from __future__ import annotations

import typing as t

from sqlglot import exp, generator, parser, tokens, transforms
from sqlglot.dialects.dialect import (
    Dialect,
    NormalizationStrategy,
    binary_from_function,
    bool_xor_sql,
    date_trunc_to_time,
    datestrtodate_sql,
    encode_decode_sql,
    build_formatted_time,
    if_sql,
    left_to_substring_sql,
    no_ilike_sql,
    no_pivot_sql,
    no_timestamp_sql,
    regexp_extract_sql,
    rename_func,
    right_to_substring_sql,
    sha256_sql,
    strposition_sql,
    struct_extract_sql,
    timestamptrunc_sql,
    timestrtotime_sql,
    ts_or_ds_add_cast,
    unit_to_str,
    sequence_sql,
    build_regexp_extract,
    explode_to_unnest_sql,
)
from sqlglot.dialects.hive import Hive
from sqlglot.dialects.mysql import MySQL
from sqlglot.helper import apply_index_offset, seq_get
from sqlglot.optimizer.scope import find_all_in_scope
from sqlglot.tokens import TokenType
from sqlglot.transforms import unqualify_columns
from sqlglot.generator import unsupported_args

DATE_ADD_OR_SUB = t.Union[exp.DateAdd, exp.TimestampAdd, exp.DateSub]


def _initcap_sql(self: Presto.Generator, expression: exp.Initcap) -> str:
    regex = r"(\w)(\w*)"
    return f"REGEXP_REPLACE({self.sql(expression, 'this')}, '{regex}', x -> UPPER(x[1]) || LOWER(x[2]))"


def _no_sort_array(self: Presto.Generator, expression: exp.SortArray) -> str:
    if expression.args.get("asc") == exp.false():
        comparator = "(a, b) -> CASE WHEN a < b THEN 1 WHEN a > b THEN -1 ELSE 0 END"
    else:
        comparator = None
    return self.func("ARRAY_SORT", expression.this, comparator)


def _schema_sql(self: Presto.Generator, expression: exp.Schema) -> str:
    if isinstance(expression.parent, exp.PartitionedByProperty):
        # Any columns in the ARRAY[] string literals should not be quoted
        expression.transform(lambda n: n.name if isinstance(n, exp.Identifier) else n, copy=False)

        partition_exprs = [
            self.sql(c) if isinstance(c, (exp.Func, exp.Property)) else self.sql(c, "this")
            for c in expression.expressions
        ]
        return self.sql(exp.Array(expressions=[exp.Literal.string(c) for c in partition_exprs]))

    if expression.parent:
        for schema in expression.parent.find_all(exp.Schema):
            if schema is expression:
                continue

            column_defs = schema.find_all(exp.ColumnDef)
            if column_defs and isinstance(schema.parent, exp.Property):
                expression.expressions.extend(column_defs)

    return self.schema_sql(expression)


def _quantile_sql(self: Presto.Generator, expression: exp.Quantile) -> str:
    self.unsupported("Presto does not support exact quantiles")
    return self.func("APPROX_PERCENTILE", expression.this, expression.args.get("quantile"))


def _str_to_time_sql(
    self: Presto.Generator, expression: exp.StrToDate | exp.StrToTime | exp.TsOrDsToDate
) -> str:
    return self.func("DATE_PARSE", expression.this, self.format_time(expression))


def _ts_or_ds_to_date_sql(self: Presto.Generator, expression: exp.TsOrDsToDate) -> str:
    time_format = self.format_time(expression)
    if time_format and time_format not in (Presto.TIME_FORMAT, Presto.DATE_FORMAT):
        return self.sql(exp.cast(_str_to_time_sql(self, expression), exp.DataType.Type.DATE))
    return self.sql(
        exp.cast(exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP), exp.DataType.Type.DATE)
    )


def _ts_or_ds_add_sql(self: Presto.Generator, expression: exp.TsOrDsAdd) -> str:
    expression = ts_or_ds_add_cast(expression)
    unit = unit_to_str(expression)
    return self.func("DATE_ADD", unit, expression.expression, expression.this)


