Rising Damp Treatment
Treatment for and prevention against rising damp
Damp walls are a common problem in homes and commercial properties all across the UK, and there are a variety of reasons for this. Symptoms such as damp patches, mould and damaged plaster can be caused by faults in the external and internal walls along with issues surrounding the relative humidity of the property.
As with any dampness, a correct diagnosis for damp walls is essential because incorrect treatment has the potential to lead to more serious structural problems.
The surveyors and technicians at Rentokil Property Care have decades of damp proofing experience and if you feel your property is suffering from wet walls we are here to help. Get in touch with Rentokil Property Care today by clicking the button below to book a survey today or call us on 0800 0121 437 to discuss your damp problem further.
Moisture rising from below the ground level of a property and into the masonry walls can be identified by a distinctive tide mark stain. As moisture absorbed from the ground penetrates the internal brickwork, wallpaper and plaster can become damaged and white hygroscopic salt deposits can appear. The skirting board can also start to decay.
The most common cause of rising damp in walls is the failure of the existing damp proof course (DPC).
Signs of Rising Damp on Walls
Penetrating Damp occurs when a continuous source of moisture penetrates the wall of the property, either externally e.g from rain penetration or from within e.g a burst pipe or leak. Signs of penetrating damp will vary from case to case as it can manifest in different ways depending on the source of the moisture. Penetrating damp from soaked wall insulation will look different from ingress caused by broken guttering for example, and this makes it difficult to diagnose the correct treatment programme.
To treat effectively, the moisture source must be located and fixed or the excess moisture will continue to damage the walls.
Sign of Penetrating Damp on Walls
Condensation is often dismissed as a less serious form of dampness, but it can eventually lead to damaged walls and mould growth in seriously affected areas. More noticeable in the colder winter months, condensation on walls is caused when hot humid air cannot escape effectively through traditional ventilation and settles as moisture on cold surfaces like windows and walls.
Condensation is common in new builds where more effort has been made to trap heat that easily escaped in old buildings.
Signs of Condensation on the Walls
The most promintent damp problem on external walls is penetrating damp. This type of damp wall is usually caused by heavy rain and faulty guttering or downpipes. Penetrating damp will show as stains on the brickwork and masonary and moss or other plants growing on the exterior of the building.
Rising damp will often show on exterior damp walls too. Rising damp will create tidemarks on the external damp wall in a similar manner to the staining it will cause on the inside. You may also be able to see salts that have been present either in groundwater and moss growth on exterior walls suffering from rising damp.
Cavity wall insulation is not a cause of damp walls on its own, which is good news for the millions of homes in the UK that have it installed. However, cracks in brickwork and subsequent water ingress can result in cavity wall insulation becoming damp and contributing towards penetrating damp problems.
If you have cavity wall insulation and have noticed damp walls on the inside of your property, then it is worthwhile having the exterior of your property surveyed.
A common mistake property owners make is simply hacking off wet plaster, drying out the wall, then replaster. This will only ever be a temporary solution until the source of excess moisture is identified. The surveyors at Rentokil Property Care will determine a permanent solution by thoroughly inspecting the internal and external walls of a property.
Common sources of water ingress our team will look for during a damp survey include:
Once the source of the problem is identified, the correct repairs should be undertaken to resolve the problem before treating the visible symptoms. Rentokil Property Care offer a complete service ensuring that wet walls aren’t just patched up but given a long-term damp proofing solution covered by a 20-Year guarantee.
The damp proofing professionals at Rentokil Property Care have the qualifications, training and experience to correctly diagnose your damp problem and develop an effective solution for damp proofing your walls.
You can contact our expert team at Rentokil Property Care today on 0800 0121 437 or click the button below to book a survey today.


Thursday, February 4, 2010
Ten Money Making Advantages of Sustainable Design
At the request of the Environment and Public Works Committee of the U.S. Senate, the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) came up with 10 Advantages of Sustainable Design. Their publication was titled, “Making the Business Case for High Performance Buildings.” Here are the 10 things that they listed:
1. Higher up-front costs (if any) for high performance green buildings can be recovered.
2. Integrated design lowers ongoing operating costs.
3. Better buildings equate to higher employee productivity.
4. New technologies enhance occupant health and well-being.
5. Healthier buildings can reduce liability.
6. Tenants’ costs can be significantly reduced.
7. Property value will increase.
8. Many financial incentive programs are available.
9. Communities will notice a developer’s efforts.
10. Using best practices yields more predictable results.
There have been studies that indicate and measured an increased worker productivity of up to 26 percent in buildings with high indoor environmental quality. In fact, retail sales have been shown to increase by up to 40 percent when natural daylight is brought into the sales areas.
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Smart Cities: Building Sustainable Urban Environments
In today’s rapidly evolving world, the concept of smart cities has gained significant attention. With the increasing urbanization and the need for sustainable development, cities around the globe are embracing smart technologies to enhance the quality of life for their residents. This article explores the concept of smart cities, their key components, benefits, challenges, and the future they hold.
Table of Contents
- Introduction to Smart Cities
- Key Components of Smart Cities
- Benefits of Smart Cities
- Challenges in Building Smart Cities
- Technology and Innovation in Smart Cities
- Data and Privacy Concerns
- The Role of Government in Smart City Development
- Sustainable Development and Smart Cities
- Future Outlook for Smart Cities
Introduction to Smart Cities
A smart city is an urban environment that integrates information and communication technology (ICT) to enhance the efficiency of services, improve sustainability, and enhance the overall quality of life for its citizens. These cities leverage advanced technology, such as Internet of Things (IoT) devices, sensors, and data analytics, to collect and analyze real-time data, enabling better decision-making and resource management.
Key Components of Smart Cities
Smart cities consist of various interconnected components that work together to create a seamless and intelligent urban environment. Some key components include:
Smart cities focus on developing robust infrastructure that supports sustainable growth. This includes efficient transportation systems, renewable energy sources, smart buildings, and optimized waste management.
Connectivity forms the backbone of a smart city. High-speed internet access and widespread connectivity enable seamless communication between devices, infrastructure, and citizens. This connectivity facilitates real-time data exchange and efficient service delivery.
3. Internet of Things (IoT)
The IoT is a network of interconnected devices embedded with sensors and software that enables them to collect and exchange data. In a smart city, IoT devices play a crucial role in monitoring and managing various aspects, such as traffic flow, energy consumption, and public safety.
4. Data Analytics
Data analytics is an essential component of smart cities. By analyzing large volumes of data collected from sensors and devices, cities can gain valuable insights to optimize resource allocation, enhance efficiency, and make informed decisions.
Benefits of Smart Cities
Smart cities offer a wide range of benefits to both residents and the environment. Some key advantages include:
1. Improved Quality of Life
Smart cities aim to enhance the quality of life for their residents by providing efficient and sustainable services. These include smart transportation systems, optimized energy consumption, advanced healthcare facilities, and intelligent public safety measures.
2. Resource Efficiency
By leveraging technology and data analytics, smart cities optimize the use of resources. This leads to reduced energy consumption, better waste management, and improved water management, resulting in a more sustainable and eco-friendly urban environment.
3. Enhanced Mobility
Smart transportation systems, such as intelligent traffic management and real-time public transit updates, improve mobility within cities. This reduces congestion, travel time, and pollution, making commuting more convenient and efficient.
4. Economic Growth
Smart cities drive economic growth by attracting businesses and investments. The availability of advanced infrastructure, connectivity, and a skilled workforce creates a favorable environment for innovation, entrepreneurship, and job creation.
Challenges in Building Smart Cities
Building smart cities comes with its own set of challenges. Some of the key hurdles include:
1. Cost and Funding
Implementing smart city initiatives requires significant investment. Developing and maintaining the necessary infrastructure, deploying advanced technologies, and training personnel involve substantial costs. Securing funding for these projects can be a challenge for many cities.
2. Data Security and Privacy
With the vast amount of data collected in smart cities, ensuring data security and privacy is paramount. Safeguarding sensitive information, addressing cybersecurity risks, and establishing robust data protection policies are essential to gain public trust and confidence.
3. Integration and Interoperability
Smart cities consist of numerous interconnected systems and devices. Ensuring seamless integration and interoperability between these components is crucial for effective functioning. Overcoming technical barriers and creating unified platforms for data exchange can be complex.
4. Citizen Engagement and Inclusivity
Involving citizens in the decision-making process and ensuring inclusivity is essential for the success of smart city initiatives. Educating and empowering residents to utilize and provide feedback on smart city services fosters a sense of ownership and promotes active participation.
Technology and Innovation in Smart Cities
Technological advancements play a vital role in shaping smart cities. Innovations such as artificial intelligence (AI), blockchain, and edge computing are revolutionizing urban environments. These technologies enable real-time data analysis, predictive modeling, and automation, enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of smart city operations.
Data and Privacy Concerns
The collection and utilization of vast amounts of data in smart cities raise concerns regarding privacy and data protection. City authorities must establish robust data governance frameworks, ensuring transparency, accountability, and compliance with regulations. Additionally, educating citizens about data usage and obtaining their consent is crucial for maintaining trust and addressing privacy concerns.
The Role of Government in Smart City Development
Government bodies play a vital role in driving smart city initiatives. They provide the necessary regulations, policies, and incentives to promote innovation, attract investments, and ensure the seamless integration of smart technologies. Collaboration between government agencies, private enterprises, and the public is essential for successful smart city development.
Sustainable Development and Smart Cities
Sustainable development lies at the core of smart city concepts. By leveraging technology, data, and innovative solutions, smart cities aim to reduce environmental impact, promote renewable energy sources, and create livable urban environments for future generations. The integration of sustainable practices in various aspects, including energy, transportation, waste management, and urban planning, is a key focus for smart cities.
Future Outlook for Smart Cities
The future of smart cities holds immense potential. As technology continues to advance, smart cities will become more interconnected, intelligent, and sustainable. With the increasing deployment of 5G networks, the expansion of IoT, and the adoption of AI-driven solutions, cities will become even smarter, providing enhanced services, improved efficiency, and better quality of life for their residents.
Smart cities are at the forefront of urban development, integrating technology, sustainability, and innovation. By leveraging advanced technologies and data analytics, cities can optimize resource management, enhance service delivery, and improve the quality of life for their citizens. However, challenges related to cost, data security, integration, and citizen engagement must be addressed to realize the full potential of smart cities.
- What is a smart city? A smart city is an urban environment that leverages technology and data to enhance services, improve sustainability, and improve the quality of life for its residents.
- What are the key components of smart cities? Key components of smart cities include infrastructure, connectivity, IoT, and data analytics.
- What are the benefits of smart cities? Smart cities offer improved quality of life, resource efficiency, enhanced mobility, and economic growth.
- What challenges are faced in building smart cities? Challenges in building smart cities include cost and funding, data security and privacy, integration and interoperability, and citizenengagement and inclusivity.
- What is the role of government in smart city development? The government plays a vital role in driving smart city initiatives by providing regulations, policies, and incentives to promote innovation and ensure seamless integration of smart technologies.


