected gene, you won't get the disease yourself, but you'll be a carrier. This means you could pass the affected gene to your children.
|
You can be at greater risk of Wilson's disease if your parents or siblings have the condition. Ask your doctor whether you should have genetic testing to find out if you have Wilson's disease. Diagnosing the condition as early as possible greatly increases the chances of successful treatment.
|
If Wilson's disease isn't treated, sometimes it can lead to death. Serious complications include:
Scarring of the liver, also known as cirrhosis.As liver cells try to repair damage due to high copper levels, scar tissue forms in the liver. This makes it harder for the liver to work.
Liver failure.This can occur suddenly — what's known as acute liver failure or decompensated Wilson's disease. It also can come about slowly over years. A liver transplant might be a treatment option.
Lasting nervous system issues.Tremors, involuntary muscle movements, clumsy walking and having a hard time speaking usually improve with treatment for Wilson's disease. But some people have lasting nervous system problems, even with treatment.
Kidney problems.Wilson's disease can damage the kidneys, leading to issues such as kidney stones and an unusual number of amino acids removed in the urine.
Mental health issues.These might include personality changes, depression, irritability, bipolar disorder or psychosis.
Blood problems.These might include the destruction of red blood cells — what's known as hemolysis. This leads to anemia and jaundice.
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Diagnosing Wilson's disease can be hard because its symptoms often are like other liver diseases, such as hepatitis. Also, symptoms can occur over time. Changes in behavior that come on gradually can be especially hard to link to Wilson's disease.
Doctors rely on symptoms and test results to make the diagnosis. Tests and procedures used to diagnose Wilson's disease include:
Blood and urine tests.Blood tests can monitor your liver function and check the level of a protein called ceruloplasmin that binds copper in the blood. They can check the level of copper in your blood too. Your doctor also might want to measure the amount of copper removed in your urine during a 24-hour period.
Eye exam.Using a microscope with a high-intensity light, an eye doctor checks your eyes for Kayser-Fleischer rings. This is called a slit-lamp exam. These rings are caused by extra copper in the eyes. Wilson's disease also is related to a type of cataract, called a sunflower cataract. This cataract can be seen during an eye exam.
Removing a sample of liver tissue for testing, also known as a biopsy.In a biopsy, your doctor inserts a thin needle through your skin and into your liver. Then your doctor draws a small sample of tissue. A laboratory tests the tissue for extra copper.
Genetic testing.A blood test can pinpoint the genetic changes that cause Wilson's disease. If you have the changed gene that causes Wilson's disease, doctors also can screen any siblings. If any have the changed gene, that sibling can start treatment before symptoms begin.
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Your doctor might recommend medicines called copper chelating agents. These medicines attach themselves to copper and cause your organs to release that copper into your bloodstream. Your kidneys then filter the copper and release it into your urine.
Treatment then focuses on stopping copper from building up again. For severe liver damage, a liver transplant might be needed.
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You'll likely first see your family doctor. Then you might be referred to a doctor who specializes in the liver, also known as a hepatologist.
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If you have Wilson's disease, your doctor likely will recommend that you limit the amount of copper in your diet. Also, if you have copper pipes in your home, you might want to test the copper levels in your tap water. Be sure to stay away from multivitamins that contain copper.
Foods that contain high amounts of copper include:
Liver.
Shellfish.
Mushrooms.
Nuts.
Chocolate.
Ask your healthcare team for more information on foods that have high amounts of copper.
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wilson's disease, hard time falling asleep, mood changes, tiredness, golden-brown rings, swallowing problems, jaundice, uncontrolled movements, muscle stiffness, loss of appetite, staying asleep, movements, fluid buildup, physical coordination problems, depression, problems with speech, copper, appetite, personality changes, yellowing of the skin
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527
|
Enlarged liver
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/enlarged-liver/symptoms-causes/syc-20372167
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/enlarged-liver/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372171
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An enlarged liver is one that's bigger than normal. The medical term is hepatomegaly (hep-uh-toe-MEG-uh-le).
Rather than a disease, an enlarged liver is a sign of an underlying problem, such as liver disease, congestive heart failure or cancer. Treatment involves identifying and controlling the cause of the condition.
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An enlarged liver might not cause symptoms.
When enlarged liver results from liver disease, it might be accompanied by:
When to see a doctor
Make an appointment with your doctor if you have symptoms that worry you.
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The liver is a large, football-shaped organ found in the upper right portion of your abdomen. The size of the liver varies with age, sex and body size. Many conditions can cause it to enlarge, including:
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You're more likely to develop an enlarged liver if you have a liver disease. Factors that can increase your risk of liver problems include:
Large doses of medicines, vitamins or supplements.Taking larger than recommended doses of vitamins, supplements, or over-the-counter (OTC) or prescription medicines can increase your risk of liver damage.