def _ts_or_ds_diff_sql(self: Presto.Generator, expression: exp.TsOrDsDiff) -> str:
    this = exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP)
    expr = exp.cast(expression.expression, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP)
    unit = unit_to_str(expression)
    return self.func("DATE_DIFF", unit, expr, this)


def _build_approx_percentile(args: t.List) -> exp.Expression:
    if len(args) == 4:
        return exp.ApproxQuantile(
            this=seq_get(args, 0),
            weight=seq_get(args, 1),
            quantile=seq_get(args, 2),
            accuracy=seq_get(args, 3),
        )
    if len(args) == 3:
        return exp.ApproxQuantile(
            this=seq_get(args, 0), quantile=seq_get(args, 1), accuracy=seq_get(args, 2)
        )
    return exp.ApproxQuantile.from_arg_list(args)


def _build_from_unixtime(args: t.List) -> exp.Expression:
    if len(args) == 3:
        return exp.UnixToTime(
            this=seq_get(args, 0),
            hours=seq_get(args, 1),
            minutes=seq_get(args, 2),
        )
    if len(args) == 2:
        return exp.UnixToTime(this=seq_get(args, 0), zone=seq_get(args, 1))

    return exp.UnixToTime.from_arg_list(args)


def _first_last_sql(self: Presto.Generator, expression: exp.Func) -> str:
    """
    Trino doesn't support FIRST / LAST as functions, but they're valid in the context
    of MATCH_RECOGNIZE, so we need to preserve them in that case. In all other cases
    they're converted into an ARBITRARY call.

    Reference: https://trino.io/docs/current/sql/match-recognize.html#logical-navigation-functions
    """
    if isinstance(expression.find_ancestor(exp.MatchRecognize, exp.Select), exp.MatchRecognize):
        return self.function_fallback_sql(expression)

    return rename_func("ARBITRARY")(self, expression)


def _unix_to_time_sql(self: Presto.Generator, expression: exp.UnixToTime) -> str:
    scale = expression.args.get("scale")
    timestamp = self.sql(expression, "this")
    if scale in (None, exp.UnixToTime.SECONDS):
        return rename_func("FROM_UNIXTIME")(self, expression)

    return f"FROM_UNIXTIME(CAST({timestamp} AS DOUBLE) / POW(10, {scale}))"


def _to_int(self: Presto.Generator, expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
    if not expression.type:
        from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types

        annotate_types(expression, dialect=self.dialect)
    if expression.type and expression.type.this not in exp.DataType.INTEGER_TYPES:
        return exp.cast(expression, to=exp.DataType.Type.BIGINT)
    return expression


def _build_to_char(args: t.List) -> exp.TimeToStr:
    fmt = seq_get(args, 1)
    if isinstance(fmt, exp.Literal):
        # We uppercase this to match Teradata's format mapping keys
        fmt.set("this", fmt.this.upper())

    # We use "teradata" on purpose here, because the time formats are different in Presto.
    # See https://prestodb.io/docs/current/functions/teradata.html?highlight=to_char#to_char
    return build_formatted_time(exp.TimeToStr, "teradata")(args)


def _date_delta_sql(
    name: str, negate_interval: bool = False
) -> t.Callable[[Presto.Generator, DATE_ADD_OR_SUB], str]:
    def _delta_sql(self: Presto.Generator, expression: DATE_ADD_OR_SUB) -> str:
        interval = _to_int(self, expression.expression)
        return self.func(
            name,
            unit_to_str(expression),
            interval * (-1) if negate_interval else interval,
            expression.this,
        )

    return _delta_sql


def _explode_to_unnest_sql(self: Presto.Generator, expression: exp.Lateral) -> str:
    explode = expression.this
    if isinstance(explode, exp.Explode):
        exploded_type = explode.this.type
        alias = expression.args.get("alias")

