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⌀ | Overview
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⌀ | Symptoms
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| When to see a doctor
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⌀ | Causes
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⌀ | Coping and support
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⌀ | Preparing for your appointment
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532
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Inguinal hernia
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/inguinal-hernia/symptoms-causes/syc-20351547
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/inguinal-hernia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351553
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/inguinal-hernia/doctors-departments/ddc-20351554
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An inguinal hernia occurs when tissue, such as part of the intestine, protrudes through a weak spot in the abdominal muscles. The resulting bulge can be painful, especially when you cough, bend over or lift a heavy object. However, many hernias do not cause pain.
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Inguinal hernia signs and symptoms include:
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Seek immediate care if a hernia bulge turns red, purple or dark or if you notice any other signs or symptoms of a strangulated hernia.
See your doctor if you have a painful or noticeable bulge in your groin on either side of your pubic bone. The bulge is likely to be more noticeable when you're standing, and you usually can feel it if you put your hand directly over the affected area.
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Some inguinal hernias have no apparent cause. Others might occur as a result of:
In many people, the abdominal wall weakness that leads to an inguinal hernia occurs prior to birth when a weakness in the abdominal wall muscle doesn't close properly. Other inguinal hernias develop later in life when muscles weaken or deteriorate due to aging, strenuous physical activity or coughing that accompanies smoking.
Weaknesses can also occur in the abdominal wall later in life, especially after an injury or abdominal surgery.
In men, the weak spot usually occurs in the inguinal canal, where the spermatic cord enters the scrotum. In women, the inguinal canal carries a ligament that helps hold the uterus in place, and hernias sometimes occur where connective tissue from the uterus attaches to tissue surrounding the pubic bone.
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Factors that contribute to developing an inguinal hernia include:
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Complications of an inguinal hernia include:
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You can't prevent the congenital defect that makes you susceptible to an inguinal hernia. You can, however, reduce strain on your abdominal muscles and tissues. For example:
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A physical exam is usually all that's needed to diagnose an inguinal hernia. Your doctor will check for a bulge in the groin area. Because standing and coughing can make a hernia more prominent, you'll likely be asked to stand and cough or strain.
If the diagnosis isn't readily apparent, your doctor might order an imaging test, such as an abdominal ultrasound, CT scan or MRI.
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If your hernia is small and isn't bothering you, your doctor might recommend watchful waiting. Sometimes, wearing a supportive truss may help relieve symptoms, but check with your doctor first because it's important that the truss fits properly, and is being used appropriately. In children, the doctor might try applying manual pressure to reduce the bulge before considering surgery.
Enlarging or painful hernias usually require surgery to relieve discomfort and prevent serious complications.
There are two general types of hernia operations — open hernia repair and minimally invasive hernia repair.
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You'll likely start by seeing your primary care provider. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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none, inguinal hernia signs and symptoms
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533
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Umbilical hernia
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/umbilical-hernia/symptoms-causes/syc-20378685
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/umbilical-hernia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20378689
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/umbilical-hernia/doctors-departments/ddc-20378690
|
An umbilical hernia occurs when part of your intestine bulges through the opening in your abdominal muscles near your bellybutton (navel). Umbilical hernias are common and typically harmless.
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An umbilical hernia creates a soft swelling or bulge near the navel. In babies who have an umbilical hernia, the bulge may be visible only when they cry, cough or strain.
Umbilical hernias in children are usually painless. Umbilical hernias that appear during adulthood may cause abdominal discomfort.
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If you suspect that your baby has an umbilical hernia, talk with the baby's doctor. Seek emergency care if your baby has an umbilical hernia and:
Similar guidelines apply to adults. Talk with your doctor if you have a bulge near your navel. Seek emergency care if the bulge becomes painful or tender. Prompt diagnosis and treatment can help prevent complications.
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During gestation, the umbilical cord passes through a small opening in the baby's abdominal muscles. The opening normally closes just after birth. If the muscles don't join together completely in the midline of the abdominal wall, an umbilical hernia may appear at birth or later in life.
In adults, too much abdominal pressure contributes to umbilical hernias. Causes of increased pressure in the abdomen include:
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Umbilical hernias are most common in infants — especially premature babies and those with low birth weights. In the United States, black infants appear to have a slightly increased risk of umbilical hernias. The condition affects boys and girls equally.
For adults, being overweight or having multiple pregnancies may increase the risk of developing an umbilical hernia. This type of hernia tends to be more common in women.
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For children, complications of an umbilical hernia are rare. Complications can occur when the protruding abdominal tissue becomes trapped (incarcerated) and can no longer be pushed back into the abdominal cavity. This reduces the blood supply to the section of trapped intestine and can lead to abdominal pain and tissue damage.
If the trapped portion of intestine is completely cut off from the blood supply, it can lead to tissue death. Infection may spread throughout the abdominal cavity, causing a life-threatening situation.
Adults with umbilical hernias are somewhat more likely to experience a blockage of the intestines. Emergency surgery is typically required to treat these complications.
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An umbilical hernia is diagnosed during a physical exam. Sometimes imaging studies — such as an abdominal ultrasound or a CT scan — are used to screen for complications.
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Most umbilical hernias in babies close on their own by age 1 or 2.Your doctor may even be able to push the bulge back into the abdomen during a physical exam. Don't try this on your own, however.
Although some people claim a hernia can be fixed by taping a coin down over the bulge, don't try this. Placing tape or an object over the bulge doesn't help and germs may accumulate under the tape, causing infection.
For children, surgery is typically reserved for umbilical hernias that:
For adults, surgery is typically recommended to avoid possible complications, especially if the umbilical hernia gets bigger or becomes painful.
During surgery, a small incision is made near the bellybutton. The herniated tissue is returned to the abdominal cavity, and the opening in the abdominal wall is stitched closed. In adults, surgeons often use mesh to help strengthen the abdominal wall.
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If you or your child has signs or symptoms common to an umbilical hernia, make an appointment with your family doctor or your child's pediatrician.
Here's some information to help you prepare for your appointment and know what to expect from your doctor.
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umbilical hernia, bulge, swelling, soft swelling, umbilical hernias, abdominal discomfort, cough
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534
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Shingles
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/shingles/symptoms-causes/syc-20353054
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/shingles/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353060
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Shingles is a viral infection that causes a painful rash. Shingles can occur anywhere on your body. It typically looks like a single stripe of blisters that wraps around the left side or the right side of your torso.
Shingles is caused by the varicella-zoster virus — the same virus that causes chickenpox. After you've had chickenpox, the virus stays in your body for the rest of your life. Years later, the virus may reactivate as shingles.
Shingles isn't life-threatening. But it can be very painful. Vaccines can help lower the risk of shingles. Early treatment may shorten a shingles infection and lessen the chance of complications. The most common complication is postherpetic neuralgia. This is a painful condition that causes shingles pain for a long time after your blisters have cleared.
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Shingles symptoms usually affect only a small section on one side of your body. These symptoms may include:
Some people also experience:
Pain is usually the first symptom of shingles. For some people, the pain can be intense. Depending on the location of the pain, it can sometimes be mistaken for problems with the heart, lungs or kidneys. Some people experience shingles pain without ever developing the rash.
Most commonly, the shingles rash develops as a stripe of blisters that wraps around either the left or right side of the torso. Sometimes the shingles rash occurs around one eye or on one side of the neck or face.
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Contact your health care provider as soon as possible if you suspect shingles, especially in the following situations:
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Shingles is caused by the varicella-zoster virus — the same virus that causes chickenpox. Anyone who's had chickenpox may develop shingles. After you recover from chickenpox, the virus enters your nervous system and stays inactive for years.
Sometimes the virus reactivates and travels along nerve pathways to your skin — producing shingles. But not everyone who's had chickenpox will develop shingles.
The reason for shingles is unclear. It may be due to lowered immunity to infections as people get older. Shingles is more common in older adults and in people who have weakened immune systems.
Varicella-zoster is part of a group of viruses called herpes viruses. This is the same group that includes the viruses that cause cold sores and genital herpes. As a result, shingles is also known as herpes zoster. But the virus that causes chickenpox and shingles isn't the same virus that causes cold sores or genital herpes, which is a sexually transmitted infection.
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Anyone who has ever had chickenpox can develop shingles. Most adults in the United States had chickenpox when they were children. That was before the availability of the routine childhood vaccination that now protects against chickenpox.
Factors that may increase your risk of developing shingles include:
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Complications from shingles can include:
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A shingles vaccine may help prevent shingles. People who are eligible should get the Shingrix vaccine, which has been available in the United States since its approval by the Food and Drug Administration in 2017. The Zostavax vaccine is no longer available in the U.S., but other countries may still use it.
Shingrix is approved and recommended for people age 50 and older, whether they've had shingles or not. People who've had the Zostavax vaccine in the past or don't know whether they've had chickenpox may also receive the Shingrix vaccine.
Shingrix is also recommended for people who are 19 years of age and older who have weakened immune systems due to disease or medication.
Shingrix is a nonliving vaccine made of a virus component. It's given in two doses, with 2 to 6 months between doses. The most common side effects of the shingles vaccine are redness, pain and swelling at the injection site. Some people also experience fatigue, headache and other side effects.
The shingles vaccine doesn't guarantee that you won't get shingles. But this vaccine will likely reduce the course and severity of the disease. And it will likely lower your risk of postherpetic neuralgia. Studies suggest that Shingrix offers protection against shingles for more than five years.
Talk to your health care provider about your vaccination options if you:
The shingles vaccine is used only as a way to prevent shingles. It's not intended to treat people who currently have the disease.
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Health care providers usually diagnose shingles based on the history of pain on one side of your body, along with the telltale rash and blisters. Your health care provider may also take a tissue sample or culture of the blisters to send to the lab.
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There's no cure for shingles. Early treatment with prescription antiviral drugs may speed healing and lower your risk of complications. These drugs include:
Shingles can cause severe pain, so your health care provider also may prescribe:
Talk with your health care provider or pharmacist about benefits and potential side effects of any drugs you're prescribed.
Shingles generally lasts between 2 and 6 weeks. Most people get shingles only once. But it's possible to get it two or more times.
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You may start by seeing your primary care health care provider.
Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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pain, rash, blisters, shingles rash, intense pain, shingles pain
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535
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Ramsay Hunt syndrome
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ramsay-hunt-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20351783
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ramsay-hunt-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351789
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ramsay-hunt-syndrome/doctors-departments/ddc-20351791
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Ramsay Hunt syndrome (herpes zoster oticus) occurs when a shingles outbreak affects the facial nerve near one of your ears. In addition to the painful shingles rash, Ramsay Hunt syndrome can cause facial paralysis and hearing loss in the affected ear.
Ramsay Hunt syndrome is caused by the same virus that causes chickenpox. After chickenpox clears up, the virus still lives in your nerves. Years later, it may reactivate. When it does, it can affect your facial nerves.
Prompt treatment of Ramsay Hunt syndrome can reduce the risk of complications, which can include permanent facial muscle weakness and deafness.
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The two main signs and symptoms of Ramsay Hunt syndrome are:
Usually, the rash and the facial paralysis occur at the same time. Sometimes one can happen before the other. Other times, the rash never occurs.
If you have Ramsay Hunt syndrome, you might also experience:
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Call your doctor if you experience facial paralysis or a shingles rash on your face. Treatment that starts within three days of the start of signs and symptoms may help prevent long-term complications.
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Ramsay Hunt syndrome occurs in people who've had chickenpox. Once you recover from chickenpox, the virus stays in your body — sometimes reactivating in later years to cause shingles, a painful rash with fluid-filled blisters.
Ramsay Hunt syndrome is a shingles outbreak that affects the facial nerve near one of your ears. It can also causes one-sided facial paralysis and hearing loss.
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Ramsay Hunt syndrome can occur in anyone who has had chickenpox. It's more common in older adults, typically affecting people older than 60. Ramsay Hunt syndrome is rare in children.
Ramsay Hunt syndrome isn't contagious. However, reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus can cause chickenpox in people who haven't previously had chickenpox or been vaccinated for it. The infection can be serious for people who have immune system problems.
Until the rash blisters scab over, avoid physical contact with:
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Complications of Ramsay Hunt syndrome may include:
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Children are now routinely vaccinated against chickenpox, which greatly reduces the chances of becoming infected with the chickenpox virus. A shingles vaccine for people age 50 or older also is recommended.
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Doctors often can identify Ramsay Hunt syndrome based on medical history, a physical exam, and the disorder's distinctive signs and symptoms. To confirm the diagnosis, your doctor might take a sample of fluid from one of the rash blisters in your ear for testing.
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Prompt treatment of Ramsay Hunt syndrome can ease pain and decrease the risk of long-term complications. Medications may include:
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You're likely to start by first seeing your family doctor. He or she may refer you to a doctor who specializes in nervous system disorders (neurologist) or to an ear, nose and throat specialist (otolaryngologist).
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rash, paralysis, facial paralysis, hunt syndrome
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536
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Genital herpes
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/genital-herpes/symptoms-causes/syc-20356161
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/genital-herpes/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356167
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Genital herpes is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI). The herpes simplex virus (HSV) causes genital herpes. Genital herpes can often be spread by skin-to-skin contact during sexual activity.
Some people infected with the virus may have very mild symptoms or no symptoms. They can still able to spread the virus. Other people have pain, itching and sores around the genitals, anus or mouth.
There is no cure for genital herpes. Symptoms often show up again after the first outbreak. Medicine can ease symptoms. It also lowers the risk of infecting others. Condoms can help prevent the spread of a genital herpes infection.
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Most people infected withHSVdon't know they have it. They may have no symptoms or have very mild symptoms.
Symptoms start about 2 to 12 days after exposure to the virus. They may include:
Pain or itching around the genitals
Small bumps or blisters around the genitals, anus or mouth
Painful ulcers that form when blisters rupture and ooze or bleed
Scabs that form as the ulcers heal
Painful urination
Discharge from the urethra, the tube that releases urine from the body
Discharge from the vagina
During the first outbreak, you may commonly have flu-like symptoms such as:
Fever
Headache
Body aches
Swollen lymph nodes in the groin
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If you suspect you have genital herpes, or any otherSTI, see your health care provider.
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Genital herpes is caused by two types of herpes simplex virus. These types include herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). People withHSVinfections can pass along the virus even when they have no visible symptoms.
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A higher risk of getting genital herpes is linked to:
Contact with genitals through oral, vaginal or anal sex.Having sexual contact without using a barrier increases your risk of genital herpes. Barriers include condoms and condom-like protectors called dental dams used during oral sex. Women are at higher risk of getting genital herpes. The virus can spread more easily from men to women than from women to men.
Having sex with multiple partners.The number of people you have sex with is a strong risk factor. Contact with genitals through sex or sexual activity puts you at higher risk. Most people with genital herpes do not know they have it.
Having a partner who has the disease but is not taking medicine to treat it.There is no cure for genital herpes, but medicine can help limit outbreaks.
Certain groups within the population.Women, people with a history of sexually transmitted diseases, older people, Black people in in the United States and men who have sex with men diagnosed with genital herpes at a higher than average rate. People in groups at higher risk may choose to talk to a health care provider about their personal risk.
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Complications associated with genital herpes may include:
Other sexually transmitted infections.Having genital sores raises your risk of giving or getting otherSTIs, includingHIV/AIDS.
Newborn infection.A baby can be infected withHSVduring delivery. Less often, the virus is passed during pregnancy or by close contact after delivery. Newborns withHSVoften have infections of internal organs or the nervous system. Even with treatment, these newborns have a high risk of developmental or physical problems and a risk of death.
Internal inflammatory disease.HSVinfection can cause swelling and inflammation within the organs associated with sexual activity and urination. These include the ureter, rectum, vagina, cervix and uterus.
Finger infection.AnHSVinfection can spread to a finger through a break in the skin causing discoloration, swelling and sores. The infections are called herpetic whitlow.
Eye infection.HSVinfection of the eye can cause pain, sores, blurred vision and blindness.
Swelling of the brain.Rarely,HSVinfection leads to inflammation and swelling of the brain, also called encephalitis.
Infection of internal organs.Rarely,HSVin the bloodstream can cause infections of internal organs.
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Prevention of genital herpes is the same as preventing other sexually transmitted infections.
Have one long-term sexual partner who has been tested forSTIs and isn't infected.
Use a condom or dental dam during sexual activity. These reduce the risk of disease, but they don't prevent all skin-to-skin contact during sex.
Don't have sex when a partner with genital herpes has symptoms.
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Your health care provider can usually make a diagnosis of genital herpes based on a physical exam and a history of your sexual activity.
To confirm a diagnosis, your provider will likely take a sample from an active sore. One or more tests of these samples are used to see if you have herpes simplex virus (HSV), infection and show whether the infection isHSV-1orHSV-2.
Less often, a lab test of your blood may be used for confirming a diagnosis or ruling out other infections.
Your care provider will likely recommend that you get tested for otherSTIs. Your partner should also be tested for genital herpes and otherSTIs.
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There's no cure for genital herpes. Treatment with prescription antiviral pills may be used for the following:
Help sores heal during a first outbreak
Lower the frequency of recurrent outbreaks
Lessen the severity and duration of symptoms in recurrent outbreaks
Reduce the chance of passing the herpes virus to a partner
Commonly prescribed medicines used for genital herpes include:
Acyclovir (Zovirax)
Famciclovir
Valacyclovir (Valtrex)
Your health care provider will talk to you about the right treatment for you. Treatment depends on the severity of disease, the type ofHSV, your sexual activity and other medical factors. The dose will vary depending on whether you currently have symptoms. Long-term use of the antiviral drugs is considered safe.
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A diagnosis of genital herpes may cause embarrassment, shame, anger or other strong emotions. You may be suspicious or resentful of your partner. Or you might be worried about rejection by your current partner or future partners.
Healthy ways to cope with having genital herpes include the following:
Communicate with your partner.Be open and honest about your feelings. Trust your partner and believe what your partner tells you.
Educate yourself.Talk with your health care provider or a counselor. They can help you learn how to live with the condition. They can also help you lessen the chance of infecting others. Learn about your treatment options and how to manage outbreaks.
Join a support group.Look for a group in your area or online. Talk about your feelings and learn from others' experiences.
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If you think you have genital herpes or anotherSTI, make an appointment to see your health care provider.
Be prepared to answer the following questions:
What are your symptoms? When did they start?
Do you have sores or unusual discharge?
Do you have pelvic pain?
Do you have pain while urinating?
Do you have a new sexual partner or multiple partners?
Have you ever been diagnosed with a sexually transmitted infection?
Do you regularly use condoms?
What medications or supplements do you take regularly?
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pain, painful urination, ulcers, blisters, headache, scabs, discharge, fever, swollen lymph nodes, painful urination
, painful ulcers, body aches, bumps, itching, or mouth, aches, blisters rupture
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537
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Secondary hypertension
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/secondary-hypertension/symptoms-causes/syc-20350679
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/secondary-hypertension/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350684
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/secondary-hypertension/doctors-departments/ddc-20350686
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Secondary high blood pressure (secondary hypertension) is high blood pressure that's caused by another medical condition. It can be caused by conditions that affect the kidneys, arteries, heart or endocrine system. Secondary hypertension can also occur during pregnancy.
Secondary hypertension differs from the usual type of high blood pressure (primary hypertension or essential hypertension), which is often called simply high blood pressure.
Proper treatment of secondary hypertension can often control both the high blood pressure and the condition that causes it. Effective treatment reduces the risk of serious complications — including heart disease, kidney failure and stroke.
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Like primary hypertension, secondary hypertension usually has no specific symptoms, even if blood pressure has reached dangerously high levels.
For people diagnosed with high blood pressure, having any of these signs may mean the condition is secondary hypertension:
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If you have a condition that can cause secondary hypertension, you may need your blood pressure checked more frequently. Ask your health care provider how often to have your blood pressure checked.
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Many health conditions can cause secondary hypertension. Several kidney diseases may cause secondary hypertension, including:
Renovascular hypertension.This type of high blood pressure is caused by narrowing (stenosis) of one or both arteries leading to the kidneys.
Renovascular hypertension is often caused by the same type of fatty plaques that can damage the coronary arteries (atherosclerosis) or a separate condition in which the muscle and fibrous tissues of the renal artery wall thicken and harden into rings (fibromuscular dysplasia).
Medical conditions affecting hormone levels also may cause secondary hypertension. These conditions include:
Other possible causes of secondary hypertension include:
Sleep apnea.In this condition, often marked by severe snoring, breathing repeatedly stops and starts during sleep, causing a lack of oxygen.
Not getting enough oxygen may damage the lining of the blood vessel walls, which may make it harder for the blood vessels to control blood pressure. Also, sleep apnea causes part of the nervous system to be overactive and release certain chemicals that increase blood pressure.
Obesity.As body weight increases, the amount of blood flowing through the body increases. This increase in blood flow puts added pressure on artery walls, increasing blood pressure.
Being overweight also increases the heart rate and makes it harder for the blood vessels to move blood. In addition, fat deposits can release chemicals that raise blood pressure.
Medications and supplements.Various prescription medications — such as pain relievers, birth control pills, antidepressants and drugs used after organ transplants — can cause or worsen high blood pressure in some people.
Some decongestants and herbal supplements, including ginseng, licorice and ephedra (ma-huang), may have the same effect. Many illegal drugs, such as cocaine and methamphetamine, also increase blood pressure.
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The greatest risk factor for developing secondary hypertension is having a medical condition that can cause high blood pressure, such as kidney, artery, heart or endocrine system problems.
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Secondary hypertension can worsen the underlying medical condition that's causing the high blood pressure. Without treatment, secondary hypertension can lead to other health problems, such as:
Metabolic syndrome.This syndrome is a cluster of disorders of the body's metabolism — including increased waist circumference, high triglycerides, low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (the "good" cholesterol), high blood pressure and high insulin levels.
If you have high blood pressure, you're more likely to have other components of metabolic syndrome. The more components you have, the greater your risk of developing diabetes, heart disease or stroke.
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To diagnose secondary hypertension, a health care provider will take a blood pressure reading using an inflatable cuff.
A care provider might not diagnose secondary hypertension based on a single high blood pressure reading. It may take 3 to 6 high blood pressure measurements at separate appointments to diagnose secondary hypertension. Home blood pressure monitoring and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring might make up some of these readings. With ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, a device takes blood pressure measurements automatically at specific times throughout the day.
Other tests to help pinpoint the cause of the high blood pressure might include:
Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG).This painless noninvasive test records the electrical signals in the heart. This test can help determine whether a heart problem might be causing secondary hypertension.
In this test, sensors (electrodes) are attached to the chest and sometimes to the limbs. The sensors connect to a computer that records the heart's electrical signal information and displays it as waves on a monitor or on paper. This test shows how the heart is beating.
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Treatment for secondary hypertension involves treating the medical condition that's causing it with medications or surgery. Once the condition is treated, blood pressure might decrease or return to normal.
Treatment might require continuing to take blood pressure medication, as well. The underlying medical condition might affect this choice of medication.
Possible drug choices include:
Thiazide diuretics.Diuretics, sometimes called water pills, are medications that help kidneys eliminate sodium and water. Thiazide diuretics are often the first — but not the only — choice in high blood pressure medications.
Diuretics are often generic and tend to be less expensive than other high blood pressure medications. If you're not taking a diuretic and your blood pressure remains high, talk to your provider about adding one or replacing a drug you take with a diuretic. Possible side effects of diuretics include weakness, leg cramps and a higher risk of having sexual issues.
Beta blockers.These medications reduce the workload on the heart and open the blood vessels. This causes the heart to beat slower and with less force. When prescribed alone, beta blockers don't work as well in Black people — but they're effective when combined with a thiazide diuretic.
Possible side effects include fatigue, sleep problems, a slowed heart rate, and cold hands and feet. Beta blockers generally aren't used for people with asthma, as they can increase muscle spasms in the lungs.
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors.These medications help relax blood vessels by blocking the formation of a natural chemical that narrows blood vessels. angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors may be especially important in treating high blood pressure in people with coronary artery disease, heart failure or kidney failure.
Like beta blockers,ACEinhibitors don't work as well in Black people when prescribed alone, but they're effective when combined with a thiazide diuretic. Possible side effects include dizziness and coughing.ACEinhibitors should not be taken during pregnancy.
Angiotensin II receptor blockers.These medications help relax blood vessels by blocking the action of a natural chemical that narrows blood vessels. LikeACEinhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers often are useful for people with coronary artery disease, heart failure or kidney failure.
These medications have fewer potential side effects than doACEinhibitors. Angiotensin II receptor blockers should not be used during pregnancy.
Calcium channel blockers.These medications help relax the muscles of the blood vessels or slow the heart rate. Calcium channel blockers may work better for some people thanACEinhibitors or beta blockers alone. Possible side effects include water retention, dizziness and constipation.
Grapefruit juice interacts with some calcium channel blockers, increasing levels of the medication in the blood and increasing the risk of side effects. Ask your health care provider or pharmacist if grapefruit juice affects your medication.
Direct renin inhibitors.These medications relax and widen the arteries by preventing the action of a protein (enzyme) called renin. An example of a direct renin inhibitor is as aliskiren (Tekturna).
Common side effects of aliskiren include dizziness and diarrhea. People with diabetes or moderate to severe kidney problems shouldn't use aliskiren in combination withACEinhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers.
Treatment for secondary hypertension can sometimes be complicated. It might take more than one medication combined with lifestyle changes to control high blood pressure. Your health care provider will want to see you more often — possibly as often as once a month — until your blood pressure is controlled. Your provider may also recommend that you keep track of your blood pressure at home.
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High blood pressure may be discovered during a routine physical. At that point, your primary care provider may order more tests or refer you to a provider who specializes in treating the suspected cause of your high blood pressure. For example, if your provider believes that a kidney problem is causing your high blood pressure, you'll likely be referred to a doctor who specializes in treating kidney disorders (nephrologist).
Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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no symptoms mentioned, hypertension
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538
|
Priapism
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/priapism/symptoms-causes/syc-20352005
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/priapism/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352010
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Priapism is a prolonged erection of the penis. The full or partial erection continues hours beyond or isn't caused by sexual stimulation. The main types of priapism are ischemic and nonischemic. Ischemic priapism is a medical emergency.
Although priapism is an uncommon condition overall, it occurs commonly in certain groups, such as people who have sickle cell disease. Prompt treatment for priapism is usually needed to prevent tissue damage that could result in the inability to get or maintain an erection (erectile dysfunction).
Priapism most commonly affects males in their 30s and older, but can begin in childhood for males with sickle cell disease.
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Priapism symptoms vary depending on the type of priapism. The two main types of priapism are ischemic priapism and nonischemic priapism.
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If you have an erection lasting more than four hours, you need emergency care. The emergency room doctor will determine whether you have ischemic priapism or nonischemic priapism.
If you experience recurrent, persistent, painful erections that resolve on their own, see your doctor. You might need treatment to prevent further episodes.
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An erection normally occurs in response to physical or psychological stimulation. This stimulation causes certain smooth muscles to relax, increasing blood flow to spongy tissues in the penis. As a result, the blood-filled penis becomes erect. After stimulation ends, the blood flows out and the penis returns to its nonrigid (flaccid) state.
Priapism occurs when some part of this system — the blood, vessels, smooth muscles or nerves — changes normal blood flow, and an erection persists. The underlying cause of priapism often can't be determined, but several conditions may play a role.
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Ischemic priapism can cause serious complications. The blood trapped in the penis is deprived of oxygen. When an erection lasts for too long — usually more than four hours — this lack of oxygen can begin to damage or destroy tissues in the penis. Untreated priapism can cause erectile dysfunction.
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If you have stuttering priapism, to prevent future episodes your doctor might recommend:
|
If you have an erection lasting more than four hours, you need emergency care.
The emergency room doctor will determine whether you have ischemic priapism or nonischemic priapism. This is necessary because the treatment for each is different, and treatment for ischemic priapism needs to happen as soon as possible.
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Ischemic priapism — the result of blood not being able to exit the penis — is an emergency situation that requires immediate treatment. After pain relief, this treatment usually begins with a combination of draining blood from the penis and using medications.
If you have sickle cell disease, you might receive additional treatments that are used to treat disease-related episodes.
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If you have an erection lasting more than four hours, you need emergency care. If you experience recurrent, persistent, partial erections that resolve on their own, see your doctor. Treatment might be needed to prevent further episodes. The doctor might suggest that you make a follow-up appointment with a specialist in the urinary tract and male reproductive system, such as a urologist or andrologist.
Here's some information to help you prepare for your appointment, and what to expect from your doctor.
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priapism, nonischemic priapism, none, ischemic priapism
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539
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Chronic hives
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-hives/symptoms-causes/syc-20352719
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-hives/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352723
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-hives/doctors-departments/ddc-20352725
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Hives — also called urticaria (ur-tih-KAR-e-uh) — is a skin reaction that causes itchy welts. Chronic hives are welts that last for more than six weeks and return often over months or years. Often, the cause of chronic hives isn't clear.
The welts often start as itchy patches that turn into swollen welts that vary in size. These welts appear and fade at random as the reaction runs its course. Each individual welt typically lasts less than 24 hours.
Chronic hives can be very uncomfortable and interfere with sleep and daily activities. For many people, anti-itch medicines, called antihistamines, provide relief.
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Symptoms of chronic hives include:
Batches of welts, called weals, that can arise anywhere on the body.
Welts that might be red, purple or skin-colored, depending on your skin color.
Welts that vary in size, change shape, and appear and fade repeatedly.
Itchiness, also called pruritus, which can be intense.
Painful swelling, called angioedema, around the eyes, cheeks or lips.
Flares triggered by heat, exercise or stress.
Symptoms that persist for more than six weeks and recur often and anytime, sometimes for months or years.
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See a healthcare professional if you have severe hives or hives that last for more than a few days.
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The welts that come with hives are caused by the release of immune system chemicals, such as histamine, into your bloodstream. It's often not known why chronic hives happen or why short-term hives sometimes turn into a long-term problem.
The skin reaction may be triggered by:
Heat or cold.
Sunlight.
Vibration, such as caused by jogging or using lawn mowers.
Pressure on the skin, as from a tight waistband.
Medical conditions, such as thyroid disease, infection, allergy and cancer.
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In most cases, chronic hives is not predictable. In some people, the risk of chronic hives increases if they have certain medical conditions. These include infection, thyroid disease, allergy, cancer and swelling of the blood vessels, called vasculitis.
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Chronic hives don't put you at sudden risk of a serious allergic reaction, called anaphylaxis. If you do get hives as part of a severe allergic reaction, seek emergency care. Symptoms of anaphylaxis include dizziness, trouble breathing, and swelling of the tongue, lips, mouth or throat.
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To lower your likelihood of getting hives, use these self-care tips:
Avoid known triggers.If you know what has triggered your hives, try to avoid that substance.
Bathe and change your clothes.If pollen or animal contact has triggered your hives in the past, take a bath or shower and change your clothes if you're exposed to pollen or animals.
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To diagnose chronic hives, your healthcare professional will likely talk with you about your symptoms and look at your skin. One of the telling features of chronic hives is that the welts come and go at random, with each spot usually lasting less than 24 hours. You might be asked to keep a diary to keep track of:
Your activities.
Any medicines, herbal remedies or supplements you take.
What you eat and drink.
Where hives appear and how long it takes a welt to fade and whether it leaves behind a bruise or other mark.
Whether your hives come with painful swelling.
You also may need blood tests to determine the cause of your symptoms. An accurate diagnosis will guide your treatment. If needed to clarify the diagnosis, your healthcare professional might do a skin biopsy. A biopsy is a procedure to remove a sample of tissue for testing in a lab.
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Treatment for chronic hives often starts with nonprescription anti-itch medicines, called antihistamines. If these don't help, your healthcare professional might suggest that you try one or more prescription-strength medicines. These include:
Montelukast (Singulair).
Doxepin (Silenor, Zonalon).
Ranitidine.
Omalizumab (Xolair).
For chronic hives that resist these treatments, your healthcare professional might prescribe a medicine that can calm an overactive immune system. Examples are cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune), tacrolimus (Prograf, Protopic, others), hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil) and mycophenolate (Cellcept).
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You'll likely start by seeing your primary healthcare professional. Or you may be referred to an allergy specialist or a doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of skin conditions. This type of doctor is called a dermatologist.
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angioedema, flares, itchiness, weals, swelling, skin-colored, batches of welts, welts, painful swelling, pruritus
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540
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Laryngitis
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/laryngitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20374262
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/laryngitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20374267
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/laryngitis/doctors-departments/ddc-20374268
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Laryngitis is an inflammation of your voice box (larynx) from overuse, irritation or infection.
Inside the larynx are your vocal cords — two folds of mucous membrane covering muscle and cartilage. Normally, your vocal cords open and close smoothly, forming sounds through their movement and vibration.
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In most cases laryngitis symptoms last less than a couple of weeks and are caused by something minor, such as a virus. Less often, laryngitis symptoms are caused by something more serious or long lasting. Laryngitis signs and symptoms can include:
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You can manage most acute cases of laryngitis with self-care steps, such as resting your voice and drinking plenty of fluids. Strenuous use of your voice during an episode of acute laryngitis can damage your vocal cords.
Make an appointment with a doctor if your laryngitis symptoms last more than two weeks.
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Most cases of laryngitis are temporary and improve after the underlying cause gets better. Causes of acute laryngitis include:
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Risk factors for laryngitis include:
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In some cases of laryngitis caused by infection, the infection may spread to other parts of the respiratory tract.
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To prevent dryness or irritation to your vocal cords:
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The most common sign of laryngitis is hoarseness. Changes in your voice can vary with the degree of infection or irritation, ranging from mild hoarseness to almost total loss of your voice. If you have chronic hoarseness, your doctor may review your medical history and symptoms. He or she may want to listen to your voice and examine your vocal cords, and he or she may refer you to an ear, nose and throat specialist.
These techniques sometimes are used to help diagnose laryngitis:
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Acute laryngitis often gets better on its own within a week or so. Self-care measures, such as voice rest, drinking fluids and humidifying your air, also can help improve symptoms.
Chronic laryngitis treatments are aimed at treating the underlying causes, such as heartburn, smoking or excessive use of alcohol.
Medications used in some cases include:
You may also have voice therapy to learn to lessen behaviors that worsen your voice.
In some cases, you may need surgery.
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You're likely to start by seeing your family doctor or a pediatrician. You may be referred to a doctor trained in ear, nose and throat disorders.
Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment, and to know what to expect from your doctor.
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laryngitis, sore throat, hoarseness
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542
|
Stye (sty)
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sty/symptoms-causes/syc-20378017
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sty/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20378022
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sty/doctors-departments/ddc-20378023
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A stye (sty) is a red, painful lump near the edge of your eyelid that may look like a boil or a pimple. Styes are often filled with pus. A stye usually forms on the outside of your eyelid, but sometimes it can form on the inner part of your eyelid.
In most cases, a stye will begin to disappear on its own in a couple days. In the meantime, you may be able to relieve the pain or discomfort of a stye by applying a warm washcloth to your eyelid.
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Signs and symptoms of a stye include:
Another condition that causes inflammation of the eyelid is a chalazion. A chalazion occurs when there's a blockage in one of the small oil glands near the eyelashes. Unlike a stye, a chalazion usually isn't painful and tends to be most prominent on the inner side of the eyelid. Treatment for both conditions is similar.
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Most styes are harmless to your eye and won't affect your ability to see clearly. Try self-care measures first, such as applying a warm washcloth to your closed eyelid for five to 10 minutes several times a day and gently massaging the eyelid. Contact your doctor if:
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A stye is caused by an infection of oil glands in the eyelid. The bacterium staphylococcus is commonly responsible for most of these infections.
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You are at increased risk of a stye if you:
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To prevent eye infections:
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Your doctor will usually diagnose a stye just by looking at your eyelid. Your doctor may use a light and a magnifying device to examine your eyelid.
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In most cases, a stye doesn't require specific treatment, but using warm compresses can hasten the healing. A stye typically goes away on its own. Recurrences are common.
For a stye that persists, your doctor may recommend treatments, such as:
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Start by seeing your family doctor or a general practitioner if your stye is painful or doesn't start to get better in two days. In some cases, your doctor may refer you to a specialist who treats eye diseases and conditions (ophthalmologist).
Because appointments can be brief, it's a good idea to be prepared for your appointment. Here's some information to help you get ready.
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stye, painful, blockage, inflammation, chalazion
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543
|
Horner syndrome
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/horner-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20373547
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/horner-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20373551
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Horner syndrome is a condition that affects the face and eye on one side of the body. It is caused by the disruption of a nerve pathway from the brain to the head and neck.
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Horner syndrome usually affects only one side of the face. Common signs and symptoms include:
Signs and symptoms, particularly ptosis and anhidrosis, may be subtle and difficult to detect.
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A number of factors, some more serious than others, can cause Horner syndrome. It is important to get a prompt and accurate diagnosis.
Get emergency care if signs or symptoms associated with Horner syndrome appear suddenly, appear after a traumatic injury, or are accompanied by other signs or symptoms, such as:
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Horner syndrome is caused by damage to a certain pathway in the sympathetic nervous system. The sympathetic nervous system regulates heart rate, pupil size, perspiration, blood pressure and other functions that enable you to respond quickly to changes in your environment.
The nerve pathway affected by Horner syndrome is divided into three groups of nerve cells (neurons).
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In addition to a general medical examination, your doctor will likely conduct tests to determine the nature of your symptoms and identify a possible cause.
|
There's no specific treatment for Horner syndrome. Often, Horner syndrome disappears when an underlying medical condition is effectively treated.
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In most nonemergency situations, you typically start by seeing a family doctor or an (ophthalmologist). You may be referred to a doctor who specializes in nervous system disorders (neurologist) or a specialist in both neurological disorders and disorders affecting the eye and visual pathways (neuro-ophthalmologist).
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anhidrosis, horner syndrome, ptosis
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545
|
HPV infection
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hpv-infection/symptoms-causes/syc-20351596
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hpv-infection/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351602
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hpv-infection/doctors-departments/ddc-20351603
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HPV infection is a viral infection. There are more than 100 types of human papillomavirus (HPV). Some types of HPV infection cause skin growths called warts and some types of HPV infection can cause cancer.
Most HPV infections don't lead to cancer. But some types of genital HPV can cause cancer of the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina, called the cervix. Other types of cancers have been linked to HPV infection. These include cancers of the anus, penis, vagina, vulva and back of the throat. Cancer at the back of the throat is called oropharyngeal cancer.
These infections are often passed through sex or through other skin-to-skin contact. Vaccines can help protect against the strains of HPV most likely to cause genital warts or cervical cancer.
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Usually, the body's immune system defeats an HPV infection before it creates warts. Different types of HPV produce different warts, including:
Genital warts.Some appear flat. Others look like small cauliflower-like bumps or tiny stemlike bumps. In women, genital warts appear mostly on the vulva. But they also can occur near the anus, on the cervix or in the vagina.
In men, genital warts appear on the penis and scrotum or around the anus. Genital warts rarely cause discomfort or pain. But they might itch or feel tender.
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If you or your child has any warts that cause embarrassment, discomfort or pain, seek advice from your healthcare professional.
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HPV infection occurs when the virus enters the body, usually through a cut or other damage to skin. The virus spreads mainly by skin-to-skin contact.
Genital HPV infections are contracted through having sex, anal sex and other skin-to-skin contact of the genitals. Some HPV infections spread through oral sex.
People who are pregnant and have an HPV infection with genital warts can give the infection to the baby. Rarely, the infection may cause a noncancerous growth in the baby's voice box, called the larynx.
Warts spread easily. This means that warts are contagious and can spread through direct contact with a wart. Warts also can spread by touching something that has touched a wart.
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HPV infections are common. Risk factors for HPV infection include:
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It's hard to prevent HPV infections that cause common warts. If you have a common wart, you can prevent the spread of the infection and keep new warts from forming by not picking at a wart and not biting your nails.
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A healthcare professional might be able to diagnose HPV infection by looking at the warts.
If genital warts don't show, one or more of the following tests can find them:
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Warts often go away without treatment, particularly in children. But there's no cure for the virus. So the warts can come back in the same place or other places.
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You'll likely start by seeing your main healthcare professional. Depending on where your warts are, you may be referred to a specific healthcare professional. For example, you may be referred to a specialist who treats skin, called a dermatologist; a specialist who treats feet, called a podiatrist; or a reproductive organs specialist, either a gynecologist or urologist.
Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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pain, hpv infection, itch, tender, discomfort
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546
|
Kyphosis
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kyphosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20374205
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kyphosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20374209
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kyphosis/doctors-departments/ddc-20374211
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Kyphosis is an excessive forward rounding of the upper back.
In older people, kyphosis is often due to weakness in the spinal bones that causes them to compress or crack. Other types of kyphosis can appear in infants or teens. These types are due to malformation of the spine or wedging of the spinal bones over time.
Mild kyphosis causes few problems. Serious kyphosis can cause pain and be disfiguring. Treatment for kyphosis depends on your age, and the cause and seriousness of the curvature.
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Mild kyphosis may not have any noticeable symptoms. In fact, the upper back naturally has a little kyphosis. People who have excessive curvature may experience back pain and stiffness.
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Make an appointment with your healthcare professional if you notice an increased curve in your upper back or in your child's spine.
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The bones that make up a healthy spine look like cylinders stacked in a column. These bones are called vertebrae. Kyphosis happens when the vertebrae in the back become more wedge shaped.
The shape of vertebrae can be changed by:
Fractures.Broken vertebrae can result in curvature of the spine. Compression fractures, which can happen in weakened bone, are the most common. Mild compression fractures may not produce noticeable symptoms.
Osteoporosis.Weak bones can cause spinal curvature, especially if weakened vertebrae develop compression fractures. Osteoporosis is most common in older women and people who have taken corticosteroids for long periods of time.
Disk degeneration.Soft, circular disks act as cushions between spinal vertebrae. With age, these disks flatten and shrink, which often worsens kyphosis.
Scheuermann's disease.Also called Scheuermann's kyphosis, this disease usually becomes noticeable during adolescence.
Other problems.Spinal bones that don't develop properly before birth can cause kyphosis. Kyphosis in children also can be associated with certain medical conditions.
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The risk of developing kyphosis as an adult increases with age as bone density decreases and spinal disks degenerate. In children, certain genetic and metabolic conditions may put them at increased risk for kyphosis, including osteogenesis imperfecta, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and Marfan syndrome.
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In addition to causing back pain, kyphosis may cause:
Limited physical functions.Kyphosis is associated with weakened back muscles and difficulty doing tasks such as walking and getting out of chairs. The spinal curvature can also make it difficult to gaze upward or drive and can cause pain when you lie down.
Digestive problems.Serious kyphosis can compress the digestive tract, causing problems such as acid reflux and difficulty with swallowing.
Back pain.Some patients with serious kyphosis experience back pain.
Body image problems.People with kyphosis, especially adolescents, may have poor body image from having a rounded back.
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Your healthcare professional will generally conduct a thorough physical exam. You may be asked to bend forward from the waist to allow your healthcare professional to view your spine from the side. You also may undergo a neurological exam to check your reflexes and muscle strength.
Tests that may be ordered include:
X-rays or CT scans.X-rays can determine the degree of curvature and detect deformities of the vertebrae. A CT scan might be recommended if your healthcare professional needs more detailed imaging.
MRI.Using a strong magnetic field, MRIs can detect a recent fracture in your spine.
Nerve tests.If you are experiencing numbness or muscle weakness, you may need tests to determine how well nerve impulses are traveling between your spinal cord and your extremities.
Bone density tests.Low-density bone can increase the risk for compression fractures and often can be improved with medicines.
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Kyphosis treatment depends on the cause and seriousness of your condition.
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You may be referred to a doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of spine disorders.
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pain, kyphosis, stiffness, back pain
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548
|
Progeria
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/progeria/symptoms-causes/syc-20356038
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/progeria/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356043
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Progeria (pro-JEER-e-uh), also known as Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome, is an extremely rare, progressive genetic disorder. It causes children to age rapidly, starting in their first two years of life.
Children with progeria generally appear healthy at birth. During the first year, symptoms such as slowed growth, loss of fat tissue and hair loss begin to appear.
Heart problems or strokes are the eventual cause of death in most children with progeria. The average life expectancy for a child with progeria is about 15 years. Some with the condition may die younger and others may live longer, even to about 20 years.
There's no cure for progeria, but new treatments and research show some promise for managing symptoms and complications.
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Usually within the first year of life, you'll notice that your child's growth has slowed. But motor development and intelligence are not affected.
Symptoms of this progressive disorder cause a distinctive appearance. They include:
Slowed growth and poor weight gain, with below-average height and weight.
Lack of fat that's stored just beneath the skin.
Head that is large compared with the face.
Small jaw, chin and mouth and thin lips.
Thin, curved nose with a slight hook at the end, which may look like a bird's beak.
Large eyes and eyelids that don't close completely.
Hair loss, including eyelashes and eyebrows.
Thin, spotty and wrinkled skin.
Veins easily seen through the skin.
High-pitched voice.
Premature aging.
Symptoms also include health issues:
Severe progressive heart and blood vessel disease, also known as cardiovascular disease.
Hardening and tightening of skin.
Delayed tooth formation and tooth shape that is not usual.
Some hearing loss.
Loss of fat under the skin and loss of muscle.
Problems with the growth and development of bones.
Joint problems, including stiff joints.
A hip that's forced out of the correct position, known as hip dislocation.
Dental problems.
No significant progression of puberty.
Insulin resistance, which means the body doesn't respond well to insulin made by an organ called the pancreas.
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Progeria is usually found in infancy or early childhood. This often happens at regular checkups, when a baby first shows the distinctive signs of premature aging.
If you notice changes in your child that could be symptoms of progeria, or you have any concerns about your child's growth or development, make an appointment with your child's health care provider.
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A change in one gene causes progeria. This gene, known as lamin A (LMNA), makes a protein that's needed to hold the center of a cell, called the nucleus, together. When theLMNAgene has a change, a flawed lamin A protein called progerin is made. Progerin makes cells unstable and appears to lead to progeria's aging process.
The changed gene that causes progeria is rarely passed down in families. In most cases, the rare gene change that causes progeria happens by chance.
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There are no known factors, such as lifestyle or environmental issues, that increase the risk of having progeria or giving birth to a child with progeria. But the age of the father has been described as a possible risk factor. Progeria is extremely rare. If you've had one child with progeria, the chances of having a second child with progeria are slightly higher than the general population but are still low.
If you have a child with progeria, a genetic counselor can give you information about the risk of having other children with progeria.
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Severe hardening of the arteries, known as atherosclerosis, is common in progeria. Arteries are blood vessels that carry nutrients and oxygen from the heart to the rest of the body. Atherosclerosis is a condition in which the walls of the arteries stiffen and thicken. This often limits blood flow. The condition especially affects arteries in the heart and brain.
Most children with progeria die of complications related to atherosclerosis, including:
Problems with blood vessels that supply the heart, resulting in heart attack and congestive heart failure.
Problems with blood vessels that supply the brain, resulting in stroke.
Other health problems frequently linked with aging — such as an increased cancer risk — usually don't develop as part of progeria.
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Health care providers may suspect progeria based on symptoms. A genetic test for changes in theLMNAgene can confirm the diagnosis of progeria.
A thorough physical exam of your child includes:
Measuring height and weight.
Putting measurements on a growth curve chart.
Testing hearing and vision.
Measuring vital signs, including blood pressure.
Looking for visible symptoms of progeria.
Feel free to ask questions during your child's exam. Progeria is a very rare condition. Your health care provider may need to gather more information before deciding on the next steps in caring for your child. Discussion of your questions and concerns will be helpful.
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There's no cure for progeria. But regular monitoring for heart and blood vessel disease may help with managing your child's condition.
During medical visits, your child's weight and height are measured and put on a chart that shows average measurements of children who are your child's age. Routine evaluations often include electrocardiograms and echocardiograms to check the heart, imaging tests, such as X-ray and MRI, and dental, vision and hearing exams.
Certain therapies may ease or delay some of the symptoms of progeria. Treatments depend on your child's condition and symptoms. These may include:
Lonafarnib (Zokinvy).This oral medicine helps prevent the buildup of faulty progerin and progerin-like proteins in cells. Preventing this buildup in cells can slow the progression of symptoms that occur in progeria, which can help some children live longer. The medicine is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for children 1 year and older.
Low-dose aspirin.A daily dose may help prevent heart attacks and strokes.
Other medicines.Depending on your child's condition, the health care provider may prescribe other medicines to treat complications. These may include dietary therapy, possibly with statins to help blood vessels and heart function. Also, blood thinners to help prevent blood clots. Medicines to treat headaches and other symptoms may be needed.
Physical and occupational therapy.Physical therapy can help with joint stiffness and hip problems to help your child remain active. Occupational therapy can help your child learn ways to manage daily activities, such as dressing, brushing teeth and eating.
Nutrition.A balanced diet that includes healthy, high-calorie foods can help maintain adequate nutrition. Sometimes nutrition supplements are needed to provide extra calories.
Hearing aids.Although low-frequency hearing loss does not usually affect daily activities, sometimes listening devices or hearing aids are needed.
Eye and vision care.Not being able to close eyelids completely can cause dry eyes and damage to the surface of the eye. Moisturizing eye products and regular vision care can help.
Dental care.Dental problems are common in progeria. Regular visits with a pediatric dentist experienced with progeria can treat problems early.
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Learning that your child has progeria can be emotionally upsetting. Suddenly you know that your child is facing many difficult challenges and a shortened life span. For you and your family, coping with the condition can involve a major commitment of physical, emotional and financial resources.
Some helpful resources include:
Support network.Your health care team, family and friends can all be a valuable part of your support network. Also, ask your health care provider about self-help groups or therapists in your community. Your local health department, public library and trustworthy sources on the internet may be helpful in finding resources.
Support groups.In a support group, you'll be with people who are facing challenges like yours. If you can't find a progeria support group, you may be able to find a group for parents of children with long-term illness.
Other families dealing with progeria.The Progeria Research Foundation may be able to help you connect with other families who have a child with progeria.
Therapists.If a group isn't for you, talking to a therapist or someone in your faith community may help.
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It's likely that your family health care provider or your child's pediatrician will notice symptoms of progeria during regular checkups. After evaluation, your child may be referred to a medical genetics specialist.
Here's some information to help you prepare for your appointment.
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Here are some steps you can take at home to help your child:
Make sure your child drinks plenty of water.Loss of water, called dehydration, can be more serious in children with progeria. Dehydration is when your body doesn't have enough water and other fluids to carry out normal functions. Be sure your child drinks plenty of water and other fluids, especially during an illness, with activity or in hot weather.
Provide frequent, small meals.Because nutrition and growth can be an issue for children with progeria, giving your child smaller meals more often may help provide more calories. Add healthy, high-calorie foods and snacks as needed. Talk with your health care provider about nutritional supplements. Visits with a registered dietitian can help.
Provide opportunities for regular physical activity.Check with your child's health care provider to learn which activities are safe and healthy for your child.
Get cushioned shoes or shoe inserts for your child.Loss of body fat in the feet can cause discomfort.
Use sunscreen.Use a broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of at least 30. Apply sunscreen generously, and reapply it every two hours. Apply sunscreen more often if your child is swimming or sweating.
Make sure your child is up to date on childhood vaccinations.A child with progeria isn't at increased risk of infection. But like all children, your child is at risk if exposed to infectious diseases.
Provide learning and social opportunities.Progeria won't affect your child's intellect. Your child can attend school at an age-appropriate level. Some adjustments for size and physical ability may be needed.
Make changes at home to allow independence.You may need to make some changes at home that allow your child to have some independence and to be comfortable. These can include ways to allow your child to reach items such as faucets or light switches. Your child may need clothes with special closures or in special sizes. Extra padding for chairs and beds can increase comfort.
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curved nose, loss of fat under the skin, thin skin, eyelids that don't close completely, high-pitched voice, heart and blood vessel disease, tooth formation, Here are the extracted medical symptoms:
slowed growth, large head, hip dislocation, large eyes, hearing loss, spotty skin, hair loss, delayed tooth formation, weight gain, chin and mouth, unusual tooth shape, loss of muscle, cardiovascular disease, insulin resistance, bone growth and development problems, small jaw, stiff joints, dental problems, dislocation, hardening and tightening of skin, thin lips, below-average height and weight, veins easily seen, lack of fat, wrinkled skin, premature aging, poor weight gain
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549
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High cholesterol
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-cholesterol/symptoms-causes/syc-20350800
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-cholesterol/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350806
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-cholesterol/doctors-departments/ddc-20350809
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Cholesterol is a waxy substance found in the blood. The body needs cholesterol to build healthy cells. But high levels of cholesterol can raise the risk of heart disease.
With high cholesterol, fats and other substances can build up in blood vessels called arteries. This buildup is called plaque. As more plaque forms over time, the arteries can become narrowed or clogged. That makes it hard for enough blood to flow through the arteries. Sometimes a piece of plaque can break loose and form a blood clot. The clot may cause a heart attack or stroke.
High cholesterol can be inherited. That means it can pass from parents to children through genes. But high cholesterol often is the result of lifestyle choices such as not getting enough exercise, not eating a balanced diet or consuming large amounts of saturated fat. You can make changes to help prevent it. And if you have high cholesterol, you can help lower it with a healthy diet, regular exercise and sometimes medicine.
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High cholesterol has no symptoms. A blood test is the only way to find out if you have it.
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The American Heart Association recommends that children get checked, also called screened, for high cholesterol once between ages 9 and 11. Screening may start earlier if a child has a family history of high cholesterol, heart attack or stroke. Screening also may start earlier if a child has conditions such as diabetes or obesity.
The next cholesterol screening is recommended for people between ages 17 and 21. After that, many adults get their cholesterol checked every 4 to 6 years. People who have health conditions such as high blood pressure and diabetes may need to get screened more often. So might those who take cholesterol-lowering medicine. Those who have a family history of high cholesterol or heart disease also may need more-frequent screenings.
If your test results aren't within the desirable range, your healthcare professional might recommend more-frequent testing as well.
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Lifestyle factors that may be within your control are the most common cause of high cholesterol. These factors include eating a diet high in saturated and trans fats and not getting enough exercise.
Sometimes factors that aren't within your control can lead to high cholesterol. These include gene changes that pass from parents to children, some health conditions, and some medicines.
Conditions that can cause high cholesterol include:
Familial hypercholesterolemia.
Chronic kidney disease.
Chronic liver disease.
Diabetes.
HIV/AIDS.
Hypothyroidism.
Lupus.
Overweight and obesity.
Sleep apnea.
Some types of medicines taken for other health conditions also can make cholesterol levels worse. These include treatments for:
Acne.
Cancer.
High blood pressure.
HIV/AIDS.
Irregular heartbeats.
Organ transplants.
Cholesterol travels through the blood, attached to proteins. This mix of proteins and cholesterol is called a lipoprotein. There are various types of cholesterol. The types are based on what the lipoprotein carries. They are:
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol.This is known as the "bad" cholesterol. LDL carries cholesterol particles throughout the body. "Bad" cholesterol builds up in the walls of arteries. This makes the arteries hard and narrow.When a gene change causes high cholesterol, the body has trouble removing LDL cholesterol from the blood. Or the body has trouble breaking down LDL cholesterol in the liver.
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol.This is known as the "good" cholesterol. HDL picks up extra cholesterol and takes it back to the liver.
Most often, a blood test to check cholesterol levels also measures a type of fat in the blood that is not a type of cholesterol, called triglycerides. Having a high triglyceride level also can raise the risk of heart disease. Lifestyle factors that you may be able to control play a role in triglyceride levels.
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Risk factors for high cholesterol levels include:
Eating habits.Eating too much saturated fat or trans fats can lead to high cholesterol. Saturated fats are found in fatty cuts of meat and full-fat dairy products. Sometimes trans fats are found in packaged snacks or desserts.
Obesity.This complex disease involves having too much body fat.
