The Philadelphia Merchants Exchange, a masterpiece of Greek revival architecture designed by William Strickland, was built in the early 1830s to serve as a gathering place for merchants to barter and sell their wares.
The project was completed in 2 phases. Phase 1 included extensive demolition of the interior and a complete rebuilding of the support structure with a new steel frame. Phase 2 included a complete interior fit-out, replacement of all exterior windows and doors, and new HVAC, electrical, security and fire protection systems.
Extensive coordination between all trades involved was in these systems was critical to insure minimum interface with the historic features of the building. Workers were especially cautious with window installation in order to protect the limestone veneer.


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How do Egypt, Ethiopia stack up, militarily?
Ethiopia announced a second filling of the dam is set to take place in July and will collect 13.5 billion cubic meters of water. This is three times more water than it collected last year in its first filling.
The Blue Nile is the main tributary of the Nile River, which provides Egypt with about 90% of its water needs. Sudan and Egypt fear unchecked filling of the massive dam will cause either severe droughts or flooding in some of the areas of their countries. Ethiopia says the dam project is key to its economic development and to generating power for its citizens.
Egypt calls the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam an “existential threat.” Ethiopia says Egypt and Sudan have nothing to worry about.


Academic Health Science E-Wing
The Academic Health Sciences E-Wing project added to the existing Academic Health Science Complex at the university of Saskatchewan in Saskatoon. This 25,000 square meter project provides office and support space for a variety of health science programs. The building includes simulation labs for nursing, pharmacy, and medicine. Careful design consideration and analysis performed to achieve a LEED Gold standard providing excellent energy efficiency and environmentally conscious choices.
The mechanical design for this building features many innovative mechanical design concepts including Chilled Beam Technology, radiant heating, displacement ventilation, heat reclaim, and solar collectors. This energy efficient was modelled during design to consume 50% of the energy of the MNECB reference building.


A stick-built home is one constructed entirely or largely on-site; that is,
built on the site which it is intended to occupy upon its completion
rather than in a factory or similar facility. This term is used to contrast
such a dwelling with modular homes that are pre-assembled and
transported to the site entirely or mostly complete. In general, homes
that are custom designed or built according to stock plans are
considered stick-built so long as they are constructed on-site.
Stick built homes are also those homes which are built using a more
conventional method of home building rather than a timber framed type.
The term stick built may be somewhat of a misnomer, simply because
they are not sticks being used but wood planks. The name may lead
some to believe the homes are not well constructed or sturdy however
this could not be further from the truth. The "sticks" mentioned usually
refer specifically to the superstructure of the walls and roof and floor
Most stick built homes have many of the same elements in common.
They are usually built with nominal lumber, though it is possible to use
metal framing members for the construction.


More Stimulus Waste
Elizabethton's "bridge to nowhere" is now complete and open to the public. This bridge was build with federal stimulus money. It is a five lane bridge with a bike lane and sidewalk that replaces a two lane bridge that "did not even have room for a sidewalk." There was no need for a sidewalk and no need for five lanes.
This bridge goes to the Old Bristol Highway. So, we now have a five-lane bridge that runs into a crooked, two-lane road that was replaced many years ago by a modern highway. Can these people find nothing better on which to spend taxpayer's money? I think the lack of need for this is apparent from the map.
View Larger Map


Structural Pros Foundation Repair
Foundation repair – The method of underpinning and stabilizing a structure that has moved from its original level. Foundation settling – A vertical movement of a foundation wall due to a consolidation of soils that support the structure.Insurance treats your house’s foundation just like any other part of your house. You can claim for damages, but only if you‘re covered against the event that caused the damage.If you don’t fix your foundation, mold and mildew cause the wooden members under your pier and beam home to deteriorate. Whenever there are cracks or poor sealing around a pier and beam foundation, water can make its way into the crawl space.Foundation issues are no minor thing. … When buying a home with foundation issues, always get a professional assessment to determine the severity of the problem. If the issues are relatively minor and you like the house, you could consider fixing them. However, if the issues are extensive, it may be best to walk away.Foundation issues are no minor thing; however, in the majority of cases, the issue can be fixed (although the cost will vary). … If this is the case, more extensive foundation repairs, including lifting up the house to install new foundation piers to level it out and reinforce the existing foundation, are necessary.If the damage to your foundation is noticeable, having it repaired will certainly increase the value of your home. Buyers will be much more likely to buy a home that has undergone foundation repairs than they would be to buy a home that has serious, unaddressed issues with its foundation.The 8 Most Common Signs of Foundation Problems Include:
What happens after foundation repair?
After repair, the foundation will need a time to settle down in the previous condition. It needs to go back to the condition when it was first installed. If you do not do so, there could be new problems occurring in your house that certainly you do not want. This same goes to the foundation problems.
Does Foundation Repair affect resale?
The relationship between foundation damage and resale value depends on a number of factors. … The point is that foundation damage affects every home differently. But if you’re looking for a very rough estimate, Rare Daily notes that most foundation issues reduce a home’s value by 10-15 percent.How can you tell if a crack is structural?
The common characteristics structural cracks include:
How long should foundation repair last?
If they aren’t too large or severe, the best repair method is an epoxy fill. You should expect a quality epoxy crack repair to last at least 5 years.
Can a house collapse from cracks?
Foundation wall cracks generally occur after a few years when the house is constructed. However, certain types of cracks can indicate trouble that may cause full or partial collapse of a wall if not prevented. Also, the more obvious crack is, the more dangerous it probably is.
Free Foundation Inspection contact Structural Pros


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At Spiewak Consulting, we’re here to help you accomplish all the things you’re trying to accomplish in architecture, design, technology, construction and property development.
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Buildings consume a significant amount of energy, making up a large portion of global greenhouse gas emissions. Understanding building energy use is therefore critical to reducing energy consumption and mitigating climate change. In this blog, we will discuss key metrics and drivers of building energy use and how they impact energy consumption in buildings.
Key Metrics of Building Energy Use
There are several key metrics for measuring building energy use. These include:
Energy Intensity: Energy intensity is the amount of energy consumed per unit of floor area. It is calculated by dividing the total energy consumption by the floor area of the building. Energy intensity is a useful metric for comparing energy performance between buildings of different sizes and types.
Energy Use Intensity (EUI): EUI is similar to energy intensity, but it takes into account the climate zone and building type. EUI is calculated by dividing the total energy consumption by the total floor area and the number of days in a year. EUI is a widely used metric for benchmarking building energy performance.
Peak Demand: Peak demand is the highest amount of electricity consumed by a building at any given time. Peak demand is important because it determines the size of the electrical infrastructure required to serve the building.
Load Factor: Load factor is the ratio of actual energy consumption to the maximum energy consumption. It indicates how efficiently a building is using energy. A high load factor means that a building is using energy efficiently, while a low load factor indicates inefficiency.
Drivers of Building Energy Use
There are several drivers of building energy use, including:
Building Envelope: The building envelope includes the walls, roof, and windows, and it is the primary interface between the interior and exterior of a building. The building envelope has a significant impact on energy consumption, as it affects heating and cooling loads.
HVAC Systems: Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems are responsible for a significant portion of building energy consumption. HVAC systems can be inefficient if they are not properly sized or maintained.
Lighting: Lighting is another significant driver of building energy use. Energy-efficient lighting technologies such as LED bulbs can significantly reduce energy consumption.
Plug Loads: Plug loads refer to the energy consumed by devices that are plugged into electrical outlets, such as computers, printers, and chargers. Plug loads can be a significant contributor to energy consumption in buildings.
In conclusion, understanding building energy use is critical to reducing energy consumption and mitigating climate change. Key metrics such as energy intensity and EUI can be used to benchmark building energy performance, while drivers such as the building envelope, HVAC systems, lighting, and plug loads have a significant impact on energy consumption. By addressing these drivers and improving energy efficiency in buildings, we can reduce greenhouse gas emissions and create a more sustainable future.


