The first step in any form of structural analysis is the. Statical indeterminacy an overview sciencedirect topics. The introduction of a pin in a member at a node produces an additional degree of freedom. The number of degrees of freedom of a point in space is. Contents part i statically determinatestructures 1 introduction to structural engineering 3 1. Fundamentals of structural analysis get best books pdf. Gate material ies master structural analysis study. We need to consider degrees of freedom when solving many different types of problems. Download structural books civil engineering community. This can be determined by conducting tests on the actual structure or a physical model of the structure to some scale. It is a vast field and is largely taught at the undergraduate level.
At that time computers were started to be implemented in all. A degree of freedom or dof is a single way that a node is permitted to move or rotate. Based on the authors bestselling book aircraft structures for engineering students, this brief text introduces the reader to the basics of structural analysis as applied to aircraft structures. Class note for structural analysis 2 fall semester, 20 hae sung lee, professor. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. This is one book that anyone and everyone who is interested in structural analysis must read. Lecture notes structural analysis and control civil. In structural analysis, the degree of statical indeterminacy is important, as its value may determine whether the structure is. The book explains the determination of the effects of loads on physical structures and their components. The basic purpose of this series of slides is to provide background on the development of the codebased equivalent lateral force elf procedure and modal superposition.
Therefore, in most statistical tests such as population mean teats, the degree of freedom is obtained from the simple n1 equation. This ebook will useful to most of the students who were studying civil engineering ce. A degree of freedom aims to provide structural engineering consultancy services with an emphasis on creative outside the box solutions which allow the clients to achieve the desired finished product. Computer applications have been introduced early though the full fledged analysis has been postponed to later stages when physical conception on structural behaviour is clear. In this book we are mainly concerned with the analysis of framed structures.
Alternatively our books are available from all good bookshops. Theory of structures defined theory of structures defined 2 investigating the loads before a refined structural analysis can be carried out, it is. Calculate the degree of static and kinematic indeterminacy of a given structure. The book takes an integral look at structural engineering starting with fundamentals and ending with computer analysis. Degrees of freedom and restraint codes skyciv cloud. Download free sample and get upto 37% off on mrprental. Our heads are fixed to our neck, in such a way that, we can rotate our head sideways, upwards, downwards, frontward and with bit of effort backwards. In the support, horizontal reaction, rollers are in the horizontal place is zero which implies that horizontal shear force is zero.
Examples in structural analysis pdf civil engineering. Structural analysis and design books civil engineering. In the course of time, structural analysis has emerged as a distinctive form. Stress is a physical quantity that completely characterizes the distributed internal forces per unit area that develop at a point within a body or a part of a body, at any. However, it is not necessary that a structure is subjected to a single set of loads all of the time. Approximate methods for indeterminate structural analysis 7. An example is representing the 6 degrees of freedom by a 6 character code comprised of a combination of fs and rs where f fixed and r released. A few topics like matrix method and plastic analysis are also taught at the postgraduate level and in structural engineering electives. About structural analysis 1 textbook structural analysis is the practice of assessing the effects of. In 1970, one of the authors of this book was a professor at a structural engineering university in ukraine. Calculate fixed end forces induced by external loads at the fixed dof. Concepts of traction and stress in general, traction is the distributed force per unit area acting at a point on any external surface of a body or a part of a body. Degrees of freedom of plane and space frames engineering purdue.
A degree of freedom is a possible displacement of a joint or node. Kassimali is a life member of the american society of civil engineers asce and has served on the asce structural division committees on shock and vibratory effects, special. The chapters are presented in a logical order, moving from an introduction of the topic to an analysis of statically determinate beams, trusses and rigid frames, to the analysis of statistically indeterminate structures. Freedom of joint translation by the slopedeflection method. This concept was previously briefly introduced in section 1. Welcome to the civilax virtual library, the most comprehensive online civil engineering resource collection in the world. Structural health monitoring for suspension bridges. For understanding the basics first level learning and easy interpretation go for 1. The book contains a very practical approach towards structural analysis. Structural analysis vol 2 4ed by bhavikatti and a great selection of related books, art and collectibles available now at. Structural analysis paperback january 1, 2007 by p. Shop structural analysis engineering books at alibris. In a the node is a rigid connection with no pins in any of the members and has the three degrees of freedom indicated.
Structural analysis, or the theory of structures, is an important subject for civil engineering students who are required to analyze and design structures. Structural analysis 1 textbook pdf free download bookslock. To get started finding structural analysis hibbeler 8th edition solution manual pdf free download, you are right to find our website which has a comprehensive collection of manuals listed. Analysis of statically indeterminate rigid frames with one degree of. Structural engineering all engineering e books for free. He has authored and coauthored four textbooks on structural analysis and mechanics, and has published a number of papers in the area of nonlinear structural analysis.
Goodreads helps you keep track of books you want to read. Structural analysis ace academy gate ies notes free. Introduction to aircraft structural analysis is an essential resource for learning aircraft structural analysis. Structural analysis, or the theory of structures, is an important subject for civil engineering students who are required to analyse and design structures.
Gives best results if the chapters are read sequentially and in an orderly fashion. Printed and bound in great britain by mpg books ltd, bodmin, cornwall. Find materials for this course in the pages linked along the left. Reaction at a support is nothing but the shear force at the support. Now, much work is coalescing, and researchers are forming groups, starting their own journals, and publishing widely in mainstream books and journals. Sozen introduction this is a short presentation of the principles of structural dynamics applied to systems having several degrees of freedom for use by students in an earthquake engineering introductory course. Structural dynamics of linear elastic multiple degrees of freedom mdof systems u1 u2 u3 this topic covers the analysis of multiple degrees of freedom mdof elastic systems. Do solve the questions provided at the end of every chapter.
Analysis portal frames up to 3 degree of indeterminacy. The text includes solved problems to help illustrate the. Variable loadings so far in this course we have been dealing with structural systems subjected to a specific set of loads. Consider the typical node with four members as shown in figure 1. In a 2d system, each node has three possible degrees of freedom. For advanced level devdas menon is the best book ever.
Calculating degrees of freedom for a structural equation model article pdf available in structural equation modeling a multidisciplinary journal. It is clear that this stage of design calls for an engineer with a high order of experience, skill, general knowledge, and imagination. Apply unit displacements and calculate member end forces at the. Here are some of the best books for structural analysis. Laxmi publications, 2005 structural analysis engineering 364 pages. Structural analysis teaches students the basic principles of structural analysis using the classical approach. Structural dynamics of linear elastic multipledegreesof. This book is written for students of universities and colleges pursuing civil or. Edetermination of the degree of indeterminacy or freedom.
Browse the worlds largest ebookstore and start reading today on the web, tablet, phone, or ereader. Here you can explore structural analysis and design books collection from our virtual library. Traction is a vector represented with a 3x1 matrix in 3d. They are plastic behavior of structures, stability of elastic structures with. Structural analysis 1 textbook will also useful to most of the students who were prepared for competitive exams. Pdf calculating degrees of freedom for a structural. With an emphasis on addressing the clients needs, presenting multiple possible solutions to client, explaining the pros and cons of each. Its modern version formulated in terms of the members flexibility matrices also has the name the matrix force method due to its use of member forces. Multiple degrees of freedom structural dynamics 2 l. Structural analysis 2 textbook free download in pdf. The type of support used in a structural analysis model is often determined by the 6 degrees of freedom. A few topics like matrix method and plastic analysis are also taught.964 1526 1329 479 1165 182 924 169 1090 1413 1101 1224 574 1115 1060 686 504 1299 286 554 333 62 1033 264 1126 243 70 1445 910 738 1318 405 373 970 446 480 1157 1343 874 357


