Excess water can be hazardous to human beings and also the natural environment. Drainage strategies applied for getting rid of your excess water is actually a phenomenon which has been through a series of variations. Technological progression has resulted in the improvements in drainage methods utilised while using the goal of creating a more effective technique of removing the surplus drinking water. There are actually two major forms of drainage specifically the surface and subsurface. The procedure utilized is determined by several components while using the key component currently being the supposed target. Other aspects incorporate; quantity of water, high quality, price range, and soil form.
Trench is among the strategies that are usually utilised. It truly is a sort of surface area drainage. It will involve digging of extended, slim ditches in the area where by drainage is always to be carried out.homework help and answers Due to hydraulic force inside the soil, drinking water flows to the ditch where strain is pretty low, and it flows via gravity to details of disposal (Jayawardane & Stewart, 2012). It really is applied in areas with high drinking water table. The advantage about this method is that it’s cheap and doesn’t need an expert to apply.
The other approach utilised is the application of tile drains. It is actually a sort of sub-surface drainage method that involves laying a series of a pipe network below the area on the land for being drained. The pipes contain small openings on the top side where h2o sips and flows by means of gravity to your desired point. It’s effective where by the water table is high, as well as the top quality of drinking water is good. The method has the benefit with the fact that land is not wasted as cultivation can still be finished above the pipes. However, this method is disadvantageous as it is expensive compared towards the trench procedure. It also requires special skills to apply and therefore experts must be employed if one particular needs to use this method.
Construction of trenches needs the basic farm tools which bring about the aspect of cost. A trench shovel and hoe are the key tools made use of. Nonetheless, the scale of construction also determines the tools being utilized. For large scale operations, a trencher is employed owing to size of and efficiency. Measuring equipments are also used to ensure alignment and a steady gradient or rather slope is attained that will allow h2o to flow with optimum velocity not to cause erosion or deposition within the trench. On the other hand, the laying of tile drains requires digging to your desired level having in mind the optimum gradient for effective flow of water. Digging and measuring tools are applied for this variety of work (United States, 2011). Trenches are maintained by frequently checking and removing vegetation on the bed and sides of the trench. If uncleared, the vegetation can lead to blockage compromising the drainage process. Also, frequent removal of deposits should be completed to ensure the gradient of flow is maintained. Maintenance of tile drains requires checking the opening to ensure that there is no blockage. The main factor in tile drains is the slope that will ensure velocity of flow does not allow the deposition of carried material.
In conclusion, the choice of drainage strategy is crucial regardless of its purpose. 1 should cautiously analyse and compare the available tactics before deciding which procedure is best. A lot more research should be performed on better and productive drainage systems for different places from the world.


The MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences (LMS) has been based at the Hammersmith Hospital campus in West London since its creation in 1994.
In 2017 the Medical Research Council and Imperial College London announced a joint project to build a new home for the MRC LMS on the former Cyclotron site.
The brief for the new building was to create approximately 12,000 meters squared of advanced research facilities in an environment which will provide a new home for the MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences and promote collaboration between all building users.
- In February 2017 Turner & Townsend were appointed as the Project Manager and Cost Manager for the project.
- In July 2017 a design team were appointed composed of Hawkins\Brown, Buro Happold and Abell Nepp.
- In August 2018 contractors were invited to bid for the construction of the building.
- In November 2018 the project team submitted the planning application for the building to the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham. You can view the application here.
- In March 2019 Walter Lilly were appointed as the contractor for the project.
- In July 2019 the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham approved the planning application.
- In September 2019 the project received approval from the Greater London Authority.
- In October 2019 the Section 106 agreement with the Council was signed off.
The contractor, design and project team are currently reviewing the RIBA Stage 5. The planning application has been reviewed by the local planning authority and was approved on 2 July. The LMS engagement team have been working with artist Julia Vogl and students at neighbouring Ark Burlington Danes Academy to co-create artwork for the hoarding inspired by research at the LMS. You can see more of the fabricated design here.
Further updates about the building project will be posted to these pages.


Cost Engineering Surveyors Inc
|Monday to Friday||8:00 am - 4:30 pm|
|Cnr 1st Ave Bville & George St St Michael Barbados||246-436-9203|
Cost Engineering Surveyors Incorporated is a progressive consultancy company offering professional construction commercial services including appraisals, Quantity surveying and project Management. We are located at the corner 1st Ave Belleville & George Street St. Michael Barbados.
Appraisals, Quantity Surveying and Project Management


What is a building inspection?
Building inspection works are done by building inspectors, who in their professional judgment, can determine whether a building has met the building code requirements. They have the power to order the stoppage of construction until all the requirements are met. They can also order for a building to be demolished if the building is found to be unfit and unsafe for living.
Who is a building inspector?
A building inspector is somebody hired by a city council, a township or county, with qualifications and can make a professional judgment whether a building is safe and meets the building code requirement. If there is a shortcoming, they can order the construction to be halted or order the demolition of the same without further notice. They are professionals certified as residential or commercial building inspectors by relevant engineering bodies.
Why inspect a building?
Building inspectors are contacted by managers to inspect and assess the structural designs and proposals following civic design modification. Inspections normally required by the city council, county councils, and other relevant bodies to carry out inspection and give a comprehensive report. When it comes to building a dilapidation assessment, a building inspector is contacted to give a report, and professional judgment before and after construction is underway. The aftermath of floods, whirlwinds, hurricanes and other extreme environments which are harsh triggers a building inspector to be contacted to carry out an inspection on the remaining rooms or dilapidated walls to establish the extent of the damages caused and whether the remaining buildings are still safe to settle back in. On a storey building, they are charged to ascertain if the storey building is still safe for people. Other roles of a building inspector investigate buildings built without following proper building guidelines. When you notice a crack on the wall, don’t wait long before contacting a building inspector to give guidance on the same. In some cases, repair construction may be ordered, and in other instances, the demolition of the building is preferred.
What do building inspectors cover?
As a building inspector, you are expected to cover some of the following aspects of building and construction.
- All the electrical works on the building to find out whether the standards were followed during the wireman ship and if the procedures were not followed, order restructuring to ensure safety.
- Inspects all the drainage systems and how the plumbing workmanship has been incorporated to meet the minimum standards.
- The building inspector is supposed to test the status of windows and doors, to ascertain their strength and durability is enough for the size of the building.
- Fitting and fixtures within a home are inspected to ensure that they are fitted in place, and no potential dangers from falling.
- The building inspector is tasked to ensure that all the joinery in the kitchen area in a good state
- The building inspector will inspect the walls to ensure that there are no weak points and nor cracks caused during the wall settling back.
- They ensure that the driveways and parking lot are in good condition.
- Retaining walls in case of disaster and recovery, they will tell us whether some of the remaining walls are fit to be reconstructed or they should be demolished and start afresh.
- The building inspector will make sure that outbuildings and the concrete perimeter wall are strong and safe from collapsing.
- The building inspector will check the guttering and plumbing to ensure smooth drainage systems.
KTS Building and Pest offer building inspections. You may contact them and inquire about their services and rates to find out if they can match your budget and meet your requirements.


Airport Layout Plan (ALP) for Cherokee County Airport
Enhancing Aviation Infrastructure with TxDOT Aviation and KSA Engineers
Welcome to the official page dedicated to the exciting collaboration
between Cherokee County Airport, TxDOT Aviation, and
KSA Engineers on the development of the Airport Layout Plan (ALP).
This comprehensive plan represents a significant step towards
enhancing the aviation infrastructure of Cherokee County Airport
and fostering its growth as a vital hub for regional connectivity
and economic development.
Introduction to the Airport Layout Plan (ALP)
The Airport Layout Plan (ALP) is a strategic document that serves as
a blueprint for future development, expansion, and improvement
of an airport. It encompasses a holistic approach to airport management,
covering aspects such as infrastructure, facilities, safety, environmental considerations, and overall functionality. The ALP provides a visual representation of the airport's existing layout and proposed changes, including runways, taxiways, aprons, terminals, hangars, access roads, and more.
Purpose of the ALP for Cherokee County Airport
The primary purpose of the Airport Layout Plan (ALP) for Cherokee County Airport is to facilitate the efficient and sustainable growth of the airport while ensuring the highest standards of safety, security, and environmental stewardship. This collaborative endeavor between Cherokee County Airport, TxDOT Aviation, and KSA Engineers aims to achieve the following key objectives:
1. Infrastructure Enhancement: The ALP outlines a comprehensive framework for upgrading and expanding the airport's infrastructure, ensuring that it can accommodate current and future aviation demands. This includes optimizing runway and taxiway configurations, improving terminal facilities, and modernizing aircraft parking areas.
2. Safety Measures: Safety is of paramount importance in aviation. The ALP identifies potential safety concerns and proposes solutions to mitigate risks, ensuring a secure environment for passengers, pilots, and personnel. Runway incursion prevention, efficient lighting systems, and emergency response plans are integral components of the safety-focused approach.
3. Capacity Expansion: As air travel continues to evolve, Cherokee County Airport's ALP envisions expansion strategies that enhance the airport's capacity to handle increased air traffic. By optimizing taxiway layouts, improving aircraft flow, and maximizing the use of available land, the airport can accommodate a growing number of flights and visitors.
4. Environmental Sustainability: The ALP places a strong emphasis on sustainable practices and environmental conservation. The plan considers the impact of airport operations on local ecosystems, noise pollution, and air quality, aiming to incorporate measures that minimize the airport's ecological footprint.
5. Stakeholder Engagement: Engaging with the local community, aviation enthusiasts, and other stakeholders is a key aspect of the ALP. Through transparent communication, the plan seeks to address concerns and incorporate feedback, fostering a sense of collaboration and shared responsibility in the airport's development.
6. Economic Growth: Cherokee County Airport plays a crucial role in the region's economic vitality. The ALP aligns with the airport's potential to attract businesses, create jobs, and stimulate economic growth through improved aviation infrastructure and increased connectivity.
Collaboration Between Cherokee County Airport, TxDOT Aviation, and KSA Engineers
The successful realization of the Airport Layout Plan (ALP) for Cherokee County Airport is made possible by the collaborative efforts of Cherokee County Airport, TxDOT Aviation, and KSA Engineers. Each partner brings its expertise to the table, ensuring that the ALP aligns with regulatory requirements, industry best practices, and the unique needs of the local aviation community.
Through open communication, data-driven analysis, and a shared commitment to excellence, this collaboration promises to shape Cherokee County Airport into a modern, efficient, and thriving aviation hub.
In conclusion, the Airport Layout Plan (ALP) for Cherokee County Airport represents a significant milestone in the airport's journey toward growth and development. With a focus on safety, sustainability, capacity enhancement, and stakeholder engagement, this plan sets the stage for a promising future for Cherokee County Airport and its vital role in the regional aviation landscape. Stay tuned for updates as we work together to bring this visionary plan to life!