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Sewage, Septage and Sludge…Tiny’s Future
By Patricia O’Driscoll
If our permanent home is in the city, sewage is treated at a sewage treatment plant. We may not give much thought to the problem of how waste from our septic systems and holding tanks is handled in Tiny, but, how the problems are solved is crucial to the future well being of the Township. Stringent guidelines have been adopted by the provincial Ministry of Municipal Affairs (MMA) stipulating that future development cannot occur without full servicing for waste water treatment (sewage and septage) and water supply. These guidelines dictate the conditions that must be met for any future development.
There are two aspects to the problem: (1) Tiny has to take care of its existing development and, more importantly, (2) future development cannot occur without full servicing.
Tiny has to address the waste water treatment issue if its wants to replace the crippling loss of commercial assessment under restructuring. The problem of waste water treatment and its solution affects the municipality’s future residential and commercial development.
If Tiny is to remain independent, it will be the Municipality’s responsibility to address the waste water treatment issue. If these responsibilities are not addressed, Tiny could be restructured into a municipality that does have sewage treatment. The present Tiny Council is giving careful consideration to each decision it makes regarding waste water treatment so that the Township does not limit its future development possibilities or allow itself to become dependent on a costly service provided by another municipality.
With this in mind, Council voted on April 10, 1995, not to take part in an environmental assessment hearing to establish an area facility for sludge storage. Council based its decision on the fact that Tiny’s development uses septic systems and holding tanks; Tiny produces septage. Tiny doesn’t produce sludge and, therefore, has different concerns to address. Sludge storage is not a problem for Tiny.
The problem for Tiny would be the exorbitant cost of becoming dependent upon an area facility, limiting development and increasing assessment on the existing residential properties.
It has been indicated to Tiny Township that treatment of septage through the Midland treatment plant would cost $28.00 per cu.m. and would include capital cost recovery of Midland’s plant expansion. In other words, if Tiny uses Midland’s sewage treatment facility, Tiny would be paying for part of the capital cost of Midland’s plant expansion. The $28.00 per cu.m. treatment cost is much higher than the cost to pump out a septic tank today.
Should Tiny take its septage to Midland, Tiny would incur a yearly treatment cost of $160,000 plus additional storage fees, all new costs for Tiny to finance.
Given the fact that a septage treatment facility is a critical issue and costs are sky rocketing, Councillor Evelyn Klym said: “This Council has given the matter thoughtful consideration and is presently looking for alternate solutions. When we have an opportunity to discuss these, Council will be happy to share this information with its taxpayers.”
Mayor Anthony Lancia stated: “This Council is committed to putting Tiny first and working on behalf of all its ratepayers.”


Wythenshawe Bus Depot
This building formed part of the later phasing of the proposed Garden Suburb of Wythenshawe. It was intended to house up to 100 double-decker buses but was put to use as a factory for components for Lancaster bombers during the war. It is included here for the functionalist qualities of the building and the acknowledgement of the daring of the City Architects Department. Academic papers, as late as 1952, cited this simple structure as exemplar of its type; Harwood notes, ‘this was the pioneering example of the means of construction, and the model for larger shells at Bournemouth and Stockwell’. The arches that support the shell have a span of over fifty metres and are spaced at twelve metre intervals. The concrete shell roof is of the short-barrel type commonly used on single span buildings such as hangars, it is uniformly around seventy millimetres thick. The only single span structure larger than this was indeed an aircraft hangar, at Doncaster Airport, demolished around 1990. This building is now in the ownership of an airport parking company that utilise it as vehicle storage; close to its original function.


A stalled project to demolish the former cargo ramp at Hilo International Airport is back on track after the release of $4.5 million in capital improvement funds in mid-April by Gov. David Ige.
The money will be used to demolish existing buildings to make way for 11 one-acre leasehold lots in the so-called “west ramp” in the Old Airport area.
“I’m thrilled that Gov. Ige is following through on funding projects for Hilo International Airport,” Sen. Lorraine Inouye, a Democrat whose district encompasses part of Hilo, plus Hamakua, Kohala, Waimea, Waikoloa and Kona. “Financing construction costs for the west ramp demolition and lease lots will greatly improve Hilo International Airport as it continues with its renovations.
“The Hilo International Airport is a vital economic hub for the city of Hilo and the outlying areas of Hamakua, Puna and Ka‘u.”
The site is the former location of the airport’s cargo ramp and was formerly the location for Federal Express, Aloha Air Cargo and Hawaiian Airlines Cargo, according to state Department of Transportation spokesman Jai Cunningham.
Prior to its use for cargo operations and general aviation, the west ramp was used for passenger operations until the mid-1970s.
“The project is already under construction, but has encountered contaminated materials which has delayed the project from being completed,” Cunningham said. “The $4.5 million is to temporarily cap the contaminated material and pay for contractor’s extended overhead.
“A separate project will remove the contaminated material and complete the subdivision of the lots.”
The lots will be leased to private concerns for aviation-related activities, according to Cunningham. He was unable to provide projected income information, but added there is a waiting list for potential lessees, “so interest is high.”
In addition, the construction includes removal of the existing waterline and service laterals, which will be replaced with newer structures. The existing airport operational area fence also will be removed to make way for a new fence with gate.
The project was previously scheduled for completion in the second quarter of 2021. Completion is now slated for June, with a total estimated cost of $10.628 million.
Email John Burnett at firstname.lastname@example.org.


Nulook Canterbury builds fantastic windows and doors in residential weathertight, thermal, architectural and commercial aluminium profiles. We choose to provide the Nulook system of windows and doors from Altus Window Systems because of the superior styling, strength and weather tightness of the Altus systems.
The WeatherTight suite is specially designed for New Zealand conditions to keep water where it should be- outside your home. The window frames are constructed to drain excess water through channels in the joinery to the outside. This suite uses Altus’s patented screwless Crimped Corner Connections to reinforce strong and tight mitred corners and provide controlled pathways for water to drain away. This system means there is no drilling required to mitre the corners, and so no holes for water to leak through. The sliding and stacking doors can provide a seamless, flush appearance, with no door frame step. The Urban slider provides for glass panels up to 2.4m high. Get brochure
The AllSeasons suite provides exceptional thermal control, with an insulation layer within the joinery panels and frames, reducing condensation even further. In Winter it prevents cold coming in through the aluminium frame, and in Summer it keeps the cool air inside. For maximum performance, combine with LowE glass and Argon gas.
This suite is stronger and so gives you more design options. You can design even larger windows and doors. AllSeasons withstands extra high wind zones.
As with our residential suite, AllSeasons is manufactured using Altus’ s patented connection systems, creating tighter and stronger joints, which do not require holes drilled into the frames. Get brochure
The 41Architectural Suite provides exceptional architectural flair and performance for homes and commercial projects. It has a very contemporary style with square profiles and can accommodate larger door spans for sliding, stacking and bifold configurations. As with all Nulook suites, it has the advantage of Altus’s patented connection systems to provide superior weather protection. Get brochure
SovereignSeries Architectural Suite
The SovereignSeries suite, supplied by Altus, has the performance abilities of commercial joinery, allowing you to push the boundaries of your design. The frames can support heavier glass panels, so you can have larger window and door spans, and make the most of your views. Sliding and stacker doors can span up to 2.7m high, creating impressive indoor-outdoor living. You have a choice of facing sizes on the frames. And of course the styling is very contemporary, with flat-faced finishing. Get brochure
We also provide commercial joinery in a range of commercial suite options. Contact us to find out more