Construction and Building Maintenance
Our Operated Access truck mounted cherry pickers are an ideal solution for a variety of building, construction and maintenance project applications. When direct access to a site or a building is complex with a variety of challenges, our cherry picker trucks and vehicles are a safe, controlled and accessible way to get the job done.
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Road transport connection
Tran De Industrial Park is located on National Highway South Song Hau
From Tran De Industrial Park to Soc Trang city, connecting to National Highway 1 about 20km via Mac Dinh Chi Street (under construction)
Dai Ngai Bridge across Hau River is about to be built, about 19km from Tran De Industrial Park. After completion, it will directly connect Soc Trang with Tra Vinh and Ben Tre provinces
Tran De Industrial Park will connect with Chau Doc - Can Tho - Soc Trang Expressway at the intersection with South Song Hau Highway. In which, the first priority segment will be implemented before 2025, building a 105 km long expressway. This segment includes the road sections through An Giang province with a length of 11,134 km, Can Tho city 44.26 km; Hau Giang province 25.61 km and Soc Trang province 23.99 km.
Road South of Hau River (NH91C)
Connect with regional infrastructure


Any homeowner must know that roof restoration is always necessary when their roof has been damaged or starts to wear. There are many benefits when your roof is in good condition, and one of them is that it will increase the value of your home. After the roof restoration, it will look new, which means that your home's appearance will also improve. The other reason one has to ensure that their roof is always in good condition is to continue to protect their home and everyone inside it. A professional roofer knows every step they have to take during a roof restoration, and that means they are capable of offering the kind of services you need and one that will satisfy you. The article herein discusses the reasons to consider hiring an experienced roof restoration company and you should check it out!
If you need the best materials to be used for the roof restoration, you have to hire a professional roof restoration company. One needs to know that a professional roofer has more information about roofing materials, and that means they can differentiate good materials and the poor ones; hence, they know the right materials to use. There are so many benefits when the professional roofer uses the right roofing materials for the roof restoration, and one of the advantages is that the roof will last for a very long time.
Our safety and of those we love should always come first, which is why you need to hire professional roof restoration services. You have to know that a professional company offering roof restoration services has everything needed for the roof restoration, including safety gear, which implies that they are capable of offering the right services that you will love. No one or item will get hurt or damaged when you hire professionals for roof restoration since they know how to keep everyone and everything safe.
The company with the best roof restoration in los angeles offer services at reasonable prices. The professional roofer you hire for the roofing restoration will know where to get the best materials at a lower price, which will be a huge benefit. If you want to save money for buying tools needed for roof restoration, you need to hire professionals offering the services.
Less time will be spent on the roof restoration when you hire a professional roofer. If you are using a DIY method for the roofing restoration, it means you don't know what you are doing, and this will take you longer; thus, you should hire a professional roofer that can take less time. To sum it all up, you will be proud of the results when you hire professional roof restoration services. If you want to know more about this topic, then click here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roofer.


Do you suspect a leak in your home’s slab foundation? Early detection is essential to prevent structural damage and avoid needless costs. Even minor leaks keep water running 24/7 and lead to higher monthly bills. If you notice a sudden and unexplained rise in water bills, a decrease in water pressure, or the hot water heater running non-stop, you may have a slab leak. Other indicators include damp carpets, warped hardwood flooring, sound of running water, water collection where it doesn’t belong, musty odor in the home, inexplicable mold or mildew growth, and areas of the floor that feel hot. Don’t hesitate to call Wilson Home Services for slab leak detection and repairs in the Metroplex.
Professional Slab Leak Repairs & Detection
There’s simply no foolproof way for a homeowner to visually identify a slab leak. Wilson Home Services utilizes the most advanced technology to determine if there’s a problem and accurately pinpoint any leaks in the water pipes under the foundation or concrete slab. Our highly trained and licensed professionals target the most cost-effective and non-invasive course of action. We keep you completely informed, provide detailed quotes, and ensure effective repair throughout Dallas / Fort Worth.


The St. Albert Clock Tower is one of the city’s most iconic landmarks. The brick building guards over the Perron District and provides us with the time, but its initial creation was for more than just timekeeping.
The Clock Tower went up in 1995 thanks to the scientific curiosity of civil engineering professor Mike Hatzinikolas at the University of Alberta. Hatzinikolas wasn’t necessarily a time enthusiast, but actually wanted to study the way bricks are affected by weather and erosion. He developed the tower to be neat on the outside, but with each side using a different construction method. Our lovely clock tower is a science experiment!
The construction was all volunteer-based, with materials being donated by businesses in the community. Following its construction, Hatzinikolas’ team studied the tower, their measuring equipment hidden on the inside. The study ended a year after construction, the Clock Tower left to tell time to St. Albert residents. Another study was developed in 2013 by Dr. Yasser Korany, also with the U of A. This study, with new and modern research methods, continues to collect data to this day.
Even if you’re not a fan of bricks and how they erode, the next time you drive by the Clock Tower, don’t be afraid to inspect the bricks of our scientific building. Our humble Clock Tower is research in the making.


Title: Change Management Consultant Company: JV Grontmij-GOPA-INTEGRATION Location: Wandlitz, Germany Achievements: Inductee, Albert Nelson Marquis Lifetime Achievement (2015-2016, 2018) Honoree, Distinguished Humanitarian (2017) Inductee, Elite Women Worldwide (2016) Honoree, Industry Expert, “Top 101 Industry Experts,” Worldwide Publishing (2016) Inductee, Top Female Executives (2016) Inductee, Lifetime Platinum Membership, Worldwide Branding (2015) Honoree, Professional of the Year, Worldwide Branding…
Tag: civil engineering
Title: Founder, Chairman, CEO Company: DLZ Corporation Location: Columbus, OH United States Achievements: Inductee, Worldwide Lifetime Achievement (2016) Inductee, Elite American Engineers (2016) Fellow, National Society of Professional Engineers Member, American Society of Civil Engineers Member, Society of American Military Engineers Designations: M.S., Geotechnical Engineering, University of Cincinnati B.S., Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of…
Charles Birnstiel, Eng.Sc.D., P.E.
Title: Engineering Consultant Company: Warminster Engineering Consultants Location: Warminster, PA United States
Mohiuddin Ali Khan, Ph.D.
Title: Principal, Structural Engineer Company: Dr. Ali Khan & Associate Consulting Engineers Location: Moorestown, NJ United States Honored Member
Joseph Mereb, Eng.
Title: Project Director Energy Company: Stantec Location: Québec, QC Canada Honored Member
Dung M. Lue, Ph.D.
Title: Professor Company: National Chung Hsing University Location: Taichung, Taiwan Honored Member
Eng. Monique S. Sidaross, MSCE
Title: Director, Educator, Engineer Company: Moni Sid & Associates Location: Rosemead, CA United States Distinguished Member
Scott Alexander Schelske
Title: Technical Services Adviser Company: Bimose Tribal Council Location: Keewatin, ON Canada Honored Member
Title: Private Industry Consultant Title: Manager of Safety and Standards (Retired) Company: Harvey DeGraw Consulting Company: Federal Aviation Administration Location: New Milford, NJ United States Distinguished Member


Per the U.S. DoD, * Indicates a "small business" classification and ** indicates a "small disadvantaged business". NOTE: the U.S. DoD only publicly reports contracts valued at $6.5 million USD or greater. The contract language is EXACTLY as it appears on the official U.S. DoD website (http://www.defense.gov/contracts/) unless otherwise noted.
Principle Contractor: AECOM Technical Services, Incorporated
Date Reported: 4/2/2012
Contract Details: AECOM Technical Services, Inc., Los Angeles, Calif., was awarded a $7,424,946 firm-fixed-price and cost-plus-fixed-fee contract. The award will provide for the remediation services of sites at Longhorn Army Ammunition Plant, Karnack, Texas. Work will be performed in Karnack, with an estimated completion date of Sept. 30, 2017. Eight bids were solicited, with two bids received. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Tulsa, Okla., is the contracting activity (W912DY-09-D-0059).
Total Contract Value: $7,424,946
View More Contracts by AECOM Technical Services, Incorporated


This £800,000 Project for the Guangzhou Provincial Government was a bold first step for Weatherwise in international contracting.
The complex comprised a football/athletics stadium, an indoor swimming pool and a gymnasium.
Successful coordination of packing, shipping and road transportation of several hundred containers enabled Weatherwise to demonstrate its expertise in logistics; training and supervising a keen but inexperienced workforce of some 150 men and women.
This enabled Weatherwise project managers to demonstrate their expertise, dedication and tenacity in completing the project.
40,000m2 of single skin colour-coated steel roof and wall cladding.
Each arena roof sheet precisely dimensioned to create symmetrical roofs, curving in two planes, on each side of the arena.
35,000m2 of fully lined, factory-bonded composite insulated wall panels
Roof sheets and wall panels designed (and tested) to meet specified wind loadings through multi-spanning purlins and sheeting rails
Single skin sheets and composite panels all PVF2 colour-coated both sides for minimum 20 year life to first maintenance.