Potential impacts to ground and surface water resources are among the most significant environmental risks faced by the Company’s operations, making it a key point for engagement with communities and other water users who share water resources in the catchment.
Our water management standard mandates the comprehensive understanding of water risks and the implementation of tailored management and monitoring plans, supported by context-specific objectives and targets.
Our operations source water from rivers, lakes or groundwater aquifers, subject to conditions set by regulatory authorisations, often after a licencing process that take into account the needs of communities and other water users in the catchment. In addition, water is often purchased from water utilities and precipitation that falls onto mining infrastructure areas, or groundwater that drains into mine workings, is absorbed into the process water inventory.
A core objective for operational water management is to minimise new water withdrawals from the ground and surface water bodies and to maximise our recycling and reuse of water to the extent possible. Another core objective is to prevent contamination of water resources through our activities. This is achieved by either maintaining zero water discharge on sites, or by treating and releasing excess water from the process circuit, which is typically the case for high rainfall areas.
During 2021, Iduapriem mine’s water treatment facility was expanded to accommodate greater water volumes to be released from the process water inventory during construction and the ramp-up of a planned new tailings facility. Rehabilitation of Iduapriem’s Block 1 waste rock facility, that required active treatment of low pH seepage water, was reworked to encapsulate acid generating rock more effectively, and to reduce rainfall infiltration.
The in-situ groundwater remediation project in Tanzania progressed more slowly than planned, with a joint venture partnership between Sensatec Tanzania and German-based technology provider established late last year. Phase 1 of the production scale project is planned to start in earnest during 2022.
A site-wide water optimisation project started at Tropicana and aims to reduce water abstraction from aquifers and use water by preference, namely water from higher eficiency bores requiring less energy consumption and providing higher water yields, including those around the mine’s TSF. Variable speed pumps with reduced energy usage, operating off the mine’s internal electricity supply grid, have been introduced, eliminating the need for stand-alone diesel generators, which further helps to reduce GHG emissions. The project resulted in an increase of the site’s recycled water and cut diesel consumption for the borefield pumping by up to 35%
Responsible water stewardship is vital for AngloGold Ashanti, with water being a valuable, often scarce resource crucial for a variety of operational tasks and hygiene services.
Our interaction with water 2021
|Water withdrawal (Megalitres)|
|Group (including sold assets)*||33,118||47,405||48,113||45,892||52,219|
|Group (excluding sold assets)*||33,118||32,009||28,088||26,921||28,241|
|Mine Waste Solutions||0||6,469||7,779||7,007||6,002|
|Water withdrawal efficiency (Kilolitres per tonne)|
|Group (including discontinued operations)||0.75||0.68||0.60||0.57||0.61|
|Group (excluding discontinued operations)||0.75||0.75||0.69||0.67||0.68|
|Mine Waste Solutions||0||0.36||0.29||0.27||0.23|
2021 Water Withdrawals by Source (ML)
|Surface water withdrawal related to production||Ground water withdrawal related to production||Utility and/or other external water suppliers related to production||Total Water Withdrawal related to production|
|AGA Brazil (Mineracao)||4,606||3,350||–||7,956|
2021 Water reused1
|Re-used Water (%)||Re-used Water (ML)||Water use in production tasks (ML)|
- Water Reporting, Good practice guide, 2nd Edition, ICMM
Group-Level Interactions with Water 1
|Metric||Source or destination||Volume of water by Quality3|
|High (ML)||Low (ML)||Total (ML)|
|All Operational Sites|
|Withdrawal for Operational Use||Surface water||16,540||0||16,540|
|Third party water||40||0||40|
|Harvested Rainfall||Direct Rainfall||10,422||–||10,422|
|Discharge from operational system||To Surface water||10,672||0||10,672|
|To Third parties||0||0||0|
|Operational water consumption (ML)||37,199|
|Operational water re-use (%)||67%|
|Operational water re-use (ML)||97,803|
|Operational water demand (ML)||145,740|
|Other Managed Water withdrawal||7,077||530||7,607|
|Other Managed Water discharge||7,077||530||7,607|
|Other Managed Water consumption||0||0||0|
|Water Stress Exposure2|
|Number and Percentage of sites situated in water stressed areas||2 (22%)|
|Sites located in Water Stressed areas|
|Withdrawal for Operational Use||Surface water||11,546||0||11,546|
|Third party water||0||0||0|
|Harvested Rainfall||Direct Rainfall||4,999||0||4,999|
|Discharge from operational system||To Surface water||0||0||0|
|To Third parties||0||0||0|
|Operational water consumption (ML)||18,451|
|Operational water re-use (%)||70%|
|Operational water re-use (ML)||43,610|
|Operational water demand (ML)||62,061|
|Other Managed Water withdrawal||808||0||808|
|Other Managed Water discharge||808||0||808|
|Other Managed Water consumption||0||0||0|
- Water Reporting, Good practice guide, 2nd Edition, ICMM
- Areas with Extremely high (>20%) Unimproved/no drinking water score when assessed using WRI Aqueduct Water Risk Atlas, and local site knowledge.
- High Quality: Less or equal to 5000 ppm of Total Dissolved Solids, High Quality: Less or equal to 5000 ppm of Total Dissolved Solids., Ref: Water Reporting , Good practice guide, 2nd Edition
2021 Water Diversions & Discharges
|Location and Source||Destination||Treatment||pH||Conductivity
|Water discharge from process systems|
|Cocoruto dam of the Queiroz Plant complex, Brazil.||Velhas River||Arsenic precipitation.||6.7||2.25||1,440||6,231|
|Córrego do Sítio process plant, Brazil.||Conceição River||Arsenic precipitation and pH adjustment.||7.8||5.22||3,340||788|
|Serra Grande process plant, Brazil.||Tributary of the Rio Vermelho River||Arsenic precipitation & cyanide destruction.||7.5||1.65||1,056||987|
|OTP Pond, Obuasi mine. Ghana||Nyam River||Reverse Osmosis||7.3||0.46||307||587|
|Pond 3, Obuasi Mine, Ghana||Nyam River||Reverse Osmosis||7.3||0.62||457||2,078|
|Other Managed Water Discharges (formerly Diversions)|
|Underground minewater, Cuiabá, Brazil||Sabara River||pH adjustment with sodium hydroxide.||7.3||0.44||287||224|
|Undergound minewater, Lamego, Brazil||Pataca and Papa Farinha streams||Arsenic precipitation and pH adjustment.||8.7||0.86||581||690|
|Underground minewater, Córrego do Sítio, Brazil||Conceição River||Arsenic precipitation and suspended solids removal.||7.7||0.86||543||779|
|Sewerage plant, Córrego do Sítio Mine, Brazil||Conceição River||Biological treatment and chlorination.||6.0||N/A||N/A||59|
|Palmeiras mine, Serra Grande, Brazil||Gerais stream||Suspended solids removal.||8.0||0.83||301||443|
|Palmeiras mine, Serra Grande, Brazil||Almas stream||Biological treatment and chlorination.||7.5||0.91||560||52|
|Sunrise Dam Gold mine, Australia||Lake Carey (salt lake).||None||7.2||227.30||284,500||530|
|Pompora TSF catchment, Obuasi Mine, Ghana||Kwabrafo River||Reverse Osmosis||6.8||0.48||327||592|
|Kami Pit, Siguiri Mine, Guinea||Local drainage channel||None||6.4||0.63||313||473|
|Tubani Pit, Siguiri Mine, Guinea||Local drainage channel||None||6.3||0.50||251||40|
|Bidini Pit, Siguiri Mine, Guinea||Local drainage channel||None||6.2||0.38||193||296|
|Block 7 & 8 pit, Iduapriem Mine, Ghana||Agonabeng stream.||None||7.6||0.48||262||1, 240|
|Block 3 pit, Iduapriem Mine, Ghana||Agonabeng stream||None||8.9||0.31||164||2,190|
Acid Rock Drainage
|Global Coverage||Obuasi||Geita||Iduapriem||Siguiri||Cerro Vanguardia||AGA Brazil||Serra Grande||Tropicana||Sunrise Dam|
|Predicted to occur||56%||Yes||Yes||Yes||No||No||Yes||Yes||No||No|
Water sources significantly affected by withdrawal of water
The 401,000 ha Niger-Tinkisso Ramsar site is an extensive area of river and freshwater ponds and marshes between and around the Tinkisso and Niger Rivers, however its boundaries are not clearly defined. As many as 101,000 ha of the Ramsar site may overlap the (159,000 ha) Siguiri mine concession in Guinea. The mine abstracts less than 0.5% of the Tinkisso River’s annual flow.
Value of environmental fines
A USD 84,000-equivalent fine was paid by the Quebradona project to the Regional Environmental Authority following a violation in La Fea tributary in 2011 (Note: this is below the significance threshold of USD 100k).
Cuiaba mine was levied a fine over equivalent to USD 141,500 following a 2020 environmental incident, however the appeal process continued during 2021.
Number of non-monetary sanctions in 2021
Nil to report for 2021.
Reportable environmental incidents
|Reportable environmental incidents (number)|
Reportable Incident Summary
|Event Type||Site||Date||Event Summary|
|Process water spill||Obuasi||17 March 2021||An HDPE pipe, that transports underground mine water to the process plant area, was found leaking behind the KMS Shaft’s compressor house. It had failed at a fusion joint. The spill was estimated as 270m3 and contained dissolved arsenic in excess of the Ghanaian discharge limit. It entered the nearby stormwater drainage system and made its way into a wetland. After switching off the pumps, the joint was rewelded and the system was restarted. Precautionary measures to reduce pipeline pressure were later taken. Water samples taken along the discharge path showed that the spill was diluted shortly by the streamflow volume, shortly after entering the wetland.|
|Process water spill||Cuiaba||01 April 2021||A PVC pipeline conveying excess spillage from the milling and flotation plant to the mine’s new tailings filtration and drying area failed, releasing sediment-laden water onto access roads within the immediate area. A portion of the spill entered a nearby stormwater channel and reached the Sabará River, impacting it visually over a length of about 40 metres. While water analyses in the impacted zone did not reflect a determinable impact on water chemistry, the spillage included constituents marginally above applicable release limits. Approximately 90 m3 of sediment was recovered from the impacted area. The PVC pipeline was replaced with a more durable HDPE pipeline and additional monitoring cameras were installed along the pipeline, as was the frequency of physical inspections.|
|Tailings slurry spill||Córrego do Sitio||05 May 2021||A concrete channel transporting tailings slurry by gravity from the process plant to the mine’s Tailings Storage Facility, overflowed at an inspection point, where it was uncovered. An estimated 30m3 of tailings spilled over into an adjacent concrete channel that drains treated mine effluent water from the process plant to the Conceição river. The tailings flow was stopped and the event was communicated to the relevant authorities and representatives of downstream communities. Samples of the spill-impacted effluent water indicated that the legal release limit for dissolved arsenic, manganese and total suspended solids had been exceeded. Upstream and downstream water quality analysis continued during clean-up activities that we immediately initiated and completed by May 27th. Additional information was requested from AGA after inspections by the State Env Agency, National Mining Agency, Environmental Police and the State Public Attorney. On Aug 27th a notice of violation and associated fine of R$ 183k (US$35k) was received from the authorities. Measures to prevent a recurrence include installation of physical barriers between the two channels, and monitoring cameras at points of high-risk.|
|Process water spill||Obuasi||10 June 2021||Staff at Obuasi’s South Processing Plant discovered an estimated 3m3 of process water seeping into the stone pitched drain that transects the process plant, and directs rainwater from higher-lying ground off the operational area to a downstream watercourse, via the central Channel 13. Plant operations were immediately shut down and water samples were taken at four different locations; from Channel 13, the Nyankumasu watercourse, up to the downstream Nyam river. Cyanide concentrations in the Nyamkumasu stretch were found to be above the permissible limit, but within the standard at the Nyam river sample location. The water sampling continued up to June 13, to confirm the situation had fully normalised.|
|Process water spill||Córrego do Sitio||15 July 2021||Volumes of water being pumped to surface from the Córrego do Sitio I underground mine, for treatment and release, exceeded the storage tank’s capacity. This resulted in an estimated overflow of approximately 500m3 of untreated mine water reaching the downstream Conceição River. The untreated water contained high levels of suspended solids and dissolved arsenic levels marginally over the release limit. Once detected, the overflow was stopped and field sampling initiated. While the event did not trigger regulatory reporting thresholds it was classified as ‘High’ in accordance with AGA’s environmental incident management standard. Investigations revealed that flow rates from the mine had increased progressively, placing pressure on the flexibility of the water treatment system. Measures to prevent recurrence included review and amendment of the facility’s water treatment capacity, and improved control and information systems for operators.|