Acetaminophen overdose is the most common cause of acute liver failure in the United States. Besides being the ingredient in over-the-counter (OTC) pain relievers such as Tylenol, it's in more than 600 medications, bothOTCand prescription.
Know what's in the medications you take. Read labels. Look for "acetaminophen," "acetam" or "APAP." Check with your doctor if you're not sure what's too much.
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To reduce your risk of liver disease, you can:
Use supplements with caution.Talk with your doctor about the risks and benefits of herbal supplements before you take them. Some alternative medicine treatments can harm your liver.
Herbs and supplements to avoid include black cohosh, ma huang and other Chinese herbs, comfrey, germander, greater celandine, kava, pennyroyal, skullcap, and valerian.
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Your doctor might start by feeling your abdomen during a physical exam to determine liver size, shape and texture. However this might not be enough to diagnose an enlarged liver.
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Treatment for enlarged liver involves treating the condition that's causing it.
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You're likely to start by seeing your primary care doctor. If your doctor suspects you have an enlarged liver, he or she might refer you to the appropriate specialist after testing to determine the cause.
If you have a liver disease, you might be referred to a specialist in liver problems (hepatologist).
Here's information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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symptoms, worry, liver disease
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528
|
Hemochromatosis
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hemochromatosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351443
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hemochromatosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351448
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hemochromatosis/doctors-departments/ddc-20351450
|
Hemochromatosis (he-moe-kroe-muh-TOE-sis) is a condition that causes the body to absorb too much iron from food. Excess iron is stored in the organs, especially the liver, heart and pancreas. Too much iron can lead to life-threatening conditions, such as liver disease, heart problems and diabetes.
There are a few types of hemochromatosis, but the most common type is caused by a gene change passed down through families. Only a few people who have the genes ever develop serious problems. Symptoms usually appear in midlife.
Treatment includes regularly removing blood from the body. Because much of the body's iron is contained in red blood cells, this treatment lowers iron levels.
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Some people with hemochromatosis never have symptoms. Early symptoms often overlap with those of other common conditions.
Symptoms may include:
Joint pain.
Belly pain.
Fatigue.
Weakness.
Diabetes.
Loss of sex drive.
Impotence.
Heart failure.
Liver failure.
Bronze or gray skin color.
Memory fog.
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See a healthcare professional if you experience any of the symptoms of hemochromatosis. If you have an immediate family member who has hemochromatosis, ask your healthcare team about genetic testing. Genetic testing can check if you have the gene that increases your risk of hemochromatosis.
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Hemochromatosis is most often caused by a change in a gene. This gene controls the amount of iron the body absorbs from food. The altered gene is passed from parents to children. This type of hemochromatosis is by far the most common type. It's called hereditary hemochromatosis.
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Factors that increase the risk of hemochromatosis include:
Having two copies of an altered HFE gene.This is the greatest risk factor for hereditary hemochromatosis.
Family history.Having a parent or sibling with hemochromatosis increases the likelihood of developing the disease.
Ethnicity.People of Northern European descent are more prone to hereditary hemochromatosis than are people of other ethnic backgrounds. Hemochromatosis is less common in people of Black, Hispanic and Asian ancestry.
Sex.Men are more likely than women to develop symptoms of hemochromatosis at an earlier age. Because women lose iron through menstruation and pregnancy, they tend to store less of the mineral than men do. After menopause or a hysterectomy, the risk increases for women.
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Untreated, hemochromatosis can lead to several complications. These complications especially affect the joints and organs where excess iron tends to be stored, such as the liver, pancreas and heart. Complications can include:
Liver issues.Cirrhosis — permanent scarring of the liver — is just one of the complications that may happen. Cirrhosis increases the risk of liver cancer and other life-threatening complications.
Diabetes.Damage to the pancreas can lead to diabetes.
Heart problems.Excess iron in the heart affects the heart's ability to circulate enough blood for the body's needs. This is called congestive heart failure. Hemochromatosis also can cause irregular heart rhythms, called arrhythmias.
Reproductive problems.Excess iron can lead to erectile dysfunction and loss of sex drive in men. It can cause an absence of the menstrual cycle in women.
Skin color changes.Deposits of iron in skin cells can make the skin appear bronze or gray in color.
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Hemochromatosis can be difficult to diagnose. Early symptoms such as stiff joints and fatigue may be due to conditions other than hemochromatosis.