Lack of exercise.Exercise helps boost the body's "good" HDL cholesterol.
Smoking.Cigarette smoking may lower the level of HDL.
Alcohol.Drinking lots of alcohol can raise total cholesterol. Try to limit alcohol to up to one drink a day for women and up to two drinks a day for men.
Age.Even young children can have high cholesterol. But it's much more common in people over 40. As you age, your liver becomes less able to remove "bad" LDL cholesterol.
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High cholesterol can lead to other health conditions called complications. With high cholesterol, a dangerous amount of plaque can build up on the walls of arteries. This is called atherosclerosis. Over time, the plaque buildup can cause arteries to narrow and block blood flow. Less blood flow through the arteries can cause complications such as:
Chest pain, also called angina.If the arteries that supply the heart with blood are affected, that may cause chest pain. It also may cause other symptoms of a common type of heart disease called coronary artery disease.
Heart attack.If plaques tear or break, a blood clot can form. The clot may block the flow of blood at the site where it broke. Or it may completely break free and block an artery farther away. If blood flow to part of the heart stops, a heart attack happens. A heart attack is an emergency that needs treatment right away.
Stroke.A stroke happens when a blood clot blocks blood flow to part of the brain. It's also an emergency that needs treatment right away.
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The same heart-healthy lifestyle changes that can lower cholesterol also can help prevent high cholesterol. You can practice the following habits:
Eat a diet that focuses on lean protein, fruits, vegetables and whole grains. Limit sodium and added sugar.
Also limit the amount of saturated and trans fats you eat. Instead, eat foods with healthy fats such as fatty or oily fish, nuts, and olive or canola oil.
Lose extra weight and keep it off.
If you smoke, ask your care team to help you quit.
Exercise on most days of the week for at least 30 minutes.
Drink less alcohol, if at all. Limit alcohol to no more than up to one drink a day for women and up to two drinks a day for men.
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Diagnosis involves the steps that your healthcare professional takes to find out if you have high cholesterol. You receive a blood test to check cholesterol levels. You might hear the blood test called a lipid panel or a lipid profile. The results of the test usually show your:
Total cholesterol.
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol.
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol.
Triglycerides.
In general, you can't have food or liquids other than water for around 9 to 12 hours before the test. This is called fasting. Some cholesterol tests don't require fasting, so follow your healthcare professional's instructions.
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Treatment choices to reach ideal cholesterol and triglyceride levels should be tailored to meet your needs. Talk with your healthcare professional about what levels are best for you.
Treatment for high cholesterol can include medicine. Together with healthy lifestyle changes, medicine can lower the risk of heart attacks and strokes.
You may benefit from one or more medicines. It depends on things such as your risk factors, age, health and possible medicine side effects. Your healthcare professional helps choose the right treatments for you.
Common cholesterol medicines include:
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If you're an adult who hasn't had regular cholesterol level checks, make an appointment with your healthcare professional. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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Lifestyle changes are important if you have high cholesterol. Try to make the following healthy changes:
Lose extra weight.Losing weight can help lower cholesterol.
Eat a heart-healthy diet.Focus on plant-based foods. These include fruits, vegetables and whole grains. Limit added sugar and sodium. Also limit saturated fats and trans fats. Healthy fat, found in olive and canola oils, is a better option. Avocados, nuts and oily fish are other sources of healthy fat.
Be active in your daily life and exercise regularly.Talk with your healthcare professional if you're not active already. Work up to at least 30 minutes of exercise five times a week.
Don't smoke.If you smoke, you can ask your healthcare professional to help you quit.
Limit alcohol or don't drink it.Limit alcohol to no more than up to one drink a day for women and up to two for men.
Manage stress.Activities such as exercise and meditation can help.
Get enough sleep.It's ideal for adults to get about 7 to 9 hours of sleep each night.
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none, cholesterol
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551
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Cushing syndrome
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cushing-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20351310
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cushing-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351314
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cushing-syndrome/doctors-departments/ddc-20351317
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Cushing syndrome happens when the body has too much of the hormone cortisol for a long time. This can result from the body making too much cortisol, or from taking medicines called glucocorticoids, which affect the body the same way as cortisol.
Too much cortisol can cause some of the main symptoms of Cushing syndrome — a fatty hump between the shoulders, a rounded face, and pink or purple stretch marks on the skin. Cushing syndrome also can cause high blood pressure or bone loss. Sometimes, it can cause type 2 diabetes.
Treatments for Cushing syndrome can lower the body's cortisol levels and improve symptoms. The sooner treatment starts, the better the chances for recovery.
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Symptoms of Cushing syndrome can vary depending on the level of extra cortisol.
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Call your health care provider if you have symptoms of Cushing syndrome, especially if you're taking glucocorticoid medicine to treat a health issue such as asthma, arthritis or inflammatory bowel disease.
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Cushing syndrome is caused by having too much cortisol in the body. Cortisol is a hormone that is made in the adrenal glands. It helps the body respond to stress and plays many other important roles, including:
Controlling blood pressure.
Reducing inflammation.
Helping the heart and blood vessels work correctly.
Controlling blood sugar.
Helping the body use food for energy.
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Without treatment, Cushing syndrome can cause complications, including:
Bone loss, also called osteoporosis, which can lead to broken bones.
High blood pressure, also called hypertension.
Type 2 diabetes.
Serious or multiple infections.
Loss of muscle mass and strength.
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Taking glucocorticoid medicines is the most common way to get Cushing syndrome. Your health care provider can look at all your medicines — pills, injections, creams and inhalers — to see if you're taking medicines that can cause the syndrome. If you are, you won't need other tests.
When Cushing syndrome is caused by the body making too much cortisol, it can be hard to diagnose. That's because other illnesses have similar symptoms. Diagnosing Cushing syndrome can be a long and complex process. You'll need to see a doctor who specializes in hormonal diseases, called an endocrinologist.
The endocrinologist likely will do a physical exam and look for signs of Cushing syndrome, such as a round face, a hump on the back of the neck, and thin, bruised skin with stretch marks.
If you haven't been using a glucocorticoid medicine, these tests may help pinpoint the cause of Cushing syndrome:
Urine and blood tests.These tests measure hormone levels and show if the body is making too much cortisol. For the urine test, you may be asked to collect your urine over a 24-hour period. Cortisol, ACTH and other hormones are be measured in urine and blood samples.Your health care provider also might recommend other tests. These tests measure cortisol levels before and after using hormone medicines to trigger or block cortisol.
Saliva test.Cortisol levels typically rise and fall during the day. In people without Cushing syndrome, cortisol drops in the evening. By looking at cortisol levels from a small sample of saliva collected at night, the health care team can see if cortisol levels are too high.
Imaging tests.CT or MRI scans can take pictures of the pituitary and adrenal glands to see if anything shows up, such as tumors.
Inferior petrosal sinus sampling.This test can help decide if Cushing syndrome is caused by an ACTH-producing pituitary adenoma, or ACTH-producing tumor in another organ. For the test, blood samples are taken from the veins that drain the pituitary gland, called the inferior petrosal sinuses.During the test, you are given medicine through a vein to help you stay calm and comfortable. A thin tube is placed in your groin or neck area and is threaded to the inferior petrosal sinuses to collect a blood sample. Another blood sample is taken from your forearm. You are then given a medicine that causes the tumor to make more ACTH, and blood samples are taken again from the same areas. Levels of ACTH are then compared between the two sample areas.If the ACTH level is higher in the sinus sample, the problem is coming from the pituitary. If the ACTH levels are similar between the sinuses and forearm, the problem is outside of the pituitary gland.
These tests help your health care provider diagnose Cushing syndrome. They also may help rule out other health conditions, such as polycystic ovary syndrome — a hormone problem in people with enlarged ovaries. Depression, eating disorders and alcoholism also can have symptoms similar to Cushing syndrome.
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Treatments for Cushing syndrome are designed to lower the amount of cortisol in the body. The best treatment for you depends on the cause of the syndrome. Options include:
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Support groups can be helpful in dealing with Cushing syndrome and recovery. They bring you together with other people who have the same kinds of challenges, along with their families and friends. Support groups offer a place where you can share common problems with others who understand.
Ask your health care provider about support groups in your community. Your local health department, public library and the internet also may be good sources to find a support group in your area.
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You're likely to see your primary care provider first. However, sometimes when you call to set up an appointment, you may be referred immediately to a doctor who specializes in hormonal disorders, called an endocrinologist.
It's a good idea to prepare for your visit. This way, you can make the most of your time with your health care provider. Here's how you can get ready, and what to expect.
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Recovering from Cushing syndrome is usually a slow, gradual process. It can take time before you start to feel better. These tips may help you on your journey back to health.
Increase activities slowly.Work up to a comfortable level of exercise or activity without overdoing it. Don't do activities that could cause you to get hurt, such as high-impact exercise. With patience and consistency, you'll improve little by little over time.
Eat sensibly.Nutritious foods are a good source of fuel for your body during recovery. They also can help you lose any weight you gained from Cushing syndrome. Make sure you're getting enough calcium and vitamin D. Taken together, they help your body absorb calcium, which may strengthen your bones. This can counteract the bone density loss caused by Cushing syndrome.
Keep an eye on your mental health.Depression can be a side effect of Cushing syndrome, but it also can continue or start after treatment begins. Don't ignore depression or wait it out. Seek help quickly from your health care provider or a therapist if you're depressed, overwhelmed or having trouble coping during your recovery.
Gently soothe aches and pains.Hot baths, massages and low-impact exercises, such as water aerobics and tai chi, can help reduce some of the muscle and joint pain that happens during Cushing syndrome recovery.
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cushing syndrome, cortisol, none
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553
|
Farsightedness
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/farsightedness/symptoms-causes/syc-20372495
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/farsightedness/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372499
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Farsightedness, also called hyperopia, is a common vision condition in which distant objects are clear, but close objects look blurry.
People with extreme farsightedness may only be able to clearly see distant objects. Those with mild farsightedness may be able to clearly see closer objects.
Farsightedness usually is present at birth and tends to run in families. You can easily correct farsightedness with eyeglasses or contact lenses. Another treatment option is surgery.
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Farsightedness symptoms include:
Nearby objects appear blurry.
You need to squint to see clearly.
You have eyestrain, including burning eyes and aching in or around the eyes.
You have general eye discomfort or a headache after doing close tasks, such as reading, writing, computer work or drawing, for a time.
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If your farsightedness is pronounced enough that you can't perform a task as well as you wish or if your quality of vision affects your enjoyment of activities, see an eye doctor. An eye doctor can check the degree of your farsightedness and offer options to correct your vision.
Since it may not always be obvious that you're having trouble with your vision, the American Academy of Ophthalmology recommends the following schedule for regular eye exams:
If you're at high risk of certain eye diseases, such as glaucoma, get a dilated eye exam every 1 to 2 years, starting at age 40.
If you don't wear glasses or contacts, have no symptoms of eye trouble, and are at a low risk of developing eye diseases, such as glaucoma, get an eye exam at the following intervals.
First exam at 40.
Every 2 to 4 years between ages 40 and 54.
Every 1 to 3 years between ages 55 and 64.
Every 1 to 2 years beginning at age 65.
If you wear glasses or contacts or you have a health condition that affects the eyes, such as diabetes, you'll likely need to have your eyes checked regularly. Ask your eye doctor how often you need to schedule your appointments. But if you notice problems with your vision, schedule an appointment with your eye doctor as soon as possible, even if you've recently had an eye exam. Blurred vision, for example, may suggest you need a prescription change, or it could be a sign of another problem.
Children need to be screened for eye disease and have their vision tested by a pediatrician, an ophthalmologist, an optometrist or another trained screener at the following ages and intervals.
Starting in the newborn phase and during routine checkups.
Age 3 years.
Before first grade and every 1 to 2 years during school years, at well-child visits, or through school or public screenings.
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Your eye has two parts that focus images:
The corneais the clear, dome-shaped front surface of your eye.
The lensis a clear structure about the size and shape of an M&M's candy.
In a typically shaped eye, each of these focusing elements has a perfectly smooth curvature, like the surface of a marble. A cornea and lens with such curvature bend (refract) all incoming light to make a sharply focused image directly on the retina, at the back of your eye.
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Farsightedness can run in families. You're more likely to be farsighted if other family members have the condition.
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Complications that may accompany farsightedness include:
Crossed eyes.Some children with farsightedness may develop crossed eyes. Specially designed eyeglasses that correct for part or all of the farsightedness may treat this condition.
Reduced quality of life.If farsightedness is not corrected, you might not be able to perform a task as well as you wish. And your limited vision may take away from your enjoyment of everyday activities.
Eyestrain.If farsightedness is not corrected, it may cause you to squint or strain your eyes to maintain focus. This can lead to eyestrain and headaches.
Compromised safety.Your own safety and that of others may be jeopardized if you have a vision problem that is not corrected. This could be especially serious if you are driving a car or operating heavy equipment.
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Farsightedness is diagnosed by a basic eye exam, which includes a refraction assessment and an eye health exam.
A refraction assessment determines if you have vision problems such as nearsightedness or farsightedness, astigmatism, or presbyopia. Your eye doctor may use various instruments and ask you to look through several lenses to test your distance and close-up vision.
Your eye doctor likely will put drops in your eyes to dilate your pupils for the eye health exam. This may make your eyes more light sensitive for a few hours after the exam. Dilation allows your doctor to see wider views inside of your eyes.
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The goal of treating farsightedness is to help focus light on the retina through the use of corrective lenses or refractive surgery.
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There are three kinds of specialists for various eye conditions:
Ophthalmologist.This is an eye specialist with a doctor of medicine (M.D.) degree or a doctor of osteopathy (D.O.) degree followed by a residency. Ophthalmologists are trained to provide complete eye exams, prescribe corrective lenses, diagnose and treat common and complex eye conditions, and perform eye surgery.
Optometrist.An optometrist has a doctor of optometry (O.D.) degree. Optometrists are trained to provide complete eye exams, prescribe corrective lenses, and diagnose and treat common eye conditions.
Optician.An optician is a specialist who helps fit people for eyeglasses or contact lenses, using prescriptions from ophthalmologists and optometrists. Some states require opticians to be licensed. Opticians are not trained to diagnose or treat eye disease.
Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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You can't prevent farsightedness, but you can help protect your eyes and your vision by following these tips:
Have your eyes checked.Do this regularly even if you see well.
Control ongoing health conditions.Certain conditions, such as diabetes and high blood pressure, can affect your vision if not treated.
Protect your eyes from the sun.Wear sunglasses that block ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
Prevent eye injuries.Wear protective eyewear when doing certain things, such as playing sports, mowing the lawn, and painting or using other products with toxic fumes.
Eat healthy foods.Try to eat plenty of leafy greens, other vegetables and fruits. And studies show that your eyes benefit if you also include in your diet fish high in omega-3 fatty acids, such as tuna and salmon.
Don't smoke.Just as smoking isn't good for the rest of your body, smoking can adversely affect your eye health as well.
Use the right corrective lenses.The right lenses optimize your vision. Having regular exams will ensure that your prescription is updated.
Use good lighting.Turn up or add light to see better.
Reduce eyestrain.Look away from your computer or near-task work, including reading, every 20 minutes — for 20 seconds — at something 20 feet away.
See a healthcare professional right away if you have any of these symptoms: Sudden loss of vision in one eye with or without pain; sudden hazy or blurred vision; double vision; or visual flashes of light, black spots or halos around lights. This may represent a serious medical or eye condition.
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headache, blurry, squint, aching, burning eyes, eye discomfort, eyestrain
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554
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Compulsive sexual behavior
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/compulsive-sexual-behavior/symptoms-causes/syc-20360434
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/compulsive-sexual-behavior/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20360453
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Compulsive sexual behavior is sometimes called hypersexuality or sexual addiction. It's an intense focus on sexual fantasies, urges or behaviors that can't be controlled. This causes distress and problems for your health, job, relationships or other parts of your life.
Compulsive sexual behavior may involve different kinds of commonly enjoyable sexual experiences. Examples include masturbation, sexual arousal by using a computer to communicate, multiple sexual partners, use of pornography or paying for sex. But when these sexual behaviors become a major, constant focus in your life, are difficult to control, cause problems in your life, or are harmful to you or others, that's likely compulsive sexual behavior.
No matter what it's called or the exact nature of the behavior, untreated compulsive sexual behavior can damage your self-esteem, relationships, career, health and other people. But with treatment and self-help, you can learn to manage compulsive sexual behavior.
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Some signs that you may have compulsive sexual behavior include:
You have repeated and intense sexual fantasies, urges, and behaviors that take up a lot of your time and feel as if they're beyond your control.
You feel driven or have frequent urges to do certain sexual behaviors, feel a release of the tension afterward, but also feel guilt or deep regret.
You've tried without success to reduce or control your sexual fantasies, urges or behavior.
You use compulsive sexual behavior as an escape from other problems, such as loneliness, depression, anxiety or stress.
You continue to engage in sexual behaviors in spite of them causing serious problems. These could include the possibility of getting or giving someone else a sexually transmitted infection, the loss of important relationships, trouble at work, financial issues, or legal problems.
You have trouble making and keeping healthy and stable relationships.
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Ask for help if you feel you've lost control of your sexual behavior, especially if your behavior causes problems for you or other people. Compulsive sexual behavior tends to get worse over time without treatment, so get help when you first notice a problem.
As you decide whether to seek professional help, ask yourself:
Can I manage my sexual impulses?
Am I distressed by my sexual behaviors?
Is my sexual behavior hurting my relationships, affecting my work or causing serious problems, such as getting arrested?
Do I try to hide my sexual behavior?
Getting help for compulsive sexual behavior can be difficult because it's such a deeply personal and private matter. Try to:
Set aside any shame or embarrassmentand focus on the benefits of getting treatment.
Remember that you're not alone— many people struggle with compulsive sexual behavior. Mental health professionals are trained to be understanding and not judge people. But not all mental health providers are experienced in treating this condition. Look for a provider who has experience in diagnosing and treating compulsive sexual behavior.
Keep in mind that what you say to a health care or mental health provider is private.But providers are required to make a report if you tell them that you're going to hurt yourself or someone else. They also are required to report if you give information about sexual abuse of a child or abuse or neglect of someone who is vulnerable, such as an elderly or disabled person.
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Although the exact causes of compulsive sexual behavior are not clear, possible causes may include:
Changes in brain pathways.Compulsive sexual behavior, over time, might cause changes in the brain's pathways, called neural circuits. This may happen especially in areas of the brain that are related to reinforcement. Over time, more-intense sexual content and stimulation are usually needed to get satisfaction or relief.
An imbalance of natural brain chemicals.Certain chemicals in your brain called neurotransmitters — such as serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine — help control your mood. When these are out of balance, your sexual desire and behavior could be affected.
Conditions that affect the brain.Certain health conditions, such as dementia, may cause damage to parts of the brain that affect sexual behavior. Also, treatment of Parkinson's disease with certain medicines may cause compulsive sexual behavior.
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Compulsive sexual behavior can happen in both men and women, though it may be more common in men. It can affect anyone, regardless of sexual orientation. Factors that may increase the risk of compulsive sexual behavior include:
How easy it is to get sexual content.Advances in technology and social media give people easy access to intense sexual images and information.
Privacy.The secret and private nature of compulsive sexual activities can allow these problems to worsen over time.
Also, the risk of compulsive sexual behavior may be higher in people who have:
Problems with alcohol or drug use.
Another mental health condition, such as depression, anxiety or a gambling addiction.
Family conflicts or family members with problems such as addiction.
A history of physical or sexual abuse.
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Compulsive sexual behavior can cause many problems that affect both you and others. You may:
Struggle with feelings of guilt,shame and low self-esteem.
Develop other mental health conditions,such as depression, severe distress and anxiety. You also may think about or attempt suicide.
Neglect or lie to your partner and family,harming or destroying important relationships.
Lose your focus or engage in sexual activity or search internet pornography at work,risking your job.
Have financial problemsfrom buying pornography, internet or telephone sex, and sexual services.
GetHIV, hepatitis or another sexually transmitted infection,or pass a sexually transmitted infection to someone else.
Have problems with drugs and alcohol,such as using recreational drugs or drinking too much alcohol.
Get arrestedfor sexual offenses.
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Because the cause of compulsive sexual behavior isn't known, it's not clear how to prevent it. But a few things may help you keep control of problem behavior:
Get help early for problems with sexual behavior.Identifying and treating early problems may help prevent compulsive sexual behavior from getting worse over time. Getting help also may prevent shame, relationship problems and harmful acts from getting worse.
Seek treatment early for mental health conditions.Depression, anxiety or other mental health conditions can make compulsive sexual behavior worse.
Get help for problems with alcohol and drug use.These can cause a loss of control that leads to poor judgment and sexual behaviors that aren't healthy.
Avoid risky situations.Don't risk your health or that of others by putting yourself into situations where you'll be tempted to engage in risky sexual activities.
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You can ask your health care provider to refer you to a mental health provider with experience in diagnosing and treating compulsive sexual behavior. Or you may decide to contact a mental health provider directly. A mental health exam may include talking about your:
Physical and mental health, as well as your overall emotional well-being.
Sexual thoughts, behaviors and urges that are hard to control.
Use of recreational drugs and alcohol.
Family, relationships and social life.
Concerns and problems caused by your sexual behavior.
With your permission, your mental health provider also may request information from family and friends.
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Treatment for compulsive sexual behavior usually involves talk therapy — also called psychotherapy — medicines and self-help groups. The main goal of treatment is to help you manage urges and reduce problem behaviors while still enjoying healthy sexual activities and relationships.
If you have compulsive sexual behavior, you also may need treatment for another mental health condition. People with compulsive sexual behavior often have alcohol or drug use problems or other mental health conditions, such as anxiety or depression, which need treatment.
People with other addictions or severe mental health conditions or who may be a danger to others may benefit from treatment that starts with a hospital stay. Whether inpatient or outpatient, treatment may be intense at first. Ongoing treatment across time may help prevent relapses.
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You can take steps to care for yourself while getting professional treatment:
Follow your treatment plan.Attend scheduled therapy sessions and take medicines as directed. Remember that it's hard work, and you may have occasional setbacks.
Educate yourself.Learn about compulsive sexual behavior so that you can better understand its causes and your treatment.
Find out what drives you.Identify situations, thoughts and feelings that may trigger sexual urges so that you can take steps to manage them.
Avoid risky behaviors.Set up boundaries to avoid risky situations. For example, stay away from strip clubs, bars or other areas where it might be tempting to look for a new sexual partner or engage in risky sexual behavior. Or stay off the smartphone and computer or install software that blocks pornographic websites. Making these behaviors less private and more difficult to do can help break the addictive cycle.
Get treatment for problems with drugs or alcohol or other mental health conditions.Your addictions, depression, anxiety and stress can feed off each other, leading to a cycle of behavior that isn't healthy.
Find healthy outlets.If you use sexual behavior as a way to cope with negative emotions, explore healthy ways to cope. For example, start exercising or get involved in recreational activities.
Practice relaxation and stress management.Try stress-reduction methods such as meditation, yoga or tai chi.
Stay focused on your goal.Recovery from compulsive sexual behavior can take time. Stay motivated by keeping your recovery goals in mind. Remind yourself that you can repair damaged relationships, friendships and financial problems.
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You can look for help for compulsive sexual behavior in several ways. To begin, you may:
Talk with your primary care provider.Your provider can do a physical exam to look for any health problems that may be linked to your sexual behavior. Your provider may then refer you to a psychiatrist, psychologist or other licensed therapist for a more in-depth exam and treatment. Your provider also may give you information about support groups, websites or other resources.
Make an appointment with a mental health provider.If you don't have a health care provider's suggestion, check with a local medical center or mental health services to find a psychiatrist, psychologist or other licensed therapist with experience in sexual behavior issues. Or look at trusted websites online. Government websites and local agencies such as the Department of Health and Human Services or the Department of Veterans Affairs may be able to help you find a mental health provider.
Look into online or local support groups that are known as trustworthy.These groups may be able to refer you to an appropriate mental health provider for diagnosis and treatment. They also may have other suggestions for support online or in person. Some groups are faith-based, and others are not.
Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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compulsive sexual behavior, regret, sexual behaviors, anxiety, stress, loneliness, guilt, intense sexual fantasies, urges, tension, depression, infection
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555
|
High blood pressure (hypertension)
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure/symptoms-causes/syc-20373410
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20373417
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure/doctors-departments/ddc-20373418
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Most people with high blood pressure have no symptoms, even if blood pressure readings reach dangerously high levels. You can have high blood pressure for years without any symptoms.
A few people with high blood pressure may have:
However, these symptoms aren't specific. They usually don't occur until high blood pressure has reached a severe or life-threatening stage.
|
Blood pressure screening is an important part of general health care. How often you should get your blood pressure checked depends on your age and overall health.
Ask your provider for a blood pressure reading at least every two years starting at age 18. If you're age 40 or older, or you're 18 to 39 with a high risk of high blood pressure, ask for a blood pressure check every year.
Your care provider will likely recommend more-frequent readings if have high blood pressure or other risk factors for heart disease.
Children age 3 and older may have blood pressure measured as a part of their yearly checkups.
If you don't regularly see a care provider, you may be able to get a free blood pressure screening at a health resource fair or other locations in your community. Free blood pressure machines are also available in some stores and pharmacies. The accuracy of these machines depends on several things, such as a correct cuff size and proper use of the machines. Ask your health care provider for advice on using public blood pressure machines.
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Blood pressure is determined by two things: the amount of blood the heart pumps and how hard it is for the blood to move through the arteries. The more blood the heart pumps and the narrower the arteries, the higher the blood pressure.
There are two main types of high blood pressure.
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High blood pressure has many risk factors, including:
High blood pressure is most common in adults. But kids can have high blood pressure too. High blood pressure in children may be caused by problems with the kidneys or heart. But for a growing number of kids, high blood pressure is due to lifestyle habits such as an unhealthy diet and lack of exercise.
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The excessive pressure on the artery walls caused by high blood pressure can damage blood vessels and body organs. The higher the blood pressure and the longer it goes uncontrolled, the greater the damage.
Uncontrolled high blood pressure can lead to complications including:
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Changing your lifestyle can help control and manage high blood pressure. Your health care provider may recommend that you make lifestyle changes including:
Sometimes lifestyle changes aren't enough to treat high blood pressure. If they don't help, your provider may recommend medicine to lower your blood pressure.
|
High blood pressure isn't something that you can treat and then ignore. It's a condition that requires regular health checkups. Some things you can do to help manage the condition are:
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If you think you may have high blood pressure, make an appointment with your health care provider for a blood pressure test. You might want to wear a short-sleeved shirt to your appointment so it's easier to place the blood pressure cuff around your arm.
No special preparations are necessary for a blood pressure test. To get an accurate reading, avoid caffeine, exercise and tobacco for at least 30 minutes before the test.
Because some medicines can raise blood pressure, bring a list of all medicines, vitamins and other supplements you take and their doses to your medical appointment. Don't stop taking any medicines without your provider's advice.
Appointments can be brief. Because there's often a lot to discuss, it's a good idea to be prepared for your appointment. Here's some information to help you get ready.
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symptoms
|
556
|
Preeclampsia
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/preeclampsia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355745
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/preeclampsia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355751
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/preeclampsia/doctors-departments/ddc-20355753
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Preeclampsia is a complication of pregnancy. With preeclampsia, you might have high blood pressure, high levels of protein in urine that indicate kidney damage (proteinuria), or other signs of organ damage. Preeclampsia usually begins after 20 weeks of pregnancy in women whose blood pressure had previously been in the standard range.
Left untreated, preeclampsia can lead to serious — even fatal — complications for both the mother and baby.
Early delivery of the baby is often recommended. The timing of delivery depends on how severe the preeclampsia is and how many weeks pregnant you are. Before delivery, preeclampsia treatment includes careful monitoring and medications to lower blood pressure and manage complications.
Preeclampsia may develop after delivery of a baby, a condition known as postpartum preeclampsia.
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The defining feature of preeclampsia is high blood pressure, proteinuria, or other signs of damage to the kidneys or other organs. You may have no noticeable symptoms. The first signs of preeclampsia are often detected during routine prenatal visits with a health care provider.
Along with high blood pressure, preeclampsia signs and symptoms may include:
Weight gain and swelling (edema) are typical during healthy pregnancies. However, sudden weight gain or a sudden appearance of edema — particularly in your face and hands — may be a sign of preeclampsia.
|
Make sure you attend your prenatal visits so that your health care provider can monitor your blood pressure. Contact your provider immediately or go to an emergency room if you have severe headaches, blurred vision or other visual disturbances, severe belly pain, or severe shortness of breath.
Because headaches, nausea, and aches and pains are common pregnancy complaints, it's difficult to know when new symptoms are simply part of being pregnant and when they may indicate a serious problem — especially if it's your first pregnancy. If you're concerned about your symptoms, contact your doctor.
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The exact cause of preeclampsia likely involves several factors. Experts believe it begins in the placenta — the organ that nourishes the fetus throughout pregnancy. Early in a pregnancy, new blood vessels develop and evolve to supply oxygen and nutrients to the placenta.
In women with preeclampsia, these blood vessels don't seem to develop or work properly. Problems with how well blood circulates in the placenta may lead to the irregular regulation of blood pressure in the mother.
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Conditions that are linked to a higher risk of preeclampsia include:
Conditions that are associated with a moderate risk of developing preeclampsia include:
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Complications of preeclampsia may include:
hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low platelet count (HELLP) syndrome.HELLPstands for hemolysis (the destruction of red blood cells), elevated liver enzymes and low platelet count. This severe form of preeclampsia affects several organ systems.HELLPsyndrome is life-threatening to the mother and baby, and it may cause lifelong health problems for the mother.
Signs and symptoms include nausea and vomiting, headache, upper right belly pain, and a general feeling of illness or being unwell. Sometimes, it develops suddenly, even before high blood pressure is detected. It also may develop without any symptoms.
Eclampsia.Eclampsia is the onset of seizures or coma with signs or symptoms of preeclampsia. It is very difficult to predict whether a patient with preeclampsia will develop eclampsia. Eclampsia can happen without any previously observed signs or symptoms of preeclampsia.
Signs and symptoms that may appear before seizures include severe headaches, vision problems, mental confusion or altered behaviors. But, there are often no symptoms or warning signs. Eclampsia may occur before, during or after delivery.
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The best clinical evidence for prevention of preeclampsia is the use of low-dose aspirin. Your primary care provider may recommend taking an 81-milligram aspirin tablet daily after 12 weeks of pregnancy if you have one high-risk factor for preeclampsia or more than one moderate-risk factor.
It's important that you talk with your provider before taking any medications, vitamins or supplements to make sure it's safe for you.
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A diagnosis of preeclampsia happens if you have high blood pressure after 20 weeks of pregnancy and at least one of the following findings:
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The primary treatment for preeclampsia is either to deliver the baby or manage the condition until the best time to deliver the baby. This decision with your health care provider will depend on the severity of preeclampsia, the gestational age of your baby, and the overall health of you and your baby.
If preeclampsia isn't severe, you may have frequent provider visits to monitor your blood pressure, any changes in signs or symptoms, and the health of your baby. You'll likely be asked to check your blood pressure daily at home.
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Discovering that you have a potentially serious pregnancy complication can be frightening.
If you're diagnosed with preeclampsia late in your pregnancy, you may be surprised to learn that immediate delivery may be recommended. If you're diagnosed earlier in your pregnancy, you may be concerned about monitoring signs and symptoms at home and keeping more frequent appointments with your primary care provider.
It may help to learn more about your condition. In addition to talking to your provider, do some research. Make sure you understand when to call your provider and how to monitor signs and symptoms.
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Preeclampsia is often diagnosed during a regularly scheduled prenatal appointment. If your primary care provider recommends certain tests for a preeclampsia diagnosis, you may also be discussing some of the following questions:
After a diagnosis of preeclampsia and at follow-up appointments, you might ask the following questions:
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proteinuria, preeclampsia, swelling, high blood pressure, weight gain, edema
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557
|
Pulmonary hypertension
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-hypertension/symptoms-causes/syc-20350697
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-hypertension/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350702
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-hypertension/doctors-departments/ddc-20350704
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Pulmonary hypertension is a type of high blood pressure that affects the arteries in the lungs and the right side of the heart.
In one form of pulmonary hypertension, called pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), blood vessels in the lungs are narrowed, blocked or destroyed. The damage makes it hard for blood to move through the lungs. Blood pressure in the lung arteries goes up. The heart must work harder to pump blood through the lungs. The extra effort eventually causes the heart muscle to become weak and fail.
In some people, pulmonary hypertension slowly gets worse. It can be life-threatening. There's no cure for pulmonary hypertension. But treatments are available to help you feel better, live longer and improve your quality of life.
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The symptoms of pulmonary hypertension develop slowly. You may not notice them for months or even years. Symptoms get worse as the disease continues.
Pulmonary hypertension symptoms include:
Shortness of breath. It may first start during exercise and eventually happen at rest.
Blue or gray skin. Depending on skin color, these changes may be harder or easier to see.
Chest pressure or pain.
Dizziness or fainting.
Fast pulse or pounding heartbeat.
Fatigue.
Swelling in the ankles, legs and belly area.
These symptoms may be caused by many other health conditions. See a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis.
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Pulmonary hypertension is caused by changes in the cells that line the lung arteries. The changes can make the artery walls narrow, stiff, swollen and thick. It gets harder for blood to flow through the lungs.
Pulmonary hypertension is sorted into five groups, depending on the cause.
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Pulmonary hypertension is usually seen in people ages 30 to 60. Growing older can increase the risk of developing Group 1 pulmonary hypertension, called pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). PAH from an unknown cause is more common in younger adults.
Other things that can raise the risk of pulmonary hypertension are:
A family history of the condition.
Being overweight.
Smoking.
Blood-clotting disorders or a family history of blood clots in the lungs.
A history of being around asbestos.
A heart condition present at birth, called a congenital heart defect.
Living at an altitude of 8,000 feet (2,438 meters) or higher.
Use of some medicines, including those used for weight loss.
Illicit drugs such as cocaine or methamphetamine.
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Potential complications of pulmonary hypertension are:
Right-sided heart enlargement and heart failure.Also called cor pulmonale, this condition causes the heart's right lower chamber to get larger. The chamber has to pump harder than usual to move blood through narrowed or blocked lung arteries.As a result, the heart walls get thick. The right lower heart chamber stretches to increase the amount of blood it can hold. These changes create more strain on the heart. Eventually the right lower heart chamber fails.
Blood clots.Pulmonary hypertension increases the risk of blood clots in the small arteries in the lungs.
Irregular heartbeats, also called arrhythmias.Pulmonary hypertension can cause changes in the heartbeat, which can be life-threatening.
Bleeding in the lungs.Pulmonary hypertension can lead to life-threatening bleeding in the lungs and coughing up blood.
Pregnancy complications.Pulmonary hypertension can be life-threatening for the mother and the developing baby.
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Pulmonary hypertension is hard to diagnose early. It's not often found during a routine physical exam. Even when pulmonary hypertension is more advanced, its symptoms are similar to those of other heart and lung conditions.
To diagnose pulmonary hypertension, a healthcare professional examines you and asks about your symptoms. You are usually asked questions about your medical and family history.
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There's no cure for pulmonary hypertension. But treatments can improve symptoms and help you live longer. Treatment also can help keep the disease from getting worse.
It often takes some time to find the best pulmonary hypertension treatment. The treatments are often complex. You usually need a lot of health checkups.
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You may find that talking with other people who have pulmonary hypertension brings you comfort and encouragement. Ask your healthcare team if there are any support groups in your area.
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If you think that you are at risk of or that you might have pulmonary hypertension, make an appointment for a health checkup.
There's often a lot to discuss at your appointment, so it's a good idea to be prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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Lifestyle changes may help improve pulmonary hypertension symptoms. Try these tips:
Eat healthy.Eat a healthy diet rich in whole grains, fruits and vegetables, lean meats, and low-fat dairy products. Try to stay away from saturated fat, trans fat and cholesterol. Use less salt.
Stay as active as possible and manage weight.Even mild forms of activity might be too exhausting for some people who have pulmonary hypertension. For others, moderate exercise, such as walking, might be helpful — especially when done during oxygen therapy. Your healthcare team can help you plan an appropriate exercise program.
Don't smoke.If you smoke, quit. If you need help, ask your healthcare team for treatment that can help. Avoid secondhand smoke too, if possible.
Get plenty of rest.Resting can reduce tiredness related to pulmonary hypertension.
Avoid high altitudes.High altitudes can make pulmonary hypertension worse. If you live at an altitude of 8,000 feet (2,438 meters) or higher, you might be told to consider moving to a lower altitude.
Avoid activities that can lower blood pressure a lot.These include sitting in a hot tub or sauna or taking long hot baths or showers. Such activities lower blood pressure and can cause fainting. Also, do not do activities that cause a lot of straining, such as lifting heavy objects or weights.
Tell your healthcare team about the medicines you take.Some medicines can make pulmonary hypertension worse or affect its treatment.
Get regular health checkups.Tell your healthcare team about any new or worsening symptoms or medicine side effects. If pulmonary hypertension affects your quality of life, ask about treatments that could help.
Get recommended vaccines.Respiratory infections can cause serious health concerns for people with pulmonary hypertension. Ask your healthcare team which vaccines you need to prevent common viral infections.
Talk to a healthcare professional before becoming pregnant.Pulmonary hypertension can cause serious complications for the pregnant person and unborn baby, also called a fetus. Birth control pills can increase the risk of blood clots. Talk to your healthcare team about other birth control options.
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pain, dizziness or fainting, fatigue, pounding, pulmonary hypertension, blue or gray skin, swelling in the ankles, legs and belly area, dizziness, fainting, chest pressure or pain, pulmonary hypertension symptoms, fast pulse or pounding heartbeat, shortness of breath
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558
|
Low sex drive in women
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/low-sex-drive-in-women/symptoms-causes/syc-20374554
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/low-sex-drive-in-women/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20374561
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/low-sex-drive-in-women/doctors-departments/ddc-20374562
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Women's levels of sexual desire change over the years. It's common for highs and lows to happen along with the start or end of a relationship. Or they can happen with major life changes such as pregnancy, menopause or illness. Some medicines used for conditions that affect mood also can cause low sex drive in women.
If your lack of interest in sex continues or returns and causes personal distress, talk with your healthcare professional. You may have a treatable condition called sexual interest-arousal disorder.
But you don't have to meet this medical definition to seek help. If you're bothered by a low or reduced sex drive, you can take steps to boost your libido. Lifestyle changes and sexual techniques may put you in the mood more often. Some medicines may offer promise as well.
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neither of you may have a sex drive that's outside what's typical for people at your stage in life.
And even if your sex drive is lower than it once was, your relationship may be strong. Bottom line: There is no magic number to define low sex drive. It varies.
Symptoms of low sex drive in women include:
Having less or no interest in any type of sexual activity, including masturbation.
Never or only seldom having sexual fantasies or thoughts.
Being sad or concerned about your lack of sexual activity or fantasies.
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If you're concerned about your low desire for sex, talk to your gynecologist or other healthcare professional. The answer might be as simple as changing a medicine that you take. Or you may need to get a condition such as high blood pressure or diabetes under tighter control.
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Desire for sex is based on a complex mix of many things that affect intimacy. These factors include:
Physical and emotional well-being.
Experiences.
Beliefs.
Lifestyle.
Your current relationship.
If you have challenges in any of these areas, it can affect your desire for sex.
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Factors that can raise the risk of low sex drive include:
Conditions such as diabetes, high blood pressure and coronary artery disease.
Pain during sex or not being able orgasm.
Mental health conditions and life circumstances that affect your state of mind.
Various prescription medicines, including depression medicines called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.
Surgeries related to the breasts or genital tract.
Changes in hormone levels during menopause, pregnancy or breastfeeding.
Relationship issues that lessen emotional closeness with your partner.
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If low sex desire concerns you, talk with your gynecologist or another member of your healthcare team. For some women, low sex drive is part of an ongoing condition called sexual interest-arousal disorder. It involves having at least three of the following symptoms, which cause sadness or anxiety:
No desire to have any type of sexual activity or to masturbate.
Few or no sexual thoughts or fantasies.
Not wanting to make the first move in a sexual encounter with a partner.
Less or no pleasure during sexual activity.
Less or no interest in any sexual or erotic cues from a partner.
Few or no physical sensations during sexual activity in most sexual encounters.
You don't have to fit this definition to reach out for help. Your healthcare professional can look for reasons that your sex drive isn't as high as you'd like.
During your appointment, your healthcare professional asks you questions about your medical and sexual history. Your health professional also might:
Do a pelvic exam.This checks for signs of physical changes that sometimes play a role in low sexual desire. These changes can include certain skin diseases of the vulva, thinning of the vaginal tissues, vaginal dryness or pain-triggering spots.
Recommend testing.Blood tests can check hormone levels. They also can look for thyroid problems, diabetes, high cholesterol and liver disorders.
Refer you to a specialist.A counselor or sex therapist can help check for emotional and relationship factors that can cause low sex drive.
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Most women benefit from a treatment approach aimed at the many causes behind this condition. Recommendations may include sex education, counseling, and sometimes medicine and hormone therapy.
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Low sex drive can be challenging for you and your partner. It's natural to feel frustrated or sad if you aren't able to be as sexy and romantic as you want or used to be.
At the same time, low sex drive can make your partner feel rejected. That can lead to conflicts and strife. And this type of relationship stress can lessen the desire for sex even more.
It may help to remember that changes in sex drive are typical. They're part of every relationship and every stage of life. Try not to focus all of your attention on sex. Instead, spend some time nurturing yourself and your relationship.
Go for a long walk. Get a little extra sleep. Kiss your partner goodbye before you head out the door. Make a date night at your favorite restaurant. Feeling good about yourself and your partner can be the best foreplay.
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Primary healthcare professionals and gynecologists often ask about sex and intimacy as part of a routine medical visit. Take this chance to talk about your sexual concerns.
If your healthcare professional doesn't mention the subject, you can bring it up. You might feel embarrassed to talk about sex with your healthcare professional. But this topic is perfectly fine to talk about. In fact, your sexual satisfaction is a vital part of your overall health and well-being.
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Healthy lifestyle changes can make a big difference in your desire for sex:
Exercise.Regular aerobic exercise and strength training are great for you in general. But they also can increase your stamina, improve your body image, lift your mood and boost your libido.
Stress less.Finding ways to cope with stress tied to work, money and daily hassles can enhance your sex drive. For instance, you could try journaling or meditation.
Talk with your partner.Couples who learn to talk in an open, honest way often keep up a stronger emotional connection. And that can lead to better sex. Talking about sex also is important. Sharing your likes and dislikes can set the stage for more intimacy.
Set aside time for intimacy.Schedule sex into your calendar. It may seem contrived and boring. But making the extra effort to be intimate can help put your sex drive back on track.
Add a little spice to your sex life.Try a different sexual position, a different time of day or a different location for sex. Ask your partner to spend more time on foreplay. If you and your partner are open to new ideas, sex toys and fantasy can help spark your sexual desire.
Try vaginal lubricants and moisturizers.If you have genitourinary syndrome of menopause, these products may ease certain symptoms, such as vaginal dryness. With regular use, they might work about as well as estrogen therapy.
Be aware of your habits.Smoking, using illegal drugs and drinking too much alcohol can dampen your sex drive. Stopping these habits may help give your sex drive a boost. It can improve your overall health too.
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never or only seldom having sexual fantasies or thoughts, being sad or concerned, having less or no interest in any type of sexual activity
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560
|
Diabetic hypoglycemia
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetic-hypoglycemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20371525
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetic-hypoglycemia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20371529
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Diabetic hypoglycemia refers to low blood sugar levels in a person with diabetes. Blood sugar, also called glucose, is the main source of fuel for the body and brain. You can't function well if your blood sugar drops below a healthy range.
For many people, hypoglycemia is a blood sugar level below 70 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) or 3.9 millimoles per liter (mmol/L). But your numbers might be different. Ask your healthcare professional about the right range for your blood sugar. This also is called your target range.
Pay attention to the early symptoms of hypoglycemia. Treat low blood sugar right away. You can raise your blood sugar quickly by taking glucose tablets. Or have a source of simple sugar, such as hard candy, fruit juice or regular soda. Also, tell family and friends to be aware of the symptoms that you might have with hypoglycemia. Let them know what to do if you're not able to treat the condition yourself.
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Diabetic hypoglycemia can cause a number of symptoms. The symptoms depend on factors such as how long you've been getting low blood sugar and how serious it is. Even the time of day can play a role.
At first, symptoms of diabetic hypoglycemia include:
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Severe hypoglycemia can lead to serious medical problems that need emergency care. These include seizures and loss of consciousness. Make sure your family, friends and co-workers know what to do in an emergency.
Teach people you trust how to recognize symptoms of hypoglycemia. If others know what symptoms to look for, they might be able to alert you to early symptoms. It's also important that family members and close friends know how to help you in case of an emergency.
For example, if you pass out due to very low blood sugar, you'll need someone to give you treatment. The treatment for severe hypoglycemia is an injection of glucagon. Glucagon is a hormone that causes the liver to release sugar into the blood. Tell family and friends where you keep glucagon and how to give it to you.
Here's some emergency information to give to others. If you're with someone who loses consciousness or can't swallow due to low blood sugar:
If you have symptoms of hypoglycemia several times a week, see your healthcare professional. Your treatment plan may need to be changed.
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Diabetic hypoglycemia has a number of causes. Low blood sugar is most common among people who take insulin. But low blood sugar also can happen if you use certain oral diabetes medicines, which are taken by mouth.
Common causes of diabetic hypoglycemia include:
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Some people have a greater risk of diabetic hypoglycemia, including:
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Diabetic hypoglycemia can lead to other medical problems. If you ignore the symptoms of hypoglycemia too long, you may lose consciousness. That's because your brain needs blood sugar to work. So, it's important to spot the symptoms of hypoglycemia early.
Without treatment, hypoglycemia can lead to:
Take early symptoms seriously. Diabetic hypoglycemia can raise the risk of serious — even deadly — accidents.
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To help prevent diabetic hypoglycemia:
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If you have symptoms of low blood sugar, check your blood sugar level with a blood glucose meter. The meter is a small device that measures and displays your blood sugar level. For many people, hypoglycemia is when blood sugar level drops below 70 mg/dL or 3.9 mmol/L. But your numbers might be different. Ask your healthcare professional about the right range for your blood sugar.
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Treatment for diabetic hypoglycemia depends on how serious your low blood sugar becomes.
If you think your blood sugar may be too low, check your blood sugar level with a blood glucose meter. Be extra careful if you have symptoms of low blood sugar but can't check your blood sugar level right away. Assume your blood sugar is low and treat for hypoglycemia.
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If you have low blood sugar several times a week, make an appointment with your healthcare professional. Together you can determine what's leading to your hypoglycemia and figure out what changes to make to prevent it.
Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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diabetic hypoglycemia, no symptoms mentioned in the paragraph
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561
|
Dehydration
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dehydration/symptoms-causes/syc-20354086
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dehydration/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354092
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Dehydration occurs when the body uses or loses more fluid than it takes in. Then the body doesn't have enough water and other fluids to do its usual work. Not replacing lost fluids leads to dehydration.
Anyone can become dehydrated. But the condition is more serious for infants, children and older adults.
The most common cause of dehydration in young children is diarrhea and vomiting. Older adults have a lower volume of water in their bodies to begin with. And older adults might have conditions or take medicines, such as water pills, that increase the risk of dehydration.
Dehydration also can occur in anyone who doesn't drink enough water during hot weather. It's more likely in people who are active in the heat.
Drinking more fluids usually fixes mild to moderate dehydration. But severe dehydration needs medical treatment right away.
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Thirst isn't always a good way to tell if the body needs water. Many people, mainly older adults, don't feel thirsty until they're dehydrated. That's why it's important to increase water intake during hot weather or while ill.
The symptoms of dehydration can differ by age.
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Sometimes dehydration occurs for simple reasons. These include not drinking enough water. This can happen when you're sick or too busy to remember to drink enough. Or there might be no safe water to drink when traveling, hiking or camping.
Other dehydration causes include:
In general, the higher the fever, the more severe dehydration might be. The problem is even worse when there's fever plus diarrhea and vomiting.
Even without a fever, people who have a cold or sore throat are less likely to feel like eating or drinking. This can lead to dehydration.
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Anyone can get dehydrated. But certain people are at greater risk. They include:
Adding to these problems can be illnesses such as diabetes and dementia and taking certain medicines. Some older people might not be able to get water for themselves.
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Dehydration can lead to serious complications, including:
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To keep from getting dehydrated, drink fluids and eat foods that hold a lot of water, such as fruits and vegetables. Don't drink fluids that have caffeine or a lot of sugar, such as sodas and some energy drinks. They can be dehydrating.
Conditions that can create a need for more fluids include:
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A healthcare professional often can diagnose dehydration from symptoms. For a child, a change in weight might be used in the diagnosis.
To help confirm the diagnosis and to find out how dehydrated you are, you may have other tests. These might include:
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The only way to treat dehydration is to replace lost fluids and lost electrolytes. The best way to replace lost fluids depends on age, how bad the dehydration is and its cause.
For infants and children who are dehydrated from diarrhea, vomiting or fever, use water with electrolytes such as Pedialyte or Smart Water.
Start with about a teaspoon (5 milliliters) every 1 to 5 minutes and increase as your child is able to take it. It might be easier to use a syringe for very young children. Older children can drink watered-down sports drinks, such as Gatorade or Powerade. Use 1 part sports drink to 1 part water.
Most adults with mild to moderate dehydration from diarrhea, vomiting or fever can get better by drinking more water or other liquids. For children and adults, drinking full-strength fruit juice and soft drinks might make diarrhea worse.
If you work or exercise outdoors during hot or humid weather, drink cool water. Sports drinks that have electrolytes and a carbohydrate solution also may be helpful.
Severe dehydration should be treated right away, either by emergency workers who come in an ambulance or in a hospital emergency room. Salts and fluids given through a vein, called intravenously, are absorbed quickly and speed recovery.
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You're likely to start by seeing your or your child's family healthcare professional. If you or your child shows signs of serious dehydration, such as having no energy or not responding to others, seek immediate care at a hospital right away.
If you have time to prepare for your appointment, here's some information to help you get ready.
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dehydrated, thirst, dehydration
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562
|
Low blood pressure (hypotension)
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/low-blood-pressure/symptoms-causes/syc-20355465
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/low-blood-pressure/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355470
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Low blood pressure is a condition in which the force of the blood pushing against the artery walls is too low. It's also called hypotension.
Blood pressure is measured in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg). In general, low blood pressure is a reading lower than 90/60 mm Hg.
What's considered low blood pressure for one person might be OK for someone else though. Low blood pressure might cause no symptoms that you notice. Or it might cause dizziness and fainting. Sometimes, low blood pressure can be life-threatening.
The causes of low blood pressure include dehydration and other serious medical conditions. It's important to find out what's causing low blood pressure so that it can be treated, if needed.
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Low blood pressure symptoms can include:
Blurred or fading vision.
Dizzy or lightheaded feelings.
Fainting.
Fatigue.
Trouble concentrating.
Upset stomach.
For some people, low blood pressure may be a symptom of an underlying health condition. That's especially so when blood pressure drops suddenly or when low blood pressure occurs with symptoms.
A sudden fall in blood pressure can be dangerous. A change of just 20 mm Hg can make you feel dizzy or faint. For example, those symptoms could happen after a drop in systolic pressure from 110 mm Hg to 90 mm Hg. And big drops can be life-threatening. These can happen for reasons such as serious bleeding, serious infections or allergic reactions.
Extreme low blood pressure can lead to a condition known as shock. Symptoms of shock include:
Confusion, especially in older people.
Cold, clammy skin.
Decrease in skin color, also called pallor.
Rapid, shallow breathing.
Weak and rapid pulse.
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If you have symptoms of extreme low blood pressure or shock, call 911 or your local emergency number.
Most healthcare professionals consider blood pressure to be too low only if it causes symptoms. Minor dizzy or lightheaded feelings from time to time can be caused by many things. Causes could include spending too much time in the sun or in a hot tub. It's important to see a healthcare professional to find out the cause of your symptoms.
If you often have low blood pressure readings but feel fine, you might not need treatment. Instead, your healthcare professional tracks your health during routine checkups. It can help to keep a record of your symptoms, when they occur and what you're doing at the time.
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Low blood pressure has various causes. Some health conditions and the use of certain medicines can cause it. Other factors affect blood pressure as well.
Blood pressure is determined by the amount of blood the heart pumps and the amount of resistance to blood flow in the arteries. A blood pressure reading has two numbers:
Top number, called systolic pressure.The top number is the pressure in the arteries when the heart beats.
Bottom number, called diastolic pressure.The bottom number is the pressure in the arteries when the heart rests between beats.
The American Heart Association classifies healthy blood pressure as normal. Normal blood pressure usually is lower than 120/80 mm Hg.
Blood pressure varies throughout the day. It depends on:
Body position.
Breathing.
Food and drink.
Medicines.
Physical condition.
Stress.
Time of day.
Blood pressure usually is lowest at night and rises sharply on waking.
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Anyone can have low blood pressure. Risk factors for hypotension include:
Age.Drops in blood pressure when standing up or after eating occur mainly in adults older than 65. Neurally mediated hypotension mainly affects children and younger adults.
Medications.Certain medicines have the potential to cause low blood pressure. These include all medicines that treat high blood pressure.
Certain diseases.Parkinson's disease, diabetes and some heart conditions can lead to low blood pressure.
Alcohol or illegal drugs.Either of these may raise the risk of low blood pressure.
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Complications of low blood pressure can include:
Dizzy feeling.
Weakness.
Fainting.
Injury from falls.
Severely low blood pressure can lower the body's oxygen levels, which can lead to heart and brain damage.
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To find out if you have low blood pressure, also called hypotension, your healthcare professional gives you a physical exam. You're also asked questions about your medical history. The exam includes checking your blood pressure.
You also can measure your blood pressure at home. Checking your blood pressure at home can help your healthcare professional diagnose high blood pressure earlier than usual. Ask a member of your healthcare team to:
Help you pick a blood pressure monitor.
Tell you how often to check your blood pressure.
Explain what blood pressure numbers should prompt you to call the medical office right away.
If you get a home blood pressure reading at or just below 90/60 mm Hg, it's not always a cause for concern. Your healthcare professional might tell you that the reading is OK for you, especially if you have no symptoms.
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Low blood pressure without symptoms or with only mild symptoms rarely requires treatment.
If low blood pressure causes symptoms, the treatment depends on the cause. For instance, if medicine causes low blood pressure, your healthcare professional may recommend changing or stopping the medicine. Or the dose of medicine might be lowered. Don't change or stop taking your medicine without first talking to your healthcare professional.
If the cause of low blood pressure isn't clear or if no treatment exists, the goal is to raise blood pressure and relieve symptoms. Depending on your age, health and the type of low blood pressure you have, there are various ways to do this:
Use more salt.Experts usually recommend limiting table salt and foods high in sodium. That's because salt and sodium can raise blood pressure, sometimes by a lot. For people with low blood pressure, though, that can be a good thing. But too much salt or sodium can lead to heart failure, especially in older adults. So it's important to check with a healthcare professional before eating more salt or high-sodium foods.
Drink more water.Fluids increase blood volume and help prevent dehydration, both of which are important in treating hypotension.
Wear compression stockings.Also called support stockings, these elastic stockings are often used to relieve the pain and swelling of varicose veins. They improve blood flow from the legs to the heart. Some people have an easier time using compression belts around the stomach area than they do using compression stockings. The compression belts are called abdominal binders.
Medicines.Various medicines can treat low blood pressure that occurs when standing up, also called orthostatic hypotension. For example, the drug fludrocortisone boosts blood volume. It's often used to treat orthostatic hypotension.If you have long-term orthostatic hypotension, midodrine (Orvaten) may be prescribed to raise standing blood pressure levels. This medicine lessens the ability of the blood vessels to expand, which raises blood pressure.