Apex Surveying, Inc. was formed in 1984 from a small surveying company based in Riverton, Wyoming into a full service engineering and land surveying firm.† We are a solid team evidenced by the fact that the two senior principals have been with the firm since the year of incorporation and before, and that the third principal has been here since 1995.†
Always locally owned, the firm grew at a cautious pace during the suffering economy of the 80ís.† We added materials testing services in the early 1990ís to respond to the requests of local contractors.† In the mid 90ís we invested in GPS technology.† Though still a small firm our professional and technical staff have the experience and expertise to get the job done.
Apex has always been focused on providing superior service. With multi-state licensure and CFedS credentials, Apex currently has two full time licensed professional surveyors with CFedS, two full time licensed professional engineers, and SIT and EIT level staff as well. We truly shine on projects that we take from field to finish.†† We were the first local firm to invest in total system surveying.† Apex has more than eighteen years of experience with gps surveying technology and use up to date technology and field practices.† We maintain a modern design office with the latest is CAD design software and are adding GIS to our skill set.
We are fully equipped to handle a wide array of surveying and civil engineering projects.† We operate as a stand-alone firm, but we are ready to work as a team member with other firms when called on to complete multi-discipline projects.


Crews are closing a section of Phillip Fulmer Way on the UT campus to build a pedestrian bridge.
(WBIR- UT Campus) Construction at the University of Tennessee's campus is set to close a section of Phillip Fulmer Way from Cumberland Avenue to Middle Drive Monday.
Drivers will still be able to access Middle Drive and the Hill by turning right from northbound Phillip Fulmer Way next to Neyland Stadium.
Crews are closing this section of road to build a pedestrian bridge.
The bridge will connect the new Student Union with the Hill.The road is set to reopen in early summer of 2014.


1 edition of Facilities planning 1981, municipal wastewater treatment. found in the catalog.
Facilities planning 1981, municipal wastewater treatment.
by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water Program Operations, Facility Requirements Division in Washington, D.C
Written in English
|Other titles||Municipal wastewater treatment.|
|Contributions||ESEI, Inc., United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Water Program Operations. Facility Requirements Division.|
|The Physical Object|
|Pagination||x, 116 p. ;|
|Number of Pages||116|
Fostering black children
Nonsense songs and stories
Prasenz Und Achtsamkeit
Historical dictionary of radical Christianity
English wall painting of the Fourteenth century
medieval household in Christian Europe, c. 850-c. 1550
Natural falling of beetle-killed ponderosa pine
To the young writer
Jewish writers of North America
The Clown of God
Control statement syntax and semantics of a language for parallel processors
Get this from a library. Facilities planning municipal wastewater treatment. [United States. Environmental Protection Agency.]. wastewater treatment facilities is a serious contribution to the growing literature on pr otection of the national infrastructure.
Probably more so than any other. This study examined the atmospheric pollution created by some waste treatment and disposal facilities in the State of Kuwait. Air monitoring was conducted in a Author: Mohamed Hamoda. Smithfield won, and in Raleigh's first sewage treatment plant opened, treating 12 million gallons per day.
The current plant replaced it in Author: Scott Huler. Division of Water Mission. The Mission of the Division of Water is to protect and conserve the water resources of New York State. This mission is accomplished through a wide range of programs and activities.


Who designed this road? It’s a question many of us have asked as we sat in traffic on a road that always seems to be overcrowded. Some roads seem like more potholes than road. Others have spots that are notorious for being the site of car crashes. The design and maintenance of our roads have a substantial impact on drivers. According to a recent report by TRIP, a nonprofit organization focusing on surface transportation issues, New Jersey drivers lose $2,000 per year to substandard roads and bridges.
The report entitled, “New Jersey Transportation by the Numbers: Meeting the State’s Need for Safe and Efficient Mobility” considers costs associated with traffic accidents, traffic delays caused by congestion and vehicle operating costs. The traffic crashes in included in the cost are limited to those where roadway features are considered a contributing factor. The statewide total of these costs was $11.8 billion.
Investing in infrastructure such as road maintenance and bridge repair is a necessary component of safety. When considering ways to reduce traffic accidents and save lives, it is important to remember that road design can make as much difference as driver training. Even the safest driver can struggle to avoid an accident when a pothole causes a tire to blowout. Congestion on New Jersey roads is a problem that will get worse before it gets better. The investment must be made before the problem grows out of control.
The TRIP report called for increased funding for surface transportation improvement. It is a call that will not likely win many supporters. Every New Jersey driver pays some price for the troubling state of our roads. Some pay the ultimate price. It’s time something was done about it.
Source: Construction Equipment Guide, “Deficient Roadways Cost New Jersey Drivers Billions,” 11 February 2015


Tel ：+86-0138 7272 8636 Mail：firstname.lastname@example.org
Add ：39 Jichang Road, Old Urban District, Luoyang city,
Henan Province, China
Manufacturing requirements for formwork trolleys
[Students' questions] Manufacturing requirements for passenger-dedicated railway tunnel formwork trolleys?
[Answer] The outer contour of the 1 template trolley should ensure the clearance of the tunnel after concrete is poured. The clearance of the structure of the gantry should ensure the safe passage of vehicles and personnel in the tunnel.
2 The strength and rigidity of the gantry structure, support system and formwork of the formwork trolley shall meet the combination of various loads.
3 template trolley length should be 9 ~ 12m. 4 template trolley wall work window should be layered, layer height should not be greater than 1.5m, each layer should be set 4 to 5 windows, its clearance should not be less than 45 × 45cm, two An inspection hole is provided at the end, and a corresponding concrete pipe bracket or hanger is provided.
5 template trolleys should consider the traversing form of the ventilation pipe.
6 template trolleys should be provided with sufficient load-bearing screw support and radial formwork screw support.
7 The formwork trolley vault should be provided with concrete sealing structure and inspection hole in the appropriate position.
The attached vibrator installed on the 8 template trolley should be able to be started separately.
The above contents are organized according to the problems encountered by the students in the actual work, for reference, if there is any problem, please communicate and correct in time.