Many people with the disease don't have any symptoms other than high levels of iron in their blood. Hemochromatosis may be identified because of irregular blood test results after testing is done for other reasons. It also may be revealed when screening family members of people diagnosed with the disease.
| null | null |
Make an appointment with someone on your primary healthcare team if you have any symptoms that worry you. You may be referred to a specialist in digestive diseases, called a gastroenterologist, or to another specialist, depending on your symptoms. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment, and what to expect.
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In addition to therapeutic blood removal, making some lifestyle changes may further reduce the risk of complications from hemochromatosis, such as:
Don't take iron supplements and multivitamins containing iron.These can increase iron levels even more.
Don't take vitamin C supplements.Vitamin C increases absorption of iron. There's usually no need to restrict vitamin C in your diet, however.
Stay away from alcohol.Alcohol greatly increases the risk of liver damage in people with hemochromatosis. If you have hemochromatosis and you already have liver disease, avoid alcohol completely.
Don't eat raw fish and shellfish.People with hemochromatosis are at risk of infections, particularly those caused by certain bacteria in raw fish and shellfish.
Additional dietary changes generally aren't required for people receiving blood removal treatment.
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pain, joint pain, fatigue, weakness, belly pain, liver failure, bronze or gray skin color, memory fog, heart failure, impotence, hemochromatosis, loss of sex drive
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529
|
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/charcot-marie-tooth-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20350517
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/charcot-marie-tooth-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350522
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/charcot-marie-tooth-disease/doctors-departments/ddc-20350525
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Charcot (shahr-KOH)-Marie-Tooth disease is a group of inherited disorders that cause nerve damage. This damage is mostly in the arms and legs (peripheral nerves). Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease is also called hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy.
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease results in smaller, weaker muscles. You may also experience loss of sensation and muscle contractions, and difficulty walking. Foot deformities such as hammertoes and high arches also are common. Symptoms usually begin in the feet and legs, but they may eventually affect your hands and arms.
Symptoms of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease typically appear in adolescence or early adulthood, but may also develop in midlife.
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Signs and symptoms of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease may include:
As Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease progresses, symptoms may spread from the feet and legs to the hands and arms. The severity of symptoms can vary greatly from person to person, even among family members.
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Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease is an inherited, genetic condition. It occurs when there are mutations in the genes that affect the nerves in your feet, legs, hands and arms.
Sometimes, these mutations damage the nerves. Other mutations damage the protective coating that surrounds the nerve (myelin sheath). Both cause weaker messages to travel between your limbs and brain.
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Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease is hereditary, so you're at higher risk of developing the disorder if anyone in your immediate family has the disease.
Other causes of neuropathies, such as diabetes, may cause symptoms similar to Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. These other conditions can also cause the symptoms of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease to become worse. Medications such as the chemotherapy drugs vincristine (Marqibo), paclitaxel (Abraxane) and others can make symptoms worse. Be sure to let your doctor know about all of the medications you're taking.
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Complications of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease vary in severity from person to person. Foot abnormalities and difficulty walking are usually the most serious problems. Muscles may get weaker, and you may injure areas of the body that experience decreased sensation.
Sometimes the muscles in your feet may not receive your brain's signal to contract, so you're more likely to trip and fall. And your brain may not receive pain messages from your feet, so if you've rubbed a blister on your toe, for example, it may get infected without your realizing it.
You may also experience difficulty breathing, swallowing or speaking if the muscles that control these functions are affected by Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.
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During the physical exam, your doctor may check for:
Your doctor may also recommend the following tests, which can help provide information about the extent of your nerve damage and what may be causing it.
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There's no cure for Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. But the disease generally progresses slowly, and it doesn't affect expected life span.
There are some treatments to help you manage Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.
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Support groups, in conjunction with your doctor's advice, can be valuable in dealing with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Support groups bring together people who are coping with the same kinds of challenges, and offer a setting in which people can share common problems.
Ask your doctor about support groups in your community. The internet and your local health department, public library and telephone book also may be good sources to find a support group in your area.
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You might first discuss your symptoms with your family doctor, but he or she will probably refer you to a neurologist for further evaluation.
Because there's much to discuss in a short time, try to arrive well prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment and know what to expect from your doctor.
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feet, arms, hands, charcot-marie-tooth disease, symptoms may spread, legs
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530
|
Lynch syndrome
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lynch-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20374714
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lynch-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20374719
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lynch-syndrome/doctors-departments/ddc-20374721
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Lynch syndrome is a condition that increases the risk of many kinds of cancer. This condition is passed from parents to children.
