St. John Paul II CollegeCanberra, ACT, Australia, Australien
St. John Paul II College is a flagship college of best practice in education for the local community in the region, offering a unique, innovative educational environment. The physical design of the college facilitates the educational philosophy with open, flexible, and adaptable spaces. The campus is state of the art, with every aspect of the building designed to foster an inspiring environment.
St. John Paul II College was a new construction project completed in three stages, with each stage beginning after the previous stage was occupied and operating. Networked equipment includes MACH-ProWebSys, MACH-ProSys, MACH-ProCom, and MACH-ProZone controllers, networked using the school’s Ethernet and EIA-485 networks.
Installed mechanical equipment includes an air-cooled chiller for chilled water, gas-fired boilers for heating hot water, primary and secondary chilled water and hot water pumps, fan coil units, fresh air fans, and window louvers.
The project’s design is based upon minimizing energy consumption through natural ventilation methods using manually and motorized operable perimeter windows for air inlets, and thermal chimneys for extraction. Additionally, two thermal labyrinths are used to supply tempered outside air to the occupied spaces. The control of the labyrinths and thermal chimneys provides comfort and economical benefits for the school.


In recent years, the focus on sustainability has become increasingly prevalent in all aspects of daily life, including home design. Homeowners and designers alike are now looking for innovative ways to create eco-friendly and energy-efficient living spaces. From incorporating recycled materials to utilizing renewable energy sources, sustainable home design trends continue to evolve. Let’s explore some of the latest trends in sustainable home design that are shaping the way we live and build our homes.
One of the most significant trends in sustainable home design is the use of eco-friendly materials. Designers are now opting for materials that have minimal impact on the environment, such as reclaimed wood, bamboo, and cork. These materials not only reduce the carbon footprint of a home but also add a unique and natural aesthetic.
Another emerging trend is the use of recycled materials in construction. From countertops made of recycled glass to tiles made from reclaimed wood, homeowners are finding creative ways to incorporate recycled materials into their homes. By giving new life to old materials, these designs not only reduce waste but also add character and charm to a home.
Energy-Efficient Appliances and Systems
Energy efficiency is a key component of sustainable home design, and the latest trends focus on incorporating energy-efficient appliances and systems into residential spaces. From smart thermostats that regulate temperature based on occupancy to high-efficiency HVAC systems that reduce energy consumption, homeowners are now prioritizing energy efficiency in their homes.
Solar panels have also become increasingly popular as a way to harness renewable energy and reduce reliance on traditional power sources. By installing solar panels on the roof, homeowners can generate their electricity and even sell excess energy back to the grid. This trend not only helps reduce electricity bills but also contributes to a greener environment.
Indoor Air Quality
Indoor air quality is another important aspect of sustainable home design that is gaining traction in the industry. Designers are now focusing on using non-toxic materials and paints that do not emit harmful chemicals into the air. By choosing low-VOC (volatile organic compounds) paints and finishes, homeowners can create a healthier living environment for themselves and their families.
In addition to using non-toxic materials, designers are also incorporating natural ventilation systems into homes to improve indoor air quality. By strategically placing windows and vents to allow for cross ventilation, homeowners can reduce the need for artificial cooling and heating systems, further lowering energy consumption.
Water conservation is a critical component of sustainable home design, and designers are now incorporating various strategies to reduce water usage in residential buildings. From installing low-flow fixtures in bathrooms and kitchens to implementing greywater recycling systems, homeowners are finding innovative ways to conserve water in their homes.
Rainwater harvesting has also emerged as a popular trend in sustainable home design. By capturing rainwater from the roof and storing it in tanks, homeowners can reduce their reliance on municipal water sources for tasks such as irrigation and landscaping. This practice not only helps conserve water but also reduces utility costs in the long run.
In sustainable home design, outdoor spaces play a crucial role in promoting environmental sustainability and connection to nature. Homeowners are now focusing on creating eco-friendly outdoor areas that not only enhance the beauty of their homes but also support local ecosystems.
One of the latest trends in sustainable outdoor design is the use of native plants in landscaping. Native plants are adapted to the local climate and soil conditions, requiring less water and maintenance than exotic species. By incorporating native plants into their gardens, homeowners can create vibrant and biodiverse outdoor spaces that attract local wildlife and promote ecological balance.
Renovation and Retrofitting
Another trend in sustainable home design is the renovation and retrofitting of existing homes to improve energy efficiency and sustainability. Rather than building new structures, homeowners are now opting to upgrade their current homes with energy-efficient appliances, insulation, and windows.
Renovation projects that focus on improving the energy performance of a home, such as adding insulation or upgrading HVAC systems, can significantly reduce energy consumption and lower utility bills. By retrofitting existing homes with sustainable features, homeowners can enjoy the benefits of eco-friendly living without the need for a complete rebuild.
Advancements in technology have also played a significant role in shaping the latest trends in sustainable home design. From smart home systems that monitor energy usage to innovative building materials that improve insulation, technology is revolutionizing the way we design and build homes.
One of the most exciting developments in sustainable home design is the integration of smart home technology with energy-efficient systems. Homeowners can now control lighting, heating, and appliances remotely, optimizing energy usage and reducing waste. By incorporating smart technology into their homes, homeowners can achieve greater energy efficiency and sustainability.
Sustainable home design continues to evolve, driven by a growing awareness of environmental issues and a desire to create healthier living spaces. From using eco-friendly materials to implementing energy-efficient systems, the latest trends in sustainable home design are shaping the way we build and live in our homes. By embracing these trends and incorporating sustainable practices into residential spaces, homeowners can contribute to a greener future while enjoying the benefits of eco-friendly living.


IP’s massive dry dock, built in 2014 to enhance the property’s structural stability, was recently honored as 2015’s “Best Specialty Construction Project” by the Engineering News-Record (ENR).
The ENR is a prestigious monthly publication that provides engineering and construction news, analysis and commentary to construction industry professionals across the country.
“It’s an honor to receive this prestigious recognition,” said Ron Frye, Vice President of Design and Construction for Boyd Gaming. “It’s a great tribute to the talent and hard work of the Design and Construction and IP teams, and their incredible effort in making this ambitious project a reality.”
The award-winning dock was based on Frye’s conceptual design.
Construction on the $45 million dry dock project began in 2014, with 14,000 cubic yards of concrete poured underwater to create an eight-foot-thick slab for the casino barge to rest on. Creating the concrete base, which goes as far down as 16.5 feet below sea level, required a record-setting underwater concrete pour.
In total, it took 21 consecutive days of non-stop pouring to create the colossal slab. The completed dock is 200 feet wide and 700 feet long, and stabilizes the IP’s barge to an almost land-based extent. This will reduce future maintenance costs and make hull repairs easier to perform.
More than 100 entries across the country were submitted for the award. But the record-setting dry dock at IP stood head and shoulders above the competition.
“This project had an impressive safety record and project outcome,” one judge said, according to ENR. “With unusual challenges that required innovative design and construction solutions – most of them underwater with zero visibility – all done without disrupting casino operations. I felt there was a ‘wow factor’ [to this project.]”


Putting in a driveway on a slope can be a challenge, and not just because of the incline. In this blog post, we will explore ten things you should know before you tackle this project.
When Should You Build a Parking on a Slope?
If the slope of your land is less than 2 percent, then you don’t need to worry about it. You can easily calculate it with the Slope calculator if you’re unsure how to do it yourself.
However, if the slope is greater than 2 percent, then you’ll need to take into account the following factors:
-The weight of your vehicle and equipment will be distributed over a wider area on a level surface. This means that the load will be more evenly distributed and it will last longer.
-If there are any obstacles in the way (a tree, power line, etc.), they will block the flow of traffic and can cause damage. A level surface eliminates these dangers.
-A slope increases drainage problems. If water pools on the driveway or seeps down through it, it can cause erosion and other problems.
Tips for Building
If you have a slope in your yard, it’s time to think about building a driveway. It can be tricky to build, but with some careful planning and execution, it can be an easy and rewarding project. Here are some tips:
1. Make sure the grade of your land is correct
A downhill drive will require more concrete than an uphill drive, so factor that into your calculations. If the grade is too steep, the driveway will be difficult to build and maintain. If the grade is not steep enough, the driveway will be too shallow and susceptible to flooding. To ensure that the grade of your land is correct, you can use a gradient meter to measure the slope of your property.
2. Level the surface of the driveway before you start construction.
This will make the job much easier later on. This will help ensure a smooth and level surface for your driveway. Plus, it will keep your truck and equipment from slipping and sliding while you’re working.
3. Use proper materials for the job.
Driveways built on slopes need to withstand heavier traffic than those built on flat ground, so use concrete that is appropriate for the task at hand. Steel or asphalt parking are also common on slopes, but be sure to consult with a professional if you’re unsure about which material to choose.
4. Plan your construction carefully.
Driveways built on slopes can be quite challenging and require precision in order to avoid trenching and cavities in the finished product. Take your time when planning out the details of your driveway, and you will be rewarded with a durable and beautiful driveway that looks great in any landscape setting!
5. Other Things to Keep in Mind
There are a few things you should keep in mind when building a driveway on a slope:
- Build it at an angle so that water doesn’t pool up at the bottom.
- Make sure the driveway is level so that vehicles can move smoothly and without worry.
- Add drainage systems to help keep water from collecting in the driveway, and make sure that any channels or pipes run perpendicular to the slope of the grade.
- Use durable materials, such as concrete or asphalt, to reduce the risk of damage in case of severe weather conditions or accidents.
As homeowners, it is important to be aware of the potential risks and hazards that come with building a driveway on a slope. If you are in fact planning on constructing a driveway on a slope, it is important to consult with an experienced builder or contractor to ensure that your project goes off without any hitches.