The ground loop operates in the following manner. When heating or cooling is required of the heat pump, the ground loop pump will move fluid from the ground heat exchangers to the heat pump. The heat pump will then add/remove heat from the fluid and return the fluid to the ground loop where this heat must be rejected to/absorbed from the earth.
The key components in any ground source heat pump application are the ground heat exchangers. In this simulation, two U-tube ground heat exchangers are used to reject/absorb heat to/from the ground. U-tube ground heat exchangers are relatively simple devices. The heat exchanger consists of a long piece of pipe formed into a "U" shape. This U-tube is then inserted into a deep hole drilled into the earth called a borehole. After the U-tube has been placed in the earth, the borehole is backfilled with soil or a thermal-enhanced grout.The two ground heat exchangers are hooked up in parallel and are typically buried about 15 feet apart.
The ground heat exchanger design is critical in these systems. If the ground heat exchangers are too short, the temperature of the fluid returning to the heat pump is too hot (cooling) or too cold (heating); causing performance degradation and possible equipment failure.
In this simulation, the thermal and hydraulic effects of the horizontal pipes leading to and from the ground heat exchangers are ignored since they typically account for only a small fraction of the overall heat transfer.
The ground heat exchangers are modeled with a very detailed model written at the University of Lund, Sweden. This model accounts for the thermal properties of the fluid, pipes, backfill, and soil and is considered the finest ground heat exchanger model in the world today. This model has been incorporated into TRNSYS to take advantage of the many TRNSYS benefits derived from modular simulation.


As the name suggests, attic insulation refers to the materials installed in your attic that help to control energy costs and maintain consistent temperatures throughout your home. Well-insulated attics are much more comfortable and can effectively create more livable space.
When installing new attic insulation, you’ll be able to select from a variety of materials. To choose the best insulation for your circumstances, you’ll need to know where you want to install it and what R-value you want the installation to achieve. Below, we’ve listed some of the most common materials to help you get started:
We compare different kinds of attic insulation by assessing thermal performance, which is measured using R-values. The R-value represents how well the insulation can resist the flow of heat and it is measured per inch of thickness.
As a general rule, the higher the R-value, the better the energy efficiency and climate control.


Art Deco cast iron radiators compliment both modern and contemporary building interiors, recreating the distinctive architecture of the 1920's and 1930's.
AEL - Art Deco
Art Deco Decorative cast-iron sectional radiators This geometrical streamlined radiator re-creates the exciting architecture of the 1920’s and 1930’s, combined with modern heating efficiency, the Art Deco compliments both Modern and contemporary interiors. The design and construction of the Art Deco cast iron radiator will provide a lifetime of style, warmth and comfort. The design blends into modern interiors and buildings representative of an era when design and architectural innovation was applauded. Radiators are delivered complete up to 10 sections in length which can be extended on site to suit the heat requirement for each room. The Art Deco radiator is supplied in a primer finish only and can be painted or powder coated at a “low bake’ for a professional finish.
|Pressure||Max working pressure 6 bar|
|Connections||1/2" and 3/4"|
|Finish||Primer (Painting service available.Price on application.)|
|Valves||See valves brochure|
|Mounting||Floor or Wall|
|Warranty||See our terms and conditions|


When constructing your house or making improvements in your property or garden, one important area that must definitely be considered is an efficient drainage system. This can prevent several undesirable problems occurring along with even protecting your health. All too often homeowners never think about issues including flooding or water contamination until they happen, by which time they could be confronted with costly repair bills on top of the now evident need to install an effective drainage system. Just what exactly are underground drainage systems, and what exactly are their advantages?
An underground drainage product is an answer for collecting excess water and transporting it via underground pipes to a suitable waste water disposal area. Typical water collection sites include guttering and grates in numerous strategic points around a property, yard or garden, and also this number of systems supplies the underground drainage pipes with excess water.
The very first obvious benefit of the such systems is that it is out of sight. Other drainage systems that do not use underground pipes can be very unsightly leaving Drain Surveys in Yorkshire for any solution that is more pleasant in appearance. Underground drainage systems are from sight and out of mind whilst they do their job serving your home. One other most crucial benefit of the underground drainage system is that it prevents the most obvious accumulation of water that is included with without having an efficient system set up. As you can imagine, an entire system can stop rainwater pooling in spaces at the exterior of the house, including in yards and gardens.
Water signing in these kinds of areas can eliminate the plants of enthusiastic gardeners and provide a significant safety hazard for anybody who needs to walk via a flooded area. In addition to this, water that has pooled in a specific area can affect property, machinery or any other objects it is in contact with.
Underground drainage also supplies keen gardeners with another major advantages; their plot of land is definitely not destroyed by soil erosion caused by inefficient draining of excess water. Water which becomes stagnant in the earth can change soil into a muddy mass, meaning that plants is not going to only die, but soil may be eroded away, potentially ruining a garden. There is another key benefit to installing an underground drainage system in a property, which affects the health and safety of the occupiers.
If you work with the most typical option, plastic uPVC pipes, you will be able to discover lengths of both 3m and 6m very easily coming from all good plastic building supplies stockists. The main benefit of these long lengths is the fact that fewer connectors are essential when installing the runs of underground drainage pipe.
The uPVC pipes can easily be cut to size employing a standard, fine-toothed saw. After cutting, make sure you ensure the end is chamfered and cleaned for any dirt. Joining pipes is determined by whether your pipes are straight connection or socket format. For the former, a collar connector can be used to get in touch parts of underground drainage pipe.
Before laying your underground drainage pipes you will need to dig a trench to them. All pipes ought to be laid in a trench which is 300mm wider compared to pipes themselves. Furthermore, all plastic pipe runs jlyndh to become laid over a 10mm layer of pea shingle or fine gravel. This may give a base for larger grade material and backfill to be positioned on top later.
Be sure to follow safety requirements when digging your trenches, including: making certain the site is fenced off from kids and pets, never working in trenches alone, keeping trench widths as small as possible to stop the sides from collapsing, not working in bad weather and never having the trenches open for days on end to prevent collapse.
In times when your region experiences periods of extremely heavy weather, you might be a victim of flash floods. Flash floods can unfortunately bring contaminants right into a garden or property, meaning that potentially dangerous elements can get into the house and for that reason come into exposure to the residents. An underground drainage system supplies the occupiers with feelings of security that the property reaches reduced chance of being affected this way. By using these systems set up, excess water from flooding and the potentially harmful materials it includes is transported out of the premises so nobody residing in the house is negatively affected.
A disadvantage; however, to underground drainage systems, is because they may be expensive to install and maintain. Having said that, this is a factor worth considering when an excess of water threatens the livelihood of the garden, home along with its occupiers. Drainage supplies can be found from numerous reputable stockists that may enable a competent DIYer to install a simple system with their owner. Similarly, trained professionals can obtain high quality supplies to be able to put a highly effective system in place to suit your needs. Either way, an underground drainage system brings many benefits to a home and its residents, and it is an alternative to seriously think about when constructing new home or just making improvements to an existing one.