Families that have Lynch syndrome have more instances of cancer than expected. This might include colon cancer, endometrial cancer and other types of cancer. Lynch syndrome also causes cancers to happen at an earlier age.
People with Lynch syndrome may need careful testing to look for cancer when it's small. Treatment is more likely to be successful when the cancer is caught early. Some people with Lynch syndrome might consider treatments to prevent cancer.
Lynch syndrome used to be called hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC).HNPCCis a term used to describe families with a strong history of colon cancer. Lynch syndrome is the term used when healthcare professionals find a gene that runs in the family and causes cancer.
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People with Lynch syndrome may experience:
Colon cancer before age 50
Cancer of the inside lining of the uterus (endometrial cancer) before age 50
A personal history of more than one type of cancer
A family history of cancer before age 50
A family history of other cancers caused by Lynch syndrome, including stomach cancer, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, kidney cancer, bladder cancer, ureteral cancer, brain cancer, small bowel cancer, gallbladder cancer, bile duct cancer and skin cancer
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If a family member has Lynch syndrome, tell your healthcare professional. Ask your healthcare professional to help set up an appointment with a professional trained in genetics, such as a genetic counselor. This person can help you understand Lynch syndrome, what causes it and whether genetic testing is right for you.
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Lynch syndrome is caused by genes that are passed from parents to children.
Genes are pieces of DNA. DNA is like a set of instructions for every chemical process that happens in the body.
As cells grow and make new cells as part of their lifecycle, they make copies of their DNA. Sometimes the copies have errors. The body has a set of genes that hold the instructions for finding the errors and fixing them. Healthcare professionals call these genes mismatch repair genes.
People with Lynch syndrome have mismatch repair genes that don't work as expected. If an error happens in the DNA, it might not get fixed. This could cause cells that grow out of control and become cancer cells.
Lynch syndrome runs in families in an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern. This means that if one parent has genes that cause Lynch syndrome, there's a 50% chance that each child will have the genes that cause Lynch syndrome. Which parent carries the gene doesn't affect the risk.
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The risk of Lynch syndrome is higher in people who have a personal history or family history of the cancers caused by this syndrome. Cancers caused by Lynch syndrome include:
Biliary system cancers, including gallbladder cancer and bile duct cancer.
Brain cancer.
Digestive system cancers, including stomach cancer, small bowel cancer and colon cancer.
Female reproductive system cancers, including endometrial cancer and ovarian cancer.
Pancreatic cancer.
Skin cancer.
Urinary system cancers, including kidney cancer, ureteral cancer and bladder cancer.
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Knowing that you have Lynch syndrome can raise concerns about your health. It may also raise some concerns about other parts of your life. These might include:
Your privacy.You may have questions about what could happen if others find out you have Lynch syndrome. For instance, you might be concerned that your job or insurance companies might find out. A genetics professional can explain the laws that may protect you.
Your children.If you have Lynch syndrome, your children have a risk of inheriting it from you. A genetics professional can help you come up with a plan for talking about this with your children. The plan might include how and when to tell them and when they should consider testing.
Your extended family.Having Lynch syndrome has implications for your entire family. Other blood relatives may have a chance of having Lynch syndrome. A genetics professional can help you come up with the best way to tell family members.
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Diagnosing Lynch syndrome might start with a review of your family history of cancer. Your healthcare professional will want to know whether you or anyone in your family has had colon cancer, endometrial cancer and other cancers. This may lead to other tests and procedures to diagnose Lynch syndrome.
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There's no cure for Lynch syndrome. People with Lynch syndrome often have tests to look for early signs of cancer. If cancer is found when it's small, treatment is more likely to be successful.
Sometimes cancer can be prevented with operations to remove some organs before they can develop cancer. Talk with your healthcare professional about your options.
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Having Lynch syndrome can be stressful. Knowing that you have an increased risk of cancer can make you feel worried about your future. In time, you'll find ways to cope with the stress and worry. Until then, you might find it helpful to:
Find out all you can about Lynch syndrome.Make a list of questions about Lynch syndrome and ask them at your next appointment. Ask your healthcare team for further sources of information. Learning about Lynch syndrome can help you feel more confident when making decisions about your health.
Take care of yourself.Knowing that you have an increased risk of cancer can make you feel as if you can't control your health. Make healthy choices for the parts of your health you can control. For instance, choose a healthy diet. Exercise most days of the week. Maintain a healthy weight. Get enough sleep so that you wake feeling rested. Go to all your scheduled medical appointments, including your cancer-screening exams.