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You don't have to take any special steps to prepare to have your blood pressure checked. Don't stop taking medicines you think might affect your blood pressure without a healthcare professional's advice.
Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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Depending on the reason for low blood pressure, the following lifestyle and home remedies might help ease or prevent symptoms:
Drink more water, less alcohol.Alcohol is dehydrating and can lower blood pressure, even in moderation. Water boosts the amount of blood in the body and prevents dehydration.
Pay attention to body positions.Gently move from lying flat or squatting to a standing position. Don't sit with legs crossed.If symptoms of low blood pressure begin while standing, cross the thighs like a pair of scissors and squeeze. Or put one foot on a ledge or chair and lean as far forward as you can. These moves encourage blood flow from the legs to the heart.
Eat small, low-carb meals.To help prevent blood pressure from dropping sharply after meals, eat small meals several times a day. Limit high-carbohydrate foods such as potatoes, rice, pasta and bread.A healthcare professional also might recommend drinking one or two strong cups of caffeinated coffee or tea with breakfast. Caffeine can cause dehydration, though, so be sure to drink plenty of water and other fluids without caffeine.
Exercise regularly.As a general goal, work up to at least 150 minutes of moderate aerobic exercise a week. For example, you could aim to get about 30 minutes of activity most days. Also, aim to do strength-training exercises at least twice a week. But try not to exercise in hot, humid conditions.
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upset stomach, cold clammy skin, dizzy, fatigue, decrease in skin color, blurred vision, bleeding, allergic reactions, trouble concentrating, infections, fainting, lightheaded, confusion, weak and rapid pulse, shock, drops, rapid shallow breathing
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563
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Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/inflammatory-bowel-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20353315
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/inflammatory-bowel-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353320
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/inflammatory-bowel-disease/doctors-departments/ddc-20353324
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Inflammatory bowel disease, also called IBD, is an umbrella term for a group of conditions that cause swelling and inflammation of the tissues in the digestive tract.
The most common types ofIBDinclude:
Ulcerative colitis.This condition involves inflammation and sores, called ulcers, along the lining of the colon and rectum.
Crohn's disease.In this type ofIBD, the lining of the digestive tract is inflamed. The condition often involves the deeper layers of the digestive tract. Crohn's disease most commonly affects the small intestine. However, it also can affect the large intestine and, uncommonly, the upper gastrointestinal tract.
Symptoms of both ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease usually include belly pain, diarrhea, rectal bleeding, extreme tiredness and weight loss.
For some people,IBDis only a mild illness. But for others, it's a condition that causes disability and can lead to life-threatening complications.
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Inflammatory bowel disease symptoms vary depending on how bad the inflammation is and where it occurs. Symptoms may range from mild to severe. A person withIBDis likely to have periods of active illness followed by periods of remission.
Symptoms that are common to both Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis include:
Diarrhea.
Belly pain and cramping.
Blood in the stool.
Loss of appetite.
Losing weight without trying.
Feeling extremely tired.
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See a healthcare professional if you experience a lasting change in your bowel habits or if you have any of the symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease. Although inflammatory bowel disease usually isn't fatal, it's a serious disease that, in some people, may cause life-threatening complications.
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The exact cause of inflammatory bowel disease remains unknown. Previously, diet and stress were suspected, but now, healthcare professionals know that these factors may aggravateIBDbut aren't the cause of it. Several factors likely play a role in its development.
Immune system.One possible cause is change in the function of the immune system. When the immune system tries to fight off an invading virus or bacterium, an immune response that is not typical causes the immune system to attack the cells in the digestive tract too.
Genes.Several genetic markers have been associated withIBD. Traits passed down in families also seem to play a role in thatIBDis more common in people who have family members with the disease. However, most people withIBDdon't have this family history.
Environmental triggers.Researchers believe environmental factors may play a role in gettingIBD, especially factors that affect the gut microbiome. These may include:Being raised in a sterile environment as a child, with limited exposure to germs.Having a gastrointestinal infection early in life.Taking antibiotics during the first year of life.Being mostly bottle-fed.
Being raised in a sterile environment as a child, with limited exposure to germs.
Having a gastrointestinal infection early in life.
Taking antibiotics during the first year of life.
Being mostly bottle-fed.
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Risk factors for inflammatory bowel disease include:
Age.Most people who getIBDare diagnosed before they're 30 years old. But some people don't get the disease until their 50s or 60s.
Race or ethnicity.IBDis more common in white people, but it can occur in anyone. The number of people withIBDalso is increasing in other races and ethnicities.
Family history.You're at higher risk if you have a blood relative — such as a parent, sibling or child — with the disease.
Cigarette smoking.Cigarette smoking is the most important controllable risk factor for getting Crohn's disease.Smoking may help prevent ulcerative colitis. However, its harm to overall health outweighs any benefit, and quitting smoking can improve the general health of your digestive tract as well as provide many other health benefits.
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medicines.These include ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others), naproxen sodium (Aleve), diclofenac sodium and others. These medicines may increase the risk of gettingIBDor worsen the disease in people who haveIBD.
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Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease have some complications in common and others that are specific to each condition. Complications found in both conditions may include:
Colon cancer.Having ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease that affects most of your colon can increase your risk of colon cancer. Screening for cancer with a colonoscopy at regular intervals begins usually about 8 to 10 years after the diagnosis is made. Ask a healthcare professional when and how often you need to have this test done.
Skin, eye and joint inflammation.Certain conditions, including arthritis, skin lesions and eye inflammation, called uveitis, may occur duringIBDflare-ups.
Medicine side effects.Certain medicines forIBDare associated with a risk of infections. Some carry a small risk of developing certain cancers. Corticosteroids can be associated with a risk of osteoporosis, high blood pressure and other conditions.
Primary sclerosing cholangitis.In this uncommon condition seen in people withIBD, inflammation causes scarring within the bile ducts. This scarring eventually narrows the ducts, restricting bile flow. This can eventually cause liver damage.
Blood clots.IBDincreases the risk of blood clots in veins and arteries.
Severe dehydration.Too much diarrhea can result in dehydration.
Complications of Crohn's disease may include:
Bowel obstruction.Crohn's disease affects the full thickness of the bowel wall. Over time, parts of the bowel can thicken and narrow, which may block the flow of digestive contents. Surgery may be needed to remove the diseased part of the bowel. Rarely, bowel or colon obstruction may be seen in ulcerative colitis and could be a sign of colon cancer.
Malnutrition.Diarrhea, belly pain and cramping may make it difficult for you to eat or for your intestine to absorb enough nutrients to keep you nourished. It's also common to develop anemia due to low iron or vitamin B-12 caused by the disease.
Fistulas.Sometimes inflammation can extend completely through the intestinal wall and create a fistula — a connection between different body parts that is not typical. Fistulas near or around the anal area are the most common kind. But fistulas also can occur internally or toward the wall of the abdominal area. In some cases, a fistula may become infected and form a pocket of pus known as an abscess.
Anal fissure.This is a small tear in the tissue that lines the anus or in the skin around the anus where infections can occur. It's often associated with painful passing of stool and may lead to a fistula around the anus.
Complications of ulcerative colitis may include:
Toxic megacolon.Ulcerative colitis may cause the colon to rapidly widen and swell, a serious condition known as toxic megacolon.
A hole in the colon, called perforated colon.A perforated colon most commonly is caused by toxic megacolon, but it also may occur on its own.
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To help confirm a diagnosis ofIBD, a healthcare professional generally recommends a combination of tests and procedures:
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The goal of inflammatory bowel disease treatment is to reduce the inflammation that triggers symptoms. In the best cases, this may lead not only to symptom relief but also to long-term remission and reduced risk of complications.IBDtreatment usually involves either medicines or surgery.
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IBDdoesn't just affect you physically — it takes an emotional toll as well. If signs and symptoms are severe, your life may revolve around a constant need to run to the toilet. Even if your symptoms are mild, you may find it difficult to be out in public. All of these factors can alter your life and may lead to depression. Here are some things you can do:
Be informed.One of the best ways to better manage yourIBDis to find out as much as possible about inflammatory bowel disease. Look for information from reputable sources such as the Crohn's and Colitis Foundation.
Join a support group.Although support groups aren't for everyone, they can provide valuable information about your condition as well as emotional support. Group members frequently know about the latest medical treatments or integrative therapies. You may also find it reassuring to be among others withIBD.
Talk with a therapist.Some people find it helpful to consult a mental health professional who's familiar with inflammatory bowel disease and the emotional difficulties it can cause.
Although you may feel discouraged about living withIBD, research is ongoing, and the outlook is improving.
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Symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease may first prompt a visit to your main healthcare team. However, you may then be referred to a professional who specializes in treating digestive disorders, called a gastroenterologist.
Because appointments can be brief, and there's often a lot of information to discuss, it's a good idea to be well prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready and what to expect at your visit.
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Sometimes you may feel helpless when facing inflammatory bowel disease. But changes in your diet and lifestyle may help manage your symptoms and lengthen the time between flare-ups.
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ulcerative colitis, diarrhea, belly pain, cramping, inflammatory bowel disease symptoms vary depending on how bad the inflammation, losing weight, loss of appetite, crohn's disease, blood in the stool, feeling extremely tired
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564
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Irritable bowel syndrome
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/irritable-bowel-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20360016
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/irritable-bowel-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20360064
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/irritable-bowel-syndrome/doctors-departments/ddc-20360066
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Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common condition that affects the stomach and intestines, also called the gastrointestinal tract. Symptoms include cramping, belly pain, bloating, gas, and diarrhea or constipation, or both.IBSis an ongoing condition that needs long-term management.
Only a small number of people withIBShave severe symptoms. Some people can control their symptoms by managing diet, lifestyle and stress. More-severe symptoms can be treated with medicine and counseling.
IBSdoesn't cause changes in bowel tissue or increase risk of colorectal cancer.
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Symptoms ofIBSvary but are usually present for a long time. The most common include:
Belly pain, cramping or bloating that is related to passing stool.
Changes in appearance of stool.
Changes in how often you are passing stool.
Other symptoms that are often related include sensation of incomplete evacuation and increased gas or mucus in the stool.
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See a healthcare professional if you have a persistent change in bowel habits or other symptoms ofIBS. They may mean a more serious condition, such as colon cancer. More-serious symptoms include:
Weight loss.
Diarrhea at night.
Rectal bleeding.
Iron deficiency anemia.
Unexplained vomiting.
Pain that isn't relieved by passing gas or stool.
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The exact cause ofIBSisn't known. Factors that appear to play a role include:
Muscle contractions in the intestine.The walls of the intestines are lined with layers of muscle that contract as they move food through the digestive tract. Contractions that are stronger and last longer than usual can cause gas, bloating and diarrhea. Weak contractions can slow food passage and lead to hard, dry stools.
Nervous system.Issues with the nerves in the digestive system may cause discomfort when the belly area, called the abdomen, stretches from gas or stool. Poorly coordinated signals between the brain and the intestines can cause the body to overreact to changes that typically occur in the digestive process. This can result in pain, diarrhea or constipation.
Severe infection.IBScan develop after a severe bout of diarrhea caused by bacteria or a virus. This is called gastroenteritis.IBSalso might be associated with a surplus of bacteria in the intestines, known as bacterial overgrowth.
Early-life stress.People exposed to stressful events, especially in childhood, tend to have more symptoms ofIBS.
Changes in gut microbes.Examples include changes in bacteria, fungi and viruses, which typically live in the intestines and play a key role in health. Research indicates that the microbes in people withIBSmight differ from those in people who don't haveIBS.
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Many people have occasional symptoms ofIBS. But you're more likely to have the syndrome if you:
Are young.IBSoccurs more often in people under age 50.
Are female.In the United States,IBSis more common among women. Estrogen therapy before or after menopause also is a risk factor forIBS.
Have a family history ofIBS.Genes may play a role, as may shared factors in a family's environment or a combination of genes and environment.
Have anxiety, depression or other mental health issues.A history of sexual, physical or emotional abuse also might be a risk factor.
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Long-lasting constipation or diarrhea can cause hemorrhoids.
In addition,IBSis associated with:
Poor quality of life.Many people with moderate to severeIBSreport poor quality of life. Research indicates that people withIBSmiss three times as many days from work as do those without bowel symptoms.
Mood disorders.Experiencing the symptoms ofIBScan lead to depression or anxiety. Depression and anxiety also can makeIBSworse.
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There's no test to definitively diagnoseIBS. A healthcare professional is likely to start with a complete medical history, physical exam and tests to rule out other conditions, such as celiac disease and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
After other conditions have been ruled out, a care professional is likely to use one of these sets of diagnostic criteria forIBS:
Rome criteria.These criteria include belly pain and discomfort averaging at least one day a week in the last three months. This also usually occurs with at least two of the following: pain and discomfort related to defecation, a change in the frequency of defecation, or a change in stool consistency.
Type ofIBS.For the purpose of treatment,IBScan be divided into four types, based on symptoms: constipation-predominant, diarrhea-predominant, mixed or unclassified.
A healthcare professional also will likely explore whether you have other symptoms that might suggest another, more serious condition. These include:
Onset of symptoms after age 50.
Weight loss.
Rectal bleeding.
Fever.
Nausea or repeated vomiting.
Belly pain, especially if it's not related to passing stool, or occurs at night.
Diarrhea that is ongoing or awakens you from sleep.
Anemia related to low iron.
If you have these symptoms, or if an initial treatment forIBSdoesn't work, you'll likely need more tests.
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Treatment ofIBSfocuses on relieving symptoms so that you can live as symptom-free as possible.
Mild symptoms often can be controlled by managing stress and by making changes in diet and lifestyle. Try to:
Stay away from foods that trigger symptoms.
Eat high-fiber foods.
Drink plenty of fluids.
Exercise regularly.
Get enough sleep.
A healthcare professional might suggest eliminating these foods:
High-gas foods.If bloating or gas are an issue, don't consume carbonated and alcoholic beverages or certain foods that may lead to increased gas.
Gluten.Research shows that some people withIBSreport improvement in diarrhea symptoms if they stop eating gluten even if they don't have celiac disease. Gluten is found in foods containing wheat, barley and rye.
FODMAPs.Some people are sensitive to certain carbohydrates such as fructose, fructans, lactose and others, known as FODMAPs — fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides and polyols.FODMAPsare found in certain grains, vegetables, fruits and dairy products.
A dietitian can help with these diet changes.
If problems are moderate or severe, a healthcare professional might suggest counseling — especially if depression or stress tends to make symptoms worse.
Based on symptoms, medicines may be recommended, including:
Fiber supplements.Taking a supplement such as psyllium husk (Metamucil) with fluids may help control constipation.
Laxatives.If fiber doesn't help constipation, nonprescription laxatives, such as magnesium hydroxide oral (Milk of Magnesia) or polyethylene glycol (Miralax), may be recommended.
Antidiarrheal medicines.Nonprescription medicines, such as loperamide (Imodium A-D), can help control diarrhea. A care professional also might prescribe a bile acid binder, such as cholestyramine (Prevalite), colestipol (Colestid) or colesevelam (Welchol). Bile acid binders can cause bloating.
Anticholinergic medicines.Medicines such as dicyclomine (Bentyl) can help relieve painful bowel spasms. They are sometimes prescribed for people who have bouts of diarrhea. These medicines are generally safe but can cause constipation, dry mouth and blurred vision.
Tricyclic antidepressants.This type of medicine can help relieve depression, but it also blocks the activity of neurons that control the intestines. This may help reduce pain. If you have diarrhea and belly pain without depression, a healthcare professional may suggest a lower than typical dose of imipramine (Tofranil), desipramine (Norpramin) or nortriptyline (Pamelor). Side effects — which might be reduced if you take the medicine at bedtime — can include drowsiness, blurred vision, dizziness and dry mouth.
SSRIantidepressants.Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants, such as fluoxetine (Prozac) or paroxetine (Paxil), may help if you are depressed and have pain and constipation.
Pain medicines.Pregabalin (Lyrica) or gabapentin (Neurontin) might ease severe pain or bloating.
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You may be referred to a provider who specializes in the digestive system, called a gastroenterologist.
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Simple changes in your diet and lifestyle often provide relief fromIBS. Your body typically needs time to respond to these changes. Try to:
Experiment with fiber.Fiber helps reduce constipation but also can worsen gas and cramping. Try slowly increasing the amount of fiber in your diet over a period of weeks with foods such as whole grains, fruits, vegetables and beans. A fiber supplement might cause less gas and bloating than fiber-rich foods.
Stay away from problem foods.Get rid of foods that trigger your symptoms.
Eat at regular times.Don't skip meals, and try to eat at about the same time each day to help regulate bowel function. If you have diarrhea, you may find that eating small, frequent meals makes you feel better. But if you're constipated, eating larger amounts of high-fiber foods may help move food through your intestines.
Exercise regularly.Exercise helps relieve depression and stress, stimulates contractions of your intestines, and can help you feel better about yourself. Ask a healthcare professional about an exercise program.
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bloating, belly pain, mucus in the stool, changes in appearance of stool, cramping, changes in how often you are passing stool, sensation of incomplete evacuation, increased gas
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565
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Pseudotumor cerebri (idiopathic intracranial hypertension)
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pseudotumor-cerebri/symptoms-causes/syc-20354031
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pseudotumor-cerebri/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354036
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pseudotumor-cerebri/doctors-departments/ddc-20354038
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Pseudotumor cerebri (SOO-doe-too-mur SER-uh-bry) occurs when the pressure inside your skull (intracranial pressure) increases for no obvious reason. It's also called idiopathic intracranial hypertension.
Symptoms mimic those of a brain tumor. The increased intracranial pressure can cause swelling of the optic nerve and result in vision loss. Medications often can reduce this pressure and the headache, but in some cases, surgery is necessary.
Pseudotumor cerebri can occur in children and adults, but it's most common in women of childbearing age who are obese.
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Pseudotumor cerebri signs and symptoms might include:
Sometimes, symptoms that have resolved can recur months or years later.
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The cause of pseudotumor cerebri is unknown. If a cause is determined, the condition is called secondary intracranial hypertension, rather than idiopathic.
Your brain and spinal cord are surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid, which cushions these vital tissues from injury. This fluid is produced in the brain and eventually is absorbed into the bloodstream at a rate that usually allows the pressure in your brain to remain constant.
The increased intracranial pressure of pseudotumor cerebri might result from a problem in this absorption process.
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The following factors have been associated with pseudotumor cerebri:
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For some people with pseudotumor cerebri, their vision continues to worsen, leading to blindness.
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To diagnose your condition, your doctor will review your symptoms and medical history, conduct a physical examination, and order tests.
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The goal of pseudotumor cerebri treatment is to improve your symptoms and keep your eyesight from worsening.
If you're obese, your doctor might recommend a low-sodium weight-loss diet to help improve your symptoms. You might work with a dietitian to help with your weight-loss goals. Some people benefit from weight-loss programs or gastric surgery.
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After discussing your symptoms with your family doctor, he or she might refer you to a doctor trained in brain and nervous system conditions (neurologist) or eye conditions (ophthalmologist) or both (neuro-ophthalmologist) for further evaluation.
Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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symptoms
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567
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Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP)
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/idiopathic-thrombocytopenic-purpura/symptoms-causes/syc-20352325
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/idiopathic-thrombocytopenic-purpura/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352330
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/idiopathic-thrombocytopenic-purpura/doctors-departments/ddc-20352332
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Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an illness that can lead to bruising and bleeding. Low levels of the cells that help blood clot, also known as platelets, most often cause the bleeding.
Once known as idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura,ITPcan cause purple bruises. It also can cause tiny reddish-purple dots on the skin that look like a rash.
Children can getITPafter a virus. They most often get better without treatment. In adults, the illness often lasts months or years.
People withITPwho aren't bleeding and whose platelet count isn't too low might not need treatment. For worse symptoms, treatment might include medicines to raise platelet count or surgery to remove the spleen.
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Immune thrombocytopenia might not have symptoms. When symptoms occur, they might include:
Easy bruising.
Bleeding into the skin that looks like tiny reddish-purple spots, also known as petechiae. The spots mostly show up on the lower legs. They look like a rash.
Bleeding into the skin that's larger than petechiae, also known as purpura.
Bleeding from the gums or nose.
Blood in urine or stools.
Really heavy menstrual flow.
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Make an appointment with your health care provider if you or your child has symptoms that worry you. Bleeding that won't stop is a medical emergency. Seek help right away if you or your child has bleeding that the usual first aid efforts can't control. These include applying pressure to the area.
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Immune thrombocytopenia usually happens when the immune system makes a mistake. It attacks and destroys the cells that help blood clot, also known as platelets.
In adults, an infection withHIV, hepatitis or the bacteria that causes stomach ulcers, known as H. pylori, can causeITP. In most children withITP, the disorder follows a virus, such as the mumps or the flu.
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ITPis more common among young women. The risk appears to be higher in people who also have other diseases in which the immune system attacks healthy tissues, such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus.
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Rarely, immune thrombocytopenia causes bleeding into the brain. This can be fatal.
Someone who's pregnant with a low platelet count or who's bleeding has a greater risk of heavy bleeding during delivery. A health care provider might suggest treatment to keep the platelet count even.
ITPdoesn't usually affect the fetus. However, the baby's platelet count should be tested soon after birth.
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To diagnose immune thrombocytopenia, a health care provider will try to rule out other possible causes of bleeding and a low platelet count.
No one test can prove the diagnosis. Blood tests can check platelet levels. Rarely, adults might need a bone marrow biopsy to rule out other problems.
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People with mild immune thrombocytopenia might need only regular platelet checks. Children usually improve without treatment. Most adults withITPwill need treatment at some point. The condition often gets worse or lasts long, also known as chronic.
Treatment might include medicines to increase platelet count or surgery to remove the spleen, known as a splenectomy. A health care provider can talk about the pros and cons of treatment options. Some people find the side effects of treatment are worse than the disease.
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A low platelet count might not cause symptoms so a blood test for something else often finds the problem.
Diagnosing immune thrombocytopenia usually involves more blood tests. Your provider might send you to a specialist in blood diseases, also known as a hematologist.
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If you have immune thrombocytopenia, try to:
Avoid contact sports.Getting hit in the head during sports like boxing, martial arts and football could cause bleeding in the brain. Talk to your health care provider about what activities are safe.
Watch for signs of infection.If you've had your spleen removed, look for signs of infection, including fever. Get treatment quickly. Infections can be worse in people without spleens.
Take care with medicines you get without a prescription.Medicines such as aspirin and ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) can increase bleeding risk.
|
thrombocytopenia, rash, bleeding from nose, easy bruising, blood in stools, bleeding, purpura, petechiae, bleeding from gums, blood in urine, heavy menstrual flow, bruising
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568
|
Toe walking in children
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/toe-walking/symptoms-causes/syc-20378410
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/toe-walking/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20378414
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/toe-walking/doctors-departments/ddc-20378415
|
Walking on the toes or the balls of the feet, also known as toe walking, is fairly common in children who are just beginning to walk. Most children outgrow it.
Kids who continue toe walking beyond the toddler years often do so out of habit. As long as your child is growing and developing normally, toe walking is unlikely to be a cause for concern.
Toe walking sometimes can result from certain conditions, including cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy and autism spectrum disorder.
|
Toe walking is walking on the toes or the ball of the foot.
|
If your child is still toe walking after age 2, talk to your doctor about it. Make an appointment sooner if your child also has tight leg muscles, stiffness in the Achilles tendon or a lack of muscle coordination.
|
Typically, toe walking is a habit that develops when a child learns to walk. In a few cases, toe walking is caused by an underlying condition, such as:
|
Toe walking out of habit, also known as idiopathic toe walking, sometimes runs in families.
|
Persistent toe walking can increase a child's risk of falling. It can also result in a social stigma.
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Toe walking can be observed during a physical exam. In some cases, the doctor may do a gait analysis or an exam known as electromyography (EMG).
During an electromyography (EMG), a thin needle with an electrode is inserted into a muscle in the leg. The electrode measures the electrical activity in the affected nerve or muscle.
If the doctor suspects a condition such as cerebral palsy or autism, he or she may recommend a neurological exam or testing for developmental delays.
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If your child is toe walking out of habit, treatment isn't needed. He or she is likely to outgrow the habit. Your doctor might simply monitor your child's gait during office visits.
If a physical problem is contributing to toe walking, treatment options might include:
If the toe walking is associated with cerebral palsy, autism or other problems, treatment focuses on the underlying condition.
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You'll probably first bring your concerns to the attention of your primary care provider — family doctor, nurse practitioner, physician assistant or pediatrician. He or she might refer you to a doctor specializing in nerve function (neurologist) or orthopedic surgery.
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walking on the ball of the foot, walking on the toes
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569
|
Henoch-Schonlein purpura
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/henoch-schonlein-purpura/symptoms-causes/syc-20354040
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/henoch-schonlein-purpura/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354045
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/henoch-schonlein-purpura/doctors-departments/ddc-20354047
|
Henoch-Schonlein purpura (also known as IgA vasculitis) is a disorder that causes the small blood vessels in your skin, joints, intestines and kidneys to become inflamed and bleed.
|
The four main characteristics of Henoch-Schonlein purpura include:
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In Henoch-Schonlein purpura, some of the body's small blood vessels become inflamed, which can cause bleeding in the skin, abdomen and kidneys. It's not clear why this initial inflammation develops. It may be the result of the immune system responding inappropriately to certain triggers.
Nearly half the people who have Henoch-Schonlein purpura developed it after an upper respiratory infection, such as a cold. Other triggers include chickenpox, strep throat, measles, hepatitis, certain medications, food, insect bites and exposure to cold weather.
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Factors that increase the risk of developing Henoch-Schonlein purpura include:
|
For most people, symptoms improve within a month, leaving no lasting problems. But recurrences are fairly common.
Complications associated with Henoch-Schonlein purpura include:
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Your doctor will be able to diagnose the condition as Henoch-Schonlein purpura if the classic rash, joint pain and digestive tract symptoms are present. If one of these signs and symptoms is missing, your doctor may suggest one or more of the following tests.
|
Henoch-Schonlein purpura usually goes away on its own within a month with no lasting ill effects. Rest, plenty of fluids and over-the-counter pain relievers may help with symptoms.
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You'll likely first see your family doctor or your child's pediatrician for this condition. You may later be referred to a kidney specialist (nephrologist) if kidney complications develop. Here's some information that may help you get ready for your appointment.
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none, henoch-schonlein purpura
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572
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Prediabetes
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/prediabetes/symptoms-causes/syc-20355278
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/prediabetes/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355284
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/prediabetes/doctors-departments/ddc-20355285
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Prediabetes means you have a higher than normal blood sugar level. It's not high enough to be considered type 2 diabetes yet. But without lifestyle changes, adults and children with prediabetes are at high risk to develop type 2 diabetes.
If you have prediabetes, the long-term damage of diabetes — especially to your heart, blood vessels and kidneys — may already be starting. There's good news, however. Progression from prediabetes to type 2 diabetes isn't inevitable.
Eating healthy foods, making physical activity part of your daily routine and staying at a healthy weight can help bring your blood sugar level back to normal. The same lifestyle changes that can help prevent type 2 diabetes in adults might also help bring children's blood sugar levels back to normal.
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Prediabetes doesn't usually have any signs or symptoms.
One possible sign of prediabetes is darkened skin on certain parts of the body. Affected areas can include the neck, armpits and groin.
Classic signs and symptoms that suggest you've moved from prediabetes to type 2 diabetes include:
Increased thirst
Frequent urination
Increased hunger
Fatigue
Blurred vision
Numbness or tingling in the feet or hands
Frequent infections
Slow-healing sores
Unintended weight loss
|
See your health care provider if you're concerned about diabetes or if you notice any type 2 diabetes signs or symptoms. Ask your health care provider about blood sugar screening if you have any risk factors for diabetes.
|
The exact cause of prediabetes is unknown. But family history and genetics appear to play an important role. What is clear is that people with prediabetes don't process sugar (glucose) properly anymore.
Most of the glucose in your body comes from the food you eat. When food is digested, sugar enters your bloodstream. Insulin allows sugar to enter your cells — and lowers the amount of sugar in your blood.
Insulin is produced by a gland located behind the stomach called the pancreas. Your pancreas sends insulin to your blood when you eat. When your blood sugar level starts to drop, the pancreas slows down the secretion of insulin into the blood.
When you have prediabetes, this process doesn't work as well. As a result, instead of fueling your cells, sugar builds up in your bloodstream. This can happen because:
Your pancreas may not make enough insulin
Your cells become resistant to insulin and don't allow as much sugar in
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The same factors that increase the odds of getting type 2 diabetes also increase the risk of prediabetes. These factors include:
Weight.Being overweight is a primary risk factor for prediabetes. The more fatty tissue you have — especially inside and between the muscle and skin around your abdomen — the more resistant your cells become to insulin.
Waist size.A large waist size can indicate insulin resistance. The risk of insulin resistance goes up for men with waists larger than 40 inches and for women with waists larger than 35 inches.
Diet.Eating red meat and processed meat, and drinking sugar-sweetened beverages, is associated with a higher risk of prediabetes.
Inactivity.The less active you are, the greater your risk of prediabetes.
Age.Although diabetes can develop at any age, the risk of prediabetes increases after age 35.
Family history.Your risk of prediabetes increases if you have a parent or sibling with type 2 diabetes.
Race or ethnicity.Although it's unclear why, certain people — including Black, Hispanic, American Indian and Asian American people — are more likely to develop prediabetes.
Gestational diabetes.If you had diabetes while pregnant (gestational diabetes), you and your child are at higher risk of developing prediabetes.
Polycystic ovary syndrome.Women with this common condition — characterized by irregular menstrual periods, excess hair growth and obesity — have a higher risk of prediabetes.
Sleep.People with obstructive sleep apnea — a condition that disrupts sleep repeatedly — have an increased risk of insulin resistance. People who are overweight or obese have a higher risk of developing obstructive sleep apnea.
Tobacco smoke.Smoking may increase insulin resistance and can increase the risk of type 2 diabetes in people with prediabetes. Smoking also increases your risk of complications from diabetes.
Other conditions associated with an increased risk of prediabetes include:
High blood pressure
Low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, the "good" cholesterol
High levels of triglycerides — a type of fat in your blood
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Prediabetes has been linked with long-term damage, including to your heart, blood vessels and kidneys, even if you haven't progressed to type 2 diabetes. Prediabetes is also linked to unrecognized (silent) heart attacks.
Prediabetes can progress to type 2 diabetes, which can lead to:
High blood pressure
High cholesterol
Heart disease
Stroke
Kidney disease
Nerve damage
Fatty liver disease
Eye damage, including loss of vision
Amputations
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Healthy lifestyle choices can help you prevent prediabetes and its progression to type 2 diabetes — even if diabetes runs in your family. These include:
Eating healthy foods
Getting active
Losing excess weight
Controlling your blood pressure and cholesterol
Not smoking
|
The American Diabetes Association (ADA) recommends that diabetes screening for most adults begin at age 35. TheADAadvises diabetes screening before age 35 if you're overweight and have additional risk factors for prediabetes or type 2 diabetes.
If you've had gestational diabetes, your health care provider will likely check your blood sugar levels at least once every three years.
There are several blood tests for prediabetes.
|
Healthy lifestyle choices can help you bring your blood sugar level back to normal, or at least keep it from rising toward the levels seen in type 2 diabetes.
To prevent prediabetes from progressing to type 2 diabetes, try to:
Eat healthy foods.A diet high in fruits, vegetables, nuts, whole grains and olive oil is associated with a lower risk of prediabetes. Choose foods low in fat and calories and high in fiber. Eat a variety of foods to help you achieve your goals without compromising taste or nutrition.
Be more active.Physical activity helps you control your weight, uses up sugar for energy and helps the body use insulin more effectively. Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate or 75 minutes of vigorous aerobic activity a week, or a combination of moderate and vigorous exercise.
Lose excess weight.If you're overweight, losing just 5% to 7% of your body weight — about 14 pounds (6.4 kilograms) if you weigh 200 pounds (91 kilograms) — can significantly reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes. To keep your weight in a healthy range, focus on permanent changes to your eating and exercise habits.
Stop smoking.Stopping smoking can improve the way insulin works, improving your blood sugar level.
Take medications as needed.If you're at high risk of diabetes, your health care provider might recommend metformin (Glumetza). Medications to control cholesterol and high blood pressure might also be prescribed.
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You're likely to start by seeing your primary care provider. He or she may refer you to a specialist in diabetes treatment (endocrinologist), a dietitian or a certified diabetes educator.
Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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increased thirst, fatigue, increased hunger, frequent infections, thirst, darkened skin, blurred vision, unintended weight loss, infections, numbness, prediabetes, diabetes, slow-healing sores, numbness or tingling, weight loss, frequent urination
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574
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Inherited metabolic disorders
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/inherited-metabolic-disorders/symptoms-causes/syc-20352590
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/inherited-metabolic-disorders/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20561225
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/inherited-metabolic-disorders/doctors-departments/ddc-20352592
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Inherited metabolic disorders are medical conditions caused by changes in specific genes that affect metabolism. Different gene changes cause different types of inherited metabolic disorders. These gene changes are most commonly passed down from both parents. But sometimes the gene change comes only from one parent, most often from the mother. These disorders also are called inborn errors of metabolism.
Metabolism is the complex set of chemical reactions that your body uses to maintain life. These include:
Making energy.Special enzymes break down food or certain chemicals so your body can use them right away for fuel or store them for later use.
Making or getting rid of substances.Certain chemical processes make substances your body needs. Other chemical processes break down substances that your body no longer needs.
When these processes don't work properly, a metabolic disorder occurs. It may be due to an enzyme that's too low or missing or to another problem. Inherited metabolic disorders fall into different groups. They're grouped by the substance affected and whether it builds up too much because it can't be broken down or it's too low or missing.
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There are hundreds of inherited metabolic disorders caused by different genes. Symptoms depend on the type of disorder and how severe it is.
Examples of inherited metabolic disorders include:
Familial hypercholesterolemia.
Gaucher disease.
Hunter syndrome.
Krabbe disease.
Maple syrup urine disease.
Metachromatic leukodystrophy.
Mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, stroke-like episodes (MELAS).
Niemann-Pick.
Phenylketonuria (PKU).
Porphyria.
Tay-Sachs disease.
Wilson's disease.
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If you have concerns about your child's growth and development or your own health, talk to your doctor or other healthcare professional.
|
Inherited metabolic disorders are caused by changes in specific genes that affect metabolism. Different gene changes cause different types of inherited metabolic disorders. These gene changes are most commonly passed down from both parents. But sometimes the gene change comes only from one parent, most often from the mother. There are hundreds of inherited metabolic disorders caused by different genes.
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The risk of an inherited metabolic disorder is higher if one or both parents have the gene change that can cause the condition. In some cases, future parents may decide to have carrier testing before pregnancy. This test can identify some gene changes in parents that may raise the risk that future children will have certain types of inherited metabolic disorders.
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Some inherited metabolic disorders may be diagnosed before birth. Others can be diagnosed by routine newborn screening tests done at birth. Others are identified only after a child or adult shows symptoms of a disorder.
To find out if you or your child has an inherited metabolic disorder, you may have:
Physical exam.You may have a physical exam and talk about your or your child's symptoms and medical history. You also may be asked about any family history.
Tests.Blood and urine tests check to see how the metabolism is working. Sometimes other types of tests may be recommended.
Genetic testing.Genetic testing can identify the type of inherited metabolic disorder you or your child has. If one person in the family has an inherited metabolic disorder, specialists often recommend genetic testing and counseling for other family members as well.In some cases, future parents may choose to have carrier testing before pregnancy, also called preconception screening. This test can identify some gene changes in parents that may increase the risk that future children will have certain types of inherited metabolic disorders.
Genetic counseling.Genetic counseling can include discussion of newborn screening or other genetic testing. Counseling also can include information on the risk of an inherited metabolic disorder for future children.
Specialist exams.Certain inherited metabolic disorders may increase the risk of other conditions, such as heart, vision or hearing problems. You may be referred to other specialists as needed.
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Treatment depends on the type of inherited metabolic disorder and how severe it is. Because there are so many types of inherited metabolic disorders, treatment can vary a great deal. A few examples of treatments include special diets, enzyme replacement, vitamin therapy, medicines and liver transplants. Sometimes care begins with a stay in the hospital. For some types of inherited metabolic disorders, there are no treatments currently available.
Inherited metabolic disorders are rare and complex. Depending on the type and severity of the disorder and your or your child's age, you may see several experts in inherited metabolic disorders. These may include specialists in:
Medical genetics.
Nutrition.
Pediatrics and developmental pediatrics.
Nervous system.
Endocrine and metabolic disorders.
Heart and blood vessels.
Ear, nose and throat (ENT).
Eyes and vision.
Digestive system.
Kidneys.
Life-long care with regular healthcare visits is important to take care of problems early and adjust treatment as needed.
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gaucher disease, metabolic disorders, stroke-like episodes, stroke-like, hypercholesterolemia, hunter syndrome, maple syrup urine disease, urine disease, metachromatic leukodystrophy, encephalopathy, phenylketonuria, porphyria, tay-sachs disease, wilson's disease, lactic acidosis, melas, krabbe disease, pku
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578
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Hemangioma
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hemangioma/symptoms-causes/syc-20352334
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hemangioma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352339
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hemangioma/doctors-departments/ddc-20352340
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A hemangioma (he-man-jee-O-muh), also known as an infantile hemangioma or hemangioma of infancy, is a bright red birthmark. It looks like a rubbery bump or flat red patch and is made up of extra blood vessels in the skin. The mark shows up at birth or in the first month of life.
A hemangioma typically appears on the face, scalp, chest or back, though it can be anywhere on the skin. Treatment generally isn't needed for a baby's hemangioma, as the mark fades over time. Typically, there is little trace of it by age 10. You may want to think about treatment for the child if a hemangioma leads to problems with vision, breathing or other bodily functions. You also may think about treatment if the hemangioma is in a cosmetically sensitive area.
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A hemangioma may be visible at birth, but it appears more often during the first month of life. It starts as a flat red mark on the body, most often on the face, scalp, chest or back. A child generally only has one mark, but some children may have more than one mark.
During your child's first year, the red mark may grow rapidly into a spongy, rubbery-looking bump that sticks out from the skin. The hemangioma then enters a rest phase. Then it will begin to slowly go away.
Many hemangiomas go away by age 5, and most go away by age 10. The skin may be slightly discolored or raised after the hemangioma goes away.
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Your child's health care provider will check the hemangioma during routine visits. Contact your child's health care provider if the hemangioma bleeds, forms a sore or looks infected.
Seek medical care if the condition causes problems with an important bodily function, such as your child's vision, breathing, hearing or ability to go to the bathroom.
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A hemangioma is made up of extra blood vessels that group together into a dense clump. What causes the vessels to clump isn't known.
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Hemangiomas occur more often in babies who are female, white or born prematurely. Babies with a low birth weight also are more likely to have a hemangioma.
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At times, a hemangioma can break down and develop a sore. This can lead to pain, bleeding, scarring or infection. Depending on the hemangioma's location, it may cause problems with your child's vision, breathing, hearing or ability to go to the bathroom. But this is rare.
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In most cases, a health care provider can diagnose a hemangioma by looking at it. Tests typically aren't needed.
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Treating hemangiomas generally isn't necessary because they go away on their own with time. Some hemangiomas can affect important structures or are of cosmetic concern due to size or location. If a hemangioma causes problems, treatments include:
Beta blocker medicines.In small hemangiomas, you may need to apply a gel containing the medicine timolol to the affected skin. Some hemangiomas may go away if treated with propranolol, which is a liquid medicine taken by mouth. Treatment typically needs to continue until about 1 to 2 years of age. Side effects can include high blood sugar, low blood pressure and wheezing.
Corticosteroid medicines.If beta blocker treatments don't work for a child, corticosteroids may be an option. They can be given as a shot or applied to the skin. Side effects can include poor growth and thinning of the skin.
Laser surgery.Sometimes laser surgery can remove a small, thin hemangioma or treat sores on a hemangioma.
If you're considering treatment for your child's hemangioma, talk with your child's health care provider. Remember that most infantile hemangiomas go away on their own and treatments could have side effects.
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raised skin, flat red mark, spongy, rubbery-looking bump, discolored skin, hemangiomas, rapid growth
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580
|
Female infertility
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/female-infertility/symptoms-causes/syc-20354308
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/female-infertility/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354313
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/female-infertility/doctors-departments/ddc-20354315
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Infertility is defined as trying to get pregnant with frequent, unprotected sex for at least a year with no success.
Infertility results from female factors about one-third of the time and both female and male factors about one-third of the time. The cause is either unknown or a combination of male and female factors in the remaining cases.
Female infertility causes can be difficult to diagnose. There are many treatments, depending on the infertility cause. Many infertile couples will go on to conceive a child without treatment.
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The main symptom of infertility is the inability to get pregnant. A menstrual cycle that's too long (35 days or more), too short (less than 21 days), irregular or absent can mean that you're not ovulating. There might be no other signs or symptoms.
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When to seek help can depend on your age:
Your doctor might also want to begin testing or treatment right away if you or your partner has known fertility problems, or if you have a history of irregular or painful periods, pelvic inflammatory disease, repeated miscarriages, cancer treatment, or endometriosis.
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For pregnancy to occur, every step of the human reproduction process has to happen correctly. The steps in this process are:
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Certain factors may put you at higher risk of infertility, including:
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For women thinking about getting pregnant soon or in the future, these tips might help:
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If you've been unable to conceive within a reasonable period of time, seek help from your doctor for evaluation and treatment of infertility. You and your partner should be evaluated. Your doctor will take a detailed medical history and conduct a physical exam.
Fertility tests might include:
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Infertility treatment depends on the cause, your age, how long you've been infertile and personal preferences. Because infertility is a complex disorder, treatment involves significant financial, physical, psychological and time commitments.
Treatments can either attempt to restore fertility through medication or surgery, or help you get pregnant with sophisticated techniques.
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Dealing with infertility can be physically and emotionally exhausting. To cope with the ups and downs of infertility testing and treatment, consider these strategies:
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For an infertility evaluation, you'll likely see a doctor who specializes in treating disorders that prevent couples from conceiving (reproductive endocrinologist). Your doctor will likely want to evaluate both you and your partner.
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long menstrual cycle, irregular menstrual cycle, inability to get pregnant, short menstrual cycle, absent menstrual cycle, infertility
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581
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Male infertility
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/male-infertility/symptoms-causes/syc-20374773
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/male-infertility/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20374780
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/male-infertility/doctors-departments/ddc-20374782
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Nearly 1 in 7 couples is infertile, which means they haven't been able to conceive a child even though they've had frequent, unprotected sexual intercourse for a year or longer. In up to half of these couples, male infertility plays at least a partial role.
Male infertility can be caused by low sperm production, abnormal sperm function or blockages that prevent the delivery of sperm. Illnesses, injuries, chronic health problems, lifestyle choices and other factors may contribute to male infertility.
The inability to conceive a child can be stressful and frustrating, but a number of treatments are available for male infertility.
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The main sign of male infertility is the inability to conceive a child. There may be no other obvious signs or symptoms.
In some cases, however, an underlying problem such as an inherited disorder, hormonal imbalance, dilated veins around the testicle or a condition that blocks the passage of sperm causes signs and symptoms. Signs and symptoms you may notice include:
Problems with sexual function — for example, difficulty with ejaculation or small volumes of fluid ejaculated, reduced sexual desire, or difficulty maintaining an erection (erectile dysfunction)
Pain, swelling or a lump in the testicle area
Recurrent respiratory infections
Inability to smell
Abnormal breast growth (gynecomastia)
Decreased facial or body hair or other signs of a chromosomal or hormonal abnormality
A lower than normal sperm count (fewer than 15 million sperm per milliliter of semen or a total sperm count of less than 39 million per ejaculate)
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See a doctor if you have been unable to conceive a child after a year of regular, unprotected intercourse or sooner if you have any of the following:
Erection or ejaculation problems, low sex drive, or other problems with sexual function
Pain, discomfort, a lump or swelling in the testicle area
A history of testicle, prostate or sexual problems
A groin, testicle, penis or scrotum surgery
A partner over age 35
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Male fertility is a complex process. To get your partner pregnant, the following must occur:
You must produce healthy sperm.Initially, this involves the growth and formation of the male reproductive organs during puberty. At least one of your testicles must be functioning correctly, and your body must produce testosterone and other hormones to trigger and maintain sperm production.
Sperm have to be carried into the semen.Once sperm are produced in the testicles, delicate tubes transport them until they mix with semen and are ejaculated out of the penis.
There needs to be enough sperm in the semen.If the number of sperm in your semen (sperm count) is low, it decreases the odds that one of your sperm will fertilize your partner's egg. A low sperm count is fewer than 15 million sperm per milliliter of semen or fewer than 39 million per ejaculate.
Sperm must be functional and able to move.If the movement (motility) or function of your sperm is abnormal, the sperm may not be able to reach or penetrate your partner's egg.
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Risk factors linked to male infertility include:
Smoking tobacco
Using alcohol
Using certain illicit drugs
Being overweight
Having certain past or present infections
Being exposed to toxins
Overheating the testicles
Having experienced trauma to the testicles
Having a prior vasectomy or major abdominal or pelvic surgery
Having a history of undescended testicles
Being born with a fertility disorder or having a blood relative with a fertility disorder
Having certain medical conditions, including tumors and chronic illnesses, such as sickle cell disease
Taking certain medications or undergoing medical treatments, such as surgery or radiation used for treating cancer
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Complications of male infertility can include:
Stress and relationship difficulties related to the inability to have a child
Expensive and involved reproductive techniques
Increased risk of testicular cancer, melanoma, colon cancer and prostate cancer
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Male infertility isn't always preventable. However, you can try to avoid some known causes of male infertility. For example:
Don't smoke.
Limit or abstain from alcohol.
Steer clear of illicit drugs.
Maintain a healthy weight.
Don't get a vasectomy.
Avoid things that lead to prolonged heat for the testicles.
Reduce stress.
Avoid exposure to pesticides, heavy metals and other toxins.
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Many infertile couples have more than one cause of infertility, so it's likely you will both need to see a doctor. It might take a number of tests to determine the cause of infertility. In some cases, a cause is never identified.
Infertility tests can be expensive and might not be covered by insurance — find out what your medical plan covers ahead of time.
Diagnosing male infertility problems usually involves:
General physical examination and medical history.This includes examining your genitals and asking questions about any inherited conditions, chronic health problems, illnesses, injuries or surgeries that could affect fertility. Your doctor might also ask about your sexual habits and about your sexual development during puberty.
Semen analysis.Semen samples can be obtained in a couple of different ways. You can provide a sample by masturbating and ejaculating into a special container at the doctor's office. Because of religious or cultural beliefs, some men prefer an alternative method of semen collection. In such cases, semen can be collected by using a special condom during intercourse.
Your semen is then sent to a laboratory to measure the number of sperm present and look for any abnormalities in the shape (morphology) and movement (motility) of the sperm. The lab will also check your semen for signs of problems such as infections.
Often sperm counts fluctuate significantly from one specimen to the next. In most cases, several semen analysis tests are done over a period of time to ensure accurate results. If your sperm analysis is normal, your doctor will likely recommend thorough testing of your female partner before conducting any more male infertility tests.
Your doctor might recommend additional tests to help identify the cause of your infertility. These can include:
Scrotal ultrasound.This test uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images inside your body. A scrotal ultrasound can help your doctor see if there is a varicocele or other problems in the testicles and supporting structures.
Transrectal ultrasound.A small, lubricated wand is inserted into your rectum. It allows your doctor to check your prostate and look for blockages of the tubes that carry semen.
Hormone testing.Hormones produced by the pituitary gland, hypothalamus and testicles play a key role in sexual development and sperm production. Abnormalities in other hormonal or organ systems might also contribute to infertility. A blood test measures the level of testosterone and other hormones.
Post-ejaculation urinalysis.Sperm in your urine can indicate your sperm are traveling backward into the bladder instead of out your penis during ejaculation (retrograde ejaculation).
Genetic tests.When sperm concentration is extremely low, there could be a genetic cause. A blood test can reveal whether there are subtle changes in the Y chromosome — signs of a genetic abnormality. Genetic testing might be ordered to diagnose various congenital or inherited syndromes.
Testicular biopsy.This test involves removing samples from the testicle with a needle. If the results of the testicular biopsy show that sperm production is normal your problem is likely caused by a blockage or another problem with sperm transport.
Specialized sperm function tests.A number of tests can be used to check how well your sperm survive after ejaculation, how well they can penetrate an egg, and whether there's any problem attaching to the egg. These tests aren't often used and usually don't significantly change recommendations for treatment.
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Often, an exact cause of infertility can't be found. Even if an exact cause isn't clear, your doctor might be able to recommend treatments or procedures that will lead to conception.
In cases of infertility, it's recommended that the female partner also be checked. There may be specific treatments recommended for your partner. Or, you may learn that proceeding with assisted reproductive techniques is appropriate in your situation.
Treatments for male infertility include:
Surgery.For example, a varicocele can often be surgically corrected or an obstructed vas deferens repaired. Prior vasectomies can be reversed. In cases where no sperm are present in the ejaculate, sperm can often be retrieved directly from the testicles or epididymis using sperm retrieval techniques.
Treating infections.Antibiotic treatment might cure an infection of the reproductive tract, but doesn't always restore fertility.
Treatments for sexual intercourse problems.Medication or counseling can help improve fertility in conditions such as erectile dysfunction or premature ejaculation.
Hormone treatments and medications.Your doctor might recommend hormone replacement or medications in cases where infertility is caused by high or low levels of certain hormones or problems with the way the body uses hormones.
Assisted reproductive technology (ART).ARTtreatments involve obtaining sperm through normal ejaculation, surgical extraction or from donor individuals, depending on your specific case and wishes. The sperm are then inserted into the female genital tract, or used to perform in vitro fertilization or intracytoplasmic sperm injection.
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Coping with infertility can be difficult. It's an issue of the unknown — you can't predict how long it will last or what the outcome will be. Infertility isn't necessarily solved with hard work. The emotional burden on a couple is considerable, and plans for coping can help.
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If you have never been evaluated by a doctor, you might begin by seeing your family doctor. If, however, you have a known condition resulting in infertility or have any abnormalities on your testing by your primary care doctor, then you may be referred to a specialist.
Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment, and what to expect from your doctor.
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There are a few steps you can take at home to increase your chances of achieving pregnancy:
Increase frequency of sex.Having sexual intercourse every day or every other day beginning at least five days before ovulation increases your chances of getting your partner pregnant.
Have sex when fertilization is possible.A woman is likely to become pregnant during ovulation — which occurs in the middle of the menstrual cycle, between periods. This will ensure that sperm, which can live several days, are present when conception is possible.
Avoid the use of lubricants.Products such as Astroglide or K-Y jelly, lotions, and saliva might impair sperm movement and function. Ask your doctor about sperm-safe lubricants.
Live a healthy lifestyle.Eat a variety of healthy foods, maintain a healthy weight, get enough sleep, and exercise regularly.
Avoid things that damage your overall health.Stop or reduce your use of alcohol, quit smoking, and don't use illicit drugs.
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pain, swelling, recurrent respiratory infections, decreased facial or body hair, reduced sexual desire, inability to smell
abnormal breast growth (gynecomastia, erectile dysfunction, small volumes of fluid ejaculated, difficulty maintaining an erection, difficulty with ejaculation, inability to smell, abnormal breast growth, lump, infertility, respiratory infections, inherited disorder
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583
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Pancreatitis
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pancreatitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20360227
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pancreatitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20360233
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pancreatitis/doctors-departments/ddc-20360239
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Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas. Inflammation is immune system activity that can cause swelling, pain, and changes in how an organ or tissues work.
The pancreas is a long, flat gland that's tucked behind the stomach. The pancreas helps the body digest food and regulates blood sugars.
Pancreatitis can be an acute condition. This means it appears suddenly and generally lasts a short time. Chronic pancreatitis is a long-term condition. The damage to the pancreas can get worse over time.
Acute pancreatitis may improve on its own. More-serious disease requires treatment in a hospital and can cause life-threatening complications.
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Symptoms of pancreatitis may vary. Acute pancreatitis symptoms may include:
Pain in the upper belly.
Pain in the upper belly that radiates to the back.
Tenderness when touching the belly.
Fever.
Rapid pulse.
Upset stomach.
Vomiting.
Chronic pancreatitis signs and symptoms include:
Pain in the upper belly.
Belly pain that feels worse after eating.
Losing weight without trying.
Oily, smelly stools.
Some people with chronic pancreatitis only develop symptoms after they get complications of the disease.
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Make an appointment with your doctor if you have sudden belly pain or belly pain that doesn't improve. Seek immediate medical help if your pain is so severe that you can't sit still or find a position that makes you more comfortable.
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The pancreas has two major roles. It produces insulin, which helps the body manage and use sugars.
The pancreas also produces dietary juices, called enzymes, that help with digestion. The pancreas makes and stores "turned off" versions of the enzymes. After the pancreas sends the enzymes into the small intestine, they are "turned on" and break down proteins in the small intestine.
If the enzymes are turned on too soon, they can start acting like digestive juices inside the pancreas. The action can irritate, damage or destroy cells. This problem, in turn, leads to immune system responses that cause swelling and other events that affect how the pancreas works.
Several conditions can lead to acute pancreatitis, including:
Blockage in the bile duct caused by gallstones.
Heavy alcohol use.
Certain medicines.
High triglyceride levels in the blood.
High calcium levels in the blood.
Pancreas cancer.
Injuries from trauma or surgery.
Conditions that can lead to chronic pancreatitis include:
Damage from repeated acute pancreatitis.
Heavy alcohol use.
Inherited genes linked to pancreatitis.
High triglyceride levels in the blood.
High calcium levels in the blood.
Sometimes, a cause for pancreatitis is never found. This is known as idiopathic pancreatitis.
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Factors that increase your risk of pancreatitis include:
Excessive alcohol use.Research shows that having four or five drinks a day increases the risk of pancreatitis.
Cigarette smoking.Compared with nonsmokers, smokers are on average three times more likely to develop chronic pancreatitis. Quitting smoking can decrease the risk.
Obesity.People with a body mass index of 30 or higher are at increased risk of pancreatitis.
Diabetes.Having diabetes increases the risk of pancreatitis.
Family history of pancreatitis.A number of genes have been linked to chronic pancreatitis. A family history of the disease is linked to an increased risk, especially when combined with other risk factors.
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Pancreatitis can cause serious complications, including:
Kidney failure.Acute pancreatitis may result in the kidneys not filtering waste from the blood. Artificial filtering, called dialysis, may be needed for short-term or long-term treatment.
Breathing problems.Acute pancreatitis can cause changes in how the lungs work, causing the level of oxygen in the blood to fall to dangerously low levels.
Infection.Acute pancreatitis can make the pancreas vulnerable to infections. Pancreatic infections are serious and require intensive treatment, such as surgery or other procedures to remove the infected tissue.
Pseudocyst.Acute and chronic pancreatitis can cause fluid and debris to collect in a "pocket" in the pancreas, called a pseudocyst. A large pseudocyst that ruptures can cause complications such as internal bleeding and infection.
Malnutrition.With both acute and chronic pancreatitis, the pancreas may not produce enough enzymes for the digestive system. This can lead to malnutrition, diarrhea and weight loss.
Diabetes.Diabetes can develop when chronic pancreatitis damages cells that produce insulin.
Pancreatic cancer.Long-standing inflammation in the pancreas is a risk factor for cancer of the pancreas.
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Your healthcare professional will ask you questions about your health history and symptoms, give you a general physical, and check for pain or tenderness in your belly.
Tests and procedures that may be used include the following.
Blood testscan give clues about how the immune system, pancreas and related organs are working.
Ultrasoundimages can show gallstones in the gallbladder or inflammation of the pancreas.