ekokoncept = living pleasure
Our mission is to produce top designed, user-and environment-friendly wooden prefabricated houses. Products and information we offer in the field of low-energy wooden construction, have been subjected to thorough review and compliance with the current standards.
- ekokoncept, lesena gradnja, d.o.o.
Prefabricated house ekokoncept
At ekokoncept we believe in environment-friendly and energy-efficient building materials and in the utilization of renewable energy sources. As a result of our long experience in mounting ecological houses and buildings, we offer a sustainable and economical housing construction, while helping to reduce air pollution and global warming. We distinguish ourselves by effective approach to designing, developing and building beautiful, functional, comfortable and above all unique prefabricated houses.
We are here to stay!
We have been designing and building family houses since 1998. We are proud our accomplishments; our trustful relationships that we have established with our clients and our ever evolving accomplishments in energy efficient construction. We are proud to be a family business.
We make personalized houses
The price range of ekokoncept houses is wide. As devoted professionals, our architects and engineers work hard and fully commit to each and every project that is presented to them. Our clients have high expectations and we would not want it any other way.
Made in Slovenia
Prefabricated houses ekokoncept are made in Slovenia. In production modern cutting-edge technology is used to make, prepare and construct all the elements necessary for an accurate and fast assembly on site.
At ekokoncept we have been educated in Austria, Switzerland and Scandinavian countries to acquire the appropriate knowledge needed to execute even the most demanding projects of wooden low-energy construction. Regardless of the project you trust us with; you can expect our full commitment, high level of professionalism and punctuality. All listed ekokoncept houes are prefabricated and ready to be assembled on your plot. In case you have any special requirements we will be happy to advise you and personalize your house!
IN COOPERATION WITH LOCAL REPRESENTATIVES WE CAN PROVIDE:
– project adjustments and documentation
– surveying services
– earth and masonry work before construction
– water and rainwater installations, treatment plants, water repository …
– built, roofing, façade
– final finishing (flooring, walls treatment, heating / cooling / ventilation …)
In case we do not have a local representative in your country, we can assemble the house up to phase one and provide you with all the support necessary to complete the house with your local architect and constructor.
ekokoncept houses have a 30 YEAR GUARANTY on the wooden construction.
ekokoncept home owners are happy home owners!
- Mind pattern
It is quite difficult to fully picture the house we want and need. This is why we offer our clients a number of pre-made house design solutions.
At ekokoncept we combined functionality and aesthetics into the package of modern prefabricated houses while trying to cover a wider range of preferences in lifestyle. Given the current response to our offer, we attracted the interest of a large number of customers at home and abroad. Our houses are the result of careful planning on the basis of information obtained from direct contact with actual and potential clients, given today’s pace of life.
ekokoncept stands for quality, individuality and innovation. Our commitment to high standards of quality is a continuous effort to achieve them. We pursue new technologies in various fields such as production planning, manufacturing, transportation, installation, etc…
We are inspired by the future. Our passion for improvement and satisfaction in working with our customers, are the motivational factors that constantly push us forward.
“Living pleasure” is not only our slogan but also our philosophy!
Why wood? Wood is an environmentally friendly solution for building houses, while living in prefabricated wooden house is comfortable and healthy.
Trees consume carbon dioxide for their growth and produce oxygen, so it is only logical that residing in a wooden house is good for health. Wood is characterized by low thermal conductivity and excellent insulating properties, resulting in reduced energy consumption. Wood requires less manufacturing process than other building materials. Timber is considered “greener” than other conventional building materials and because of its properties very “people-friendly”. Wooden residence offers many advantages to be exploited!
Are wooden buildings durable?
Wood as a building material is very durable. As an example of its fantastic characteristics we have wooden buildings all over the world, set in different climates, for example a1,000 year old church in Norway, more than 1,500 years old temple complex in Japan, and objects from Egyptian tombs, dating back more than 3,500 years, still in supreme condition. If the wood is properly treated and preserved it has close to unlimited lifespan.
Does wood require a lot of maintenance?
Vapour diffusion has an especially important role in the maintenance of wood. Facades made following proper treatment criteria prevent the ingress of moisture into the structure of the building, allowing adequate drainage of surface water and, thanks to good air circulation, providing rapid drying of wood components. The colour of wood varies from brown, silver-gray to dark brown in colour, depending on altitude, climate and location. These colour variations are just fine surface layers, protecting completely healthy wood below.
Wood is flammable – or a wooden houses a fire hazard?
Wood burns slowly and evenly. The burning rate can be accurately determined; therefore wood can easily meet the fire resisting standards. Wood has a long maintained capacity at high temperatures, while other construction materials at same high temperatures completely lose their properties, for example steel. The fact is that the risk of fire in wooden buildings is not greater than in differently constructed buildings, especially since the greatest risk of causing combustion represent carpets, curtains, …
Are wooden buildings poorly soundproofed?
This bias in respect of sound insulation, it is completely false, if the construction of walls and ceilings is executed properly. The “Sandwich” construction, which is most commonly used for sound insulation, reaches values that are consistent with those of conventional buildings, or even beyond.
- Partner ekokoncept


What are Leak Investigations?
A leak investigation is a bespoke testing regime. It is designed to pinpoint where leaks occur by systematically testing parts of the building construction, allowing you to then undertake repairs so that the problem can be permanently resolved.
How Does It Work?
Simulated rainfall testing is carried out across key points in the building fabric that are commensurate and proximate to the leaks. Leak investigations take place from the lowest rainwater outlets to highest ridges or cappings and copings to pinpoint from where the leaks originate.
Coloured tracers are often used as they provide invaluable assistance in tracing the leak causes.
What Can Leak Investigations Detect?
- Leaks from couplings in rainwater pipework or at the interfaces of outlets.
- Leaks in roof waterproofings or coverings.
- Leaks through cladding, curtain walling and glazing.
- Leaks through any other part of the building construction.
Where and When Should It Be Used?
A leak investigation can help to detect the source of leaks in any conceivable element of your building's fabric. This enables remedial action, prevents further damage, and protects you against future repair costs as well as any loss of revenue due to facilities closure.
For an assessment of your project and to commission our leak investigation services, contact us here.


The Dilg League Drive Sanitary Sewer Overflow (SSO) Mitigation project will address SSOs
that have occurred at a manhole near Dilg League Drive during significant rain events
since late 2018. The improvements will include the installation of a wet-weather flow storage
facility on the Atkins Park property to capture flows that exceed the capacity of the Hardy
Lift Station. Wastewater will be returned to the collection system after flow rates return to
normal. The project is currently under design. Construction is anticipated to begin in 2023.
Additional information about the project can be found at www.cleanwatershreveport.com.
Completion of this project will enable the City to address compliance requirements under
the consent decree and enhance the resiliency of the sanitary sewer collection system.
The improvements are expected to cost approximately $13.5 million. The City intends to
apply $2 million in local American Rescue Plan funds to the project. The rest of the
project’s cost will be paid for using a Water Sector Program grant and local funds.
The City received a grant award of $5 million after submitting an application for the project
to the Louisiana Water Sector Program. The Water Sector Program was created in 2021 by
the State of Louisiana to provide grant funding for repairs, improvements, and
consolidation of community water and sewer systems around the state. In January 2022,
the Louisiana Water Sector Commission approved $300 million in funding for 87 projects
statewide, including for the City of Shreveport. The City received the maximum allocation
of $5 million per application.


Website saved from Joomla thanks to WebMaster Ltd. - web & iOS mobile information technologies from the old school
Click on the image to close it
Stages in the Construction and Investment ProcessThis page in the form of a conspectus lists the key actions usually taken by the client during the time of the creation of the building (site).
1. Offer comparison, choosing an architect .
2. Preparation of design assignment. Commissioning and design contract.
a) Pre-planning studies to determine the location of the site, proof of legal eligibility, appropriateness of the investment idea.
3. Obtaining a design visa issued by the chief architect of the municipality within 14 days, on the grounds of an application.
4. Designing see page Content of the projects.
5. Submission of the projects for approval in the municipality.
Investment projects that are granted planning permission are coordinated and approved upon a written request by the contractor and upon presentation of:
a) ownership documents
b) design visa
c) three copies of the investment project
d) administrative acts which, depending on the type and size of construction are required as a condition for authorizing construction under the Protection of the environment law or a special law
e) conformity assessment - prepared by the Expert Council of the approving authorities or supervising company
f) a favorable opinion from the fire safety authorities
Coordination of the investment projects is to verify their compliance with:
a) predictions of the detailed development plan
b) the laws and regulations for spatial planning
c) requirements for interoperability between the parts of the project
d) structural integrity and compliance of the engineering calculations
e) requirements for the design, safe operation and technical supervision of high-risk facilities, if any.
All parts of approved investment projects shall be stamped with the seal of the municipal administration. In the event that within one year of approval of the investment project the contractor does not make an application for a building permit, the project loses legal action.
6. Building permit issued by the chief architect of the municipality, for cities divided in districts - by decision from the municipal council - the chief architect of the area. Issued to the contractor on the grounds of an approved project in working project stage. When changing the investment intentions after the issuance of a building permit only minor deviations from the approved investment project are allowed.
After the issuance of the building permit, modifications to the approved investment project in the range
of significant deviations are unacceptable.
- violate the predictions of the detailed development plan
- violate the requirements for construction in areas with special territorial protection
- are not compatible with the territory
- violate building laws and regulations, technical, technological, sanitary, environmental and fire safety requirements.
- change the structure and the type of structural elements and / or loads.
- violate the predictions of the project, repurpose objects, withdraw, or amend substantially shared areas of the building.
- change the type and location of common installations and systems in buildings and facilities
- change the type, level, location and route of transmission pipelines and facilities pertain to urban areas and common networks and facilities of the technical infrastructure in urban areas, as well as communication and transport networks and facilities and installations for waste disposal.
7. Construction process
a) The starting of construction in accordance with the issued building permit is the day the protocol for opening the construction site is drafted and the construction line and level are determined, and when this is not required - the date of certification of the order book.
b) Opening of the construction site and determining the construction line and level is accompanied by an enacted building permit and in the presence of officials from the municipality, the person exercising constructional supervision for the site or a construction foreman for the fifth category sites.
c) For the opening of the site and the determining of the construction line and level a record is drawn, with an indication of regulation and elevation benchmarks.
d) The record for the opening of the construction site and determination of the construction line and level is kept indefinitely in the archives of the administration which issued the construction permit. Copy of the record is be kept by the contractor or person exercising construction supervision.
e) The procedure for carrying out field supervision during construction is determined by an agreement between the contractor and the architect. Author's supervision for the "Constructional” part is mandatory for all buildings.
f) Instructions of the designer associated with his intellectual property rights for precise abidance to his investment project are entered in the order book and are mandatory for all other participants in the construction.
g) The supervisor signs all documents and records during construction, necessary to evaluate the construction works, regarding safety requirements and legal implementation.
8. Use permit
a) After completion of the actual construction built documentation is prepared reflecting insignificant deviations from the approved plans, by the contractor or a person designated by the contractor.
b) The executive documentation contains a full set of drawings for actual construction work. It is certified by the contractor, the constructor, the person exercising supervision, by the individual exercising the technical control for the "Constructional" part and the person who performs constructional supervision. The transfer is certified with the stamp of the authority, put on all graphic and textual materials.
The executive documentation is an integral part of the construction papers.
d) Upon completion of construction and completion of acceptance tests, when they are required, the contractor registers before the authority that issued the construction permit, the unit's commissioning by submitting a final report under Art. 168, Para. 6 of the SPA, contracts with utility companies for accession to the networks of the technical infrastructure.
e) Within seven days of receiving the request, the authority which issued the construction permit, after checking the completeness of the documents, registers the construction's commissioning and issues a certificate of commissioning.
f) Upon completion of the new building as well as after reconstruction, major renovation, major repair or reconstruction of an existing building, a technical passport of the building is drawn up. The technical passport is drawn up in two original copies - one for the contractor and one for the authority that issued the construction permit.