Causes and solutions of air bubbles in cold-wrap anti-corrosion tape construction
In recent years, cold-wound anti-corrosion tape has been quickly recognized and used in the industrial industry. Because the product is an environmentally friendly anti-corrosion material, it will not cause pollution to the environment. In order to reduce the problem of mechanical corrosion, everyone gradually began to use anti-corrosion tape. However, during construction, the anti-corrosion tape is prone to generate some air bubbles, which affects the normal use effect. What are the reasons for the bubbles, and how to solve them?
1.Air bubbles appear after the construction of the cold-wrap anti-corrosion tape, mainly due to the uneven application of the primer during construction. So we have to pay more attention to the application of the primer evenly during construction, to avoid leakage or sagging.
2. Another reason for air bubbles appeared, it is the insufficient tension during wrapping. Therefore, during construction, we recommend using professional wrapping mechanical, which can control the tension of tape very well.
Exactly, the reasons for the air bubbles are different. That equired we have to resolve questions dependly. Of course, we must do the corresponding treatment when carrying out the construction, to make sure the product can be used correctly and have good performance.
Contact: Hella Zhang
Add: No.77 Zhongxing road, Kenli county,Dongying city,Shandong,China


Construction Management At Risk
Construction Management At Risk: This delivery method overlaps the design and construction phases to obtain significant construction input during the design phase of the project. The owner selects the architect/engineer and then selects the general contractor to perform professional construction management services for a fee that will result in a guaranteed maximum price for the construction work.
During the schematic design and design development, the construction
manager will provide:
At the end of design development the construction manager assigns a
guaranteed maximum price for the construction before the drawings are
complete and before the subcontracts have been competitively bid. The
construction manager is “at risk” for the guaranteed price.


Construction of Grey Water Purification System
- project with students from the "Art, Sustainability, Society and Education" course at David Yellin College, Jerusalem,
April 2014 at "Gan HaBeit", Harduf
|sketch of the wetland system|
|excavating for the pond and the tanks|
|preparing and leveling the excavated hole for the pond|
|laying drainage pipes|
The lined pond was then filled with layers of river boulders, basalt aggregate and wood chips. The grey water would filter through these layers from the bottom to the top.
|filling the first layer of river boulders|
|filling a layer of wood chips|
|installing the collection tank|
Finally, the pond was planted with special water plants which provide a oxygenated environment around their root system for the bacteria which break down the organic matter in the grey water.
|planting inside and outside the pond|
|the complete wetlands|
The following video clip gives an impression of the collective effort in creating this project, which was completed within four days. During this time the students also did some landscape drawing under my guidance.
The "wetlands team" poses for a group photograph:


Universität der Künste Berlin
PI: Spatial Design in the Digital Age
Christoph Gengnagel is Professor for Design and Structural Engineering at the Universität der Künste Berlin. His research focuses on digital and physical prototyping in architecture and engineering, computational design and new material systems. Gengnagel studied construction engineering and architecture at Bauhaus-Universität Weimar and Technische Universität München. He holds a PhD from Technische Universität München and was formerly a structural engineer at DYWIDAG München, Barthel & Maus and a.ka. Ingenieure. He is also a consulting partner of the engineering firm Bollinger + Grohmann and has held academic positions at Technische Universität München and the Royal Academy of the Arts Copenhagen. Gengnagel has received numerous grants for research projects from the DFG (German Research Council), Einstein Foundation, The European Social Fund and Danish Council for Independent Research. He conceived and organized the internationally renown biennale Design Modeling Symposium (currently in its 9th year) and is also a coordinator of the Hybrid Plattform, a cross-university interdisciplinary program between the Universität der Künste Berlin and Technische Universität Berlin. For his contributions to the field of engineering, he received the prestigious Howard Medal, an award of the Institution of Civil Engineers. Gengnagel is a member of the Bavarian Chamber of Construction Engineers, the Association of German Architects (BDA), and the International Association for Shells and Spatial Structures (IASS).
1. De Rycke, K., Gengnagel, C., Burry J. et al., eds. Humanizing Digital Reality., Proceedings of the Design Modeling Symposium Paris 2017. Paris: Springer, 2017.
2. Gengnagel, C. and C. Quinn. “Large Deformations- On the Design of Strained Grid Shells.” In GAM 12: Structural Affairs- Opportunities and Perspectives for Cooperation in Planning, Design and Construction, 169–189. Basel: Birkhäuser, 2016.
3. Quinn G., Holden Deleuran, A., Piker, D., Tamke, M., Ramsgaard Thomsen, M. and C. Gengnagel. “Calibrated and Interactive Modelling of Form-Active Hybrid Structures.” In IASS Annual Symposium 2016 Spatial Structures in the 21st Century, 1-9. Tokyo: IASS, 2016.
4. Ramsgaard Thomsen M., Tamke, M., Gengnagel, C., et al., eds. Modelling Behaviour, Proceedings of the Design Modeling Symposium Copenhagen 2015. Berlin: Springer, 2015
5. Gengnagel, C. et al. “Natural-fibre-reinforced plastics in actively bent structures.” Proceedings of the ICE - Construction Materials 166, no. 6 (2013): 365-377.
6. Lienhard, J., Gengnagel, C. et al. “Active Bending, A Review on Structures where Bending is used as a Self-Formation Process.” International Journal of Space Structures 28, no. 3 (2013): 187-196.
7. Lafuente Hernández, E., Baverel, O. and C. Gengnagel. “On the Design and Construction of Elastic Gridshells with Irregular Meshes.” International Journal of Space Structures 28, no. 3 (2013): 161-174.
8. Kotelnikova-Weiler, N., C. Gengnagel, et al. “Materials for Actively-Bent Structures.” International Journal of Space Structures 28, no. 3 (2013): 229-240.
9. Alpermann H. and C. Gengnagel. “Membranversteifte Bogentragwerke.” In STAHLBAU 8/2009, 531–536. Berlin: Ernst & Sohn Verlag für Architektur und technische Wissenschaften GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin, 2009.
10. Elsheikh A. and C. Gengnagel. “Structural Assessment of Rapid Deployment Canopy Structure.” Advances in Structural Engineering 9, no. 2 (2006): 241-256.