By SUNDAY ABBA, Abuja
The Nigerian Institution of Surveyors (NIS), has suggested a situation where every storey building in Nigeria would be monitored yearly by qualified surveyors.
This follows the rampant cases of building collapse recorded in parts of the country in recent times.
Proffering the solution in Abuja on Monday during a roadwalk/carnival organised in Abuja to commemorate this year’s Global Surveyors Day, GSD, President of NIS, Dr Kayode Oluwamotemi, said that apart from surveying the land before a structure is erected, there must be a yearly monitoring of storey buildings by surveyors.
This is to know when the soil is weak and when the building is depreciating.
“You will not know when a building wants to fall by mere observation. You use instruments to see it.
Tall buildings should be monitored regularly to avoid sudden collapse of structures” he said.
On quackery in the industry, he admitted that every state has a disciplinary committee that sanctions members who violate the building law but at the national level of NIS, the institution is handling two cases.
“You know we have a thirty-six state branches and every state has a committee that deals with any case of quackery and we have to see that that’s reduced. So, that way you can manage it” he said.
Concerning the Global Surveyors Day, which is celebrated every 21st of March, Oluwamotemi recalled that this is not only celebrated across the 36 states of the federation but across the entire world, adding that it’s done to sensitise the public on the functions of surveyors.
“Surveyors not only survey the land, they also survey the sea and waters. Land surveying includes associated services such as analysis and utilisation of survey data, subdivision planning and design; writing legal description, mapping, construction, layout and precision measurements of angle, lengths and areas.
“Surveying or land surveying is the technique, profession, art, and science of determining the terrestrial two-dimensional or three-dimensional positions of points and the distances and angles between them” he said.
He explained that surveyors make precise measurements to determine property boundaries. They provide data relevant to the shape and contour of the earth’s surface for engineering, mapmaking, and construction projects.