        # This attempts a best-effort transpilation of LATERAL VIEW EXPLODE on a struct array
        if (
            isinstance(alias, exp.TableAlias)
            and isinstance(exploded_type, exp.DataType)
            and exploded_type.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.ARRAY)
            and exploded_type.expressions
            and exploded_type.expressions[0].is_type(exp.DataType.Type.STRUCT)
        ):
            # When unnesting a ROW in Presto, it produces N columns, so we need to fix the alias
            alias.set("columns", [c.this.copy() for c in exploded_type.expressions[0].expressions])
    elif isinstance(explode, exp.Inline):
        explode.replace(exp.Explode(this=explode.this.copy()))

    return explode_to_unnest_sql(self, expression)


def amend_exploded_column_table(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
    # We check for expression.type because the columns can be amended only if types were inferred
    if isinstance(expression, exp.Select) and expression.type:
        for lateral in expression.args.get("laterals") or []:
            alias = lateral.args.get("alias")
            if (
                not isinstance(lateral.this, exp.Explode)
                or not isinstance(alias, exp.TableAlias)
                or len(alias.columns) != 1
            ):
                continue

            new_table = alias.this
            old_table = alias.columns[0].name.lower()

            # When transpiling a LATERAL VIEW EXPLODE Spark query, the exploded fields may be qualified
            # with the struct column, resulting in invalid Presto references that need to be amended
            for column in find_all_in_scope(expression, exp.Column):
                if column.db.lower() == old_table:
                    column.set("table", column.args["db"].pop())
                elif column.table.lower() == old_table:
                    column.set("table", new_table.copy())
                elif column.name.lower() == old_table and isinstance(column.parent, exp.Dot):
                    column.parent.replace(exp.column(column.parent.expression, table=new_table))

    return expression


class Presto(Dialect):
    INDEX_OFFSET = 1
    NULL_ORDERING = "nulls_are_last"
    TIME_FORMAT = MySQL.TIME_FORMAT
    STRICT_STRING_CONCAT = True
    SUPPORTS_SEMI_ANTI_JOIN = False
    TYPED_DIVISION = True
    TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_PERCENT = True
    LOG_BASE_FIRST: t.Optional[bool] = None
    SUPPORTS_VALUES_DEFAULT = False

    TIME_MAPPING = MySQL.TIME_MAPPING

    # https://github.com/trinodb/trino/issues/17
    # https://github.com/trinodb/trino/issues/12289
    # https://github.com/prestodb/presto/issues/2863
    NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE

    # The result of certain math functions in Presto/Trino is of type
    # equal to the input type e.g: FLOOR(5.5/2) -> DECIMAL, FLOOR(5/2) -> BIGINT
    ANNOTATORS = {
        **Dialect.ANNOTATORS,
        exp.Floor: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "this"),
        exp.Ceil: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "this"),
        exp.Mod: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "this", "expression"),
        exp.Round: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "this"),
        exp.Sign: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "this"),
        exp.Abs: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "this"),
        exp.Rand: lambda self, e: self._annotate_by_args(e, "this")
        if e.this
        else self._set_type(e, exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE),
    }

    SUPPORTED_SETTINGS = {
        *Dialect.SUPPORTED_SETTINGS,
        "variant_extract_is_json_extract",
    }

    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
        HEX_STRINGS = [("x'", "'"), ("X'", "'")]
        UNICODE_STRINGS = [
            (prefix + q, q)
            for q in t.cast(t.List[str], tokens.Tokenizer.QUOTES)
            for prefix in ("U&", "u&")
        ]

        NESTED_COMMENTS = False

        KEYWORDS = {
            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
            "DEALLOCATE PREPARE": TokenType.COMMAND,
            "DESCRIBE INPUT": TokenType.COMMAND,
            "DESCRIBE OUTPUT": TokenType.COMMAND,
            "RESET SESSION": TokenType.COMMAND,
            "START": TokenType.BEGIN,
            "MATCH_RECOGNIZE": TokenType.MATCH_RECOGNIZE,
            "ROW": TokenType.STRUCT,
            "IPADDRESS": TokenType.IPADDRESS,
            "IPPREFIX": TokenType.IPPREFIX,
            "TDIGEST": TokenType.TDIGEST,
            "HYPERLOGLOG": TokenType.HLLSKETCH,
        }
        KEYWORDS.pop("/*+")
        KEYWORDS.pop("QUALIFY")