Construction Disputes and Claims
When a construction project does not go according to plan, claims are likely. Whether the claim comes in the form of a claim notification letter or a lawsuit, Spengler Nathanson attorneys can assist your company. We have represented all parties in the construction arena, including architects, engineers, surveyors, construction managers, general contractors and subcontractors, in claims arising out of the construction of residences, commercial buildings, roadways, bridges, landfills, sanitary sewers, waterlines and public water supply systems.
- Attorneys who can assist you:
- Byron S. Choka
- John P. Hayward
- Jennifer A. McHugh
- J. Peter Millon
- Susan B. Nelson
- James P. Silk Jr.


There is no guarantee that your pool builder sized the pump properly to begin with. Lots of builders put in an oversized pump because their competitor does. no one wants to lose a sale from sizing the pump smaller.
Properly sizing the pump helps avoid wasting electricity and extra wear on the other equipment.
Step 1: Determine the MINIMUM FLOW RATE
This factor calculates the minimum flow rate that must be maintained in order to circulate all the water in the pool through the filter within a certain number of hours, otherwise known as the “turnover time”.
A good turnover time for a home pool is usually 8-10 hours. A heavily used pool will need to have a shorter turnover rate. Once you know the desired turnover rate, you can determine your desired flow rate.
Use the following equation to determine the desired flow rate:
Pool Size – number of gallons of water in the pool
Turnover Time – time to move entire capacity of the pool through filter
Flow Rate – desired flow rate in gallons per minute
Pool Size divided by Turnover Time divided by 60 Minimum Flow Rate
30,000 divided by 8 hours divided by 60 equals 63 GPM
30,000 divided by 10 hours divided by 60 equals 50 GPM
25,000 divided by 8 hours divided by 60 equals 52 GPM
25,000 divided by 10 hours divided by 60 equals 42 GPM
20,000 divided by 8 hours divided by 60 equals 41 GPM
20,000 divided by 10 hours divided by 60 equals 34 GPM
Step 2: Determine the MAXIMUM flow rate
The flow rate through any given pool system is limited by the size of the piping and the equipment. This determines the maximum flow rate through the system.
The first thing to check is the pool system plumbing. For instance, the maximum flow rate through a 1.5 inch PVC pipe is 44 Gallons per minute. Even if you have a pump that can move 100 gallons per minute, it will do very little good if the piping will only allow 44 gallons per minute through it. An oversized pump will actually strain against the piping and can be damaged in the process.
Check the PLUMBING FLOW RATE
As a general rule, the velocity of the water through the pipe should not exceed 7 feet per second.
Count the intake lines and you will see what the maximum flow into the pump will be.
For each 2.0 inch intake line, the maximum flow into the pump will be 73 gallons per minute (GPM).
For each 1.5 inch intake line, the maximum flow into the pump will be 42 gallons per minute (GPM).
In the diagram below, the system is plumbed in 2.0 inch pipe. Since the system can be run in either spa or pool mode, you have to calculate the flow rate each way.
Spa Mode – 73 GPM (One 2.0″ pipe)
Pool Mode – 146 GPM (Two 2.0″ pipes)
The maximum flow is the lower of the two, which would mean a MAXIMUM PLUMBING FLOW RATE of 73 gallons per minute (GPM).
Check the FILTER FLOW RATE
Another limiting factor is the pool filter. Each filter has a maximum flow rate. If you exceed that maximum flow rate, the filter will not operate properly and can be damaged as a result. It is very important to
The proper filter flow rates are as follows:
Recommended flow rates for different sizes of D.E. FILTERS
Surface Area 24 sq. ft. 36 sq. ft. 48 sq. ft. 60 sq. ft. 72 sq. ft.
Max Flow Rate 48 GPM 72 GPM 96 GPM 120 GPM 144 GPM
Best Flow Rate 36 GPM 54 GPM 72 GPM 90 GPM 108 GPM
While the manufacturers will specify the Max flow rate, we strongly recommend staying with the Best flow rate to avoid crushing grids due to high pressure.
Recommended flow rates for different sizes of CARTRIDGE FILTERS
Surface Area 100 sq. ft. 200 sq. ft. 300 sq. ft. 400 sq. ft. 500 sq. ft.
Max Flow Rate 38 GPM 75 GPM 112 GPM 150 GPM 150 GPM
Best Flow Rate 30 GPM 50 GPM 75 GPM 100 GPM 125 GPM
While the manufacturers will specify the Max flow rate, we recommend choosing one within the Best flow rate for best filtration and better dirt loading capacity.
In this particular system, if you have a 48 square foot DE filter, your MAXIMUM FILTER FLOW RATE would be 96 gallons per minute. In a perfect world, we would try to keep the flow rate down near 72 gallons per minute, but for now we are dealing with the maximum flow rate.
Maximum plumbing flow rate – 73 Gallons per minute
Maximum filter flow rate – 96 Gallons per minute
The overall MAXIMUM FLOW RATE is the lesser of the two – 73 gallons per minute
Step 3: Choose an IDEAL FLOW RATING for your new pump
After you have calculated the MINIMUM FLOW RATING required to meet the turnover requirements of the pool, and after you have calculated the MAXIMUM FLOW RATING based on the limitations of the filter and piping, you are ready to select the proper size pump.
Draw a simple chart like the one below. Mark the MINIMUM FLOW RATING and the MAXIMUM FLOW RATING. The space between the minimum and maximum flow rate is the ideal range.
If you have a pool with no attached spa, you can choose a pump on the lower side of the ideal range. It will be sufficient to properly filter the pool without wasting energy in the process. In that case, we would look for a pump in the 50 – 60 GPM range.
If you have a pool/spa combination, you need to consider the flow requirements of the spa jets. This will often push you towards a pump on the higher end of the acceptable scale. In that case, we would look for a pump in the 75 GPM range.
If you have a pool/spa combination, you might want to consider a 2 speed pump. It can run on low-speed while it filters the pool, and then switch to high-speed when using the spa.
Step 4: Look at the POOL PUMP RATINGS to find the right pump
Once you have decided to buy a new pump, take some time to research your options..
Don’t just assume that you need the same horsepower pump as you now have. Newer pumps such as this Hayward Tristar are way more efficient and usually produce more flow per horse power than older pumps do. As we discussed in the beginning there is no guarantee that you had the right sized pump to start with.
The sample pump chart below shows the pump curves for different sized pumps.
Suppose your system has 60 feet of head and you want a pump that will deliver 50 gallons per minute.
From this chart, you can see that a 3/4 horsepower pump will give you 58 GPM flow on a system with 60 feet of head.
Note: Figuring out feet of head (below) is difficult. Typically a in-ground pool will have 50-60 feet of head pressure and an above ground pool will be somewhere around 30 feet of head. These are only approximations.
What about ‘FEET OF HEAD’ ? What does that mean?
The total resistance to flow is measured in “feet of head”. As you can tell from looking at the pump charts, the greater the resistance to flow (expressed in feet of head), the lower the flow rate. The greater the resistance to flow, the more powerful the pump needs to be to overcome it.
The resistance is measured in “feet of head“. The best way is to approximate the resistance is as follows:
1. Measure the vacuum pressure at the pump and multiply by 1.13.
A reading of 12 inches mercury times 1.13 equals 13.5 feet of head.
2. Measure the clean filter pressure and multiply by 2.31
A reading of 22 times 2.31 equals 51 feet of head.
3. Add the two together to get total friction loss in feet of head.
13.5 plus 51 equals roughly 64 feet of head.