Computerized tomography (CT) scanshow gallstones and the extent of inflammation.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)to look for irregular tissues or structures in the gallbladder, pancreas and bile ducts.
Endoscopic ultrasoundis an ultrasound device on a small tube fed through the mouth and into the digestive system. It can show inflammation, gallstones, cancer, and blockages in the pancreatic duct or bile duct.
Stool testscan measure levels of fat that could suggest your digestive system isn't absorbing nutrients as it should.
Your doctor may recommend other tests, depending on your symptoms or other conditions you may have.
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There is no specific medicine to treat pancreatitis. Treatment begins with a hospital stay to manage symptoms and complications. These include:
Pain medicines.Pancreatitis can cause severe pain. Your healthcare team will give you medicines to help control the pain.
Intravenous (IV) fluids.You will receive fluids through a vein in your arm to keep you hydrated.
Nutrition.You will begin eating again when you can do so without vomiting or pain. In some cases, a feeding tube is used.
When the symptoms and complications are under control, other treatments are used to treat underlying causes. These may include:
Procedures to open bile ducts.A procedure called endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is used to locate and remove a gallstone. A long tube with a camera is fed through the mouth and digestive system to the bile duct. This tube also is used to get tiny tools to the site to remove the stone and clear the bile duct.ERCPmay itself trigger acute pancreatitis, but research about risk factors have helped improve outcomes.
Gallbladder surgery.If gallstones caused the pancreatitis, surgery to remove the gallbladder may be recommended. This procedure is called a cholecystectomy.
Pancreas procedures.Procedures with an endoscopic camera and tools may be used to drain fluid from the pancreas or remove diseased tissue.
Treatment for alcohol dependence.If excessive alcohol use has caused pancreatitis, a treatment program for alcohol addiction is recommended. Continuing to drink alcohol worsens pancreatitis and leads to serious complications.
Changes in medicines.If a medicine is the likely cause of acute pancreatitis, your healthcare professional will work with you to find other options.
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You'll likely see your primary care professional first. You may be referred to a specialist in the digestive system called a gastroenterologist.
Because appointments can be brief, and because there's often a lot to discuss, it's a good idea to be well prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready and know what to expect from your doctor.
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Once you leave the hospital, you can take steps to continue your recovery from pancreatitis, such as:
Stop drinking alcohol.Even if alcohol was not the likely cause of pancreatitis, it is best to stop drinking alcohol while recovering. If it was the expected cause, stop drinking. If you're unable to stop drinking alcohol on your own, ask your doctor for help. Your doctor can refer you to local programs to help you stop drinking.
Stop smoking.If you smoke, quit. If you can't quit on your own, ask your doctor for help. Medicines and counseling can help you quit smoking.
Choose a low-fat diet.Choose a diet that limits fat and emphasizes fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein.
Drink more fluids.Pancreatitis can cause dehydration, so drink more fluids throughout the day. It may help to keep a water bottle or glass of water with you.
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pain, pain in the upper belly, upset stomach, vomiting, belly pain, pancreatitis, chronic pancreatitis, fever, oily stools, rapid pulse, losing weight, tenderness, acute pancreatitis symptoms, chronic pancreatitis signs and symptoms
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584
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Pericarditis
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pericarditis/symptoms-causes/syc-20352510
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pericarditis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352514
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pericarditis/doctors-departments/ddc-20352516
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Pericarditis is swelling and irritation of the thin, saclike tissue surrounding the heart. This tissue is called the pericardium. Pericarditis often causes sharp chest pain. The chest pain occurs when the irritated layers of the pericardium rub against each other.
Pericarditis often is mild. It may go away without treatment. Treatment for more-serious symptoms can include medicines and, very rarely, surgery. When healthcare professionals find and treat pericarditis early, that may help lower the risk of long-term complications from pericarditis.
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Chest pain is the most common symptom of pericarditis. It usually feels sharp or stabbing. But some people have dull, achy or pressure-like chest pain.
Most often, pericarditis pain is felt behind the breastbone or on the left side of the chest. The pain may:
Spread to the left shoulder and neck, or to both shoulders.
Get worse when coughing, lying down or taking a deep breath.
Get better when sitting up or leaning forward.
Other symptoms of pericarditis can include:
Cough.
Fatigue or general feeling of weakness or being sick.
Swelling of the legs or feet.
Low-grade fever.
Pounding or racing heartbeat, also called heart palpitations.
Shortness of breath when lying down.
Swelling of the belly, also called the abdomen.
The specific symptoms depend on the type of pericarditis. Pericarditis is grouped into different categories, according to the pattern of symptoms and how long symptoms last.
Acute pericarditisbegins suddenly but doesn't last longer than four weeks. Future episodes can occur. It may be hard to tell the difference between acute pericarditis and pain due to a heart attack.
Recurrent pericarditisoccurs about 4 to 6 weeks after a bout of acute pericarditis. No symptoms happen in between.
Incessant pericarditislasts about 4 to 6 weeks but less than three months. The symptoms continue over this whole time.
Chronic constrictive pericarditisusually develops slowly and lasts longer than three months.
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Get medical care right away if you have new symptoms of chest pain.
Many of the symptoms of pericarditis are like those of other heart and lung conditions. It's important to be thoroughly checked by a healthcare professional if you have any type of chest pain.
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The cause of pericarditis is often hard to determine. A cause may not be found. When this happens, it's called idiopathic pericarditis.
Pericarditis causes can include:
Immune system response after heart damage due to a heart attack or heart surgery. Other names for this include Dressler syndrome, post-myocardial infarction syndrome and post-cardiac injury syndrome.
Infections, such as those caused by viruses.
Injury to the heart or chest.
Lupus.
Rheumatoid arthritis.
Other long-term health conditions, including kidney failure and cancer.
Some medicines, such as the seizure treatment phenytoin (Dilantin) and medicine called procainamide to treat an irregular heartbeat.
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When pericarditis is found and treated early, the risk of complications usually becomes lower. Complications of pericarditis can include:
Fluid buildup around the heart, also called pericardial effusion.The fluid buildup can lead to further heart complications.
Thickening and scarring of the heart lining, also called constrictive pericarditis.Some people with long-term pericarditis develop permanent thickening and scarring of the pericardium. The changes prevent the heart from filling and emptying properly. This complication often leads to severe swelling of the legs and abdomen, and shortness of breath.
Pressure on the heart due to fluid buildup, also called cardiac tamponade.This life-threatening condition prevents the heart from filling properly. Less blood leaves the heart, causing a large drop in blood pressure. Cardiac tamponade requires emergency treatment.
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There's no specific way to prevent pericarditis. But you can take these steps to prevent infections, which might help lower the risk of heart inflammation:
Stay away from people who have a viral or flu-like illnessuntil they've recovered. If you're sick with symptoms of a viral infection, try not to expose others. For instance, cover your mouth when you sneeze or cough.
Follow good hygiene.Regular hand-washing can help prevent spreading illness. Scrub your hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds.
Get recommended vaccines.Stay up to date on the recommended vaccines, including those that protect against COVID-19, rubella and influenza. These are examples of viral diseases that can cause inflammation of the heart muscle, called myocarditis. Myocarditis and pericarditis can happen together due to a viral infection. Rarely, the COVID-19 vaccine can cause pericarditis and myocarditis, especially in males ages 12 through 17. Talk to your healthcare professional about the benefits and risks of vaccines.
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To diagnose pericarditis, a healthcare professional examines you and asks questions about your symptoms and medical history.
The care professional listens to your heart using a device called a stethoscope. Pericarditis causes a specific sound, called a pericardial rub. The noise occurs when the two layers of the sac surrounding the heart, called the pericardium, rub against each other.
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Treatment for pericarditis depends on the cause of the symptoms and how serious they are. Mild pericarditis may get better without treatment.
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You're likely to start by seeing a primary care professional or an emergency room doctor. You may be referred to a doctor trained in heart diseases. This type of care professional is called a cardiologist.
Here's some information to help you prepare for your appointment.
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Lifestyle and home remedies for mild pericarditis include rest and pain medicines sold without a prescription. If your healthcare professional recommends pain medicines, take them as directed.
While you recover, do not take part in strenuous physical activity and competitive sports. Such activity can trigger pericarditis symptoms. Ask your healthcare professional how long you need to rest.
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racing heartbeat, pounding heartbeat, pericarditisbegins, shortness of breath, sharp pain, swelling of abdomen, fatigue, swelling of feet, pain in neck, stabbing pain, achy pain, cough, pericarditis pain, heart palpitations, achy, swelling of belly, pericarditis, low-grade fever, swelling of legs, pain, weakness, pounding, pressure-like pain, fever, chest pain, dull pain, pain in left shoulder
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588
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Metabolic syndrome
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/metabolic-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20351916
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/metabolic-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351921
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/metabolic-syndrome/doctors-departments/ddc-20351923
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Metabolic syndrome is a group of conditions that increase the risk of heart disease, stroke and type 2 diabetes. These conditions include high blood pressure, high blood sugar, too much fat around the waist, and high cholesterol or triglyceride levels.
Metabolic syndrome means having three or more of these conditions. But having even one of the conditions increases the risk of serious disease.
The number of people with metabolic syndrome is growing. Up to one-third of U.S. adults have it. Healthy lifestyle changes can slow or stop metabolic syndrome from causing serious health conditions.
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A large waist size can point to metabolic syndrome. Also, people with high blood sugar might notice symptoms of diabetes. These include being thirstier than usual, urinating more than usual, being tired and having blurred vision.
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If you have at least one metabolic syndrome condition, such as high blood pressure, ask your healthcare professional about testing for other conditions that are part of the syndrome.
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Metabolic syndrome is closely linked to overweight or obesity and inactivity.
It's also linked to a condition called insulin resistance. Usually, the digestive system breaks down foods into sugar. The pancreas makes the hormone insulin. And insulin helps sugar enter cells to be used as fuel.
In people with insulin resistance, cells don't respond as expected to insulin. So sugar, known as glucose, can't get into the cells as easily. As a result, blood sugar levels rise even though the body is making more insulin to try to lower the blood sugar.
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The following can increase the chances of having metabolic syndrome:
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Having metabolic syndrome can increase the risk of:
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Living a healthy lifestyle might prevent the conditions that cause metabolic syndrome. A healthy lifestyle includes:
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Diagnosis of metabolic syndrome is based on medical history, family medical history, a physical exam, and blood pressure and blood tests.
The National Institutes of Health defines metabolic syndrome as having three or more of the following conditions or being on medicine to manage these conditions:
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Lifestyle changes that involve diet and exercise often are the first treatment for metabolic syndrome. If lifestyle changes aren't enough, medicines may help you manage blood pressure, cholesterol and blood sugar levels.
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You're likely to start by seeing your primary healthcare professional. You may be referred to a doctor who specializes in diabetes and other endocrine disorders, called an endocrinologist. Or you may be referred to a cardiologist, who specializes in heart disease.
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urinating more, blurred vision, metabolic syndrome, tired, diabetes, thirstier than usual
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589
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Claudication
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/claudication/symptoms-causes/syc-20370952
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/claudication/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20370959
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/claudication/doctors-departments/ddc-20370961
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Claudication is pain caused by too little blood flow to muscles during exercise. Most often this pain occurs in the legs after walking at a certain pace and for a certain amount of time — depending on the severity of the condition.
The condition is also called intermittent claudication because the pain usually isn't constant. It begins during exercise and ends with rest. As claudication worsens, however, the pain may occur during rest.
Claudication is technically a symptom of disease, most often peripheral artery disease, a narrowing of arteries in the limbs that restricts blood flow.
Treatments focus on lowering the risks of vascular disease, reducing pain, increasing mobility and preventing damage to tissues.
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Claudication refers to muscle pain due to lack of oxygen that's triggered by activity and relieved by rest. Symptoms include the following:
The pain may become more severe over time. You may even start to have pain at rest.
Signs or symptoms of peripheral artery disease, usually in more-advanced stages, include:
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Talk to your health care provider if you have pain in your legs or arms when you exercise. Claudication can lead to a cycle that results in worsening cardiovascular health. Pain may make exercise intolerable, and a lack of exercise results in poorer health.
Peripheral artery disease is a sign of poor cardiovascular health and an increased risk of heart attack and stroke.
Other conditions involving the blood, nerves and bones can contribute to leg and arm pain during exercise. It's important to have a complete exam and appropriate tests to diagnose potential causes of pain.
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Claudication is most often a symptom of peripheral artery disease. The peripheral arteries are the large vessels that deliver blood to the legs and arms.
Peripheral artery disease is damage to an artery that restricts the flow of blood in an arm or leg (a limb). When you're at rest, the limited blood flow is generally enough. When you're active, however, the muscles aren't getting enough oxygen and nutrients to work well and remain healthy.
Damage to peripheral arteries is usually caused by atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is the buildup of fats, cholesterol and other substances in and on the artery walls. This buildup is called plaque. The plaque can cause the arteries to narrow, blocking blood flow. The plaque can also burst, leading to a blood clot.
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Potential risk factors for peripheral artery disease and claudication include:
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Claudication is generally considered a warning of significant atherosclerosis, indicating an increased risk of heart attack or stroke. Other complications of peripheral artery disease due to atherosclerosis include:
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The best way to prevent claudication is to maintain a healthy lifestyle and control certain medical conditions. That means:
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Claudication may go undiagnosed because many people consider the pain to be an unwelcome but typical part of aging. Some people simply reduce their activity level to avoid the pain.
A diagnosis of claudication and peripheral artery disease is based on a review of symptoms, a physical exam, evaluation of the skin on the limbs, and tests to check blood flow.
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The goals of treating claudication and peripheral artery disease are to reduce pain and manage the risk factors that contribute to heart and blood vessel (cardiovascular) disease.
Exercise is an important part of claudication treatment. Exercise reduces pain, increases exercise duration, improves vascular health in the affected limbs, and contributes to weight management and an overall improvement in quality of life.
Recommended walking programs include:
Supervised exercise is recommended for beginning the treatment, but long-term exercise at home is important for ongoing management of claudication.
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Learning all you can about what's causing your claudication may help you better manage the condition.
Some people also find it helpful to talk with other people who are going through similar experiences. In a support group, you may find encouragement, advice, and maybe even an exercise partner or two. Ask your health care provider if there are any support groups in your area.
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You're likely to start by seeing your health care provider. You may be referred to a doctor trained in heart diseases (cardiologist) or a blood vessel (vascular) surgeon.
To make the best of your appointment time, be prepared to answer the following questions:
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pain, peripheral artery disease, pain at rest, oxygen, muscle pain, claudication
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590
|
Whipple's disease
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/whipples-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20378946
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/whipples-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20378950
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/whipples-disease/doctors-departments/ddc-20378951
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Whipple disease is a rare bacterial infection that most often affects your joints and digestive system. Whipple disease interferes with normal digestion by impairing the breakdown of foods, and hampering your body's ability to absorb nutrients, such as fats and carbohydrates.
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Digestive signs and symptoms are common in Whipple disease and may include:
Other frequent signs and symptoms associated with Whipple disease include:
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Whipple disease is potentially life-threatening yet usually treatable. Contact your doctor if you experience unusual signs or symptoms, such as unexplained weight loss or joint pain. Your doctor can perform tests to determine the cause of your symptoms.
Even after the infection is diagnosed and you're receiving treatment, let your doctor know if your symptoms don't improve. Sometimes antibiotic therapy isn't effective because the bacteria are resistant to the particular drug you're taking. The disease can recur, so it's important to watch for symptoms that reappear.
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Whipple disease is caused by a type of bacterium called Tropheryma whipplei. The bacteria affect the mucosal lining of your small intestine first, forming small sores (lesions) within the wall of the intestine. The bacteria also damage the fine, hairlike projections (villi) that line the small intestine.
Not much is known about the bacteria. Although they seem readily present in the environment, scientists don't know where they come from or how they're spread to humans. Not everyone who carries the bacteria develops the disease. Some researchers believe that people with the disease may have a genetic defect in their immune system response that makes them more likely to become sick when exposed to the bacteria.
Whipple disease is extremely uncommon, affecting fewer than 1 in 1 million people.
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Because so little is known about the bacteria that cause Whipple disease, risk factors for the disease haven't been clearly identified. Based on available reports, it appears more likely to affect:
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The lining of your small intestine has fine, hairlike projections (villi) that help your body absorb nutrients. Whipple disease damages the villi, impairing nutrient absorption. Nutritional deficiencies are common in people with Whipple disease and can lead to fatigue, weakness, weight loss and joint pain.
Whipple disease is a progressive and potentially fatal disease. Although the infection is rare, associated deaths continue to be reported. This is due in large part to late diagnoses and delayed treatment. Death often is caused by the spread of the infection to the central nervous system, which can cause irreversible damage.
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The process of diagnosing Whipple disease typically includes the following tests:
Biopsy.An important step in diagnosing Whipple disease is taking a tissue sample (biopsy), usually from the lining of the small intestine. To do this, your doctor typically performs an upper endoscopy. The procedure uses a thin, flexible tube (scope) with a light and a camera attached that passes through your mouth, throat, windpipe and stomach to your small intestine. The scope allows your doctor to view your digestive passages and take tissue samples.
During the procedure, doctors remove tissue samples from several sites in the small intestine. A doctor examines this tissue under a microscope in a lab. He or she looks for the presence of disease-causing bacteria and their sores (lesions), and specifically for Tropheryma whipplei bacteria. If these tissue samples don't confirm the diagnosis, your doctor might take a tissue sample from an enlarged lymph node or perform other tests.
In some cases, your doctor may ask you to swallow a capsule that holds a small camera. The camera can take images of your digestive passages for your doctor to view.
A DNA-based test known as polymerase chain reaction, which is available at some medical centers, can detect Tropheryma whipplei bacteria in biopsy specimens or spinal fluid samples.
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Treatment of Whipple disease is with antibiotics, either alone or in combination, which can destroy the bacteria causing the infection.
Treatment is long-term, generally lasting a year or two, with the aim of destroying the bacteria. But symptom relief generally comes much quicker, often within the first week or two. Most people with no brain or nervous system complications recover completely after a full course of antibiotics.
When choosing antibiotics, doctors often select those that wipe out infections in the small intestine and also cross a layer of tissue around your brain (the blood-brain barrier). This is done to eliminate bacteria that may have entered your brain and central nervous system.
Because of the lengthy use of antibiotics, your doctor will need to monitor your condition for development of resistance to the drugs. If you relapse during treatment, your doctor may change your antibiotics.
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If you have signs and symptoms common to Whipple disease, make an appointment with your doctor. Whipple disease is rare, and the signs and symptoms can indicate other, more common disorders, so it can be hard to diagnose. As a result, it's often diagnosed in its later stages. However, an early diagnosis reduces the risk of serious health effects associated with not treating the condition.
If your doctor is uncertain about the diagnosis, he or she may refer you to a doctor who specializes in digestive diseases or to another specialist depending on the symptoms you're having.
Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment, and know what to expect from your doctor.
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whipple disease, digestive signs
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593
|
Cholestasis of pregnancy
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cholestasis-of-pregnancy/symptoms-causes/syc-20363257
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cholestasis-of-pregnancy/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20363258
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cholestasis-of-pregnancy/doctors-departments/ddc-20363259
|
Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, commonly known as cholestasis of pregnancy, is a liver condition that can occur in late pregnancy. The condition triggers intense itching, but without a rash. Itching is usually on the hands and feet but also can occur on other parts of the body.
Cholestasis of pregnancy can make you very uncomfortable. But more worrisome are the potential complications, especially for your baby. Because of the risk of complications, your pregnancy care provider may recommend early term delivery around 37 weeks.
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Intense itching is the main symptom of cholestasis of pregnancy. But there is no rash. Typically, you feel itchy on the palms of your hands or the soles of your feet, but you may feel itchy everywhere. The itching is often worse at night and may bother you so much that you can't sleep.
The itching is most common during the third trimester of pregnancy but sometimes begins earlier. It may feel worse as your due date gets near. But once your baby arrives, the itchiness usually goes away within a few days.
Other less common signs and symptoms of cholestasis of pregnancy may include:
Yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes, called jaundice
Nausea
Loss of appetite
Oily, foul-smelling stools
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Contact your pregnancy care provider right away if you begin to feel constant or extreme itchiness.
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The exact cause of cholestasis of pregnancy is unclear. Cholestasis is reduced or stopped bile flow. Bile is the digestive fluid made in the liver that helps break down fats. Instead of leaving the liver for the small intestine, bile builds up in the liver. As a result, bile acids eventually enter the bloodstream. High levels of bile acids appear to cause the symptoms and complications of cholestasis of pregnancy.
Pregnancy hormones, genetics and the environment may all play a role.
Hormones.Pregnancy hormones rise the closer you get to your due date. This may slow the flow of bile.
Genes.Sometimes, the condition runs in families. Certain gene changes have been identified that may be linked to cholestasis of pregnancy.
Environment.Although the exact environmental factors aren't clear, risk varies by geographic location and season.
|
Some factors that may increase your risk of developing cholestasis of pregnancy include:
Personal or family history of cholestasis of pregnancy
History of liver damage or disease, including hepatitis C and gallbladder stones
Being pregnant with multiple babies
Pregnancy at an older age, such as 35 years or older
If you have a history of cholestasis in a prior pregnancy, your risk of developing it during another pregnancy is high. About 60% to 70% of females have it happen again. This is called a recurrence. In severe cases, the risk of recurrence may be as high as 90%.
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Complications from cholestasis of pregnancy appear to be due to high bile acid levels in the blood. Complications may occur in the mom, but the developing baby is especially at risk.
In moms, the condition may temporarily affect the way the body absorbs fat. Poor absorption of fat could result in decreased levels of vitamin K-dependent factors involved with blood clotting. But this complication is rare. Future liver problems may occur but are uncommon.
Also, cholestasis of pregnancy increases the risk of complications during pregnancy such as preeclampsia and gestational diabetes.
In babies, the complications of cholestasis of pregnancy can be severe. They may include:
Being born too early, also called preterm birth.
Lung problems from breathing in meconium. Meconium is the sticky, green substance that typically collects in the developing baby's intestines. Meconium may pass into the amniotic fluid if a mom has cholestasis.
Death of the baby late in pregnancy before delivery, also called stillbirth.
Because complications can be very dangerous for your baby, your pregnancy care provider may consider inducing labor before your due date.
|
There is no known way to prevent cholestasis of pregnancy.
|
To diagnose cholestasis of pregnancy, your pregnancy care provider usually will:
Ask questions about your symptoms and medical history
Do a physical exam
Order blood tests to measure the level of bile acids in your blood and to check how well your liver is working
|
The goals of treatment for cholestasis of pregnancy are to ease itching and prevent complications in your baby.
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It's a good idea to be prepared for your appointment with your obstetrician or pregnancy care provider. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment, and what to expect.
|
Home remedies may not offer much relief for itching due to cholestasis of pregnancy. But it doesn't hurt to try these soothing tips:
Cool baths, which may make the itching feel less intense
Oatmeal baths, creams or lotions, which may soothe the skin
Icing a particularly itchy patch of skin, which may briefly reduce the itch
|
nausea
, nausea, itchy, yellowing of the whites of the eyes, foul-smelling stools, jaundice, cholestasis, loss of appetite
, itchy soles, itching, loss of appetite, rash, itchiness, no rash, itchy everywhere, oily stools, itchy palms, yellowing of the skin, can't sleep
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595
|
Intestinal ischemia
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/intestinal-ischemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20373946
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/intestinal-ischemia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20373950
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/intestinal-ischemia/doctors-departments/ddc-20373951
|
Intestinal ischemia (is-KEE-me-uh) refers to a range of conditions that happen when blood flow to the intestines slows or stops. Ischemia can be due to a fully or partly blocked blood vessel, most often an artery. Or low blood pressure may lead to less blood flow. Intestinal ischemia can affect the small intestine, the large intestine or both.
Less blood flow means that too little oxygen goes to the cells in the system through which food travels, called the digestive system. Intestinal ischemia is a serious condition that can cause pain. It can make it hard for the intestines to work well.
In severe cases, loss of blood flow to the intestines can cause lifelong damage to the intestines. And it may lead to death.
There are treatments for intestinal ischemia. Getting medical help early improves the chances of recovery.
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Symptoms of intestinal ischemia can come on quickly. When this happens, the condition is called acute intestinal ischemia. When symptoms come on slowly, the condition is called chronic intestinal ischemia. Symptoms may differ from person to person. But certain symptoms suggest a diagnosis of intestinal ischemia.
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Seek medical care right away if you have sudden, severe belly pain. Pain that feels so bad that you can't sit still or find a position that feels OK is a medical emergency.
If you have other symptoms that worry you, make an appointment with your healthcare professional.
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Intestinal ischemia happens when the blood flow through the major blood vessels that send blood to and from the intestines slows or stops. The condition has many possible causes. Causes may include:
A blood clot that blocks an artery.
A narrowed artery due to buildup of fatty deposits, such as cholesterol. This condition is called atherosclerosis.
Low blood pressure leading to less blood flow.
Blockage in a vein, which happens less often.
Intestinal ischemia often is split into groups. Colon ischemia, also called ischemic colitis, affects the large intestine. Other types of ischemia affect the small intestine. These are acute mesenteric ischemia, chronic mesenteric ischemia and ischemia due to mesenteric venous thrombosis.
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Factors that may increase your risk of intestinal ischemia include:
Buildup of fatty deposits in your arteries, called atherosclerosis.If you've had other conditions caused by atherosclerosis, you have an increased risk of intestinal ischemia. These conditions include less blood flow to the heart, called coronary artery disease; less blood flow to the legs, called peripheral vascular disease; or less blood flow to the arteries that go to the brain, called carotid artery disease.
Age.People older than 50 are more likely to get intestinal ischemia.
Smoking.Using cigarettes and other forms of smoked tobacco increases your risk of intestinal ischemia.
Heart and blood vessel conditions.Your risk of intestinal ischemia is higher if you have congestive heart failure or an irregular heartbeat such as atrial fibrillation. Blood vessel diseases that result in irritation, called inflammation, of veins and arteries also may increase risk. This inflammation is known as vasculitis.
Medicines.Certain medicines may increase your risk of intestinal ischemia. Examples include birth control pills and medicines that cause your blood vessels to expand or contract, such as some allergy medicines and migraine medicines.
Blood-clotting problems.Diseases and conditions that raise your risk of blood clots also may raise your risk of intestinal ischemia. Examples include sickle cell anemia and a genetic condition known as the factor V Leiden mutation.
Other health conditions.Having high blood pressure, diabetes or high cholesterol can increase the risk of intestinal ischemia.
Illicit drug use.Cocaine and methamphetamine use have been linked to intestinal ischemia.
|
Complications of intestinal ischemia can include:
Death of intestinal tissue.A sudden and complete blockage in blood flow to the intestines can kill intestinal tissue. This is called gangrene.
A hole through the wall of the intestines, called a perforation.A hole can cause what's in the intestine to leak into the belly. This may cause a serious infection called peritonitis.
Scarring or narrowing of the intestine.Sometimes the intestines recover from ischemia. But as part of the healing process, the body forms scar tissue that narrows or blocks the intestines. This happens most often in the colon. Rarely, this happens in the small intestine.
Other health conditions, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, also calledCOPD, can make intestinal ischemia worse. Emphysema, a type ofCOPD, and other smoking-related lung diseases increase this risk.
Sometimes, intestinal ischemia can be fatal.
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If your healthcare professional suspects intestinal ischemia after a physical exam, you may have several diagnostic tests based on your symptoms. Tests may include:
Blood tests.Although blood tests alone can't diagnose intestinal ischemia, certain blood test results might suggest the condition. An example of such a result is a high white cell count.
Imaging tests.Imaging tests let your healthcare professional see your internal organs and rule out other causes for your symptoms. Imaging tests may include an X-ray, an ultrasound, aCTscan or anMRI.To look at the blood flow in your veins and arteries, your health professional may use an angiogram using a certain type ofCTscan orMRI.
Use of a scope to see inside your digestive tract.This involves putting a lighted, flexible tube with a camera on its tip into your rectum to view your digestive tract. The scope can look at the last 2 feet of your colon, a test called sigmoidoscopy. When the test looks at your whole colon, it's called colonoscopy.
Use of dye that tracks blood flow through the arteries.During this test, called angiography, a long, thin tube called a catheter goes into an artery in your groin or arm. A dye injected through the catheter flows to your intestinal arteries.The dye moving through the arteries lets narrowed areas or blockages show up on X-rays. Angiography also lets a healthcare professional treat a blockage in an artery. The health professional can remove a clot, put in medicine or use special tools to widen an artery.
Surgery.In some cases, you may need surgery to find and remove damaged tissue. Opening the belly allows diagnosis and treatment during one procedure.
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Treatment of intestinal ischemia involves restoring the blood supply to the digestive tract. Choices vary depending on the cause of the condition and how bad it is.
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Seek medical care right away if you have severe belly pain that makes you so uncomfortable that you can't sit still.
Maybe your belly pain isn't too bad and you know when it will start, such as soon after you eat. Then make an appointment with your healthcare professional. You may be sent to a doctor who specializes in digestive issues, called a gastroenterologist, or to a vascular surgeon.
Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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intestinal ischemia, none
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598
|
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pancreatic-neuroendocrine-tumors/symptoms-causes/syc-20352489
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pancreatic-neuroendocrine-tumors/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20475299
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pancreatic-neuroendocrine-tumors/doctors-departments/ddc-20352491
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Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors are a rare type of cancer that starts as a growth of cells in the pancreas. The pancreas is a long, flat gland that sits behind the stomach. It makes enzymes and hormones that help digest food.
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors start from the hormone-producing cells in the pancreas. These cells are called islet cells. Another term for pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor is islet cell cancer.
Some pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor cells keep making hormones. These are known as functional tumors. Functional tumors create too much of the given hormone. Examples of functional tumors include insulinoma, gastrinoma and glucagonoma.
Most pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors do not produce an excess amount of hormones. Tumors that don't produce extra hormones are called nonfunctional tumors.
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Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors sometimes don't cause symptoms. When they do, symptoms can include:
Heartburn.
Weakness.
Fatigue.
Muscle cramps.
Indigestion.
Diarrhea.
Weight loss.
Skin rash.
Constipation.
Pain in the abdomen or back.
Yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes.
Dizziness.
Blurred vision.
Headaches.
Increased thirst and hunger.
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Make an appointment with a health care professional if you have any symptoms that worry you.
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Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors happen when cells in the pancreas develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. The changes, which doctors call mutations, tell the cells to multiply quickly. The changes let the cells continue living when healthy cells would die as part of their natural life cycle. This causes many extra cells. The cells might form a mass called a tumor. Sometimes the cells can break away and spread to other organs, such as the liver. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.
In pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, the DNA changes happen in hormone-producing cells called islet cells. It's not clear what causes the changes that lead to cancer.
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Factors that are associated with an increased risk of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors include:
A family history of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.If a family member was diagnosed with pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor, your risk is increased.
Syndromes present at birth that increase the risk of tumors.Some syndromes that are passed from parents to children can increase the risk of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Examples of these include multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 1 (MEN 1), von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease, neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) and tuberous sclerosis. These inherited syndromes are caused by changes in the DNA. These changes allow cells to grow and divide more than needed.
There's no way to prevent pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. If you develop this type of cancer, you didn't do anything to cause it.
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Tests and procedures used to diagnose pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors include:
Blood tests.Blood tests may show excess hormones or other signs of a pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor. Blood samples also can be used to look for the DNA changes that signal an increased risk of these tumors.
Urine tests.A test of your urine may show breakdown products that happen when your body processes hormones.
Imaging tests.Imaging tests take pictures of the body. They can show the location and size of a pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor. Tests might include X-ray,MRI,CTand positron emission tomography, which also is called a PET scan.Imaging also might be done with nuclear medicine tests. These tests involve injecting a radioactive tracer into your body. The tracer sticks to pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors so that they show clearly on the images. The pictures are often made with aPETscan that's combined withCTorMRI.
Creating images of your pancreas from the inside of your body.During an endoscopic ultrasound, a thin, flexible tube with a camera on the tip, called an endoscope, is passed down your throat. It passes into your stomach and small intestine. The tube has a special ultrasound tool to create pictures of your pancreas. Other tools can be passed through the tube to collect a sample of the tissue.
Removing a sample of tissue for testing, also called biopsy.A biopsy is a procedure to remove a sample of tissue for testing in a lab. The tissue might be removed during an endoscopic ultrasound. Sometimes surgery is needed to get the tissue sample. The sample is tested in a lab to see if it is cancer. Other special tests give more details about the cancer cells. Your health care team uses this information to make a treatment plan.
Collecting cells from other areas for testing.If cancer has spread to your liver, lymph nodes or other locations, a needle may be used to collect cells for testing.
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Treatment for a pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor depends on the types of cells involved in your cancer, the extent and characteristics of your cancer, your preferences, and your overall health.
Options may include:
Surgery.If the pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor is only in the pancreas, treatment usually includes surgery. For cancers in the tail of the pancreas, surgery may involve removing the tail of the pancreas, called a distal pancreatectomy. This surgery leaves the head of the pancreas intact.Cancers that affect the head of the pancreas may require the Whipple procedure, also called pancreaticoduodenectomy. This surgery involves removing the cancer and part or most of the pancreas.If the cancer spreads to other parts of the body, surgery might be an option to remove it from those locations.
Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy, also called PRRT.PRRTcombines a medicine that targets cancer cells with a small amount of a radioactive substance that's injected into a vein. The medicine sticks to the pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor cells wherever they are in the body. Over days to weeks, the medicine delivers radiation directly to the cancer cells, causing them to die.OnePRRT, lutetium Lu 177 dotatate (Lutathera), is used to treat advanced cancers.
Targeted therapy.Targeted therapy uses medicines that attack specific chemicals in the cancer cells. By blocking these chemicals, targeted treatments can cause cancer cells to die. Targeted therapy is used to treat certain advanced or recurrent pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.
Radiofrequency ablation.Radiofrequency ablation involves applying energy waves to cancer cells using a special probe with tiny electrodes. Radiofrequency ablation causes the cancer cells to heat up and die. The probe may be inserted directly in the skin or through a cut in the abdomen.
Radiation therapy.Radiation therapy uses powerful energy beams to kill cancer cells. The energy comes from X-rays, protons or other sources. During radiation therapy, you lie on a table while a machine moves around you. The machine directs radiation to precise points on your body.
Chemotherapy.Chemotherapy uses strong medicines to kill cancer cells. It's used in certain situations to treat pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.
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With time, you'll find what helps you cope with the uncertainty and distress of a cancer diagnosis. Until then, you may find that it helps to:
Learn enough about your cancer to make decisions about your care.Ask your health care team about your cancer, including your test results, treatment options and, if you like, your prognosis. As you learn more about cancer, you may become more confident in making treatment decisions.
Keep friends and family close.Keeping your close relationships strong will help you deal with your cancer. Friends and family can provide the practical support you'll need, such as helping take care of your home if you're in the hospital. And they can serve as emotional support when you feel overwhelmed by cancer.
Find someone to talk with.Find a good listener who is willing to hear you talk about your hopes and fears. This may be a friend or family member. The concern and understanding of a counselor, medical social worker, clergy member or cancer support group also may be helpful.Ask your health care team about support groups in your area. Other sources of information include the National Cancer Institute, the American Cancer Society, the North American Neuroendocrine Tumor Society and the Neuroendocrine Tumor Research Foundation.
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Make an appointment with a health care professional if you have any symptoms that worry you. If you're diagnosed with cancer, you'll likely be referred to a specialist. Often this is a doctor who specializes in treating cancer, called an oncologist.
Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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heartburn, increased thirst and hunger, dizziness, weight loss, headaches, fatigue, thirst, skin rash, pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, indigestion, rash, constipation, diarrhea, pain in the abdomen or back, pain, weakness, yellowing of the skin, blurred vision, muscle cramps
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600
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Patellar tendinitis
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/patellar-tendinitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20376113
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/patellar-tendinitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20376118
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/patellar-tendinitis/doctors-departments/ddc-20376119
|
Patellar tendinitis is an injury to the tendon that joins the kneecap, also called the patella, to the shinbone. The patellar tendon works with the muscles at the front of the thigh to straighten the knee.
Patellar tendinitis also is called jumper's knee. It's most common in athletes whose sports involve a lot of jumping. Examples are basketball and volleyball. But people who don't play jumping sports also can get patellar tendinitis.
For most people, treatment of patellar tendinitis begins with physical therapy to strengthen the muscles that straighten the knee called the quadriceps muscles.
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Pain is the first symptom of patellar tendinitis. The pain most often is between the kneecap and where the tendon joins the shinbone, also called the tibia.
At first, you may feel pain in your knee with jumping, as you start an activity or just after a hard workout. Over time, the pain can worsen. It can get in the way of playing your sport. In time, the pain affects daily movements such as climbing stairs or rising from a chair.
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For knee pain, try self-care measures first. These include icing the area and reducing or not doing the activities that cause your symptoms for a time.
Call your doctor if your pain:
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Patellar tendinitis is a common injury caused by too much use. The repeated stress on the patellar tendon results in tiny tears in the tendon.
Repeated stress on the tendon without enough time to recover can lead to a weakened tendon. The body tries to heal the damage, which thickens the tendon.
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A mix of factors may be part of getting patellar tendinitis. They include:
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Working through the pain can cause more and larger tears in the patellar tendon. Rarely, the tendon can rupture.
Patellar tendinitis can keep athletes from returning to their sports.
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To reduce your risk of developing patellar tendinitis, take these steps:
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During the exam, your healthcare professional may press on parts of your knee to find where you hurt. Often, pain from patellar tendinitis is on the front part of your knee, just below your kneecap.
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Surgery is rarely needed for patellar tendinitis. Treatment often starts with limiting activities that cause the pain and some of the following:
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If you have knee pain during or after physical activity that doesn't get better with ice or rest, see your healthcare professional. After an exam, your healthcare professional might send you to a sports medicine specialist.
Here's information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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pain, pain can worsen, patellar tendinitis, pain affects daily movements, pain in your knee
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604
|
Actinic keratosis
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/actinic-keratosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20354969
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/actinic-keratosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354975
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/actinic-keratosis/doctors-departments/ddc-20354976
|
An actinic keratosis (ak-TIN-ik ker-uh-TOE-sis) is a rough, scaly patch on the skin that develops from years of sun exposure. It's often found on the face, lips, ears, forearms, scalp, neck or back of the hands.
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Actinic keratoses vary in appearance. Symptoms include:
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It can be difficult to distinguish between noncancerous spots and cancerous ones. So it's best to have new skin changes evaluated by a health care provider — especially if a scaly spot or patch persists, grows or bleeds.
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An actinic keratosis is caused by frequent or intense exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun or tanning beds.
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Anyone can develop actinic keratoses. But you're at increased risk if you:
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If treated early, actinic keratosis can be cleared up or removed. If left untreated, some of these spots might progress to squamous cell carcinoma. This is a type of cancer that usually isn't life-threatening if detected and treated early.
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Sun safety helps prevent actinic keratoses. Take these steps to protect your skin from the sun:
Use sunscreen.Before spending time outdoors, apply a broad-spectrum water-resistant sunscreen with a sun protection factor (SPF) of at least 30, as the American Academy of Dermatology recommends. Do this even on cloudy days.
Use sunscreen on all exposed skin. And use lip balm with sunscreen on your lips. Apply sunscreen at least 15 minutes before going outside and reapply it every two hours — or more often if you're swimming or sweating.
Sunscreen is not recommended for babies under 6 months. Rather, keep them out of the sun if possible. Or protect them with shade, hats, and clothing that covers the arms and legs.
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Your health care provider will likely be able to determine whether you have an actinic keratosis simply by looking at your skin. If there's any doubt, your health care provider may do other tests, such as a skin biopsy. During a skin biopsy, a small sample of skin is taken for analysis in a lab. A biopsy can usually be done in a clinic after a numbing injection.
Even after treatment for actinic keratosis, your health care provider might suggest that you have your skin checked at least once a year for signs of skin cancer.
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An actinic keratosis sometimes disappears on its own but might return after more sun exposure. It's hard to tell which actinic keratoses will develop into skin cancer, so they're usually removed as a precaution.
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You're likely to start by seeing your primary care provider. In some cases when you call to set up an appointment, you may be referred directly to a specialist in skin diseases (dermatologist).
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none
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605
|
Seborrheic keratosis
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/seborrheic-keratosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20353878
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/seborrheic-keratosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353882
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A seborrheic keratosis (seb-o-REE-ik ker-uh-TOE-sis) is a common noncancerous (benign) skin growth. People tend to get more of them as they get older.
Seborrheic keratoses are usually brown, black or light tan. The growths (lesions) look waxy or scaly and slightly raised. They appear gradually, usually on the face, neck, chest or back.
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A seborrheic keratosis grows gradually. Signs and symptoms might include:
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See your doctor if the appearance of the growth bothers you or if it gets irritated or bleeds when your clothing rubs against it. Also see your doctor if you notice suspicious changes in your skin, such as sores or growths that grow rapidly, bleed and don't heal. These could be signs of skin cancer.
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Experts don't completely understand what causes a seborrheic keratosis. This type of skin growth does tend to run in families, so there is likely an inherited tendency. If you've had one seborrheic keratosis, you're at risk of developing others.
A seborrheic keratosis isn't contagious or cancerous.
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The peak time for developing seborrheic keratoses is after your 50s. You're also more likely to have them if you have a family history of the condition.
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Your doctor can usually tell whether you have a seborrheic keratosis by looking at the affected skin. If there is a question about the diagnosis, your doctor might recommend removing the growth so that it can be examined under a microscope.
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A seborrheic keratosis typically doesn't go away on its own, but treatment isn't needed. You might choose to have it removed if it becomes irritated or bleeds, or if you don't like how it looks or feels.
Seborrheic keratosis removal can be achieved with one or a combination of the following methods:
Talk with your doctors about the risks and benefits of each method. Some methods can cause permanent or temporary skin discoloration and scarring. After treatment, you might develop a new seborrheic dermatosis elsewhere on your body.
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You're likely to start by seeing your primary care doctor. In some cases when you call to set up an appointment, you may be referred directly to a specialist in skin diseases (dermatologist).
Because appointments can be brief, it's a good idea to be well prepared for your appointment. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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seborrheic keratosis, none
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606
|
Diabetic ketoacidosis
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetic-ketoacidosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20371551
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetic-ketoacidosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20371555
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetic-ketoacidosis/doctors-departments/ddc-20371556
|
Diabetic ketoacidosis is a serious complication of diabetes.
The condition develops when the body can't produce enough insulin. Insulin plays a key role in helping sugar — a major source of energy for muscles and other tissues — enter cells in the body.
Without enough insulin, the body begins to break down fat as fuel. This causes a buildup of acids in the bloodstream called ketones. If it's left untreated, the buildup can lead to diabetic ketoacidosis.
If you have diabetes or you're at risk of diabetes, learn the warning signs of diabetic ketoacidosis and when to seek emergency care.
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Diabetic ketoacidosis symptoms often come on quickly, sometimes within 24 hours. For some, these symptoms may be the first sign of having diabetes. Symptoms might include:
More-certain signs of diabetic ketoacidosis — which can show up in home blood and urine test kits — include:
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If you feel ill or stressed or you've had a recent illness or injury, check your blood sugar level often. You might also try a urine ketone test kit you can get at a drugstore.
Contact your health care provider right away if:
Seek emergency care if:
Remember, untreated diabetic ketoacidosis can lead to death.
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Sugar is a main source of energy for the cells that make up muscles and other tissues. Insulin helps sugar enter the cells in the body.
Without enough insulin, the body can't use sugar to make the energy it needs. This causes the release of hormones that break down fat for the body to use as fuel. This also produces acids known as ketones. Ketones build up in the blood and eventually spill over into the urine.
Diabetic ketoacidosis usually happens after:
Other things that can lead to diabetic ketoacidosis include:
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The risk of diabetic ketoacidosis is highest if you:
Sometimes, diabetic ketoacidosis can occur with type 2 diabetes. In some cases, diabetic ketoacidosis may be the first sign of having diabetes.
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Diabetic ketoacidosis is treated with fluids, electrolytes — such as sodium, potassium and chloride — and insulin. Perhaps surprisingly, the most common complications of diabetic ketoacidosis are related to this lifesaving treatment.
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There are many ways to prevent diabetic ketoacidosis and other diabetes complications.
Diabetes complications are scary. But don't let fear keep you from taking good care of yourself. Follow your diabetes treatment plan carefully. Ask your diabetes treatment team for help when you need it.
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A physical exam and blood tests can help diagnose diabetic ketoacidosis. In some cases, other tests may be needed to help find what caused the diabetic ketoacidosis.
|
If you're diagnosed with diabetic ketoacidosis, you might be treated in the emergency room or admitted to the hospital. Treatment usually involves:
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Diabetic ketoacidosis is life-threatening. If you develop mild symptoms, contact your health care provider immediately.
Call 911 or your local emergency number if:
A health care provider who sees you for possible diabetic ketoacidosis needs answers to these questions as quickly as possible:
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diabetic ketoacidosis symptoms, diabetic ketoacidosis, diabetes, symptoms
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609
|
Mononucleosis
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mononucleosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20350328
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mononucleosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350333
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mononucleosis/doctors-departments/ddc-20350336
|
Infectious mononucleosis (mono) is often called the kissing disease. The virus that causes mono (Epstein-Barr virus) is spread through saliva. You can get it through kissing, but you can also be exposed by sharing a glass or food utensils with someone who has mono. However, mononucleosis isn't as contagious as some infections, such as the common cold.
You're most likely to get mononucleosis with all the signs and symptoms if you're a teen or young adult. Young children usually have few symptoms, and the infection often goes undiagnosed.
If you have mononucleosis, it's important to be careful of certain complications such as an enlarged spleen. Rest and enough fluids are keys to recovery.
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Signs and symptoms of mononucleosis may include:
The virus has an incubation period of about four to six weeks, although in young children this period may be shorter. The incubation period refers to how long before your symptoms appear after being exposed to the virus. Signs and symptoms such as a fever and sore throat usually lessen within a couple of weeks. But fatigue, enlarged lymph nodes and a swollen spleen may last for a few weeks longer.
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The most common cause of mononucleosis is the Epstein-Barr virus, but other viruses also can cause similar symptoms. This virus is spread through saliva, and you may catch it from kissing or from sharing food or drinks.
Although the symptoms of mononucleosis are uncomfortable, the infection resolves on its own without long-term effects. Most adults have been exposed to the Epstein-Barr virus and have built up antibodies. This means they're immune and won't get mononucleosis.
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Complications of mononucleosis can sometimes be serious.
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Mononucleosis is spread through saliva. If you're infected, you can help prevent spreading the virus to others by not kissing them and by not sharing food, dishes, glasses and utensils until several days after your fever has improved — and even longer, if possible. And remember to wash your hands regularly to prevent spread of the virus.
The Epstein-Barr virus may persist in your saliva for months after the infection. No vaccine exists to prevent mononucleosis.
|
Your doctor may suspect mononucleosis based on your signs and symptoms, how long they've lasted, and a physical exam. He or she will look for signs such as swollen lymph nodes, tonsils, liver or spleen, and consider how these signs relate to the symptoms you describe.
|
There's no specific therapy available to treat infectious mononucleosis. Antibiotics don't work against viral infections such as mono. Treatment mainly involves taking care of yourself, such as getting enough rest, eating a healthy diet and drinking plenty of fluids. You may take over-the-counter pain relievers to treat a fever or sore throat.
|
Mononucleosis can last weeks, keeping you at home as you recover. Be patient with your body as it fights the infection.
For young people, having mononucleosis will mean some missed activities — classes, team practices and parties. Without a doubt, you'll need to take it easy for a while. Students need to let their schools know they are recovering from mononucleosis and may need special considerations to keep up with their work.
If you have mononucleosis, you don't necessarily need to be quarantined. Many people are already immune to the Epstein-Barr virus because of exposure as children. But plan on staying home from school and other activities until you're feeling better.
Seek the help of friends and family as you recover from mononucleosis. College students should also contact the campus student health center staff for assistance or treatment, if necessary.
|
If you suspect you have mononucleosis, see your family doctor. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment and know what to expect from your doctor.
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throat, fatigue, enlarged lymph nodes, fever, swollen spleen, sore throat, mononucleosis
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610
|
Hilar cholangiocarcinoma
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hilar-cholangiocarcinoma/cdc-20354548
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cholangiocarcinoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352413
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cholangiocarcinoma/doctors-departments/ddc-20352415
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Hilar cholangiocarcinoma may not cause symptoms at first. Symptoms typically appear when the cancer grows and blocks the bile ducts. Signs and symptoms of hilar cholangiocarcinoma may include:
Yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes, known as jaundice.
Itching.
Dark urine.
Clay-colored stools.
Stomach pain.
Fatigue.
Weight loss.
Make an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you.
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It's not clear what causes most hilar cholangiocarcinomas. This cancer starts in the bile ducts that connect the liver to the small intestine.
Hilar cholangiocarcinoma happens when cells in a bile duct develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to grow and multiply quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
The cancer cells form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.
|
Factors that may increase the risk of hilar cholangiocarcinoma include:
Primary sclerosing cholangitis.Primary sclerosing cholangitis causes hardening and scarring of the bile ducts that can lead to cancer.
Older age.Hilar cholangiocarcinoma happens most often in adults over age 50.
Inflammatory bowel disease.People who have ongoing inflammation of the digestive tract have an increased risk of hilar cholangiocarcinoma.
Liver cirrhosis.Liver cirrhosis causes scarring of the liver that increases the risk of hilar cholangiocarcinoma.
Bile duct cysts.Bile duct cysts cause dilated and irregular bile ducts. Having bile duct cysts increases risk of hilar cholangiocarcinoma.
Gallbladder conditions.Ongoing inflammation of the gallbladder, called cholecystitis, increases the risk of hilar cholangiocarcinoma. People who develop gallstones also are at an increased risk.
Liver parasites.In areas of Southeast Asia, hilar cholangiocarcinoma is linked to liver flukes, which are parasites that can infect humans. Liver fluke infection can happen from eating raw or undercooked fish.
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If your doctor suspects cholangiocarcinoma, he or she may have you undergo one or more of the following tests:
Liver function tests.Blood tests to measure your liver function can give your doctor clues about what's causing your signs and symptoms.
Tumor marker test.Checking the level of carbohydrate antigen (CA) 19-9 in your blood may give your doctor additional clues about your diagnosis.CA19-9 is a protein that's overproduced by bile duct cancer cells.A high level ofCA19-9 in your blood doesn't mean you have bile duct cancer, though. This result can also occur in other bile duct diseases, such as bile duct inflammation and obstruction.
A test to examine your bile duct with a small camera.During endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), a thin, flexible tube equipped with a tiny camera is passed down your throat and through your digestive tract to your small intestine. The camera is used to examine the area where your bile ducts connect to your small intestine. Your doctor may also use this procedure to inject dye into the bile ducts to help them show up better on imaging tests.
Imaging tests.Imaging tests can help your doctor see your internal organs and look for signs of cholangiocarcinoma. Techniques used to diagnose bile duct cancer include ultrasound, computerized tomography (CT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) combined with magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP).MRCPis increasingly being used as a noninvasive alternative toERCP. It offers 3D images without the need for a dye to enhance the images.
A procedure to remove a sample of tissue for testing.A biopsy is a procedure to remove a small sample of tissue for examination under a microscope.If the suspicious area is located very near where the bile duct joins the small intestine, your doctor may obtain a biopsy sample duringERCP. If the suspicious area is within or near the liver, your doctor may obtain a tissue sample by inserting a long needle through your skin to the affected area (fine-needle aspiration). He or she may use an imaging test, such as an endoscopic ultrasound orCTscan, to guide the needle to the precise area.How your doctor collects a biopsy sample may influence which treatment options are available to you later. For example, if your bile duct cancer is biopsied by fine-needle aspiration, you will become ineligible for liver transplantation. Don't hesitate to ask about your doctor's experience with diagnosing cholangiocarcinoma. If you have any doubts, get a second opinion.
If your doctor confirms a diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma, he or she tries to determine the extent (stage) of the cancer. Often this involves additional imaging tests. Your cancer's stage helps determine your prognosis and your treatment options.
|
Treatments for cholangiocarcinoma (bile duct cancer) may include:
Surgery.When possible, surgeons try to remove as much of the cancer as they can. For very small bile duct cancers, this involves removing part of the bile duct and joining the cut ends. For more-advanced bile duct cancers, nearby liver tissue, pancreas tissue or lymph nodes may be removed as well.
Liver transplant.Surgery to remove your liver and replace it with one from a donor (liver transplant) may be an option in certain situations for people with hilar cholangiocarcinoma. For many, a liver transplant can be a cure for hilar cholangiocarcinoma, but there is a risk that the cancer will recur after a liver transplant.
Chemotherapy.Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells. Chemotherapy may be used before a liver transplant. It may also be an option for people with advanced cholangiocarcinoma to help slow the disease and relieve signs and symptoms. Chemotherapy drugs can be infused into a vein so that they travel throughout the body. Or the drugs can be administered in a way so that they are delivered directly to the cancer cells.
Radiation therapy.Radiation therapy uses high-powered energy beams from sources such as X-rays and protons to kill cancer cells. Radiation therapy can involve a machine that directs radiation beams at your body (external beam radiation). Or it can involve placing radioactive material inside your body near the site of your cancer (brachytherapy).
Targeted drug therapy.Targeted drug treatments focus on specific abnormalities present within cancer cells. By blocking these abnormalities, targeted drug treatments can cause cancer cells to die. Your doctor may test your cancer cells to see if targeted therapy may be effective against your cholangiocarcinoma.
Immunotherapy.Immunotherapy uses your immune system to fight cancer. Your body's disease-fighting immune system may not attack your cancer because the cancer cells produce proteins that help them hide from the immune system cells. Immunotherapy works by interfering with that process. For cholangiocarcinoma, immunotherapy might be an option for advanced cancer when other treatments haven't helped.
Heating cancer cells.Radiofrequency ablation uses electric current to heat and destroy cancer cells. Using an imaging test as a guide, such as ultrasound, the doctor inserts one or more thin needles into small incisions in your abdomen. When the needles reach the cancer, they're heated with an electric current, destroying the cancer cells.
Photodynamic therapy.In photodynamic therapy, a light-sensitive chemical is injected into a vein and accumulates in the fast-growing cancer cells. Laser light directed at the cancer causes a chemical reaction in the cancer cells, killing them. You'll typically need multiple treatments. Photodynamic therapy can help relieve your signs and symptoms, and it may also slow cancer growth. You'll need to avoid sun exposure after treatments.
Biliary drainage.Biliary drainage is a procedure to restore the flow of bile. It might involve placing a thin tube into the bile duct in order to drain the bile. Other strategies include bypass surgery to reroute the bile around the cancer and stents to hold open a bile duct being collapsed by cancer. Biliary drainage helps relieve signs and symptoms of cholangiocarcinoma.
Because cholangiocarcinoma is a very difficult type of cancer to treat, don't hesitate to ask about your doctor's experience with treating the condition. If you have any doubts, get a second opinion.
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Learning you have a life-threatening illness can be devastating. You will not find any easy answers for dealing with cholangiocarcinoma, but some of the following suggestions may help:
Learn what you need to know about your cancer.Ask your doctor about your cancer, including the type and stage of your cancer, your treatment options and, if you like, your prognosis. As you learn more about cholangiocarcinoma, you may become more confident in making treatment decisions. Ask about trusted sources of further information.
Keep friends and family close.Keeping your close relationships strong will help you deal with your cancer. Friends and family can provide the practical support you'll need, such as helping take care of your home if you're in the hospital. And they can serve as emotional support when you feel overwhelmed.
Find someone to talk with.Although friends and family can be your best allies, in some cases they have difficulty coping with the shock of your diagnosis. In these cases, talking with a counselor, medical social worker, or a pastoral or religious counselor can be helpful. Ask your doctor for a referral.