Thứ Ba, 21 tháng 12, 2010
Building Envelope and Interior Finishes Databook
by Sidney M. Levy
McGraw-Hill Professional | 2000 | ISBN: 0071360220 | Pages: 752 | PDF | Size: 32,5 MB
A one-stop resource for residential or commercial construction projects, Construction Building Envelope and Interior Finishes Databook gives you instant access to hundreds of tables, specifications, charts, diagrams, and illustrations covering materials and components most frequently used on a typical job.


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Attributes of a Good Roofing Contractor
In a building, the roof and the floor are the main parts. The part which we step on in the house or car is known as the floor. We shall focus on the roof. The building is covered by the roof and shelters the occupants their belongings. A roof has the ability to shield the occupants of a house from wind, snow, sunlight, wild animals, fire, and rain. Roof are made of wood, metal, grass, tiles, concrete, asbestos and other materials. In order to avoid the leaking, collapse and blowing away of the roof, it should be well installed, repaired and maintained. Of late, the number of roofing contractors is very high. Below are features of a good roofing contractor.
A client should consider whether the roofing contractor is licensed before hiring him/her. According to the law, an entity which offers goods and services needs to have a license. The license is offered by the relevant authorities after a contractor has attained the set standards. The roofing contractor should renew his/her license from time to time since it has an expiry date. In order for the roofing contractor to receive a license, he/she should meet the requirements on this website.
An insurance cover is another feature of the competent roofing contractors. Roof installation and repair involves climbing on top of a building which is risky. The contractor should be insured in order to cover for the employees and subcontractors who suffer accidents and injuries during the roofing process. As a homeowner, you will be compensated in case of losses or damage to property when an insured roofing contractor is working in your home.
High level of skills and experience are other features of the best roof installation and repair contractors. Training and skills are the most crucial features of a good roofing contractor. In order to attain improved roofing skills, the contractor is supposed to invest a significant amount of money in education and training. In order to update the roofers on the modern roofing techniques, the contractor is supposed to organize workshops for his/her employees. A homeowner should also consider the experience when looking for the best roof installation services.
The best roofing contractors have relatively cheaper prices. Although roof installation and repair services require special skills and equipment, the roofing contractor should avoid hiking his/her prices. Since the number of roofing contractors is very high, one should do a research on the prices charged by a number of roofing contractors. A homeowner is advised to have a budget on the roofing services.
The best roofing contractors have better customer care skills. The roofing contractor is supposed to have good communication skills in order to offer quality support and care. The contractor should also have a 24/7 telephone line in order to respond quickly to clients who require emergency services.
Lastly, the best roofing contractors are highly reputable.
Source: see this website


Hire contractors to repair basement walls and footers. Most basement waterproofing contractors in the city of Colorado Springs understand the importance of basement waterproofing. They will perform a free wet basement inspection and estimate the basement waterproofing service. The Colorado Springs basement waterproofing company will give an honest and reliable estimate of the basement waterproofing within thirty days of the initial estimate.
A wet basement is not only inconvenient but also expensive. You will have to bear the cost of excavating and building it again. A basement waterproofing company can help you save time and money. A well-drained basement can withstand severe weather conditions. It can also prevent basement remodeling.
Right Type of Material
A basement waterproofing company can recommend the right type of basement waterproofing material. They can ensure that your basement floor and wall will stay dry and free from leaks. In addition, basement waterproofing contractors in Colorado Springs will assist you in finding the proper drainage system and the proper drain installation.
Basement waterproofing companies in Colorado Springs know how to measure and install various types of basement waterproofing materials. They can even install insulated concrete footer drains. A basement waterproofing company can help you in making basement waterproofing improvements. They can give an honest opinion on how much money basement waterproofing will cost.
Make Basement Waterproof
There are basement waterproofing contractors in Colorado Springs who will remove mounds and loose soil around the foundation. They can remove tree roots and sod from the basement floor. This will make your basement waterproof and prevent any future water problems. Contractors in the basement waterproofing company in Colorado Springs can even remove sod where it is necessary. They have the experience and expertise to make your basement waterproof without the use of synthetic materials or concrete mix. They will also know what to do with any leftover basement waterproofing materials like cracked or chipped stone.
Repair Leaks and Cracks
A basement waterproofing company in Colorado Springs can repair leaks and cracks around basement walls and windows. This can save you the hassle of replacing windows and doors that have become damaged. Basement wall and window repairs can be quite costly. By using a basement waterproofing company to repair your basement walls and windows you can save yourself thousands of dollars. Also, when your basement has been waterproofed you don’t have to worry about mold growing in the basement because it is not waterproofed.
It is important to hire a basement waterproofing company in Colorado Springs to repair leaks that occur in your basement due to rain or melted snow. Most basements in this area get one or two feet of water during the summertime. If you live off of the main street and it drains to your basement then you might have noticed that your basement is leaking. Most basements in this type of area have concrete walls and they are not properly sealed.
Use of Modern Technology
Basement waterproofing companies in Colorado Springs can repair leaks that occur in your basement through the use of modern technology. If your basement has been flooded previously and there was no basement waterproofing done then you can expect to pay thousands of dollars to fix the problem again. The basement waterproofing company in Colorado Springs will remove the standing water and use high pressure pumps to dry out your basement. After the basement is dry they can install drain tiles to keep the water away from the basement walls.


Building a Bridge Together!
Thanks to community input, construction of the new SE 5th Avenue bridge is complete and features stunning marine-inspired murals by renowned artist Dennis Friel. The bridge, built in 1959, was scheduled to undergo extensive repairs, as proposed in the initial scope of work; however, following public input meetings, the City created a more comprehensive plan to replace, elevate and enhance the bridge.
So as not to delay the opening, a quick impromptu ribbon cutting was held just before the bridge opened on Monday, May 23rd, which brought out a number of neighborhood residents excited to be a part of the bridge opening.
The goal to create a safer, more efficient bridge for both motorists and pedestrians was accomplished to the delight of residents, who also greatly appreciate the City’s efforts to have the bridge become a signature work of art. The bridge will feature four vibrant murals, two on each side, depicting beautiful marine scenes including manatees and porpoises.
Pompano Beach-based artist Dennis Friel, acclaimed for his vivid celebrations of coastal culture, has built a body of work collected by clientele around the world. His artwork has been featured at premiere fishing tournaments, on fashion apparel, in the pages of elite global publications, and even adorns Jimmy Buffet’s fishing vessel, Last Mango.
Friel’s work for the City of Pompano Beach includes large scale murals that beautify the Intracoastal bridges. He received the distinguished 2019 Pompano Beach Chamber of Commerce’s Arts and Culture Award for his efforts on this Intracoastal beautification project.