This research was supported by the Fund for Scientific Research – Flanders (contract G.028496), through the project Modelling within Storm Erosion Dynamics (MWISED), supported by the European Commission (contract ENV4-CT97-0687) and through the MEDALUS (Mediterranean Desertification and Land Use) collaborative research project, phase III. MEDALUS is supported by the European Commission Environment and Climate Research Programme (contract: ENV4-CT95-0118, Climatology and Natural Hazards). Their support is gratefully acknowledged.
We also thank J. Meersmans for his assistance during the construction and subsequent adaptations of the experimental set-up; P. Bleys for technical assistance in collecting and analazing data; and A. Tirry, E. Jacques, L. Stalpaert and D. Gasparella who contributed to this paper within the framework of their Licentiate’s thesis.
1Water erosion can be defined as the detachment and transport of soil material at rates in excess of soil formation (Kirkby, 1980; Barrow, 1991). Besides the contributions of many individual researchers, the current soil erosion research has been largely influenced by the U.S. National Resources Conservation Service (NRCS; formerly called Soil Conservation Service SCS). The major achievement of the NRCS in predicting erosion rates, is the development and extension of the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE, Wischmeier and Smith, 1978). The USLE is an empirical erosion model that quantifies soil erosion as the product of six factors representing rainfall and runoff erosiveness, soil erodibility, slope length, slope steepness, cover-management practices and support conservation practices. The appropriate (input) value of each of the factors of the USLE has to be derived from an evaluation unit called the standard plot. A standard plot is 22.13 meter long, has a uniform lengthwise slope of 9%, is tilled up and down slope and has been under continuous fallow for the last two years (Mitchell and Bubenzer, 1980). Inherent to the size of the standard plot, USLE only predicts soil loss from interrill and rill erosion (Wischmeier and Smith, 1978). Therefore, when considering water erosion due to surface water in zero-order catchments, it is clear that USLE and all USLE-based studies, omit one major type of water erosion, namely (ephemeral) gully erosion. Therefore, the objective of this study is to address four basic questions related to ephemeral gully erosion (Fig. 1).
Figure 1. Schematic summary of the objectives of this study.
WHAT are the ephemeral gully characteristics? Special attention will be paid to the spatial and temporal variability within three different study areas.
WHY is ephemeral gully erosion an important water erosion process? Emphasis is put on extending the existing research in both space and time.
WHEN/WHERE will ephemeral gullies occur? Existing ephemeral gully prediction tools will be tested and if required these tools will be optimized/replaced following a dual strategy: (1) empirical modelling with a focus on end-users outside the scientific world and (2) process-based modelling as required by researchers.
HOW do ephemeral gullies evolve over time? The medium to long-term evolution of an (ephemeral) gully will be studied.
2Problems related to the definition of ephemeral gullies are two-fold. (1) Traditionally ephemeral gullies have been defined in the way they differ from rills and (classical) gullies. Such ‘negative’ definition is rather vague and open to discussion since it states what an ephemeral gully is not instead of expressing the essential nature of this erosion feature. (2) As it is often the case with newly defined concepts, many synonyms or nearly-synonyms have been used to describe this erosion feature. In what follows, it is attempted to define ephemeral gully erosion and its related erosion features in such a way that it is at least clear what within this study is understood by the term ephemeral gully erosion.
3Rill erosion is defined as erosion in numerous small channels that are uniformly distributed across the slope and that can be obliterated by tillage (Hutchinson and Pritchard, 1976). According to the Soil Science Society of America rill erosion is characterized by numerous and randomly occurring small channels of only several centimetres in depth. Rills form on sloping fields, mainly on cultivated soils. Rills can follow tillage marks, or they may develop much like a drainage network of rivers in a large basin (Foster, 1986).
4(Classical) gully erosion is defined as erosion in channels that are too deep to cross with farm equipment (Hutchinson and Pritchard, 1976). According to the USDA Soil Conservation Service (1966), classical gullies are channels formed by concentrated flow of water removing topsoil as well as parent material. (Classical) gullies are of a size too large to be obliterated by normal tillage operations.
5Bank gully erosion occurs where a concentrated flow zone, a rill or an ephemeral gully crosses and erodes an earth bank, e.g. a terrace, a river bank (Poesen, 1993; Poesen and Hooke, 1997). Bank gullies may develop upslope by head-cut migration.
6Ephemeral gully erosion was first comprehensively discussed by Foster (1986). The topography of most fields causes runoff to collect and concentrate in a few major natural waterways before leaving the fields. Erosion occurring in these channels is what is known as ephemeral gully erosion (Foster, 1986). The ‘ephemeral’ nature of this erosion feature results from the fact that ephemeral gullies are ploughed in and tilled across annually (or more frequent), therefore restoring the original hollow, but leaving a potential zone for subsequent ephemeral gully erosion. Poesen (1993) added to the view of Foster (1986) that ephemeral gullies may also form where overland flow concentrates along (or in) linear landscape elements (e.g. drill lines, plough furrows, parcel borders, access roads). Synonyms used to describe (erosion due to) ephemeral gullies are: concentrated flow erosion (Foster, 1986; Auzet et al., 1995), talweg erosion (Papy and Souchère, 1993), thalweg gullies (De Ploey, 1990), megarills (Foster, 1986), rills in valley floors (Evans and Cook, 1987), valley-bottom rills (Boardman, 1992).
7With respect to the differences between rill, ephemeral gully and (classical) gully erosion, it is clear that ephemeral gullies and classical gullies can be discerned based on their persistence. In contrast to the permanency of classical gullies, ephemeral gullies are short-lived. Once formed, a classical gully evolves by erosion of the gully floor, head-cut migration and erosion of the gully walls, which implies a combination of processes (e.g. water erosion, mass movement) Ephemeral gullies form, are disguised and potentially form again on the same spot, so that their evolution requires mainly a repetition of the incision process, while the relative importance of head-cut migration and erosion of the gully walls is less significant. With respect to the differences between rills and ephemeral gullies Foster (1986) gives two firm arguments. (1) Flow in rills is usually classified as a part of overland flow that is assumed to occur uniformly across a slope even though it is concentrated in rills. In contrast, flow in ephemeral gullies is clearly channelized. Also, erosion due to rills will affect the entire slope, while erosion due to ephemeral gullies is much more confined. (2) Subsequent ephemeral gullies will occur in the same spot, while the position of rills is variable from time to time since it is strongly influenced by micro-topography (e.g. tillage marks). In addition to the arguments of Foster (1986), it can be remarked that rills and gullies also differ in the way they contribute to the drainage pattern of a watershed. While rills are usually limited by field borders, ephemeral gullies often extend over multiple fields. In terms of erosion this implies that rills normally only redistribute soil within one field, whereas ephemeral gullies transport soil material to completely different parts of the watershed. The difference between rills and ephemeral gullies with respect to the way they affect a watershed’s hydrology, is also clearly illustrated by Steegen et al. (2000). They showed that there exists a positive relation between ephemeral gully development in a given watershed and measured suspended sediment concentrations at the outlet of that watershed for comparable rainfall events. In other words, ephemeral gullies do not only act as sediment sources, but once established they also function as efficient sediment transport ways. Despite the aforementioned arguments, there still exists a small overlap between rills and ephemeral gullies. For example, when a slope shows several clear rills, that concentrate gradually downslope and finally form a clear ephemeral gully, it is not clear where the critical point between rill and ephemeral gully should be placed? It is clear that there exists a transition zone between rills and ephemeral gullies. While an overlap between the two cognate concepts does not impede the existence of each individual concept, problems may arise when assessing rills/ephemeral gullies in the field. In order to have an objective measure to distinguish rills from gullies in such dubious cases, Poesen (1993) proposed a critical cross-section of 929 cm² or one square foot, a criterion first used by Hauge (1977). Within this study this criterion was used to ensure that the data sets assessed in all study areas and by all persons involved are fully comparable.
8Spatial differences in ephemeral gully characteristics for three study areas, i.e. the Guadalentin (SE Spain), the Alentejo (SE Portugal) and the Belgian loess belt, have been discussed based on a set of topographical and morphological indices. Temporal differences, on the other hand, could only be studied for the Belgian loess belt, since for this study area only field surveys had been conducted at multiple occasions.
9Topographical ephemeral gully indices considered were: runoff contributing area (RCA), average soil surface slope of the RCA (SRCA), soil surface slope at the gully head (SGH), soil surface slope at the gully end (SGE) and average soil surface slope along the gully profile (SGP) (Table 1). All topographical indices were found to be significantly different (P = 0.05) between the respective study areas. Average relief intensity for the landscape positions where ephemeral gullies occurred (SGH, SRCA and SGP), decreased from the Guadalentin over the Alentejo to the Belgian loess belt and, in accordance with the valley slope instability concept (Begin and Schumm, 1979), RCA showed the opposite trend. Observed spatial differences in topographical indices were not uniquely related to topography. Differences in SGE, for example, were attributed to a combination of parameters such as topography, rock fragment content of the topsoil and concentrated flow discharge. With respect to temporal differences in topographical indices observed for the Belgian loess belt, a distinction between ephemeral gullies that formed at the end of winter – early spring (winter gullies) and ephemeral gullies that formed during summer (summer gullies) has to made. Differences in rainfall, soil moisture content, land cover and soil surface state indicated that, compared to winter gullies, summer gullies develop on average on steeper slopes with smaller corresponding RCA. Furthermore, also SGE is steeper for summer gullies, which was attributed to the fact that summer gullies typically initiate on freshly cultivated fields, while at the time of winter gully development soils are sealed. A more aggregated soil will thus be eroded by summer gullies, which in the case of topographically-controlled sediment deposition, results in coarser sediment deposits on correspondingly steeper slopes.
Table 1. Top Topographical indices for ephemeral gullies developed in three study areas.
Bottom Topographical indices for ephemeral gullies in the Belgian loess belt, split up according to gully formation period. RCA = runoff contributing area, SRCA = average slope of the RCA, SGH = soil surface slope at the gully head, SGE = soil surface slope at the gully end and SGP = average slope of soil surface along gully profile. Accuracy of slope measurements is 0.5%.
10Morphological ephemeral gully indices considered were: ephemeral gully length (GL), ephemeral gully width (GW), ephemeral gully depth (GD), the width-depth ratio of ephemeral gullies (WDR), and ephemeral gully volume (GV). In the case of morphological indices, all, except GD, were significantly different (P = 0.05) from study area to study area (Table 2). Ephemeral gullies in the Guadalentin were on average very short and often vertically limited by the presence of bedrock at shallow depth. In the Alentejo bedrock also limited the development of deep gullies, but compared to the Guadalentin, ephemeral gullies were on average four times longer in the Alentejo. Temporal differences as observed in the Belgian study area, were particularly clear with respect to the cross-sectional shape (GW, GD and WDR; Table 2.4). Winter gullies are on average 0.49 m wide and 0.27 m deep, while summer gullies tend to be very shallow (0.09 m) and wide (2.85 m).
Table 2. Top Morphological indices for ephemeral gullies developed in three study areas.
Bottom Morphological indices for ephemeral gullies in the Belgian loess belt, split up according to gully formation period. GL = ephemeral gully length, GW = ephemeral gully width, GD = ephemeral gully depth, WDR = width-depth ratio of ephemeral gully and GV = ephemeral gully volume.
11In general, the characterization of ephemeral gullies, both in terms of their topographical position and their morphology (1) stressed the significant (P = 0.05) spatial variability in topographical position and morphology of the ephemeral gullies in the considered study areas and (2) revealed, for the Belgian study area, the topographical and morphological differences between ephemeral gullies that formed at the end of winter – early spring and ephemeral gullies that formed during summer. Therefore, a differentiation between summer and winter gullies in the Belgian loess belt throughout this study, is justified.
12Most existing studies on the (relative) importance of ephemeral gully erosion are based on field surveys. Due to the fact that (1) field surveys are time-consuming and (2) ephemeral gullies are temporal phenomena, this type of study is limited in time and space. In order to overcome these limitations, the potential of high-altitude (stereo) aerial photographs for the assessment of ephemeral gully erosion rates has been investigated.
13On May 28, 1995 an intensive rainfall event (30 mm h-1 during 30 min, return period = 3 years) occurred in central Belgium. Ephemeral gullies that formed within an area of 218 ha (study area 1) were mapped and measured both in the field and from high-altitude aerial photos. Comparison of the results obtained by each of both surveying techniques showed that each method individually detected only 70-75% of the total ephemeral gully length. In other words, both during a field survey and during an aerial photo analysis, 25-30% of the total ephemeral gully length was not observed. Ephemeral gullies that were not detected during the aerial photo analysis, were either too small to be observed from an aerial photo, or located in linear landscape features, for which it is nearly impossible to distinguish gullied from ungullied sites based on aerial photos. By assuming that the ephemeral gullies that are invisible on aerial photographs, constitute a fixed fraction of total ephemeral gully length, a correction factor (Caerial photo = 1.44) was proposed. This correction factor allows the results of an ephemeral gully erosion survey based on high-altitude (stereo) aerial photos to be adjusted for the undetected gullies.
14In a next step, a sequential series of six high-altitude stereo aerial photographs (HASAP) taken between 1947 and 1996, were analysed in order to determine ephemeral gully erosion rates in three selected Belgian study areas (study area 2, 3 and 4). Selection criteria were chosen so that these three areas were similar to study area 1 and representative for the cultivated areas in central Belgium where intense soil erosion by water occurs. Total length of the ephemeral gullies was measured from the aerial photos and using a mean gully cross-section of 0.26 m² (determined in study area 1) ephemeral gully volumes could be calculated. Average eroded volumes were: 1.89 m³ ha-1 (6 months)-1 for study area 1; 0.86 m³ ha-1 (6 months)-1 for study area 2; 1.44 m³ ha-1 (6 months)-1 for study area 3 and 2.37 m³ ha-1 (6 months)-1 for study area 4 (Table 3). To take into account the ephemeral gullies that are invisible on the HASAP, mean ephemeral gully volumes have to be increased by 44%, according to the correction factor (Caerial photo) that was established for study area 1. From the sequential series of HASAP no significant change (increase) in ephemeral gully erosion rate could be observed over the last 50 years. Yet, on the spatial level, clear differences in ephemeral gully erosion rates were observed for the three study areas. This spatial variability could be explained by differences in soil type and topography between the study areas.
Table 3. Ephemeral gully erosion data for study area 2, 3 and 4, extracted from high-altitude stereo aerial photographs.
The mean gully cross section used for calculating gully volumes is 0.26 m². For the lower and the upper estimate of gully volumes a gully cross section of 0.18 m² and 0.35 m² is used respectively (i.e. the mean cross-section – or + the standard deviation). Corrected values are mean values multiplied by the correction factor Caerial photo = 1.44.
15In general, this study showed that ephemeral gully erosion surveys based on aerial photo data have a great potential. This statement is supported by the fact that, overall, ephemeral gully erosion volumes assessed from HASAP corresponded very well with reported volumes that were obtained through field surveys. Moreover, HASAP enables us to extrapolate ephemeral gully erosion surveys in space and/or time.
16Three erosion models explicitly incorporate routines to account for ephemeral gully erosion, i.e. CREAMS, WEPP and EGEM. All three based their ephemeral gully erosion routine on the same theoretical framework developed by Foster and Lane (1980, 1983). This theory has been considered a significant step forward with respect to physically-based modelling of ephemeral gully erosion (Watson et al., 1986). Nevertheless, the model is based on several assumptions and at the same time it requires a significant number of input data (Watson et al., 1986). Since the Foster and Lane (1980, 1983) model has never been tested in the field, the first step in evaluating the existing ephemeral gully prediction technology consisted of a field validation. Within this study EGEM was chosen to perform this field validation, because of the fact within CREAMS and WEPP the ephemeral gully erosion routine forms only a secondary part of an integrated erosion model, while EGEM is entirely focused on predicting ephemeral gully erosion.
17EGEM was tested for three different environments. In a first phase two Mediterranean study areas were selected. Detailed measurements of 46 ephemeral gullies were made in intensively cultivated land in the Guadalentin (SE Spain) and another 40 ephemeral gullies were measured in both intensively cultivated land and in recently abandoned land in the Alentejo (SE Portugal). When predicted and measured ephemeral cross-sections are plotted against each other, the resulting relationship is rather weak (R2 = 0.27) and therefore it was concluded that EGEM, and the underlying theory of Foster and Lane (1980, 1983), is not capable of predicting ephemeral gully erosion for the given Mediterranean areas. The third study area is located in the Belgian loess belt. Here, a data set containing 58 ephemeral gullies has been collected from March 1997 to March 1999. Of the observed ephemeral gullies, 32 developed at the end of winter or early spring (winter gullies) and 26 ephemeral gullies developed during summer (summer gullies). Also for the Belgian loess belt, analysis showed that EGEM is not capable of predicting ephemeral gully cross-sections well.
18While for all three study areas the conditions for input parameter assessment were ideal, parameters such as channel erodibility, critical flow shear stress and local rainfall depth, showed great uncertainty. Rather than revealing EGEM’s inability of predicting ephemeral gully erosion, the analyses stressed the problematic nature of physically-based models in that they often require a large number of input parameters that are not available or can hardly be obtained. In order to improve this situation, a dual strategy was followed within this study. A first option is that of developing empirical relations that can replace the complex physically-based procedures. A second option, which consists of improving the existing physically-based erosion models, needs to be further explored.
19Within this study a simple and straightforward alternative for the prediction of ephemeral gully volumes is proposed. From the knowledge of ephemeral gully length (GL) alone, over 90% of the observed variation in ephemeral gully volume (GV) can be explained for ephemeral gullies in the Mediterranean study areas as well as for summer gullies in the Belgian loess belt (Fig. 2). Winter gullies in the Belgian loess belt had on average smaller cross-sections, which was attributed to lower rainfall intensities at that time of the year. Consequently a different GV-GL relation was established for winter gullies (Fig. 2). The principal consequence of these GV-GL relations, is the fact that predicting ephemeral gully erosion volumes requires an accurate prediction of GL, rather than a (process-oriented) model to predict average ephemeral gully channel cross-section. Procedures to predict ephemeral gully length based on simple topographical thresholds for ephemeral gully initiation and ending have been reported in literature. Vandaele et al. (1996) and Vandekerckhove et al. (1998) discussed how points of incipient ephemeral gully erosion can be represented by a critical S-A relationship. For the Mediterranean study areas, the same S-A-logic as used to predict the gully initiation point can be used to predict points where ephemeral gullies end by topographical controlled sediment deposition. Yet, for the Belgian loess belt a simple slope threshold (S = 0.04 m m-1), irrespective of the corresponding drainage area (A), proved to be more appropriate for the prediction of sediment deposition points (Poesen et al., 1998; Beuselinck et al., 2000; Nachtergaele et al., 2001). Given the ephemeral gully initiation point and the sediment deposition point, GL can be derived by routing the water from the first point to the latter (Desmet and Govers, 1996; Desmet et al., 1999; Takken et al., 2001).