Connect with other cancer survivors.You may find comfort in talking with other cancer survivors. Contact your local chapter of the American Cancer Society to find cancer support groups in your area.
Make plans for the unknown.Having a life-threatening illness, such as cancer, requires you to prepare for the possibility that you may die. For some people, having a strong faith or a sense of something greater than themselves makes it easier to come to terms with a life-threatening illness.Ask your doctor about advance directives and living wills to help you plan for end-of-life care, should you need it.
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Start by making an appointment with your doctor if you have any signs or symptoms that worry you. If you doctor determines that you have cholangiocarcinoma, he or she may refer you to a doctor who specializes in diseases of the digestive system (gastroenterologist) or to a doctor who specializes in treating cancer (oncologist).
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itching, fatigue, worry, cancer, stomach pain, jaundice, yellowing of the skin, dark urine, clay-colored stools, weight loss, hilar cholangiocarcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma
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611
|
Keratosis pilaris
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/keratosis-pilaris/symptoms-causes/syc-20351149
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/keratosis-pilaris/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351152
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Keratosis pilaris (ker-uh-TOE-sis pih-LAIR-is) is a harmless skin condition that causes dry, rough patches and tiny bumps, often on the upper arms, thighs, cheeks or buttocks. The bumps usually don't hurt or itch.
Keratosis pilaris is often considered a common variant of skin. It can't be cured or prevented. But you can treat it with moisturizers and prescription creams to help improve how the skin looks. The condition usually disappears by age 30.
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Keratosis pilaris can occur at any age, but it's more common in young children. Symptoms include:
Painless tiny bumps on the upper arms, thighs, cheeks or buttocks
Dry, rough skin in the areas with bumps
Worsening when seasonal changes cause low humidity and dry skin
Sandpaper-like bumps resembling goose flesh
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Treatment for keratosis pilaris usually isn't needed. But if you're concerned about your or your child's skin, consult your health care provider or a specialist in skin conditions (dermatologist).
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Keratosis pilaris is caused by the buildup of keratin — a hard protein that protects skin from harmful substances and infection. The keratin blocks the opening of hair follicles, causing patches of rough, bumpy skin.
It's not clear why keratin builds up in people with keratosis pilaris. It might happen along with a genetic disease or skin conditions such as atopic dermatitis. Dry skin tends to make keratosis pilaris worse.
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Keratosis pilaris is very common. It tends to run in families.
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Your health care provider will likely be able to diagnose keratosis pilaris just by looking at the affected skin. No testing is needed.
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Keratosis pilaris usually clears up on its own with time. In the meantime, you might use one of the many products available to help improve how the skin looks. If moisturizing and other self-care measures don't help, your health care provider may prescribe medicated creams.
Creams to remove dead skin cells.Creams containing alpha hydroxy acid, lactic acid, salicylic acid or urea help loosen and remove dead skin cells. They also moisturize and soften dry skin. These creams are called topical exfoliants. Depending on their strengths, they are available with a prescription or as a nonprescription products. Your health care provider can advise you on the best option and how often to apply. The acids in these creams may cause inflamed skin or stinging, so they aren't recommended for young children.
Creams to prevent plugged follicles.Creams derived from vitamin A are called topical retinoids. They work by promoting cell turnover and preventing plugged hair follicles. Tretinoin (Altreno, Avita, Renova, Retin-A, others) and tazarotene (Arazlo, Avage, Tazorac, others) are examples of topical retinoids. These products can irritate and dry the skin. Also, if you're pregnant or nursing, your health care provider may suggest delaying topical retinoid therapy or choosing another treatment.
Using medicated cream regularly may improve how the skin looks. But if you stop, the condition returns. And even with treatment, keratosis pilaris might last for years.
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You're likely to start by seeing your health care provider. Or you may be referred to a specialist in skin diseases (dermatologist). You may want to prepare a list of questions to ask your health care provider.
For keratosis pilaris, some basic questions include:
What is likely causing the symptoms?
What are other possible causes for the symptoms?
Is this condition likely short lived, or will it last a long time?
What is the best course of action?
What are the alternatives to the primary approach that you're suggesting?
Is there a generic alternative to the medicine you're prescribing?
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Self-help measures won't prevent keratosis pilaris or make it go away. But they may improve how the affected skin looks. When using a product new to you, test it on one area of affected skin first, such as an arm. If it seems to work and doesn't cause a reaction, use it for your keratosis pilaris.
Use warm water and limit bath time.Hot water and long showers or baths remove oils from the skin. Limit bath or shower time to about 10 minutes or less. Use warm, not hot, water.
Be gentle to the skin.Avoid harsh, drying soaps. Gently remove dead skin with a washcloth or loofah. Vigorous scrubbing or removal of hair follicle plugs may irritate the skin and worsen the condition. After washing or bathing, gently pat or blot the skin with a towel so that some moisture remains.
Try medicated creams.Apply a nonprescription cream that contains urea, lactic acid, alpha hydroxy acid or salicylic acid. These creams help loosen and remove dead skin cells. They also moisturize and soften dry skin. Put on this product before moisturizer.
Moisturize.While the skin is still moist from bathing, apply a moisturizer that contains lanolin, petroleum jelly or glycerin. These ingredients soothe dry skin and help trap moisture. Thicker moisturizers work best. Examples are Eucerin and Cetaphil. Reapply the product to the affected skin several times a day.
Use a humidifier.Low humidity dries out the skin. A portable home humidifier or one attached to your furnace will add moisture to the air inside your home.
Avoid friction from tight clothes.Protect affected skin from the friction caused by wearing tight clothes.
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keratosis pilaris, dry rough skin, painless tiny bumps, sandpaper-like bumps
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612
|
Lactose intolerance
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lactose-intolerance/symptoms-causes/syc-20374232
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lactose-intolerance/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20374238
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lactose-intolerance/doctors-departments/ddc-20374239
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People with lactose intolerance are unable to fully digest the sugar (lactose) in milk. As a result, they have diarrhea, gas and bloating after eating or drinking dairy products. The condition, which is also called lactose malabsorption, is usually harmless, but its symptoms can be uncomfortable.
Too little of an enzyme produced in your small intestine (lactase) is usually responsible for lactose intolerance. You can have low levels of lactase and still be able to digest milk products. But if your levels are too low you become lactose intolerant, leading to symptoms after you eat or drink dairy.
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The signs and symptoms of lactose intolerance usually begin from 30 minutes to two hours after eating or drinking foods that contain lactose. Common signs and symptoms include:
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Make an appointment with your doctor if you frequently have symptoms of lactose intolerance after eating dairy foods, particularly if you're worried about getting enough calcium.
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Lactose intolerance occurs when your small intestine doesn't produce enough of an enzyme (lactase) to digest milk sugar (lactose).
Normally, lactase turns milk sugar into two simple sugars — glucose and galactose — which are absorbed into the bloodstream through the intestinal lining.
If you're lactase deficient, lactose in your food moves into the colon instead of being processed and absorbed. In the colon, normal bacteria interact with undigested lactose, causing the signs and symptoms of lactose intolerance.
There are three types of lactose intolerance. Different factors cause the lactase deficiency underlying each type.
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Factors that can make you or your child more prone to lactose intolerance include:
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Your doctor might suspect lactose intolerance based on your symptoms and your response to reducing the amount of dairy foods in your diet. Your doctor can confirm the diagnosis by conducting one or more of the following tests:
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In people with lactose intolerance caused by an underlying condition, treating the condition might restore the body's ability to digest lactose, although that process can take months. For other causes, you might avoid the discomfort of lactose intolerance by following a low-lactose diet.
To lower the amount of lactose in your diet:
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Start by seeing your family doctor if you have signs or symptoms that suggest you may have lactose intolerance. Here's some information to help you get ready.
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lactose intolerance, symptoms, signs, lactose
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618
|
Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS)
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lobular-carcinoma-in-situ/symptoms-causes/syc-20374529
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lobular-carcinoma-in-situ/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20374535
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lobular-carcinoma-in-situ/doctors-departments/ddc-20374536
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Lobular carcinoma in situ is a growth of cells that happens in a milk gland in the breast tissue. The cells undergo changes that make them look different from typical cells. Lobular carcinoma in situ, which is often shortened to LCIS, isn't cancer. But having lobular carcinoma in situ increases the risk of getting breast cancer in the future.
Lobular carcinoma in situ usually isn't found on a mammogram or felt during a breast exam. The condition is most often found after a procedure to remove some breast tissue, such as a breast biopsy or a lumpectomy.
Lobular carcinoma in situ increases the risk of breast cancer in both breasts. If you're diagnosed with lobular carcinoma in situ, you may need increased breast cancer screening. You also may want to consider treatments to reduce your risk of developing invasive breast cancer.
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Lobular carcinoma in situ doesn't cause signs or symptoms. It's usually found after a procedure to remove some breast tissue, such as a breast biopsy or a lumpectomy. Lobular carcinoma in situ, also called LCIS, isn't cancer. It's a sign that you have an increased risk of breast cancer in the future.
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Make an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you notice a change in your breasts. Changes may include a lump, an area of puckered or otherwise unusual skin, a thickened region under the skin, and nipple discharge.
Ask when you should consider breast cancer screening and how often it should be repeated. Most healthcare professionals recommend routine breast cancer screening beginning in your 40s.
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It's not clear what causes lobular carcinoma in situ, also called LCIS. Lobular carcinoma in situ begins when cells in a milk-producing gland of a breast, called a lobule, develop changes in their DNA. These changes cause the cells to look different from healthy cells. The changed cells remain in the lobule and don't extend into, or invade, nearby breast tissue.
If you have lobular carcinoma in situ, it doesn't mean that you have cancer. But having lobular carcinoma in situ increases your risk of breast cancer and makes it more likely that you may develop invasive breast cancer.
The risk of breast cancer in women diagnosed with lobular carcinoma in situ is thought to be approximately 25% to 30%. For comparison, the risk of developing breast cancer for women in general is thought to be 13%.
Your individual risk of breast cancer is based on many factors. Talk to your healthcare team to better understand your personal risk of breast cancer.
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Lobular carcinoma in situ, also called LCIS, is most often diagnosed during a breast biopsy. A breast biopsy is a procedure to remove a sample of breast tissue for testing. Lobular carcinoma in situ often can't be detected on a mammogram or felt during a breast exam.
Types of breast biopsy that may be used include:
The tissue removed during a biopsy is sent to a lab. In the lab, doctors that specialize in analyzing blood and body tissues, called pathologists, closely examine the cells. They can determine if you have lobular carcinoma in situ.
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Treatment for lobular carcinoma in situ, also called LCIS, often involves close monitoring for signs of cancer. Medicines or surgery may be used to lower the risk of breast cancer. Your healthcare team considers many factors when creating a treatment plan. These factors may include your overall health and your preferences.
If you've been diagnosed with lobular carcinoma in situ, you may need more frequent exams to look for signs of breast cancer. Exams may include:
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Although lobular carcinoma in situ is not cancer, it can cause worry about the increased risk of a future breast cancer. Coping with the diagnosis may mean finding a long-term way to manage any fear and worry.
To help you cope with a diagnosis of lobular carcinoma in situ, also called LCIS, try to:
Ask your healthcare team questions about your lobular carcinoma in situ and what it means for your breast cancer risk. Use this information to research your treatment options.
Look to reputable sources of information, such as the U.S. National Cancer Institute, to find out more. This may make you feel more confident as you make choices about your care.
You may feel anxious before your breast cancer screening exams. Don't let this stop you from going to all of your appointments. Instead, plan ahead and expect that you'll be anxious.
To cope with feeling anxious, spend time doing things you enjoy in the days before your appointment. Spend time with friends or family, or find quiet time for yourself.
Make healthy changes to your lifestyle, so you can feel your best. For instance, choose a healthy diet that focuses on fruits, vegetables and whole grains. Try to be active for 30 minutes most days of the week. Get enough sleep each night so that you wake feeling rested.
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Make an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you notice a lump or any other unusual change in your breasts.
Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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lcis, cancer, lobular carcinoma, none, breast cancer
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620
|
Legionnaires' disease
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/legionnaires-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20351747
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/legionnaires-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351753
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Legionnaires' disease is a severe form of a lung infection called pneumonia. It's caused by a bacterium known as legionella.
Most people who catch Legionnaires' disease breathe in the bacteria from water or soil. Older adults, people with weakened immune systems and people who smoke have a higher risk of getting Legionnaires' disease.
The legionella bacterium also causes Pontiac fever, a milder illness that's like the flu. Pontiac fever usually clears on its own. But untreated Legionnaires' disease can kill.
Treating right away with antibiotics most often cures Legionnaires' disease. But some people still have problems after treatment.
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Legionnaires' disease often starts 2 to 10 days after contact with legionella bacteria. It often begins with the following symptoms:
By the second or third day, other symptoms can start, including:
Legionnaires' disease mostly involves the lungs. But it can cause infections in sores and in other parts of the body, including the heart.
A mild form of Legionnaires' disease, called Pontiac fever, can cause fever, chills, headache and muscle aches. Pontiac fever doesn't infect the lungs. Symptoms most often clear in less than a week.
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Make a medical appointment if you think you've been around legionella bacteria. Diagnosing and treating Legionnaires' disease as soon as possible can help shorten the time it takes to recover and prevent serious complications. People at high risk, such as people who smoke or older adults, need treatment right away.
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The bacterium Legionella pneumophila causes most cases of Legionnaires' disease. Outdoors, legionella bacteria live in soil and water. In those places the bacteria rarely cause infections. But legionella bacteria can grow in water systems made by humans, such as air conditioners.
Although people can get Legionnaires' disease at home, most outbreaks have been in large buildings. That might be because bacteria can grow and spread more easily in large systems. Also, home and car air conditioners don't use water for cooling.
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Not everyone who comes in contact with legionella bacteria gets sick. People are more likely to get the infection if they:
Legionnaires' disease can be a problem in hospitals and nursing homes. Those are places where germs spread easily, and people there are at high risk of infection.
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Legionnaires' disease can lead to serious complications, including:
When not treated promptly, Legionnaires' disease can kill.
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Outbreaks of Legionnaires' disease can be prevented by monitoring and cleaning water systems.
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Legionnaires' disease is like other types of pneumonia. To find the legionella bacteria quickly, a healthcare professional might use a test that checks the urine for things that trigger the immune system, called antigens. Other tests might include:
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Antibiotics treat Legionnaires' disease. The sooner therapy is started, the lower the chance of getting serious complications. Often, a hospital stay is needed. Pontiac fever goes away on its own without treatment and causes no other problems.
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You're likely to start by seeing your family healthcare professional. You may also see a doctor who specializes in treating lung disease, called a pulmonologist, or a specialist in infectious diseases. Or you might need to get emergency care.
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legionnaires' disease, headache, sores, pontiac fever, fever, chills, muscle aches, infections
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621
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Age spots (liver spots)
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/age-spots/symptoms-causes/syc-20355859
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/age-spots/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355864
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/age-spots/doctors-departments/ddc-20355866
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Age spots are small, flat dark areas on the skin. They vary in size and usually appear on areas exposed to the sun, such as the face, hands, shoulders and arms. Age spots are also called sunspots, liver spots and solar lentigines.
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Age spots may affect people of all skin types, but they're more common in adults with skin that sunburns easily. Unlike freckles, which are common in children and fade with no sun exposure, age spots don't fade.
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Age spots don't require medical care. Have your doctor look at spots that are black or have changed in appearance. These changes can be signs of melanoma, a serious form of skin cancer.
It's best to have any new skin changes evaluated by a doctor, especially if a spot:
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Age spots are caused by overactive pigment cells. Ultraviolet (UV) light speeds up the production of melanin, a natural pigment that gives skin its color. On skin that has had years of sun exposure, age spots appear when melanin becomes clumped or is produced in high concentrations.
Use of commercial tanning lamps and beds also can cause age spots.
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You might be more likely to develop age spots if you have a history of frequent or intense sun exposure or sunburn.
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To help avoid age spots and new spots after treatment, follow these tips for limiting your sun exposure:
Cover up.For protection from the sun, wear tightly woven clothing that covers your arms and legs and a broad-brimmed hat, which provides more protection than does a baseball cap or golf visor.
Consider wearing clothing designed to provide sun protection. Look for clothes labeled with an ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) of 40 to 50 to get the best protection.
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Diagnosing age spots might include:
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If you want your age spots to be less noticeable, treatments are available to lighten or remove them. Because the pigment is located at the base of the epidermis — the topmost layer of skin — any treatments meant to lighten the age spots must penetrate this layer of skin.
Age spot treatments include:
The age spot therapies that remove skin are usually done in a doctor's office and don't require hospitalization. The length of each procedure and the time it takes to see results varies from weeks to months.
After treatment, when outdoors you'll need to use a broad-spectrum sunscreen with a sun protection factor (SPF) of at least 30 and wear protective clothing.
Because age spot treatments are considered cosmetic, they typically aren't covered by insurance. And because the procedures can have side effects, discuss your options carefully with a doctor who specializes in skin conditions (dermatologist). Also, make sure your dermatologist is specially trained and experienced in the technique you're considering.
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You're likely to start by seeing your primary care doctor, who may then refer you to a dermatologist.
Your doctor is likely to ask you a number of questions, such as:
Questions you may want to ask your doctor include:
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sunburns
|
628
|
Body lice
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/body-lice/symptoms-causes/syc-20350310
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/body-lice/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350316
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Body lice are tiny insects, about the size of a sesame seed. Body lice live in your clothing and bedding and travel to your skin several times a day to feed on blood. The most common sites for bites are around the neck, shoulders, armpits, waist and groin — places where clothing seams are most likely to touch skin.
Body lice are most common in crowded and unhygienic living conditions, such as refugee camps and shelters for homeless people. They can also spread from contact with an infected person's clothes. Body lice bites can spread certain types of diseases and can even cause epidemics.
Clothing and bedding that have been infested with body lice should be laundered in hot, soapy water and machine dried using the hot cycle.
|
Body lice bites can cause intense itching, and you may notice small areas of blood and crust on your skin at the site of the bite marks.
See your doctor if improved hygiene doesn't remove the infestation, or if you develop a skin infection from scratching the bites.
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Body lice are similar to head lice but have different habits. While head lice live in your hair and feed on your scalp, body lice usually live in your clothes and bedding. They travel to your skin several times a day to feed on blood.
Your clothing seams are the most common places for body lice to lay their eggs (nits). You can become infested with body lice if you come into close contact with a person who has body lice, or with clothing or bedding that is infested with body lice.
|
People who are at higher risk of body lice tend to live in crowded, unclean conditions. They include:
Dogs, cats and other pets do not spread body lice.
|
Body lice infestations usually cause minimal problems. However, a body lice infestation sometimes leads to complications such as:
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To prevent body lice infestation, avoid having close physical contact or sharing bedding or clothing with anyone who has an infestation. Regular bathing and changing into clean clothing at least once a week also may help prevent and control the spread of body lice.
|
You or your doctor can usually confirm a body lice infestation through a visual examination of your body and clothing items. The presence of eggs and moving lice confirms infestation.
|
Body lice are primarily treated by thoroughly washing yourself and any contaminated items with soap and hot water and drying clothing and bedding in a machine dryer using the hot cycle. Dry cleaning and ironing clothing that cannot be washed also is effective.
If these measures don't work, you can try using an over-the-counter lotion or shampoo that has 1% permethrin (Nix) or pyrethrin. If that still doesn't work, your doctor can provide a prescription lotion. Lice-killing products can be toxic to humans, so follow the directions carefully.
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If you can't get rid of body lice on your own, you may need to talk to your family doctor.
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skin infection, intense itching, crust on skin, itching, small areas of blood, lice
|
629
|
Oral lichen planus
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/oral-lichen-planus/symptoms-causes/syc-20350869
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/oral-lichen-planus/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350874
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/oral-lichen-planus/doctors-departments/ddc-20350876
|
Oral lichen planus (LIE-kun PLAY-nus) is an ongoing inflammatory condition that affects mucous membranes inside the mouth. There are several different types of lichen planus that affect the mouth, but the two main types are:
Reticular.This type appears as white patches in the mouth and can look lacy. It's the most common type of oral lichen planus. It usually has no related symptoms. And it usually doesn't need treatment or lead to major complications.
Erosive.This type appears as red, swollen tissues or open sores. It may cause a burning feeling or pain. A healthcare professional should check erosive oral lichen planus regularly because it can lead to mouth cancer.
Oral lichen planus can't be passed from one person to another. The condition occurs when the immune system attacks cells of the oral mucous membranes for reasons that aren't known.
Symptoms usually can be managed. But people who have oral lichen planus need regular checkups. That's because oral lichen planus — especially the erosive type — may raise the risk of getting mouth cancer in the affected areas.
|
Symptoms of oral lichen planus affect the mucous membranes of the mouth.
|
See your doctor or other healthcare professional if you have any of the symptoms listed above.
|
It's not known what causes oral lichen planus. But T lymphocytes — white blood cells involved in inflammation — appear to be activated in oral lichen planus. This could mean that it's an immune condition and it could involve genetic factors. More research is needed to find the exact cause.
In some people, certain medicines, mouth injury, infection or allergy-causing agents such as dental materials may cause oral lichen planus. Stress may cause symptoms to get worse or come back from time to time. But these causes are not confirmed.
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Anyone can get oral lichen planus, but it's more common in middle-aged adults, particularly women over age 50. Some factors may raise your risk of getting oral lichen planus, such as having a condition that lowers your immunity or taking certain medicines. But more research is needed.
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Severe cases of oral lichen planus may raise the risk of:
A lot of pain.
Weight loss or not getting enough nutrition.
Stress or anxiety.
Depression.
Scarring from erosive sores or other affected spots.
Secondary oral yeast or fungal infections.
Mouth cancer.
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Your healthcare professional may make a diagnosis of oral lichen planus based on:
Talking with you about your medical and dental history and the medicines you're taking.
Going over symptoms happening in your mouth and any other places on your body.
Looking at your mouth and other areas as needed.
Your healthcare professional also may request lab tests, such as:
A biopsy.In this test, a small tissue sample is taken from one or more spots in your mouth. This sample is studied under a microscope to see if oral lichen planus is present. Other, more specialized microscopic tests may be needed to find immune system proteins commonly related to oral lichen planus.
Cultures.A sample of cells is taken from your mouth using a cotton swab. The sample is examined under a microscope to look for a secondary fungal, bacterial or viral infection.
Blood tests.These tests may be done to find conditions such as hepatitis C, which may rarely be related to oral lichen planus, and lupus, which may look like oral lichen planus.
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Oral lichen planus is a lifelong condition. Mild forms may go away on their own but flare up later. Because there is no cure, treatment focuses on healing and easing pain or other symptoms that bother you. Your healthcare professional watches your condition to find the best treatment or to stop treatment as needed.
If you have no pain or other discomfort, and you only have white, lacy signs of oral lichen planus in your mouth, you may not need any treatment. For more-severe symptoms, you may need one or more of the options below.
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You'll likely start by seeing your primary healthcare professional or dentist. You may be referred to a specialist in gum and dental diseases, also known as a periodontist, or a specialist in skin diseases, also known as a dermatologist.
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In addition to regular medical and dental treatment, these self-care measures may make your oral lichen planus symptoms better or help prevent episodes of severe symptoms from coming back from time to time:
Keep your mouth clean.Doing so can ease your symptoms and help prevent infection. Floss daily and gently brush your teeth at least twice a day using a mild toothpaste without much, if any, added flavor.
Change your diet.Cut out spicy, salty or acidic foods if they seem to cause your symptoms or make them worse. Choose foods that are soft to help limit pain. And use less caffeine or stop using it.
Avoid irritants.Don't use alcohol or tobacco. Also stop habits that can injure the inside of your mouth, such as chewing on your lip or cheek.
Learn to manage stress.Because stress may complicate symptoms or cause symptoms to come back, you may need to build skills to avoid or manage stress. Your healthcare professional may refer you to a mental health professional who can help you figure out what's causing your stress, create stress management plans or take care of other mental health concerns.
See your dentist or other healthcare professional regularly.See your dentist twice a year for checkups and cleanings, or more often as directed. Because long-term treatment for oral lichen planus is often needed, talk with your healthcare professional about how often you should be seen to track how your treatment is working and to get cancer screening.
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lichen planus, Here is the list of symptoms:
mucous membranes of the mouth
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632
|
Listeria infection
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/listeria-infection/symptoms-causes/syc-20355269
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/listeria-infection/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355275
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Listeria infection is an illness caused by bacteria that can spread through many foods. Another name for the illness is listeriosis. It can be very serious for pregnant women, people older than 65 and people with weakened immune systems. Some foods are more likely to be tainted by the bacteria than others. These include soft cheeses, deli meats and dairy products that haven't been treated to kill bacteria, called pasteurized.
Healthy people rarely become very ill from listeria infection. But the disease can be fatal to unborn babies, newborns and people with weakened immune systems. Prompt antibiotic treatment can help curb the effects of listeria infection.
Listeria bacteria can survive refrigeration and even freezing. So if you're at higher risk of serious infections, be mindful of what you eat. Stay away from foods that are more likely to contain listeria bacteria.
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Symptoms of a listeria infection partly depend on where in the body that the infection happens. If it affects the gut, you might have:
These symptoms often start within a day of eating tainted food. They tend to go away within a few days.
The germs that cause a listeria infection also can spread through the blood and into the brain and spinal cord. If this happens, you might have:
These symptoms often start within two weeks of eating tainted food. But it can take up to two months for symptoms to begin.
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If you've eaten a food that's been recalled because of a listeria outbreak, watch for symptoms of illness. Call your healthcare professional if you have a fever, muscle aches, upset stomach or loose stools. The same goes for illness after eating foods that might be tainted. These include foods made with unpasteurized milk or poorly heated hot dogs or deli meats. Let your healthcare professional know what you ate.
Get emergency care if you have any of the following:
These could be symptoms of a life-threatening condition that can happen with a listeria infection, called bacterial meningitis.
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Listeria bacteria can be found in soil, water and animal waste, also called stool. People can get infected by eating the following:
Pregnant people with listeria infections can pass the infections to their unborn babies. This is a risk even if a pregnant person doesn't have symptoms of the infection.
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Pregnant women, people older than 65 and people with weak immune systems are at highest risk of a listeria infection.
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Many listeria infections are mild. Some infected people don't have any symptoms. But sometimes, a listeria infection can lead to serious medical problems or emergencies. These risks rise if treatment is delayed or not given.
A listeria infection of the bloodstream can cause the body to have an improper reaction called sepsis. This can lead to organ damage or death.
A listeria infection of the nervous system can lead to:
Babies with life-threatening listeria infections of the blood or brain might develop lifelong conditions such as:
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To prevent a listeria infection, follow simple food safety guidelines:
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Often, healthcare professionals do a blood test to find out if you have a listeria infection. Samples of spinal fluid might need to be tested as well. If you're pregnant, the fluid that surrounds your baby during pregnancy also might be tested.
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Treatment of listeria infection varies. It depends on how serious the symptoms are. Most people with mild symptoms don't need treatment. More-serious infections can be treated with medicines that clear up infections caused by bacteria. These are called antibiotics.
During pregnancy, prompt antibiotic treatment might help keep the infection from affecting the baby.
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If you've eaten food that has been recalled because of listeria contamination, be aware of listeria infection symptoms. See a healthcare professional if you have any of the symptoms.
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germs, symptoms, infection, listeria infection
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633
|
Acute liver failure
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acute-liver-failure/symptoms-causes/syc-20352863
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acute-liver-failure/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352868
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acute-liver-failure/doctors-departments/ddc-20352869
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Acute liver failure is loss of liver function that happens quickly — in days or weeks — usually in a person who has no preexisting liver disease. It's most often caused by a hepatitis virus or drugs, such as acetaminophen. Acute liver failure is less common than chronic liver failure, which develops more slowly.
Acute liver failure, also known as fulminant hepatic failure, can cause serious complications, including bleeding and increased pressure in the brain. It's a medical emergency that requires hospitalization.
Depending on the cause, acute liver failure can sometimes be reversed with treatment. In many situations, though, a liver transplant may be the only cure.
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Symptoms of acute liver failure may include:
Yellowing of the skin and eyeballs, called jaundice.
Pain in the upper right belly area, called the abdomen.
A swollen belly, known as ascites.
Nausea and vomiting.
A general sense of feeling unwell, known as malaise.
Disorientation or confusion.
Sleepiness.
Breath with a musty or sweet odor.
Tremors.
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Acute liver failure can develop quickly in an otherwise healthy person, and it is life-threatening. If you or someone you know suddenly develops a yellowing of the eyes or skin; tenderness in the upper belly; or any unusual changes in mental state, personality or behavior, seek medical attention right away.
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Acute liver failure occurs when liver cells are seriously damaged and are no longer able to function. Possible causes include:
Acetaminophen overdose.Taking too much acetaminophen (Tylenol, others) is the most common cause of acute liver failure in the United States. Outside of the United States, acetaminophen is known as paracetamol. Acute liver failure can happen after one very large dose of acetaminophen, or after higher than recommended doses every day for several days.If you or someone you know has taken an overdose of acetaminophen, seek medical attention as quickly as possible. Treatment may prevent liver failure. Don't wait for the symptoms of liver failure.
Hepatitis and other viruses.Hepatitis A, hepatitis B and hepatitis E increase the risk of acute liver failure. Other viruses that can increase risk include Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus.
Prescription medicines.Some prescription medicines, including antibiotics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and anticonvulsants, can cause acute liver failure.
Herbal supplements.Herbal drugs and supplements, including kava, ephedra, skullcap and pennyroyal, have been linked to acute liver failure.
Toxins.Toxins that can cause acute liver failure include the poisonous wild mushroom Amanita phalloides, which is sometimes mistaken for one that is safe to eat. Carbon tetrachloride is another toxin that can cause acute liver failure. It is an industrial chemical found in refrigerants and solvents for waxes, varnishes and other materials.
Autoimmune disease.Liver failure can be caused by autoimmune hepatitis — a disease in which the immune system attacks liver cells, causing inflammation and injury.
Diseases of the veins in the liver.Vascular diseases, such as Budd-Chiari syndrome, can cause blockages in the veins of the liver and lead to acute liver failure.
Metabolic disease.Rare metabolic diseases, such as Wilson's disease and acute fatty liver of pregnancy, sometimes cause acute liver failure.
Cancer.Cancer that either begins in or spreads to the liver can cause the liver to fail.
Shock.Overwhelming infection, called sepsis, and shock can severely reduce blood flow to the liver, causing liver failure.
Heat stroke.Extreme physical activity in a hot environment can trigger acute liver failure.
Some cases of acute liver failure have no obvious cause.
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Risk factors for acute liver failure include:
Being female.A majority of people affected by acute liver failure are female.
Underlying illness.Many conditions, including viral hepatitis, metabolic disease, autoimmune disease and cancer can increase the risk of acute liver failure.
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Acute liver failure often causes complications, including:
Too much fluid in the brain, called cerebral edema.Too much fluid causes pressure to build up in the brain, which can lead to disorientation, severe mental confusion and seizures.
Bleeding and bleeding disorders.A failing liver cannot make enough clotting factors, which help blood to clot. Bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract is common with this condition. It may be difficult to control.
Infections.People with acute liver failure are more likely to develop infections, particularly in the blood and in the respiratory and urinary tracts.
Kidney failure.Kidney failure often occurs after liver failure, especially with an acetaminophen overdose, which damages both the liver and the kidneys.
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Reduce your risk of acute liver failure by taking care of your liver.
Follow instructions on medicines.If you take acetaminophen or other medicines, check the package insert for the recommended dose, and don't take more than that. If you already have liver disease, ask your healthcare team if it is safe to take any amount of acetaminophen.
Tell your healthcare team about all your medicines.Even nonprescription and herbal medicines can interact with prescription drugs you're taking.
Drink alcohol in moderation, if at all.If you choose to drink alcohol, do so in moderation. For healthy adults, that means up to one drink a day for women and up to two drinks a day for men.
Avoid risky behavior.Get help if you use illicit intravenous drugs. Don't share needles. Use condoms during sex. If you get tattoos or body piercings, make sure the shop you choose is clean and safe. Don't smoke.
Get vaccinated.If you have chronic liver disease, a history of any type of hepatitis infection or an increased risk of hepatitis, talk to your care team about getting the hepatitis B vaccine. A vaccine also is available for hepatitis A.
Be careful not to come into contact with other people's blood and body fluids.Accidental needle sticks or improper cleanup of blood or body fluids can spread hepatitis viruses. Sharing razor blades or toothbrushes also can spread infection.
Don't eat wild mushrooms.It can be difficult to tell the difference between a poisonous mushroom and one that is safe to eat.
Take care with aerosol sprays.When you use an aerosol cleaner, make sure the room is ventilated, or wear a mask. Take similar protective measures when spraying insecticides, fungicides, paint and other toxic chemicals. Follow product instructions carefully.
Watch what gets on your skin.When using insecticides and other toxic chemicals, cover your skin with gloves, long sleeves, a hat and a mask.
Maintain a healthy weight.Obesity can cause a condition called nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), now called metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD).MASLDmay lead to serious liver damage.
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Tests and procedures used to diagnose acute liver failure include:
Blood tests.Blood tests can show how well the liver works. A prothrombin time test measures how long it takes blood to clot. With acute liver failure, blood doesn't clot as quickly as it should.
Imaging tests.A healthcare professional may recommend an ultrasound exam to look at the liver. Such testing may show liver damage and help find the cause of the liver problems. A health professional also may recommend abdominal computerized tomography (CT) scanning or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to look at the liver and blood vessels. These tests can look for certain causes of acute liver failure, such as Budd-Chiari syndrome or tumors. They may be used if a problem is suspected and ultrasound testing does not find the problem.
Examination of liver tissue.A healthcare professional may recommend removing a small piece of liver tissue, called a liver biopsy. Doing so may help discover why the liver is failing.Since people with acute liver failure are at risk of bleeding during biopsy, a transjugular liver biopsy may be performed. This procedure involves making a tiny incision on the right side of the neck. A thin tube called a catheter is then inserted into a neck vein, through the heart and into a vein exiting the liver. A needle is then threaded through the catheter to retrieve a sample of liver tissue.
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People with acute liver failure often receive treatment in the intensive care unit of a hospital in a facility that can perform a liver transplant, if necessary. A healthcare professional may try to treat the liver damage itself, but in many cases, treatment involves controlling complications and giving the liver time to heal.
Acute liver failure treatments may include:
Medicines to reverse poisoning.Acute liver failure caused by acetaminophen overdose is treated with a medicine called acetylcysteine. This medicine also may help treat other causes of acute liver failure. Mushroom and other poisonings also may be treated with medicines that can reverse the effects of the toxin and may reduce liver damage.
Liver transplant.When acute liver failure can't be reversed, the only treatment may be a liver transplant. During a liver transplant, a surgeon removes the damaged liver and replaces it with a healthy liver from a donor.
A healthcare professional also will typically work to control symptoms and try to prevent complications caused by acute liver failure. Care may include:
Relieving pressure caused by excess fluid in the brain.Cerebral edema caused by acute liver failure can increase pressure on the brain. Medicines can help reduce the fluid buildup in your brain.
Screening for infections.Your medical team may take samples of your blood and urine every now and then to be tested for infection. If your team suspects that you have an infection, you'll receive medicines to treat the infection.
Preventing severe bleeding.Your care team can give you medicines to reduce the risk of bleeding. If you lose a lot of blood, tests may be done to find the source of the blood loss. Blood transfusions may be needed.
Providing nutritional support.If you're not able to eat, you may need supplements to treat nutritional deficiencies.
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If a healthcare professional suspects you have acute liver failure, you'll likely be admitted to a hospital for treatment. Most people with acute liver failure are treated in an intensive care unit.
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pain, nausea, nausea and vomiting, sleepiness, disorientation, yellowing of the skin and eyeballs, vomiting, breath with a musty or sweet odor, jaundice, swollen belly, general sense of feeling unwell, ascites, tremors, confusion, pain in the upper right belly area, acute liver failure
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636
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Morphea
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/morphea/symptoms-causes/syc-20375283
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/morphea/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20375290
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/morphea/doctors-departments/ddc-20375291
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Morphea (mor-FEE-uh) is a rare condition that causes painless, discolored patches on your skin.
Typically, the skin changes appear on the belly, chest or back. But they might also appear on your face, arms and legs. Over time the patches may become firm, dry and smooth. Morphea tends to affect only the outer layers of your skin. But some forms of the condition also affect deeper tissues and may restrict movement in the joints.
Morphea usually improves on its own over time, though recurrences are common. In the meantime, medications and therapies are available to help treat the skin discoloration and other effects.
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Signs and symptoms of morphea vary depending on the type and stage of the condition. They include:
Reddish or purplish oval patches of skin, often on the belly, chest or back
Patches that gradually develop a lighter or whitish center
Linear patches, especially on the arms or legs and possibly the forehead or scalp
A gradual change in the affected skin, which becomes firm, thickened, dry and shiny
Morphea affects the skin and underlying tissue and sometimes bone. The condition generally lasts several years and then improves or at times disappears by itself. It may leave scars or areas of darkened or discolored skin. It is possible for morphea to recur.
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See your doctor if you notice reddish patches of hardening or thickening skin. Early diagnosis and treatment may help slow the development of new patches and allow your doctor to identify and treat complications before they worsen.
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The cause of morphea is unknown. It may be caused by an unusual reaction of your immune system. In people at increased risk of morphea, it could be triggered by injury to the affected area, medications, chemical toxins, an infection or radiation therapy.
The condition isn't contagious.
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Certain factors may affect your risk of developing morphea, including:
Being white and female.Morphea is most common in white females.
Age.The condition can affect people at any age. It usually appears between the ages of 2 and 14 or in the mid-40s.
A family history of morphea.This condition can run in families. People with morphea are more likely to have a family history of morphea and other autoimmune diseases.
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Morphea can cause a number of complications, including:
Self-esteem issues.Morphea can have a negative effect on your self-esteem and body image, particularly if discolored patches of skin appear on your arms, legs or face.
Movement problems.Morphea that affects the arms or legs can impair joint mobility.
Widespread areas of hardened, discolored skin.Numerous new patches of hardened, discolored skin may seem to join together, a condition known as generalized morphea.
Loss of hair and sweat glands.Over time, you may lose hair and sweat glands in the affected area.
Eye damage.Children with head and neck morphea may experience unnoticeable but permanent eye damage.
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Your doctor may diagnose morphea by examining the affected skin and asking about your signs and symptoms. Your doctor might also take a small sample of your skin (skin biopsy) for examination in a laboratory. This can reveal changes in your skin, such as thickening of a protein (collagen) in the second layer of skin (dermis). Collagen makes up your connective tissues, including your skin. It helps make your skin elastic and resilient.
It's important to distinguish morphea from systemic scleroderma and other conditions. So your doctor might have you undergo a blood test or refer you to a specialist in skin disorders (dermatologist) or diseases of the joints, bones and muscles (rheumatologist).
If your child has head and neck morphea, take him or her for regular comprehensive eye exams, as morphea may cause unnoticeable yet irreversible eye damage.
You might undergo ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging to monitor disease progression and your response to treatment.
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Morphea usually lasts several years and then goes away without treatment. It may leave scars or areas of darkened or discolored skin. Until your condition clears up, you may want to pursue treatment that helps control your signs and symptoms.
Treatment options vary depending on the extent of your condition and how it's affecting your life. They include:
Medicated creams.Your doctor may prescribe a vitamin D cream, such as calcipotriene, to help soften the skin patches. Skin generally begins to improve during the first months of treatment. Possible side effects include burning, stinging and a rash.Or your doctor may prescribe a corticosteroid cream to reduce inflammation. When used for a long time, these creams may thin the skin.
Light therapy.For severe or widespread morphea, treatment may include the use of ultraviolet light (phototherapy).
Oral medications.For severe or widespread morphea, your doctor may prescribe an immunosuppressive medication, such as oral methotrexate (Trexall), corticosteroid pills or both. Or your doctor may suggest hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil) or mycophenolate mofetil. Each of these drugs has potential side effects. Talk with your doctor about a drug's risks and benefits before using it.
Physical therapy.If the condition affects your joints, physical therapy might preserve your range of motion.
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Because morphea affects your appearance, it can be an especially difficult condition to live with. You may also be concerned that it will get worse before it goes away.
If you want counseling or support, ask your doctor for a referral to a mental health professional or information about support groups in your area or online.
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You may start by seeing your primary care doctor. He or she may refer you to a doctor who specializes in skin disorders (dermatologist) or a specialist in diseases of the joints, bones and muscles (rheumatologist).
Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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Because morphea dries the affected skin, moisturizers may help soften and improve the feel of your skin. It's a good idea to avoid long, hot showers or baths, as these can dry your skin.
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darkened skin, scars, oval patches, reddish patches, morphea, lighter center, linear patches, whitish center, firm skin, discolored skin, thickened skin, shiny skin, dry skin, purplish patches
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637
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Tetanus
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tetanus/symptoms-causes/syc-20351625
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tetanus/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351631
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Tetanus is a serious disease of the nervous system caused by a toxin-producing bacterium. The disease causes muscle contractions, particularly of your jaw and neck muscles. Tetanus is commonly known as lockjaw.
Severe complications of tetanus can be life-threatening. There's no cure for tetanus. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms and complications until the effects of the tetanus toxin resolve.
Because of the widespread use of vaccines, cases of tetanus are rare in the United States and other parts of the developed world. The disease remains a threat to people who aren't up to date on their vaccinations. It's more common in developing countries.
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The average time from infection to appearance of signs and symptoms (incubation period) is 10 days. The incubation period can range from 3 to 21 days.
The most common type of tetanus is called generalized tetanus. Signs and symptoms begin gradually and then progressively worsen over two weeks. They usually start at the jaw and progress downward on the body.
Signs and symptoms of generalized tetanus include:
Painful muscle spasms and stiff, immovable muscles (muscle rigidity) in your jaw
Tension of muscles around your lips, sometimes producing a persistent grin
Painful spasms and rigidity in your neck muscles
Difficulty swallowing
Rigid abdominal muscles
Progression of tetanus results in repeated painful, seizure-like spasms that last for several minutes (generalized spasms). Usually, the neck and back arch, the legs become rigid, the arms are drawn up to the body, and the fists are clenched. Muscle rigidity in the neck and abdomen may cause breathing difficulties.
These severe spasms may be triggered by minor events that stimulate the senses — a loud sound, a physical touch, a draft or light.
As the disease progresses, other signs and symptoms may include:
High blood pressure
Low blood pressure
Rapid heart rate
Fever
Extreme sweating
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Tetanus is a life-threatening disease. If you have signs or symptoms of tetanus, seek emergency care.
If you have a simple, clean wound — and you've had a tetanus shot within 10 years — you can care for your wound at home.
Seek medical care in the following cases:
You've not had a tetanus shot within 10 years.
You are unsure of when you last had a tetanus shot.
You have a puncture wound, a foreign object in your wound, an animal bite or a deep cut.
Your wound is contaminated with dirt, soil, feces, rust or saliva — or you have any doubt about whether you've cleaned a wound sufficiently after such exposure. Contaminated wounds require a vaccination booster if it's been five or more years since your last tetanus shot.
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The bacterium that causes tetanus is called Clostridium tetani. The bacterium can survive in a dormant state in soil and animal feces. It's essentially shut down until it discovers a place to thrive.
When the dormant bacteria enter a wound — a condition good for growth — the cells are "awakened." As they are growing and dividing, they release a toxin called tetanospasmin. The toxin impairs the nerves in the body that control muscles.
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The greatest risk factor for tetanus infection is not being vaccinated or not keeping up with the 10-year booster shots.
Other factors that increase the risk of tetanus infection are:
Cuts or wounds exposed to soil or manure
A foreign body in a wound, such as a nail or splinter
A history of immune-suppressing medical conditions
Infected skin lesions in people living with diabetes
An infected umbilical cord when a mother isn't fully vaccinated
Shared and unsanitary needles for illegal drug use
|
Complications of tetanus infection may include:
Breathing problems.Life-threatening breathing problems can occur from tightening of the vocal cords and muscle rigidity in the neck and abdomen, especially during a generalized spasm.
Blockage of a lung artery (pulmonary embolism).A blood clot that has traveled from elsewhere in your body can block the main artery of the lung or one of its branches.
Pneumonia.A lung infection caused by accidentally inhaling something into the lungs (aspiration pneumonia) may be a complication of generalized spasms.
Broken bones.Generalized spasms may cause fractures of the spine or other bones.
Death.Death from tetanus is often caused by a blocked airway during spasms or damage to the nerves that regulate breathing, heart rate or other organ functions.
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You can prevent tetanus by being vaccinated.
|
Doctors diagnose tetanus based on a physical exam, medical and vaccination history, and the signs and symptoms of muscle spasms, muscle rigidity and pain. A laboratory test would likely be used only if your doctor suspects another condition causing the signs and symptoms.
|
A tetanus infection requires emergency and long-term supportive care while the disease runs its course, often in an intensive care unit. Any wounds are cared for and the healthcare team will make sure that the ability to breathe is protected. Medicines are given that ease symptoms, target the bacteria, target the toxin made by the bacteria and boost immune system response.
The disease progresses for about two weeks, and recovery can last about a month.
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Proper wound care is important for any cut or wound. Seek medical care if you have a puncture wound, a deep cut, an animal bite, a foreign object in your wound, or a wound contaminated with dirt, soil, feces, rust or saliva.
If you're unsure when you last had a tetanus vaccine, seek medical care. Contaminated or more-serious wounds require a vaccination booster if it's been five or more years since your last tetanus shot.
If you have a minor wound, these steps will help prevent infections:
Control bleeding.Apply direct pressure to stop bleeding.
Clean the wound.After the bleeding stops, rinse the wound with a saline solution, bottled water or clear running water.
Use antibiotics.Apply a thin layer of an antibiotic cream or ointment to discourage bacterial growth and infection.
Cover the wound.Bandages can keep the wound clean and keep harmful bacteria out. Keep the wound covered until a scab forms. If you cannot clean the wound thoroughly, do not cover it and instead seek medical care.
Change the dressing.Rinse the wound, apply antibiotic ointment, and replace the bandage at least once a day or whenever the dressing becomes wet or dirty.
Manage adverse reactions.If the antibiotic causes a rash, stop using it. If you're allergic to the adhesive used in most bandages, switch to adhesive-free dressings or sterile gauze and paper tape.
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low blood pressure, rigidity, seizure-like spasms, breathing difficulties, painful muscle spasms, rapid heart rate, painful spasms, tension, rigid abdominal muscles, muscle rigidity, infection, stiff muscles, spasms, difficulty swallowing, tetanus, extreme sweating, fever, muscle spasms, high blood pressure, painful, seizure-like spasms
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640
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Hypoglycemia
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypoglycemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20373685
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypoglycemia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20373689
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypoglycemia/doctors-departments/ddc-20373690
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Hypoglycemia is a condition in which your blood sugar (glucose) level is lower than the standard range. Glucose is your body's main energy source.
Hypoglycemia is often related to diabetes treatment. But other drugs and a variety of conditions — many rare — can cause low blood sugar in people who don't have diabetes.
Hypoglycemia needs immediate treatment. For many people, a fasting blood sugar of 70 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL), or 3.9 millimoles per liter (mmol/L), or below should serve as an alert for hypoglycemia. But your numbers might be different. Ask your health care provider.
Treatment involves quickly getting your blood sugar back to within the standard range either with a high-sugar food or drink or with medication. Long-term treatment requires identifying and treating the cause of hypoglycemia.
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If blood sugar levels become too low, hypoglycemia signs and symptoms can include:
Looking pale
Shakiness
Sweating
Headache
Hunger or nausea
An irregular or fast heartbeat
Fatigue
Irritability or anxiety
Difficulty concentrating
Dizziness or lightheadedness
Tingling or numbness of the lips, tongue or cheek
As hypoglycemia worsens, signs and symptoms can include:
Confusion, unusual behavior or both, such as the inability to complete routine tasks
Loss of coordination
Slurred speech
Blurry vision or tunnel vision
Nightmares, if asleep
Severe hypoglycemia may cause:
Unresponsiveness (loss of consciousness)
Seizures
|
Seek medical help immediately if:
You have what might be hypoglycemia symptoms and you don't have diabetes
You have diabetes and hypoglycemia isn't responding to treatment, such as drinking juice or regular (not diet) soft drinks, eating candy, or taking glucose tablets
Seek emergency help for someone with diabetes or a history of hypoglycemia who has symptoms of severe hypoglycemia or loses consciousness.
|
Hypoglycemia occurs when your blood sugar (glucose) level falls too low for bodily functions to continue. There are several reasons why this can happen. The most common reason for low blood sugar is a side effect of medications used to treat diabetes.
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Untreated hypoglycemia can lead to:
Seizure
Coma
Death
Hypoglycemia can also cause:
Dizziness and weakness
Falls
Injuries
Motor vehicle accidents
Greater risk of dementia in older adults
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If you have hypoglycemia symptoms, your health care provider will likely conduct a physical exam and review your medical history.
If you use insulin or another diabetes medication to lower your blood sugar, and you have signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia, test your blood sugar levels with a blood glucose meter. If the result shows low blood sugar (under 70mg/dL), treat according to your diabetes treatment plan.
Keep a record of your blood sugar testing results and how you treated low blood sugar levels so that your health care provider can review the information to help adjust your diabetes treatment plan.
If you don't use medications known to cause hypoglycemia, your health care provider will want to know:
What were your signs and symptoms?If you don't have signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia during your initial visit with your health care provider, he or she might have you fast overnight or longer. This will allow low blood sugar symptoms to occur so that a diagnosis can be made. It's also possible that you'll need do an extended fast — up to 72 hours — in a hospital setting.
What is your blood sugar level when you're having symptoms?Your health care provider will draw a blood sample to be analyzed in the lab. If your symptoms occur after a meal, the blood sugar tests may be done after you eat.
Do your symptoms disappear when blood sugar levels increase?
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If you have diabetes and you're having repeated episodes of hypoglycemia, or if your blood sugar levels are dropping significantly, talk with your health care provider to find out how you might need to change your diabetes treatment plan.
If you haven't been diagnosed with diabetes, make an appointment with your primary care provider to determine the cause of your hypoglycemia and appropriate treatment.
Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment. Take a family member or friend along, if possible. Someone who accompanies you can help you remember the information you're given.
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nausea, loss of consciousness, blurry vision, headache, tunnel vision, dizziness, hypoglycemia, difficulty concentrating, fatigue, anxiety, slurred speech, numbness, sweating, looking pale, lightheadedness, loss of coordination, seizures, irritability, lightheadedness
, unusual behavior, tunnel vision
nightmares, fast heartbeat, tingling, hunger, confusion, nightmares, unresponsiveness, shakiness, loss of coordination
slurred speech
blurry vision
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642
|
Thrombocytopenia
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thrombocytopenia/symptoms-causes/syc-20378293
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thrombocytopenia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20378298
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thrombocytopenia/doctors-departments/ddc-20378299
|
Thrombocytopenia is low blood platelet count. Platelets, also called thrombocytes, are colorless blood cells that help blood clot. Platelets stop bleeding by clumping together and forming plugs in blood vessel injuries.
Thrombocytopenia (throm-boe-sie-toe-PEE-nee-uh) can happen because of conditions or medicines that affect the circulation, production or destruction of blood platelets. Thrombocytopenia can affect both children and adults.
Thrombocytopenia can be mild and cause no symptoms. If platelets become too low, there is a risk of serious bleeding after an injury or during surgery. Rarely, dangerous internal bleeding can occur.
Treatments address the underlying condition causing the low platelet count. In some cases, treatment includes a transfusion of donor platelets.
|
Symptoms of thrombocytopenia may include:
Easy or excessive bruising, called purpura, on the skin or inside the mouth.
Pinpoint-sized dots on the skin, called petechiae, that may be red, purplish or brownish.
Bleeding from minor cuts that lasts longer than usual.
Bleeding from the gums or nose.
Blood in urine or stools.
Unusually heavy menstrual flows.
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Make an appointment with your healthcare professional if you have symptoms of thrombocytopenia.
Bleeding that won't stop is a medical emergency. Seek immediate help for bleeding that can't be controlled by the usual first-aid techniques, such as applying pressure to the area.
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Platelets are produced in bone marrow. Each platelet lives about 7 to 10 days, so bone marrow is always renewing the supply and releasing it into the blood.
Thrombocytopenia is a platelet count lower than 135,000 platelets per microliter of blood in men and lower than 157,000 platelets per microliter of blood in women. Some clinics or labs may use slightly different numbers.
A large, rapid drop in platelets may result in a count higher than these targets, but this drop may still indicate a condition affecting platelet levels.
The causes of a decline in a platelet count fall into three categories:
Platelets are trapped and not circulating.
Not enough platelets are made.
Platelets are being destroyed or used up.
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Generally, the lower the platelet count, the greater the risk for complications of excessive bleeding or clotting.
A platelet count is checked before having procedures that involve bleeding, such as surgery. Rarely, internal bleeding can happen without injury when a platelet count is very low.
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Your healthcare professional will ask you a number of questions about symptoms, health history, medicines and symptoms. The following will likely be used to determine whether you have thrombocytopenia:
Blood test.A complete blood count determines the number of blood cells, including platelets, in a sample of your blood. Your healthcare professional may compare the results of a recent test with past tests.
Blood smear.This is a lab test to look at a sample of blood under a microscope to count platelets. A specialist looks for clumping or irregular platelets and looks at other blood cells.
Physical exam.Your healthcare professional will look for signs of bleeding under your skin, gums or lining of your mouth. Your care professional will examine the size or tenderness of the spleen, liver and lymph nodes.
Your care professional might suggest other tests and procedures to determine the cause of your condition depending on your signs and symptoms.
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People with mild thrombocytopenia might not need treatment. Treatments for more-serious cases depend on the cause and the risk of complications.
Treating the cause may include:
Stopping a medicine that likely caused thrombocytopenia.
Treating an underlying disease, such as an infection or cancer.
Other treatments might involve:
Medicines.If thrombocytopenia is related to an immune system disorder, medicines may be used to control immune system activity. The most common medicine is a corticosteroid.
Platelet transfusions.Platelet transfusions use donor platelets to boost the number of platelets in the bloodstream. They are delivered through a needle into a vein. Platelet transfusions may be used when a platelet count is too low.
Plasma exchange.In some cases, a severe risk of blood clotting may require a plasma exchange. With this procedure, blood circulates from the person to a machine that removes plasma and replaces it with donor plasma or a plasma substitute. The blood then circulates back to the person.
Surgery.Surgery to remove the spleen is called a splenectomy. This may be done to remove an enlarged or diseased spleen. Removing the spleen also may be needed when other treatments do not improve a low platelet count.
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If you have symptoms of thrombocytopenia, start by seeing your primary healthcare professional. Also, a low platelet count may be found in a complete blood count test during an annual checkup or with tests for another condition.
You may be referred to a specialist in blood diseases, called a hematologist, or another specialist depending on the possible cause of a low platelet count.
Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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If you have thrombocytopenia, try to:
Avoid activities that could cause injury.If a job carries a risk of injury, use protective gear and follow safety guidelines. Ask your healthcare professional if you should avoid contact sports that increase the risk of injury. Wear a helmet when bicycling, skateboarding or participating in similar activities.
Avoid alcohol.Alcohol slows the production of platelets in your body. Ask your care professional whether it's OK for you to drink alcohol.
Use caution with nonprescription medicines.Pain medicines, such as aspirin and ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others), can prevent platelets from working properly. Acetaminophen (Tylenol, others) is a better alternative.
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thrombocytopenia, bleeding from the nose, easy bruising, blood in stools, purpura, heavy menstrual flows, petechiae, bleeding from the gums, blood in urine, bleeding from minor cuts, pinpoint-sized dots, bruising
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643
|
Male hypogonadism
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/male-hypogonadism/symptoms-causes/syc-20354881
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/male-hypogonadism/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354886
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/male-hypogonadism/doctors-departments/ddc-20354888
|
Male hypogonadism is a condition in which the body doesn't produce enough of the hormone that plays a key role in masculine growth and development during puberty (testosterone) or enough sperm or both.