Solar tiles are the most attractive and durable way to go solar – if you can afford them
Solar roof tiles look like normal roof tiles, but work like solar panels to generate electricity for your home. They’re a brilliant solution for anyone who likes the economic and environmental benefits of solar, but isn’t so keen on the look of panels – or is unconvinced that their roof will support the weight.
The main catch with solar roof tiles is their price. It currently costs three or four times as much for a solar tile system as for a panel system of the same wattage. What’s more, you would need to have all your roof tiles replaced rather than just having a few solar tiles added. Getting solar roof tiles basically means getting a solar roof.
But solar roof tiles are extremely durable, so you would be investing in a long-lasting new roof as well as a solar PV system. Tile systems come with extensive guarantees that could give you free electricity for decades, as well as making your roof stronger and more attractive.
Get a free solar panel quote today
To find the best prices for solar roofs or panels, use our free quote-finder tool and we’ll match you with specialist providers.
How do solar roof tiles work?
Solar tiles work just like solar PV (photovoltaic) panels: they capture sunlight and convert it into electricity that you can use in your home. The main difference is that solar tiles look like normal roof tiles.
Solar roof tiles are available in a few different styles and sizes. Most are slate-look glass and aluminium tiles with embedded PV cells, designed to merge perfectly with a new slate roof and be indistinguishable from ground level. Red solar tiles are a little more conspicuous, but still much more subtle than a solar panel array.
Why should I get solar roof tiles?
As well as generating renewable electricity for your home, solar roofs look great. Solar panels are not to everyone’s taste, and there will be people – such as your neighbours, or the people you want to sell your house to one day – who prefer the look of a tiled solar roof.
Solar tiles are particularly good for listed buildings or homes in conservation areas. These properties are among the few that require planning permission for solar panels, so opting for tiles instead may be your only way to switch to solar.
Solar tiles are also incredibly tough: more durable than solar panels or normal roof tiles. Tesla, which dropped kettlebells on its solar tiles to prove their strength, claims that its tiles are three times tougher than non-solar roof tiles. Tesla’s tiles aren’t available in the UK yet, despite Elon Musk’s assurances that they would be available here in 2018, then 2019, but we’ll keep you posted.
READ NEXT: Our guide to solar panel sizes
How are solar roof tiles installed?
As mentioned above, you can’t just swap a few old roof tiles for solar tiles. The installer will replace a certain area of your roof with solar tiles (depending on how big you want the system to be), and then replace the rest of your roof with matching non-solar tiles.
It’s a big and expensive job. It also takes significantly longer than solar panel installation, up to two weeks compared with one to two days for solar panels. But if you were thinking of switching to solar and were also considering having your roof re-tiled anyway, solar tiles would be a good option.
READ NEXT: How are solar panels installed?
How much do solar roof tiles cost?
A solar roof tile system costs around three times as much as a standard solar panel system of around the same power: about £5,000 versus £15,000 on average.
In our article exploring the cost of solar panels in the UK, we revealed that a typical 3.5kW solar panel system in 2023 costs £5,500, according to Energy Saving Trust figures. By way of comparison, the sustainability specialists at The Eco Experts have worked out that a 3.5kW solar roof tile system costs an average £14,550 – nearly three times as much.
Installation also costs more, so overall you’re looking at up to four times the price of a standard solar panel installation.
A 3.5kW system is big enough to power the average UK household, but some homes will need smaller or bigger systems that cost less or more than average. Here’s what The Eco Experts reckon different size homes would pay for a system of solar roof tiles:
|Solar PV system size
|Cost of solar tiles
|1 bedroom flat
|1-2 bedroom house
|3 bedroom house
|4+ bedroom house
*Figures June 2023 The Eco Experts
Why are solar tiles so expensive?
Solar tiles are a relatively new innovation in the solar energy world. The type of solar PV cells they use are produced much less widely than those used in standard solar panels.
What’s more, the UK has far fewer manufacturers and providers of solar tiles than of solar panels, so there’s less competition among them. This limits the number of models produced and keeps consumer prices high.
As mentioned above, installation is also a more difficult and specialist process than with solar panels. Instead of simply installing panels on a frame on your existing roof, the installers effectively have to install a whole new roof on your home, and also wire each individual tile to the required standard. That all drives up costs significantly.
Are solar roof tiles better than solar panels?
Solar roof tiles are somewhat less efficient than solar panels. The efficiency rating of a typical solar panel is 20%, which means it’s capable of converting 20% of the sunshine hitting it into electricity. The most efficient solar panels can reach 23%. Solar tiles, however, rate between 10% and 20%.
The first reason for this is that solar roof tiles aren’t as well ventilated as solar panels. As we explain in our roundup of the best solar panels you can buy in the UK, solar PV cells thrive on light, not heat. The air can circulate easily around frame-mounted solar panels, but solar tiles are attached directly to your roof and are more likely to overheat.
The second reason is angle. With solar panels, it’s easy to install them on a frame to achieve the best angle (35 degrees) and direction (south) to capture maximum light. But with tiles, they have to be installed at the angle and direction of your roof, which may not be ideal.
READ NEXT: Best direction for solar panels
What are the best solar panel roof tiles I can buy?
Your choices are limited in the UK, especially with Tesla’s delayed launch. Your best bet is a home-grown manufacturer such as Wales-based GB-SOL or London-based XO Edge. These companies also sell identical (and cheaper) non-solar tiles for completing the rest of your roof.
Best tough solar tile for slate roofs: GB-SOL PV Slate
These lightweight natural blue slate-look solar tiles fit seamlessly into a new natural slate roof. Each toughened glass and aluminium slate comes with a 25-year warranty. Unusually, GB-SOL reveals prices upfront without making you apply for a quote: the slates cost £294/m², which equals £8,449 for a 4kW system (around £2,112/kW). Installation is an extra £2,200.
Most environmentally friendly solar tile: XO Solar Tiles
XO Edge uses construction-grade recycled plastic to manufacture its dark grey solar tiles, which contain up to 10 times less embodied carbon than roof tiles or solar panels and become carbon negative after six months. So if environmental concerns are your biggest reason to switch to solar, this is the tile to go for. XO says you need 84 of its 1.4kg tiles to generate 1kW of energy.
Best solar tile for red roofs: Crest Planum PV Red Solar Tile
This new solar tile from Crest is designed to fit perfectly next to the company’s non-solar red roof tiles. Their clip system makes them relatively easy to install, and they come with an impressive 30-year guarantee.
Best solar panel to blend with roof tiles: Marley SolarTile
Marley SolarTiles are not really solar roof tiles, but small solar panels designed to fit flush with your roof tiles. Despite sitting in your roof rather than on a frame that lets the air circulate, these panels still boast a good efficiency rating of 20.7%.
Should I buy solar roof tiles?
If you don’t mind the expense, the lengthy installation and the lack of choice over models and suppliers, then certainly include solar roof tiles in your options. Your roof will look fabulous and generate energy for many decades.
But after exploring the current UK market for solar tiles, we think you’re better off with panels. The price and efficiency of solar tiles will eventually improve as more manufacturers enter the market, but for now panels are a better investment.
Use our free quote-finder tool to find a solar panel installer near you, and discover how much money you could save over a lifetime of slashed electricity bills.


Yorkshire Forward/UK Coal Ltd
Proposed Development of Waverley Advanced Manufacturing Park
Executive Summary – Preliminary Issue
The proposed development site, which is owned by UK Coal Ltd, covers 40 hectares and is located immediately southwest of the village of Catcliffe, approximately 2.5 km south of Rotherham town centre and 3 km east of Sheffield City Centre. The site falls within the administrative boundaries of Rotherham Metropolitan Borough Council (RMBC). The proposed new Advanced Manufacturing Park will be developed by Yorkshire Forward and UK Coal. The proposals include zones for research and development, manufacturing, start-up and business incubator and support services.
The site was formerly subject to open cast coal extraction which, it is understood, finished in 1988. Restoration was completed in 1996 and was achieved by back filling of the extraction areas. This led to formation of a series of plateaux that were then seeded with a general grass and wildflower mix. The surrounds of the site can be generally described as being utilised for mixed industrial, residential, agricultural, commercial and recreational use. Significant features in the surrounding area include:
- to the north, another area of restored opencast colliery known as Phase 1. The B6533 lies further north with a superstore and associated car park beyond
- a railway line adjoins the site on its southern boundary. Further south lie farmland with mature hedgerows and copses
- to the east, High Field Spring (B6066) lies adjacent to the site boundary. Orgreave open cast colliery, which is operational, is located beyond.
- the Sheffield Parkway (A630) skirts the site’s northwestern boundary. Tinsley Park golf course lies beyond.
Environmental Assessment Process
An environmental assessment is currently being undertaken and is close to completion, which will result in a report that will:
- Describe baseline environmental conditions
- Assess impacts that could potentially arise during both the construction and operational phases of the project
- Identify mitigation measures that will potentially be necessary and assess the level of impact that may remain following mitigation (residual impact)
The report will is available on the Internet for view from 1 Nov 2002, (go to www.yorkshire-forward.com, then select ‘Flagship Programmes’, then ‘Advanced Manufacturing Park’). The environmental assessment does not constitute a statutory Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) under the 1999 EIA Regulations, as this was deemed not to be required by RMBC’s Planning Authority, due to the type of development and level of possible effects. RMBC did, however, conclude that a non-statutory environmental assessment should be undertaken concentrating on the effects of the development on the following matters:
- traffic flows to be generated and the effects of the traffic on air quality and noise levels
- effects of the development itself on Catcliffe and Brinsworth in terms of emissions and noise levels and the massing of buildings
- surface water flows, having particular regard to flooding issues
- foul drainage, having regard to the fact that ready access to sewage treatment facilities is not available at present
- flora and fauna resident on the site, including ground-nesting birds and any statutorily protected species
The following initial conclusions have been reached with regard to environmental issues. These may be subject to alteration as the environmental assessment is finalised.
Traffic and Transport
The proposed development site is well located for access to A 630 Sheffield Parkway and hence to the national motorway network, being very close to junction 33 of the M1 Motorway. The site is currently served by local bus routes and the masterplan includes sustainable transport proposals to encourage the use of walking and cycling for work trips. Future development plans also include a Transport Interchange adjacent to the site and an expansion of the Sheffield Supertram system.
The Transport Assessment is now complete and assesses the impact on local junctions and the adjoining road network. Measures to mitigate the impact of the development include possible local junction improvements and contributions to transport facilities.
RMBC’s air quality model will be used to model the potential effects on local air quality resulting from increased traffic levels associated with the new development. RMBC are due to supply the results in early November 2002. A qualitative assessment will also be undertaken of the potential for effects to arise as a result of on-site operations, through consideration of likely manufacturing operations and location of potentially sensitive receptors. Construction operations will also be considered.
Noise and Vibration
Noise monitoring has been undertaken at the site with the results indicating that the main road is the primary existing source of noise. Potential noise impacts will be assessed using predicted traffic flows, assumptions regarding potential on-site operations and the methodology given in CRTN (Calculation of Road Traffic Noise) and BS4142 (mixed residential and industrial). Potential construction impacts will also be considered.
Landscape and Visual Environment
The landscape is subject to no designations and therefore has no statutory or non-statutory protection. No landscape features considered to be of any significance are currently found on the site and the site has a derelict wasteland appearance. The landscape to the south of the site beyond the railway line, which consists of farmland and mature woodland, is considered to be of moderate value. There are relatively few residential properties overlooking the site with the exception of four groups of residential properties, located 0.5 km or more away. The landscape strategy will aim to provide screening to receptors and has the opportunity to improve the quality of the existing landscape.
Surface Water, Hydrology, Water Quality, Drainage
Foul sewer provisions have been requisitioned from Yorkshire Water who will design and construct a new pumping station and rising main. The surface water flows from the site will be discharged to the Sheffield Airport drain, which is separate to the drainage system covering Catcliffe, so as not to adversely affect any future flooding in Catcliffe.
Ecology and Nature Conservation
The majority of the site is characterised by open, fairly long, grassland with extensive patches of bare or sparsely vegetated ground. Potential for low-level negative effects to arise was identified in relation to loss of unmanaged grassland, loss of habitat for breeding skylarks and loss of temporary pools and ditches. The presence of other rare or protected species was not identified. The skylark breeding habitat is transient and would, without management, become unsuitable within a relatively short timescale. The proposed landscaping strategy and ecological management plan will mitigate for other impacts and will aim to increase the nature conservation value of the site.
A qualitative assessment of the potential effects of the development on existing socio-economic conditions is being undertaken, taking into account issues such as baseline conditions in the local area and numbers of jobs predicted to be created.