    class Parser(parser.Parser):
        VALUES_FOLLOWED_BY_PAREN = False

        FUNCTIONS = {
            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
            "ARBITRARY": exp.AnyValue.from_arg_list,
            "APPROX_DISTINCT": exp.ApproxDistinct.from_arg_list,
            "APPROX_PERCENTILE": _build_approx_percentile,
            "BITWISE_AND": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseAnd),
            "BITWISE_NOT": lambda args: exp.BitwiseNot(this=seq_get(args, 0)),
            "BITWISE_OR": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseOr),
            "BITWISE_XOR": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseXor),
            "CARDINALITY": exp.ArraySize.from_arg_list,
            "CONTAINS": exp.ArrayContains.from_arg_list,
            "DATE_ADD": lambda args: exp.DateAdd(
                this=seq_get(args, 2), expression=seq_get(args, 1), unit=seq_get(args, 0)
            ),
            "DATE_DIFF": lambda args: exp.DateDiff(
                this=seq_get(args, 2), expression=seq_get(args, 1), unit=seq_get(args, 0)
            ),
            "DATE_FORMAT": build_formatted_time(exp.TimeToStr, "presto"),
            "DATE_PARSE": build_formatted_time(exp.StrToTime, "presto"),
            "DATE_TRUNC": date_trunc_to_time,
            "DAY_OF_WEEK": exp.DayOfWeekIso.from_arg_list,
            "DOW": exp.DayOfWeekIso.from_arg_list,
            "DOY": exp.DayOfYear.from_arg_list,
            "ELEMENT_AT": lambda args: exp.Bracket(
                this=seq_get(args, 0), expressions=[seq_get(args, 1)], offset=1, safe=True
            ),
            "FROM_HEX": exp.Unhex.from_arg_list,
            "FROM_UNIXTIME": _build_from_unixtime,
            "FROM_UTF8": lambda args: exp.Decode(
                this=seq_get(args, 0), replace=seq_get(args, 1), charset=exp.Literal.string("utf-8")
            ),
            "JSON_FORMAT": lambda args: exp.JSONFormat(
                this=seq_get(args, 0), options=seq_get(args, 1), is_json=True
            ),
            "LEVENSHTEIN_DISTANCE": exp.Levenshtein.from_arg_list,
            "NOW": exp.CurrentTimestamp.from_arg_list,
            "REGEXP_EXTRACT": build_regexp_extract(exp.RegexpExtract),
            "REGEXP_EXTRACT_ALL": build_regexp_extract(exp.RegexpExtractAll),
            "REGEXP_REPLACE": lambda args: exp.RegexpReplace(
                this=seq_get(args, 0),
                expression=seq_get(args, 1),
                replacement=seq_get(args, 2) or exp.Literal.string(""),
            ),
            "ROW": exp.Struct.from_arg_list,
            "SEQUENCE": exp.GenerateSeries.from_arg_list,
            "SET_AGG": exp.ArrayUniqueAgg.from_arg_list,
            "SPLIT_TO_MAP": exp.StrToMap.from_arg_list,
            "STRPOS": lambda args: exp.StrPosition(
                this=seq_get(args, 0), substr=seq_get(args, 1), occurrence=seq_get(args, 2)
            ),
            "TO_CHAR": _build_to_char,
            "TO_UNIXTIME": exp.TimeToUnix.from_arg_list,
            "TO_UTF8": lambda args: exp.Encode(
                this=seq_get(args, 0), charset=exp.Literal.string("utf-8")
            ),
            "MD5": exp.MD5Digest.from_arg_list,
            "SHA256": lambda args: exp.SHA2(this=seq_get(args, 0), length=exp.Literal.number(256)),
            "SHA512": lambda args: exp.SHA2(this=seq_get(args, 0), length=exp.Literal.number(512)),
        }