Engineering, Construction and European Services , a construction company that is a result of the experience gained by the team of professionals that comprise it , is committed to ethical and sustainable development . Our work focuses on the construction of new buildings, renovation and restoration , civil engineering and infrastructure and also offers the service of design & build.
Our strong position in the construction sector is mainly due to our great team, consisting of staff with long experience in the sector who are qualified and committed to ongoing training and development, which provides, thanks to the applicable technology , the highest degree of effectiveness and efficiency in all our projects.
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This congressional district stretches across the southern part of the state, all the way from the borders of South Dakota to Wisconsin.
We have many claims to fame: Numerous institutions of higher learning. A world-class healthcare facility. A fine example of Prairie School Architecture by legendary architect Louis Sullivan. The bluffs of Winona overlooking the Mississippi River. Fields of corn and soybeans. And let’s not forget the Jolly Green Giant that once towered above I-90 in Blue Earth.
Roads, bridges, railroads, and airports are important infrastructure features in our local economies. We want to maintain them and continue to grow our cities, towns, businesses, and agriculture.
Our legislators need to hear from us. Click the Raise Our Grade button and let them know you support investment in our infrastructure.
Our district’s urgent needs
Infrastructure projects will address critical problems, prepare structures for current and future capacity, and maintain, expand, and improve essential systems. Much-needed funding will cover design/engineering, materials, and construction.
A Short Story of Infrastructure: Water Works
In the city where the Mayo brothers founded their innovative hospital and engineered a healthcare revolution, one effort to keep people healthy is largely invisible to the public: wastewater management and treatment.
For Convenience—And Health
Water infrastructure and the people who manage it may be the unsung health heroes of our communities. In the not-so-distant past, untreated waste and unclean water caused outbreaks of disease: cholera, dysentery, e-coli, typhoid, hepatitis A, salmonella…. Water infrastructure gets the credit for removing these threats from our consciousness and communities.
An Efficient System
Rochester’s water, storm water and wastewater infrastructures work deep beneath sidewalks and roads.
– Storm water is captured in pipes, treated via ponds or infiltration systems, and discharged to the river.
– Clean water is pumped to businesses and homes.
– Wastewater is efficiently pumped to a treatment plant via 500 miles of pipes. There, solids, bacteria, organic material, ammonia and phosphorus are removed. The process generates energy to heat the plant and provides some of the electricity to run it, too.
– The processes begin again.
High Tech Management
Technology gives Minnesota cities like Rochester the tools they need to proactively manage their water infrastructure. Workers can “televise”—that is, view pipe interiors using video technology. If they find potential problems or decay, they can preemptively “line” pipes or replace them. They can “jet” pipes with high-powered water to remove debris and roots. They can use a geographic information system to map the city’s water infrastructure for ongoing maintenance and management.
Delayed Investment Costs Money
But in all cities, shortfalls in local, state, and federal infrastructure spending require engineers and leaders to make difficult decisions. When cities are forced to delay important system work, they instead have to urgently react when a water main breaks, a sewer line collapses, or existing pipes are too small to handle the current load of wastewater.
That’s an expensive and inefficient way to manage infrastructure. It requires digging up streets and sidewalks, closing roads, and shutting off water. Losing access to showers and toilets is aggravating, but there are bigger potential issues: sinkholes, raw wastewater entering the river or other areas where the public can come into contact with it, and sewage backups into people’s homes. These occurrences can cause public safety problems and human health hazards. Leaking water wastes resources and depletes water supplies. It costs money that could be used elsewhere.
Funding For Quality of Life
Water infrastructure isn’t shiny or showy—out of sight, out of mind! Most people take clean drinking water, flushing toilets, and un-flooded streets for granted. They probably don’t even think about infrastructure until there’s a problem. But when something goes wrong, the fix can be very costly.
Water is part of our Minnesota quality of life. We want clean water for our homes, and streams, rivers, and lakes that aren’t endangered by polluted water flowing into them.
Likewise, we need safe, up-to-date roads and bridges, airports, ports, dams, and railroads. They ensure our ability to compete in the world. They contribute to our safety, our economy, and our convenience. We must have infrastructure spending now to maintain our quality of life—and to assure a good life will be possible for our children and grandchildren in the future. We must Raise Our Grade, Minnesota.


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Our portfolio includes top French machines for the production of thin-walled blocks. The latest system of vibration distribution enables the production of thin-walled blocks with a wall thickness of 14-19 mm while significantly reducing the percentage of cement in the dry concrete mix.
We also supply automatic mixing centers / concrete plants, production pallets, and molds for all brands of vibropresses.
If you are considering expanding your production capacity while minimizing costs, let us provide you with a suitable pre-owned machine, including its disassembly, transport, and assembly.