Figure 2. Potential performance of an empirical regression model relating ephemeral gully length and ephemeral gully volume for two Mediterranean areas and summer gullies from the Belgian loess belt. Winter gullies from the Belgian loess belt require a different regression equation.
20While topographical thresholds for ephemeral gully erosion can be used to predict the potential location of ephemeral gullies, the actual development of an ephemeral gully on these locations, depends on many other factors than topography. Rainfall, for example, is a prerequisite with respect to the initiation of ephemeral gullies. Temporal variations in rainfall depth and/or intensity are one reason why ephemeral gullies do not occur in the same place every year. Within this study attempts were made to establish a rainfall threshold for ephemeral gully erosion on loess-derived soils in the Belgian loess belt. While it is recognized that rainfall intensity can play an important role in the development of ephemeral gullies, only daily rainfall depth has been considered for the definition of a rainfall threshold, since for most areas this is the best available rainfall information. Yet, through the establishment of a different threshold for summer (high-intensity rainfall of short duration) and winter (low-intensity rainfall of long duration), rainfall intensity was indirectly incorporated. In total 38 erosion events were documented (21 in winter and 17 in summer). For each event the causative rainfall depth, i.e. daily rainfall depth that caused ephemeral gully erosion, and the intensity of ephemeral gully erosion (subdivided in three classes) was determined. In the case of summer gullies, erosion intensity was positively correlated with causative rainfall depth. For winter gullies no such correlation could be observed, which implies that other factors (e.g. vegetation cover, soil surface state, antecedent rainfall) determine the intensity of ephemeral gully erosion at this time of the year. With respect to the establishment of a daily rainfall threshold for ephemeral gully initiation, the smallest causative rainfall depth for each of three ephemeral gully intensity categories were averaged. For summer gullies, this resulted in a daily rainfall threshold value of 18 mm was found, while for winter gullies 15 mm appeared to be a threshold value, but only after cumulative rainfall depth exceeded 150 mm. Since a daily rainfall depth of 15-18 mm has a return period << 1year, it had to be concluded that daily rainfall is no absolute criterion for the initiation of ephemeral gullies. A daily rainfall threshold is especially useful in excluding daily rainfall depths, smaller than the threshold value, from potential triggers of ephemeral gully erosion.
21The development of a (good) physically-based ephemeral gully erosion model certainly is a step-by-step process. Within this study two steps are taken: (1) linking the hydrology component to the erosion component through the establishment of a flow width – flow discharge relation and (2) establishing a dynamic approach of the soil erodibility concept within ephemeral gully erosion models, as an alternative to constant soil erodibility parameters that are related to steady soil characteristics.
22A crucial problem related to the development of an ephemeral gully erosion model is linking the hydrology routine with the erosion routine. Hydrology routines can provide the user of the erosion model with (peak) flow discharges (Q(p)), but erosion routines need a flow intensity parameter (e.g. flow shear stress or stream power) to determine flow detachment rate and flow transport capacity. In order to calculate flow intensity for concentrated flow channels, the channel geometry, and especially the channel width, has to be known.
23Channel width prediction equations of the form W = a Qb have been reported for rills and rivers (e.g. Gilley et al., 1990; Govers, 1992; Ming, 1983), but not for ephemeral gullies that developed in cultivated fields. Therefore, six experimental data sets were used to establish a channel width (W, m) – flow discharge (Q, m³ s-1) relation for ephemeral gullies formed on cropland. The resulting regression equation (W = 2.51 Q0.412; R² = 0.72; n = 67) predicts observed channel width reasonably well. Due to logistic limitations related to the respective experimental set-ups, only relatively small runoff discharges (Q < 0.02 m³ s-1) were covered. Using field data, where measured ephemeral gully channel width was attributed to a calculated peak runoff discharge on sealed cropland, the application field of the regression equation could be extended towards larger discharges (5 10-4 m³ s-1< Q < 0.1 m³ s-1; Fig. 3). Therefore, this equation is recommended for predicting concentrated flow width in ephemeral gully channels, when modelling ephemeral gully erosion. Yet, the proposed W-Q equation for ephemeral gullies is only valid for (sealed) cropland with no significant change in erosion resistance with soil depth. Two examples illustrate the limitations of the W-Q approach. In a first example a frozen subsoil hinders vertical erosion from a given depth on. The second example relates to a typical summer situation where the soil moisture profile of an agricultural field makes the top 0.02 m five times more erodible than the underlying soil material (Govers et al., 1990). For both cases, observed W values are larger than those predicted by the established channel width equation for concentrated flow on cropland. For the frozen soils the equation W = 3.17 Q0.368 (R² = 0.78; n = 617) was established using data collected by Sidorchuk (1999), while for the summer soils no equation could be established.
Figure 3. Predicited channel width versus observed channel width.
Experimental cropland data are derived from laboratory experiments (with measured Q-values) and were used to establish the predicition equation. Field cropland data were derived from field observations (with estimated Q-values) and were used to extend the applications field of the established prediction equation.
24Using a W-Q relation, flow intensity (e.g. shear stress) can be calculated at any point in the landscape. The consequent problem is to define at which critical flow shear stress (tc) ephemeral gullies will form. Within this study, flow shear stress at the ephemeral gully head was calculated for 40 ephemeral gullies formed in SE Portugal (Alentejo) and for 33 ephemeral gullies formed in central Belgium (Belgian loess belt) (Fig. 4). The calculated shear stress values were considered to be a good estimator of tc for ephemeral gully initiation in the respective study areas. Generally, it was clear that average tc for ephemeral gully initiation in the Belgian loess belt (14 Pa) differed significantly (P < 0.01) from average tc for the Alentejo (44 Pa). In agreement with Poesen et al. (1999), who found a negative exponential relation between rock fragment cover and sediment concentration in concentrated flow, this difference in tc between the Alentejo and the Belgian loess belt was mainly attributed to the presence of rock fragments in the topsoil of the Alentejo study area. For winter and summer gullies no significant difference in average tc-values was found. Yet, from Fig. 4 it is clear that tc-values for winter and summer gullies are not equally distributed over the considered shear stress classes. While 75% of the winter gullies initiated at a tc-value between 5 and 15 Pa, summer gullies initiated at tc-values between 3 and 30 Pa. This may be explained as if summer gullies can initiate at low shear stress values (3-4 Pa), but due to high(er) rainfall intensities in summer, large discharges and consequently large shear stress values do occur as well. From a theoretical point of view this logic could be countered by stating that in the case of large discharges/shear stresses the ephemeral gully initiation point should migrate upslope till the point where the combination of drainage area, concentrated flow discharge, flow width and local slope yield a shear stress value equal to tc. In actual field situations, however, shear stress does not change gradually along the slope profile: (i) For a given topography, a minimum area is required to enable surface runoff to concentrate, and in the case of high-intensity summer rains in the Belgian loess belt, this minimum area may yield shear stresses (largely) exceeding tc. (ii) Concentration of surface runoff is controlled by topography and oriented as well as higher order roughness (Takken, 2000). Flow concentration due to macro-scale roughness (e.g. tillage marks, roads, field borders) occurs stepwise, so that two concentrated flows having t-values lower than tc, may concentrate and result in a flow with shear stress (largely) exceeding tc.
Figure 4. Distribution of peak flow shear stresses at ephemeral gully heads (i.e. channel cross-section > 930 cm²) observed in the Belgian loesbelt (n = 33) and in the Alentejo, SE Portugal (n = 40).
25The second step to improve current physically-based ephemeral gully erosion models, consisted of the establishment of a tool to describe spatial and temporal variations in soil erodibility. In order to do so, a series of concentrated flow detachment experiments have been conducted. Four different soil horizons, typical for loess-derived soils in Belgium, have been sampled seven times during one year. In doing so, a representative range of initial soil moisture contents was obtained for each of the studied horizons. Undisturbed soil samples were subjected to five different combinations of slope gradient and concentrated flow discharge. Results showed that for a given soil horizon, variations in soil detachment rate could be very well related to temporal variations in initial soil moisture content: Dr = [n GMC² – m GMC + p] t + b, where Dr = soil detachment rate, GMC = initial gravimetric soil moisture content and n, m, p and b are constants for a given soil horizon (Fig.5). For a given initial soil moisture content the ploughed topsoil horizon (Ap) and the underlying clay enriched horizon (Bt), were at least five times less erodible than the decalcified loess horizon (C1) or the calcareous loess horizon (C2) (Fig. 6). Combining knowledge on the spatial distribution of soil profiles and the temporal distribution of initial soil moisture content enables to define both temporal and spatial variations in soil detachment rates. Ephemeral gully erosion modelling should incorporate these variations in soil detachment rates, with the level of incorporation depending on the type of erosion model that is applied. When an empirical erosion model is used, a (relative) ranking in detachability between two time periods (winter and summer) and two groups of soil horizons (Ap-Bt and C1-C2) may be sufficient (Fig. 6). Yet, to fully incorporate the results obtained in this study, a multi-layered physically-based erosion model is needed to describe soil profiles and the related distribution of soil moisture content within the study area. Results presented in Fig. 5 will then allow to predict spatial and temporal variations in soil detachability throughout the study area. Finally it is stressed that with respect to soil profile evolution and consequent erosion risks, it is important to integrate the effect of both water and tillage erosion.
Figure 5. Predicted versus measured detachment rates (Dr) for four different soil horizons.
Regression coefficients (n, m, b and p) were derived through a non-linear regression analysis. b and w are respectively the lower and upper limit of the initial gravimetric soil moisture content (GMC).
Figure 6. (A) Evolution of soil moisture content (GMC) of four soil horizons typical for the Belgian loess belt during one year (Nov-98 – Oct-99).
(B) Evolution of detachment rate (Dr) of four soil horizons typical for the Belgian loess belt during one year (Nov-98 – Oct-99)
Every symbol represents a soil moisture measurement (n = 2). The line for the C2-horizon (2.20 m) is interrupted twice, since at two moments in time ground water level did not allow soil moisture measurements.The C2-horizon was sampled at two different depths.
A solid line represents daily rainfall depths. The dotted vertical lines indicate 7 moments when undisturbed soil samples were taken for flume experiments.
Dr-values were calculated using the equation and regression coefficients presented in Fig. 5. Shear stress value used to calculate Dr is 10 Pa.
26Field surveys in the Belgian loess belt revealed that in many forested areas large, permanent gully systems, most of which are currently inactive, can be found (Gullentops, 1992; Poesen et al., 2000). In cultivated areas virtually all large gully systems are currently filled in with colluvium and therefore only observed in cross-sectional soil profiles (Bollinne, 1982). Little is known about the spatial distribution, initiation and evolution of these large, permanent gully systems on loess-derived soils. Here, we studied during 13 years the evolution of a gully that was initiated on a cultivated, loess-derived soil south-west of Leuven (Belgium) in May-June 1986. The rainfall event that created this (ephemeral) gully has a return period between less then 1 year and 25 years, depending on the assumptions made for defining rain intensity. The estimated return period indicates that the initiation of large (permanent) gullies, as observed in forested areas and through cross-sectional profiles in cultivated fields in the Belgian loess belt, does not require an extreme rainfall event.
27Between June 1986 and December 1999, eight field surveys were conducted to measure gully dimensions. During two surveys, topographic indices (e.g. slope, drainage area) were measured as well. It appeared that length, surface area and volume of the studied gully increase with time following a negative exponential relation (Fig. 7). This is in perfect agreement with observations reported for gullies in other environments (Australia and USA). Whereas Graf (1977) only refers to a decrease in drainage area with increasing channel length to explain a degressive increase of gully extension, this study shows that the product of drainage area with slope (S*A) is a better measure to describe the changes in gully dimensions over time. Yet, gully length and gully surface area are asymptotically evolving towards a final value, but gully volume is expected to decrease from a given moment in time (Fig. 7). Sediment deposition, induced by a progressive development of vegetation (first annuals, then bushes and small trees) will fill in the gully to such an extent that the farmer can drive across it. From this moment on the combined effect of tillage erosion and water erosion in the gully’s drainage area, will lead towards a rapid infilling of the gully.
Figure 7. The evolution of gully length, gully surface area and gully volume, as a function of time (years) since gully initiation.
28This expected evolution of a gully in cultivated fields fits in with the observations of Bollinne (1982) in a loess area in eastern Belgium, who found many traces of large gully systems filled in with colluvium. The permanent gullies that were observed under forest (Gullentops, 1992; Poesen et al., 2000) are then attributed to the fact that after severe gully erosion in a given area, this area was reforested or abandoned. Therefore, the sediment source was cut off and the gully never filled in by sediment deposition caused by water or tillage erosion.
29Major fields of future ephemeral gully research are depicted in Fig. 8. With respect to data collection, an important topic concerns the role that ephemeral gullies (might) play in conveying runoff water and eroded soil material towards the catchment outlet into permanent drainage ways. Steegen et al. (2000) showed that there exists a positive relation between ephemeral gully development in a given watershed and measured suspended sediment concentrations at the outlet of that watershed. A comprehensive quantification of this relation between ephemeral gullies and the sediment delivery ratio at the catchment scale, could put an extra dimension to the ephemeral gully erosion research. Being responsible for about 50% of the total sediment production within agricultural drainage basins in central Belgium, ephemeral gullies have certainly a significant on-site effect. But when the presence of ephemeral gullies results in a higher sediment delivery ratio, this means that also > 50% of the off-site effects of soil erosion at the catchment-scale are caused by ephemeral gullies. In other words, if ephemeral gullies, occupying << 1% of the total agricultural land, can be effectively prevented, the erosion problems, both on- and off-site, will be reduced with c. 50%.
Figure 8. Schematic summary of possible future ephemeral gully erosion research (see: Recommendations for future ephemeral gully erosion research).
30Major challenges with respect to ephemeral gully erosion modelling have to be divided between empirical and physically-based modelling (Fig. 8). The implementation of a physically-based ephemeral gully erosion model is beyond current possibilities. Restraints are both related to process description and data availability. Meanwhile, there exists a true a need amongst people in the field (e.g. land managers, land conservationists) to model the potential location of ephemeral gullies, the on-site and off-site impact of ephemeral gullies and potential ways to prevent this erosion process. This discrepancy between possibilities and needs forms the starting-point of future research on ephemeral gully erosion modelling.
31Empirical modelling should focus on end-users dealing with land management and land conservation. For this group of stakeholders, the main interest lies in (1) the prediction of zones in the landscape with high erosion risk and (2) the estimation of actual erosion and/or the evaluation of scenarios to prevent erosion in these high-erosion-risk zones (scenario-analysis). Concerning the first issue, this study proposes an approach to delineate ephemeral gully-prone areas (Potential erosion; Fig. 8). The major restriction to an actual implementation of this procedure is the availability of accurate digital elevation models (DEM) covering large areas. Yet, a fast adoption of revolutionary altimetric observation techniques (e.g. laser scanning) is taking place. For Flanders, plans are being made to establish, based on this laser scanning technique, a DEM with a 1 x 1 m resolution and an accuracy of < 0.10 m (Van Rompaey, pers. comm.). Similar plans exist or have already been carried out for other European countries (e.g. the Netherlands, United Kingdom). The second issue forms the logical follow-up on the first one. Once the ephemeral gully-prone areas are identified, the land manager or land conservationist needs adequate measures to prevent ephemeral gully erosion from actually taking place. Existing measures, such as grassed waterways or set-aside, are quite drastic and experience learned that farmers are not very keen on implementing them without further incentives. Therefore, the effect of a wider range of land use and land management practices on ephemeral gully erosion is a really important research topic (Actual erosion; Fig. 8), that has to be addressed through both field work and model simulations. With respect to this, it is noteworthy that the Flemish government (AMINAL – afdeling Water) has set up a project in collaboration with the universities of Leuven (K.U. Leuven) and Gent (U. Gent), that aims at reducing sediment export to water courses, using (agricultural) practices that reconcile the interests and desires of land managers/conservationists with those of the farmers.
32Physically-based erosion modelling should focus on research oriented end-users. This type of modelling aims at improving our understanding of current and historical erosion processes as well as to identify important gaps in our present knowledge. The major challenge for physically-based erosion modelling is to reconcile process-knowledge and data availability (Fig. 8). A (physically-based) model requiring input data that cannot be assessed with sufficient accuracy, is bound to remain a desktop exercise. Progress related to physically-based erosion modelling, therefore, depends on improvements on process-knowledge on the one hand and data availability and data assessment techniques on the other. W-Q relations, for example, are an improvement of existing physically-based erosion models that require channel width as an input parameter. Yet, with respect to the current process knowledge, the prediction of W from Q alone is certainly a simplification. Future improvements of channel width prediction, therefore, will especially depend on the availability of accurate input data for other controlling parameters (e.g. surface slope, soil roughness, critical flow shear stress). The study on the erodibility of different soil horizons stresses the need for a multi-layered modelling approach and can therefore be seen as an extension of the existing modelling knowledge. Future research with respect to soil erodibility should focus on other soil types. Also the spatial distribution of different soils and soil horizons has to be investigated, since this kind of information is required to actually implement the obtained knowledge on soil erodibility in a physically-based erosion model. Finally, both the W-Q relations and the study on soil erodibility, reflect the situation for freshly cultivated soils with no or very little vegetation. An important challenge for future research, therefore, lies in incorporating the effect of different types of land use and vegetation cover on the erodibility and resulting channel width for a given soil.