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What is a structure ?
A structure is a system of inter connected elements to carry loads safely to under ground earth .
Lets take a simple example of a table . It has four legs and a timber batten running on these legs, On this timber batten is a sheet of ply made beautiful by pasting a laminate. When a cup of tea is kept on table , a load is added on table. The cup of tea is the load. The ply resists this load and transfers this load to timber battens, they in turn transfer this load to table legs . The table leg transfers this load to floor . No damage done .
Lets now assume that 10 people stand on the table . A collapse takes place , one of the following takes place .
1) The ply breaks and cracks
2) The battens crack
3) The legs of the table crack/ give way .
In the first place why did the table collapse when ten people stood on it . The reason is table did not have sufficient strength to take this heavy load . In fact it is designed to take light loads of tea cup, dinner plates etc . Structural engineers will say the structure lost its stability due to overloading .
Let us now assume one leg of the table is cut . What happens table collapses without any additional load . Structural engineers will say the table is unstable .
A structural engineer will call the legs of the table as columns , the battens as beams and the ply as slab .
Everything you see in this world is a structure . For example take a car . The 4 wheels are the columns, the shell/body is the beam and seat and car floor is the slab. Yes it is a complex structure.
When a series of tables are joined vertically and horizontally you get a building structure. Of course now the material changes to concrete and steel instead of timber as more heavier loads are to be sustained . The heights and widths are more to accommodate furniture and people .
Basically in building structures there are 2 types of structures, the framed structure which we talked about above and load bearing structure . In load bearing structure instead of columns and beams we have walls taking the load . Here the walls play a dual role of taking loads and protecting the inhabitants . The walls are generally brick or stone . Since the walls take the load they cannot be moved or removed . The older structures of 2 to 3 storeyed were load bearing . Today all most all buildings in city are framed structures and are multi storey in nature .
What is the material of construction of these framed buildings
In India most of the framed buildings are constructed in RCC . RCC is the short form for Reinforced Cement Concrete . RCC is a composite material that is it is made of concrete + steel . Concrete is obtained by mixing cement , sand, small stone chips, water in required proportion . Steel used is called reinforcement . They are round in shape and can be plain or twisted as per requirement . Reinforcement takes care of the weaknesses the concrete has and hence results in economical composite material .
What is structural auditing
In a framed building , it is the frame which is the heart of the building . This frame is designed by structural engineers taking into consideration a number of factors and various building/ engineering codes .
Structural auditing is a process of assessing the present state of the frame . There are number of factors which can make the frame weak such as after construction modifications, different usage of the building, poor maintainance, aging, environment effects etc . Various techniques are used in assessment of frame present status . The most common and initial technique is visual and hammer tapping . Most buildings this suffices . More detailed techniques are used in some cases , they are the non destructive tests (ndt) . Here the samples of materials from frame are collected and tested for certain parameters . Based on the results the assessment of the frame is made .
What is the frequency of structural auditing
Once in 5 years for buildings . Buildings older than 15 years once in 3 years. However it is advisable to carry out structural auditing every 3 years regularly as many harmful modifications , self inflicted damages get also checked during auditing .
Who is eligible for carrying out structural auditing


As a precondition for the approval of plans and drawings, the municipality may require the landowner to provide the facilities, facilities and other matters provided in the legislation by entering into a planning contract. A plan steering agreement is required if you want to develop the country. This is the process used to control and regulate various functions on the real development field, which includes the location of the building, landscaping, drainage, parking and access. A site plan control agreement ensures that you have all the appropriate permissions before making a significant investment in your property. In accordance with Section 41 of the Planning Act, R.S.O. 1990, as amended, the entire City of Woodstock is designated as a Land Use Control Area. In accordance with Planning Regulation 8711-11, a request for control of the town planning plan is required for the following developments: Section 41 of the Planning Act (Ont.) allows a municipality to develop a land use zone (or surfaces) within the commune. If a construction is proposed in this area, a developer must obtain the approval of the City Council (or its delegate) for the plans and designs of the proposed construction, as provided for in the legislation. The planning approval process consists of five steps: all land use bids must meet the requirements of the City of Woodstock Zoning`s modified local position 8626-10. Please contact the City of Woodstock Engineering Department or the County of Oxford Community Planning Office to check if your property is subject to location control. All new commercial, industrial and institutional uses require the approval of the urban planning plan. It is also necessary for certain residential uses, such as apartment buildings and townhouse complexes. Follow the link to the county`s website for more information on the location plan approval process and a copy of the site management agreement request.
If a municipality does not approve plans or drawings within 30 days of filing, or if an owner is not satisfied with a municipal application, including the terms of a development contract, the matter may be referred to the Local Planning Appeal Tribunal (formerly the Ontario Municipal Board) for a decision. The review of the situation plan refers to the procedure by which municipalities approve development in accordance with the physical planning, construction and implementation objectives set out in their official plan. Under Section 41 of the Ontario Planning Act, community development is subject to location plan control. The goal is to ensure that development is compatible with adjacent or neighbouring land; Have safe and easy access for pedestrians and vehicles; Have proper landscaping, parking and maintenance Meet specific standards in quality and appearance; and, you build and get in the way that the proposal was adopted.


Avant Homes to deliver first new homes as part of Newark Urban Expansion with planning granted for £48m development
Midlands housebuilder Avant Homes has been granted planning permission to build 173 new homes as part of the Newark urban extension project at Middlebeck. Avant Homes has acquired a 16.8-acre site for the £48m development, which forms part of the initial stage of the £500m Growth Point project planned for the south of Newark, by Urban & Civic.
Urban&Civic launch Manchester New Square – 351 exclusive new residences
Urban & Civic will release the first phase of its 351 luxury 1, 2 and 3 bedroom apartments at Manchester New Square on the 27th April. The developer has appointed leading international firm Lendlease as its preferred contractor and initial works start on site in May.