You can be born with male hypogonadism, or it can develop later in life, often from injury or infection. The effects — and what you can do about them — depend on the cause and at what point in your life male hypogonadism occurs. Some types of male hypogonadism can be treated with testosterone replacement therapy.
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Hypogonadism can begin during fetal development, before puberty or during adulthood. Signs and symptoms depend on when the condition develops.
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Male hypogonadism means the testicles don't produce enough of the male sex hormone testosterone. There are two basic types of hypogonadism:
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Risk factors for hypogonadism include:
Hypogonadism can be inherited. If any of these risk factors are in your family health history, tell your doctor.
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The complications of untreated hypogonadism differ depending on when it develops — during fetal development, puberty or adulthood.
Complications might include:
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Early detection in boys can help prevent problems from delayed puberty. Early diagnosis and treatment in men offer better protection against osteoporosis and other related conditions.
Your health care provider will conduct a physical exam and note whether your sexual development, such as your pubic hair, muscle mass and size of your testes, is consistent with your age.
Your provider will test your blood level of testosterone if you have signs or symptoms of hypogonadism. Because testosterone levels vary and are generally highest in the morning, blood testing is usually done early in the day, before 10 a.m., possibly on more than one day.
If tests confirm that you have low testosterone, further testing can determine if a testicular disorder or a pituitary abnormality is the cause. These studies might include:
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Testosterone replacement can raise testosterone levels and help ease the symptoms of male hypogonadism. These include less desire for sex, less energy, less facial and body hair, and loss of muscle mass and bone mass.
For older adults who have low testosterone and symptoms of hypogonadism due to aging, it's less clear how well testosterone replacement works.
Anyone taking testosterone replacement should have a medical checkup and blood tests several times during the first year of treatment and yearly after that. This is to see how well the treatment works and to watch for side effects.
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Having male hypogonadism can affect your self-image and, possibly, your relationships. Talk with your health care provider about how you can reduce the anxiety and stress that often accompany these conditions. Many men benefit from psychological or family counseling.
Find out if there are support groups in your area or online. Support groups put you in touch with other people with similar challenges.
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Although you're likely to start by seeing your family doctor or other care provider, you might be referred to someone who specializes in the hormone-producing glands (endocrinologist).
Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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and I'll be happy to extract the medical symptoms for you., hypogonadism, (no symptoms mentioned in the paragraph)
Please provide a paragraph where a patient describes their health condition
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648
|
Swollen lymph nodes
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/swollen-lymph-nodes/symptoms-causes/syc-20353902
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/swollen-lymph-nodes/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353906
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/swollen-lymph-nodes/doctors-departments/ddc-20353908
|
Swollen lymph nodes most often happen because of infection from bacteria or viruses. Rarely, cancer causes swollen lymph nodes.
The lymph nodes, also called lymph glands, play a vital role in the body being able to fight off infections. They work as filters, trapping viruses, bacteria and other causes of illnesses before they can infect other parts of the body. Common areas for swollen lymph nodes include the neck, under the chin, in the armpits and in the groin.
Sometimes, time and warm compresses may be all that's needed to treat swollen lymph nodes. Sometimes,>If an infection causes swollen lymph nodes, treatment depends on the infection.
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The lymph system is a network of organs, vessels and lymph nodes throughout the body. Many lymph nodes are in the head and neck. Lymph nodes there often swell. Swelling can be to the size of a pea or kidney bean or larger.
Swollen lymph nodes are a sign that something is wrong in the body. The nodes might also be tender and painful.
Depending on the cause of the swollen lymph nodes, other symptoms might include:
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Some swollen lymph nodes return to their usual size when the condition that's causing them gets better. See your healthcare professional if you're worried or if your swollen lymph nodes:
Seek immediate medical careif you have trouble swallowing or breathing.
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Lymph nodes are small, round or bean-shaped bunches of cells. Inside lymph nodes are a mix of types of immune system cells. These cells filter the lymph fluid as it goes through the body and protect the body from invaders.
Lymph nodes are in groups. Each group drains an area of the body. It might be easier to tell if there's swelling in certain areas. These include the lymph nodes in the neck, under the chin, and in the armpits and groin. Where the swollen lymph nodes are might give a clue to the cause of the swelling.
The most common cause of swollen lymph nodes is an infection, usually viral, such as the common cold. Sometimes the cause isn't found.
Other causes of swollen lymph nodes include:
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Many conditions increase the risk of swollen lymph nodes. Factors that increase the risk of having these conditions include:
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When an infection that causes swollen lymph nodes isn't treated, a collection of pus may form. These are called abscesses. Pus contains fluid, white blood cells, dead tissue, and bacteria or other invaders. An abscess might need to be drained and treated with an antibiotic.
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Finding the cause of swollen lymph nodes involves the following:
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The swelling of lymph nodes caused by a virus usually goes down after the virus goes away. Antibiotics don't help viral infections. Treatment for swollen lymph nodes from other causes depends on the cause.
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You'll likely start by first seeing your family healthcare professional. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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tender, painful, swelling
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653
|
Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/waldenstrom-macroglobulinemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20359967
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/waldenstrom-macroglobulinemia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20359986
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/waldenstrom-macroglobulinemia/doctors-departments/ddc-20360365
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Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia (mak-roe-glob-u-lih-NEE-me-uh) is a type of cancer that begins in the white blood cells. Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia is considered a type of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. It's sometimes called lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma.
In Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia, some white blood cells undergo changes that turn them into cancer cells. The cancer cells can build up in the spongy material inside the bones where blood cells are made. This material is called bone marrow. The cancer cells crowd healthy blood cells out of the bone marrow. Cancer cells also may build up in other parts of the body, such as the lymph nodes and the spleen.
The cancer cells make a protein that can build up in the blood. Too much of the protein can reduce blood flow in the body and cause other problems.
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Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia grows slowly. It might not cause symptoms for years.
When they happen, Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia symptoms may include:
Fatigue.
Fever.
Weight loss.
Night sweats.
Numbness in the hands or feet.
Swollen lymph nodes.
A feeling of pain or fullness under the ribs on your left side, which may be caused by an enlarged spleen.
Easy bruising.
Bleeding nose or gums.
Headache.
Shortness of breath.
Changes in vision.
Confusion.
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Make an appointment with your primary care provider if you have ongoing symptoms that worry you.
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Cancer happens when cells develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell a cell what to do. The changes tell the cells to multiply quickly. The cells continue living when healthy cells would die as part of their natural lifecycle.
In Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia, the changes happen in the white blood cells. The changes turn some of the white blood cells into cancer cells. It's not clear what causes the changes.
The cancer cells can build up in the spongy material inside the bones where blood cells are made. This material is called bone marrow. The cancer cells crowd healthy blood cells out of the bone marrow. The cancer cells also may build up in the lymph nodes and the spleen.
Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia cells make a protein that the body can't use. The protein is immunoglobulin M, which is also called IgM.IgMcan build up in the blood. This may reduce blood flow in the body and cause other problems.
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Factors that can increase the risk of Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia include:
Being older.Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia can occur at any age, but it's most often found in adults 70 and older.
Being male.Males are more likely to have Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia.
Being white.White people are more likely to develop the disease, compared with people of other races.
Having a family history of lymphoma.Having a relative who has Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia or another type of B-cell lymphoma might increase your risk.
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A physical exam, medical history and the following tests are used to diagnose Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia:
Blood tests.Blood tests can show if there are too few healthy blood cells. Also, blood tests detect a protein made by the cancer cells. This protein is immunoglobulin M, which is also called IgM.Blood tests also can show how well organs are working. Results can show whether theIgMproteins are harming organs, such as the kidneys and the liver.
Collecting a sample of bone marrow for testing.During a bone marrow biopsy, a needle is used to take some bone marrow from the hipbone. The sample goes to a lab where it is tested for cancer cells. If there are cancer cells, more tests can give more information about the cells.
Imaging tests.Imaging tests can help show whether cancer has spread to other areas of the body. Imaging tests might includeCTscans or positron emission tomography scans, which are also calledPETscans.
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Treatment options for Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia may include:
Watchful waiting.IfIgMproteins are in the blood, but there are no symptoms, treatment might not be needed right away. Instead, you might have blood tests every few months to monitor your condition. Doctors sometimes call this watchful waiting. There might be no need for treatment for years.
Plasma exchange.Plasma exchange, also known as plasmapheresis, removesIgMproteins from the blood. It replaces them with healthy blood plasma. Plasma exchange can relieve symptoms caused by having too manyIgMproteins in the blood.
Chemotherapy.Chemotherapy uses strong medicines to kill cancer cells throughout the body. Chemotherapy used alone or with other medicines might be the first treatment for people who have symptoms of Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia. Also, high-dose chemotherapy can stop bone marrow from making cells and may be used to prepare for a bone marrow transplant.
Targeted therapy.Targeted therapy uses medicines that attack specific chemicals in the cancer cells. By blocking these chemicals, targeted treatments can cause cancer cells to die. Targeted therapy medicines might be used with other treatments, such as chemotherapy or immunotherapy.
Immunotherapy.Immunotherapy is a treatment with medicine that helps your body's immune system to kill cancer cells. Your immune system fights off diseases by attacking germs and other cells that shouldn't be in your body. Cancer cells survive by hiding from the immune system. Immunotherapy helps the immune system cells find and kill the cancer cells.
Bone marrow transplant.In select instances, a bone marrow transplant, also known as a stem cell transplant, may be a treatment for Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia. During this procedure, high doses of chemotherapy wipe out the bone marrow. Healthy blood stem cells go into the body to rebuild healthy bone marrow.
Supportive care.Supportive care, which is also called palliative care, focuses on relieving pain and other symptoms of serious illness. This extra layer of care can support you as you undergo other treatments, such as chemotherapy.
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If you have symptoms that worry you, make an appointment with your primary care provider.
If your primary care provider thinks you have Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia, you might be referred to a specialist in treating blood and bone marrow conditions, also known as a hematologist.
Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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pain, waldenstrom macroglobulinemia symptoms, headache, night sweats, fullness, fatigue, fever, easy bruising, macroglobulinemia, bleeding, numbness, changes in vision, confusion, weight loss, swollen lymph nodes, shortness of breath, bruising
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657
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Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/undifferentiated-pleomorphic-sarcoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20389554
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/undifferentiated-pleomorphic-sarcoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20389565
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/undifferentiated-pleomorphic-sarcoma/doctors-departments/ddc-20389599
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Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS) is a rare type of cancer that begins mostly in the soft tissues of the body. Soft tissues connect, support and surround other body structures.
UPSusually occurs in the arms or legs. Less often it can happen in the area behind the abdominal organs (retroperitoneum).
The name undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma comes from the way the cancer cells appear under the microscope. Undifferentiated means the cells don't look like the body tissues in which they develop. The cancer is called pleomorphic (plee-o-MOR-fik) because the cells grow in multiple shapes and sizes.
Treatment forUPSdepends on the location of the cancer, but often involves surgery, radiation and drug treatments.
UPSused to be called malignant fibrous histiocytoma.
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Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma symptoms depend on where the cancer occurs. It most often happens in the arms and legs, but it can happen anywhere in the body.
Signs and symptoms may include:
Growing lump or area of swelling.
If it grows very large, there may be pain, tingling and numbness.
If it occurs in an arm or leg, there may be swelling in the hand or foot of an affected limb.
If it occurs in the abdomen, there may be pain, loss of appetite and constipation.
Fever.
Weight loss.
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Make an appointment with a doctor if you develop any persistent signs or symptoms that worry you.
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It's not clear what causes undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma.
Doctors know this cancer begins when a cell develops changes in its DNA. A cell's DNA contains the instructions that tell a cell what to do. The changes tell the cell to multiply rapidly, creating a mass of abnormal cells (tumor). The cells can invade and destroy nearby healthy tissue. In time, the cancer cells can break away and spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body, such as the lungs and bones.
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Factors that may increase the risk of undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma include:
Older age.This cancer tends to occur in adults older than 50, though it can occur at any age.
Previous radiation therapy.Rarely, this cancer can develop in an area of the body that was previously treated with radiation therapy.
Most people who develop undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma have no known risk factors, and many people who have risk factors never develop the cancer.
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Diagnosis for undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma usually starts with a review of your symptoms and a physical examination. This cancer is often diagnosed after other types of cancer have been ruled out.
Tests and procedures may include:
Physical exam.Your doctor will ask you questions about when your symptoms began and if they've changed over time. He or she will examine the area to better understand the size and depth of the growth, whether it's connected to nearby tissues, and whether there are any signs of swelling or nerve damage.
Imaging tests.Your doctor may recommend imaging tests to create pictures of the affected area and understand more about your condition. Imaging tests may include X-rays,CT,MRIand positron emission tomography (PET) scans.
Removing a sample of tissue for testing (biopsy).To make a definitive diagnosis, your doctor collects a sample of the tumor tissue and sends it to a lab for testing. Depending on your particular situation, the tissue sample may be collected with a needle inserted through your skin or during an operation.In the lab, doctors trained in analyzing body tissues (pathologists) examine the sample to determine the types of cells involved and whether the cells are likely to be aggressive. This information helps rule out other types of cancer and guides your treatment.
Determining the type of biopsy needed and the specifics of how it should be performed requires careful planning by the medical team. Doctors need to perform the biopsy in a way that won't interfere with future surgery to remove the cancer. For this reason, ask your doctor for a referral to a team of experts with extensive experience in treating soft tissue sarcomas before the biopsy.
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Treatment for undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma usually involves surgery to remove the cancer cells. Other options include radiation therapy and drug treatments (systemic therapies), such as chemotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy. Which treatments are best for you will depend on the size and location of your cancer.
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A diagnosis of cancer such as undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma can be overwhelming. With time you'll find ways to cope with the distress and uncertainty of cancer. Until then, you may find it helps to:
Learn enough about sarcoma to make decisions about your care.Ask your doctor about your sarcoma, including your treatment options and, if you like, your prognosis. As you learn more about undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma, you may become more confident in making treatment decisions.
Keep friends and family close.Keeping your close relationships strong will help you deal with your diagnosis and care implications. Friends and family can provide the practical support you'll need, such as helping take care of your home if you're in the hospital. And they can serve as emotional support when you feel overwhelmed by cancer.
Find someone to talk with.Find a good listener who is willing to listen to you talk about your hopes and fears. This may be a friend or family member. The concern and understanding of a counselor, medical social worker, clergy member or cancer support group also may be helpful.Ask your doctor about support groups in your area. Or check your phone book, library or a cancer organization, such as the National Cancer Institute or the American Cancer Society.
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If your family doctor suspects you have undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma, you'll likely be referred to a cancer doctor (oncologist) who specializes in sarcomas. Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma is rare and often requires complex care. It's best treated by someone who has significant experience with it, which often means an academic or multispecialized cancer center.
Because appointments can be brief, and there's often a lot of information to discuss, it's a good idea to arrive well prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready.
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pain, constipation, cancer, swelling, fever, appetite and constipation, tingling, numbness, undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma symptoms, loss of appetite, weight loss, growing lump
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659
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Hammertoe and mallet toe
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hammertoe-and-mallet-toe/symptoms-causes/syc-20350839
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hammertoe-and-mallet-toe/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350845
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hammertoe-and-mallet-toe/doctors-departments/ddc-20350847
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Hammertoe and mallet toe are foot conditions that cause a bend that is not usual in a toe or toes. Wearing shoes that don't fit well can cause hammertoe and mallet toe. Other causes are foot injury and certain illnesses, such as diabetes. Often the cause isn't known.
A hammertoe has a bend in the middle joint of the toe. A mallet toe has a bend in the joint nearest the toenail. Hammertoe and mallet toe usually occur in the second, third or fourth toes.
Changing footwear, wearing shoe inserts and using other devices might relieve the pain and pressure of hammertoe and mallet toe. If these treatments don't work, surgery can correct the condition and relieve the pressure.
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Hammertoe and mallet toe have a bend that is not usual in the joints of one or more of the toes. Other symptoms include:
Pain from wearing shoes.
Trouble moving the affected toe.
Toe stiffness.
A change in skin color and swelling.
Growth of corns and calluses from the affected toe rubbing against shoes or against the ground.
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See a healthcare professional if you have lasting foot pain that affects your ability to walk.
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Hammertoe and mallet toe have been linked to:
Certain shoes.High-heeled shoes or footwear that's too tight in the toe can crowd toes so they can't lie flat. In time, the toe might remain curled even when not in shoes.
Injury.A toe that has been stubbed, jammed or broken might be more likely to develop hammertoe or mallet toe.
Toe muscles that are out of balance.If the muscles aren't balanced, they can put pressure on the tendons and joints. This change in balance can lead to hammertoe and mallet toe over time.
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Factors that can increase the risk of hammertoe and mallet toe include:
Sex assigned a birth.Women are more likely to develop hammertoe or mallet toe than are men.
Certain diseases.Arthritis and diabetes can increase the risk of having foot problems. Genes also might play a role.
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For a while, you still might be able to straighten the toe. But over time, the tendons and joints of a hammertoe or mallet toe might tighten. This can cause the toe to stay bent.
Shoes can rub against the higher part of the bent toe. The bent position also may lead to excess pressure on the toe bones. This can cause painful corns or calluses.
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Shoes that fit well can prevent many foot, heel and ankle problems. Here's what to look for when buying shoes:
Enough toe room.Avoid shoes with pointed toes.
Low heels.Not wearing high heels can help prevent toe and back problems.
Shoes that adjust.Shoes with laces or straps are roomier and easier to make comfortable feeling.
These added tips can help you buy the right shoes:
Shop at the end of the day.Feet swell as the day goes on.
Check size.Shoe size — especially the width — can change with age. Measure both feet and buy for the larger foot.
Buy shoes that fit right away.Be sure shoes are comfortable before you buy them. A shoe repair store might be able to stretch shoes in tight spots, but it's better to buy them to fit.
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To diagnose hammertoe or mallet toe, a healthcare professional inspects the foot. X-rays can help show the bones and joints of the feet and toes. But they're not always needed.
|
For toes that can still be straightened, roomier footwear and shoe inserts, called orthotics, or shoe pads might give relief. Inserts, pads or taping can move the toe and ease pressure and pain.
Also, your healthcare professional might suggest exercises to stretch and strengthen toe muscles. These might include using toes to pick up marbles or scrunch a towel.
If these treatments don't help, your healthcare professional might suggest surgery. The surgery can release the tendon that's keeping the toe curled up. Sometimes, the surgeon also removes a piece of bone to straighten the toe.
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If you're having a problem with your feet, you'll likely start by seeing your primary health professional. Or you may be referred to a foot specialist, either a podiatrist or an orthopedist.
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Good footwear can ease foot pain. Wear low-heeled shoes with a big toe box made of material that has some give to it. Make sure there's a half-inch (1.27 centimeters) of space between your longest toe and the inside tip of the shoe. Having enough space for your toes can help relieve pressure and pain.
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pain, swelling, growth of corns and calluses, stiffness, change in skin color, trouble moving
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661
|
Bipolar disorder
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bipolar-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20355955
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bipolar-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355961
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bipolar-disorder/doctors-departments/ddc-20355965
|
Bipolar disorder, formerly called manic depression, is a mental health condition that causes extreme mood swings. These include emotional highs, also known as mania or hypomania, and lows, also known as depression. Hypomania is less extreme than mania.
When you become depressed, you may feel sad or hopeless and lose interest or pleasure in most activities. When your mood shifts to mania or hypomania, you may feel very excited and happy (euphoric), full of energy or unusually irritable. These mood swings can affect sleep, energy, activity, judgment, behavior and the ability to think clearly.
Episodes of mood swings from depression to mania may occur rarely or multiple times a year. Each bout usually lasts several days. Between episodes, some people have long periods of emotional stability. Others may frequently have mood swings from depression to mania or both depression and mania at the same time.
Although bipolar disorder is a lifelong condition, you can manage your mood swings and other symptoms by following a treatment plan. In most cases, healthcare professionals use medicines and talk therapy, also known as psychotherapy, to treat bipolar disorder.
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There are several types of bipolar and related disorders:
Bipolar I disorder.You've had at least one manic episode that may come before or after hypomanic or major depressive episodes. In some cases, mania may cause a break from reality. This is called psychosis.
Bipolar II disorder.You've had at least one major depressive episode and at least one hypomanic episode. But you've never had a manic episode.
Cyclothymia.You've had at least two years — or one year in children and teenagers — of many periods of hypomania symptoms and periods of depressive symptoms. These symptoms are less severe than major depression.
Other types.These types include bipolar and related disorders caused by certain drugs or alcohol, or due to a medical condition, such as Cushing's disease, multiple sclerosis or stroke.
These types may include mania, or hypomania, which is less extreme than mania, and depression. Symptoms can cause changes in mood and behavior that can't be predicted. This can lead to a lot of distress and cause you to have a hard time in life.
Bipolar II disorder is not a milder form of bipolar I disorder. It's a separate diagnosis. While the manic episodes of bipolar I disorder can be severe and dangerous, people with bipolar II disorder can be depressed for longer periods of time.
Bipolar disorder can start at any age, but usually it's diagnosed in the teenage years or early 20s. Symptoms can differ from person to person, and symptoms may vary over time.
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Despite their mood extremes, people with bipolar disorder often don't know how much being emotionally unstable disrupts their lives and the lives of their loved ones. As a result, they don't get the treatment they need.
If you're like some people with bipolar disorder, you may enjoy the feelings of euphoria and cycles of being more productive. But an emotional crash always follows this euphoria. This crash can leave you depressed and worn out. It could cause you to have problems getting along with others. It also could leave you in financial or legal trouble.
If you have any symptoms of depression or mania, see your healthcare or mental health professional. Bipolar disorder doesn't get better on its own. A mental health professional with experience in bipolar disorder can help you get your symptoms under control.
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While it's not known what causes bipolar disorder, these factors may be involved:
Biological differences.People with bipolar disorder appear to have physical changes in their brains. The importance of these changes is still uncertain, but more research may help identify why these changes happen.
Genetics.Bipolar disorder is more common in people who have a first-degree relative, such as a sibling or parent, with the condition. Researchers are trying to find genes that may cause bipolar disorder.
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Factors that may raise the risk of getting bipolar disorder or cause the first episode include:
Having a first-degree relative, such as a parent or sibling, with bipolar disorder.
Periods of high stress, such as the death of a loved one or another traumatic event.
Drug or alcohol misuse.
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Left untreated, bipolar disorder can lead to serious problems that affect every area of your life, including:
Problems related to drug and alcohol misuse.
Suicide or suicide attempts.
Legal or financial problems.
Trouble getting along with others.
Poor work or school performance.
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There's no sure way to prevent bipolar disorder. But getting treated as soon as you notice a mental health disorder can help stop bipolar disorder or other mental health conditions from getting worse.
If you've been diagnosed with bipolar disorder, here are some ways you can stop minor symptoms from becoming full-blown episodes of mania or depression:
Pay attention to warning signs.Talking with your care team about symptoms early on can stop episodes from getting worse. You may have found a pattern to your bipolar episodes and what causes them. Call your healthcare professional or mental health professional if you feel you're starting to have an episode of depression or mania. Ask your family members or friends to watch for warning signs.
Get enough sleep.Sleep disruptions often cause bipolar instability.
Stay away from drugs and alcohol.Drinking alcohol or taking street drugs can make your symptoms worse and make them more likely to come back.
Take your medicines as directed.You may be tempted to stop treatment, but don't. Stopping your medicine or lowering your dose on your own may cause withdrawal effects. Also, your symptoms may get worse or return.
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To find out if you have bipolar disorder, your evaluation may include:
Physical exam.Your healthcare professional may do a physical exam and lab tests to find any medical problems that could be causing your symptoms.
Mental health assessment.Your healthcare professional may refer you to a psychiatrist, who will talk to you about your thoughts, feelings and behavior patterns. You also may answer a series of questions. With your permission, family members or close friends may be asked to provide information about your symptoms.
Mood charting.You may be asked to keep a daily record of your moods, sleep patterns or other factors that could help make the right diagnosis and get you the right treatment.
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Treatment is best guided by a medical doctor who diagnoses and treats mental health conditions (psychiatrist) who is skilled in treating bipolar and related disorders. Your care team also may include a psychologist, social worker or psychiatric nurse.
Bipolar disorder is a lifelong condition, with treatment directed to manage symptoms.
Depending on your needs, treatment may include:
Medicines.Often, you'll need to start taking medicines right away to balance your moods.
Ongoing treatment.You need to take your medicine for the rest of your life — even when you feel better. If you don't keep taking your medicine, your symptoms could come back, or minor mood changes could turn into full-blown mania or depression.
Intensive outpatient programs or a program involving a partial stay in a hospital.These programs provide intensive support and counseling that lasts a few hours per day for several weeks to help you get symptoms under control.
Treatment for alcohol or drug misuse.If you have problems with alcohol or drugs, you'll also need treatment for this misuse. Without this treatment, it can be very hard to manage bipolar disorder.
A hospital stay.Your healthcare professional may recommend that you stay in a hospital if you're behaving dangerously or thinking about suicide, or you've become detached from reality. Getting mental health treatment at a hospital can keep you calm and safe and stabilize your mood. This is true whether you're having a manic or major depressive episode.
The main treatments for bipolar disorder include medicines and talk therapy, also known as psychotherapy, to control symptoms. Treatment also may include education and support groups.
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Coping with bipolar disorder can be hard. Here are some ways to help:
Learn about bipolar disorder.Learning about your condition can motivate you to stick to your treatment plan and know when your mood changes. Help your family and friends learn about what you're going through.
Focus on your goals.Learning to manage bipolar disorder can take time. Stay motivated by keeping your goals in mind and reminding yourself that you can work to fix damaged relationships and other problems your mood swings cause.
Join a support group.Support groups for people with bipolar disorder can help you connect to others facing similar challenges and share what's going on with you.
Find healthy outlets.Explore healthy ways to focus your energy, such as hobbies, exercise and recreational activities.
Learn ways to relax and manage stress.Yoga, massage, deep breathing, meditation or other relaxation techniques can help.
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You may start by seeing your primary care professional or a psychiatrist. You may want to take a family member or friend along to your appointment, if possible, for support and to help remember information.
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You'll probably need to make lifestyle changes to stop cycles of behavior that make your bipolar disorder worse. Here are some steps to take:
Quit drinking or using street drugs.One of the biggest concerns with bipolar disorder is the negative results of risk-taking behavior and drug or alcohol misuse. Get help if you have trouble quitting on your own.
Form healthy relationships.Surround yourself with people who are a positive influence. Friends and family members can provide support and help you watch for warning signs of mood shifts.
Create a healthy routine.Having a regular routine for sleeping, eating and physical activity can help balance your moods. Eat a healthy diet. If you take lithium, talk with your healthcare professional about how much fluid and salt you should take in. If you have trouble sleeping, talk to your healthcare professional or mental health professional about what you can do.
Check first before taking other medicines.Call your healthcare professional or mental health professional before you take medicines that another health professional prescribes or any supplements or medicines available without a prescription. For example, when taking lithium (Lithobid), you should avoid regularly using ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others). Sometimes other medicines cause depression or mania. Or these medicines may not work well with the medicines you take for bipolar disorder.
Think about keeping a mood chart.Keeping a record of your daily moods, treatments, sleep, activities and feelings may help identify triggers, effective treatment options and when treatment needs to be changed.
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depressed, changes in mood, depressive episodes, multiple sclerosis, major depression, psychosis, bipolar ii disorder, hypomanic, hard time, manic, alcohol, depressive, mania, bipolar, cushing's disease, depression, cyclothymia, distress, bipolar disorder, bipolar i disorder, break from reality, hypomania, stroke
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662
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Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nonalcoholic-fatty-liver-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20354567
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nonalcoholic-fatty-liver-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354573
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nonalcoholic-fatty-liver-disease/doctors-departments/ddc-20354576
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Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, often called NAFLD, is a liver problem that affects people who drink little to no alcohol. In NAFLD, too much fat builds up in the liver. It is seen most often in people who are overweight or obese.
NAFLD is becoming more common, especially in Middle Eastern and Western nations as the number of people with obesity rises. It is the most common form of liver disease in the world. NAFLD ranges in severity from hepatic steatosis, called fatty liver, to a more severe form of disease called nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).
NASH causes the liver to swell and become damaged due to the fat deposits in the liver. NASH may get worse and may lead to serious liver scarring, called cirrhosis, and even liver cancer. This damage is like the damage caused by heavy alcohol use.
A move is currently underway to change the name nonalcoholic fatty liver disease to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). Experts also have recommended changing the name nonalcoholic steatohepatitis to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH).
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NAFLDoften has no symptoms. When it does, they may include:
Fatigue.
Not feeling well, or malaise.
Pain or discomfort in the upper right belly area.
Possible symptoms ofNASHand cirrhosis, or severe scarring, include:
Itchy skin.
Abdominal swelling, also called ascites (uh-SY-teez).
Shortness of breath.
Swelling of the legs.
Spider-like blood vessels just beneath the skin's surface.
Enlarged spleen.
Red palms.
Yellowing of the skin and eyes, or jaundice.
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Make an appointment with a member of your health care team if you have lasting symptoms that worry you.
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Experts don't know exactly why fat builds up in some livers and not others. They also don't fully understand why some fatty livers turn intoNASH.
NAFLDandNASHare both linked to the following:
Genetics.
Overweight or obesity.
Insulin resistance, which happens when your cells don't take up sugar in response to the hormone insulin.
Type 2 diabetes, sometimes called high blood sugar or hyperglycemia.
High levels of fats, especially triglycerides, in the blood.
These combined health problems may contribute to a fatty liver. However, some people getNAFLDeven if they do not have any risk factors.
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Many diseases and health problems can increase your risk ofNAFLD, including:
Family history of fatty liver disease or obesity.
Growth hormone deficiency, which means the body doesn't make enough hormones to grow.
High cholesterol.
High levels of triglycerides in the blood.
Insulin resistance.
Metabolic syndrome.
Obesity, especially when fat is centered in the waist.
Polycystic ovary syndrome.
Obstructive sleep apnea.
Type 2 diabetes.
Underactive thyroid, also called hypothyroidism.
Underactive pituitary gland, or hypopituitarism.
NASHis more likely in these groups:
People older than 50.
People with certain genetic risk factors.
People with obesity.
People with diabetes or high blood sugar.
People with symptoms of metabolic syndrome, such as high blood pressure, high triglycerides and a large waist size.
It is hard to tell apartNAFLDfromNASHwithout a clinical evaluation and testing.
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Severe liver scarring, or cirrhosis, is the main complication ofNAFLDandNASH. Cirrhosis happens because of liver injury, such as the damage caused by inflammation inNASH. As the liver tries to stop inflammation, it creates areas of scarring, also called fibrosis. With ongoing inflammation, fibrosis spreads and takes up more liver tissue.
If nothing is done to stop the scarring, cirrhosis can lead to:
Fluid buildup in the stomach area, called ascites.
Swollen veins in your esophagus, or esophageal varices, which can rupture and bleed.
Confusion, sleepiness and slurred speech, also called hepatic encephalopathy.
Overactive spleen, or hypersplenism, which can cause too few blood platelets.
Liver cancer.
End-stage liver failure, which means the liver has stopped working.
Experts guess that about 24% of adults in the U.S. haveNAFLD, and about 1.5% to 6.5% haveNASH.
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To reduce your risk ofNAFLD:
Eat a healthy diet.Eat a healthy diet that's rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains and healthy fats.
Limit alcohol, simple sugars and portion sizes.Avoid sugary drinks like soda, sports drinks, juices and sweet tea. Drinking alcohol can damage your liver and should be avoided or minimized.
Keep a healthy weight.If you are overweight or obese, work with your health care team to gradually lose weight. If you are a healthy weight, work to keep it by eating a healthy diet and exercising.
Exercise.Be active most days of the week. Get an OK from your health care team first if you haven't been exercising regularly.
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BecauseNAFLDtypically causes no symptoms, it is often found when tests done for other reasons point to a liver problem. For example, a blood test done during a yearly exam may show high levels of liver enzymes, which can lead to more testing and aNAFLDdiagnosis.
Tests done to diagnosisNAFLD, rule out other diseases and see how bad liver damage is include:
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Treatment for NAFLD usually starts with weight loss. This can be done by eating a healthy diet, limiting portion sizes and exercise. Losing weight may improve other health problems that lead to NAFLD. Typically, losing 10% of your body weight or more is recommended. But losing even 3% to 5% of your starting weight can have benefits. Weight-loss surgery or medicines also may be helpful for certain people.
A new medicine is available to treat people who have NASH with moderate to severe liver scarring. Resmetirom (Rezdiffra) can help reduce the amount of fat that collects in the liver. This medicine is not recommended for people with cirrhosis. For those who have cirrhosis due to NASH, a liver transplant may be needed.
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See your family doctor or primary doctor first if you have symptoms that worry you. If your doctor suspects a liver problem, such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, you may be referred to a doctor who specializes in the liver, called a hepatologist.
Because appointments can be short, it's a good idea to be well prepared. Here are a few tips to help you get ready, and what to expect from your doctor.
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With help from your health care team, you can take steps to manage nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. You can:
Lose weight.If you're overweight or obese, reduce the number of calories you eat each day and increase your physical activity to lose weight slowly. Eating fewer calories is key to losing weight and managing this disease. If you tried to lose weight in the past and couldn't, ask your health care team for help.
Choose a healthy diet.Eat a healthy diet that's rich in fruits, vegetables and whole grains. Your health care team may suggest avoiding or limiting certain foods and drinks, such as white bread, red and processed meats, juices, and sweetened drinks. Keep track of all calories you take in.
Exercise and be more active.Aim for at least 150 minutes of exercise a week. If you're trying to lose weight, you might find that more exercise is helpful. But if you don't already exercise regularly, get your health care team's OK first and start slowly.
Manage your diabetes.Follow your health care team's advice to manage your diabetes. Take your medicines as told by your care team and watch your blood sugar closely.
Lower your cholesterol and blood pressure.Improve your cholesterol levels and blood pressure if they are high. A healthy diet, exercise and medicines can help keep your cholesterol, triglycerides and blood pressure at healthy levels.
Protect your liver.Avoid things that could harm your liver health. For example, don't drink alcohol. Follow the instructions on all medicines and nonprescription drugs. Check with your health care team before using any herbal supplements, as some can harm the liver.
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pain, swelling of the legs, itchy skin, abdominal swelling, fatigue, yellowing of the skin and eyes, swelling, red palms, cirrhosis, jaundice, enlarged spleen, discomfort, spider-like blood vessels, ascites, not feeling well, shortness of breath
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664
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Breast pain
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/breast-pain/symptoms-causes/syc-20350423
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/breast-pain/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350426
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/breast-pain/doctors-departments/ddc-20350429
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Breast pain (mastalgia) can be described as tenderness, throbbing, sharp, stabbing, burning pain or tightness in the breast tissue. The pain may be constant or it may occur only occasionally, and it can occur in men, women and transgender people.
Breast pain can range from mild to severe. It may occur:
Just a few days a month, in the two to three days leading up to a menstrual period. This normal, mild-to-moderate pain affects both breasts.
A week or longer each month, starting before a period and sometimes continuing through the menstrual cycle. The pain may be moderate or severe, and affects both breasts.
Throughout the month, not related to a menstrual cycle.
In men, breast pain is most commonly caused by a condition called "gynecomastia" (guy-nuh-koh-MAS-tee-uh). This refers to an increase in the amount of breast gland tissue that's caused by an imbalance of the hormones estrogen and testosterone. Gynecomastia can affect one or both breasts, sometimes unevenly.
In transgender women, hormone therapy may cause breast pain. In transgender men, breast pain may be caused by the minimal amount of breast tissue that may remain after a mastectomy.
Most times, breast pain signals a noncancerous (benign) breast condition and rarely indicates breast cancer. Unexplained breast pain that doesn't go away after one or two menstrual cycles, or that persists after menopause, or breast pain that doesn't seem to be related to hormone changes needs to be evaluated.
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Breast pain can be cyclic or noncyclic. Cyclic means that the pain occurs on a regular pattern. Noncyclic means that the pain is constant, or that there's not a regular pattern. Each type of breast pain has distinct characteristics.
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Make an appointment with your doctor if breast pain:
Continues daily for more than a couple of weeks
Occurs in one specific area of your breast
Seems to be getting worse over time
Interferes with daily activities
Awakens you from sleep
Breast cancer risk is very low in people whose main symptom is breast pain, but if your doctor recommends an evaluation, it's important to follow through.
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Changing hormone levels can cause changes in the milk ducts or milk glands. These changes in the ducts and glands can cause breast cysts, which can be painful and are a common cause of cyclic breast pain. Noncyclic breast pain may be caused by trauma, prior breast surgery or other factors.
Sometimes, it's not possible to identify the exact cause of breast pain, but some factors may increase the risk.
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Breast pain is more common among people who haven't completed menopause, although it may occur after menopause. Breast pain can also occur in men who have gynecomastia, and in transgender people who are undergoing gender reassignment.
Other factors that may increase the risk of breast pain include:
Breast size.People who have large breasts may experience noncyclic breast pain related to the size of their breasts. Neck, shoulder and back pain may accompany breast pain that's caused by large breasts.
Breast surgery.Breast pain associated with breast surgery and scar formation can sometimes linger after incisions have healed.
Fatty acid imbalance.An imbalance of fatty acids within the cells may affect the sensitivity of breast tissue to circulating hormones.
Medication use.Certain hormonal medications, including some infertility treatments and oral birth control pills, may be associated with breast pain. Breast tenderness is a possible side effect of estrogen and progesterone hormone therapies that are used after menopause. Breast pain may be associated with certain antidepressants, including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants. Other medicines that can cause breast pain include those used to treat high blood pressure and some antibiotics.
Excessive caffeine use.Although more research is needed, some people notice an improvement in breast pain when they reduce or eliminate caffeine.
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The following steps may help prevent the causes of breast pain, although more research is needed to determine their effectiveness.
Avoid hormone therapyif possible.
Avoid medicationsthat are known to cause breast pain or make it worse.
Wear a properly fitted bra,and wear a sports bra during exercise.
Try relaxation therapy,which can help control the high levels of anxiety associated with severe breast pain.
Limit or eliminate caffeine,a dietary change some people find helpful, although studies of caffeine's effect on breast pain and other premenstrual symptoms have been inconclusive.
Avoid excessive or prolonged lifting activities.
Follow a low-fat dietand eat more complex carbohydrates.
Consider using an over-the-counter pain reliever,such as acetaminophen (Tylenol, others) or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) — but ask your doctor how much to take, as long-term use may increase your risk of liver problems and other side effects.
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Tests to evaluate your condition may include:
Clinical breast exam.Your doctor checks for changes in your breasts, examining your breasts and the lymph nodes in your lower neck and underarm. Your doctor will likely listen to your heart and lungs and check your chest and abdomen to determine whether the pain could be related to another condition. If your medical history and the breast and physical exam reveal nothing unusual, you may not need additional tests.
Mammogram.If your doctor feels a breast lump or unusual thickening, or detects a focused area of pain in your breast tissue, you'll need an X-ray exam of your breast that evaluates the area of concern found during the breast exam (diagnostic mammogram).
Ultrasound.An ultrasound exam uses sound waves to produce images of your breasts, and it's often done along with a mammogram. You might need an ultrasound to evaluate a focused area of pain even if the mammogram appears normal.
Breast biopsy.Suspicious breast lumps, areas of thickening or unusual areas seen during imaging exams may require a biopsy before your doctor can make a diagnosis. During a biopsy, your doctor obtains a small sample of breast tissue from the area in question and sends it for lab analysis.
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For many people, breast pain resolves on its own over time. You may not need any treatment.
If you do need help managing your pain or if you need treatment, your doctor might recommend that you:
Eliminate an underlying cause or aggravating factor.This may involve a simple adjustment, such as wearing a bra with extra support.
Use a topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID) medication.You may need to useNSAIDswhen your pain is intense. Your doctor may recommend that you apply anNSAIDcream directly to the area where you feel pain.
Adjust birth control pills.If you take birth control pills, skipping the pill-free week or switching birth control methods may help breast pain symptoms. But don't try this without your doctor's advice.
Reduce the dose of menopausal hormone therapy.You might consider lowering the dose of menopausal hormone therapy or stopping it entirely.
Take a prescription medication.Danazol is the only prescription medication approved by the Food and Drug Administration for treating fibrocystic breasts. However, danazol carries the risk of potentially severe side effects, such as heart and liver problems, as well as weight gain and voice changes. Tamoxifen, a prescription medication for breast cancer treatment and prevention, may help, but this drug also carries the potential for side effects that may be more bothersome than the breast pain itself.
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If you have breast pain that is new, that persistently affects just a particular part of your breast or that affects your quality of life, see your doctor for an evaluation. In some cases, when you call to set up an appointment, you may be referred immediately to a breast health specialist.
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pain, breast pain
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665
|
Muscular dystrophy
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/muscular-dystrophy/symptoms-causes/syc-20375388
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/muscular-dystrophy/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20375394
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/muscular-dystrophy/doctors-departments/ddc-20375395
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Muscular dystrophy is a group of diseases that causes muscles to become weaker and lose mass over time. The condition is caused by changes in the genes that make proteins needed to form healthy muscles.
There are many types of muscular dystrophy. Symptoms of the most common type start in childhood, mostly in boys. Other types sometimes don't start until adulthood.
Medicines and other treatments can help manage the symptoms and slow the course of muscular dystrophy.
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The main symptom of muscular dystrophy is muscle weakness that becomes worse over time. This makes everyday tasks harder to do. The type of muscular dystrophy that a person has determines the:
There are over 30 types of muscular dystrophy. Here are some of the main types along with key symptoms.
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Get medical advice if you notice symptoms of muscle weakness in yourself or your child. Symptoms could include delays in development, more clumsiness than usual and falling.
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Certain genes are involved in making proteins that protect muscle fibers. Most muscular dystrophy happens when one of these genes goes through an irregular change. You might hear this called a gene mutation.
Each type of muscular dystrophy is caused by a gene change that is particular to that type of the disease. Most of these gene changes are passed from parent to child, also called inherited.
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Muscular dystrophy occurs in people of all ages and ethnic groups. But the most common type, Duchenne, usually affects young boys. People with a family history of muscular dystrophy have a higher risk of getting the disease or passing it on to their children.
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Muscular dystrophy can lead to serious health issues, such as the following:
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Your healthcare team asks about your or your child's medical history, including general health and past illnesses. A physical exam is done.
After that, the healthcare team might recommend tests. These tests are based on the type of muscular dystrophy suspected. They may include the following:
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No cure exists for any type of muscular dystrophy. But treatment for some types of the disease can help people:
Treatments for some types of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, in particular, are quickly expanding based on research.
People with muscular dystrophy often need to be monitored throughout life by a team of healthcare professionals. A primary care doctor often helps oversee your overall medical care. Most often, the care team includes:
Many people with muscular dystrophy also might need other doctors, including a:
Many people with muscular dystrophy also might need to see other specialists, such as a:
Muscular dystrophy treatment includes medicines, physical and occupational therapy, equipment, surgery, and other procedures. Ongoing tests of walking, swallowing, breathing and hand function help the treatment team change treatments as needed over time.
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Learning that you or a loved one has muscular dystrophy can be very challenging. To help cope, find someone to talk with. You might feel comfortable sharing your feelings with a friend or family member. Or you might prefer meeting with a formal support group.
If your child has muscular dystrophy, ask your healthcare professional about ways to explain the condition to your child.
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You might be referred to a doctor who's received extra training to find and treat muscular dystrophy.
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muscular dystrophy, muscle weakness
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666
|
Myelodysplastic syndromes
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/myelodysplastic-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20366977
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/myelodysplastic-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20366980
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/myelodysplastic-syndrome/doctors-departments/ddc-20367025
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Myelodysplastic syndromes are a group of disorders caused by blood cells that are poorly formed or don't work properly. Myelodysplastic syndromes result from something amiss in the spongy material inside your bones where blood cells are made (bone marrow).
Management of myelodysplastic syndromes is most often intended to slow the disease, ease symptoms and prevent complications. Common measures include blood transfusions and medications to boost blood cell production. In certain situations, a bone marrow transplant, also known as a stem cell transplant, may be recommended to replace your bone marrow with healthy bone marrow from a donor.
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People with myelodysplastic syndromes might not experience signs and symptoms at first.
In time, myelodysplastic syndromes might cause:
Fatigue
Shortness of breath
Unusual paleness (pallor), which occurs due to a low red blood cell count (anemia)
Easy or unusual bruising or bleeding, which occurs due to a low blood platelet count (thrombocytopenia)
Pinpoint-sized red spots just beneath the skin that are caused by bleeding (petechiae)
Frequent infections, which occur due to a low white blood cell count (leukopenia)
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Make an appointment with your doctor if you have signs or symptoms that worry you.
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In a healthy person, bone marrow makes new, immature blood cells that mature over time. Myelodysplastic syndromes occur when something disrupts this process so that the blood cells don't mature.
Instead of developing normally, the blood cells die in the bone marrow or just after entering the bloodstream. Over time, there are more immature, defective cells than healthy ones, leading to problems such as fatigue caused by too few healthy red blood cells (anemia), infections caused by too few healthy white blood cells (leukopenia) and bleeding caused by too few blood-clotting platelets (thrombocytopenia).
Most myelodysplastic syndromes have no known cause. Others are caused by exposure to cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy and radiation, or to toxic chemicals, such as benzene.
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Factors that can increase your risk of myelodysplastic syndromes include:
Older age.Most people with myelodysplastic syndromes are older than 60.
Previous treatment with chemotherapy or radiation.Chemotherapy or radiation therapy, both of which are commonly used to treat cancer, can increase your risk of myelodysplastic syndromes.
Exposure to certain chemicals.Chemicals, including benzene, have been linked to myelodysplastic syndromes.
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Complications of myelodysplastic syndromes include:
Anemia.Reduced numbers of red blood cells can cause anemia, which can make you feel tired.
Recurrent infections.Having too few white blood cells increases your risk of serious infections.
Bleeding that won't stop.Lacking platelets in your blood to stop bleeding can lead to excessive bleeding.
Increased risk of cancer.Some people with myelodysplastic syndromes might eventually develop a cancer of the bone marrow and blood cells (leukemia).
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A physical exam, medical history and tests might be used if your doctor suspects that you have a myelodysplastic syndrome.
Tests might include:
Blood tests.Your doctor might order blood tests to determine the number of red cells, white cells and platelets and look for unusual changes in the size, shape and appearance of various blood cells.
Removing bone marrow for testing.During a bone marrow biopsy and aspiration, a thin needle is used to withdraw (aspirate) a small amount of liquid bone marrow, usually from a spot on the back of your hipbone. Then a small piece of bone with its marrow is removed (biopsy).
Blood and bone marrow samples are sent for laboratory analysis. Specialized tests can determine the specific characteristics of your cells that will be helpful for determining the type of myelodysplastic syndrome you have, your prognosis and your treatment options.
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Management of myelodysplastic syndromes is most often intended to slow the disease, ease symptoms and prevent complications. There's no cure for myelodysplastic syndromes, but some medications can help slow the progression of the disease.
If you have no symptoms, treatment might not be needed right away. Instead, your doctor might recommend regular exams and lab tests to monitor your condition and to see if the disease progresses.
Research on myelodysplastic syndromes is ongoing. Ask your doctor about clinical trials for which you might be eligible.
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You'll likely start by seeing your family doctor or primary care doctor. If your doctor suspects that you have a myelodysplastic syndrome, you might be referred to a doctor who specializes in blood disorders (hematologist).
Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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Because people with certain myelodysplastic syndromes have low white blood cell counts, they're subject to recurrent, and often serious, infections.
To reduce your risk of infections:
Wash your hands.Wash hands frequently and thoroughly with warm, soapy water, especially before eating or preparing food. Carry an alcohol-based hand sanitizer for times when water isn't available.
Take care with food.Thoroughly cook all meat and fish. Avoid fruits and vegetables you can't peel, especially lettuce, and wash all produce you do use before peeling it. To increase safety, you might want to avoid all raw foods.
Avoid people who are ill.Try to avoid close contact with anyone who is sick, including family members and co-workers.
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thrombocytopenia, pinpoint-sized red spots, fatigue, frequent infections, leukopenia, anemia, bleeding, infections, myelodysplastic syndromes, shortness of breath
unusual paleness, paleness, petechiae, shortness of breath, bruising
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669
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Golfer's elbow
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/golfers-elbow/symptoms-causes/syc-20372868
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/golfers-elbow/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372872
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/golfers-elbow/doctors-departments/ddc-20372873
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Golfer's elbow is a condition that causes pain where the tendons of your forearm muscles attach to the bony bump on the inside of your elbow. The pain might spread into your forearm and wrist.
Golfer's elbow is similar to tennis elbow, which occurs on the outside of the elbow. It's not limited to golfers. Tennis players and others who repeatedly use their wrists or clench their fingers also can develop golfer's elbow.
The pain of golfer's elbow doesn't have to keep you off the course or away from your favorite activities. Rest and appropriate treatment can get you back into the swing of things.
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Golfer's elbow is characterized by:
Pain and tenderness.Usually felt on the inner side of your elbow, the pain sometimes extends along the inner side of your forearm. Pain typically worsens with certain movements.
Stiffness.Your elbow may feel stiff, and making a fist might hurt.
Weakness.You may have weakness in your hands and wrists.
Numbness or tingling.These sensations might radiate into one or more fingers — usually the ring and little fingers.
The pain of golfer's elbow can come on suddenly or gradually. The pain might worsen with certain movements, such as swinging a golf club.
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Consult your doctor if rest, ice and over-the-counter pain relievers don't ease your elbow pain and tenderness. Seek immediate care if:
Your elbow is hot and inflamed, and you have a fever
You can't bend your elbow
Your elbow looks deformed
You suspect you've broken a bone
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Golfer's elbow, also known as medial epicondylitis, is caused by damage to the muscles and tendons that control your wrist and fingers. The damage is typically related to excess or repeated stress — especially forceful wrist and finger motions. Improper lifting, throwing or hitting, as well as too little warmup or poor conditioning, also can contribute to golfer's elbow.
Besides golf, many activities and occupations can lead to golfer's elbow, including:
Racket sports.Improper technique with tennis strokes, especially the backhand, can cause injury to the tendon. Excessive use of topspin and using a racket that's too small or heavy also can lead to injury.
Throwing sports.Improper pitching technique in baseball or softball can be another culprit. Football, archery and javelin throwing also can cause golfer's elbow.
Weight training.Lifting weights using improper technique, such as curling the wrists during a biceps exercise, can overload the elbow muscles and tendons.
Forceful, repetitive occupational movements.These occur in fields such as construction, plumbing and carpentry
To cause golfer's elbow, the activity generally needs to be done for more than an hour a day on many days.
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You could be at higher risk of developing golfer's elbow if you're:
Age 40 or older
Performing repetitive activity at least two hours a day
Obese
A smoker
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You can take steps to prevent golfer's elbow:
Strengthen your forearm muscles.Use light weights or squeeze a tennis ball. Even simple exercises can help your muscles absorb the energy of sudden physical stress.
Stretch before your activity.Walk or jog for a few minutes to warm up your muscles. Then do gentle stretches before you begin your game.
Fix your form.Whatever your sport, ask an instructor to check your form to avoid overload on muscles.
Use the right equipment.If you're using older golfing irons, consider upgrading to lighter graphite clubs. If you play tennis, make sure your racket fits you. A racket with a small grip or a heavy head may increase the risk of elbow problems.
Lift properly.When lifting anything — including free weights — keep your wrist rigid and stable to reduce the force to your elbow.
Know when to rest.Try not to overuse your elbow. At the first sign of elbow pain, take a break.
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Golfer's elbow is usually diagnosed based on your medical history and a physical exam. To evaluate pain and stiffness, the doctor might apply pressure to the affected area or ask you to move your elbow, wrist and fingers in various ways.
An X-ray can help the doctor rule out other causes of elbow pain, such as a fracture or arthritis. Rarely, more comprehensive imaging studies — such as MRI — are performed.
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Treatment begins with avoiding activity that causes pain. To help relieve pain, use ice.
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You'll probably start by seeing your primary doctor. If you don't improve with rest, ice and over-the-counter medications, your doctor might refer you to a sports medicine specialist or to a doctor with advanced training in musculoskeletal disorders.
Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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pain, weakness, stiffness, tingling, numbness, tenderness
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670
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Shin splints
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/shin-splints/symptoms-causes/syc-20354105
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/shin-splints/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354110
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/shin-splints/doctors-departments/ddc-20354111
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Shin splints are pain along the shin bone, also called the tibia. The tibia is the large bone in the front of the lower leg. Shin splints are common in runners, dancers and military trainees.
Known in medicine as medial tibial stress syndrome, shin splints often occur in athletes when they start training harder. The increased activity puts stress on the muscles, tendons and bone tissue.
Rest, ice and other self-care measures most often can treat shin splints. Wearing the right shoes, not increasing training too quickly and altering exercises can help prevent shin splints from coming back.
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If you have shin splints, you might notice tenderness, soreness or pain along the inner side of your shinbone and mild swelling in your lower leg. At first, the pain might stop when you stop exercising. It might feel better with stretching.
But in time, the pain can be ongoing. You might be getting a stress reaction or stress fracture.
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Shin splints are caused by continuing stress on the shinbone and the tissues that attach muscles to the bone, called connective tissues.
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The risk of shin splints is higher for people who:
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To help prevent shin splints:
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Shin splints most often are diagnosed based on medical history and a physical exam. Sometimes, an X-ray or other imaging studies can point to other causes for the pain, such as a stress fracture.
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Most often, you can treat shin splints with simple self-care steps:
Go back to your usual activities little by little after your pain is gone.
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pain, soreness, tenderness, swelling
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675
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Multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 2 (MEN 2)
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/men-2/symptoms-causes/syc-20540486
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/men-2/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20540503
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/men-2/doctors-departments/ddc-20540517
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Multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 2, also called MEN 2, is a rare condition. It causes tumors in the thyroid and parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, lips, mouth, eyes and digestive tract. Genetic testing can find the changed gene that causesMEN 2. Health care providers can treat the health issues that gene may cause.
MEN 2is an inherited disorder. This means people who have the changed gene can pass it on to their children. Each child has a 50% chance of getting the disorder.
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Symptoms ofMEN 2depend on the type of tumor. People who haveMEN 2Bhave a unique appearance. They may have bumps on the tongue, lips and eyes. They tend to be tall and thin with long arms and legs. Following are symptoms that may be related to each tumor type.
Medullary thyroid cancer:
Lumps in the throat or neck
Trouble breathing or swallowing
Hoarseness
Diarrhea
Parathyroid hyperplasia, also known as primary hyperparathyroidism:
Muscle and joint pain
Constipation
Fatigue
Memory problems
Kidney stones
Adrenal tumors, also known as pheochromocytoma:
High blood pressure
Rapid heart rate
Anxiety
Headaches
Symptoms may be caused by a thyroid tumor pressing on tissues around it or by the release of too many hormones in the body. Some people who have medullary thyroid cancer may have no symptoms.
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If you're having any of these symptoms, contact your health care provider.
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MEN 2is an inherited condition. This means someone who has a changed gene that can causeMEN 2can pass that gene on to their children.
Many people also may be the first person in their families to have this disorder. People diagnosed with medullary thyroid cancer are screened regularly forMEN 2.
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MEN 2can cause the parathyroid glands to put too much calcium into the blood. This is known as primary hyperparathyroidism. The parathyroid glands are located in your neck. The extra calcium in the blood can cause many issues, including weak bones, called osteoporosis, kidney stones and having to urinate a lot. Medullary thyroid cancer shows up as a lump on the thyroid or neck. It can be hard to swallow when the tumor is large or other symptoms if the cancer spreads outside the neck.