Building Design Principles Supporting Sustainable Architecture
While there is much an architect can do during construction, one can also design the building to reduce the environmental footprint. These are known as “greenhouses,” and it’s a building that is eco-friendly from start to finish, including everything from design, through to maintenance and even eventual demolition. There are several design principles that, when followed, create a sustainable building.
- Optimal Site Potential
This involves utilizing the site itself in the most eco-friendly way possible. One must consider the location and its current eco-system, and the building placed to affect and change it as little as possible. This consideration even includes transportation and energy use. The building’s main entrance should be easily accessible by the road and without requiring unnecessary driving to reach it.
- Effective Energy Use
Ultimately, we should aim to operate net-zero energy buildings as this is a significant way to reduce our dependency on energy derived from fossil fuels. Efficient energy use involves using every single part of the house in the best way possible, from walls and lighting down to those using the building to be conscious of their energy consumption.
Achieving a net-zero home means producing as much renewable energy as you use. Reaching this goal requires a combination of suitable equipment, systems, and materials and a solid effort on the part of the residents.
- Preserve and Protect Water
Water has a huge impact on a building’s environmental footprint, and a green building is one that uses water as efficiently as possible. For example – the stormwater management. Sustainable ways of dealing with rainwater is a big step towards becoming a green building.
The building should also be sure to recycle and reuse the water for their purposes, when possible.
- Maximize Space and Materials
The truth is that the world is running out of natural resources, even though the population continues to increase. A sustainable building keeps this in mind and makes every possible effort to both use and reuse materials in the best and most efficient way possible throughout its entire life cycle.
This includes using or repurposing recycled materials when possible and buying from sustainable companies when it’s not.
- Improve the IEQ (Indoor Environmental Quality)
The IEQ of a building is important as it not only affects the environment, but it impacts the health and comfort of those living in the building.
An example of a building with good IEQ is one that maximizes natural daylight with properly placed windows. It should also have good moisture control and ventilation. This reduces the need for materials and devices with high VOC emissions.
- Use Best Maintenance and Operational Practices
Lastly, designers of a green building should select systems and materials that reduce the need for maintenance and repairs down the line. This could mean choosing systems with automated controls for things like water and energy, to prevent waste.
It also includes little things like operational staff/residents using eco-friendly, efficient, and non-toxic cleaning compounds. Proper cleaning will reduce higher maintenance costs in the long run and keep the building healthier for everyone. Everything adds up, and even the little things count – it’s important for the building to remain sustainable for its entire life cycle.
If you care to learn further about how workshops are structured at LISAA School of Design, please click below to get in touch with our team.