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How much sharp sand and cement do I need for screed?
2020-5-13 · You need 15 bags of cement to 1m3 sharp sand to create 0.9m3 of 4:1 screed. How thick should screed be for underfloor heating? When using traditional sand cement screeds the minimum thickness is 65 mm. Ideal thickness is between 65 mm and 75 mm approx, however 100 mm thick screeds have been used successfully.
How much sand and cement — MoneySavingExpert Forum
· 232 Posts. Concrete is normally cement and ballast (sand with stones in), and yes that is very thin. Do the slabs move at all currently? Using the source4me calculators you will need: 2 x 25kg bags of cement. 0.2 ton of ballast (cira 8 x 25kg bags) Start Feb 2013 £148,900. Initial MFD Feb 2043 --- Target Feb 2035.
Quantities of Building Materials for 1000 Sqft House
2 · The approximate Steel consumption per sq.ft built up area (BUA) is 4 kg per sqft (for low rise construction i.e., less than 4 floors of construction). Steel contributes the most among all individual materials, about 25% of total material cost. So, a price rise of Rs.5 per kg can make big difference in the total cost of construction.
Often asked: How Much Sand And Cement For Slabs?
2021-7-2 · 3: Mortar preparation. Lay the paving slabs on a full mortar bed, which should support the whole slab, not just the corners. Use a mortar mix of 6 parts sharp sand to 1 part cement. Mix together with just enough water to make it damp and workable, but not overly wet and runny.
Cement Sand Ratio For Floor Tile
2020-11-5 · The ratio of cement & sand is 1:2, which conforms to the relevant national regulations. If there is a large proportion of cement, it can be more cohesive, and the ratio of 1:1 can be used when laying wall tiles, but this will increase the cost. Therefore, the cement should be prepared sufficiently in advance. When installing the floor tiles, we ...
SAND CALCULATOR [How Much Sand do I Need?]
2022-2-24 · We will show you how to use this formula in our final example. Volume With Custom Density; Let''s imagine that I want to fill a space measuring 40 ft³ with a custom aggregate costing $20 per ton. I am unsure of its density, but when buying by bulk the sand weighs 240 pounds per 4 cubic feet. I can therefore calculate its density:
Can You Sand Concrete? How to Sand Concrete Smooth?
2 · You will want to use a hand sander or orbital sander for sanding concrete walls. Here are the steps in the process. Attach a diamond sanding pad to polish the wall. Connect your water hose and begin applying the sander to the wall surface. Keep your pressure even to ensure a uniform finish. Keep the sander level.
FAQ: How Much Sand And Gravel For Concrete?
An average 1:2:3 mix contains one part cement, two parts sand and three parts gravel. To make 1 cubic yard of concrete, you''d need seven 94-pound bags of cement, about 1/2 cubic yard of sand and just over 3/4 cubic yard of gravel. The amount of water you use depends on how wet the sand is.
How much sand/cement
Hi I would get about half tonne to 3 quarter for building if your clean and no overspill this should be plenty. Also depends whether blocks on edge or flat this is based on edge double it if flat. 8 bags cement per tonne if its 3 in 1 mix. The rendering I only use sharp sand a little in the scratch coat I would use 3 sand 1 sharp half cement ...
Cement and Sand ratio for brickwork. How to …
After converting into KG=.05×1440=72KG. When converted KG into the number of bags= 72/50=1.44bag. To calculate the sand quantity. Given that the sand cement ratio is 1:5. So, sand required is (.30×5)/6=.25cum. When converted …
How much sand do you mix with cement
2022-6-24 · How much sand do you mix with cement. Generally weight of one cement bag is about 50kg which yields on average 1.25 cubic feet, 0.0347 cubic meter, or exactly equal as 1.44kg/ litre. And assume capacity of wheelbarrow is …
How much sand do I need for one bag of cement?
This is standard and normal unit weight of sand used for billing purpose. 20kg bags of sand:- a 20kg bag of sand yields volume about 0.0125 cubic metres (20/ 1600 = 0.0125), 0.45 cubic feet (20/ 45 = 0.45) or 12.5 Liters (20÷1.6 = 12.5) and it require 80 bags of sand to make 1 …
How to Estimate the Quantity of Sand and …
2017-7-26 · If the volume of 1 block is 0.0143, the volume of 35 blocks = (0.0143 × 35) = 0.502 m 3. Step 3: Calculate the volume sand required for the 35 blocks. The volume of 1 bag of cement is 34.72 litres = 0.03472m 3. This is obtained …
AMOUNT OF CEMENT USED IN AN AVERAGE 3 …
2013-5-15 · This is approximately KES 7,000 per m2. The amount of cement used in total for an average 3 bedroomed residential house of 100m2 in plinth area is 958 bags at a cost of KES 691,000 basing on a price of KES 720 per 50kg bag. A square meter of building in Kenya will use 9.6 bags. 2 BEDROOMED FLAT. The average 2 bedroomed house in a middle class ...
How Much Sand And Gravel For Concrete?
A strong concrete mix would be something like 1:3:5 (Cement, Sand, Coarse Gravel). In this case, both the sand and gravel are the aggregate. Can I just use cement without sand? Yes, cement can indeed be used without sand. Cement and water can be used as a slurry. Cement is a binding
Calculating Cement, Sand, and Gravel
2021-10-20 · Match and calculate sand, gravel, and cement quantities using the concrete proportion table: Volume * Cement Multiplier for a Class "C" in 50 kg bags = 12.5m3 * 5 = 62.5 bags. The volume of sand is equal to the quantity of sand. For a Class "C" mix, the sand multiplier is 12.5m3 *.5 = 6.25m3. Gravel Quantity equals Gravel Volume.
Quick Answer: How Much Sand And Cement To Lay Paving …
2021-7-2 · 3 Can I use building sand and cement to lay slabs? ... As one inch is 1/12 of a foot, divide the surface area, in square feet, by 12 to find the cubic feet of sand required. ... Most people use sharp sand over builders sand for floor screeds, fine concrete work and laying paving courses. In addition, sharp sand can also be used as a top ...
2022-6-22 · Calculate the area of the excavation by multiplying the length by the width. In our case, A = 12 * 3 = 36 yd 2. You can also type the area of the excavation directly into our calculator if you choose an excavation of some …
Cement and Sand ratio for brickwork. How to Calculate
After converting into KG=.05×1440=72KG. When converted KG into the number of bags= 72/50=1.44bag. To calculate the sand quantity. Given that the sand cement ratio is 1:5. So, sand required is (.30×5)/6=.25cum. When converted into kg =.25×1440=360Kg. If you are looking for construction cost calculator then have a look on it here.
How much building sand and cement do i need to lay 100 …
Weston Super Mare • Member since 3 Mar 2015 • 52 jobs, positive feedback. 72760. 100 Block''s on flat. about 16/17 bags of sand. cement 5 bags. mortar joints can vary on blockwork maybe - or +. hope this helps. pj. 2018-08-23T09:30:02+01:00.
2020-2-3 · Concrete mix estimation. Our mix-on-site concrete calculation is based on batching by volume (Large construction sites employ batching by weight which is more exact). You can also estimate the quantity of sand and gravel required by weight; Simply multiply the volumetric quantity of sand and gravel with 1400 kg/m 3 (bulk density of sand) and ...
What is the ratio of sand and cement in mortar?
The ratio you choose depends on the intended use. Likewise, what is correct mix for mortar? Paving Mortar Mix For bedding under the slabs use 5 parts sharp sand, 1 part soft sand and 1 cement. For pointing use 4 parts soft sand and 1 part cement. For high traffic areas, a stronger mix of 3 parts soft sand and 1 part cement can be used.
How much cement and sand to buy for a garden edging …
2021-1-18 · Cement volume is one third of total volume (rest two thirds sand) 3646/3 =1215.22. convert to litres. 121.522 * 0.0163871= 19.914 liters. multiply by cement density 1.44 kg per liter to obtain cement weight. 28.676 kg
Aggregate required for 1 cubic meter of Concrete?
2022-6-24 · Total weight of concrete ingredients = 50+115+209+27.5 = 401.5 say 400 kg. Density of concrete = 2400 kg/cum. So, 1 bag of cement produces = 400/2400 = 0.167 cum. No. of bags required for 01 cum of concrete = 1/0.167 = 5.98 bags ~ 6 bags. From above, if the concrete mix is 1:2:4, to get a cubic meter of concrete we require. 1.Cement = 6 bags ...
What Are the Mix Ratios for Cement and Sand?
2020-3-31 · Westend61/Westend61/Getty Images. The basic mix ratio for concrete is one part water, two parts cement and three parts sand. An alternative ratio is one part cement, two parts sand and three parts gravel with enough …
Concrete Mix Ratio and How to Mix Concrete
Concrete Mix Ratio for a C20 and C20P (Portland) Mix. The proportions of materials for a C20 and C20P (P = Portland cement) concrete mix are: 1 part cement. 2 parts fine aggregate (sand) 4 parts coarse aggregate. If you are …
Building Sand and Cement Calculator
Building Sand and Cement Calculator. How much sand and cement do I need to build a wall? Simply type in the height and length of a wall that you want to build and click on Calculate at the bottom, we will work out how much sand and cement that you need on the right of this page. Height of wall: m. Length of wall: m.
how much sand and cement do i need for 1000 brick
103527. A good mix for bricks would be 6 sand to 1 cement. You can lay probably 180 bricks per mix using 6 sand (25kg bag) and 1 25kg bag of cement. So 1000 bricks be. 36 sand. 6 cement. 2020-01-17T08:14:47+00:00. Answered 17th Jan 2020.
Can I Make Concrete with Just Sand and Cement? (What …
2020-8-13 · The reason concrete cannot be made simply by mixing sand with cement is that it is a composite material that needs a coarse aggregate to achieve this strength. In essence, concrete is a mixture of Portland cement, water, sand, and rocks. The cement or paste coats and binds the sand and rocks. Then, a chemical reaction called hydration, which is ...
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Notice issued by the Alderney Harbour Office – 4 April 2023;
Date: 4th April 2023
Pre-season update for Harbour Users
Now that spring is upon us there are several projects taking place during what promises to be a very busy second quarter in Braye Harbour. Harbour users are asked to note that these projects may temporarily affect various aspects of normal port operations.
Pontoon – Work is due to begin on the installation of the extended pontoon facility after Easter weekend. This project will include replacing and reinforcing the shore-based structures which anchor the existing pontoon and will result in a delay in the introduction of the pontoon in its entirety. The expected completion date is now the end of April.
Water taxi – Despite the lack of a pontoon facility the States Water Taxi service will begin operating on Good Friday at 0800. Please call the taxi line for details of best pick up and landing locations whilst we await the installation of the pontoon.
The Harbour Showers are to be opened at the same time in order to accommodate visiting yachtsmen over the bank holiday weekends.
Taxi Hours (Times in BST)
Weekends and Bank Holidays: 0800-0000
Weekdays April, May & September: 0800-2200
Weekdays June – August: 0800-0000
Mobile telephone: 07781 121 046
VHF Ch 73
Mooring maintenance work – The annual servicing of all outer Harbour Moorings is due to commence on the 12th of April. The diving and servicing works will take approximately 14 days to complete, during this time Crane activity will be restricted to cargo discharge activity and essential lifts only to ensure that the project does not suffer unnecessary delays. Mooring holders wishing to recover old mooring warps and tackle from their allocated buoys may contact the Harbour Office to arrange a suitable time for collection. ends


Made of 304 polished stainless steel, the HD model is designed for heavy duty jobs in 75-100 gal. (300-400 qt.) containers. It easily fits any 3/4″ electric chucked power tool.
The HD model is designed for a max speed of 250 RPMS. Tools with 450-750 RPMS get the best rate of thorough mixing. Mixers can be permanently installed if desired.
The HD model is designed for the large and industrial size jobs using 50-100 gallon containers and barrels. Perfect for concrete, plaster, roofing adhesives, epoxy, paint, any heavy mixing job. It easily fits any ¾” electric chucked power tool.
Constructed of Stainless Steel 304.