Traffic, drainage and infrastructure issues have been some of the biggest impediments to Baton Rouges growth as a thriving community. With progress made from the recent Louisiana legislative session and the announcement of three potential new Mississippi River Bridge sites, there are glimmers of hope.
Leadership Baton Rouge Alumni will host a panel discussion with state and local leaders about all areas of traffic, drainage, transportation and infrastructure in the Capitol Region. Have your questions answered and join us for the important community discussion. Light refreshments will be served.
A minimum donation of $10 is requested from all attendees. 50% of all registration fees collected will be donated to the YWCA Greater Baton Rouge. Please consider an additional donation, if able.
Leadership Baton Rouge Alumni


Premier Aqua specialise in the supply of ecological wastewater treatment systems for commercial, domestic and institutional customers in Spain. From single dwelling houses, small rural communities and villages to pubs, hotels and all types of leisure facilities, we provide effective wastewater treatment systems. Our state of the art water treatment plants serve up to 15,000 population. We supply, commission and provide ongoing servicing of all systems.
New Installations or Upgrades!
Building a new home is exciting but also a challenge in Spain today and often septic tanks are not the most important item on your mind. When it comes to supplying your new septic tank, waste-water or sewage treatment system you can rely on Premier Aqua. It is in your best interest that septic tanks be installed by a competent contractor. We have upgraded many septic tank systems and we provide a complete service including necessary certification as required by local and national authorities.
Our sewage systems and wasterwater treatment systems are accepted by local authorities and councils.
Contact us today with any queries or questions you might have.


In this study, the results of an experimental investigation of the shear behavior of reinforced concrete structural walls subjected to eccentric compression loads are presented. Shear tests of six cantilever walls with a aspect ratio 2.0 were performed. The magnitude and eccentricity of the axial loads applied to the walls were considered as the test parameters. The tests showed that the failure mode and shear strength of the eccentrically loaded walls are significantly affected by the eccentricity. As the eccentricity increases, the failure mode changes from diagonal tension failure in the web to flexure-shear cracking failure, which results in a decrease in shear strength. The test strengths were compared with the shear strengths predicted in accordance with the provisions of ACI 318-14 and KCI 2012. Results indicate that the existing methods for walls and columns, based on diagonal tension and flexure-shear cracking failures, significantly underestimate the shear strengths of the eccentrically loaded walls.
이 연구에서는 편심압축력을 받는 철근콘크리트 벽체의 전단거동을 조사하였다. 형상비가 2.0인 6개의 켄틸레버 벽체에 대하여 전단실험을 수행하였다. 벽체에 가해진 압축력의 크기와 편심이 설계변수로 고려되었다. 실험결과에 따르면, 편심재하된 벽체의 파괴모드와 전단강도는 편심에 의하여 크게 영향을 받는다. 편심이 증가할 경우, 벽체의 파괴모드는 복부의 사인장균열파괴에서 휨전단균열파괴로 바뀌며, 그로 인하여 전단강도가 감소한다. 벽체의 실험강도는 ACI318-14 및 KCI 2012의 규정에 따라 예측한 전단강도와 비교하였다. 비교 결과, 사인장균열파괴와 휨전단균열파괴에 근거한 기존의 벽체 및 기둥 전단강도 평가방법은 편심재하된 벽체의 전단강도를 크게 저평가하는 것으로 나타났다.
- ACI Committee 318 (2014) Building Code Requirements and Commentary for Reinforced Concrete (ACI 318-14), American Concrete Institute, Detroit, MI.
- Baldwin, J. W. J., and Viest, I. M. (1958) Effect of Axial Compression on Shear Strength of Reinforced Concrete Frame Members. ACI Journal Proceedings 55(11), 635-654.
- Cardenas, A. E., and Magura, D. D. (1973) Strength of High-Rise Shear Walls.Rectangular Cross Sections, Response of Multistory Concrete Structures’ to Lateral Forces, SP-36, American Concrete Institute, Detroit, 1973, pp. 119-150.
- Cardenas, A. E., Hanson, J. M., Corley, W. G., and Hognestad, E. (1973) Design Provisions for Shear Walls. Journal of the American Concrete Institute, Proceedings 70(3), 221-230.
- CEN (2004) Eurocode 8.Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures. Pt. 1.3 General rules.specific Rules for Various Materials and Elements. Brussels, Belgium.
- Choi, K. K., Park, H. G., and Kim, H. M. (2010) Shear Strength Model for Slab-Column Connections. Journal of the Korean Concrete Institute 22(4), 585-593.
- Eom, T. S., Hwang, I. H., Lee, S. J., and Park, T. W. (2018) Failure Mode and Shear Strength of Nonprestressed Hollow-Core Slabs in One-Way Shear. ACI Structural Journal 115(4), 1121-1141.
- Eom, T. S., Park, H. G., and Kim, J. Y. (2010) Evaluation of Deformation Capacity of Slender Reinforced Concrete Walls with Thin Web. Journal of the Korean Concrete Institute 22(1), 59-68.
- Joint ACI-ASCE Committee 326 (1962) Shear and Diagonal Tension. ACI Journal Proceedings 59, 1-30, 277-334, 352-396.
- Kim, S. H., Hwang, H. J., and Park, H. G. (2018) Shear Force Amplification Effect Addressing Nonlinear Dynamic Response in Slender RC Walls. Journal of the Korean Concrete Institute 30(2), 135-146.
- Korean Concrete Institute (2012), Design Codes for Concrete Structures (KCI 2012), Kimundang, Seoul. (Korean)
- Lee, J. H. (2016), Prestressed Concrete - Ultimate Strength Design Method and Limiate State Design Method, Dong Myeong Publishers.
- MacGregor, James G., and Hanson, John M. (1969) Proposed Changes in Shear Provisions for Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete Beams. ACI Journal Proceedings 66(4), 276-288.
- Morrow, J. and Viest, I. M. (1957) Shear Strength of Reinforced Concrete Frame Member without Web Reinforcement. ACI Journal Proceedings 53(3), 833-869.
- Noh, J. O., Park, H. G., Kim, C. G., Choi, K. K., and Lee, H. (2018) Effect of Non-Uniformly Distributed Shear Reinforcement on Shear Strength of Beams. Journal of the Korean Concrete Institute 30(3), 247-256. (in Korean)
- Ou, Y.-C. and Kurniawan, D. P. (2015) Effect of Axial Compression on Shear Behavior of High-Strength Reinforced Concrete Columns. ACI Structural Journal 112(2), 209-220.
- Wight, K. J. and MacGregor, J. G. (2012) Reinforced Concrete: Mechanics and Design, 6th Ed., Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, Jew Jersey.
- Wood, S. L. (1990) Shear Strength of Low-Rise Reinforced Concrete Walls. ACI Structural Journal 87(1), 99-107.
- Publisher :Korea Concrete Institute
- Publisher(Ko) :한국콘크리트학회
- Journal Title :Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
- Journal Title(Ko) :콘크리트학회 논문집
- Volume : 31
- No :1
- Pages :11-20


Research Area: Design strategies for retrofitting communities for flood resilience
Supervisor: Dr Emily So
Edward Barsley is a specialist in environmental design in Architecture. He completed his undergraduate in Architecture (Part 1) at the University of Sheffield and an MPhil in Environmental Design in Architecture (Part 2) at the University of Cambridge.
He then went on to work for Baca Architects in London, helping to run the TSB funded Climate Adaptive Neighbourhoods Research project which won the 2014 RIBA Presidents Medal for Research in Practice. He was also involved in writing the future cities chapter of Baca's 'Aquatecture' book (released in February 2016).
Edward has lived and worked in China, India, Denmark, Sri Lanka and the UK. He is currently completing a PhD in Architecture at the University of Cambridge focused on developing innovative strategies for flood resilience in existing communities and is special advisor on flood risk in the South East to Greg Clark MP.
Flood Risk and Resilience
Strategies for adaptation to Climate Change