- Is mass timber really sustainable?
- Why is mass timber popular?
- What kind of wood is used in mass timber?
- How tall can you build with mass timber?
- Is mass timber non combustible?
- Is CLT stronger than concrete?
- Is mass timber stronger than steel?
- How is mass timber environmentally-friendly?
- When did mass timber start?
- What is the difference between mass timber and CLT?
- Is timber more sustainable than steel?
- What is wood mass?
- Is mass timber cheaper than concrete?
- How tall can a building be without an elevator?
- What is the lifespan of a skyscraper?
- What is the most fire-resistant wood?
- How expensive is CLT?
- Is CLT as strong as steel?
- Is CLT waterproof?
- Is CLT better for the environment?
- Is timber wood sustainable?
WHAT IS MASS TIMBER, EXACTLY? There has a broad appeal. Mass timber is a new kind of wood product that has the potential to change the way America builds. It’s made up of many solid wood panels that are nailed or glued together for further strength and stability. It’s a low-carbon, high-strength substitute for concrete and steel.
Similarly, What is the difference between heavy timber and mass timber?
Timber that is heavy. Although there are some parallels between mass and heavy wood, they are not the same. Heavy timber is a traditional construction method that uses heavy sawn or glue-laminated beams to create a framing system. While mass timber uses engineered materials such as NLT and CLT, heavy timber is a traditional construction method that uses heavy sawn or glue-laminated beams to create a framing system.
Also, it is asked, Is mass timber cheaper than steel?
Depending on where it is supplied, mass wood may be less expensive than concrete and steel. Experts predict that as manufacturing scales up throughout the world, mass wood will become much less expensive.
Secondly, How is mass timber manufactured?
Engineered wood products, frequently made from numerous layers of sawn lumber, are joined to create a solid panel, beam, or column in modern mass timber constructions. Our facilities, where we produce solid slabs of composite wood, handle a lot of the work and manufacturing for mass timber buildings.
Also, What are the benefits of mass timber?
Buildings made of mass wood are both cost-effective and rapid to construct (limiting disruption to the neighbourhood). Most crucially, wood outperforms most construction materials throughout the course of a structure’s lifespan, possibly saving money on upkeep.
People also ask, Is mass timber the future?
Mass wood initiatives are becoming more common in the developing world. With modifications to the building code now allowing for higher wood buildings, mass timber projects have a chance to become a regular feature of the development landscape. There are obstacles to success, just as there are with every other new trend.
Related Questions and Answers
Is mass timber really sustainable?
Mass Timber is a Long-Term Investment Carbon dioxide emissions would be reduced by 15% to 20% if steel were replaced with mass wood.
Why is mass timber popular?
Mass wood has considerable potential for the construction sector, offering higher strength, less weight, and better thermal insulation than standard building materials.
What kind of wood is used in mass timber?
How tall can you build with mass timber?
Developers will be able to use mass wood technology to create structures up to 12 stories tall under the 2020 National Building Code and the next BC Building Code.
Is mass timber non combustible?
Non-combustible materials, sprinklers, offsets, and stringent performance-based testing are all required in Mass Timber structures to guarantee that fire does not spread to neighboring buildings or compartments.
Is CLT stronger than concrete?
Engineered wood of this sort is ideal for structural applications. When compared to steel, LVL has a 20 percent higher strength-to-weight ratio. What’s more, with CLT panels having the same strength as concrete but being considerably lighter, what’s the argument for ignoring wood?
Is mass timber stronger than steel?
Wood is also more efficient: it is five times more insulative than concrete and 350 times more insulative than steel.
How is mass timber environmentally-friendly?
Unlike concrete and steel, which emit CO2 throughout their production processes, bulk wood collects and stores CO2 as forests expand. If forests are well maintained and sustainable harvesting procedures are used, mass wood is a highly sustainable construction material.
When did mass timber start?
In the 1990s, Austria was the first to use mass wood. In the United States, it is gaining popularity. There were 26 mass wood structures in the United States in 2013. There are currently 576 structures that have been constructed or are in the process of being built. And there are several hundred more on the way.
What is the difference between mass timber and CLT?
Not only is mass wood lightweight, but it is also very durable, making it a favored construction material among industry specialists. CLT is ideal for big floors, walls, and ceilings, and it can handle high traffic and multi-purpose structures.
Is timber more sustainable than steel?
Timber is a more sustainable and easily available construction material than the basic ingredients of steel and concrete, which are manufactured on a timeline longer than the history of mankind. Steel and concrete materials have a limited supply, but wood is endlessly renewable.
What is wood mass?
In air-dry condition, most temperate-climate woods weigh between 300 and 900 kilograms per cubic metre (approximately 20 to 55 pounds per cubic foot), although lighter and heavier woods occur in the tropics, with balsa and lignum vitae weighing between 80 and 1,300 kg per cubic metre (5 to 80 pounds per cubic foot).
Is mass timber cheaper than concrete?
The cost of materials accounts for the majority of a building budget, particularly for big commercial structures. Fortunately, there are various ways that mass wood building techniques may significantly reduce those costs: Steel and concrete are more expensive than wood.
How tall can a building be without an elevator?
ILLUSTRATION 1: Each level of a two-story office building is 40,000 square feet. An elevator is not needed since the structure is fewer than three storeys.
What is the lifespan of a skyscraper?
A design exceedance interval of roughly 500 years is usual when employing a 50-year recurrence for design loading events and safety factors in construction, with unique structures (as noted above) having intervals of 1,000 years or more.
What is the most fire-resistant wood?
The species of Ironwood/hardwood is noted for having the greatest natural degree of heat tolerance. Azobe wood, which is a form of ironwood, has a longer ignition period and is consequently known as the heat-resistant wood.
How expensive is CLT?
The price per gross square foot is projected to be between $42 and $46, depending on the location. There may be an additional cost for acoustical dampening, which is expected to be between $1 and $2 per square foot.
Is CLT as strong as steel?
CLT is composed out of glued and pressed softwood layers. Small wood pieces are then moulded into massive structural panels (about 50cm thick) that are light, stable, and strong enough to compete with steel and masonry.
Is CLT waterproof?
Because the CLT panels instantly provide a dry, weatherproof environment free of temporary props, work on the interior finishes and services can begin as soon as the panels are installed.
Is CLT better for the environment?
By substituting structural concrete, cross laminated timber (CLT) has the potential to significantly lower the carbon footprint of new buildings. The production of one ton of concrete releases almost one ton of CO2 into the environment.
Is timber wood sustainable?
Timber is unquestionably one of the most ecologically beneficial materials presently accessible, since it is a natural carbon sink and completely renewable when supplied responsibly. As a result, wood has become a favorite choice among environmentalists and green building advocates.
This Video Should Help:
Mass timber construction is a type of construction that uses large timbers as the main structural material. It is used for buildings, bridges, and other structures. Reference: mass timber construction details.
- mass timber vs clt
- mass timber fire resistance
- mass timber benefits
- mass timber sustainability
- mass timber projects