        FUNCTION_PARSERS = parser.Parser.FUNCTION_PARSERS.copy()
        FUNCTION_PARSERS.pop("TRIM")

    class Generator(generator.Generator):
        INTERVAL_ALLOWS_PLURAL_FORM = False
        JOIN_HINTS = False
        TABLE_HINTS = False
        QUERY_HINTS = False
        IS_BOOL_ALLOWED = False
        TZ_TO_WITH_TIME_ZONE = True
        NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
        STRUCT_DELIMITER = ("(", ")")
        LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS = True
        SUPPORTS_SINGLE_ARG_CONCAT = False
        LIKE_PROPERTY_INSIDE_SCHEMA = True
        MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = False
        SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER = False
        HEX_FUNC = "TO_HEX"
        PARSE_JSON_NAME = "JSON_PARSE"
        PAD_FILL_PATTERN_IS_REQUIRED = True
        EXCEPT_INTERSECT_SUPPORT_ALL_CLAUSE = False
        SUPPORTS_MEDIAN = False
        ARRAY_SIZE_NAME = "CARDINALITY"

        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
            **generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION,
            exp.LocationProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
            exp.VolatileProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
        }

        TYPE_MAPPING = {
            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
            exp.DataType.Type.BINARY: "VARBINARY",
            exp.DataType.Type.BIT: "BOOLEAN",
            exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME: "TIMESTAMP",
            exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME64: "TIMESTAMP",
            exp.DataType.Type.FLOAT: "REAL",
            exp.DataType.Type.HLLSKETCH: "HYPERLOGLOG",
            exp.DataType.Type.INT: "INTEGER",
            exp.DataType.Type.STRUCT: "ROW",
            exp.DataType.Type.TEXT: "VARCHAR",
            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ: "TIMESTAMP",
            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPNTZ: "TIMESTAMP",
            exp.DataType.Type.TIMETZ: "TIME",
        }