What exactly is an overhead crane?
An overhead crane, also termed a bridge crane, is a kind of hoist commonly found in manufacturing environments. An overhead crane consists of parallel runways linked by a movable bridge. A crane’s hoist, or elevating element, travels along the bridge. If the bridge is securely supported on two or more legs running on a fixed rail at ground level, the crane is called a gantry crane or a goliath crane.
Overhead cranes, unlike mobile or construction cranes, are generally employed in manufacturing or maintenance applications where efficiency and downtime are important.
Types of Overhead Crane
There are six types of Overhead Crane.
European Style Overhead Crane
European style overhead cranes are designed and built to FEM Europe standards and are powered by high-performance ABM or SEW engines. Variable speeds, box girder design, low headroom monorail hoist, Schneider brand inverters, and electrical components There is very little noise.
Overhead Crane with a Single Girder
The most popular form of overhead crane used for light to moderate lifting tasks is the LD type Single Girder Overhead Crane. It is widely used in manufacturing workshops, repairing and assembly lines, warehouses, and storage yards to perform various lifting duties. Overhead Crane repair requires different techniques.
Overhead Crane with Double Girders
A double girder overhead crane with a hook, also known as a bridge crane or an EOT crane, is a big and strong heavy-duty lifting equipment that may be used for loading, unloading, and transporting in industrial and mining businesses, workshops, or open areas.
Overhead Grab Bucket Crane
A heavy-duty overhead crane with a grab bucket that may be used frequently is known as a Grab Bucket Overhead Crane. Grab cranes have a lifting capacity of 5 to 25 tons, including the dead weight of the grab bucket. The grab crane’s working class is A6.
Electromagnetic Overhead Crane
An electromagnetic overhead crane is a type of material handling equipment with a detachable electromagnetic chuck and associated operating system for handling and lifting metal items. The weight of the electromagnetic overhead crane was included in the lifting capability of the electromagnetic overhead crane, which ranged from 5 to 32 tons. Overhead Crane repair requires different techniques.
Explosion Proof Overhead Crane
The LB-type explosion-proof overhead crane is a single-girder crane with an HB explosion-proof electric hoist that is typically used in hazardous lifting settings. This crane’s engine and electrical components are also explosion-proof, ensuring the high degree of safety necessary in an explosive environment. The A3 working-class explosion-resistant single girder overhead crane has a lifting capacity of 1 to 20 tons.
How to Repair an Overhead Crane?
Safety and compliance inspections
“How Overhead Crane Repairs?” may be found here. Crane inspections are carried out to assess the safety of the equipment, detect wear and tear, and establish maintenance requirements for safe and productive operation. Inspections may also ensure that your equipment is compliant with current local standards and laws, saving you money and preventing downtime.
A complete strategy of preventative maintenance planned repairs, and advanced services that take a closer look at your crane and its components are helpful in addition to regular crane inspections. You may more effectively manage a safer, more dependable, and compliant operation with a coordinated program.
Three distinct checks are included in an overhead crane repair checklist.
Examine the surrounding area
This inspection ensures that the space around the crane is free of obstructions. These are some of the activities:
- Know where the crane disconnect switch is located.
- Make sure there aren’t any warning indicators.
- Check to make sure no one is working in the area where the load will be transferred. Look ahead to make sure there is nothing in the area where the load will be transported.
- Check to see that the below-the-hook devices are compatible with the crane in operation and can safely lift the weight.
- Ascertain that the load capacity is equal to or less than the crane’s capacity.
After the operator has completed the area check, he or she can begin the equipment’s preliminary inspection. Before he or she touches any controls, this should be done. You can learn here “How Overhead Crane repairs?”.
- Check the electric systems, the bridge, the runway, the trolley, and the hoist for any loose, broken, or damaged parts.
- Make sure the wire rope is correctly placed in the grooves of the drum.
- Ascertain that the open power source is secure and that nothing is in near proximity.
- Verify that no wires have been removed from the strain reliefs or brushings.
- Make that the pushbutton pendant is in good condition.
Safety Inspection of the Equipment
After the initial check, the site engineer would have to do an inspection of the hoist to check that this is in proper working condition. This is designed to decrease the possibility of failure.
When inspecting the equipment, several distinct categories must be signed off on. You can learn here “How Overhead Crane repairs?”.
- Ensure that all powered systems are in good working order. Check that the power button is not stuck, that the hoist hook raises, and that the higher limit switch works correctly.
- Ensure that all hooks are in good functioning order. On any section of the hook, there should be no more than 10% wear.
- Check the bottom block assembly for any damage or fractures. Sheaves should be able to rotate easily and smoothly.
- Make sure the wire rope and load chain don’t have any damaged wires. Any ropes or chains should be free of kinks, cuts, or heat damage.


CEO of BGL
Busan-Gimhae Light Rail Transit (LRT), an unmanned light rail transit equipped with all the cutting-edge technologies around the world, was established as Korean government’s pilot project. After setting 21 stations on a 23.231km line which connects Sasang, Busan to Gimhae International Airport and Sangyeo-dong, Gimhae the LRT was finally opened on September 17, 2011 and has been transporting an average of 394 passenger a day ever since.
While entrusting the operation of the LRT to Busan-Gimhae Light Rail Transit Operation Co., Ltd. which was established jointly by Seoul Metro, Busan Transportation Corporation and Gimhae City to best utilize the experiences various transit operating organizations have and to maximize customer satisfaction, Busan-Gimhae Light Rail Transit Co., Ltd. is aimed at further improving the services to its customers, reducing the financial burden on local governments and making contributions to building environment-friendly, green cities.
Busan-Gimhae Light Rail Transit Co., Ltd. will value its customers as the first priority, listen to even the smallest voices of its customers and to provide better services. Busan-Gimhae Light Rail Transit will not be just an ordinary transportation method but an environment where citizens can rest and relax as well as a bridge that connects West Busan to Gimhae and contributes to balanced growth of the two regions.
Thank you all for your continued support and encouragement.


Types of Roofing Services
Roofing services certainly do come a lot more in number than you may think. The first thing to say is that there are many different types of roofing services that are out there. A roofer is going to offer roof replacement, shingle installation, roof cleaning and repairs as well. There are other services as well but these are the most common. A quality roofer is going to offer more than just roof repairs or roof replacement, they should have an extensive knowledge base of all of the different aspects of the roof industry.
The roofing company is going to be able to recommend different products for any home that is on the market. They will help install shingles and all of the various roofing materials such as metal, ceramic tiles, slate, fiberglass, and all of the many types of wood products that are out there. In addition to all of this, the roofing services that the professional offers will also include everything else that could fall under the term “roofing”. This could include all of the above mentioned as well as:
These roofing services are very important for any residential or commercial buildings. For example, a large commercial building could suffer with leaky roofs and constant damage, especially during the rainy season. These roofs need to be properly maintained and taken care of in order to keep the building safe. In addition, commercial buildings should have roofs that are completely free of debris and snow that could weigh down the ceiling and cause structural damage.
Residential homes are often times the same problem. This means that there are always going to be small cracks in the roof and the area around the small cracks is going to be moist. This can easily lead to leaks and water damage. The roofing services that a professional roofing company offers can include repairs on these small cracks and leaks in order to make the area waterproof again. They can even help prevent future leaks and damage from occurring. This is something that not all contractors and professionals do, so it is important to get a roofing services provider that does this type of work.
For those commercial buildings that are in need of major roof repairs and replacements, roofing services will include everything that could possibly need to be repaired on the roof of the commercial building. This includes everything from shingles to all of the necessary nails and metal pieces to complete the installation process. Having a roofer complete this work properly is essential for making sure that the roof of the commercial building can continue to protect the contents of the building and the business inside of it.
The roofing services that a professional roofing contractor offers is crucial for any type of building. No matter what type of roof a building has or what kind of problems or repairs need to be fixed on it, the right professional roofing services company will be able to provide everything that is needed to make sure that the roof of the commercial building is repaired correctly and safely. Even if a roof has only minor issues, such as a few holes or minor leaks, it is still imperative to have the issue repaired as soon as possible. This is why it is so important to choose carefully when choosing a roofing services provider. There are many contractors available, so it is important to look at all of the services that a roofing company offers before deciding which one will best fit the needs of your building.


There are a number of benefits to selecting brick walkways Illinois to provide safe and attractive places for people to walk. Brick has a timeless appeal and becomes even more beautiful as it ages. It is highly durable and very easy to repair should a brick become dislodged or broken. There are a variety of ways brick can be laid to produce different and attractive patterns from very simple to complex. Brick comes in a number of colors and can be made from such as natural stone, clay, concrete or cobblestone. The bricks can be held together with a traditional mortar substance or with tightly packed sand.
Illinois Brick Walkway Costs
Prices can vary based on a number of factors. The bricks themselves can differ in cost based on their quality, what they are made of and the number of bricks needed for the job. The local cost of labor and materials will impact the total cost of the job as well as the location of the walkway. High quality bricks that have elaborate designs and are laid in mosaic patterns typically cost more. In contrast, salvaged bricks left over from a demolition job are usually available at a discount. The brick walkways Illinois professionals in our network are able to provide competitive quotes for prospective customers.
Free Illinois Brick Walkway QuotesSimply complete the form below to receive up to 4 no obligation quotes free of charge. The professionals in our network are all local and fully-approved.
If you're looking for reliable, affordable and local Illinois contractors, look no further. Use our network of 85,000 fully-screened tradesmen to compare industry-beating quotes and hire the best and most trustworthy professionals in your area.
Let us know about the work you would like undertaken by completing our simple form.
Your work details are submitted to our vast home improvement network, full of local approved experts.
Lastly, you receive up to 4 free quotations from approved experts on our database.