People withMEN 2also can have a condition called pheochromocytoma. This condition causes noncancerous tumors on an adrenal gland. The adrenal glands are located at the top of the kidneys. These tumors can release hormones that cause high blood pressure, sweating and other symptoms.
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Genetic testing is used to find out if someone has a changed gene that causesMEN 2. Children of someone who has this changed gene could inherit it and developMEN 2. Parents and siblings also could have the changed gene even if they don't have symptoms.
If someone in your family is diagnosed withMEN 2, your health care provider will likely recommend you and your family members have genetic testing. This is becauseMEN 2can be treated or managed by removing the thyroid gland early in life. Being screened for parathyroid or adrenal tumors also can help.
If no gene changes are found in family members, usually no other screening tests are needed. However, genetic testing doesn't find allMEN 2gene changes. IfMEN 2isn't found in people who may have it, they and their family members will have regular blood and imaging tests over time to check for signs of the disease.
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To diagnose multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 2, also called MEN 2, your health care provider will do a physical exam. They will look at your medical history and family history. They also will do genetic testing to see if you have a gene change that causesMEN 2. Blood and urine tests and imaging tests may be done. These may include:
Calcitonin levels in the blood
Blood calcium
Parathyroid hormone levels
Urine or plasma testing for catecholamines and metanephrines
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Computerized tomography (CT) scan
Ultrasound scan
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InMEN 2, tumors can grow on the thyroid, parathyroid and adrenal glands. These tumors can lead to various conditions, all of which can be treated. These conditions and treatments may include:
Medullary thyroid cancer.Thyroid cancer, including cancer that has spread to other parts of the body, is treated by removing the thyroid gland and the lymph nodes around it with surgery. Medicines also can be used if the disease has spread and can't be removed with surgery.
Parathyroid enlargement.The parathyroid glands can become enlarged and make too much parathyroid hormone. The usual treatment is surgery to remove all or part of the parathyroid glands that are enlarged, while leaving any glands that are not affected.
Adrenal tumors.For these types of tumors, your health care provider will likely recommend removing one or both of the adrenal glands, depending on what is shown on theCTorMRI.
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You may start by seeing your health care provider. Or you may be sent to a specialist in conditions that affect the hormones, also known as an endocrinologist.
Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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hoarseness, lumps in the throat or neck, trouble breathing or swallowing, diarrhea
parathyroid hyperplasia, hyperparathyroidism, headaches, fatigue, anxiety, rapid heart rate, bumps on the lips, muscle and joint pain, breathing or swallowing
hoarseness, constipation, diarrhea, memory problems, thyroid tumor, kidney stones
, tumor, kidney stones, bumps on the eyes, pheochromocytoma, medullary thyroid cancer, pain, throat, adrenal tumors, bumps on the tongue, high blood pressure
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676
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Torn meniscus
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/torn-meniscus/symptoms-causes/syc-20354818
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/torn-meniscus/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354823
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/torn-meniscus/doctors-departments/ddc-20354825
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A torn meniscus is one of the most common knee injuries. Any activity that causes you to forcefully twist or rotate your knee, especially when putting your full weight on it, can lead to a torn meniscus.
Each of your knees has two C-shaped pieces of cartilage that act like a cushion between your shinbone and your thighbone. A torn meniscus causes pain, swelling and stiffness. You also might feel a block to knee motion and have trouble extending your knee fully.
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If you've torn your meniscus, it might take 24 hours or more for pain and swelling to begin, especially if the tear is small. You might develop the following signs and symptoms in your knee:
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Contact your doctor if your knee is painful or swollen, or if you can't move your knee in the usual ways.
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A torn meniscus can result from any activity that causes you to forcefully twist or rotate your knee, such as aggressive pivoting or sudden stops and turns. Even kneeling, deep squatting or lifting something heavy can sometimes lead to a torn meniscus.
In older adults, degenerative changes of the knee can contribute to a torn meniscus with little or no trauma.
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Performing activities that involve aggressive twisting and pivoting of the knee puts you at risk of a torn meniscus. The risk is particularly high for athletes — especially those who participate in contact sports, such as football, or activities that involve pivoting, such as tennis or basketball.
Wear and tear on your knees as you age increases the risk of a torn meniscus. So does obesity.
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A torn meniscus can lead to a feeling of your knee giving way, inability to move your knee as you usually do or persistent knee pain. You might be more likely to develop osteoarthritis in the injured knee.
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A torn meniscus often can be identified during a physical exam. Your doctor might move your knee and leg into different positions, watch you walk, and ask you to squat to help pinpoint the cause of your signs and symptoms.
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Treatment for a torn meniscus often begins conservatively, depending on the type, size and location of your tear.
Tears associated with arthritis often improve over time with treatment of the arthritis, so surgery usually isn't indicated. Many other tears that aren't associated with locking or a block to knee motion will become less painful over time, so they also don't require surgery.
Your doctor might recommend:
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The pain and disability associated with a torn meniscus prompt many people to seek emergency care. Others make an appointment with their family doctors. Depending upon the severity of your injury, you might be referred to a doctor specializing in sports medicine or a specialist in bone and joint surgery (orthopedic surgeon).
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pain, swelling
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680
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MRSA infection
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mrsa/symptoms-causes/syc-20375336
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mrsa/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20375340
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mrsa/doctors-departments/ddc-20375341
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Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection is caused by a type of staph bacteria that's become resistant to many of the antibiotics used to treat ordinary staph infections.
Most methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections occur in people who've been in hospitals or other health care settings, such as nursing homes and dialysis centers. When it occurs in these settings, it's known as health care-associatedMRSA(HA-MRSA). health care-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (HA-MRSA) infections usually are associated with invasive procedures or devices, such as surgeries, intravenous tubing or artificial joints.HA-MRSAcan spread by health care workers touching people with unclean hands or people touching unclean surfaces.
Another type ofMRSAinfection has occurred in the wider community — among healthy people. This form, community-associatedMRSA(CA-MRSA), often begins as a painful skin boil. It's usually spread by skin-to-skin contact. At-risk populations include groups such as high school wrestlers, child care workers and people who live in crowded conditions.
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Staph skin infections, includingMRSA, generally start as swollen, painful red bumps that might look like pimples or spider bites. The affected area might be:
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Keep an eye on minor skin problems — pimples, insect bites, cuts and scrapes — especially in children. If wounds appear infected or are accompanied by a fever, see your doctor.
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Different varieties of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, commonly called "staph," exist. Staph bacteria are normally found on the skin or in the nose of about one-third of the population. The bacteria are generally harmless unless they enter the body through a cut or other wound, and even then they usually cause only minor skin problems in healthy people.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, around 5% of the population chronically carries the type of staph bacteria known asMRSA.
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Because hospital and community strains ofMRSAgenerally occur in different settings, the risk factors for the two strains differ.
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MRSAinfections can resist the effects of many common antibiotics, so they're more difficult to treat. This can allow the infections to spread and sometimes become life-threatening.
MRSAinfections may affect your:
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In the hospital, people who are infected or colonized withMRSAoften are placed in isolation as a measure to prevent the spread ofMRSA. Visitors and health care workers caring for people in isolation may need to wear protective garments.
They also must follow strict hand hygiene procedures. For example, health care workers can help preventHA-MRSAby washing their hands with soap and water or using hand sanitizer before and after each clinical appointment.
Hospital rooms, surfaces and equipment, as well as laundry items, need to be properly disinfected and cleaned regularly.
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Doctors diagnose methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) by checking a tissue sample or nasal secretions for signs of drug-resistant bacteria. The sample is sent to a lab where it's placed in a dish of nutrients that encourage bacterial growth.
But because it takes about 48 hours for the bacteria to grow, newer tests that can detect staph DNA in a matter of hours are now becoming more widely available.
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Both health care-associated and community-associated strains ofstill respond to certain antibiotics.
Doctors may need to perform emergency surgery to drain large boils (abscesses), in addition to giving antibiotics.
In some cases, antibiotics may not be necessary. For example, doctors may drain a small, shallow boil (abscess) caused byrather than treat the infection with drugs.
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While you may initially consult your family doctor, he or she may refer you to a specialist, depending on which of your organs is affected by the infection. For example, he or she may refer you to a doctor trained in skin conditions (dermatologist) or a doctor trained in heart conditions (cardiologist).
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painful, red bumps, pimples, skin infections, swollen
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681
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Myxofibrosarcoma
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/myxofibrosarcoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20577507
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/myxofibrosarcoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20577511
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/myxofibrosarcoma/doctors-departments/ddc-20577513
|
Myxofibrosarcoma is a type of cancer that begins in the connective tissue. It tends to happen in the arms and legs.
Myxofibrosarcoma starts as a growth of cells that can grow into healthy body tissue. Myxofibrosarcoma might cause a lump under the skin that grows slowly. It often isn't painful. This cancer happens most often in older adults.
Myxofibrosarcoma is a type of soft tissue sarcoma. Soft tissue sarcomas are cancers that happen in the soft tissues that connect, support and surround other body structures.
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Symptoms of myxofibrosarcoma include:
A painless lump on an arm or leg.
A lump that grows slowly.
Myxofibrosarcoma most often starts in the leg. It rarely starts in the abdomen, where other kinds of sarcomas tend to grow.
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Make an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you.
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The cause of myxofibrosarcoma often isn't known. This cancer starts as a growth of cells in the connective tissue.
Myxofibrosarcoma happens when cells develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time.
In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to grow and multiply quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells. The cancer cells can form a lump that may grow into healthy body tissue.
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The risk of myxofibrosarcoma is higher in adults. This cancer happens most often in adults ages 50 to 70. It is rare in people under age 30.
There is no way to prevent myxofibrosarcoma.
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Tests and procedures used to diagnose myxofibrosarcoma include:
Physical exam.Your healthcare professional may ask about your symptoms and health. The health professional may check your body for signs of cancer.
Imaging tests.Imaging tests make pictures of the body. The pictures might help your healthcare professional learn more about the cancer and its size. One test used for this purpose is MRI, which can look closely at the soft tissue, bone and muscle. You might have other imaging tests to look for signs that the cancer has spread to other parts of the body. This might be with a CT scan.
Getting a sample of tissue for testing.A biopsy procedure often involves using a needle to take some of the suspicious tissue for testing. The tissue goes to a lab where tests can show if you have cancer and what type. Sometimes surgery is needed to get the tissue sample.
Myxofibrosarcoma can be hard to diagnose because it can look like other types of cancer and other conditions that aren't cancer. Careful imaging and lab tests can help your healthcare team make the correct diagnosis.
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Myxofibrosarcoma treatment often involves surgery to remove the cancer. Other treatments include radiation therapy and chemotherapy.
Myxofibrosarcoma can come back after surgery. This might be more likely if the cancer grows large or if lab tests show the cells are growing quickly. Your healthcare team may create a treatment plan with the goal of getting rid of all the cancer cells. To reach this goal, treatment might involve radiation therapy, chemotherapy or sometimes both treatments before or after surgery. These additional treatments may make it more likely that the cancer won't come back.
Which treatment is best for you will depend on your cancer, such as the size and location of the myxofibrosarcoma.
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Make an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you. If your healthcare professional thinks that you might have myxofibrosarcoma, you may be referred to a specialist. Specialists who care for people with myxofibrosarcoma include:
Cancer doctors, called medical oncologists.
Surgeons who specialize in operating on people with cancer, such as orthopedic oncologists or surgical oncologists.
Doctors who specialize in using radiation therapy to treat cancer, called radiation oncologists.
Appointments can be short and being prepared can help. Here's some information that may help you get ready.
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lump that grows slowly, sarcomas, myxofibrosarcoma, painless lump
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682
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Myasthenia gravis
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/myasthenia-gravis/symptoms-causes/syc-20352036
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/myasthenia-gravis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352040
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/myasthenia-gravis/doctors-departments/ddc-20352043
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Myasthenia gravis (my-us-THEE-nee-uh GRAY-vis) causes muscles under your voluntary control to feel weak and get tired quickly. This happens when the communication between nerves and muscles breaks down.
There's no cure for myasthenia gravis. Treatment can help with symptoms. These symptoms can include weakness of arm or leg muscles, double vision, drooping eyelids, and problems with speaking, chewing, swallowing and breathing.
This disease can affect people of any age, but it's more common in women younger than 40 and in men older than 60.
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Muscle weakness caused by myasthenia gravis gets worse when the affected muscle is used. Because symptoms usually get better with rest, muscle weakness can come and go. However, the symptoms tend to progress over time. They usually reach their worst within a few years after the disease begins.
Myasthenia gravis may affect any of the muscles that you can control. Certain muscle groups are more commonly affected than others.
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Talk to your health care provider if you have problems:
Breathing.
Seeing.
Swallowing.
Chewing.
Walking.
Using your arms or hands.
Holding up your head.
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Complications of myasthenia gravis are treatable, but some can be life-threatening.
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Your health care provider will look at your symptoms and medical history and conduct a physical examination. Your provider might use several tests, including:
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Various treatments, alone or together, can help with symptoms of myasthenia gravis. Your treatment will depend on your age, how severe your disease is and how fast it's progressing.
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Coping with myasthenia gravis can be difficult for you and your loved ones. Stress can make your condition worse, so find ways to relax. Ask for help when you need it.
Learn all you can about your condition, and have your loved ones learn about it as well. You all might benefit from a support group, where you can meet people who understand what you and your family members are going through.
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You're likely to first see your primary care provider, who will then refer you to a doctor trained in nervous system conditions, called a neurologist, for further evaluation.
Here's information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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To help you make the most of your energy and cope with the symptoms of myasthenia gravis:
Adjust your eating routine.Try to eat when you have good muscle strength. Take your time chewing your food, and take a break between bites of food. You might find it easier to eat small meals several times a day. Also, try eating mainly soft foods and avoid foods that require more chewing, such as raw fruits or vegetables.
Use safety precautions at home.Install grab bars or railings in places where you need support, such as next to the bathtub or next to steps. Keep your floors clean, and move area rugs. Outside your home, keep paths, sidewalks and driveways cleared of leaves, snow and other debris that could cause you to trip.
Use electric appliances and power tools.To save your energy, try using an electric toothbrush, electric can openers and other electrical tools to perform tasks.
Wear an eye patch.If you have double vision, an eye patch can help. Try wearing one to write, read or watch television. Switch the eye patch to the other eye regularly to help reduce eyestrain.
Plan.If you have chores, shopping or errands to do, plan the activity for when you have the most energy.
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muscle weakness, myasthenia gravis
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683
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Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS)
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mgus/symptoms-causes/syc-20352362
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mgus/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352367
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mgus/doctors-departments/ddc-20352369
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Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is a condition in which an atypical protein is found in the blood. The protein is called monoclonal protein or M protein.
This protein is made in the soft, blood-producing tissue in the center of bones. This blood-producing tissue is bone marrow. Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance occurs most often in older men.
MGUSusually causes no problems. But sometimes it can lead to more-serious diseases. These include some forms of blood cancer.
People who have high amounts of this protein in the blood need regular checkups. That's so they can get earlier treatment if the condition gets worse. If it doesn't get worse,MGUSdoesn't need treatment.
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People with monoclonal gammopathy often don't have symptoms. Some people have a rash or nerve problems, such as numbness or tingling. A blood test for another condition might findMGUSby chance.
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Experts don't know what causesMGUS. Changes in genes and being around certain chemicals, such as those used to kill pests, appear to play a role.
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Factors that increase your risk of developingMGUSinclude:
Age.The average age at diagnosis is 70 years.
Race.Africans and Black Americans are more likely to getMGUSthan white people are.
Sex.MGUSis more common in men.
Family history.Having family members withMGUSmight increase the risk.
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Each year, about 1% of people withMGUSget certain types of blood cancers or other serious diseases, such as:
Multiple myeloma.
Light chain amyloidosis.
Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia.
Lymphoma.
Other issues linked toMGUSinclude broken bones, blood clots, kidney problems, and damage to nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, also known as peripheral neuropathy.
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BecauseMGUSusually causes no symptoms, people who have it usually find out by chance during blood tests for other reasons. After that, other tests might include:
More blood tests.These can help rule out other causes of higher protein levels. And they can check for kidney damage.
Urine tests.Urine samples taken over 24 hours can help find if the atypical protein is in the urine. They also can check for kidney damage.
Imaging tests.For people with bone pain, an,MRIor positron emission tomography (PET) scan can look for problems with bones fromMGUS. They also might need a test to measure bone mass, also known as bone density.
Bone marrow test.A hollow needle removes a piece of bone marrow from the back of one of the hipbones for study. This usually is only for those at risk of getting a more serious disease or other problems linked toMGUS.
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MGUSdoesn't require treatment. But your health care provider is likely to have you get regular checkups to watch the condition. Checkups likely will start six months after your diagnosis.
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Your health care provider might refer you to someone who specializes in blood disorders, also known as a hematologist.
Here's information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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gammopathy, rash, numbness, tingling
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685
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Heat rash
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heat-rash/symptoms-causes/syc-20373276
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heat-rash/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20373282
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Heat rash — also known as prickly heat and miliaria — isn't just for babies. It affects adults, too, especially in hot, humid conditions.
Heat rash occurs when sweat is trapped in the skin. Symptoms can range from small blisters to deep, inflamed lumps. Some forms of heat rash are very itchy.
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Adults usually develop heat rash in skin folds and where clothing rubs against the skin. In infants, the rash is mainly found on the neck, shoulders and chest. It can also show up in the armpits, elbow creases and groin.
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Heat rash usually heals by cooling the skin and avoiding exposure to the heat that caused it. See your health care provider if you or your child has symptoms that last longer than a few days or the rash seems to be getting worse.
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Heat rash develops when a duct that leads from a sweat gland to the surface of the skin is blocked or inflamed. This then blocks the opening of the sweat duct on the surface of the skin (sweat pore). Instead of evaporating, sweat is trapped beneath the skin, causing irritation and bumps on the skin.
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Factors that increase the risk of heat rash include:
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Heat rash usually heals without scarring. People with brown or Black skin are at risk of spots of skin that get lighter or darker in response to inflammatory skin conditions (postinflammatory hypopigmentation or hyperpigmentation). These changes usually go away within weeks or months.
A common complication is infection with bacteria, causing inflamed and itchy pustules.
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To help protect yourself or your child from heat rash:
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You don't need tests to diagnose heat rash. Your health care provider is usually able to diagnose it by examining the skin. A condition that looks like heat rash is transient neonatal pustular melanosis (TNPM). transient neonatal pustular melanosis (TNPM) mainly affects newborns with brown or Black skin. It's harmless and clears up in a couple days without treatment.
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Treatment for mild heat rash is cooling the skin and avoiding exposure to the heat that caused the condition. Once the skin is cool, mild heat rash tends to clear quickly.
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A visit with a health care provider usually isn't necessary for heat rash. If your rash is more severe, you may want to see your primary care provider or a doctor who specializes in skin disorders (dermatologist) to be sure it's heat rash and not another skin disorder.
Before you go, it's a good idea to list questions you have about your condition. For heat rash, questions to ask your health care provider include:
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rash
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687
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Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD)
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mogad/symptoms-causes/syc-20560476
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mogad/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20560477
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mogad/doctors-departments/ddc-20560478
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Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease, also known as MOGAD, is a rare inflammatory disease that affects the central nervous system. InMOGAD, the immune system attacks the fatty substance that protects nerve fibers in the optic nerves, brain and spinal cord.
Symptoms ofMOGADmay include vision loss, muscle weakness, stiffness or paralysis, confusion, seizures, and headaches. These symptoms can be sometimes confused with other diseases such as multiple sclerosis.
There's no cure forMOGAD. However, there are treatments to help speed the recovery from attacks, manage symptoms and reduce the likelihood of symptoms returning.
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MOGADcauses painful swelling, known as inflammation. Symptoms are caused by attacks from:
Inflammation of the optic nerve.Called optic neuritis, this condition may lead to vision loss in one or both eyes and eye pain that gets worse with eye movement. Optic neuritis in children may be mistaken for a headache.
Inflammation of the spinal cord.Called transverse myelitis, this condition may lead to arm or leg weakness, muscle stiffness, or paralysis. It also may cause sensory loss and changes in bowel, bladder or sexual function.
Inflammation of the brain and spinal cord.Called acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, also known as ADEM, this condition may lead to vision loss, weakness, unsteady walk and confusion.ADEMis more common in children withMOGAD.
Other symptoms ofMOGADmay include:
Seizures.
Headaches.
Fever.
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See a doctor or other healthcare professional if you experience any of the above symptoms for unknown reasons.
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The cause ofMOGADis not known. It's an autoimmune disorder in which the body's immune system attacks its own tissues. In people withMOGAD, the immune system destroys the fatty substance called myelin. Myelin coats and protects nerve fibers in the optic nerve, brain and spinal cord.
The brain sends messages down nerve fibers that help tell parts of the body what to do. When the myelin is damaged and nerve fibers are exposed, those messages may be slowed or blocked. This means those parts of the body won't work properly.
MOGADis often misdiagnosed as another disease that attacks myelin and causes similar symptoms. It may be mistaken for multiple sclerosis, known as MS. Or it may be confused with a condition called neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, also known as NMOSD.
MOGADis different fromMSandNMOSDbecause the first attack ofMOGADis usually the most severe, but people with the disease can have a complete recovery.MOGADalso is diagnosed differently, using results fromMRIand blood tests. People withMSandNMOSDtypically have multiple attacks, while about half of people withMOGADhave only one attack.
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These factors may increase your risk of developingMOGAD:
Age.Children and young adults are slightly more likely to developMOGAD.
Recent infection or vaccination.MOGADmay develop after an infectious illness or vaccination, such asSARS-CoV-2.
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MOGADcomplications are caused by the attacks on the fatty substance that protects nerve fibers in the optic nerves, brain and spinal cord. The first attack is usually the worst, but each attack can cause more damage. Some possible complications may include:
Permanent paralysis in the arms and legs.
Long-term bowel and bladder difficulties.
Blindness in one or both eyes.
Trouble with language, memory and thinking.
SomeMOGADtreatments also may cause complications. Long-term use of certain medicines may result in:
Infection.
Lymphoma or skin cancers.
Slowed growth in children.
Headaches.
Kidney failure.
Your healthcare team will work with you to decide which treatment options are the best and how long to continue them.
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A healthcare professional reviews any symptoms you're having and may do a physical exam to look for any signs ofMOGAD.
MOGADis usually diagnosed after two things have been confirmed. Healthcare professionals confirm that symptoms were caused by a typical attack type, such as optic neuritis, transverse myelitis or acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM).MOGADalso is diagnosed after theMOG-antibody is found in the blood or spinal fluid.
These two things can be confirmed by a few procedures, including:
MOGantibody testing with a cell-based assay.This test looks at cells withMOGon their surface to see if theMOG-antibody is present in the blood. This test is considered the gold standard for testing forMOGAD, but there is potential for false positives. Caution is needed if the symptoms aren't typical or are similar to those of another disease, such as multiple sclerosis.
Spinal tap.Also called a lumbar puncture, this procedure collects a small sample of cerebrospinal fluid for testing. This sample can show if there is an elevated white blood cell count. This causes inflammation and is common inMOGAD. A spinal tap also can look for a type of protein in the spinal fluid called oligoclonal bands. These bands are more common in multiple sclerosis and may help make a distinction between the two diseases.
Imaging tests.You may need anMRIof the brain, spine and optic nerve. These images can show irregular spots on the brain and spinal cord, called lesions, and inflammation of the optic nerve.
Eye exam.An eye exam, called an optical coherence tomography, can help diagnoseMOGAD. This test shows the layers of the part of the eye called the retina. During episodes of optic neuritis, the retina is often thicker than usual. After these episodes, damage to the nerve cells in the retina causes the retina to get thinner.
TheMOGantibody test isn't always accurate. Sometimes healthy people or people with other diseases can haveMOGantibodies at lower levels. Your healthcare team uses your test results to make sure there isn't something else causing your symptoms.
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There is no cure forMOGAD. Treatment typically focuses on speeding recovery from attacks, managing symptoms and reducing relapses. You meet with your healthcare team to come up with a treatment plan that fits your needs.
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Living with any illness can be difficult. To manage the stress of living withMOGAD, consider these suggestions:
Maintain normal daily activities as best you can.
Stay connected to friends and family.
Continue to pursue hobbies that you enjoy and are able to do.
Contact a support group, for yourself or for family members.
Discuss your feelings and concerns about living withMOGADwith your healthcare team or a counselor.
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You may be referred to a doctor who specializes in disorders of the brain and nervous system, called a neurologist.
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headache, encephalomyelitis, sensory loss, paralysis, painful swelling, bowel changes, eye pain, headaches, sexual function changes, unsteady walk, optic neuritis, muscle stiffness, leg weakness, arm or leg weakness, vision loss, bladder changes, seizures, pain, myelitis, weakness, fever, confusion, inflammation
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690
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Multiple sclerosis
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/multiple-sclerosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20350269
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/multiple-sclerosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350274
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/multiple-sclerosis/doctors-departments/ddc-20350278
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Multiple sclerosis is a disease that causes breakdown of the protective covering of nerves. Multiple sclerosis can cause numbness, weakness, trouble walking, vision changes and other symptoms. It's also known as MS.
In MS, the immune system attacks the protective sheath that covers nerve fibers, known as myelin. This interrupts communication between the brain and the rest of the body. Eventually, the disease can cause permanent damage of the nerve fibers.
Symptoms of MS depend on the person, the location of damage in the nervous system and how bad the damage is to the nerve fibers. Some people lose the ability to walk on their own or move at all. Others may have long periods between attacks without any new symptoms, called remission. The course of the disease varies depending on the type of MS.
There's no cure for multiple sclerosis. However, there are treatments to help speed the recovery from attacks, modify the course of the disease and manage symptoms.
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Multiple sclerosis symptoms vary depending on the person. Symptoms may change over the course of the disease depending on which nerve fibers are affected.
Common symptoms include:
Numbness or tingling.
Electric-shock sensations that happen with certain neck movements, especially bending the neck forward. This sensation is called Lhermitte sign.
Lack of coordination.
Trouble with walking or not being able to walk at all.
Weakness.
Partial or complete loss of vision, usually in one eye at a time. Vision loss often happens with pain during eye movement.
Double vision.
Blurry vision.
Dizziness and a false sense that you or your surroundings are moving, known as vertigo.
Trouble with sexual, bowel and bladder function.
Fatigue.
Slurred speech.
Troubles with memory, thinking and understanding information.
Mood changes.
Small increases in body temperature can temporarily worsen symptoms of MS. These aren't considered true disease relapses but pseudorelapses.
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Make an appointment with your doctor or other healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you.
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The cause of multiple sclerosis is not known. It's considered an immune-mediated disease in which the body's immune system attacks its own tissues. In MS, the immune system attacks and destroys the fatty substance that coats and protects nerve fibers in the brain and spinal cord. This fatty substance is called myelin.
Myelin can be compared to the insulation coating on electrical wires. When the protective myelin is damaged and the nerve fiber is exposed, the messages traveling along that nerve fiber may be slowed or blocked.
It isn't clear why MS develops in some people and not others. A combination of genetics and environmental factors may increase the risk of MS.
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Factors that increase the risk of multiple sclerosis include:
Age.MS can happen at any age. However, onset most commonly happens between 20 and 40 years of age.
Sex.Women are 2 to 3 times more likely than men to have relapsing-remitting MS.
Family history.If one of your parents or siblings has had MS, you are at higher risk of developing the disease.
Certain infections.A variety of viruses have been linked to MS, including Epstein-Barr. Epstein-Barr is the virus that causes infectious mononucleosis.
Race.People with white skin, particularly those of Northern European descent, have the highest risk of developing MS. People of Asian, African or Native American descent have the lowest risk. A recent study suggests that the number of Black and Hispanic young adults with multiple sclerosis may be greater than previously thought.
Climate.MS is far more common in places with temperate climates. These include Canada, the northern United States, New Zealand, southeastern Australia and Europe.
Vitamin D.Having low levels of vitamin D and low exposure to sunlight is linked to a greater risk of MS. Your birth month also may affect the chances of developing MS. This has to do with levels of sun exposure when a mother is pregnant.
Obesity.People who are obese or were obese in childhood have an increased risk of multiple sclerosis.
Certain autoimmune diseases.You have a slightly higher risk of developing MS if you have other autoimmune conditions. These may include thyroid disease, pernicious anemia, psoriasis, type 1 diabetes or inflammatory bowel disease.
Smoking.People who smoke have a higher risk of relapsing-remitting MS than people who don't smoke.
Gut microbiome.People with MS may have a different gut microbiome than people who don't have MS. More research is needed to understand this connection.
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Complications of multiple sclerosis may include:
Mood changes, such as depression, anxiety or mood swings.
Muscle stiffness or spasms.
Seizures, though they are very rare.
Severe weakness or paralysis, typically in the arms or legs.
Trouble with bladder, bowel or sexual function.
Trouble with thinking and memory.
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There are no specific tests for MS. The diagnosis is given by a combination of medical history, physical exam, MRIs and spinal tap results. A diagnosis of multiple sclerosis also involves ruling out other conditions that might produce similar symptoms. This is known as a differential diagnosis.
Tests used to diagnose MS may include:
MRI,which can reveal areas of MS on the brain and spinal cord. These areas are called lesions. A contrast dye may be given through an IV to highlight lesions that show the disease is in an active phase.
Lumbar puncture,also known as a spinal tap, in which a small sample of cerebrospinal fluid is removed from the spinal canal for lab testing. This sample can show changes in antibodies that are linked to MS. A spinal tap also can help rule out infections and other conditions with symptoms similar to MS. An antibody test that looks for kappa free light chains may be faster and less expensive than previous spinal fluid tests for MS.
Optical coherence tomography,which uses light waves to produce images of the eye. In MS, a condition called optic neuritis causes changes in the retina. Optical coherence tomography may be used to measure thickness of the retina. It also may show damage to the retinal nerve fiber.
Evoked potential tests,which record the electrical signals produced by your nervous system in response to stimuli. An evoked potential test may use visual stimuli or electrical stimuli. In these tests, you watch a moving visual pattern, as short electrical impulses are applied to nerves in your legs or arms. Electrodes measure how quickly the information travels down your nerve pathways.
Blood tests,which can help rule out other diseases with symptoms similar to MS. Tests to check for specific biomarkers linked to MS are being developed. These tests may help with diagnosing the disease.
Neuropsychological testing.Neuropsychological testing involves looking at how your brain is working. Testing examines your thinking, memory, language and social skills. It also assesses your personality and mood. A psychologist with specific expertise, known as a neuropsychologist, does this testing. Neuropsychological testing is important in MS because most people with the disease have cognitive impairment. This can include memory loss and trouble with language and thinking skills that affect daily activities. Your healthcare professional may give you a baseline test soon after you are diagnosed. Then you may be retested over time.
In most people with relapsing-remitting MS, the diagnosis is straightforward. Diagnosis is based on a pattern of symptoms related to MS and confirmed by test results.
Diagnosing MS can be harder in people with unusual symptoms or progressive disease. Additional testing may be needed.
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There is no cure for multiple sclerosis. Treatment typically focuses on speeding recovery from attacks, reducing relapses, slowing the progression of the disease and managing MS symptoms. Some people have such mild symptoms that no treatment is necessary.
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With time, you'll find what helps you cope with the stress of a chronic illness like multiple sclerosis. Until then, you may find it helps to:
Ask your healthcare team about your MS, including your test results, treatment options and, if you like, your prognosis. As you learn more about MS, you may become more confident in making treatment decisions.
Keeping your close relationships strong can help you deal with multiple sclerosis. Friends and family can provide the practical support you may need, such as helping take care of your home if you're in the hospital. And they can serve as emotional support when you feel overwhelmed by having MS.
Find someone who is willing to listen to you talk about your hopes and worries. This may be a friend or family member. The concern and understanding of a counselor, medical social worker, clergy member or MS support group also may be helpful.
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Make an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you.
If your healthcare professional thinks you might have multiple sclerosis, you may be referred to a doctor who specializes in conditions of the brain and nervous system, called a neurologist.
Because appointments can be brief, it's a good idea to be prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready.
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To help relieve the symptoms of MS, try to:
Get plenty of rest.Look at your sleep habits to make sure you're getting the best possible sleep. If you have conditions such as obstructive sleep apnea, see a healthcare professional and get treatment.
Exercise.If you have mild to moderate MS, regular exercise can help improve your strength, muscle tone, balance and coordination. Swimming or other water exercises are good options if heat makes your symptoms worse. Other types of mild to moderate exercise recommended for people with MS include walking, stretching, low-impact aerobics, stationary bicycling, yoga and tai chi.
Cool down.In some people, MS symptoms may worsen as body temperature rises. It helps to stay cool and use cooling scarves or vests.
Eat a balanced diet.Research suggests that following the Mediterranean diet may be linked to a lower risk of worsening disability in MS. The Mediterranean diet includes fruits and vegetables, whole grains, legumes, nuts, and olive oil. It also means not eating large amounts of red meats, butter, sugar and other unhealthy foods. Some research suggests that vitamin D may have potential benefit for people with MS.
Relieve stress.Stress may trigger or worsen your symptoms. Yoga, tai chi, massage, meditation or deep breathing may help.
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blurry vision, trouble with bowel function, dizziness, mood changes, fatigue, slurred speech, thinking difficulties, numbness, trouble with sexual function, lack of coordination, multiple sclerosis symptoms vary depending on the person., trouble with memory, double vision, electric-shock sensations, loss of vision, vertigo, trouble with bladder function, partial or complete loss of vision, pain, trouble with walking, lhermitte, weakness, tingling
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691
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Multiple system atrophy
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/multiple-system-atrophy/symptoms-causes/syc-20356153
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/multiple-system-atrophy/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356157
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/multiple-system-atrophy/doctors-departments/ddc-20356159
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Multiple system atrophy, also called MSA, causes people to lose coordination and balance or become slow and stiff. It also causes changes in speech and loss of control of other bodily functions.
MSA is a rare condition. It sometimes shares symptoms with Parkinson's disease, including slow movement, rigid muscles and poor balance.
Treatment includes medicines and lifestyle changes to help manage symptoms, but there is no cure. The condition gets worse over time and eventually leads to death.
In the past, this condition has been called Shy-Drager syndrome, olivopontocerebellar atrophy or striatonigral degeneration.
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Multiple system atrophy (MSA) symptoms affect many parts of the body. Symptoms start in adulthood, usually in the 50s or 60s.
There are two types of MSA: parkinsonian and cerebellar. The type depends on the symptoms a person has when diagnosed.
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If you develop any of the symptoms of multiple system atrophy, see your healthcare professional. If you have already been diagnosed with MSA, contact your healthcare professional if your symptoms become worse or if new symptoms occur.
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There is no known cause for multiple system atrophy (MSA). Some researchers are studying the possible role of genetics or environmental causes such as a toxin in MSA. But there's no substantial evidence to support these theories.
MSA causes parts of the brain to shrink. This is known as atrophy. The areas of the brain that shrink due to MSA include the cerebellum, basal ganglia and brainstem. The atrophy of these parts of the brain affect internal body functions and movement.
Under a microscope, the brain tissue of people with MSA shows a buildup of a protein called alpha-synuclein. Some research suggests that the buildup of this protein leads to multiple system atrophy.
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A risk factor for multiple system atrophy (MSA) is having rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder. People with this disorder act out their dreams. Most people who have MSA have a history of REM sleep behavior disorder.
Another risk factor is having a condition caused by the autonomic nervous system not working properly. Symptoms such as urinary incontinence could be an early sign of MSA. The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary functions.
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Complications of multiple system atrophy (MSA) vary from person to person. But for everyone with the disease, MSA symptoms get worse over time. The symptoms can make daily activities harder as time goes on.
Possible complications include:
Worsening breathing symptoms during sleep.
Injuries from falls caused by poor balance or fainting.
The breakdown of the skin in people who have trouble moving or can't move.
Not being able to care for yourself in day-to-day activities.
Vocal cord paralysis, which affects speech and breathing.
Increased trouble swallowing.
People typically live about 7 to 10 years after multiple system atrophy symptoms first appear. However, the survival rate with MSA varies widely. Death is often due to trouble breathing, infections or blood clots in the lungs.
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Diagnosing multiple system atrophy (MSA) can be challenging. Symptoms such as stiffness and trouble walking can happen in other diseases, including Parkinson's disease. This can make MSA hard to diagnose.
Your healthcare professional gives you a physical exam, reviews your medical history and tests your autonomic functions such as blood pressure. You also may need blood tests and imaging tests, such as an MRI. These tests can help diagnose MSA or point to another causes of your symptoms.
If your healthcare professional thinks you have multiple system atrophy, test results help determine whether the diagnosis is clinically established MSA or clinically probable MSA. Because it's hard to make a diagnosis, some people are never properly diagnosed.
You may be referred to a neurologist or another specialist for further evaluation. A specialist can help diagnose the disease.
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Treatment for multiple system atrophy (MSA) involves managing your symptoms. There's no cure for MSA. Managing the disease can make you as comfortable as possible and help you maintain your body functions.
To treat specific symptoms, your healthcare team may recommend:
Medicines to raise blood pressure.These medicines can treat low blood pressure that happens when standing after sitting or lying down, known as postural hypotension. There are several medicines your healthcare professional may recommend.The corticosteroid fludrocortisone can increase blood pressure by helping your body retain more salt and water.Midodrine (Orvaten) can raise your blood pressure quickly. This medicine needs to be taken carefully because it can increase blood pressure while lying down. Don't lie flat for four hours after taking this medicine.The medicine pyridostigmine (Mestinon, Regonol) can raise your blood pressure while standing without causing a large increase when you're lying down.Another medicine called droxidopa (Northera) also treats postural hypotension. The most common side effects of droxidopa include headaches, dizziness and nausea.
Medicines to reduce Parkinson's disease-like symptoms.Medicines that treat Parkinson's disease, such as combined levodopa and carbidopa (Sinemet, Duopa, others), can help some people with MSA. The medicine can treat stiffness, trouble with balance and slow movements.Many people with multiple system atrophy do not respond to Parkinson's medicines. The medicines also may become less effective after a few years.
Medicines to treat erection problems.If you have trouble getting or keeping an erection, you can be treated with medicines such as sildenafil (Revatio, Viagra). This medicine helps manage erectile dysfunction but it can lower blood pressure.
Steps to manage swallowing and breathing symptoms.If you have trouble swallowing, try eating softer foods. If swallowing or breathing symptoms become worse, you might need surgery to insert a feeding or breathing tube. A gastrostomy tube delivers food directly into your stomach.If you have sleep apnea, you might be treated with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) or bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP). Stridor also can be treated with CPAP.
Bladder care.If you have trouble with bladder control, medicines can help in the earlier stages. But as MSA gets worse, you may need to have a soft tube inserted to drain your bladder. The soft tube is known as a catheter.
Therapy.A physical therapist can help you maintain as much of your movement and strength as possible as the disease gets worse.A speech-language pathologist can help you improve or maintain your speech.
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You first may see your healthcare professional. This person may refer you to a doctor trained in nervous system conditions, called a neurologist.
Here's some information to help you prepare for your appointment.
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Some lifestyle and home remedies can help minimize multiple system atrophy (MSA) symptoms.
Take steps to raise your blood pressure.Add a little salt to your diet and drink more fluids, especially before exercise. Salt and fluids can increase blood volume and raise your blood pressure. Drink coffee and other fluids that contain caffeine to increase your blood pressure.
Raise the head of your bed.Raising the head of your bed by about 4 to 6 inches (10 to 15 centimeters) helps control your blood pressure when you sleep. Get up slowly after lying down.
Make dietary changes.Eat more fiber to ease constipation. Laxatives or stool softeners may help. You can get them without a prescription. Also eat small, low-carbohydrate meals.
Don't get too hot.Stay in air-conditioned rooms on very hot days. Make sure the bathroom doesn't become too hot when you shower or bathe.
Wear elastic support stockings up to your waist.This can help keep your blood pressure from dropping.
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msa, none, parkinsonian, atrophy
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692
|
Kawasaki disease
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kawasaki-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20354598
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kawasaki-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354603
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kawasaki-disease/doctors-departments/ddc-20354605
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Kawasaki disease causes swelling, called inflammation, in the walls of small to medium-sized blood vessels that carry blood throughout the body. Kawasaki disease most often affects the heart arteries in children. Those arteries supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart.
Kawasaki disease is sometimes called mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome. That's because it also causes swelling in glands, called lymph nodes, and mucous membranes inside the mouth, nose, eyes and throat.
Children with Kawasaki disease might have high fever, swollen hands and feet with skin peeling, and red eyes and tongue. But Kawasaki disease is often treatable. With early treatment, most children get better and have no long-lasting problems.
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Symptoms of Kawasaki disease include a fever greater than 102.2 degrees Fahrenheit (39 degrees Celsius) for five or more days. And the child has at least four of the following symptoms.
A rash on the main part of the body or in the genital area.
An enlarged lymph node in the neck.
Very red eyes without a thick discharge.
Red, dry, cracked lips and a red, swollen tongue.
Swollen, red skin on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet. Later the skin on fingers and toes peels.
The symptoms might not happen at the same time. Let your child's healthcare professional know about a symptom that has gone away.
Other symptoms might include:
Belly pain.
Diarrhea.
Fussiness.
Joint pain.
Vomiting.
Some children get a high fever for five or more days but have fewer than four of the symptoms needed for a diagnosis of Kawasaki disease. They might have what's called incomplete Kawasaki disease. Children with incomplete Kawasaki disease are still at risk of damage to the heart arteries. They still need treatment within 10 days of when symptoms appear.
Kawasaki disease can have symptoms like those of a condition called multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. The syndrome happens in children with COVID-19.
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If your child has a fever that lasts more than three days, contact your child's healthcare professional. Treating Kawasaki disease within 10 days of when it began may reduce the chances of lasting damage to the arteries that supply the heart.
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No one knows what causes Kawasaki disease. But experts don't believe the disease spreads from person to person. Some think that Kawasaki disease happens after a bacterial or viral infection, or that it's linked to factors in the environment. Certain genes might make children more likely to get Kawasaki disease.
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Three things are known to increase a child's risk of developing Kawasaki disease.
Age.Children under 5 years old are at highest risk of Kawasaki disease.
Sex.Children who are assigned male at birth are slightly more likely to get Kawasaki disease.
Ethnicity.Children of Asian or Pacific Islander descent have higher rates of Kawasaki disease.
Kawasaki disease tends to occur seasonally. In North America and countries with like climates, it most often happens in the winter and early spring.
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Kawasaki disease is a leading cause of heart disease in children who live in developed countries. But, with treatment, few children have lasting damage.
Heart complications include:
Swelling of blood vessels, most often the arteries that send blood to the heart.
Swelling of the heart muscle.
Heart valve problems.
Any of these complications can damage the heart. Swelling of the heart arteries can weaken them and cause a bulge in the artery wall, called an aneurysm. Aneurysms raise the risk of blood clots. These can lead to a heart attack or cause bleeding inside the body.
Rarely, for children who get heart artery problems, Kawasaki disease can cause death.
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There's no single test to diagnose Kawasaki disease. Diagnosis involves ruling out other diseases that cause the same symptoms. These diseases include:
Scarlet fever.
Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.
Stevens-Johnson syndrome — a disorder of the mucous membranes.
Toxic shock syndrome.
Measles.
Some illnesses caused by ticks, such as Rocky Mountain spotted fever.
A member of your child's healthcare team will do an exam and order blood and urine tests to help in the diagnosis. Tests might include:
Blood tests.Blood tests help rule out other diseases and check blood cell count. A high white blood cell count, anemia and inflammation are signs of Kawasaki disease.
Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG).This quick test checks the heart's electrical activity. It shows how the heart is beating. Sticky patches called electrodes are attached to the chest and sometimes to the arms or legs. Wires connect the patches to a computer. The computer prints or displays results. AnECGcan diagnose an irregular heartbeat. Kawasaki disease can cause heart rhythm problems.
Echocardiogram.This test uses sound waves to make pictures of the heart in motion. It sees how blood flows through the heart and heart valves. An echocardiogram shows how well the heart is working. It also can help see problems with the heart arteries.
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It's best to start treatment for Kawasaki disease as early as possible, when your child still has a fever. Treatment for Kawasaki disease often happens in a hospital. The goals of treatment are to lower fever, reduce swelling and prevent heart damage.
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Find out all you can about Kawasaki disease so that you can make good choices with your child's healthcare team about treatment.
Most often, children who have been treated for Kawasaki get well fast and return to their usual activities. If your child's heart has been affected, talk to the pediatric cardiologist about whether you need to restrict your child's activities.
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You'll likely first see your family healthcare professional or pediatrician. Sometimes children with Kawasaki disease see doctors with special training in heart conditions, bone and joint disorders, or infectious diseases. A doctor who treats children with heart conditions is called a pediatric cardiologist. A rheumatologist treats children with bone and joint disorders.
Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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pain, rash, joint pain, Here are the extracted medical symptoms:
fever, diarrhea, fussiness, vomiting, fever, belly pain, enlarged lymph node, red lips, swollen tongue, multisystem inflammatory syndrome, red eyes, cracked lips, swollen skin, kawasaki disease
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693
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Multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 1 (MEN 1)
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/men-1/symptoms-causes/syc-20353064
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/men-1/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20446823
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/men-1/doctors-departments/ddc-20353066
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Multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 1 (MEN 1) is a rare condition. It mainly causes tumors in the glands that make and release hormones. These are called the endocrine glands. The condition also can cause tumors in the small intestine and stomach. Another name for MEN 1 is Wermer's syndrome.
The endocrine gland tumors that form due to MEN 1 usually are not cancer. Most often, the tumors grow on the parathyroid glands, the pancreas and the pituitary gland. Some glands affected by MEN 1 also may release too many hormones. That can lead to other health concerns.
The extra hormones of MEN 1 can cause many symptoms. These symptoms may include tiredness, bone pain, broken bones, kidney stones, and ulcers in the stomach or intestines.
MEN 1 can't be cured. But regular testing can detect health concerns, and healthcare professionals can provide treatment as needed.
MEN 1 is an inherited condition. That means people who have a genetic change that causes MEN 1 can pass it on to their children.
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Symptoms of multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 1 (MEN 1) can include the following:
Tiredness.
Bone pain or broken bones.
Kidney stones.
Ulcers in the stomach or intestines.
Stomach pain.
Muscle weakness.
Depression.
Acid reflux.
Frequent diarrhea.
Symptoms are caused by the release of too many hormones in the body.
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Multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 1 (MEN 1) is caused by a change in the MEN1 gene. That gene controls how the body makes a protein called menin. Menin helps to keep cells in the body from growing and dividing too quickly.
Many different changes in the MEN1 gene can cause the MEN 1 condition to develop. People who have one of those genetic changes can pass it on to their children. Many people with a change in the MEN1 gene inherit it from a parent. But some people are the first in their family to have a new MEN1 gene change that doesn't come from a parent.
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Risk factors for multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 1 (MEN 1) include the following:
Children with a parent who has a genetic change in the MEN1 gene are at risk of the MEN 1 condition. That's because these children have a 50% chance of having the same genetic change that causes MEN 1.
Parents and siblings of people who have a change in the MEN1 gene also are at risk. That's because they may have the same genetic change, even if they haven't had any symptoms of MEN 1.
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To find out if you have multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 1 (MEN 1), your healthcare professional starts by doing a physical exam. You also answer questions about your health history and family history. You may have a blood test and imaging tests, including the following:
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).An MRI uses a magnetic field and radio waves to make images of the organs and tissues in the body.
Computerized tomography (CT) scan.A CT scan combines a series of X-ray images taken from different angles. A computer then makes detailed pictures of the inside of the body.
Positron emission tomography (PET) scan.A PET scan uses a substance that releases low levels of radiation to help make images of changes taking place inside the body.
Nuclear medicine scans.These scans use liquid substances that give off low levels of radiation to help find tumors.
Endoscopic ultrasound of the pancreas and other scans.An endoscopic ultrasound uses sound waves to make images of the digestive tract and other nearby organs and tissues.
Genetic testing may help find out whether someone has a genetic change that causes MEN 1. If so, that person's children are at risk of having the same genetic change and getting MEN 1. Parents and siblings also are at risk of having the genetic change that causes MEN 1.
If no related genetic changes are found in family members, then family members don't need more screening tests. But genetic testing cannot find all the genetic changes that can cause MEN 1. If genetic testing doesn't confirm MEN 1, but it's likely that a person has it, more testing is needed. That person, as well as family members, still needs follow-up healthcare checkups with blood tests and imaging tests.
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With MEN 1, tumors can grow on the parathyroid glands, the pancreas and the pituitary gland. That can lead to various conditions, all of which can be treated. These conditions and treatments may include:
Pituitary tumors.These types of tumors may be treated with surgery or medicines. Rarely, radiation therapy is used.
Hyperparathyroidism.Surgery to remove most of the parathyroid glands is the typical treatment for too much parathyroid hormone.
Neuroendocrine tumors.These are tumors that form in specialized cells called neuroendocrine cells. With MEN 1, they're in the pancreas or small intestine. Treatment depends on the type and size of the tumor.
Hypoglycemic syndrome.This condition happens when tumors in the pancreas called insulinomas make too much insulin hormone. Too much insulin causes low levels of blood sugar that can be life-threatening. Treatment often involves surgery. Part of the pancreas may need to be removed too.
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES).ZES can result in tumors called gastrinomas that make too much stomach acid. This leads to ulcers and diarrhea. Healthcare professionals may prescribe medicine or try to remove the tumors with surgery.
Other pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.These tumors sometimes make other hormones that can cause health issues. Treatment of these types of tumors may involve medicine or surgery. Another treatment called ablation can be done to destroy irregular tissue that may be present.
Metastatic neuroendocrine tumors.Tumors that spread are called metastatic tumors. Sometimes with MEN 1, tumors spread to the lymph nodes or liver. They may be treated with surgery. Surgery options include liver surgery or different types of ablation.Radiofrequency ablation uses high-frequency energy that passes through a needle. The energy causes the surrounding tissue to heat up, killing the nearby cells. Cryoablation involves freezing tumors. And chemoembolization involves injecting strong chemotherapy medicines directly into the liver. When surgery is not an option, healthcare professionals may use other forms of chemotherapy or hormone-based treatments.
Adrenal tumors.Most of these tumors can be watched with tests over time and not treated. But if the tumors make hormones or they're large and thought to be cancerous, healthcare professionals recommend removing them. Often, the tumors can be removed with surgery that involves small incisions. This is known as minimally invasive surgery.
Carcinoid tumors.These slow-growing tumors in people with MEN 1 can form in the lungs, thymus gland and gastrointestinal tract. Surgeons remove these tumors when they haven't spread to other areas. Healthcare professionals may use chemotherapy, radiation therapy or hormone-based therapy for advanced carcinoid tumors.
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You may start by seeing your primary healthcare professional. Then you may be referred to a doctor called an endocrinologist who treats conditions related to hormones. You also may be referred to a genetic counselor.
Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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pain, ulcers, tiredness, multiple endocrine neoplasia, diarrhea, stomach pain, broken bones, acid reflux, muscle weakness, depression, kidney stones, bone pain
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696
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Heart attack
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-attack/symptoms-causes/syc-20373106
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-attack/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20373112
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-attack/doctors-departments/ddc-20373113
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A heart attack occurs when the flow of blood to the heart is severely reduced or blocked. The blockage is usually due to a buildup of fat, cholesterol and other substances in the heart (coronary) arteries. The fatty, cholesterol-containing deposits are called plaques. The process of plaque buildup is called atherosclerosis.
Sometimes, a plaque can rupture and form a clot that blocks blood flow. A lack of blood flow can damage or destroy part of the heart muscle.
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Symptoms of a heart attack vary. Some people have mild symptoms. Others have severe symptoms. Some people have no symptoms.
Common heart attack symptoms include:
Women may have atypical symptoms such as brief or sharp pain felt in the neck, arm or back. Sometimes, the first symptom sign of a heart attack is sudden cardiac arrest.
Some heart attacks strike suddenly. But many people have warning signs and symptoms hours, days or weeks in advance. Chest pain or pressure (angina) that keeps happening and doesn't go away with rest may be an early warning sign. Angina is caused by a temporary decrease in blood flow to the heart.
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Get help right away if you think you're having a heart attack. Take these steps:
Take aspirin, if recommended.Taking aspirin during a heart attack may reduce heart damage by preventing blood clotting.
Aspirin can interact with other drugs. Don't take an aspirin unless your care provider or emergency medical personnel say to do so. Don't delay calling 911 to take an aspirin. Call for emergency help first.
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Coronary artery disease causes most heart attacks. In coronary artery disease, one or more of the heart (coronary) arteries are blocked. This is usually due to cholesterol-containing deposits called plaques. Plaques can narrow the arteries, reducing blood flow to the heart.
If a plaque breaks open, it can cause a blood clot in the heart.
A heart attack may be caused by a complete or partial blockage of a heart (coronary) artery. One way to classify heart attacks is whether an electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) shows some specific changes (ST elevation) that require emergency invasive treatment. Your health care provider may use ECG results to describe these types of heart attacks.
Not all heart attacks are caused by blocked arteries. Other causes include:
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Heart attack risk factors include:
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Heart attack complications are often due to heart muscle damage. Potential complications of a heart attack include:
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It's never too late to take steps to prevent a heart attack — even if you've already had one. Here are ways to prevent a heart attack.
It's also a good idea to learn Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) properly so you can help someone who's having a heart attack. Consider taking an accredited first-aid training course, including CPR and how to use an automated external defibrillator (AED).
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Ideally, a health care provider should screen you during regular checkups for risk factors that can lead to a heart attack.
A heart attack is often diagnosed in an emergency setting. If you've had or are having a heart attack, care providers will take immediate steps to treat your condition. If you're able to answer questions, you may be asked about your symptoms and medical history.
Diagnosis of a heart attack includes checking blood pressure, pulse and temperature. Tests are done to see how the heart is beating and to check overall heart health.
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Each minute after a heart attack, more heart tissue is damaged or dies. Urgent treatment is needed to fix blood flow and restore oxygen levels. Oxygen is given immediately. Specific heart attack treatment depends on whether there's a partial or complete blockage of blood flow.
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Having a heart attack is scary. Talking about your feelings with your care provider, a family member or a friend might help. Or consider talking to a mental health care provider or joining a support group. Support groups let you connect with others who have been through similar events.
If you feel sad, scared or depressed, tell your care provider. Cardiac rehabilitation programs can help prevent or treat depression after a heart attack.
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A heart attack usually is diagnosed in an emergency setting. However, if you're concerned about your risk of a heart attack, talk to your care provider. A cardiovascular risk assessment can be done to determine your level of risk.
You may be referred to a doctor trained in heart diseases (cardiologist).
Here's some information to help you prepare for your appointment.
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pain, angina, cardiac arrest, pressure, chest pain, temporary decrease in blood flow
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697
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Nearsightedness
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nearsightedness/symptoms-causes/syc-20375556
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nearsightedness/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20375561
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nearsightedness/doctors-departments/ddc-20375562
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Nearsightedness is a common vision condition in which close objects look clear but far objects look blurry. The medical term for nearsightedness is myopia. Myopia happens when the shape of the eye — or the shape of certain parts of the eye — causes light rays to bend or refract. Light rays that should be focused on nerve tissues at the back of the eye, called the retina, are focused in front of the retina instead.
Nearsightedness usually develops during childhood and adolescence. Typically, it becomes more stable between the ages of 20 and 40. It tends to run in families.
A basic eye exam can confirm nearsightedness. You can correct the blurry vision with eyeglasses, contact lenses or refractive surgery.
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Nearsightedness symptoms may include:
Blurry vision when looking at distant objects.
The need to squint or partially close the eyelids to see clearly.
Headaches.
Eyestrain.