RDLA was hired to design improvements for a new bathhouse at Shannon Beach.
Shannon Beach is located along the Mystic River Reservation in Winchester, MA and serves the community as a popular freshwater swimming lake. RDLA has regraded the landscape to incorporate boardwalks and access to the new bath house within the public park. The design includes accessible boardwalks that traverse the slope around large existing trees and meet a beach mat, providing visitors with an accessible route to reach the water’s edge. Native plantings are designed to create a buffer between the beach and the bathhouse and provide ecological beauty and slope protection for the area. New benches and picnic tables provide the visitors of Shannon Beach with a place to picnic while enjoying the water views.


The federal government has announced the closure of the Third Mainland Bridge in Lagos starting from midnight of Saturday, October 21, to midnight of Sunday, October 22, to carry out repairs.
In a statement on Thursday, the federal controller of works in Lagos, Olukorede Kesha, said the government was ready to begin comprehensive rehabilitation works on the bridge, starting with repairs of the critical portions.
The Federal Controller said the federal government wished to inform the motoring public that it was working on plans to carry out comprehensive repairs of the Third Mainland Bridge. According to she stated that.
“However, in order to alleviate the pains currently being experienced on the bridge, the ministry would be carrying out palliative works on the most critically failed sections along the Adeniji bound carriageway on Sunday, October 22, preparatory to the comprehensive repair works,”
She advised motorists to cooperate with traffic management officials by obeying and observing all diversions for seamless movement.
“However, motorists are encouraged to use alternative routes where possible during the period of the palliative works as the Adeniji bound of the bridge will be closed to traffic from Saturday, October 21 to Sunday, 22nd, 12:00 midnight,” she said.


The Warlingham Green Improvement Project has come one step nearer to the completion of Stage One by obtaining all the funds necessary, which includes new pavements on two sides, kerb modifications to improve turning, improved drainage, new crossing points, tables to slow traffic and some new furniture and planting.
The money has come from the Community Infrastructure Levy (CIL), a charge on new developments to fund infrastructure, which goes to district/borough councils, with a smaller amount to parish councils. The money can only be used on infrastructure projects.
The total cost of Phase One is £600,000. The Parish Council had already provided £59,000 of its CIL money for planning the project and has now committed £105,000 to its implementation with the rest being granted by Tandridge District Council at the beginning of this month. The Phase One Plan can be viewed here
Following a public consultation by the Warlingham Green Improvement Working Group, which comprises parish councillors, traders and Green users, the new furniture will be chosen from the traditional set consulted on, and the stone memorial bench will be retained. These were the clear preferences of all who took part in the consultation.
Says Cllr Simon Morrow, the chairman of the working group: “We are very pleased that all the planning, research and hard work that has gone into this project is now about to show results, and I would like to thank Tandridge for approving our bid for £491,000.
“We expect the physical work to start later next year, when we will be planning construction to fit in with the needs of the community as much as possible and, as always, we will keep residents as informed as possible on what is happening and when.”
For more details on the project, see the Warlingham Parish Council website at Current Projects Warlingham Parish Council: https://warlingham-pc.gov.uk/current-projects-2/


off road light
Eternal is one of the leading lighting company in Guangdong,it is dedicated to HID and LED auxiliary lighting for Automotive, powersports, industrial, agriculture, heavy duty equipment, marine. products covered LED work light,LED light bar,HID off road light,remote search light .lustrum lighting experience and innovative technology make us provide quality products with reasonable price through elaborated welding procedure, exquisite lamp workmanship,strict quality control procedure -all these make satisfaction to meet customers high demands. Eternal Advantage: 1. we do have professional technicians, sales team to provide information in advance; 2. strict quality control and products aging testing procedure ; 3. rich experiences in OEM & ODM services; 4. pefect services during inquiry and ordering.
Hindustan Road Equipments Company in the Manufacturer and Exporter of road Construction Equipments in India. With years of experience in the field of road construction machinery has given quality and proven design machinery, asphalt mixing. Hindustan has mastered the continuous Asphalt Mixing technology. The entire road construction equipment production are functioning under the supervisions of highly experienced staff with good team spirit and this is our motto. All our products are manufactured to strict International Standards and are backed by a Comprehensive Product Support programme which includes Free Commissioning, Trainning And prompt After - Sales - Services
Drum Mix Plants Road Construction Equipment Manufacturer Road Construction Equipment Manufacturers Hindustan Road Equipments Exporters Suppliers Of Asphalt Drum Mix Plant India Indian Road Construction Equipment Wholesale Asphalt Drum Mix Plant Suppliers Asphalt Drum Mix Plant Wet Mix Plants Paver Finishers Bitumen Sprayers Mobile Hot Mix Plant
With the fast development of the society and technology, Guangzhou TOP WAY Road Machinery Co., Ltd represents a new power of technological innovation on road machinery against the background of reform and opening up policy and the increasingly improved transport. As one of the professional road marking equipment manufacturers, TOP WAY has consistently hold the principles of combining technology and cost, continuously making efforts in research and development, product improvement, and quality control to meet the requirements of the first class level products around the world. With good quality and reasonable price, TOP WAY is the best choice of road machinery products and services.
Manufacturer of mobile construction equipment used in road rehabilitation, asphalt recycling and road right-of-way maintenance.
Specialise in crushing, screening, washing and recycling equipment. Wirtgen Limited: Mobile construction equipment for road construction - road milling machines, cold recyclers, soil stabilizers, pavers, compaction equipment, rollers, compactors, surface miners, hot recyclers. Wirtgen Limited is the UK subsidiary of the Wirtgen Group, a family owned, German company who specialize in road and mineral technologies. From road planing to crushing and screening, Wirtgen Limited supply quality machinery to suit every application.
Country: United Kingdom
IDEAL MOTOR was established in 1975 as a supplier of all kinds of spares for Bus, Light truck & heavy equipment. We also act as a commission agent for major construction companies engaged in the building industries road & highway projects in Bangladesh. Over the years, we have expanded further and supplied to countries all over South-East Asia. We are one of the bigger wholesalers in Bangladesh and have been serving the automotive industry in selling and supplying new spare parts for Bus heavy and light trucks for a near 36 years. Among the notable brands in our product portfolio are quality assured brands of Nissan, Hino, Mitsubishi (Fuso), Isuzu which are imported directly from Japan, Taiwan, Korea, China, India, Thailand and Singapore among others. OUR MISSION Our mission is to provide quality products, professional and excellent service to our customers and aim for total customer satisfaction.
We are manufacturer & supplier of W-beam,thrie-beam metal crash barrier,guardrail,chainlink Fencing,pedestrian guardrail. Road Safety Product * Planning for Application and Economic Execution of Metal Crash Barrier * Chain Link Fencing, * Pedestrian Guardrail * Barricading Panel Works for your Road Construction Projects and Industrial Complexes. * Offer Competitive Quotations to Road Construction Companies enabling them to participate in Bids. * Exhibition of Our Products * Supply of other Road Safety Products
ICE employs several road designers that can provide engineering services for highway design starting from feasibility studies, environmental impact assessments, road alignment design, pavement design, overlay design, design of interchanges, design for safety, design of construction management, traffic signal design, traffic simulations, safety audits, road drainage, supervision of constructions works, post construction monitoring and maintenance design.
Carriageway Sdn. Bhd. is the importer, exporter & dealer of used heavy construction machinery & equipment in Malaysia. We handle consignment of various road building equipment, and buying & selling of used engineering equipment. We have used & reconditioned Road Rollers, Motor Graders, Wheel Loaders, Excavators, Bulldozers, Cranes, and more! We also provide used construction equipment reconditioning services and rental of Used Vibratory Compactor Road Rollers.
We are exclusive & sole distributor for Thermoplastic Road Marking material & Machineries We manufacture the following range of products:- * Thermoplastic Road Marking Materials & Primers for Thermoplastic Paints. * Water borne Road Marking cold paints to be applied by Airless Spray, Brush or roller * Water based and Solvent based paints for Kerbs. * Retroreflective Paints for vertical complex contours and rough surface which can be sprayed or applied by Brush.
Light + Color Collaborative is a design consultancy focusing on architectural lighting and interior color solutions. We offer full service design, specification and project management for custom residential and vacation properties as well as salon + spa, boutique retail, professional office and restaurant spaces.
Manufacture an asphalt thermo container to keep the material at the correct laying temperature over a longer period of time. Asphalt thermal container (Asphalt-Hot-Box) for road construction. The optimum solution, for the use of Asphalt in road construction, capacity of 1 to 20 t.
Manufacturers of asphalt paving and mixing equipment. Midland Machinery Company manufactures specialized equipment for the road construction and road maintenance industry. Municipalities and contractors have field-proven Midland's innovative designs, and have confirmed Midland's commitment to providing reliable and durable machines.
Manufacturer of concrete admixtures. Renolith concrete road comes into play the major role of saving the Earth due to the fact that this new technology utilizes the existing material as well as the recycled aggregate on the site location to its utmost advantages. No quarried aggregate is needed. Therefore, Renolith road construction system does not need to destroy the natural resources.
Manufacture truck mounted chip spreaders and rotary broom attachments. Includes specifications and configuration chart. Australia. Brownco Engineering for aggregate chip spreaders,road construction and tractor mounted road sweepers emlusion products such as CMT in 1,000Lts tanks.
Italian manufacturer of road building equipment, building machinery, asphalt cutting, concrete cutting equipment. The Maker Ltd. is a company leader in the engineering worker sector and, taking advantage of more twenty years of experience on the field of the constructions and of constant searches, it plans and it produces building and road machines and for industrial paving.
Manufacturer of light construction equipment, concrete mixing and compaction, masonry saws, pumps, concrete planers, concrete floor grinders and random crack saws. Stow Construction Equipment has a rich history of quality spanning more than a century with the industrys most respected concrete cutting, placing and finishing products, dewatering pumps and much more.
Manufacture light construction equipment including power trowels, concrete saws and vibrators. Includes brief overviews of products. Turkey. TUNA manufactures a wide spectrum of light construction machines. Vibratory Rollers, Power Trowels, Compactors, , Concrete Vibrators, Asphalt Saws, Vibration Screeds and Turf Maintenance Equipment.