Three Gorges Dam, China
Three Gorges Dam, China crosses the Yangtze River at Sandouping, Yichang, Hubei province, China. The dam’s name refers to the majestic limestone cliffs of the Qutang, Wu, and Xiling gorges, which stretch for about 200 kilometers (124 miles) from Fengjie, in Sichun province, to Yichang, in Hubei province, in China's heartland. The Yangtze is the longest river in Asia and the third longest in the world, running 6,211 kilometers (3,860 miles) from Qinghai Province in the Tibetan Plateau to the East China Sea near Shanghai. The river’s watershed is massive, spanning 1,722,155 sq.km (1,070,147 sq. miles) with nearly 400 million inhabitants.
On April 3, 1992, the National People's Congress of China approved the construction of the world's largest and most controversial hydroelectric facility at Three Gorges. The reservoir began filling on June 1, 2003; full power generation of about 22,500 MW is scheduled to be reached in 2011. Three Gorges will surpass the 14,000MW Itaipú dam located on the Paraná River at the Brazil/Paraguay border. When finished, the project will have cost 180 billion yuan, or about 30 billion USD.
Scale of Project
The dam wall is made of concrete and is about 2,309 meters (7,575 ft) long, and 101 meters (331 ft) high. The wall is 115 meters (377.3 ft) thick on the bottom and 40 meters (131.2 ft) thick on top. The project used 27,200,000 cubic meters (35,600,000 cu yd) of concrete, 463,000 tonnes of steel, enough to build 63 Eiffel Towers, and moved about 102,600,000 cubic meters (1.342 x 108 cu yd) of earth.
When the water level is maximum at 175 meters (574 ft) over sea level (91 meters (299 ft) above river level), the reservoir created by the Three Gorges Dam is about 660 kilometers (410 mi) in length and 1.12 kilometers (0.70 mi) in width on average, and contains 39.3 cu km (9.43 cubic miles) of water. The total surface area of the reservoir is 1045 km2. The reservoir will flood a total area of 632 km2 of land compared to the 1,350 km2 of reservoir created by the Itaipu Dam. The Three Gorges Dam reservoir is longer than the 560 kilometers (348 mi) length of Lake Superior, but only 1.1 % of the surface area of the lake (82,400 km2) and about 1/700 of the volume of the lake (28700 cu km).
The dam will raise the water level the third time to its designed maximum water level (175 m above sea level) by the end of 2008.
There about 50,000 other dams on the Yangtze River, mostly along tributaries of the main river, that were built in the past 50 years to create freshwater reservoirs. The freshwater storage capacity has skyrocketed from 0.06 cubic kilometers in 1950 to 180 cubic kilometers in 2002. When the reservoir behind the Three Gorges Dam is full, it will add up to 40 cubic kilometers to that total.
Hydroelectricity generation and distribution
The Three Gorges Dam is the world’s largest hydroelectric power station by total capacity, which will be 22,500 MW. It will have 34 generators in total; the first one (No.2 ) started to power on July 10, 2003. After completion, the expected annual electricity generation will be over 100 Twh.
Each of the main generators weighs about 6000 tonnes and is designed to produce at least 700 MW of power, which is enough to power a large city. The designed head of the generator is 80.6 m. The flow rate varies between 600 cu m to 950 cu m depending on the head available. The Three Gorges Dam project uses Francis Turbines, among the most efficient turbines made.
Power is sent in three directions. The 500 kV DC transmission line to the East China Grid has a capacity of 7,200 MW. There are three 500 kV DC transmission lines: HVDC Three Gorges-Shanghai(3,000 MW), HVDC Three Gorges-Changzhou(3,000 MW) and HVDC Gezhouba - Shanghai(1,200 MW). The 500 kV AC transmission line to Central China Grid has a capacity of 12,000 MW. The other 500 kV DC transmission line HVDC Three Gorges-Guangdong to South China Grid has a capacity of 3,000 MW and supplies Guangdong.
Benefits from the Three Gorges Project
To China's leaders, the Three Gorges dam will provide a foundation for the nation’s future economic prosperity. The power will also help meet China's rapidly growing energy demand. Just as important, the transmission lines that are being developed to transport electricity from the project to the rest of the country will help to create a national grid, with the Three Gorges at its heart.
Transportation of people and goods will be greatly enhanced. The reservoir will allow 10,000-ton freighters to enter the nation's interior, which currently limits access to boats under 1,500 tons. Vessels will be able to navigate from Shanghai up to Chongqing, around 2000km from the sea. It could become an even more important transport artery if sufficient facilities are put in place to integrate cargo transport on the river with major rail and road intersections. The government and companies involved in the development of the Three Gorges dam are also keen to promote the project by developing it as a tourist attraction. Tour boats now offer trips on the reservoirs in order to allow foreign and domestic tourists to appreciate what are being advertised as ‘lofty gorges projecting peaceful lakes’.
The dam is also intended to provide major flood control benefits. Historically, the population in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River suffered tremendous losses from flooding both in human lives and property. For example, the massive flooding of the Yangtze River in 1931 caused more than 3 million deaths from flooding and starvation.
The government also notes that the dam's power generation potential of 84.7BkWh/yr is the energy equivalent of burning 50 million tons of coal or 25 million tons of crude oil. Thus, the switch to cleaner hydroelectric power would have the effect of cutting 100 million tons of carbon dioxide, up to two million tons of sulfur dioxide, ten thousand tons of carbon monoxide, 370,000 tons of nitrogen oxide, and 150,000 tons of particulates annually from the atmosphere.
Social and Environmental Concerns
Critics of the Three Gorges project argue that the project’s costs may outweigh the benefits, the latter of which have allegedly been exaggerated by the government. The Three Gorges Dam project has become a symbol of national unity and strength for the ruling communist party. As a result, critics charge that many of the controversies surrounding the project are glossed over or ignored. In an address to the engineers of the dam, then Premier Li Peng, himself a power engineer by training, said the scale of the project was proof to the world of China's newfound strength. "The damming of the Yangtze is of great political and economic significance ... It proves to the whole world the Chinese people's capability of building the world's first-rate hydroelectric project". The construction of the dam has thus become as much a celebration of Chinese nationalism and its political leadership as it is a massive power and engineering feat.
Foreign perception of the project has suffered from the reputation of its principal proponent in Beijing, Li Peng. Li, whom some historians hold responsible for the 1989 massacre in Tiananmen Square, championed the idea of the dam to guarantee China's energy supply amid the internal political repression and international isolation that followed Tiananmen. Li was the driving force behind the approval of the project in 1992 by the National People’s Congress despite no votes or abstentions from a third of the delegates—a rare display of dissent in the Congress.
The relocation of local residents is a central part of the Three Gorges Dam Project. During the planning stages in the 1990s it was estimated that 1.13 million residents would be forced to relocate; the final number was closer to 1.24 million after the relocation effort was completed in July 2008. This number represents about 1.5% of the total population of Hubei Province (60.3 million) and Chongqing City (31.44 million) where the reservoir is located. About 140,000 residents were relocated out of Hubei province to eastern provinces and some central provinces, and the majority of the remaining people were relocated within Hubei Province. On October 11, 2007 Chinese state media announced that under a development plan of Chongqing city, an additional 4 million people will be encouraged to move from their homes near the dam to the Chongqing metropolitan area by the year 2020.
Critics claim that those forced out of the area have not been adequately compensated, particularly as the land they lost was highly fertile. But the government insists that the scale of its compensation package demonstrates its commitment to helping those affected improve their standard of living.
Behavioral scientists are studying the populations who will be forced to relocate because they live in a flooded area. Research suggests that anticipation of involuntary migration is a robust predictor of mental distress, and elevates depression) not only directly, but also indirectly by weakening the social and the psychological resources (i.e., social support and mastery), which safeguard the mental well-being of migrants
Upwards of 1,000 archeological sites will be submerged beneath the reservoir. Ancestral burial grounds and centuries-old temples, fossil remains, and archeological sites dating as far back as the Paleolithic Age risk being lost from public access and scholarly pursuit if they are not unearthed and relocated before the waters rise. The government has taken measures that it claims will mitigate these losses.
There is also concern about the impact the project will have on biological diversity. The baiji dolphin, the ancient river sturgeon and the finless porpoise depend on the Yangtze for their survival. The population of Siberian cranes in Poyang Lake will also be affected by the dam.
Sedimentation of the reservoir is also a serious challenge. The flow of the Yangtze carries with it the fifth-largest sediment discharge of any river in the world, equivalent to about 4 percent of all river-borne sediment discharged to all the oceans of the world. Sediment buildup behind the dam and throughout the reservoir would effect the overall storage capacity of the reservoir. The loss of storage capacity would directly result in a decrease in project’s flood control capability. The high rate of sediment deposit has already affected the diversion channel and is expected to compromise operation of the dam sooner and more seriously than had been anticipated.
The Yangtze River branches out into a broad estuary that stretches 655 kilometers into the East China Sea, and forms one of the largest continental shelves in the world. Over half of the Yangtze’s annual sediment load is deposited in the estuary. The health of the estuary depends on the delivery of this sediment because a significant relationship exists between intertidal wetland growth rate and riverine sediment supply. Yet, due to the Three Gorges project and other dams, the sediment accumulation rate in all reservoirs on the river has increased from close to zero in 1950 to more than 850 * 106 tons per year in 2003. This is causing erosion of the wetland habitat there, which provides nurseries for fish and resting areas for migratory birds and is considered one of the world's most important wetland ecosystems. A similar effect was seen on the Nile River after the Aswan Dam in Egypt was completed.
- Barber, Margaret, and Gráinne Ryder, Editors. Damming The Three Gorges: A Critique of the Three Gorges Water Control Project Feasibility Study.
- Chen, Xiqing, Yixin Yan, Renshou Fu, Xiping Dou, Erfeng Zhang, Sediment transport from the Yangtze River, China, into the sea over the Post-Three Gorge Dam Period: A discussion, Quaternary InternationalVolume 186, Issue 1, Larger Asian rivers and their interactions with estuaries and coasts, 1 August 2008, Pages 55-64.
- Hwang, Sean-Shong , Juan Xi, Yue Cao, Xiaotian Feng, Xiaofei Qiao, Anticipation of migration and psychological stress and the Three Gorges Dam project, China, Social Science & Medicine, Volume 65, Issue 5, , September 2007, Pages 1012-1024.
- Information from the Chinese Embassy regarding Three Gorges
- Hvistendahl, Mara, China's Three Gorges Dam: An Environmental Catastrophe? Scientific American, 25 March 2008; Accessed 13 April 2008.
- Wikipedia Contributors, Three Gorges Dam, Wikipedia, Accessed 15 September 2008.
This article uses material from Wikipedia. The Author(s) and Editor(s) listed with this article may have significantly modified the content derived from Wikipedia with original content or with content drawn from other sources. The current version of the cited Wikipedia article may differ from the version that existed on the date of access. Text in this article available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/