        TRANSFORMS = {
            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
            exp.AnyValue: rename_func("ARBITRARY"),
            exp.ApproxQuantile: rename_func("APPROX_PERCENTILE"),
            exp.ArgMax: rename_func("MAX_BY"),
            exp.ArgMin: rename_func("MIN_BY"),
            exp.Array: lambda self, e: f"ARRAY[{self.expressions(e, flat=True)}]",
            exp.ArrayAny: rename_func("ANY_MATCH"),
            exp.ArrayConcat: rename_func("CONCAT"),
            exp.ArrayContains: rename_func("CONTAINS"),
            exp.ArrayToString: rename_func("ARRAY_JOIN"),
            exp.ArrayUniqueAgg: rename_func("SET_AGG"),
            exp.AtTimeZone: rename_func("AT_TIMEZONE"),
            exp.BitwiseAnd: lambda self, e: self.func("BITWISE_AND", e.this, e.expression),
            exp.BitwiseLeftShift: lambda self, e: self.func(
                "BITWISE_ARITHMETIC_SHIFT_LEFT", e.this, e.expression
            ),
            exp.BitwiseNot: lambda self, e: self.func("BITWISE_NOT", e.this),
            exp.BitwiseOr: lambda self, e: self.func("BITWISE_OR", e.this, e.expression),
            exp.BitwiseRightShift: lambda self, e: self.func(
                "BITWISE_ARITHMETIC_SHIFT_RIGHT", e.this, e.expression
            ),
            exp.BitwiseXor: lambda self, e: self.func("BITWISE_XOR", e.this, e.expression),
            exp.Cast: transforms.preprocess([transforms.epoch_cast_to_ts]),
            exp.CurrentTime: lambda *_: "CURRENT_TIME",
            exp.CurrentTimestamp: lambda *_: "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP",
            exp.CurrentUser: lambda *_: "CURRENT_USER",
            exp.DateAdd: _date_delta_sql("DATE_ADD"),
            exp.DateDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
                "DATE_DIFF", unit_to_str(e), e.expression, e.this
            ),
            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
            exp.DateToDi: lambda self,
            e: f"CAST(DATE_FORMAT({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {Presto.DATEINT_FORMAT}) AS INT)",
            exp.DateSub: _date_delta_sql("DATE_ADD", negate_interval=True),
            exp.DayOfWeek: lambda self, e: f"(({self.func('DAY_OF_WEEK', e.this)} % 7) + 1)",
            exp.DayOfWeekIso: rename_func("DAY_OF_WEEK"),
            exp.Decode: lambda self, e: encode_decode_sql(self, e, "FROM_UTF8"),
            exp.DiToDate: lambda self,
            e: f"CAST(DATE_PARSE(CAST({self.sql(e, 'this')} AS VARCHAR), {Presto.DATEINT_FORMAT}) AS DATE)",
            exp.Encode: lambda self, e: encode_decode_sql(self, e, "TO_UTF8"),
            exp.FileFormatProperty: lambda self,
            e: f"format={self.sql(exp.Literal.string(e.name))}",
            exp.First: _first_last_sql,
            exp.FromTimeZone: lambda self,
            e: f"WITH_TIMEZONE({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {self.sql(e, 'zone')}) AT TIME ZONE 'UTC'",
            exp.GenerateSeries: sequence_sql,
            exp.GenerateDateArray: sequence_sql,
            exp.Group: transforms.preprocess([transforms.unalias_group]),
            exp.If: if_sql(),
            exp.ILike: no_ilike_sql,
            exp.Initcap: _initcap_sql,
            exp.Last: _first_last_sql,
            exp.LastDay: lambda self, e: self.func("LAST_DAY_OF_MONTH", e.this),
            exp.Lateral: _explode_to_unnest_sql,
            exp.Left: left_to_substring_sql,
            exp.Levenshtein: unsupported_args("ins_cost", "del_cost", "sub_cost", "max_dist")(
                rename_func("LEVENSHTEIN_DISTANCE")
            ),
            exp.LogicalAnd: rename_func("BOOL_AND"),
            exp.LogicalOr: rename_func("BOOL_OR"),
            exp.Pivot: no_pivot_sql,
            exp.Quantile: _quantile_sql,
            exp.RegexpExtract: regexp_extract_sql,
            exp.RegexpExtractAll: regexp_extract_sql,
            exp.Right: right_to_substring_sql,
            exp.Schema: _schema_sql,
            exp.SchemaCommentProperty: lambda self, e: self.naked_property(e),
            exp.Select: transforms.preprocess(
                [
                    transforms.eliminate_window_clause,
                    transforms.eliminate_qualify,
                    transforms.eliminate_distinct_on,
                    transforms.explode_projection_to_unnest(1),
                    transforms.eliminate_semi_and_anti_joins,
                    amend_exploded_column_table,
                ]
            ),
            exp.SortArray: _no_sort_array,
            exp.StrPosition: lambda self, e: strposition_sql(self, e, supports_occurrence=True),
            exp.StrToDate: lambda self, e: f"CAST({_str_to_time_sql(self, e)} AS DATE)",
            exp.StrToMap: rename_func("SPLIT_TO_MAP"),
            exp.StrToTime: _str_to_time_sql,
            exp.StructExtract: struct_extract_sql,
            exp.Table: transforms.preprocess([transforms.unnest_generate_series]),
            exp.Timestamp: no_timestamp_sql,
            exp.TimestampAdd: _date_delta_sql("DATE_ADD"),
            exp.TimestampTrunc: timestamptrunc_sql(),
            exp.TimeStrToDate: timestrtotime_sql,
            exp.TimeStrToTime: timestrtotime_sql,
            exp.TimeStrToUnix: lambda self, e: self.func(
                "TO_UNIXTIME", self.func("DATE_PARSE", e.this, Presto.TIME_FORMAT)
            ),
            exp.TimeToStr: lambda self, e: self.func("DATE_FORMAT", e.this, self.format_time(e)),
            exp.TimeToUnix: rename_func("TO_UNIXTIME"),
            exp.ToChar: lambda self, e: self.func("DATE_FORMAT", e.this, self.format_time(e)),
            exp.TryCast: transforms.preprocess([transforms.epoch_cast_to_ts]),
            exp.TsOrDiToDi: lambda self,
            e: f"CAST(SUBSTR(REPLACE(CAST({self.sql(e, 'this')} AS VARCHAR), '-', ''), 1, 8) AS INT)",
            exp.TsOrDsAdd: _ts_or_ds_add_sql,
            exp.TsOrDsDiff: _ts_or_ds_diff_sql,
            exp.TsOrDsToDate: _ts_or_ds_to_date_sql,
            exp.Unhex: rename_func("FROM_HEX"),
            exp.UnixToStr: lambda self,
            e: f"DATE_FORMAT(FROM_UNIXTIME({self.sql(e, 'this')}), {self.format_time(e)})",
            exp.UnixToTime: _unix_to_time_sql,
            exp.UnixToTimeStr: lambda self,
            e: f"CAST(FROM_UNIXTIME({self.sql(e, 'this')}) AS VARCHAR)",
            exp.VariancePop: rename_func("VAR_POP"),
            exp.With: transforms.preprocess([transforms.add_recursive_cte_column_names]),
            exp.WithinGroup: transforms.preprocess(
                [transforms.remove_within_group_for_percentiles]
            ),
            exp.Xor: bool_xor_sql,
            exp.MD5Digest: rename_func("MD5"),
            exp.SHA: rename_func("SHA1"),
            exp.SHA2: sha256_sql,
        }