To build a new rear single story extension & remove internal walls to create an open plan living area.
Works Carried Out:
- Demolition of existing rear conservatory
- Removal of internal wall between kitchen and lounge and fit steel box frame in the opening
- Create a new opening for bifold doors and a glass roof
- Addition of ground floor WC, new kitchen, boiler, storage, and new pitched roof
- Install new kitchen
- Decorated throughout
The building work was done efficiently and to a high standard. Miles and Simon were flexible and receptive to our requests. The Birch team were professional, well organised, and committed to doing a good job. We were very pleased with the overall work and final result.


The overall project is 337,137 square feet of warehouse, offices, and bathrooms in Humboldt TN.
The facility, spanning approximately 217,323 sq. ft., was constructed to provide optimal functionality for FedEx’s operations in Dodge City, KS.
The Jonesboro AR. FedEx project involved the construction of a 318,357 square foot facility which houses warehouse and office spaces.
The Jonesboro, AR. Medic One Solar project was focused on setting up a new flat roof solar system, which consisted of 7 inverters and a total of 507 solar panels.
The project is a large-scale electrical setup for a 100,000 sq ft warehouse, requiring various electrical installations, adaptations, and fixtures in North Kansas City, MO.
The Carvana Vehicle Maintenance Facility is an 18,727 square feet warehouse located adjacent to the Carvana warehouse in West Memphis, AR.
The project in Kansas City, MO. covered 1.974 acres, with the key element being a pre-engineered metal building.


A growing number of architects have chosen to use timber cladding for both domestic and non-domestic buildings. While this increase has been noticeable in the UK, it is worth noting that the phenomenon is far from confined to Great Britain with overseas examples becoming more common as architects and developers begin to recognise the green benefits of using timber as a viable building material.
One of the many advantages of using timber as opposed to other more traditional materials is the relatively small amount of energy needed to produce it, as well as its reduced level of toxic pollution. It is, however, worth considering other factors when choosing a timber. Transportation, drying, preserving and machining the wood, and maintaining its finish all take their toll on the environment and add to the energy consumption required to produce the cladding. These downsides can be reduced by carefully selecting the species of wood and the finish of the final product to reduce the environmental impact when produced and on a long term basis.
Timber cladding is often created using a softwood from the coniferous forests in the Northern and Southern hemispheres because of its wealth of renewable building material. The trees more commonly used are Red Cedar, European larch or Douglas fir, which are robust and durable woods, but if treated with additional preservatives European redwood or whitewood can also be used.
Tropical hardwoods or durable temperate hardwoods such as European oak or sweet chestnut are also becoming more common. This applies in particular to European oak, commonly used in the UK in its unfinished form which weathers to an attractive silver grey. This wood is incredibly hardy and can last for centuries without any additional maintenance, making it a desirable choice for those who prefer a fuss-free home. Wood from these trees is also readily available to those in Europe and the British Isles. Extensive oak forests stretch over these regions, after recovering from widespread deforestation even as late of the 18th century. These rich woodlands would benefit from thinning out and could provide the necessarily sized wood for cladding. Used in its undried state, this would reduce the cost of production and the amount of energy required to produce the timber. As with many untreated timbers, once installed, an allowance must be made for shrinking.
Another benefit of opting for timber cladding is the amount of construction time it takes to install. Cladding is a ‘dry’ process which is simple in its application. The wood can also be arranged into prefabricated panels, which again further reduces the time spent on the site.
The increased interest in wood cladding has also extended to use on timber and steel framed buildings, as well as using wood to clad blockwork and concrete constructions. This option is mainly an aesthetic choice but benefits the homeowner by providing additional protection from the rain. Builders can also install additional external insulation between a masonry wall and the cladding which can improve thermal performance and reduce heating bills.
History of Use
There are two traditional ways of using timber cladding in construction. It can be utilised as a primary form of structure in external walls, or can be used to enclose another structural frame as mentioned above. Structural timber walling can be produced using debarked logs stacked together and overlapping in the corner, which is a construction originally found in the Alps, and later adopted by Scandinavia and North America. Alternatively, solid timber walling can be produced using the stave or palisade construction where thick boards are set directly into the ground to support the roof eaves, and a post structure or framed wall takes the burden of internal loads.
Non-structural timber cladding on the other hand was used to protect the inner frame which supports the major roof trusses. These trusses would have rafters between them, supported by purlins. Between the posts of the internal frame, the cladding would be supported by rails, smaller posts and figs. Examples of this type of construction can be seen in early barn buildings, more common in East Anglia where often the cladding would conceal the posts and wall framing rather than being exposed to the elements. This construction model became the go to for builders in New England until deforestation led to the deciduous trees of the region becoming scarce, and therefore more expensive. It was then that a more modern method of construction using load bearing posts and small section softwood stud walls to support roof rafters and cladding was used.
This new form of construction was buoyed by the development of water power. Previously, boards would be sawn by two men by hand in saw pits. This was a timely and exhausting process. However, with water power, the process could be quicker and less strenuous, increasing production. Saw mills were built alongside rivers near coniferous forests which made it possible for excess timber to be harvested and kept as stock, rather than just cut down for individual constructions. To ensure that the wood was used in the most economical way standard measurements were used when cutting the planking, cladding boards and frames. Sawn boards became more common for urban buildings, as well as the other commonly used split shingles and shakes for cladding. In North America, this became known as ‘clapboard construction’. The other new development in the construction industry at this time was the mass production of steel nails, which made traditional carpentry joints a thing of the past and allowed for smaller, cheaper sections of timber to be used as framing. The use of softwood framed timber clad construction has already been utilised in Scandinavia for hundreds of years and have successfully stood the test of time. There are still buildings of this type in Norway, which have survived since the 13th century.
In those parts of the world where this timber frame construction has become standard, frame buildings are clad in timber boards, shakes or shingles. The materials used often last the life of the building despite the extreme climates they are located in, and this is also the case in the milder weather of the British Isles. The durable softwoods such as western red cedar were historically used much in the way that the European oak is used now in the UK – as unfinished shingles or boards. However, those less durable softwoods, such as European redwoods and whitewoods were more often stained or painted. This became royal decree in 17th Century Sweden, where it was ordered that all wood clad buildings had to be finished with a coating of Falun, which consisted of oil, rye and wheat dust which was mixed with ferrous oxides. This resulted in the traditional red colour of Swedish timber buildings and provided hardwearing long-term protection to the wood, which required very little repainting.
In the 18th century where classical and Renaissance architecture came into fashion, countries which used timber cladded buildings were forced to refine their construction to adhere to these new stylings. Architectural features and motifs such as columns, cornices, pediments and quoins which were more commonly found in stone or stucco were replicated using wood. Gone were more traditional colours of wooden buildings to be replaced with white, grey and pastel colours. This style of architecture is still seen commonly in the United States in New England where the Colonial style of mansions and large town houses have stood the test of time.
Another peculiar example of wood cladding can be found in North America, where small panels of unfinished hardwood were used to simulate individual blocks of ashlar stone and mounted directly on to the timber framing. As these untreated panels weathered naturally, they would fade to grey, creating a convincing appearance of classical stone.
Timber Framed Buildings
Despite existing in the UK since the 18th century, timber framed buildings have never garnered the same level of popularity as the more traditional brick buildings found on our shores. Those that did exist were often faced with plain or mathematical clay tiles to simulate brickwork, or else were faced with an additional brick skin or lime render to conceal the original construction of the building and raising the ‘status’ of the building.
However, some rare original examples of the earlier form of timber cladding do still exist in the UK in the south of England where old farm buildings can be found faced with either tarred or creosoted softwood boards; wide ‘waney’ edged elm boards or unfinished oak.
In the 1930s, there was a small insurgence of timber-framed buildings, which were imported and erected in the British Isles. Despite their age, these have lasted very well and have suffered from little physical deterioration. Sadly, some have been coated with unsuitable paints since their original production which has caused trapped moisture in the wood and decay. Some of the other properties have also been poorly maintained, giving them an overall shabby appearance. Nowadays with correctly designed rainscreen cladding and modern paints and stains, these problems can be avoided.
Not only is timber cladding attractive and easily maintained, but it is also an economical and environmentally friendly way for designers and those wishing to build their home to enclose buildings. With construction regulations and other UK legislation changes in the UK aiding the popularity of sustainable development and increased prefabrication for more efficient building, the popularity of timber cladding is sure to continue to rise.