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She added the construction manager as a fourth member of this team in the project – a team member with resources and expertise in construction that I do not have. In fact, she suggested that a CM could already be involved in my project, in the early planning stages, providing me with independent advice and expertise from the beginning to the completion of my new shopping mall (see the attached timeline). She showed me the resumes of the CM team that would be assigned to me – personnel with expertise in planning, design, construction, scheduling and overall project management and control. In short, she tells me that as my construction manager, or CM, her firm will provide comprehensive management of the project, including time, cost and quality, from beginning to end.
Roles of Construction Managers
As it begins to sink in, she tells me that a construction manager, or CM as they are usually called, may have different roles (Agency CM or CM at Risk), depending upon the project and the owner.
Agency CM – In many instances, the CM role is to be an independent professional adviser to the owner on all parts of the project, managing the project on behalf of the owner from conception to completion. This role is usually called “Agency CM” (or “CM Advisor” by the American Institute of Architects) and does generally suggest the CM is acting solely in the interests of the owner and the CM’s judgment is not influenced by any monetary interest in labor or materials used in the project. However, she makes it clear that if I engage them as an “Agency CM,” I still need to hire an architect to design and a contractor to build my shopping mall because the “Agency CM” is not performing any design or construction – just overseeing the project. Payment for this CM role is usually on a fee basis.
CM at Risk – This expands the role of the CM to not only providing professional advice to general contractor – including engaging subcontractors – for the purposes of completing the construction of the project. This role is usually called “CM at Risk” (or “CM Constructor” by the American Institute of Architects) as the CM has assumed the responsibilities of delivering the project at a guaranteed maximum price and thus the “risk” of completing the project on time and at a maximum price is now with the CM. So now the CM is acting as the Contractor as well as the CM.
What becomes apparent to me is that a CM plays a very different role when compared to a typical general contractor. In fact, the Agency CM does not perform any construction; the CM at Risk does act as the contractor, but is involved in the early stages of construction, including planning and design.
Contrast this to a general contractor in the “traditional” design- bid-build delivery system that is not involved until the planning and design phase are generally complete – the general contractor first learns of the details of the project in a request for proposal and specifications sent out by the owner.
A CM may have the expertise to perform the following functions on behalf of the owner:
- Assist in project scope
- Assist in land acquisition
- Assist in permitting
- Assist in financing the project
- Cash flow management
- Cost estimating
- Cost and schedule control
- Contract administration
- Document control
- Construction inspection
- Quality control
- Value engineering
- Risk management
- Constructability review
- Contracting and project delivery systems
- Dispute avoidance and resolution
Possibly more importantly, the CM provides a specialized level of knowledge, experience and expertise that most owners do not have, particularly for complex construction projects that require a wide array of skills to successfully manage to completion. The CM adds value by providing the resources and expertise needed to manage quality, cost, schedule, scope and risks associated with design and construction to help the Owner achieve its objectives.


(CNN)The Biden administration on Tuesday launched an initiative that it hopes will help resolve wastewater issues in 11 poor, rural communities where inadequate disposal is a health risk to residents.
The Closing America’s Wastewater Access Gap Community Initiative, launched under the US Department of Agriculture and Environmental Protection Agency, is set to be unveiled by Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack, EPA Administrator Michael Regan and White House Infrastructure Coordinator Mitch Landrieu in Lowndes County, Alabama, one of 11 communities that are part of the initiative.
The majority-Black rural county is located between Selma and Montgomery in the “Black Belt” region. Many have residents in the county have long struggled with inadequate sewage disposal and wastewater. Septic systems and other wastewater systems are crucial for disease prevention and help remove bacteria, parasites and other viruses, according to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
“President Biden has been clear — we cannot leave any community behind as we rebuild America’s infrastructure with the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law,” Landrieu said in a statement. “This includes rural and Tribal communities who for too long have felt forgotten.”
Vilsack said the agency recognizes there are “people who have been going without the basics,” adding that “access to modern, reliable wastewater infrastructure is a necessity.”
Regan echoed Vilsack and said opportunity for historically marginalized communities is “stolen when basic sanitation doesn’t work” when people are exposed to “backyard sewage and disease.”
The initiative will aim to help “communities access financing and technical assistance to improve wastewater infrastructure to ‘close the gap’ with wealthier communities,” the USDA said in a release.
The initiative will also allow both agencies to work with the communities, state government, tribal groups, and others to obtain financial and technical skills to tackling wastewater improvement. The communities and tribes will get additional support for wastewater issues by also getting help with wastewater solution plans and funding opportunities, according to both agencies.
It says it will also allow both agencies that work with the 11 communities, state and Tribal partners, on-the-ground technical assistance providers, “to leverage technical and financial expertise to make progress” on tackling wastewater improvement. The communities and tribes will receive support to address wastewater issues through efforts that include creating wastewater community solution plans, wastewater assessments with technical engineering support, and pursing funding opportunities, according to both agencies.
Other communities and tribes that part of the initiative include: Greene County, Alabama; Harlan County, Kentucky; Halifax and Duplin counties in North Carolina; Raleigh and McDowell counties in West Virginia; San Carlos Apache Tribe in Arizona; Doña Ana County and Santo Domino Pueblo in New Mexico; and Bolivar County in Mississippi.
The Bipartisan Infrastructure Law allocates $55 billion to upgrade water infrastructure, including replacing lead service lines, and devotes funding to improving access to clean drinking water, wastewater and stormwater.
The law also allocates $11.7 billion in loans and grants through the Clean Water State Revolving Fund to address wastewater infrastructure challenges. The initiative is going to allow communities the opportunity to receive these funds, both agencies said.
In places like Lowndes County, where the median income was nearly $34,000, according to the latest US Census Bureau data, many residents have faced sewage flooding their yards and homes for decades. In parts of the county without access to a sewer system, some residents rely on private septic tanks if they can afford it and get assistance from organizations such as the Black Belt Unincorporated Wastewater Program (BBUWP), which helps low-income families that can’t afford a wastewater disposal system.
Residents also resort to homemade wastewater disposal systems, such as a straight-piping from the toilet to the ground, Sherry Bradley, the director of Bureau of Environmental Services for the Alabama Department of Public Health, told CNN. Bradley, the environmental adviser for the BBUWP, said the non-profit organization can help install the septic systems at homes because of a USDA grant and 175-200 homes can get installations through the group, according to the group’s website.
But funding is not enough to resolve wastewater issues and it is “just fixing a problem temporarily,” Bradley said.
“It must be the right person to install these systems that know what they’re doing, that’s one reason I decided to step out of my regulatory role and help install onsite systems,” she said, adding that her division regulates the permitting, installation, maintenance and use of onsite sewage treatment systems. “I’ve seen a lot of onsite failures because someone’s brother or neighbor installed a system. Constant training of the homeowner is also needed.”
In November, the Department of Justice launched an investigation into whether the Alabama Department of Public Health and the Lowndes County Health Department have put Black residents at a higher risk of disease by failing to properly rid their communities of raw sewage. The investigation in Lowndes County was the first environmental justice investigation the DOJ has conducted under Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which prohibits recipients of federal funding from engaging in discrimination.