School-age children may have difficulty seeing things on whiteboards or screen projections in the classroom. Younger children might not express difficulty seeing, but they may have the following behaviors that suggest difficulty seeing:
Constant squinting.
Seeming to not be aware of distant objects.
Blinking often.
Rubbing the eyes often.
Sitting close to the television or moving screens closer to the face.
Adults with nearsightedness may notice difficulty reading street signs or signs in stores. Some people may experience blurry vision in dim light, as with nighttime driving, even if they see clearly in daylight. This condition is called night myopia.
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Make an appointment with an eye care specialist if your child shows any signs of vision problems or if a teacher reports possible problems.
Make an appointment for yourself if you notice a change in your vision, have difficulty performing tasks such as driving or find that the quality of your vision affects your enjoyment of activities.
Seek emergency medical care if you experience any of the following:
Sudden appearance of many floaters — tiny specks or lines that seem to drift through your field of vision.
Flashes of light in one or both eyes.
A curtain-like gray shadow covering all or part of your field of vision.
A shadow in your outer or side vision, known as peripheral vision.
These are warnings signs of the retina becoming detached from the back of the eye. This condition is a medical emergency requiring prompt treatment. Significant nearsightedness is associated with an increased risk of retinal detachment.
Both children and adults may not be aware of problems with vision or changes that happen gradually. The American Academy of Ophthalmology recommends regular vision screenings to ensure timely diagnosis and treatment.
Your child's pediatrician or other healthcare professional does relatively simple exams to check the health of your child's eyes at birth, between 6 and 12 months of age, and between 12 and 36 months of age. If there are any problems, you may be referred to a doctor specializing in eye health and care, called an ophthalmologist.
Vision screenings are tests to check for vision problems. A screening test may be done by a pediatrician, an ophthalmologist, an optometrist or another trained provider. Vision screenings are often offered at schools or community centers.
The recommended times for screening are as follows:
At least once between ages 3 and 5.
Before kindergarten, usually age 5 or 6.
Annually through the end of high school.
If a problem is found in a screening test, you'll likely need to schedule a complete eye exam with an optometrist or ophthalmologist.
The American Academy of Ophthalmology recommends that healthy adults with no known problems with vision or eye disease should get a complete eye exam on the following schedule:
At least once between ages 20 and 29.
At least twice between ages 30 and 39.
Every 2 to 4 years from ages 40 to 54.
Every 1 to 3 years from ages 55 to 64.
Every 1 to 2 years after age 65.
If you have diabetes, a family history of eye disease, high blood pressure, or other risks of heart or vascular disease, you'll likely need more-regular eye exams. Also, you'll likely need more-regular exams if you already have prescription glasses or contacts or if you've had surgery for vision correction. Your healthcare professional or eye care specialist can recommend how often to get an exam.
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The eye has two parts that focus images:
The corneais the clear, dome-shaped front surface of the eye.
The lensis a clear structure about the size and shape of a pinto bean.
For you to see, light has to pass through the cornea and lens. These parts of the eye bend — also called refract — the light so that the light is focused directly on the retina at the back of your eye. These tissues translate light into signals sent to the brain, which lets you perceive images.
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Certain risk factors may increase the likelihood of developing nearsightedness, including:
Genetics.Nearsightedness tends to run in families. If one of your parents is nearsighted, your risk of developing the condition is increased. The risk is higher if both parents are nearsighted.
Prolonged close-up activities.Reading or doing other close-up activities for a long time is associated with an increased risk of nearsightedness.
Screen time.Studies have shown that children who use computers or smart devices for long periods have a greater risk of developing nearsightedness.
Environmental conditions.Some studies support the idea that not spending enough time outdoors may increase the risk of nearsightedness.
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Nearsightedness is associated with a variety of complications, such as:
Poor school experiences.Children with myopia or other vision problems can experience delays in reading or other academic skills, difficulty with social interactions, and poor self-esteem.
Reduced quality of life.If nearsightedness isn't corrected, it can prevent you from performing daily tasks well or enjoying activities.
Eyestrain.Not correcting nearsightedness may cause persistent eyestrain and headaches.
Impaired safety.Your safety and the safety of others may be jeopardized if you have a vision problem. This could be especially serious if you are driving a car or operating heavy equipment.
Other eye problems.Severe nearsightedness puts you at an increased risk of retinal detachment, glaucoma, cataracts and other serious eye conditions.
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Nearsightedness is diagnosed with a basic eye exam. Your eye care specialist will likely ask about your child's or your medical history and ask about any medicines used.
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The standard goal of treating nearsightedness is to improve vision by helping focus light on your retina with corrective lenses or refractive surgery. Managing nearsightedness also includes regular monitoring for complications of the condition, including glaucoma, cataracts and retinal detachment.
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Steps you can take to promote good eye health and vision include the following:
Get regular eye exams.
Protect your eyes from the sun.
Wear protective eyewear during sports or work that can result in eye injuries.
Use good lighting when reading and working.
Wear prescription corrective lenses as directed.
Care for prescription glasses or contact lenses as directed.
Rest your eyes from computer or other close-up work every 20 minutes by looking at something 20 feet away for 20 seconds.
Eat healthy foods.
Get regular exercise.
Control health conditions, such as high blood pressure or diabetes, that can affect your vision.
Don't smoke.
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constant squinting, blurry vision, rubbing the eyes often, squint, sitting close, blinking often, difficulty seeing, squinting, eyestrain, headaches
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700
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Postherpetic neuralgia
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/postherpetic-neuralgia/symptoms-causes/syc-20376588
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/postherpetic-neuralgia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20376593
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/postherpetic-neuralgia/doctors-departments/ddc-20376594
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Postherpetic neuralgia (post-hur-PET-ik noo-RAL-juh) is the most common complication of shingles. It causes a burning pain in nerves and skin. The pain lasts long after the rash and blisters of shingles go away.
The risk of postherpetic neuralgia rises with age. It mainly affects people older than 60. There's no cure, but treatments can ease symptoms. For most people, postherpetic neuralgia gets better over time.
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In general, the symptoms of postherpetic neuralgia are limited to the area of skin where the shingles outbreak first happened. That's commonly in a band around the trunk of the body, most often on one side.
The symptoms might include:
Pain that lasts three months or longerafter the shingles rash has healed. The pain may feel burning, sharp and jabbing. Or it may feel deep and aching.
Not being able to stand light touch.People with postherpetic neuralgia often can't bear even the touch of clothing on the affected skin.
Itching or loss of feeling.Less often, postherpetic neuralgia can cause an itchy feeling or numbness.
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See a health care provider at the first sign of shingles. Often the pain starts before you notice a rash. The risk of postherpetic neuralgia becomes lower if you start taking virus-fighting medicines called antivirals within 72 hours of getting the shingles rash.
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The chickenpox virus causes shingles. Once you've had chickenpox, the virus stays in your body for the rest of your life. The virus can become active again and cause shingles. This risk goes up with age. The risk also rises if something turns down the body's immune system, such as chemotherapy medicines to treat cancer.
Postherpetic neuralgia happens if nerve fibers get damaged during an outbreak of shingles. Damaged fibers can't send messages from the skin to the brain as they usually do. Instead, the messages become confused and heightened. This causes pain that can last months or even years.
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With shingles, things that can raise the risk of postherpetic neuralgia are:
Age.You're older than 60.
How bad the case of shingles was.You had a severe rash and pain that kept you from doing daily activities.
Other illness.You have a long-term disease, such as diabetes.
Where shingles appeared.You had shingles on your face or torso.
A delay in shingles treatment.You didn't start taking antiviral medicine within 72 hours of your rash appearing.
No shingles vaccine.You had not been vaccinated for shingles.
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People with postherpetic neuralgia can develop other problems that are common with long-term pain. It depends on how long the postherpetic neuralgia lasts and how painful it is. These other problems can include:
Depression.
Trouble sleeping.
Tiredness
Not feeling as hungry as usual.
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Shingles vaccines can help prevent shingles and postherpetic neuralgia. Ask your health care provider when you should get a vaccine.
In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) suggests that adults 50 and older get a shingles vaccine called Shingrix. The agency also suggests Shingrix for adults 19 and older who have weaker immune systems because of diseases or treatments. Shingrix is suggested even if you've already had shingles or the older vaccine, Zostavax. Shingrix is given in two doses, 2 to 6 months apart.
With two doses, Shingrix is more than 90% effective in preventing shingles and postherpetic neuralgia. Other shingles vaccines are offered outside of the United States. Talk to your provider for more information on how well they prevent shingles and postherpetic neuralgia.
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Your health care provider will check your skin. They might touch the skin in different places to find the borders of the affected area.
In most cases, no tests are needed.
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No single treatment relieves postherpetic neuralgia for everyone. It often takes a mix of treatments to ease the pain.
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You might start by seeing your family health care provider. They may refer you to a nerve specialist called a neurologist. Or they might suggest you see a doctor who specializes in treating long-term pain.
Here's information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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An over-the-counter medicine called capsaicin cream may ease the pain of postherpetic neuralgia. It's made from the seeds of hot chili peppers. Capsaicin (Capzasin-P, Zostrix, others) can cause a burning feeling and may bother your skin. These side effects usually fade over time. But you should use only a small amount when you first try it to make sure you don't have bad side effects.
Try not to get capsaicin cream on parts of your body that don't have symptoms. Follow all the instructions that come with the cream. Wear gloves when you put it on, and wash your hands afterward.
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pain, postherpetic neuralgia, itching or loss of feeling, rash, jabbing, deep, sharp, aching, burning, itchy, numbness, loss of feeling, itching
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701
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Trigeminal neuralgia
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/trigeminal-neuralgia/symptoms-causes/syc-20353344
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/trigeminal-neuralgia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353347
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/trigeminal-neuralgia/doctors-departments/ddc-20353350
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Trigeminal neuralgia (try-JEM-ih-nul nu-RAL-juh) is a condition that causes intense pain similar to an electric shock on one side of the face. It affects the trigeminal nerve, which carries signals from the face to the brain. Even light touch from brushing your teeth or putting on makeup may trigger a jolt of pain. Trigeminal neuralgia can be long-lasting. It's known as a chronic pain condition.
People with trigeminal neuralgia may at first experience short, mild episodes of pain. But the condition can get worse, causing longer periods of pain that happen more often. It's more common in women and people older than 50.
But trigeminal neuralgia, also known as tic douloureux, doesn't mean living a life of pain. It usually can be managed with treatment.
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Trigeminal neuralgia symptoms may include one or more of these patterns:
Episodes of intense shooting or jabbing pain that may feel like an electric shock.
Sudden episodes of pain or pain triggered by touching the face, chewing, speaking or brushing your teeth.
Episodes of pain lasting from a few seconds to several minutes.
Pain that occurs with facial spasms.
Episodes of pain lasting days, weeks, months or longer. Some people have periods when they experience no pain.
Pain in areas supplied by the trigeminal nerve. These areas include the cheek, jaw, teeth, gums or lips. Less often, the eye and forehead may be affected.
Pain on one side of the face at a time.
Pain focused in one spot. Or the pain may be spread in a wider pattern.
Pain that rarely occurs while sleeping.
Episodes of pain that become more frequent and intense over time.
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See your healthcare professional if you experience pain in your face, particularly if it's long-lasting or comes back after going away. Also get medical attention if you have chronic pain that doesn't go away with pain medicine that you buy off the shelf.
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In trigeminal neuralgia, the trigeminal nerve's function is disrupted. Contact between a blood vessel and the trigeminal nerve at the base of the brain often causes the pain. The blood vessel may be an artery or a vein. This contact puts pressure on the nerve and doesn't allow it to function as usual.
But while compression by a blood vessel is a common cause, there are many other potential causes. Multiple sclerosis or a similar condition that damages the myelin sheath protecting certain nerves can cause trigeminal neuralgia. A tumor pressing against the trigeminal nerve also can cause the condition.
Some people may experience trigeminal neuralgia as a result of a stroke or facial trauma. An injury of the nerve due to surgery also can cause trigeminal neuralgia.
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Research has found that some factors put people at higher risk of trigeminal neuralgia, including:
Sex.Women are more likely than men to experience trigeminal neuralgia.
Age.Trigeminal neuralgia is more common among people 50 and older.
Certain conditions.For example, hypertension is a risk factor for trigeminal neuralgia. In addition, people with multiple sclerosis are at higher risk of trigeminal neuralgia.
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Your healthcare professional diagnoses trigeminal neuralgia mainly based on your description of the pain, including:
Type.Pain related to trigeminal neuralgia is sudden, feels like an electric shock and is brief.
Location.The parts of your face affected by pain can tell your healthcare professional if the trigeminal nerve is involved.
Triggers.Eating, talking, light touch of your face or even a cool breeze can bring on pain.
Your healthcare professional may conduct tests to diagnose trigeminal neuralgia. Tests also can help find the causes of the condition. They may include:
A neurological exam.Touching and examining parts of your face can help determine exactly where the pain is occurring. If you appear to have trigeminal neuralgia, the exam can help uncover which branches of the trigeminal nerve may be affected. Reflex tests can help determine if your symptoms are caused by a compressed nerve or another condition.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).You may need anMRIto look for possible causes of trigeminal neuralgia. AnMRImay reveal signs of multiple sclerosis or a tumor. Sometimes a dye is injected into a blood vessel to view the arteries and veins to show blood flow.
Your facial pain may be caused by many different conditions, so an accurate diagnosis is important. Your healthcare professional also may order other tests to rule out other conditions.
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Trigeminal neuralgia treatment usually starts with medications, and some people don't need any additional treatment. However, over time, some people with the condition may stop responding to medications, or they may experience unpleasant side effects. For those people, injections or surgery provide other trigeminal neuralgia treatment options.
If your condition is due to another cause, such as multiple sclerosis, you need treatment for the underlying condition.
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Living with trigeminal neuralgia can be difficult. The disorder may affect your interaction with friends and family, your productivity at work, and the overall quality of your life.
You may find encouragement and understanding in a support group. Group members often know about the latest treatments and tend to share their own experiences. If you're interested, your doctor may be able to recommend a group in your area.
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Make an appointment with your healthcare professional if you have symptoms of trigeminal neuralgia. After your initial visit, you may see a doctor trained in brain and nervous system conditions, known as a neurologist.
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gums pain, electric shock, forehead pain, one-sided pain, jaw pain, widespread pain, eye pain, jabbing pain, trigeminal neuralgia symptoms, facial spasms, sudden pain, teeth pain, spasms, cheek pain, pain, shooting pain, lips pain, focused pain, shock
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703
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Schwannomatosis
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/schwannomatosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20567542
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/schwannomatosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20567562
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/schwannomatosis/doctors-departments/ddc-20567579
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Schwannomatosis is a condition that results in slow-growing tumors on nerve tissue. The tumors can grow on nerves in the ears, brain, spine and eyes. They also can grow on peripheral nerves, which are nerves located outside of the brain and spinal cord. Schwannomatosis is rare. It's usually diagnosed in early adulthood.
There are three types of schwannomatosis. Each type is caused by an altered gene.
In NF2-related schwannomatosis (NF2), tumors grow in both ears and can cause hearing loss. The altered gene that causes this type is sometimes passed down from a parent. NF2-related schwannomatosis was previously known as neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2).
The other two types of schwannomatosis are SMARCB1-related schwannomatosis and LZTR1-related schwannomatosis. The altered genes that cause these types usually are not passed down through families.
The tumors caused by schwannomatosis usually are not cancerous. Symptoms can include headaches, hearing loss, trouble with balance and pain. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms.
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Schwannomatosis symptoms depend on the type.
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See a healthcare professional if you have symptoms of schwannomatosis. Although there is no cure, complications can be treated.
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Schwannomatosis is caused by an altered gene. The specific genes involved depend on the type:
NF2-related schwannomatosis (NF2).The NF2 gene produces a protein called merlin, also called schwannomin, that suppresses tumors. An altered gene causes a loss of merlin, leading to cell growth that's not controlled.
SMARCB1- and LZTR1-related schwannomatosis.So far, two genes are known to cause these types of schwannomatosis. Changes of the genes SMARCB1 and LZTR1, which suppress tumors, are linked with these conditions.
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The gene that causes schwannomatosis is sometimes passed down from a parent. The risk of inheriting the gene differs based on the type of schwannomatosis.
For about half of people who have NF2-related schwannomatosis (NF2), they received an altered gene from a parent that caused the disease. NF2 has an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern. This means that any child of a parent who is affected by the disease has a 50% chance of having the gene change. People who have NF2 and whose relatives aren't affected are likely to have a new gene change.
In SMARCB1- and LZTR1-related schwannomatosis, the disease is less likely to be passed down from a parent. Researchers estimate that the risk of inheriting SMARCB1- and LZTR1-related schwannomatosis from an affected parent is about 15%.
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Complications can occur in schwannomatosis, and they depend on the type the person has.
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To diagnose schwannomatosis, a healthcare professional begins with a review of your personal and family medical history and a physical exam. You also may need other tests to diagnose NF2-related schwannomatosis (NF2) or SMARCB1- and LZTR1-related schwannomatosis.
Other tests include:
Eye exam.An eye exam can reveal cataracts and visual loss.
Hearing and balance exams.These include a test that measures hearing called audiometry and a test that measures balance by recording eye movements, known as electronystagmography. Another test measures the electrical messages that carry sound from the inner ear to the brain, known as brain stem auditory evoked response.
Imaging tests.X-rays, CT scans or MRIs can help identify bone changes, tumors in the brain or spinal cord, and very small tumors. Imaging tests also are used to monitor the condition after diagnosis.
Genetic tests.Genetic tests won't always identify NF2 or SMARCB1- and LZTR1-related schwannomatosis because other genes that aren't known may be involved with the condition. However, some people choose genetic testing before having children.
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Treatment for schwannomatosis may include surgery or pain management. You may need regular exams and tests to monitor tumor growth. There is no cure for schwannomatosis.
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Learning you have schwannomatosis may cause a range of emotions. Joining a support group that meets in person or online may help you cope with the emotions you're feeling. Also reach out to family members and friends for support.
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You may be referred to a doctor who specializes in brain and nervous system conditions, known as a neurologist.
Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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but it doesn't mention any specific symptoms., There are no symptoms mentioned in the paragraph. The paragraph only talks about Schwannomatosis symptoms depending on the type
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704
|
Vasovagal syncope
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vasovagal-syncope/symptoms-causes/syc-20350527
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vasovagal-syncope/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350531
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vasovagal-syncope/doctors-departments/ddc-20350532
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Vasovagal syncope (vay-zoh-VAY-gul SING-kuh-pee) occurs when you faint because your body overreacts to certain triggers. These may include the sight of blood or extreme emotional distress. Vasovagal syncope also is called neurocardiogenic syncope.
The vasovagal syncope trigger causes your heart rate and blood pressure to drop suddenly. That leads to reduced blood flow to your brain, causing you to briefly lose consciousness.
Vasovagal syncope is usually harmless and requires no treatment. But it's possible that you may injure yourself during a vasovagal syncope episode. Your healthcare professional may recommend tests to rule out more-serious causes of fainting, such as heart conditions.
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Before you faint due to vasovagal syncope, you may experience some of the following symptoms:
Change in skin color.
Lightheadedness.
Tunnel vision — your field of vision narrows so that you see only what's in front of you.
Upset stomach.
Feeling warm.
A cold, clammy sweat.
Blurred vision.
During a vasovagal syncope episode, people around you may notice:
Jerky movements.
A slow, weak pulse.
Dilated pupils.
Recovery after a vasovagal episode generally begins in less than a minute. However, if you stand up too soon after fainting — within about 15 to 30 minutes — you're at risk of fainting again.
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Fainting can be a sign of a more serious condition, such as a heart or brain condition. You may want to consult your healthcare professional after a fainting spell, especially if you've never had one before.
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Vasovagal syncope occurs when the part of your nervous system that regulates heart rate and blood pressure overreacts to a trigger. Common triggers include:
Standing for long periods of time.
Heat exposure.
Seeing blood.
Having blood drawn.
Fear of bodily injury.
Straining, such as to pass stool.
Vasovagal syncope can happen without a trigger.
During a vasovagal syncope episode, your heart rate slows, and the blood vessels in your legs widen. This allows blood to pool in your legs, which lowers your blood pressure. The drop in blood pressure and slowed heart rate quickly reduce blood flow to your brain, and you faint.
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The risk of vasovagal syncope may be higher in:
Children and young adults, although vasovagal syncope can happen at any age.
People who stand for long periods of time.
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You may not always be able to avoid a vasovagal syncope episode. If you feel like you might faint, lie down and lift your legs. This allows gravity to keep blood flowing to your brain. If you can't lie down, sit down and put your head between your knees until you feel better.
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Diagnosing vasovagal syncope often begins with a physical exam. During the physical exam, your healthcare professional listens to your heart and takes your blood pressure. Your healthcare professional may massage the main arteries in your neck to see if that causes you to feel faint.
Your healthcare professional also may recommend several tests to rule out other possible causes of your fainting — particularly heart-related conditions. These tests may include:
Electrocardiogram.This test records the electrical signals your heart produces. It can detect irregular heart rhythms and other cardiac conditions. You may need to wear a portable monitor for at least a day or as long as a month.
Echocardiogram.This test uses ultrasound imaging to view the heart and look for conditions such as valve problems that can cause fainting.
Exercise stress test.This test studies heart rhythms during exercise. It's usually conducted while you walk or jog on a treadmill.
Blood tests.Your healthcare professional may look for conditions such as anemia that can cause or contribute to fainting spells.
Tilt table test.If no heart conditions appear to cause your fainting, your healthcare professional may suggest that you undergo a tilt table test. During the test, you lie flat on your back on a table that changes positions, tilting you upward at various angles. A technician monitors your heart rhythms and blood pressure during the test to see if changing your posture affects them.
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In most cases of vasovagal syncope, treatment is unnecessary. Your healthcare professional may help you understand your fainting triggers and discuss ways you might avoid them.
If vasovagal syncope interferes with your quality of life, your healthcare professional may suggest trying one or more of the following remedies:
Medicines.A drug called fludrocortisone acetate that's usually used to treat low blood pressure may be helpful in preventing vasovagal syncope. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors also may be used.
Therapies.Your healthcare professional may recommend ways to lessen the pooling of blood in your legs. These may include foot exercises, wearing compression stockings or tensing your leg muscles when standing. You may need to increase salt in your diet if you don't usually have high blood pressure. Avoid prolonged standing — especially in hot, crowded places — and drink plenty of fluids.
Surgery.Very rarely, inserting an electrical pacemaker to regulate the heartbeat helps some people with vasovagal syncope who haven't been helped by other treatments.
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It's a good idea to prepare for your appointment to make the most of your time with your healthcare professional.
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upset stomach, slow, cold, weak pulse, vasovagal, feeling warm, dilated pupils, tunnel vision, jerky movements, blurred vision, lightheadedness, change in skin color, fainting, clammy sweat, vasovagal syncope
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706
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Neurofibromatosis type 1
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/neurofibromatosis-type-1/symptoms-causes/syc-20350490
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/neurofibromatosis-type-1/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350495
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/neurofibromatosis-type-1/doctors-departments/ddc-20350497
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Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a genetic condition that causes changes in skin pigment and tumors on nerve tissue. Skin changes include flat, light brown spots and freckles in the armpits and groin. Tumors can grow anywhere in the nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord and nerves. NF1 is rare. About 1 in 2,500 is affected by NF1.
The tumors often are not cancerous, known as benign tumors. But sometimes they can become cancerous. Symptoms often are mild. But complications can occur and may include trouble with learning, heart and blood vessel conditions, vision loss, and pain.
Treatment focuses on supporting healthy growth and development in children and early management of complications. If NF1 causes large tumors or tumors that press on a nerve, surgery can reduce symptoms. A newer medicine is available to treat tumors in children, and other new treatments are being developed.
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Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) usually is diagnosed during childhood. Symptoms are seen at birth or shortly afterward and almost always by age 10. Symptoms tend to be mild to moderate, but they can vary from person to person.
Symptoms include:
Flat, light brown spots on the skin, known as cafe au lait spots.These harmless spots are common in many people. But having more than six cafe au lait spots suggests NF1. They often are present at birth or appear during the first years of life. After childhood, new spots stop appearing.
Freckling in the armpits or groin area.Freckling often appears by ages 3 to 5. Freckles are smaller than cafe au lait spots and tend to occur in clusters in skin folds.
Tiny bumps on the iris of the eye, known as Lisch nodules.These nodules can't easily be seen and don't affect vision.
Soft, pea-sized bumps on or under the skin called neurofibromas.These benign tumors usually grow in or under the skin but can also grow inside the body. A growth that involves many nerves is called a plexiform neurofibroma. Plexiform neurofibromas, when located on the face, can cause disfigurement. Neurofibromas may increase in number with age.
Bone changes.Changes in bone development and low bone mineral density can cause bones to form in an irregular way. People with NF1 may have a curved spine, known as scoliosis, or a bowed lower leg.
Tumor on the nerve that connects the eye to the brain, called an optic pathway glioma.This tumor usually appears by age 3. The tumor rarely appears in late childhood and among teenagers, and almost never in adults.
Learning disabilities.It's common for children with NF1 to have some trouble with learning. Often there is a specific learning disability, such as trouble with reading or math. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and speech delay also are common.
Larger than average head size.Children with NF1 tend to have a larger than average head size due to increased brain volume.
Short stature.Children who have NF1 often are below average in height.
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See a healthcare professional if your child has symptoms of neurofibromatosis type 1. The tumors are often not cancerous and are slow growing, but complications can be managed. If your child has a plexiform neurofibroma, a medicine is available to treat it.
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Neurofibromatosis type 1 is caused by an altered gene that either is passed down by a parent or occurs at conception.
The NF1 gene is located on chromosome 17. This gene produces a protein called neurofibromin that helps regulate cell growth. When the gene is altered, it causes a loss of neurofibromin. This allows cells to grow without control.
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The biggest risk factor for neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a family history. For about half of people who have NF1, the disease was passed down from a parent. People who have NF1 and whose relatives aren't affected are likely to have a new change to a gene.
NF1 has an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern. This means that any child of a parent who is affected by the disease has a 50% chance of having the altered gene.
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Complications of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) vary, even within the same family. Generally, complications occur when tumors affect nerve tissue or press on internal organs.
Complications of NF1 include:
Neurological symptoms.Trouble with learning and thinking are the most common neurological symptoms associated with NF1. Less common complications include epilepsy and the buildup of excess fluid in the brain.
Concerns with appearance.Visible signs of NF1 can include widespread cafe au lait spots, many neurofibromas in the facial area or large neurofibromas. In some people this can cause anxiety and emotional distress, even if they're not medically serious.
Skeletal symptoms.Some children have bones that didn't form as usual. This can cause bowing of the legs and fractures that sometimes don't heal. NF1 can cause curvature of the spine, known as scoliosis, that may need bracing or surgery. NF1 also is associated with lower bone mineral density, which increases the risk of weak bones, known as osteoporosis.
Changes in vision.Sometimes a tumor called an optic pathway glioma develops on the optic nerve. When this happens, it can affect vision.
Increase in symptoms during times of hormonal change.Hormonal changes associated with puberty or pregnancy might cause an increase in neurofibromas. Most people who have NF1 have healthy pregnancies but will likely need monitoring by an obstetrician who is familiar with NF1.
Cardiovascular symptoms.People who have NF1 have an increased risk of high blood pressure and may develop blood vessel conditions.
Trouble breathing.Rarely, plexiform neurofibromas can put pressure on the airway.
Cancer.Some people who have NF1 develop cancerous tumors. These usually arise from neurofibromas under the skin or from plexiform neurofibromas. People who have NF1 also have a higher risk of other forms of cancer. They include breast cancer, leukemia, colorectal cancer, brain tumors and some types of soft tissue cancer. Screening for breast cancer should begin earlier, at age 30, for women with NF1 compared to the general population.
Benign adrenal gland tumor, known as a pheochromocytoma.This noncancerous tumor produces hormones that raise your blood pressure. Surgery often is needed to remove it.
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To diagnose neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), a healthcare professional begins with a review of your personal and family medical history and a physical exam.
Your child's skin is checked for cafe au lait spots, which can help diagnose NF1.
If other tests are needed to diagnose NF1, your child may need:
Eye exam.An eye exam can reveal Lisch nodules, cataracts and vision loss.
Imaging tests.X-rays, CT scans or MRIs can help identify bone changes, tumors in the brain or spinal cord, and very small tumors. An MRI might be used to diagnose optic gliomas.
Genetic tests.Genetic testing for NF1 can help support the diagnosis. Genetic tests also can be done in pregnancy before a baby is born. Ask a member of your healthcare team about genetic counseling.
For a diagnosis of NF1, at least two symptoms of the condition must be present. A child who has only one symptom and no family history of NF1 is likely to be monitored for any other symptoms. A diagnosis of NF1 is usually made by age 4.
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There isn't a cure for neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), but symptoms can be managed. Generally, the sooner someone is under the care of a specialist trained in treating NF1, the better the outcome.
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Caring for a child with a condition such as neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) can be a challenge. But many children with NF1 grow up to live healthy lives with few, if any, complications.
To help you cope:
Find a healthcare professional you can trust and who can coordinate your child's care with other specialists. The Children's Tumor Foundation has an online tool to help you find a specialist in your area.
Join a support group for parents who care for children who have NF1, ADHD, special needs or lifelong illnesses.
Accept help for daily needs such as cooking, cleaning or caring for your other children or simply to take a needed break.
Seek academic support for children who have learning disabilities.
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You may be referred to a doctor who specializes in brain and nervous system conditions, known as a neurologist.
It's a good idea to be well prepared for your appointment. Here's some information to help you get ready and know what to expect.
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bowed lower leg, larger than average head size, attention-deficit, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, tiny bumps, plexiform neurofibroma, speech delay, soft bumps, trouble with math, learning disabilities, tumor, curved spine, freckling, plexiform neurofibromas, adhd, tumors, neurofibromas, bone changes, short stature, nf1, learning disability, flat spots, scoliosis, trouble with reading
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707
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Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/malignant-peripheral-nerve-sheath-tumors/symptoms-causes/syc-20362603
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/malignant-peripheral-nerve-sheath-tumors/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20362619
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/malignant-peripheral-nerve-sheath-tumors/doctors-departments/ddc-20362721
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Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors are rare cancers that start in the lining of the nerves. These cancers happen in the nerves that run from the spinal cord into the body, called peripheral nerves. Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors used to be called neurofibrosarcomas.
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors can happen anywhere in the body. They mostly occur in the deep tissue of the arms, legs and trunk. They tend to cause pain and weakness where they occur. They might also cause a growing lump or mass.
Surgery is the usual treatment for malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors. Sometimes, treatment might include radiation therapy and chemotherapy.
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Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors often cause symptoms that get worse quickly. Symptoms include:
Pain where the tumor is growing.
Weakness when trying to move the body part that has the tumor.
A growing lump of tissue under the skin.
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Make an appointment with your health care provider if you have ongoing symptoms that worry you. Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors are rare, so your provider might first look for more-common causes for your symptoms.
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It's not clear what causes most malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors.
Experts know that these cancers begin when a cell in the lining around a nerve gets changes in its DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell a cell what to do. The changes tell the cells to make more cells quickly. These cells continue to live when healthy cells die as part of their life cycle.
The cells then can form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow into and kill healthy body tissue. In time, the cells can spread to other parts of the body.
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Factors that increase the risk of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors include:
Radiation therapy for cancer.A malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor might occur in the area treated with radiation 10 to 20 years after treatment.
Noncancerous nerve tumors.Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors can develop from nerve tumors that aren't cancerous, such as neurofibroma.
A condition that runs in families.Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors occur more often in people with neurofibromatosis 1. This condition increases the risk of tumors in the nerves.
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Tests and procedures used to diagnose malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors include:
Neurological exam.A detailed exam of the nervous system, known as a neurological exam, helps a health care provider gather clues for diagnosis.
Imaging tests.Imaging tests make pictures of the body. The pictures might help providers see the size of the cancer and whether it has spread to other parts of the body. Tests might include magnetic resonance imaging, also calledMRI, or magnetic resonance neurography. Other tests might include computed tomography, also calledCTscan, and positron emission tomography, also calledPETscan.
Removing a sample of tissue for testing.A biopsy is a procedure to remove a sample of tissue for testing in a lab. The tissue might be removed using a needle that is put through the skin and into the cancer. Sometimes surgery is needed to get the tissue sample.The sample is tested in a lab to see if it is cancer. Other special tests give more details about the cancer cells. The health care team uses this information to make a treatment plan.
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Treatment for malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors often involves:
Surgery.The goal of surgery is to remove the tumor and some of the healthy tissue around it. When that can't be done, surgeons remove as much of the tumor as they can.Depending on where a malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor is and how big it is, surgery can cause nerve damage. In the case of tumors that occur in the arms and legs, surgically removing the arm or leg might be necessary.Sometimes, radiation before surgery might shrink a tumor. That might make it more likely that all of the tumor is removed during surgery.
Radiation therapy.Radiation therapy uses powerful energy beams to kill cancer cells. The energy can come from X-rays, protons or other sources. During radiation therapy, you lie on a table while a machine moves around you. The machine directs radiation to precise points on your body.Radiation may be used before surgery to shrink a tumor. This might make it more likely that all of the tumor is removed during surgery. After surgery, radiation therapy can be used to kill any cancer cells that might remain.
Chemotherapy.Chemotherapy uses strong medicines to kill cancer cells. Chemotherapy might be an option when a malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor has spread to other parts of the body. Chemotherapy might help control symptoms and slow the growth of the cancer.
Rehabilitation.After surgery, physical therapists and occupational therapists can help you regain function and movement lost due to nerve damage or from removing an arm or leg.
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If you have symptoms that worry you, make an appointment with your doctor.
If you're diagnosed with a malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor, you'll likely be referred to a doctor who specializes in:
Conditions that affect the nervous system, known as a neurologist.
Treating cancer, known as an oncologist.
Surgery involving bones, known as an orthopedist.
Surgery involving nerves, known as a neurosurgeon.
Because appointments can be brief and because there's a lot to discuss, it's a good idea to be prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready and know what to expect.
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pain, weakness, tumor, nerve sheath tumors, growing lump
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708
|
Acoustic neuroma
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acoustic-neuroma/symptoms-causes/syc-20356127
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acoustic-neuroma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356132
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acoustic-neuroma/doctors-departments/ddc-20356134
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An acoustic neuroma is a noncancerous tumor that develops on the main nerve leading from the inner ear to the brain. This nerve is called the vestibular nerve. Branches of the nerve directly affect balance and hearing. Pressure from an acoustic neuroma can cause hearing loss, ringing in the ear and trouble with balance. Another name for an acoustic neuroma is vestibular schwannoma.
An acoustic neuroma develops from the Schwann cells covering the vestibular nerve. A Schwann cell helps protect and support other nerve cells in the body. An acoustic neuroma is usually slow growing. Rarely, it may become large enough to press against the brain and affect vital functions.
Treatments for an acoustic neuroma include monitoring, radiation and surgical removal.
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Symptoms of an acoustic neuroma often are easy to miss and may take years to develop. Symptoms may occur because of the tumor's effects on the hearing and balance nerves. The tumor also can put pressure on the facial nerve that directs facial muscles and the trigeminal nerve that affects feeling in the face. Blood vessels or other brain structures also can be affected by an acoustic neuroma.
As the tumor grows, it may be more likely to cause more noticeable or worse symptoms.
Common signs and symptoms of an acoustic neuroma include:
Hearing loss, usually gradually over months to years. In rare cases, hearing loss can be sudden. Hearing loss usually occurs on one side or is worse on one side.
Ringing in the affected ear, known as tinnitus.
Loss of balance or not feeling steady.
Dizziness.
Facial numbness and, very rarely, weakness or loss of muscle movement.
Rarely, an acoustic neuroma may grow large enough to compress the brainstem and become life-threatening.
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The cause of acoustic neuromas can sometimes be linked to a change to a gene on chromosome 22. Typically, this gene produces a tumor suppressor protein that helps regulate the growth of Schwann cells covering the nerves. Experts don't know what causes this change to the gene. Often there is no known cause. In some people, the gene change is related to a rare condition called NF2-related schwannomatosis, also known as NF2. The condition was previously known as neurofibromatosis type 2. People with NF2 usually have growth of tumors on the hearing and balance nerves on both sides of the head. These tumors are known as bilateral vestibular schwannomas.
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An acoustic neuroma may cause permanent complications, including:
Hearing loss.
Facial numbness and weakness.
Trouble with balance.
Ringing in the ear.
Large tumors may press on the brainstem, occasionally preventing the flow of cerebrospinal fluid between the brain and spinal cord. Fluid can build up in your head, a condition known as hydrocephalus. This increases the pressure inside the skull.
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An acoustic neuroma often is hard to diagnose in the early stages because symptoms may be easy to miss and develop slowly over time. Common symptoms such as hearing loss also are associated with many other middle and inner ear issues.
After asking questions about your symptoms, a member of your healthcare team conducts an ear exam. You may need the following tests:
Hearing test, known as audiometry.This test is conducted by a hearing specialist called an audiologist. During the test, sounds of various tones are directed to one ear at a time. You indicate each time you hear the sound. Each tone is repeated at fainter levels to find out when you can barely hear. The audiologist also may use words to test your hearing.
Imaging.Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with contrast dye is usually used to diagnose an acoustic neuroma. This imaging test can detect tumors as small as 1 to 2 millimeters in diameter. If MRI is not available or you can't have an MRI scan, a CT scan may be done. However, CT scans may miss small tumors.
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Your acoustic neuroma treatment may vary, depending on:
The size and growth rate of the acoustic neuroma.
Your overall health.
Your signs and symptoms.
There are three treatment approaches for acoustic neuroma: monitoring, surgery or radiation therapy.
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Dealing with the possibility of hearing loss and facial paralysis can be quite stressful. Deciding which treatment would be best for you also can be challenging. These suggestions may help:
Educate yourself about acoustic neuromas.The more you know, the better prepared you can be to make choices about treatment. Besides talking to your healthcare team and your audiologist, you may want to talk to a counselor or social worker. Or you may find it helpful to talk to other people who've had an acoustic neuroma. It may help to learn more about their experiences during and after treatment.
Maintain a strong support system.Family and friends can help you as you go through this challenging time. You also might find the concern and understanding of other people with an acoustic neuroma especially comforting. Your healthcare team or a social worker may be able to put you in touch with a support group. Or you can find an in-person or online support group through the Acoustic Neuroma Association.
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You first may see a healthcare professional. This person may refer you to a doctor trained in ear, nose and throat conditions. Or you may be referred to a doctor trained in brain and nervous system surgery, known as a neurosurgeon. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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weakness, ringing in the ear, tinnitus, tumor, dizziness, numbness, hearing loss, loss of balance, loss of muscle movement, facial numbness
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709
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Morton neuroma
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mortons-neuroma/symptoms-causes/syc-20351935
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mortons-neuroma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351939
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mortons-neuroma/doctors-departments/ddc-20351941
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Morton neuroma is a damaged, enlarged nerve that causes pain on the bottom of the forefoot, usually in the area behind the third and fourth toes. The pain is usually sharp or burning. There may be pain, tingling or numbness spreading into these toes.
The exact cause of Morton neuroma is not known, but it's likely related to pressure on the nerve. High-heeled or narrow shoes may worsen the symptoms of Morton neuroma.
Many people get relief by wearing shoes with low heels and wide toe boxes and by using shoe inserts. Treatments also may include corticosteroid injections or surgery.
Morton neuroma also is called interdigital neuroma.
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Morton neuroma causes pain in the ball of your foot. The ball is the padded area of the bottom of the foot between the toes and arch. Usually, the pain is in the area behind and between the third and fourth toes.
The pain is often described as:
Stabbing, shooting or burning pain in the ball of the foot.
Feeling as if walking on a marble or stone.
Pain that increases with activity.
Pain, a pins and needles feeling, tingling, or numbness in the two nearby toes.
Pain when stretching toes.
A clicking sensation in the forefoot.
Pain is often relieved with rest or removing shoes.
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It's best not to ignore any foot pain that lasts longer than a few days. See your healthcare professional if you experience a burning pain in the ball of your foot that's not improving with a change in footwear or activities that put a strain on your feet.
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The exact cause of Morton neuroma is not known. Pressure on the affected nerve may contribute to damage and enlargement of the nerve.
The affected nerve is in a space between long bones in the forefoot called the metatarsal bones. Usually, the damaged and enlarged nerve is between the metatarsal bones that connect to the bones of the third and fourth toes. Nerves between other metatarsal bones also may be affected.
Factors that appear to worsen symptoms of Morton neuroma include:
High-heeled or narrow shoes.High-heeled shoes or shoes with narrow toe boxes can put extra pressure on the toes and the ball of the foot.
Activities.Walking, running or other activities that put pressure on the ball of the foot may worsen or trigger pain.
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Factors that appear to contribute to Morton neuroma include:
High heels.Wearing high-heeled shoes or shoes that are tight can place extra pressure on your toes and the ball of your foot.
Certain sports.Participating in high-impact athletic activities such as jogging or running may subject your feet to repetitive trauma. Sports that feature tight shoes, such as snow skiing or rock climbing, can put pressure on your toes.
Foot deformities.People who have bunions, hammertoes, high arches or flatfeet are at higher risk of developing Morton neuroma.
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During the exam, your healthcare professional will ask questions about your symptoms, general health, medical history and typical activities. Your health professional also will examine your foot by:
Applying pressure at points along the ball of your foot to locate the site of pain.
Squeezing the ball of the foot and feeling for a click between metatarsal bones.
Testing the range of motion of the toes.
Looking for other signs of irregularity in the foot that may contribute to pain.
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The first line of treatment is usually to avoid activities that worsen symptoms and change footwear.
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You'll likely see your primary healthcare professional first. You may be referred to a doctor or surgeon who specializes in foot conditions.
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To help relieve the pain of Morton neuroma and allow the nerve to heal, consider the following self-care tips:
Take anti-inflammatory medicines.Nonprescription nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) and naproxen sodium (Aleve), may relieve pain.
Try ice massage.Regular ice massage may help reduce pain. Freeze a water-filled paper or foam cup and roll the cold cup over the painful site.
Change your footwear.Have your feet measured at a shoe store to make sure you are buying shoes of the correct size and width. Avoid high heels or tight shoes. Choose shoes with wide toe boxes.
Take a break.For a few weeks, reduce activities such as running, jumping, climbing or dancing that subject the balls of your feet to high impact.
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pain, shooting pain, clicking sensation, burning pain, tingling, numbness, morton neuroma, stabbing pain, pins and needles feeling, feeling as if walking on a marble or stone
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712
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Autonomic neuropathy
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/autonomic-neuropathy/symptoms-causes/syc-20369829
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/autonomic-neuropathy/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20369836
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/autonomic-neuropathy/doctors-departments/ddc-20369837
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Autonomic neuropathy occurs when there is damage to the nerves that control automatic body functions. It can affect blood pressure, temperature control, digestion, bladder function and even sexual function.
The nerve damage affects the messages sent between the brain and other organs and areas of the autonomic nervous system. These areas include the heart, blood vessels and sweat glands.
Diabetes is the most common cause of autonomic neuropathy. It can also be caused by other health conditions, viral or bacterial infections, or some medications. Symptoms and treatment vary based on which nerves are damaged.
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Signs and symptoms of autonomic neuropathy depend on which nerves are damaged. They might include:
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Seek medical care promptly if you begin having any of the signs and symptoms of autonomic neuropathy, particularly if you have diabetes that's poorly controlled.
If you have type 2 diabetes, the American Diabetes Association recommends annual autonomic neuropathy screening beginning when you receive your diagnosis. For people with type 1 diabetes, the association advises annual screening beginning five years after diagnosis.
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Many health conditions can cause autonomic neuropathy. It can also be a side effect of treatments for other diseases, such as cancer. Some common causes of autonomic neuropathy include:
Autoimmune diseases,in which your immune system attacks and damages parts of your body, including your nerves. Examples include Sjogren syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and celiac disease. Guillain-Barre syndrome is an autoimmune disease that happens rapidly and can affect autonomic nerves.
Autonomic neuropathy may also be caused by an immune system attack triggered by some cancers (paraneoplastic syndrome).
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Factors that might increase your risk of autonomic neuropathy include:
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Certain inherited diseases that put you at risk of developing autonomic neuropathy can't be prevented. But you can slow the onset or progression of symptoms by taking care of your health in general and managing your medical conditions.
To control diseases and conditions, follow your health care provider's advice on healthy living. That advice might include these recommendations:
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Autonomic neuropathy is a possible complication of some diseases. The tests you'll need depend on your symptoms and risk factors for autonomic neuropathy.
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Treatment of autonomic neuropathy includes:
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Living with a chronic condition presents daily challenges. Here are some suggestions to help you cope:
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First, you'll probably see your primary care provider. If you have diabetes, you might see your diabetes doctor (endocrinologist). However, you might be referred to a doctor specializing in nerve disorders (neurologist).
You might see other specialists, depending on the part of your body affected by neuropathy, such as a cardiologist for blood pressure or heart rate problems or a gastroenterologist for digestive difficulties.
Here are some tips to help you prepare for your appointment.
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autonomic neuropathy, none
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713
|
Diabetic neuropathy
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetic-neuropathy/symptoms-causes/syc-20371580
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetic-neuropathy/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20371587
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetic-neuropathy/doctors-departments/ddc-20371588
|
Diabetic neuropathy is a type of nerve damage that can happen with diabetes. Blood sugar, also called glucose, becomes high because of diabetes. Over time, high blood sugar can injure nerves throughout the body. Diabetic neuropathy most often damages nerves in the legs and feet.
Depending on the affected nerves, diabetic neuropathy symptoms may include pain and numbness in the legs, feet and hands. It also can cause problems with the digestive system, urinary tract, blood vessels and heart. Some people have mild symptoms. But for others, diabetic neuropathy can be painful and disabling.
Diabetic neuropathy is a serious health concern. It may affect up to half of people who have diabetes. But diabetic neuropathy often can be prevented. And people who have it can take steps to keep it from getting worse. The key is to tightly manage blood sugar and lead a healthy lifestyle.
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There are four main types of diabetic neuropathy. You can have one type or more than one type of neuropathy.
The symptoms depend on the type of diabetic neuropathy you have and which nerves are affected. Usually, symptoms appear slowly over time. You may not notice anything is wrong until a lot of nerve damage has happened.
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Call your healthcare professional for a checkup if you have:
Tests can check for diabetic neuropathy before a person has symptoms of it. These are called screening tests. Screening tests can find diseases early when they're easier to treat. The American Diabetes Association recommends that screening for diabetic neuropathy start:
After that, screening is recommended once a year.
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The exact cause of each type of neuropathy is unknown. Researchers think that over time, uncontrolled high blood sugar damages nerves and interferes with their ability to send signals. This process may lead to diabetic neuropathy. High blood sugar also weakens the walls of the small blood vessels called capillaries that supply the nerves with oxygen and nutrients.
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Anyone who has diabetes can get diabetic neuropathy. But these risk factors make nerve damage more likely:
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Diabetic neuropathy can cause serious medical conditions, including:
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You may be able to prevent or delay diabetic neuropathy and the medical problems that can happen with it. To do so, closely manage your blood sugar and take good care of your feet.
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To figure out if you have diabetic neuropathy, your healthcare professional gives you a physical exam. You're also asked questions about your symptoms and medical history.
During the exam, your healthcare professional most often checks:
Along with a physical exam, your healthcare professional may do or order certain tests. The tests can help confirm whether or not you have diabetic neuropathy. They may include:
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Diabetic neuropathy has no known cure. The goals of treatment are to:
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Living with diabetic neuropathy may be a challenge at times. Support groups can offer encouragement and advice. Ask your healthcare professional if there are any groups in your area. Or ask for a referral to a therapist. If you feel depressed, it can help to talk to a counselor or therapist. The American Diabetes Association also offers online support through its website.
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Doctors who specialize in treating metabolic disorders and diabetes are called endocrinologists. If you don't already see an endocrinologist, you'll likely be referred to one if you show symptoms of diabetes complications. If you have symptoms of neuropathy, you may be referred to a specialist in brain and nervous system problems. This doctor is called a neurologist.
To prepare for your appointment, take the following steps:
Some basic questions to ask may include:
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nerve damage, symptoms appear slowly over time, diabetic neuropathy, neuropathy
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715
|
Peripheral neuropathy
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/peripheral-neuropathy/symptoms-causes/syc-20352061
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/peripheral-neuropathy/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352067
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/peripheral-neuropathy/doctors-departments/ddc-20352070
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Peripheral neuropathy happens when the nerves that are located outside of the brain and spinal cord (peripheral nerves) are damaged. This condition often causes weakness, numbness and pain, usually in the hands and feet. It also can affect other areas and body functions including digestion and urination.
The peripheral nervous system sends information from the brain and spinal cord, also called the central nervous system, to the rest of the body through motor nerves. The peripheral nerves also send sensory information to the central nervous system through sensory nerves.
Peripheral neuropathy can result from traumatic injuries, infections, metabolic problems, inherited causes and exposure to toxins. One of the most common causes of neuropathy is diabetes.
People with peripheral neuropathy usually describe the pain as stabbing, burning or tingling. Sometimes symptoms get better, especially if caused by a condition that can be treated. Medicines can reduce the pain of peripheral neuropathy.
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Every nerve in the peripheral system has a specific job. Symptoms depend on the type of nerves affected. Nerves are divided into:
Sensory nerves that receive sensation, such as temperature, pain, vibration or touch, from the skin.
Motor nerves that control muscle movement.
Autonomic nerves that control functions such as blood pressure, sweating, heart rate, digestion and bladder function.
Symptoms of peripheral neuropathy might include:
Gradual onset of numbness, prickling, or tingling in your feet or hands. These sensations can spread upward into your legs and arms.
Sharp, jabbing, throbbing or burning pain.
Extreme sensitivity to touch.
Pain during activities that shouldn't cause pain, such as pain in your feet when putting weight on them or when they're under a blanket.
Lack of coordination and falling.
Muscle weakness.
Feeling as if you're wearing gloves or socks when you're not.
Inability to move if motor nerves are affected.
If autonomic nerves are affected, symptoms might include:
Heat intolerance.
Excessive sweating or not being able to sweat.
Bowel, bladder or digestive problems.
Drops in blood pressure, causing dizziness or lightheadedness.
Peripheral neuropathy can affect one nerve, called mononeuropathy. If it affects two or more nerves in different areas, it's called multiple mononeuropathy, and if it affects many nerves, it's called polyneuropathy. Carpal tunnel syndrome is an example of mononeuropathy. Most people with peripheral neuropathy have polyneuropathy.
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Seek medical care right away if you notice unusual tingling, weakness, or pain in your hands or feet. Early diagnosis and treatment give you the best chance for controlling your symptoms and preventing further damage to your peripheral nerves.
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Peripheral neuropathy is nerve damage caused by several different conditions. Health conditions that can cause peripheral neuropathy include:
Autoimmune diseases.These include Sjogren's syndrome, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy and vasculitis. Also, some cancers related to the body's immune system can cause polyneuropathy. These are a form of autoimmune disorder called paraneoplastic syndrome.
Diabetes and metabolic syndrome.This is the most common cause. Among people with diabetes, more than half will develop some type of neuropathy.
Infections.These include certain viral or bacterial infections, including Lyme disease, shingles, hepatitis B and C, leprosy, diphtheria, and HIV.
Inherited disorders.Disorders such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease are hereditary types of neuropathy that run in families.
Tumors.Cancerous growths, also called malignant, and noncancerous growths, also called benign, can grow on or press on nerves.
Bone marrow disorders.These include a protein in the blood that isn't usually there, called monoclonal gammopathies, a rare form of myeloma that affects the bones, lymphoma and the rare disease amyloidosis.
Other diseases.These include metabolic conditions such as kidney disease or liver disease, and an underactive thyroid, also known as hypothyroidism.
Other causes of neuropathies include:
Alcohol use disorder.Unhealthy dietary choices made by people with alcohol use disorder, also known as alcoholism, and poor absorption of vitamins can lead to low amounts of essential vitamins in the body.
Exposure to poisons.Toxic substances include industrial chemicals and heavy metals such as lead and mercury.
Medicines.Certain medicines, especially chemotherapy used to treat cancer, can cause peripheral neuropathy.
Injury or pressure on the nerve.Injuries, such as from motor vehicle accidents, falls or sports injuries, can sever or damage peripheral nerves. Nerve pressure can result from having a cast or using crutches or repeating a motion such as typing many times.
Low vitamin levels.B vitamins, including B-1, B-6 and B-12, as well as copper and vitamin E are crucial to nerve health.
In some cases, no cause can be identified. This is called idiopathic peripheral neuropathy.
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Peripheral neuropathy risk factors include:
Diabetes, especially if your sugar levels are not controlled well.
Alcohol misuse.
Low levels of vitamins in the body, especially vitamin B-12.
Infections, such as Lyme disease, shingles, hepatitis B and C, and HIV.
Autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus, in which the immune system attacks your own tissues.
Kidney, liver or thyroid disorders.
Exposure to toxins.
Repetitive motion, such as those performed for certain jobs.
Family history of neuropathy.
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Complications of peripheral neuropathy can include:
Burns, skin injuries and wounds on the feet.You might not feel temperature changes or pain on parts of your body that are numb.
Infection.Your feet and other areas that lack sensation can become injured without your knowing. Check these areas regularly, wear close-toed, well-fitting shoes and treat minor injuries before they become infected, especially if you have diabetes.
Falls.Weakness and loss of sensation may be associated with lack of balance and falling. Installing handrails in the bathroom, using canes or walkers when needed, and ensuring that you are walking only in well-lit rooms can decrease fall risk.
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Peripheral neuropathy has many possible causes. Besides a physical exam, which may include blood tests, diagnosis usually requires:
A full medical history.Your health care professional will look at your medical history. The history will include your symptoms, lifestyle, exposure to toxins, drinking habits and a family history of nervous system, or neurological, diseases.
Neurological exam.Your care professional might check your tendon reflexes, muscle strength and tone, ability to feel certain sensations, and balance and coordination.
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Treatment goals are to manage the condition causing your neuropathy and to improve symptoms. If your lab tests show no condition that's causing the neuropathy, your health care professional might recommend watchful waiting to see if your neuropathy stays the same or gets better.
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You're likely to start by seeing your health care professional. You may then be referred to a doctor trained in nervous system disorders, also called a neurologist.
Here's information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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To help you manage peripheral neuropathy:
Take care of your feet, especially if you have diabetes.Check daily for blisters, cuts or calluses. Wear soft, loose cotton socks and padded shoes. You can use a semicircular hoop, which is available in medical supply stores, to keep bedcovers off hot or sensitive feet.
Exercise.Regular exercise, such as walking three times a week, can lower neuropathy pain, improve muscle strength and help control blood sugar levels. Gentle routines such as yoga and tai chi also might help. If you have painful neuropathy in your feet, you may want to try pool-based exercise such as swimming.
Quit smoking.Cigarette smoking can cause problems with circulation. This increases the risk of foot problems and other neuropathy complications.
Eat healthy meals.Good nutrition is especially important to make sure that you get important vitamins and minerals. Include fruits, vegetables, whole grains and lean protein in your diet.
Avoid excessive alcohol.Alcohol can make peripheral neuropathy worse.
Monitor your blood sugar levels.If you have diabetes, this will help keep your blood sugar under control and might help improve your neuropathy.
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bladder problems, mononeuropathy, prickling, dizziness, multiple mononeuropathy, muscle weakness, digestive problems, throbbing pain, polyneuropathy, sharp pain, feeling of wearing gloves or socks, falling, excessive sweating, jabbing pain, inability to move, numbness, bowel problems, lack of coordination, throbbing, inability to sweat, lightheadedness, burning pain, drops in blood pressure, sensitivity to touch, peripheral neuropathy, carpal tunnel syndrome, pain, heat intolerance, tingling
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