The Business Impact of Smart Buildings and IoT
Buildings can be engineered from the ground up to feature an environmentally conscious design with embedded, networked computer systems – an IoT.
The average building wastes 30 percent of the energy it consumes. That’s according to the EPA, which cites a variety of common inefficiencies leading to the poor performance of traditional building design and operation. The agency, of course, advocates for buildings to become EnergyStar compliant as a way to mitigate this problem in existing structures, but there’s perhaps a much more compelling fix on the horizon: Smart buildings. These days, buildings can be engineered from the ground up to feature an environmentally conscious design with embedded, networked computer systems – an Internet of Things – with sensors embedded throughout the building to detect and help eliminate traditional waste.
Smart buildings are, to use an engineering term, “highly instrumented.” Like a high-tech space probe or a piece of industrial machinery, smart buildings are packed with embedded sensors that measure a wealth of information like temperature, light levels, energy use, and occupancy – and then take action, automatically, in programmed responses to rules and thresholds established by the building manager.
Where’s The Value?
Of course, that might sound a little familiar even if you don’t operate a smart building. One could argue that many (if not most) commercial buildings already have at least some instrumentation in place without being networked into an IoT. Thermostats control the temperature in offices; light sensors illuminate rooms only when they’re occupied; doors and gates lock at specified hours but respond to security badges. With all that tech already in play, where’s the value in ‘smartify-ing’ a building from the ground up?
Well, there are a number of reasons, but it turns out that energy consumption is the low-hanging fruit for any smart building. With the IoT, building managers can control heating, cooling, airflow, and other essential settings in a holistic, whole-structure way. And the American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy estimates that buildings which leverage the IoT for a holistic approach to energy management can save as much as 50 percent, ten times more than when engineers upgrade individual systems in existing structures. In other words, there’s a lot of value in leveraging the IoT rather than managing discrete sensors and environmental controls.
Less Obvious Advantages
Moreover, the IoT delivers less obvious value in a smart building as well. For example, in addition to measuring and tracking analytics like whether a room is occupied – and therefore may or may not need lighting and temperature control – it can also record and assess occupancy and foot traffic by time of day, day of week, and time of year. It can assess how people enter the building, where they go, and how long they stay.
This kind of indirect surveillance can have implications not just for energy saving, but logistical support and security as well. Building managers can assess how rooms are used and detect when large conference rooms or meeting facilities are routinely used by small groups or large groups which need the space are displaced by smaller groups. With the right algorithms and monitoring, that can lead to happier, more productive, and more efficient employees, since the IoT of the building itself can help teams reserve, use, and maintain the facilities they need more efficiently.
Enter Analytics Tools
And the big data that smart buildings amass allows algorithms – not people – to obsess over the details, optimizing then facilities within. Analytics tools can process day-to-day performance data of all the connected hardware within the building to look for malfunctioning equipment, safety concerns, and energy waste.
At the same time, because all of this data is Internet-connected, it lets building managers virtualize and extend control over aspects of building systems to more users. To wit: Today, can occupants and users of the building directly control the environmental systems in a typical office building? Not at all. But the IoT suggests a future in which everyday building occupants can directly affect the building’s HVAC systems via web interface or smartphone apps, at the discretion of building managers. And that’s a win for everyone.
Find out how an IoT platform like Canopy can help uncover value in your smart building project.


Imperial Enterprises, a trusted name at construction sites in Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh since 1986, offers steel reinforced concrete pipes recognized for its quality of manufacturing, consistency of strength, availability in design and sizes to serve most installations, being easy to place and providing a reliable and durable system, particularly under load. The company is licensed under ISO (International Organization for Standardization).
RCC Pipes are manufactured and tested as per IS: 458-2003 with amendments, if any. The technology used for the manufacture of concrete pipes is vertical dry cast method using vibrators to compact the concrete. The ends of pipes are suitable for socket and spigot. Backed by a comprehensive knowledge of technology and rich experience of manufacturing, the company has set up two sophisticated plants with latest and fully automated machines to manufacture R.C.C. pipes of diameter 150 mm to 1800 mm.


Exposed trusses are in simple terms just visible trusses. This means that the ceiling is placed on top of the trusses and the trusses are open and visible from underneath. Exposed trusses are also known as architectural trusses or decorative trusses. (Please also read our ‘Exposed Truss Confusion’ article under BLOGS or ROOF INFO).
Roof truss details such as vaulted ceilings (raised tie or scissors trusses) create more head room and improve the appearance of mezzanine or upper floor areas. Leaving these trusses exposed and placing the ceiling on top creates the feeling of openness which increases the comfort level of the room. Manufacturing these open trusses as bare nail plated trusses does not look neat, thus the need for architectural trusses with decorative connector plates.
Exposed Raised Tie Truss & Raised Tie Ceiling Effect
Please note that even though these trusses look decorative, they are structural trusses and designed to carry the roof loads. They are slender trusses and need to braced, forming a roof system of trusses. The bracing is very important, as its purpose is to ensure that the trusses and truss members remain straight and do not bow out of plane. Inadequate bracing can lead to collapses and serious accidents. An engineered bracing system will ensure the structural integrity of the truss system, and will remain installed for the life of the roof system.
The biggest problems with bracing arise when people have exposed trusses and do not want to see the ‘ugly’ exposed bracing. Unfortunately the bracing forms part of the truss system and may not be omitted. If the client decides to remove the bracing after installation, then he is taking full responsibility for the roof structure. There are alternatives available to the standard bracing e.g. stainless steel cables can be used instead of timber or steel runners, and the runners can be fixed to the gable wall instead of using diagonal timber or steel bracing in the centre of the room.
Using modern 3D roof engineering software, truss designers can produce engineered truss shapes that satisfy virtually any aesthetic and functional specification by the building design professional.
Exposed truss options and material used
Exposed trusses can have any, or a combination of, the following options:
- normal nail-plated trusses
- nail-plated combined with decorative cover plates and bolts
- bolted with connector plates on some joints
- steel trusses cladded with timber
Exposed trusses are structural trusses, and as such must be manufactured using structurally graded timber. In South Africa this is mostly graded (S5 or S7) SA Pine, or laminated beams. SA Pine is available in widths = 38, 52 & 76mm, and depths = 76, 114, 152 & 228mm. For use as exposed trusses, these timbers are planed down to smaller standard sizes (except for 38mm). The PAR (planed all round) sizes are: widths = 38, 44 & 70mm, depths = 70, 108, 144 & 220mm. As 38mm timber may not be planed down to a smaller size, this timber normally gets selected to find the best ones to use as exposed trusses. (In my opinion the New Zealand imports are the best to use for the latter option). Please be aware that timber is a natural product and will always have a limited degree of warp or twist.
We use 3mm mild steel for our structural, decorative connector plates. We do sometimes manufacture the plates from architect’s designs, but in most cases the clients ask us to do a simple design. When a design is agreed upon, we have them manufactured and painted (please allow 2-3 weeks for this process).
When the exposed trusses are manufactured as normal nail-plated trusses, the cover plates are not structural, but merely decorative. In this case thinner steel plates (e.g. 2mm) can be used to cover the gang nail plates. This will hide the nail plates and give the impression that the cover plates are the actual connector plates
Bolted exposed trusses are assembled by means of 12mm bolts (also known as M12 bolts), or cut-to-length M12 threaded bar, together with M12 nuts. Where the head of the bolts or the nuts are in direct contact with the face of the timber, structural washers (round or square) must be used to prevent the timber from being damaged. Bolts & nuts being bolted through cover plates do not need washers.


Crane Accidents on Miami Construction Sites
At any given time, large construction cranes dot the Miami skyline. These massive machines are vital for completing construction projects that tower tens of stories over the city. While these cranes are impressive, they can also be extraordinarily dangerous for both workers and pedestrians.
People who work with cranes often must perform a variety of tasks and operate heavy machinery while performing tasks hundreds of feet into the air. When a construction worker falls or when a job goes wrong at these heights, the consequences can be devastating. If you or a loved one was injured in a crane accident, make sure to contact an experienced Miami personal injury attorney to talk about your options.Construction Cranes are Highly Regulated
There are many types of cranes used in the construction industry, each with their own dangers. Cranes can be immobile and mounted on platforms, like those used in constructing skyscrapers, or can be mobile or truck mounted. Some types of cranes are used for loading heavy equipment onto large truck trailers, and others might be used in factories to lift machinery.
Cranes can pose a danger not only to the operator but to anyone working in the area. When a crane has a load that is too heavy, the machine can collapse. When the crane’s load is unbalanced, objects and debris can fall from the crane, or the crane may tip over. For that reason, the use of cranes is highly regulated by both the state and federal governments.
In the state of Florida, the law requires all construction sites using cranes to follow OHSA regulations. These regulations limit how cranes may be used, and require operators to take specialized training before using the machines. These rules are the same across the state, and create a uniform set of standards for every construction job involving cranes. OSHA regulations preempt state and city regulations about how construction cranes may be used.How Do Crane Accidents Happen?
When a crane causes an injury, there are several common causes. Usually, a crane injury can be attributed to either a mechanical malfunction, human error, or a dangerous work environment. Most crane accidents are preventable. The Crane Inspection & Certifications Bureau estimates that as much as 90% of crane accidents are attributable to human error.
The most dangerous type of crane is a mobile crane. According to OSHA statistics, mobile cranes are responsible for 71% of construction crane fatalities. In comparison, tower cranes caused only 5% of crane-related deaths.
One of the most common ways that cranes cause an injury is through electrocution. Workers may accidentally come into contact with a live wire while working on a crane, or the crane’s operator may inadvertently strike a power line, causing the current to electrocute the workers touching it. Other frequent types of injuries stem from workers being struck by the crane’s load or boom, or from the crane collapsing.
Construction site accidents can be complex, and often involve multiple responsible people and entities. Everyone from the owner of the property, the developer, contractors and subcontractors, crane operators, and crane leasing companies may share some of the legal responsibility for a crane accident.Injured by a Crane? We Can Help.
Crane accidents are frightening and traumatic experience. If you or a loved one has been injured in a crane accident, you may be unsure how you will pay your bills, how you will afford medical care, or if you will ever work again. While the workers’ compensation system will help with some bills, it is often not enough. Luckily, many injured workers can file a third-party lawsuit against someone other than their employer seeking additional damages from the party responsible for harming them.
At Gerson & Schwartz, P.A., our attorneys have decades of experience helping injured people. Our Miami personal injury lawyers will review your case for free, and help you determine your legal options. You may be entitled to compensation for your medical treatment, physical therapy, lost wages, future lost earning, and payments for your pain and suffering. To determine if you have a case, contact our office, and schedule a free consultation today by calling (877) 475-2905.