I20 Wildlife Preserve
The mission was to make a preserve out of an urban playa lake where conservation, restoration, education, research, and enjoyment of nature area is of utmost importance.
The rainwater runoff proved to be the biggest challenge when it came to this urban playa lake.
There were frequent flash floods that would render the trails useless. The floods would erode the ground and make it difficult for the enjoyment of a haven in the middle of an industrial area.
The use of an elevated boardwalk with adjustable, non-penetrating pan-feet enabled the natural flow of rainwater and did not damage the ground that the boardwalk rested upon.
A large overlook structure allowed for wildlife viewing and theenjoyment of the urban playa lake.
The boardwalk was completed with teak decking that matched the natural surroundings.


Subject Structure as well as Basement Waterproofing You have actually been conserving for your basement Basement waterproofing company projects for a long period of time. And also you have a pretty good suggestion of just how much it’s going to set you back. Learn more about Waterproof Foundation. However when you’re practically to begin your project, you instantly recognize that you do not recognize what’s in your cellar. So you head down to the basement Waterproof Foundation department just to be informed that you need to excavate the entire thing. Excavation! That’s costly. The issue is that most individuals do not know enough regarding structure footings to recognize whether they’re hidden sufficient to require excavation or not. Excavation can delay the conclusion of a cellar Waterproof Foundation task by a number of months. Plus, it’s not really clear what the outcomes will certainly be. Possibly you’ll end up with water gathering from behind the house rather than from the basement. The best recommendations is to employ a professional basement Waterproof Foundation service provider to do the work. Structure repair work can be complicated, so you require to get it right the first time. A pro will certainly understand how to recognize the troubles and how to fix them so that your cellar Basement waterproofing solutions job goes as smoothly as possible. The common suspect when it involves basement Waterproof Foundation is footer drains. If you have a basement leak and also the soil around the walls is filled, the footer drains can get the moisture down and collect it at the baseboard. The key to stop this kind of cellar leakage is to see to it that there are no leaks anywhere around the foundation. That’s where basement Basement waterproofing solutions devices comes in. A competent expert will certainly understand specifically where to find the leaks and usage devices to make them long-term. You might not have splits in your wall surfaces or floors and also think that basement leaks do not exist. But just because you don’t have noticeable damage doesn’t imply your basement is totally unsusceptible water damages. One of the most vital point for a successful cellar Waterproof Foundation job is to ensure the structure as well as the footer drains pipes are free from any standing water. If your foundation is revealing signs of problem, after that a specialist basement Basement waterproofing company project remains in order. Make sure your residence is as structurally audio as you can. Click here to know more about Foundation Repair. Don’t wait till you listen to those dreadful sump pumps taking place. It never pays to bet with a cellar. Basements have been dripping for many years. Actually, the older houses with cellars were developed with water drainage issues in mind. Yet even one of the most sturdy homes can have problems, specifically if there is poor construction or wear and tear. Your foundation is the last protection against a damp basement. Check more about Basement waterproofing solutions. Don’t allow it go without attention! If your cellar Basement waterproofing company isn’t done properly, then you could wind up investing thousands of dollars to Foundation Repair it. This isn’t a trouble that you need to disregard, particularly if you have children. Any standing water positions a danger to you, your renters as well as visitors. That’s why it is essential to get specialist assistance when you’re managing a dripping cellar. It might end up conserving you greater than money! View more about Basement waterproofing solutions here.


The Larsen & Toubro Limited Recruiting Civil Engineers. The company is recruiting engineers, the eligible candidates must apply for this job. The job description for the jobs have been provided below for the Larsen & Toubro Limited Recruiting Civil Engineers.
About Larsen & Toubro Limited
L&T is a major technology, engineering, construction, manufacturing, and financial services conglomerate, with global operations. The Company addresses critical needs in key sectors – Hydrocarbon, Infrastructure, Power, Process Industries and Defense – for customers in over 30 countries around the world.
Larsen & Toubro Ltd Recruiting Civil Engineers
Position – Senior Manager
If your profile is suitable as per the above criteria please share your resume at firstname.lastname@example.org
Educational Qualification – Degree in Civil Engineering with First class
NICMAR or M. Tech will be added advantage
Preferred Qualification: Degree/Diploma in Civil Engineering with Diploma in Finance management
- Minimum 15 years of professional experience
- Minimum 10 years experience in the planning and primavera works.
- Ports or Marine projects will be added advantage
L&T Heavy Civil Infra is looking for the role of Senior Manager- Planning for Ports & Harbors Project.
Salary – Not Disclosed
Vacancies – 3
Location – Mumbai / Kochi


With opening of the new Eastern Span of the San Francisco Bay Bridge, pedestrians and bicyclists can now cross the Bay Bridge. The engineers and designers of the new eastern span included a path for pedestrians and bicyclists. This is great news! Since the weather has been so nice the last few days, it was a great opportunity to head out and try to bike the path. It was also a great opportunity for me to scope it out and see what potential photographic angles can be achieved. I experimented with black and white photography with a few photographs in this set. I think they look pretty cool. Unfortunately, the area accessible to bikes and pedestrians is only open sunrise to sunset. They will open it 24/7 once it is fully completed and the path goes all the way from Oakland to San Francisco or vice versa.
I have yet to drive on the entire length of the new span. Over the last several days photographing the bridge, I’ve noticed that the traffic is present all the time, and going both ways. I will wait. It was nice to use our own human power to cross some of it, and it was nice for the first time to sort of “walk” across the width of the bay. A new concept that I’m getting used to!
Enjoy these photographs.


The winter seasons more than and you find that the wall surfaces and the edges in between the wall surface and the roofing system are looking instead jarred. You take a closer look, and also there are traces of moisture as well as the paint is peeling. You disregard this as a typical point and also set about your everyday organisation What was required of you was to promptly grab your phone and seek advice from a roofing contractor of acceptability. This was probably the initial indicator showing that the roof requires fixings and also if laid off, the little amount of peeling off is mosting likely to broaden into a big and also awful patch on the wall surface and will certainly need a lot of added repair service and loan from your pocket.
What enters into roof fixing? Apparently it takes a whole lot. To start with it takes a choice on the part of your home to embrace the experience, and after that there is the concern of the cash included and also finally the search for a skilled contractor. I'll take you through these steps as well as even more. We start with why the roof needs a repair work and also what should you do as a house owner when you begin to presume that the roof covering, which you have had for a long time, isn't as protected as it used to be. Act quickly. The failure to find and also deal with minor roofing system degeneration in the earliest phases is most likely the best cause of early roof covering problems. This is particularly real of roofing products used on fairly low-sloped roofing systems. The reasons for roof covering damage are aplenty, and also some roofing designs endure more degeneration as as compared to others.
Roof coverings can get harmed due to exposure to repeated wind gusts, snow, rainfall as well as flying debris. One more reason of roofing system damages may be the product made use of while building it. The style of the roof covering is an additional major cause for the roof covering's degeneration. In instance a roof has actually been designed wrongly, it will certainly endure even more damage as compared with others. Malfunctioning styles might include a weak roof structure like deflection Full Pitched Roofs Nottingham under load, poor incline of the roofing, sagging framework, and also inadequate number of drains pipes to allow the water out, and also inappropriate roof covering material. Various other causes consist of damage because of the elements and also a general absence of maintenance like enabling algae to expand.
The above causes demand the owners to seek the signs and also embrace repair services. The repair work procedure starts by first doing an analysis of the damages yourself. This can be completed by doing a study of the inside in addition to the outside of your house, and also looking for damaged floor tiles, peeling off paint and puddles of water on the roofing. We could do minor fixings ourselves, yet it is constantly a good idea to speak with a seasoned contractor. If the damages is small, remedies like usage of a duct tape, or a straightforward substitute of a floor tile could be achieved by us by taking a few precautions. If the damages appears major, or you are not confident of the repair on your own, you can constantly adopt an expert. The selection of a roofer has actually to be made based on his/her qualifications as well as the quantity of experience he or she has actually had in the specific kind of roofing system which embellishes your home. A variety of sites promote certified roofers as well as it is advisable to go in for a licensed roofer.
After needed consultation as well as survey, the contractor will normally give an estimate of time as well as cash required for the repair service to take place. This is the time for a major decision making process to be initiated. Judge the price of repair versus a substitute, if the problem so warrants. Usually, a seasoned roofer will recommend a combination of the two. Some components of the roof could be replaced, while some could only require fixing of ceramic tiles, or a layer of asphalt. The decision is made based upon the monetary restraints and the moment available handy.
Roofing repair work is a mindful decision, and also as high as roofing professionals might try as well as persuade you, a substitute is a troublesome procedure. Nevertheless, substitute is essential in times where the roof may provide way or the leakage is heavy. Believe before providing approval, yet if the scenario so requires, do not wait. Repair is necessary, and late repair will cost even more to your home, your pocket as well as the general appearance of your home as well. The secret is to maintain check of the slightest changes in the roofing framework and also do the necessary at the ideal time.
So when your are prepared for your next roofing system repair work, consider us at Quality Roofing Nottingham.
Local Roofing Companies
If you need roof repairs, give these guys a call - https://t.co/jebEi9Yrgq— Cleaner Carpets Mans (@nottscarpets) April 12, 2018
⚡ “Local Roofing Companies”https://t.co/yQzdNrhzYb— Cleaner Carpets Mans (@nottscarpets) April 12, 2018