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Due to the drought of 1977, Xenia Rural Water District was established to provide quality, reliable drinking water to rural landowners in Dallas and Boone counties. In 1978, the Board of Directors applied for a FmHA loan to design and build a water treatment plant and a distribution system to service the area. The loan was approved in the fall of 1981 and construction of the plant and the distribution system began in the spring of 1982 to provide service to 640 members including residents of the City of Bouton.
Expansion of Xenia’s system began in 1990 by purchasing water from the City of Boone to provide water service further into Boone County. Service was extended into Polk and Southern Dallas Counties in 1994 by purchasing water from Des Moines Water Works. By 2000, Xenia acquired water purchase agreements from the City of Madrid, City of Ames and Warren Water District. The territory served had grown to also include the counties of Adair, Madison, Guthrie, Greene, and Story.
In 2004, Xenia built a three million gallon a day water treatment plant located north of Stratford. The water plant initially provided water to Webster and Hamilton County. The expansion of Xenia’s territory ended in 2007 with the addition of eastern Calhoun County. Xenia provides water service to all or portions of 11 counties, 19 communities and over 11,300 customers/members. The service area is 2,529 square miles containing over 2,890 miles of pipeline.


Since our first projects in 2002, nearly every lift that we have worked on has been completely unique. One time, that has meant the lift itself; the next, the situation in which it will be placed or the environment in which our installers have to work. By facing each challenge head on, we have designed new lifts, come up with new technologies and even introduced new materials to the field over the years – always taking into account all the international requirements in the area of safety and reliability.
Want to know more about a project? We are happy to tell you more or to put you in touch with one of our references.


The vast majority of the streets in Brentwood Borough are municipally owned and maintained. The Department of Public Works is responsible for ensuring that our road system provides motorists with a safe and smooth ride. Our staff acts quickly to patch potholes, repair damaged curbs, and recoat faded traffic lines. The DPW also executes Council traffic management decisions in regard to the location of stop signs, fire lanes, parking stalls, crosswalks, VASCAR timing lines, and other transportation control devices.
Although Brentwood Borough was incorporated nearly a century ago, the Department of Public Works uses long term planning and forecasting to protect our infrastructure from showing its age. Our department supervisor works closely with the municipal engineer to periodically study the quality of each Borough street. As a result, we are able to ascertain measurable data on road surface conditions and to design paving plans that address the thoroughfares with the greatest maintenance needs. Additionally, the DPW has compiled a comprehensive sign inventory that aids staff in prioritizing the replacement of signs that are damaged, faded, or lack sufficient reflectivity.
To view the results of our most recent pavement study, see the PDF documents below.


Shingles come in various materials that are not all made equally. After heavy storms pass, you can rely on asphalt to remain standing and require few repairs. Learn more about asphalt, the best type of shingles to use for your roofing.
Asphalt is the Best Choice
Asphalt is derived from petroleum and used mainly in road construction. Asphalt roads last for decades and tolerate all kinds of wear and tear. Similarly, asphalt shingles are the most common materials found on house roofs. This type of material is lightweight, affordable and durable. The shingles are made in sheets that are easy to install onto the roof using simple tools.
Many people prefer the traditional look of asphalt shingles. This type of roofing gives the appeal of the average family home.
Asphalt is available in different colors: red, beige, tan, brown, gray and black. There is a color and design to complement any type of home. The shapes vary from rectangular to pentagon or triangular shaped.
The shingles can be laid out in different patterns, as well. There are far more designs than the classic look of brown rectangular shingles.
Other Types of Shingles
When deciding what makes asphalt shingles the best, make comparisons with other types of shingles. There are different types of materials used, such as slate, wood, metal, stone and plastic. Some materials are high quality but expensive or difficult to install.
Other types are cheaper than asphalt but less durable and more likely to break down. Asphalt provides the most benefits to homeowners who want a simple yet strong and durable roof.
A little research about shingles in general will lead you back to asphalt. Building your roof with asphalt shingles is one of the most economical and long lasting methods around. Contact a roofing provider to review your installation options.
Visit our homepage for our roofing contractors.


Enidine’s HD/HDN Series of heavy-duty shock absorbers protect equipment from large impacts in applications such as automated storage and retrieval systems as well as overhead bridge and trolley cranes. They are available in a wide variety of stroke lengths and damping characteristics to increase equipment life and meet stringent deceleration requirements. Utilizing a special compact design, these shock absorbers smoothly and safely decelerate large energy capacity loads up to 8 million in-lbs. per cycle. These models incorporate an internal, air charged bladder accumulator, replacing mechanical return springs, providing a shorter overall length and reduced weight. The zinc-plated external components provide enhanced corrosion protection, while epoxy painting and special rod materials are available for use in highly corrosive environments. All of Enidine’s heavy duty hydraulic shock absorbers are engineered to meet OSHA, AISE, CMMA and other safety specifications such as DIN and FEM.