        RESERVED_KEYWORDS = {
            "alter",
            "and",
            "as",
            "between",
            "by",
            "case",
            "cast",
            "constraint",
            "create",
            "cross",
            "current_time",
            "current_timestamp",
            "deallocate",
            "delete",
            "describe",
            "distinct",
            "drop",
            "else",
            "end",
            "escape",
            "except",
            "execute",
            "exists",
            "extract",
            "false",
            "for",
            "from",
            "full",
            "group",
            "having",
            "in",
            "inner",
            "insert",
            "intersect",
            "into",
            "is",
            "join",
            "left",
            "like",
            "natural",
            "not",
            "null",
            "on",
            "or",
            "order",
            "outer",
            "prepare",
            "right",
            "select",
            "table",
            "then",
            "true",
            "union",
            "using",
            "values",
            "when",
            "where",
            "with",
        }

        def jsonformat_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONFormat) -> str:
            this = expression.this
            is_json = expression.args.get("is_json")

            if this and not (is_json or this.type):
                from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types

                this = annotate_types(this, dialect=self.dialect)

            if not (is_json or this.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.JSON)):
                this.replace(exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.JSON))

            return self.function_fallback_sql(expression)

        def md5_sql(self, expression: exp.MD5) -> str:
            this = expression.this

            if not this.type:
                from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types

                this = annotate_types(this, dialect=self.dialect)

            if this.is_type(*exp.DataType.TEXT_TYPES):
                this = exp.Encode(this=this, charset=exp.Literal.string("utf-8"))

            return self.func("LOWER", self.func("TO_HEX", self.func("MD5", self.sql(this))))

        def strtounix_sql(self, expression: exp.StrToUnix) -> str:
            # Since `TO_UNIXTIME` requires a `TIMESTAMP`, we need to parse the argument into one.
            # To do this, we first try to `DATE_PARSE` it, but since this can fail when there's a
            # timezone involved, we wrap it in a `TRY` call and use `PARSE_DATETIME` as a fallback,
            # which seems to be using the same time mapping as Hive, as per:
            # https://joda-time.sourceforge.net/apidocs/org/joda/time/format/DateTimeFormat.html
            this = expression.this
            value_as_text = exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.TEXT)
            value_as_timestamp = (
                exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP) if this.is_string else this
            )

            parse_without_tz = self.func("DATE_PARSE", value_as_text, self.format_time(expression))

            formatted_value = self.func(
                "DATE_FORMAT", value_as_timestamp, self.format_time(expression)
            )
            parse_with_tz = self.func(
                "PARSE_DATETIME",
                formatted_value,
                self.format_time(expression, Hive.INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING, Hive.INVERSE_TIME_TRIE),
            )
            coalesced = self.func("COALESCE", self.func("TRY", parse_without_tz), parse_with_tz)
            return self.func("TO_UNIXTIME", coalesced)

        def bracket_sql(self, expression: exp.Bracket) -> str:
            if expression.args.get("safe"):
                return self.func(
                    "ELEMENT_AT",
                    expression.this,
                    seq_get(
                        apply_index_offset(
                            expression.this,
                            expression.expressions,
                            1 - expression.args.get("offset", 0),
                            dialect=self.dialect,
                        ),
                        0,
                    ),
                )
            return super().bracket_sql(expression)

        def struct_sql(self, expression: exp.Struct) -> str:
            from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types