5th International Workshop on Rock Mechanics and Engineering Geology in Volcanic Fields
September 9-11, 2021
Notice related to COVID-19
We're going hybrid Event!
Firstly, we hope that you, your family and your community are keeping safe and well at this difficult time due to COVID-19 (coronavirus). We are well aware that many conferences are being impacted by this terrible virus. Furthermore, we now are afraid of new strains of COVID-19. After much dialogue with the RMEGV2021 Organizing Committee and the RMEGV2021 Steering Committee, we would like to announce our decision to hold RMEGV2021 as both an onsite and a video conference (hybrid conference) next September in order to minimize the impact of the virus.
Secondly, in order to enhance the value of this workshop, we have decided to change the final submitted documents from extended abstracts to proceedings papers, which can be opened on OnePetro. All contributors who intended on submitting abstracts should now prepare proceedings papers of over four pages.
On behalf of the Japanese Society for Rock Mechanics and the Japan Society of Engineering Geology, we are pleased to hold “RMEGV2021: 5th International Workshop on Rock Mechanics and Engineering Geology in Volcanic Fields”. The goals of this workshop are to promote the exchange of ideas and information among civil engineers and geologists regarding serious issues related to volcanic fields, and to find possible solutions to them, as well as to aid in the fusion of Civil Engineering and Geology in terms of applied volcanic science, including construction, environment, groundwater, disasters, and geothermal energy. Many resources can be found in the vicinity of volcanic fields, such as hydro-geothermal energy and groundwater. On the other hand, many natural disasters and other risks to infrastructure construction also exist due to the geoscientific and geotechnical features in these areas. Thus, civil engineers and engineering geologists strive to solve these problems based on the existing data on volcanic fields. The themes of this workshop include volcanic geology, disasters and their mitigation, resources and energy in volcanic fields, mechanical behavior of volcanic rocks and soils, groundwater and environmental problems in volcanic fields, and geotechnical engineering in volcanic fields. It is our hope that many researchers/engineers involved in applied volcanic science will attend this workshop from all over the world, participate in deeply meaningful discussions, and create new global research connections.
Chairman of the Organizing Committee
Due to ongoing COVID-19 uncertainty and travel restrictions, the Organizing Committee and the Steering Committee of the RMEG2020 has decided to reschedule as below.
- Abstract Submission Deadline
- Notification of Abstract Acceptance
- Proceedings Papers Submission Deadline
- Notification of Proceedings Papers


Clifton Suspension Bridge is an icon of human ingenuity, British engineering and Bristolian identity. The Clifton Suspension Bridge Trust is a not-for-profit charity that acts as a custodian for this iconic landmark. Their mission is to converse and maintain the bridge to the highest possible standards. Join them in celebrating this unique cultural site and source of inspiration.
With the help of dedicated volunteers, uncover the history behind this unique iron chain suspension bridge - now one of Europe's few remaining - in one of the Trust's historical tours. Enrich your understanding and appreciation for this site.
Clifton Suspension Bridge's multi award-winning free-entry Visitor Centre attracts 80,000 visitors each year. Sharing the story of the ‘ornament of Bristol’, unravelling the lost techniques and engineering secrets used to construct this bridge in an engaging way.


Lagos Flags-off Commissioning of 114 Roads In Ikorodu
Lagos State Governor, Mr. Akinwunmi Ambode on Saturday flagged off the commissioning of 114 roads across the 57 Local Government Areas and Local Council Development Areas (LCDAs) in the State with assurance to commence second round of another 144 roads.
The commissioning of the roads was flag-off with the commissioning of Jimoh Street in Ikorodu North LCDA.
Deputy Governor Oluranti Adebule (m), Hon. Sanai Agunbiade, the Majority Leader, Lagos State House of Assembly (L), Former Deputy Governor, Prince Abiodun Ogunleye (2nd L), Hon. Muslim Folami, Honourable Commissioner for Local Government and Community Affairs (3RD), Hon. Jimi Benson, Member Federal House of Representatives, Oba Kabiru Shotobi, the Ayangbure of Ikorodu and Asiwaju Olorunfunmi Basorun, former Secretary to the State Government at the commissioning today
R-L, Oba Ajibade Agoro, Ranodu of Imota, Oba Akeem Oyebo, the Obateru of Egbin and a chief at the programme
Governor Ambode had promised Lagosians an inclusive government that will ensure even development across the state. The construction of two roads each in each of the 57 LGs and LCDAs is in fulfillment of his campaign promise, an attempt to boost security, increase the social and economic lives of the people and make inner roads accessible for the residents of the State.
Speaking at the formal flag off of the commissioning ceremony at Ikorodu North LCDA area of Ikorodu Division, Governor Ambode said that the achievement is a testimony that the state is moving forward.
The Governor, who was represented by his deputy, Dr (Mrs) Idiat Oluranti Adebule, stated, “This means that the road network in our State of Excellence has increased by 56.1 Kilometers. It means that we have added 112 Kilometres of walkways and covered drains. And it means additional 56.1 kilometres of our roads are being lit by independent powered street lights to improve the security of our neighborhoods, the visibility of pedestrians, commuters and motorists as well as creation of a night economy.
The commissioned road in Ikorodu North LCDA
“At a time the national economy is facing financial challenges, our administration is able to inject over N19 billion into the economy of our State, stimulating employment and engaging the business sector. “No fewer than 89 local companies executed the road project with thorough supervision by the communities and government. About 5,700 direct jobs were created for professionals, artisans and laborers in the construction industry. A larger number of people, approximately 10,000 suppliers and dependants felt the positive impact of this stimulus package in their lives,” Governor Ambode said.
Another part of the road
The Governor who assured Lagosians that the construction of 114 roads acroos the state would be an annual development, added that Jimoh Street in Ikorodu North LCDA which was the first to be commissioned, was picked to commend the diligence of the contarctor that handle the project, DC Engineering for being the first to complete the project within the stipulated six months.
The contractor also donated a borehole water project for the use of the community.
The 114 roads which were being commissioned across the state were constructed with the following facilities, walkways, street lights and drainage systems.
- Posted in: News


Precise GPS for Tide
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For dredging and construction, combine the MPS865 receiver with Trimble Marine Construction software for accurate 3D visualization of the dredging process.


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The next project in Berlin has started, for which we have acquired the majority shareholding. Moayedi Investments GmbH will be responsible for asset management – and for ensuring that the project runs smoothly and successfully.
This is an already established medical centre with great potential for redensification. This could hardly come at a better time, as medical centres are currently at the top of the list in the property market. There is already a property with a current floor space of just under 1,300 m² on a generous plot of around 2,400 m². In addition, we have already obtained planning permission for a new building with approx. 1,800 m² and for adding a further approx. 450 m² of lettable space to the existing building. The plot has also been divided in real terms so that the existing building and the new building can be developed independently of each other.
The location of the property in the north-west of the Marzahn-Hellersdorf district is strategically favourable, with high density and numerous new construction projects in the surrounding area. In addition to practice space for doctors, a pharmacy and a children’s day care centre are to be built in the new building.
If you would like to know more or have any questions about the project, please do not hesitate to contact us!


This piece was originally published on mastmedia.plu.edu here
Many Lutes have stumbled over the cracked and cragged sidewalks on Park Avenue across from Harstad Hall, but Pierce County Public Works is working to make those struggles a thing of the past.
Work to improve the sidewalk along Park Avenue between 125th Street South and Garfield Street South began Aug. 31 and is expected to conclude mid-September. Garfield Street South will be closed from 7 a.m. to 7 p.m. for 10 days during the final stages of the project.
New additions include curb extensions, lights and rectangular rapid flash beacons to improve the visibility of pedestrian crossings. In addition, ramps compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act will be installed on the east side of Park Avenue South at 122nd Street South and Garfield Street South.
“This work to improve pedestrian access will benefit local businesses, Pacific Lutheran University students and faculty and the surrounding neighborhood,” said Pierce County Public Works engineer Brian Stacy in a press release.
Crews removed the vegetation and trees before the school year started.
PLU contributed $50,400 to the $966,675 project.
“I think it’s really nice that the university recognizes that we do have students with disabilities,” senior Shiori Oki said. “Even as an able-bodied person, it can be cumbersome to not have a sidewalk and feel like you have to walk in the street.”
Oki lives off-campus and said her walk to and from class can be dangerous because of the lack of sidewalks, especially late at night. Pierce County Public Works currently has no plans to add sidewalks north of Garfield Street South.


NE Fairgrounds Road at the intersection with Central Valley Road NW
Nordland Construction Crews are working on widening the intersection for the addition of sidewalks, left turn lanes, and a new traffic signal and illumination system. To accommodate this widening crews are building new retaining walls. On January 3 the signal will be shut down. Traffic will be controlled with a four way stop until construction of the new signal is complete. Expect moderate delays of 5-10 minutes in the immediate vicinity of the work. Click here to read more about this project..


The Active Aqua line of reservoirs and covers offers features which rival the competition at affordable prices.
This reservoir is made of durable, high-impact ABS plastic with UV resistance for longevity.
• Thicker walls all around than most other brands with stronger corners
• Slightly concave sides to improve strength and avoid bowing
• Low profile to fit under flood tables and other hydroponic systems
• Multi level drill access points for automated drainage, installing float valves, or other alterations
• Inside gradation to verify water level
• Comes with a 1 year manufacturer's warranty
• Great value at an affordable price
Dimensions: 46.5” x 46.5” x 13”
Reservoir Cover features:
• Slightly convex & ribbed design for strength and drainage of any water that may collect on top
• Fits inside the reservoir top to guarantee that any water on it falls back into the reservoirs
• Multi drill access points to install various meters and pump cords
• Convenient access porthole (optional porthole lid available separately)


What is Thermal Expansion?
What is Thermal Expansion?
When water is heated it expands. For example, water heated from 90ºF (32ºC) to
a thermostat setting of 140ºF (60ºC) in a 40 gallon hot water heater will expand by
almost one-half gallon. This is because when water is heated, its density decreases and
its volume expands. Since water is not compressible, the extra volume created by
expansion must go someplace. During no-flow periods in a system, pressure reducing
valves, backflow preventers, and other one-way valves are closed, thus eliminating a
path for expanded water to flow back to the system supply. Hence, system pressure
Thermal expansion of water in a closed plumbing system can create a number of
annoying and potentially dangerous problems. These include: the build up of unusually
high pressure in a system (even when a pressure reducing valve is installed); pressure
surges; and the chronic or continuous dripping of a temperature and pressure relief
valve. In addition, dripping faucets and leaking toilet tank ball cock fill valves are also
symptomatic of thermal expansion.
More serious problems can also occur due to thermal expansion. When
dangerous pressures are built up in a water heater, internal parts may fail such as the
internal flues, fittings or water connections. If a flue way collapses it can lead to the
potential release of toxic gases, such as carbon monoxide into living spaces. Thermal
expansion can also lead to a ruptured or distorted hot water heating tank and may void
the manufacturer’s warranty.
Plumbing Code Requirements
Plumbing codes require that thermal expansion control be addressed in plumbing
systems. A temperature and pressure relief valve is not considered a thermal
expansion device. This is because when water is allowed to continuously drip from the
temperature and pressure relief valve, minerals from the water can build up on the
valve, eventually blocking it. This blockage can render the temperature and pressure
valve useless and potentially lead to hot water heater explosions. The International
Plumbing Code (IPC), Uniform Plumbing Code (UPC) and Standard Plumbing Code all
require thermal expansion control to be addressed.
How a Diaphragm Thermal Expansion Tank Works
When water is heated in a closed system it expands. Water is not compressible;
therefore, the additional water volume created has to go someplace. When an
expansion tank is installed the excess water enters the pre-pressurized tank. As the
temperature and pressure reaches its maximum, the diaphragm flexes against an air
cushion (air is compressible) to allow for increased water expansion. When the system
is opened again or the water cools, the water leaves the tank and returns to the system.
Note: Expansion tanks are always located on the cold water piping to the water heater or