Wet rot is the damage caused to timber or wood or structures such as furniture items prepared from them due to moisture content. As implied by the name, wet rot mainly attacks such wooden surfaces or structures that are in contact with a source of dampness or are attacked by moisture or water content. Wet rot may cause severe or even sometimes irreparable damage to wooden structures at any place. Therefore it becomes all the more important to prevent the occurrence of wet rot so as to protect your property and the valuable assets contained in it against damage.
Wet rot keeps on growing slowly and steadily and makes the structures of the given wooden or timber structures or surfaces quite weak and ultimately result in their complete destruction. The wooden structures or surfaces lose their strength due to the attack of wet rot and may even fall down if get destroyed at a vast scale. In order to protect your property and the wooden items contained in it against wet rot, you need to prevent the same. Here are some tips to do so.
Apt and proper ventilation of the property- It is the foremost step when it comes to prevention of the wet rot at any place. You must ensure that the entire property is properly ventilated with the help of doors and windows. Even exhaust fans may be used to extract any moisture content from some of the most inaccessible places. Fresh air should circulate through your place or property in an apt and proper manner so that chances of occurrence of wet rot due to the presence of moisture content may be ruled out completely.
Prevention of entry or seepage of moisture content into the property- Since wet rot is mainly caused due to attack of moisture content only therefore you need to make sure that no surfaces especially those made up of wood are attacked by moisture content. It is best possible by sealing any cracks or holes in the property. Proper damp proofing of the given place at the time of its construction is advisable to accomplish this task well. The wooden surfaces inside the property must be set up away from sources of water or moisture.
Painting the wooden surfaces- In order to protect the timber or wooden surfaces or structures from the attack of moisture externally or due to the frontal entrance of water, these should be painted. It helps in keeping the water or moisture content from coming into contact with the wood or the timber. As a result, the attack of wet rots is also prevented automatically.
Keeping the base of wooden or timber surfaces free from soil and debris- It is to be noted that water or moisture can readily seep through the soil or other debris into the wood or timber. Therefore property owners should take care that the wooden or timber surfaces inside their property should be kept free of soil and debris. It can be done by removal of the soil or debris from the base or bottom of the wooden or timber structures.
Following these simple tips, you can readily prevent the occurrence of wet rot at your place.


Champaign Roofing: Article About Average Lifespan Of A Roof
Numerous variables come into play when assessing the projected lifespan of a roof. A Champaign roofing specialist can give a homeowner a clear and accurate projection of the lifespan for the proposed project.
One of the first considerations when determining the lifespan of a roof is the type of shingles that will be used. Based on the type of shingles used, a residential roof can last anywhere from 15 years to the lifetime of the home. For instance, asphalt shingles can last anywhere from 15 to 18 years. On the other hand, concrete tile has a life expectancy as high as 35 to 50 years. The average lifespan is only an estimate that is based on the average conditions homes are subject to on a daily basis.
Many factors exist that have the potential to affect the lifespan of a roof. This means that the life of the roof can vary tremendously from the expected average lifestyle based on the type of roofing used and the climate. Something as simple as color has the potential to limit the life expectancy of a roof. A darker colored roof will absorb more heat, subsequently shortening the life of the roof. A roof that is absorbing an exceptional amount of heat will be subject to cracking and splitting that will decrease the roof's lifespan.
A roofing expert from Roofs By Rodger of Champaign IL would be happy to answer any question you have about roof replacement or siding.
Roofs that have higher pitches tend to last longer. When a roof has a higher pitch, it has a tendency to deflect heavy rain and hail. Because of this advantageous posture, the higher pitch roofs have a significantly longer lifespan. Another component that has the capacity to impact the expected life of a roof is the quality of the materials used during the roofing process. No matter what style is being used, if the quality of the material used is substandard, it will negatively affect the life expectancy of the roof. Substandard material will crack, split and erode at a more rapid pace than the material of a higher quality; therefore, the roof will need to be replaced much sooner.
Because so many different variables can influence the life of a roof, it is important to sit down with a professional to discuss all of the details of the project. All the elements involved in determining a roof's lifespan can be considered when choosing the pitch, material, style and color of a new roof. Sticking to a maintenance plan also will maximize the life of any roofing material.


If your driveway or parking lot requires repair services due to potholes, you can count on us to offer a reliable solution. We have the equipment and experience to get the job done right the first time. We operate throughout Gauteng, Johannesburg and perform professional pothole repairs and tar surfacing with meticulous attention to detail. With our experience and immense knowledge in the industry, we efficiently service both major and minor potholes using high-quality materials while keeping your budget in mind. Therefore, no job is too big or small for us. Get in touch with our professionals if you need pothole repairs done right.
Potholes are a common occurrence especially during rainy and winter seasons in Gauteng. Nevertheless, as common as they are, they should never be ignored for many reasons. First, they can be a pain to motorists since they have to swerve their vehicles to avoid the damages potholes cause. Secondly, neglected potholes can lead to even bigger potholes, which are more expensive to repair than a single pothole. So the next time you notice a pothole developing on the surface of your driveway, pavement or parking area, you should call a professional pothole repair company immediately.
Benefits of working with a professional pothole repair contractor
Hiring a contractor might not seem like a necessary expense when repairing potholes. You may think you will save a lot of money by doing it all yourself but do-it-yourself pothole repairs can mean a bumpy ride. Also, when repairs are not performed correctly, and wrong materials are used, the potholes can open up again within a short period. As such, working with an expert contractor with years of experience and a reputation for offering the highest level of professional workmanship and services can help prevent the headache of repairing potholes. Here are some other reasons why you should hire a professional to repair potholes in Gauteng:
- They don’t cut corners thereby ensuring they deliver the best results
- Saves you a lot of time- no need to spend your afternoons filling potholes
- They have access to high-quality materials for long-lasting results
- Have the expertise and equipment to get the job done efficiently and correctly to save you money
Are pothole repairs important?
Pothole repair service is a simple but necessary measure to restore the overall look and function of the roads, driveways, pavements and parking lots. Therefore, repairs should be made as soon as potholes are spotted. Since, not filling the potholes can lead to damage of vehicles, trips and falls as well as costly replacements. That said, here is why pothole repairs are important:
- A properly repaired pothole can add years to the life of a paved surface
- Prevents the paved surface from further weakening and unraveling thereby causing more potholes
- Improves the curb appeal of the driveway, parking lot, walking path and the properties nearby
- Prevents vehicle damage including to the car’s suspension and tires especially those that ride low to the ground
- Addresses safety concerns because potholes can be a serious trip hazard for pedestrians
- Repairing potholes when they are few and small will save you money and time


So we enter the Looking Glass world of Hertfordshire County Council’s Speed Management Policy where black is white, up is down and high speed is safe where people live.
This policy is based on the belief that if cars are travelling at a high speed they will not obey signs that instruct them to travel at a lower speed. The safety of the local community is completely ignored.
For Cllr Poulton, Chair of the Highways Panel, to claim that a 20mph speed limit is unaffordable is misleading. The 20mph limit option was not costed in the survey report of traffic speed on Sele Farm Estate only the vastly more expensive 20mph zone which was not asked for. So how does Cllr Poulton know it is unaffordable?
In Portsmouth 20mph limits on residential streets cost just £333 per street to implement as bumps or other physical measures are not required. An evaluation of their scheme in 2010 showed a speed reduction of 6.3mph in streets where traffic speed was 24mph or more before the scheme was introduced – the difference between life and death should an accident occur.
Also to say that the council wants to do ‘something’ is misleading. This ‘something’ will not be until 2015 at the earliest and even then is unlikely to be related to slowing down traffic. As the current Hertford and Ware Urban Transport Plan – Stage 2 Report says, “… safety is a secondary consideration for the UTP (Urban Transport Plan).” (page 51).
The massive cut in this year’s road safety budget by more than a quarter shows the Tory County Council’s true colours. They really don’t care about our road safety.