London underground is the oldest and one of the busiest underground railway networks in the world. When I start thinking about the the history and background of London underground I found it interesting and fascinating. The reason I like it is because, I read some interesting fact about London underground and It took centuries to make a perfect underground.
One thing I notice is all lines are referred by their contemporary names. Many if not all of the lines have however had different names during their existence.
When the underground network was first devised and built, escalators hadn’t been invented, access to all the deeper stations could only practically be made with a lift. I think lift was invented before the escalators. All the deep level stations on the Central, Piccadilly, and Northern lines were originally built for access via elevator, with a spiral emergency staircase built in a secondary smaller vertical shaft.
As the use of the stations increased and escalators became more widely available, most of the busy stations were converted for escalator use.
During the refurbishment of Charing Cross station in the early 1970s when Trafalgar Square and Strand station were combined to form a single station, a large amount of construction work was needed to excavate the vast amount of rock and earth to create the new tunnels. So that this work could take place, a new shaft was sunk.
One of the more interesting experiments with platform-to-surface transportation took place in the second lift shaft situated at Holloway Road on the Piccadilly Line.
Posters displayed on stations have been prominent in the use of works by artists specially commissioned by the Underground. This tradition started in 1908 with the appearance of posters such as Hassell’s “No need to ask a P’liceman”, which depicted a policeman showing a lady the Underground map which had recently been introduced at stations. The tradition continued throughout the 1920s and 1930s with work by such artists as Graham Sutherland, E McKnight Kauffer and many others. The posters became so popular that they have been reproduced for sale to the public as well as revived for publicity purposes.
London Underground is getting interesting day by day. There is an example of World’s Shortest Escalator


What if gutters were installed on every single-family home that was ever built? Well, I suggest that things would be different in many ways…at least insofar as homes, the owners of those homes, and the owners wallets are concerned.
Most people don’t give much though to gutters. As a Raleigh Home Inspector and the owner of a Raleigh Home Inspection firm in North Carolina, I give thought to them most every day. Either there are gutters installed on a home or there aren’t…It’s one of the very first observations I make when I arrive at a property to perform a Home Inspection. And here’s the thing…in the vast majority of instances where there are no gutters installed to control all that roof run-off water, the home exhibits some deficiency or deterioration as a direct result. Why is that?
When no gutters are installed, then all of that wonderful, beautiful, life-giving substance that we know to be water falls onto the roof, runs off of the roof, and is deposited immediately onto the ground next to the foundation…or onto other surfaces such as patios or driveways. This is where the troubles begin.
Too much water adjacent to a foundation can have potentially disastrous results. Uncontrolled grade and roof run-off water can make its way into crawl spaces and that excessive moisture can lead directly to decay of wood structural components like floor joists and support beams. It can also lead directly to conditions that are conducive to the growth of fungal growth…mold and mildew and other such nasty undesirables that can, and often are, associated with health issues.
And the adverse effect of water on buildings isn’t limited to those home constructed on crawl space foundations. Homes constructed on basements are especially vulnerable…in the first place, who wants a wet basement? But excess water on the exterior side of a basement foundation wall can be more than simply annoying or uncomfortable…it can lead to serious structural issues as well. When the soil is constantly wet immediately next to the foundation, that wet soil can exert tremendous inward force against the structure as a result of a phenomenon called hydrostatic pressure where the wet soil presses against the exterior of the foundation and dramatically increases the associated lateral loads, or force, applied to the wall. Resulting structural failure can be very technically challenging, and very expensive, to repair. Roof run-off water that splashes onto walkways, driveways, and porches is yet another common problem. That water often splashes up onto the building and causes the decay of wood doors, door trim, siding, and other such components.
Homes constructed using the concrete slab-on-grade methodology aren’t immune either…although the effects of all that water around a slab foundation might not be readily apparent and may not become obvious for some time to come.
One very simple, and relatively inexpensive way to prevent the possibility of these types of issues is to install a gutter system to control the roof run-off water and discharge that water well away from the foundation. I have found that seamless aluminum gutters are the most effective because…(drum roll, please)…they don’t have any seams that can leak. Properly sized seamless gutters, combined with properly sized and extended downspouts, or splash blocks placed on the soil with a positive drainage slope (so the water runs away from the building rather than toward it), will allow for adequate control of the roof run-off water and preclude that water from damaging a home.
Of course, as with most things, there are other related considerations. First, those wonderful gutters that are doing such a magnificent job of protecting your home…they’re going to have to be routinely maintained and kept clear of debris such as leaves and the like. Because in my professional experience, having evaluated many, many thousands of homes, the only thing worse that a home with no gutters installed…is a home with a clogged or failing gutter system installed. Gutters and downspouts that are allowed to become clogged are just as potentially damaging as having none at all. Most gutters are going to overflow during periods of very heavy rainfall…but gutters and downspouts that are allowed to become clogged will overflow during even minimal or moderate rainfall. And that water can damage other wood components like fascia and soffit at the eaves around the home…and that’s while it’s on the way to the ground where it can be detrimental in the ways previously mentioned.
So simple and inexpensive is the installation of gutters and downspouts that I suggest they should be required components for every home ever built. I have often heard home builders say “We don’t use gutters because they look ugly!”. Personally, I’ve never seen a gutter or a downspout that is more ugly than a wet, nasty crawl space…or a rotten piece of wood…or an expensive door that is so rotten it needs to be replaced. And I should point out that most conscientious builders of quality homes do, indeed, install gutter systems on their homes because…(another drum roll, please)…it makes good common sense!
If there aren’t any gutters installed on your valuable home….then I urge you to have them installed by an appropriate professional. If gutters are installed, then go out and give em’ a good look and make sure they are clear of debris and in good working order.
In summary, an effective gutter system, consisting of seamless gutters and extended downspouts that discharge roof run-off water well away from the foundation, is such a positive aspect of a “healthy” home, that it just simply should not be over-looked. It is exceptionally valuable insurance against expensive repairs as a result of water damage. And they’re relatively inexpensive, too. Who doesn’t like that?