Connect with others.Find friends and family with whom you can discuss your fears. Connect with other people with Lynch syndrome through advocacy groups. Examples include Lynch Syndrome International and Facing Our Risk of Cancer Empowered (FORCE). Find other trusted people you can talk with, such as clergy members. Ask for a referral to a therapist who can help you understand your feelings.
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If your healthcare professional thinks you could have Lynch syndrome, they may suggest that you meet with a genetics professional, such as a genetic counselor.
A genetics professional can help you decide whether genetic testing would be useful for you. If you choose to have the test, they can help you understand your results.
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kidney cancer, stomach cancer, lynch syndrome, colon cancer, cancer, small bowel cancer, bladder cancer, ovarian cancer, skin cancer, gallbladder cancer, cancers, ureteral cancer, endometrial cancer, brain cancer, pancreatic cancer, bile duct cancer
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531
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Hiatal hernia
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hiatal-hernia/symptoms-causes/syc-20373379
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hiatal-hernia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20373385
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hiatal-hernia/doctors-departments/ddc-20373387
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A hiatal hernia happens when the upper part of the stomach bulges through the large muscle that separates the abdomen and the chest. The muscle is called the diaphragm.
The diaphragm has a small opening called a hiatus. The tube used for swallowing food, called the esophagus, passes through the hiatus before connecting to the stomach. In a hiatal hernia, the stomach pushes up through that opening and into the chest.
A small hiatal hernia usually doesn't cause problems. You may never know you have one unless your healthcare team discovers it when checking for another condition.
But a large hiatal hernia can allow food and acid to back up into your esophagus. This can cause heartburn. Self-care measures or medicines can usually relieve these symptoms. A very large hiatal hernia might need surgery.
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Most small hiatal hernias cause no symptoms. But larger hiatal hernias can cause:
Heartburn.
Backward flow of swallowed food or liquids into the mouth, called regurgitation.
Backflow of stomach acid into the esophagus, called acid reflux.
Trouble swallowing.
Chest or abdominal pain.
Feeling full soon after you eat.
Shortness of breath.
Vomiting of blood or passing of black stools, which could mean bleeding in the digestive tract.
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Make an appointment with your doctor or other healthcare professional if you have any lasting symptoms that worry you.
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A hiatal hernia occurs when weakened muscle tissue allows your stomach to bulge up through your diaphragm. It's not always clear why this happens. But a hiatal hernia might be caused by:
Age-related changes in your diaphragm.
Injury to the area, for example, after trauma or certain types of surgery.
Being born with a very large hiatus.
Constant and intense pressure on the surrounding muscles. This can happen while coughing, vomiting, straining during a bowel movement, exercising or lifting heavy objects.
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Hiatal hernias are most common in people who are:
Age 50 or older.
Obese.
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A hiatal hernia is often discovered during a test or procedure to determine the cause of heartburn or pain in the chest or upper abdomen. These tests or procedures include:
X-ray of your upper digestive system.X-rays are taken after you drink a chalky liquid that coats and fills the inside lining of your digestive tract. The coating allows your healthcare team to see an outline of your esophagus, stomach and upper intestine.
A procedure to look at the esophagus and stomach, called an endoscopy.Endoscopy is a procedure to examine your digestive system with a long, thin tube with a tiny camera, called an endoscope. The endoscope is passed down your throat and looks at the inside of your esophagus and stomach and checks for inflammation.
A test to measure muscle contractions of the esophagus, called an esophageal manometry.This test measures the rhythmic muscle contractions in your esophagus when you swallow. Esophageal manometry also measures the coordination and force used by the muscles of your esophagus.
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Most people with a hiatal hernia don't experience any symptoms and won't need treatment. If you experience symptoms, such as frequent heartburn and acid reflux, you may need medicine or surgery.
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Make an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you.
If you've been diagnosed with a hiatal hernia and your problems persist after you make lifestyle changes and start medicine, you might be referred to a doctor who specializes in digestive diseases, called a gastroenterologist.
Because appointments can be brief, it's a good idea to be prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready.
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Making a few lifestyle changes may help control the symptoms caused by a hiatal hernia. Try to:
Eat several smaller meals throughout the day rather than a few large meals.
Don't eat foods that trigger heartburn. These include fatty or fried foods, tomato sauce, alcohol, chocolate, mint, garlic, onion, and caffeine.
Avoid lying down after a meal or eating late in the day.
Maintain a healthy weight.
Stop smoking.
Elevate the head of your bed 8 inches (20 centimeters).
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hiatal hernias, regurgitation, black stools, vomiting, chest pain, bleeding, vomiting of blood or passing of black stools, heartburn, abdominal pain, acid reflux, feeling full, trouble swallowing, shortness of breath, hernias
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