DuraMax sheds are built with rigid vinyl walls and reinforced with galvanized steel delivering a Strong, Durable and Low Maintenance shed that will last a lifetime. Vinyl is the most durable building material available. It is all weather resistant, UV resistant and will not discolor, dent, rust, rot, or mildew … and never needs painting.
DuraMax vinyl sheds are built with steel reinforced wall columns and a steel roof truss system to provide great structural strength and rigidity. And unlike other plastics, vinyl is rigid and fire resistant.
Designed with an attractive siding look and light beige neutral color walls that have a grain pattern, DuraMax sheds are attractive in any setting. And DuraMax boasts features like double wide doors and tall “walk in” head room, and optional features like windows, vents, skylights and shelving kits for storage. (see products for details)
If you are looking for a shed that has the best combination of strength, durability, attractiveness, low maintenance and value for money, DuraMax is the right shed for you.
Low Maintenance and Durable Vinyl
- All weather resistant vinyl
- Will not peel, crack, discolor and is UV resistant
- Will not rot, stain, attract termites or mildew
- Never Needs Painting
- Fire Resistant (unlike other plastics)
- Will not rust or corrode
Sturdy Steel Reinforced Walls and Roof Structure
- Reinforced with galvanized steel wall colnums that act like wall studs delivering greater strength and rigidity.
- Roof truss system made of galvanized steel.
- Steel structure delivers strength for larger size sheds up to 10'x30'
- Passes high wind tests
- Thermoformed “siding like” walls with a grain pattern
- Layered roof design
- Light Beige colored walls coordinate in all natural settings
- Wide double door entry doors for equipment
- Tall “Walk In” shed (on most models, see specific product details for more info)
- Vinyl is quite when it rains without the pitter patter of rain drops on metal
- Foundation kits are available for ease of shed assembly or you can use a wood foundation.
- Metal reinforced wall columns for attachment of shelving and storage systems
- Door Handles have Padlock eyelets for security (padlock not included)
- Vent kit for internal ventilation of sheds
- Skylight to allow light into shed
- Shelving kits and Vertical storage system allows easy organization
- Windows that open and close and are shatter proof
- Shutters for window to beautify shed
- Vent kit for additional air flow into shed
- Padlock for security
- Super Roof Support kit for additional roof support in heavy snow areas


There’s an article in the current issue of New Scientist about this fantastic new type of concrete being made right here in ol’ Melbourne town.
It is essentially concrete without Portland cement. The stuff is called ‘e-crete’ (my goodness words with randomly added e’s at the beginning annoy me) and it is made by a company called Zeobond. Instead of regular cement it uses fly ash or mineralogical slags for the required bonding of the concrete. The problem with cement is that to make it you need to cook the hell out of limestone (calcium carbonate), which not only requires a huge amount of energy, but the chemical reaction that occurs when you cook the limestone results in not only the quicklime (calcium oxide) that you need for the cement, but carbon dioxide, which as well all know is a greenhouse gas.
Cement production worldwide accounts for about 4-5% of total man made greenhouse gas emissions. For each kilogram of cement produced, approximately 800 grams of carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere with the majority of this, about 500 grams, coming from the actual chemical reaction itself and the rest from fossil fuels used to provide the heat to drive the reaction.
But the Zeobond stuff uses geopolymers (like fly ash) instead of Portland cement, which don’t release anywhere near the amount of carbon dioxide and don’t require heating either, hurrah!
Unfortunately you can’t specify this for a slab just yet. At the moment e-crete is only able to be used in non-structural applications. Still, it’s something to look out for in the (hopefully near) future.


Dynamic Sawing & Coring LLC, is a veteran owned, professional concrete sawing, and coring contractor located near Minot, ND. At Dynamic Sawing & Coring LLC we are committed to providing professional and precision concrete coring and concrete cutting services to the Minot area, Minot Airforce Base, Williston, New Town, Watford City, and Devils Lake as well as the rest of North Dakota and Eastern Montana. We are an ECCS certified contractor as well as a member of the ND Safety Council. We offer a vast array of concrete cutting and concrete demolition services and are continually striving to add new services based on our customers needs.
When concrete needs to be removed, we are the contractor for the job. In order for the construction job to continue, it is often imperative that a concrete cutter be as fast as possible, that is where we come in. Our team of highly trained precision concrete cutters are able to execute these functions with more than just a concrete saw, and with the advanced training that makes us the right choice for your construction needs. Whether it is wire sawing, wall sawing, slab sawing, or our ground penetrating radar, we have the concrete cutting capabilities for your jobsite. Concrete removal is our specialty. Give our precision concrete cutters a call today at 701.578.5850!


On 18 November, we will convene a virtual workshop for Danish stakeholders to discuss how global solutions can help Panaji respond to challenges in the water sector, covering urban flooding, digitalisation of water supply and urban water body rehabilitation. This will convene firms which offer traditional approaches to water related challenges as well as firms that offer digital solutions coupled with those which offer nature-based solutions. We expect that the platform will enable partnerships between participating entities. We also plan to explore, with the participants, the focus areas of the future Urban Living Lab concept in India and what they could deliver. At the workshop, we will be open for your input and bring them into the final recommendations for the PULL. Finally, we want to discuss new export models. Please register here. More information on the challenges can be found here.
The Sandbox helps various organizations test and demonstrate proven urban solutions in conditions that are typical to the city. This helps Indian cities address their urban challenges using new solutions and approaches.
The Sandbox helps cities to prioritise and present challenges to relevant and interested organizations with proven solutions and approaches. By fostering partnerships with cities, organizations, and service providers, the Sandbox facilitates the testing and demonstration of solutions. The Sandbox provides institutional, regulatory and technical support for pilots, assists with contextualizing solutions and supports the government in measuring the impact of the testing. Other cities can use our learnings from operating the sandbox in Panaji to replicate a similar approach to solve their urban challenges.


Three sites in Medway add to our growing portfolio of housing developments
Following an open competition, we are pleased to announce our selection as Medway Council’s partner in the delivery of their HRA Phase 4 project.The project will unlock three constrained sites in the Twydall area of Medway. Reducing the potential for anti-social behaviour; redeveloping under-utilised garages; providing garden and amenity space whilst creating much-needed affordable housing are just some of the key aspirations of the project.
A total of 19 two-bed four-person houses will be provided as part of this design and build project across the sites along with nine one-bed two-person bungalows. One site also includes the renewal of existing playground equipment.
The carbon emissions of the new homes will be greatly reduced through careful design of the external fabric and use of highly thermally efficient construction along with efficient boilers, extraction fans and lighting. With an eye on robustness and longevity, all properties will be constructed using traditional materials, such as facing brickwork cavity masonry walls and tile roofs. The careful consideration and selection of materials will create a minimal requirement for ongoing maintenance.
These three sites for Medway Council add to our recent housing portfolio including Kingsmead for Canterbury City Council; three sites as part of Thanet District Council’s Affordable Housing Phase 2 programme and being selected as part of Hyde’s £2billion framework.
Medway HRA Phase 4 has been designed by HMY Architects, Evans & Langford and Hawden MEP Ltd who will continue as our design team.


The Lumiere is one such project which will begin a new phase of sustainable designs in Andheri.
• Well planned building orientation to reduce heating effect
• Earthquake resistant structure
• Usage of low Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) paints
• Water-efficient fixtures and landscaping, Rainwater harvesting
• Maximum natural light usage reducing energy consumption
• Sewage treatment plant
• Machine-Room-Less and energy efficient elevators
These are some of the amazing sustainability features that makes this place unique and state-of-the art to live in.


The battle for the Amazon
Plans currently call for more than 400 new hydroelectric dams on the rivers of the Amazon basin and on its headwaters tributaries — projects that would block the region’s free-flowing streams and lead to major deforestation, habitat loss and degradation, and possible ecosystem collapse. With this dam building frenzy would come accompanying infrastructure: roads, railways, industrial waterways, transmission lines, new mining operations, agribusiness expansion, logging and settlement
Mongabay is looking for article pitches that detail the wide-ranging environmental impacts of hydropower development and ancillary infrastructure development in Amazonia, with a special emphasis on dam building projects in Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, and Brazil (Tapajós basin and elsewhere).
We welcome original pitches on any Amazon Infrastructure issue. Here are some suggested topics: environmental impacts, finance and energy development, social impacts and resistance, focus on a specific dam/region, how alternative energy could do away with need for dams.


It is our great pleasure to announce that internationally acknowledged transport expert and consultant, Mr Dávid Vitézy, will take part in the Young Leaders’ Forum of think.BDDPST 2018.
As an expert on public transportation and urban mobility, Dávid Vitézy started his career as a transport activist. He was successfully advocating a better public transportation in Budapest. As a founding CEO of the Budapest transport authority, BKK, in 2010 he reformed the governance of the Budapest transport system. Thanks to his professional knowledge, an integrated transport authority came alive in Budapest, similar the transportation system of London.
Since 2016, he was responsible for the reconstruction of the Hungarian Transport Museum. He works as an internationally well-known transport expert and consultant.


Plant Organismal Development Based Building Design and Perpetuated Construction
By Avery Tucker
This idea seeks to establish a novel conceptual framework to building design and construction that is based on plant organismal development. Firstly lets compare the idea of design as it applies to architecture and plant development. Once conceived, building designs are largely static as they do not necessarily allow building growth and expansion over time. Plants by comparison have in their genetic "plans" the ability to develop over time, undergoing primary and secondary growth which allow for cellular expansion in the soil matrix and in the atmosphere. In theory, it should be possible to also design buildings in such a way that per some unit time they can be expanded upon and added to as sufficient resources are acquired. Rather than having a single period of time where construction occurs, construction could instead be perpetuated and spread out over the entire life of a building. While this particular idea focuses on several facets of plant development and growth, there are many more subcellular processes that could be mimicked and utilized to expand on these ideas. An initial design of this fashion might focus on radial building development in a single plane, adding additional growth planes in future designs.


10inch High Efficiency Dredging Pump
ZN250 type dredge pump is constructed by a pump head, reducer gear box, high elastic coupling, and marine transmission monitoring system. Grease lubrication or thin oil lubrication is optional.
It has the features of good wear-resistance, large dredging depth, high density of dredging mud, good NPSH, strong suction lift ability, easy maintenance and strong through-put.
And the pump can be directly matched with either motor or diesel engine.
Generally, the pump is matched with an impeller with 3 or 5 pieces of vane. At the same time, the impellers can be provided with various diameter and vane types to suit kinds of working condition.
The pump is applicated for heavy duty conditions such as mining, power sector, dredging river, and tailings as well as specialty applications, which are used for continuous pumping of high abrasive, high density sand and gravels.
|Pump model||ZN250 dredging pump|
|Inlet&Discharge size||14X10 inch|
|Power in max||560kw|