RenewGeo is the innovative technology of collecting solar energy in the form of heat and injecting this heat into the ground to create a synthetic geothermal resource. The heat is stored daily to create a thermal battery that can be tapped and transformed into carbon free electricity anytime, day or night.
UC-Won has built an experienced team of engineers, geologists, and experts in geothermal plant operation to execute proprietary technology to create a utility scale, carbon free source of electricity to displace the fossil fueled outdated legacy grid.
RenewGeo builds on the work started by Sovani Meksvanh, Doug Swift, and Ron Whelan and described in US Patent 7,472,548 to create Solar Augmented Geothermal Energy (SAGE). The SAGE patent created an integrated approach to solar heat to recover oil, create clean drinking water, and produce carbon free power.
RenewGeo extends this patent to provide critical grid infrastructure, carbon-free electrical baseload generation, and geothermal battery storage opportunities.
In June 2023, we began testing the new conditions and this work continues today.
UC Won begins flow testing at Salt Wells, Nevada. Based on the results, we developed a new set of testing conditions to continue to model large scale thermal storage. In December 2022, we obtained regulatory approvals for a new round of flow testing, and this work continued into 2023.
UC Won has been granted Federal and State approvals to begin testing wells for new technology.
UC Won has secured an order from the Public Utilities Commission confirming that UC Won’s solar augmented geothermal energy technology could be used to serve an end-use customer in Nevada without state regulation.
May 2019 - Idaho National Laboratory publishes paper where "The present study evaluated the use of a large number of dedicated wells to store and recover heat, essentially creating a synthetic geothermal reservoir." The report concludes the system "provides a potential pathway for the nation's energy infrastructure to evolve more quickly to renewable, carbon-free electric sources and a sustainable energy future."
UC Won secured leases on existing geothermal production wells in Northern Nevada to begin testing to deploy RenewGeo technology. Securing these wells ends a two-year search for suitable wells to use for testing. According to Steve DeOreo, geothermal geologist working on the project, “Although the site was originally developed and has potential for conventional geothermal, the configuration of the existing wells is suitable for the RenewGeo technology.”
Mark Hauenstein with UC-Won, in working with the original inventors, was granted a license for the patent 2006/0048770 for solar augmented geothermal process. Together with other patents filed by UC-Won, an architecture and team emerges that brings together the technology and expertise to create large scale 24/7 carbon free electricity from a solar augmented charged geothermal resource.
In July 2015, Petroleum Development Oman and GlassPoint Solar announced that they signed a $600 million agreement to build a 1 GWth solar field on the Amal oilfield. The project, named Miraah, will be the world's largest solar field measured by peak thermal capacity.
The world’s first full field Thermally Assisted Gas Oil Gravity Drainage (TAGOGD) development has been successfully implemented in Oman at Qarn Alam Fractured Carbonate Reservoir. The concept of TAGOGD was invented by Shell in 1992 and the first successful pilot was developed in the Qarn Alam field from 1995 to 2005, during which 1.3 million tons of steam were injected. The benefit was clearly demonstrated by the fact that this recovery process increased the recovery factor tenfold from 3% to over 30%. This is exceptional for any EOR project.
In the early 2000s, Doug Swift and Ron Whelan traveled to Oman to offer assistance and expertise on solar energy systems for EOR for the Qarn Alam project. At the time, the project was looking for an alternate to burning natural gas for the thermal energy source. Doug and Ron developed a solar powered solution and their unique proposal was adopted. Sovani Meksvanh, Doug Swift, and Ron Whelan filed application for a patent entitled, "Solar Augmented Geothermal Energy" in 2005, and this application was granted a patent (2006/0048770) in March 2006.
Solar thermal has been used for EOR, dating back to 1957, when Atlantic Richfield tried an experimental facility in California.
Thermal injection, which involves the introduction of heat, is one form of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and dates back to the early 1900's. Themal injection today accounts for 40 percent of EOR production in the United States, with most of it occurring in California.


In the realm of architectural design, we often focus on the grandeur of buildings, their aesthetics, and functionality. Yet, an often underestimated but equally vital aspect of architectural projects is the integration of outdoor design and landscape modeling. These elements, when carefully considered, can transform a structure into a harmonious part of its environment. To achieve this synergy, we turn to the powerful combination of Lands Design and WiseBIM’s software : Plans2BIM, which marries landscape modeling with Artificial Intelligence (AI) for a more efficient and sophisticated architectural design process.
Lands Design: Quantifying the natural world
Lands Design is a landscape design software that goes beyond the basics. It is a comprehensive tool with Building Information Modeling (BIM) features that allow designers to seamlessly incorporate the natural world into their architectural projects. One of its standout features is its ability to automatically quantify various aspects of landscape design.
Topography Quantification: When working on a project, understanding and managing topography is essential. Lands Design streamlines this process by quantifying changes in topography automatically. This feature ensures that the landscape adapts seamlessly to the architectural elements.
Vegetation Management: The placement of vegetation is a crucial aspect of landscape design. Lands Design maintains a detailed list of all plant species, making it easy to select and position them strategically. This feature not only enhances the aesthetic appeal but also fosters sustainability and environmental considerations.
Grading Operations and Walls: Incorporating grading operations and walls is common in landscape design. Lands Design simplifies this by quantifying grading operations and wall installations. This information proves invaluable for project planning and execution.
Material Quantification: Managing resources efficiently is a critical aspect of any project. Lands Design excels in quantifying the materials used during the landscape design process. With just a few clicks, designers can generate a comprehensive list of walls, vegetation, grading volume and area, irrigation assets and pipes, etc. These all facilitate budgeting and resource management.
Plans2BIM: The Power of AI in Landscape Modeling
In the ever-evolving landscape of architectural design, the integration of AI is a game-changer. Enter Plans2BIM, a tool that harnesses Artificial Intelligence to complement Lands Design. It introduces a new dimension to landscape modelling, enhancing the workflow for designers in several ways:
Converting 2D Plans to 3D Models: Plans2BIM simplifies and accelerates the conversion of 2D building plans into 3D models. This step is crucial to ensure that landscape design seamlessly integrates with architectural elements. The application of AI algorithms in Plans2BIM makes this process efficient and accurate.
Seamless Integration with Lands Design: WiseBIM and Lands Design work together seamlessly. The 3D models created by Plans2BIM bare easily integrated with the landscape design tools provided by Lands Design, creating a unified approach to architectural and landscape design.
The collaborative workflow
The workflow using Lands Design and Plans2BIM is straightforward and highly efficient. It all begins with the creation of a site plan. Landscape designers can import 3D terrain data from the web using Lands Design’s terrain importer. Next, Plans2BIM is employed to convert 2D building plans into 3D models. Once this step is completed, the landscape design process can commence using Lands Design BIM software to design and add landscaping elements. The integration of these two technologies simplifies the entire design process, from conception to implementation.
Image: IFC model made by Plans2BIM imported into Rhino. Landscape is modeled with Lands Design
In summary, focusing on outdoor design and landscape modeling is an integral part of any architectural project. The partnership of Lands Design and WiseBIM streamlines the workflow for landscape designers by quantifying topography, vegetation, grading operations, walls, and materials. This collaboration heralds a new era in the industry, where designers can create harmonious and sustainable architectural landscapes with greater precision and efficiency. The fusion of these technologies is set to change the way we approach architectural design, creating a more holistic and harmonious built environment.
The integration of AI in landscape modeling is an exciting development, and the possibilities for the future are endless. Research and development in this field could explore further applications of AI in landscape design, including natural resource management, ecological impact assessment, and predictive modelling for sustainable landscaping. As AI and BIM technologies continue to advance, we can expect even more innovative solutions for landscape modeling in architectural design.
Written by Elham Ghabouli, Lands Design