6 edition of Water and Wastewater Technology, Fifth Edition found in the catalog.
June 18, 2003
by Prentice Hall
Written in English
|The Physical Object|
|Number of Pages||560|
For courses in Introduction Environmental Engineering, Environmental Technology, Water Supply and Sewerage, Water and Wastewater Operations. A proven text in the field of water and wastewater engineering and technology, this primer provides the fundamental principles and management practices in water processing, water distribution, wastewater collection, wastewater treatment, sludge. Water & Wastewater Books. Addresses the corrosion issues facing the conventional and modern water desalination systems. This book addresses two critical problems that plague materials that make up components in both desalination and cooling water systems: corrosion, and fouling. AWWA’s Water and Wastewater Rate Survey provides the.
Principles of Water Quality Control is the definitive student text in its field for 25 years, this new edition takes an environmental perspective that is highly relevant in the context of current public policy debates. New material also includes EU regulations and changes in the UK water industry since privatisation. Provided in the book is a basic review of the chemistry, biology, hydraulics and hydrology necessary to understand water and waste-water technologies. Read More A comprehensive introduction to municipal water supply and waste-water disposal technology designed for environmental engineering and civil engineering courses.5/5(1).
With state-of-the-art facility planning, configuration, and design, and written by more than of the sector's wastewater engineering experts, Design of Water Resource Recovery Facilities, MOP 8, Sixth Edition is the authoritative guide to effectively designing or upgrading a recovery facility and transforming a community. Now offered as one volume, this thoroughly revised resource from the. Download Environmental Engineering: Water, Wastewater, Soil and Groundwater Treatment and Remediation By Nelson w, Franklin J. Agardy, Patrick Sullivan, Joseph A. Salvato – As the global population grows and many developing countries modernize, the importance of water supply and water treatment becomes a much greater factor in the welfare of nations.
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Water and Wastewater Technology (5th Edition) and to persons interested in operation and maintenance of water and wastewater facilities.
This fifth edition updates the subject matter, illustrations, and problems to incorporate new concepts and issues related to the Water and Wastewater Technology environment.
In this edition, the revision of text and addition of new 3/5(1). : Water and Wastewater Technology (5th Edition) () by Hammer, Mark J. and a great selection of similar New, Used and Collectible Books available now at great prices/5(25).
Water and Wastewater Technology: 5th (Fifth) Edition [Mark Hammer] on *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. Water and Wastewater Technology: 5th (Fifth) Edition3/5(1). Wastewater Engineering Treatment 5th Edition Solutions Manual. Get this from a library. Solution's manual to accompany Water and wastewater technology, fifth edition.
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Mark J. Hammer. Published by Prentice Hall (). Author: Water Environment Federation; Publisher: McGraw Hill Professional ISBN: Category: Technology & Engineering Page: View: DOWNLOAD NOW» Contemporary Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant Design Methods Fully revised and updated, this three-volume set from the Water Environment Federation and the Environmental and Water Resources Institute of the.
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This Solutions Manual for the Fifth Edition of Wastewater Engineering is designed to make the text more useful for both undergraduate and graduate teaching. Each problem has been worked out in detail, and where necessary additional material in the form of Instructors Notes is provided (as shown in boxes).
Water And Wastewater Technology Hammer Pdf Download > DOWNLOAD (Mirror #1) 8b9facfde6 [PDF]logy.(n) Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Resource Recovery, 5/e is a thorough update of McGraw-Hill's authoritative book on wastewater treatment.
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For introductory courses in Environmental Technology, Water Supply and Pollution Control, Environmental Quality Control, Environmental and Sanitary Design, and Water and Wastewater for its wide range of topics and easy-to-read style, this book offers a practical introduction to water supply, waste management, and pollution : Cloth.
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A best-seller in the field of water and wastewater engineering and technology, this book provides the fundamental principles and management practices in water technology. All major systems and operations are covered concisely yet comprehensively/5(27). The objective is to transfer knowledge of these subjects to persons interested in continuing their study in sanitary technology and engineering, and to persons interested in operation and maintenance of water and wastewater facilities.
This fifth edition updates the subject matter, illustrations, and problems to incorporate new concepts and Author: Mark J. Hammer Jr., Mark J. Hammer Sr. New edition covers the latest practices, regulations, and alternative disinfectants.
Since the publication of the Fourth Edition of White's Handbook of Chlorination and Alternative Disinfectants more than ten years ago, the water industry has made substantial advances in their understanding and application of chlorine, hypochlorite, and alternative disinfectants for water and wastewater treatment.
Basic Water Treatment 5e is an essential reference and primer on all aspects of water quality and treatment principles and processes. This accessible introduction and practical guide to water treatment focuses on the issues of most interest to practising engineers, summarising the key issues and criteria in short and accessible sections, with additional theory to explain and.
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Appropriate for courses in Water Resources, Groundwater and Wastewater The new seventh edition of Water and Wastewater Technology continues its tradition of coverage water processing principles and modern management practices, but now integrates a new emphasis on sustainability throughout.
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Segmental Retaining Walls (SRWs) are considered flexible structures so the footing does not need to be placed below the frost line, provided there is sufficient foundation-bearing capacity. SRW units are manufactured in conformance with industry standards and specifications to assure that units delivered to a project are uniform in weight, dimensional tolerances, strength and durability – features not necessarily provided in site-cast materials.
Strong and durable, yet easy to install, at San Souci Stone and Brick Yard, we offer a versatile selection of retaining wall blocks to compliment your landscaping projects whether they include an actual wall, a patio, an outdoor kitchen or even a mailbox surround. Browse our selection of retaining wall blocks and systems to find the one that best meets your needs and lifestyle. Then have our experts assist you in making your final decisions and working with you to plan your installation.


Saving the planet is a frequent theme in debates. Green energies are part of the solutions to environmental problems. Unlike fossil fuels which can run out over time, green energies are renewable. They come from various natural resources and have no devastating effects on the planet.
The wind turbine
The wind turbine
Wind energy is produced at the rate of the power of the air. These are wind generators which transform the kinetic energy of the wind into mechanical and then electrical energy. Air is the main natural resource used to operate wind turbines. It is a 100% ecological method which remains very widespread in the field of green energies. Wind turbines are made up of masts, rotors and generally 3 blades which stir the wind. For domestic wind turbines, devices are available in small sizes. But, the largest machines are used in power plants favorable to powerful air currents . These wind farms are built both at sea and on land.
More accessible, it represents the most serious alternative to fossil energy. Solar energy is obtained in two ways, but from the same source which is the sun. It can be generated by a photovoltaic or thermal system . The first method uses solar panels that capture light and transform it directly into electricity. Thermal energy uses heat produced by the sun which is gradually converted into electrical energy. It is a non-polluting energy suitable for domestic use. In addition, solar parks and power plants are also installed for industrial needs.
Also called bioenergy, it is obtained from waste and natural materials. It is often highlighted for its zero carbon footprint. The materials used in the process are all recycled. This can include wood or other plant matter, food scraps, and even animal waste . This energy, which contributes greatly to the reduction of greenhouse gases, can be used in the production of electricity, but also agrofuel.
It is the oldest green energy. To obtain it, dams are built to exploit the flow of rivers or the height when it comes to waterfalls . Other hydraulic movements such as waves, tides or ocean currents are also exploited to produce electricity. The power of the waves is then converted into electrical energy in power stations. In the hydroelectric field , another particular method makes it possible to obtain energy. The fusion between salt water and fresh water can produce osmotic energy, also called Blue Energy. However, this technique is still not widespread.
This is a technology that uses heat contained in rocks underground to produce energy. Magma is the resource that provides a solution here in terms of renewable energy. Techniques allow hot water charged with thermal energy to circulate and rise to the surface of the earth. While this energy is often used to heat water naturally , it can also be transformed into electricity.


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