            expression = annotate_types(expression, dialect=self.dialect)
            values: t.List[str] = []
            schema: t.List[str] = []
            unknown_type = False

            for e in expression.expressions:
                if isinstance(e, exp.PropertyEQ):
                    if e.type and e.type.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.UNKNOWN):
                        unknown_type = True
                    else:
                        schema.append(f"{self.sql(e, 'this')} {self.sql(e.type)}")
                    values.append(self.sql(e, "expression"))
                else:
                    values.append(self.sql(e))

            size = len(expression.expressions)

            if not size or len(schema) != size:
                if unknown_type:
                    self.unsupported(
                        "Cannot convert untyped key-value definitions (try annotate_types)."
                    )
                return self.func("ROW", *values)
            return f"CAST(ROW({', '.join(values)}) AS ROW({', '.join(schema)}))"

        def interval_sql(self, expression: exp.Interval) -> str:
            if expression.this and expression.text("unit").upper().startswith("WEEK"):
                return f"({expression.this.name} * INTERVAL '7' DAY)"
            return super().interval_sql(expression)

        def transaction_sql(self, expression: exp.Transaction) -> str:
            modes = expression.args.get("modes")
            modes = f" {', '.join(modes)}" if modes else ""
            return f"START TRANSACTION{modes}"

        def offset_limit_modifiers(
            self, expression: exp.Expression, fetch: bool, limit: t.Optional[exp.Fetch | exp.Limit]
        ) -> t.List[str]:
            return [
                self.sql(expression, "offset"),
                self.sql(limit),
            ]

        def create_sql(self, expression: exp.Create) -> str:
            """
            Presto doesn't support CREATE VIEW with expressions (ex: `CREATE VIEW x (cola)` then `(cola)` is the expression),
            so we need to remove them
            """
            kind = expression.args["kind"]
            schema = expression.this
            if kind == "VIEW" and schema.expressions:
                expression.this.set("expressions", None)
            return super().create_sql(expression)

        def delete_sql(self, expression: exp.Delete) -> str:
            """
            Presto only supports DELETE FROM for a single table without an alias, so we need
            to remove the unnecessary parts. If the original DELETE statement contains more
            than one table to be deleted, we can't safely map it 1-1 to a Presto statement.
            """
            tables = expression.args.get("tables") or [expression.this]
            if len(tables) > 1:
                return super().delete_sql(expression)

            table = tables[0]
            expression.set("this", table)
            expression.set("tables", None)

            if isinstance(table, exp.Table):
                table_alias = table.args.get("alias")
                if table_alias:
                    table_alias.pop()
                    expression = t.cast(exp.Delete, expression.transform(unqualify_columns))

            return super().delete_sql(expression)

        def jsonextract_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONExtract) -> str:
            is_json_extract = self.dialect.settings.get("variant_extract_is_json_extract", True)

            # Generate JSON_EXTRACT unless the user has configured that a Snowflake / Databricks
            # VARIANT extract (e.g. col:x.y) should map to dot notation (i.e ROW access) in Presto/Trino
            if not expression.args.get("variant_extract") or is_json_extract:
                return self.func(
                    "JSON_EXTRACT", expression.this, expression.expression, *expression.expressions
                )

            this = self.sql(expression, "this")

            # Convert the JSONPath extraction `JSON_EXTRACT(col, '$.x.y) to a ROW access col.x.y
            segments = []
            for path_key in expression.expression.expressions[1:]:
                if not isinstance(path_key, exp.JSONPathKey):
                    # Cannot transpile subscripts, wildcards etc to dot notation
                    self.unsupported(
                        f"Cannot transpile JSONPath segment '{path_key}' to ROW access"
                    )
                    continue
                key = path_key.this
                if not exp.SAFE_IDENTIFIER_RE.match(key):
                    key = f'"{key}"'
                segments.append(f".{key}")

            expr = "".join(segments)

            return f"{this}{expr}"

        def groupconcat_sql(self, expression: exp.GroupConcat) -> str:
            return self.func(
                "ARRAY_JOIN",
                self.func("ARRAY_AGG", expression.this),
                expression.args.get("separator"),
            )