Smart Networks, Energy & Water Solutions
Itron is at the forefront of developing smart cities and intelligent utilities, with a commitment to creating a more resourceful world through better energy and water management.
As an authorized distributor, The Blythe Company offers full access to Itron’s extensive portfolio of smart meters, sensors, and utility management solutions.
We provide an array of Itron products designed to empower utilities and cities to manage resources more efficiently and effectively.
Upgrade to Itron’s advanced metering infrastructure for unparalleled accuracy and data insights in utility consumption.
Optimize energy distribution and usage with Itron’s innovative, resourceful energy solutions tailored to modern demands.
Protect precious water resources and streamline operations with Itron’s sophisticated water management systems.
Keeping your process flowing smoothly since 1971. Providing industrial parts, equipment, service, and maintenance to the North American markets.
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Practice makes perfect
We believe that a good renovation should be both structurally sound and aesthetically timeless. That a home’s beauty should be about how it’s made as well as how it looks. And that the environment doesn’t need to be a casualty of your renovation.
Recycling Starts With You
Our home renovations have always been built to exacting levels of quality, and are designed to stand the test of time. The dedication we show our craft is matched only by our commitment to the use of resource-efficient, environmentally friendly construction methods and materials. Go here for more information.
With the lion’s share of renovations, just as many things are subtracted from your home as added. Windows and walls are removed; old carpet is ripped up; appliances are rolled off site. What you may overlook in the excitement of your reno project, however, is that once full, that big waste bin in your driveway generally heads to the landfill. While this is certainly the most expeditious way to get rid of your construction debris, we don’t believe that it’s the best way.
Manor is proud to offer different solutions aimed at reducing your construction waste and ultimately minimizing the environmental impact of your renovation. Solutions like taking the time to separate demolition debris for recycling. Items such as packaging, new material scraps, old timber and many other construction materials are all potentially recoverable.
The Built Green Society of Canada provides vital information and resources to companies like Manor in order to build with better energy efficiency, indoor air quality, resource use and environmental stewardship. Besides making our tradespeople generally smarter and better at what they do, adhering to Built Green standards benefits our clients, their homes and communities, and the environment in general.
The benefits of building green extend beyond your new renovation. By choosing energy efficient options, you’ll be making a choice to help protect our environment while enjoying a more comfortable, durable, ergonomic and efficient home. Ask your Manor Consultant about the Built Green program and how it applies to your particular renovation. visit https://www.epa.gov for more information.
Whether you’re looking at remodeling your basement or building from the ground up, there are a great many construction variables that will determine the energy efficiency of your finished product … so many that it can be hard to keep track. We pride ourselves on our knowledge of the latest homebuilding materials and methods, and on our ability to make your home perform better than it ever has before.
At Manor, we’ll walk you through the various costs and benefits of low flow toilets, low-E argon windows, spray foam insulation and on-demand water heaters. We’ll consult with you about proper air flow and passive solar. We’ll even discuss ICF construction or geothermal heating with you if you’re so inclined. From relatively simple solutions to more esoteric and ambitious undertakings, we’re all about creating a home that works as well as it possibly can. A home that makes sense to you.
We’ve provided you with some additional information about keeping our earth clean for an overall better environment.


11th Sep 2010, 04:06 PM #1
Ag pipe- gravel under or not?
I have read conflicting opinions here and there on this forum about whether or not there should be gravel under an ag pipe drain.
I would be interested in informed, experienced opinions on the topic.
My uninformed, inexperienced first take on it would be no. If you have gravel under it, any water that finds its way to the ag will just drain out the bottom into the gravel. This may still work as the water will then travel through the gravel and come out the other end of the trench. But it seems the ag pipe serves no purpose in this case.
On the other hand if you have the bottom say 1/3 of the pipe sitting on the clay or other soil with no air gaps, then hydrostatic pressure will force water out of the clay (which is under pressure due to the weight of water and clay above it) and into the ag pipe (which is at atmospheric pressure as it opens to the air at one end). Water will make its way in but not back out because it will be fighting against a pressure differential.
With gravel you would not have this pressure differential because the air gaps in the gravel would be close to atmospheric pressure.
Look at it this way, imagine you have a pile of wet clothes and you put a collander on them and step on it (=provide pressure). The water will seep up into the collander. Now put a layer of gravel between the clothes and the collander. Step on it and nothing happens. Pour some water into the collander and it will sink straight through.
That would be my take on it but as I said I would value input from those with actual practical experience.
11th Sep 2010, 08:46 PM #2
The prime reason for having some gravel under the agg pipe is two fold.
1. It helps reduce the amount of small particles getting into the lower section of the drain and restricting the flow over time.
2. the added space under the agg pipe provided by the extra gravel leaves room for particles to fall out.
Also note the top of the agg pipe should be below the top edge of the footing and against the side of it.
Hope this helps.
12th Sep 2010, 01:21 PM #3
Plumbers were around long before Jesus was a carpenter
12th Sep 2010, 05:48 PM #4
Gravel talk -
It depends a bit on the purpose of the ag pipe and the nature of the soil. If you are trying to remove excess ground water, the gravel provides a larger cross-sectional area for the water to seep into. You are correct in saying that the water will seep through the gravel as well as along the pipe.
In my experience, most ag pipes are laid with gravel around them.
Where they are used as a sullage drain (ie as the dishcarge from a septic tank) then it is essential to have gravel. Reln drain is a better option in this case as it provides a larger air space under ground and is not going to block up as quickly as Ag pipes.
14th Sep 2010, 03:21 PM #5
I pondered this point too when I was installing my ag pipe, so many conflicting theories out there.
The trench was 800 deep with about 400mm of gravel on top. Decided not to use Geo Fabric on my second trench though as the majority reckons they just clog up with silt ??
I ended up placing 50mm ( using 10mm gravel) underneath the ag pipe and after a big rain the water pours out of the gravel and NOT the ag pipe hhehe
any it works
Id be interested to hear which way you went
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A leaky roof is the indication that it is demanding the restoration and roof repairs. Besides, if you do not want leakage during rainy season, then it is better to tackle the problem before it gets worst. Various things are there that you must keep in mind while performing the roof restoration, whether you are hiring roofers for the job or you are doing it yourself, you need to be careful regarding the roof restoration. Let us read the article further what are the tips to consider while opting for roof restoration.
What are the steps to follow before you hire individuals for roof restoration?
- At first, locate the leaking point: Well, this is important for the roof restoration purpose. Usually, the stains of the water on the ceilings are the sign of leakage of the roof. Thus, if you figure out such water stains, it becomes necessary to inspect the roof and check for the cracks, curls, or missing shingles. You can check for the loose material or points or at the joints around the chimney pipes and vents.
- Solving the problem: If you find and curled shingles or something that is not appropriate, then you can flatten the shingles by applying the adhesive compounds or the asphalt roofing cement. You can even use caulk gun to perform the same. Thus, by doing this, the restoration work becomes easier. It is important to determine the age of the building and also the climatic condition, the effect of excessive heat, cold or moisture on the roofs, and then you can go for arranging the adhesive compounds and start using the asphalt roofing solution for your domestic or commercial purpose.
- Replace the damaged parts: Apart from that, you can go for the other option i.e. you can completely remove the damaged shingles, those that are missing from its place and the rotten ones from the roof. You can use pry bar or the hammer to remove the nails of the shingles and its surroundings. You can slide in the new shingles, galvanized it with the roofing nails.
- Resealing chimney: Well, it is time to reseal the chimney to stop the leaks. It is the best way of roof restoration. You can simply use the roofing cement and caulking gun to fix the dormers and the chimneys.
- Remove the old roof: On the other hand, if the problem of leakage persists, then you can contact the professional roofer for removing the old one and installing the new one. Replacing the entire roof is beneficial in case the roof restoration does not work. There are also many sheet membrane and roof component suppliers available in the market, who take care of maintaining the roof according to the desired restoration limits. They remove the old roof and create a fresh one.
Besides, all these restoration process and repairing tips, there are certain things that you need to take care of. You need to take precautions during the roof restoration process; you must wear the rubber shoes to prevent from slips and any mishaps.
Keep the gutters clean
This is the reason that at some point of time is responsible for the leaks in the roofs. The clogged gutters do not give space to the water to flow. Hence, the clogged gutters do not let rainwater to pass and build up messy roof in turn.
During winters, the ice buildup problem arises under the roof gutters, shingles, and membrane. Proper ventilation and shield from the ice will prevent the problem of ice buildup. Ice buildup is not good for the roofs and shingles. Thus, make sure to clean it timely. Hence, these tips will help you to perform the roof restoration job easily.


WAB® for Well Abandonment
Future-proof wells for CAPEX effective P&A
Our WAB for Well Abandonment range, when incorporated within the cased hole as a life of well IS014310 V0* annular barrier or within the open hole, for life of well IS014310 V3 isolation, across the cap rock during well construction phase, will provide significant future value as the foundation for critical placement of P&A cement plug, significantly reducing the future complexity and CAPEX & OPEX cost associated with P&A.
Globally, operators are faced with a large volume of wells, that require Plug & Abandonment, and they are now realising that these wells have not been constructed to accommodate Risk Free, CAPEX effective P&A. Couple this to ever stringent local regulations, operator P&A costs have significantly increased and can range from $4Mio for a single platform well and up to $11Mio for a single sub sea well.
This realisation has driven is a paradigm shift in drilling and well well construction methodology, to implement best practice for later well abandonment over the duration of the well life, during design, construction, production and ultimately abandonment. Cement alone is not a reliable barrier, and operators and now planning for the installation of multiple barriers and multi component barriers e.g. combine cement with mechanical barriers and resins to construct wells now, planning for the future.
To support this market shift, our WAB range, when incorporated within the cased hole for IS0 14310 V0 barrier or open hole, for IS0 14310 V3 isolation across the cap rock during well construction phase, will provide added future value as the foundation for placement of P& A cement plug, significantly reducing the future complexity and cost associated with P&A.
|Expansion range||9.50” 20.05”|
|Min. running OD||9.00” 17.00”|
|Max. working pressure||4,000 psi 8,000 psi|
|Constant element ΔP across expansion range||4,000 psi 8,000 psi|
|Base pipe range||7-5/8” 14”|
|Standard element length||7.2 ft (2.2 m)|
|ISO14310 Standard||Up to V0|
|ID||Full bore (as per base pipe)|


We are continuing to work with other local authorities and agencies to resolve the flooding issues in Wesham. The authority responsible for drainage in the area (once a road is completed and adopted) is Lancashire County Council and our representative on this council is Cllr Stewart Jones. Stewarts contact details are on the contacts section of this website.
Wesham Town Council have asked United Utilities for a report on the drainage on Sanderling Way and the Crossing Gates development and we are also requesting technical experts at Fylde Borough Council to investigate areas where concerns have been raised as well.
We were told that the road drains in Wesham were being cleared by Lancashire County Council but it appears that a number were missed. We have reported all of those that we know about and we would urge all residents that know of a blocked drain to report it as well.
Further updates will be added here as soon as they are available and we will ensure that all technical reports that we receive are available on this website.
Update 11 July 2023 – if you are impacted by flooding did you know that there is a form you can complete and send to Lancashire County Council to make a claim. Please note, this claim should be sent to Lancashire County Council not Wesham Town Council but I hope it helps
We’ve also written a letter to out local MP, Mark Menzies :
We’ll post Mark’s reply as soon as we receive it.