Under the Town and Country Planning (Development Management Procedure) (Wales) (Amendment) Order 106 Part 1A Section 2B, those proposing major developments are required to consult with members of the public and community and statutory bodies prior to submitting their planning application to the Local Planning Authority.
This website provides details of proposals to redevelop Central Square Plot 5 at land to the North of Wood Street and east of Scott Road. The development is for a residential tower with commercial uses on the ground floor, public realm, cycle parking and associated drainage, landscaping and infrastructure works. A separate pavilion providing commercial floorspace is also proposed between the tower and public realm to the west of the recently installed Betty Campbell statue.
Rightacres Property Company Ltd intends to submit a full planning application for this phase of development once the consultation has ended and all comments received have been considered.
You are invited to make comments to the Rightacres team for us to consider before we submit the planning application.
It is important to note that this exercise is entirely separate from the statutory consultation that Cardiff Council will conduct once the planning application has been submitted. The current process will not preclude you from making future comments and should you wish to do so, you may make further comments direct to the Council at that stage, for consideration by the Council.
Planning permission is to be sought for a residential-led mixed-use 30-storey tower with commercial floorspace at ground level; and a two-storey standalone pavilion within the public realm north of Wood Street providing commercial floorspace.
The residential tower will accommodate 330 apartments, amenity areas and cycle parking for residents, and 235 sqm of commercial floorspace at ground floor level. The pavilion will provide 557 sqm of commercial floorspace such as food/drink/café uses over two levels, opening onto a terrace at first floor level and into the adjoining public realm at ground level. The proposed development also includes landscaping, drainage, and a cycle hub that will accommodate 120 bicycles within the public realm around the pavilion.
The proposed development is located on a brownfield site that fronts Wood Street within the Central Square Masterplan area. It seeks to continue the ongoing regeneration of Central Square and will provide substantial residential accommodation in a highly sustainable city centre location. The application site has been cleared for development, having previously been occupied by St David’s House.
The proposed development site is one of the few remaining areas for development within Central Square, with surrounding developments plots including the BBC Wales Headquarters, the HMRC building ‘Tŷ William Morgan House’, One Central Square and Two Central Square being completed and occupied by businesses and Cardiff University.
The transport Interchange is currently under construction and includes a residential tower similar in height to the Plot 5 development. Together these will ‘bookend’ Wood Street and help to identify the commercial centre of Cardiff.
The design of the residential tower and pavilion will create active frontage to Wood Street and new public realm that contains the recently installed Betty Campbell Square.
Draft Planning Application Documents
The below files comprise the draft planning documents that have been prepared for the proposed development. This includes a full set of plans, the Design and Access Statement, Planning Statement, and a suite of technical reports.
How to Comment
The consultation has now closed.


Here's a chance to take a step in the right direction: This summer, Williston Road will be repaved from the intersection with 116/Patchen to the Ace Hardware past the airport. A small group has formed to ask the South Burlington City Council to consider a pilot "Complete Street" project as a part of the repaving. This would generally reduce the road from four vehicle lanes to three (with the middle lane as a turn lane" and would add bicycle lanes to the road surface.
|Colchester Avenue in Burlington before and after its Complete Street conversion|
The South Burlington City Council is meeting on Monday to discuss the possibility of trying out this Complete Street configuration to see if it will work. While there will be an impact on motor vehicle traffic (generally making Williston Road a slower trip for motorists during peak hours ), the road would be made immeasurably safer for bicyclists and pedestrians. Here's the email notice I got about the meeting:
TO: All interested in a Williston Road “Complete Streets Trial” this summer
City Council has agreed to re-consider whether to recommend a trial at its upcoming meeting at 7pm Monday, March 19th at South Burlington City Hall -575 Dorset Street.
Whether to prioritize continued motorist use of Williston Road, many of whom are simply “passing through” will need to be discussed and weighed versus placing an increased priority on more local S.B. neighborhood, bicyclist, pedestrian, speed and safety concerns which might involve somewhat greater traffic delay during certain peak traffic times of day.
Comments from interested parties will be important to a complete and thoughtful City Council discussion and decision.
Please try to attend.
Chair, South Burlington Recreation Path Committee


A Uniseal is a firm but flexible rubber-like plastic gasket. When fitten properly, it creates a good, tight seal around a pipe that penetrates a tank wall.
See table below for suitable size of Uniseal, pipe and hole saw to suit your purposes.
As Uniseals are designed to fit tightly around the pipe in the hole, they can be challenging to install. To make it easier, cut some short slots into the end of the pipe, so you can make the leading end of the pipe a bit narrower (see picture).
Also, slather the pipe with some kind of water-soluble, food-safe lubricant, like dishwashing liquid. This helps the pipe slide through the Uniseal. If fitted correctly, you should have no leaks around the pipe.


As a result of rapid global population growth, the delivery of water is becoming a complex logistic and economic issue. Water utilities struggle not only to deliver sufficient water volumes to consumers but also to maintain a suitable quality of clean water. In addition to those challenges, utilities must control the reaction of their water networks to external disruptions (drought, flood, energy shortage, nuclear accident, pollution, malicious attacks, water shortage) that might prove tragic for inhabitants, industries, agriculture or sensitive sites such as hospitals.
In order to face the water challenges of tomorrow, CoSMo has developed a breakthrough solution that introduces a new kind of water management intelligence. This solution helps water utilities to prepare their emergency plans optimally and be more reactive in times of crises. Based on a unique predictive analytics platform dedicated to complex systems, our solution enables decision makers to improve the resilience and robustness of their water networks by simulating the impact of various emergency scenarios and finding the most adequate answers.
CoSMo Fluid enables water utilities to simulate numerically the behaviors of their network by changing the input parameters’ values of the model, previously developed and instantiated with their data. Analyzing various scenarios and observing their outputs on KPIs of interest help utilities make better decisions on a daily, weekly and yearly basis and allow them to reach optimal values on those KPIs.
Anticipation of problems
In addition to optimization, analyzing what-if scenarios enables to test water networks’ robustness and resilience to expected and unexpected events. It can for instance predict what happens when specific valves are closed or when the network is struck by a natural disaster. CoSMo Fluid will thus help utilities avoid damages, prevent and find solutions to unpredictable issues.
Optimization of crisis management
The knowledge acquired through CoSMo simulations enables utilities to be prepared for every possibility. In case of a crisis or emergency situation, CoSMo Fluid helps utilities find the most reasonable backup plan and facilitates quick decisions that can save their network from critical damages and contaminations. Examples of decisions enhanced by CoSMo Fluid are: adequate sizing and numbering of backup pumping stations, finding optimized strategies to close valves to prevent cisterns from drying up and being backflushed, optimizing water emergency transport and delivery from distribution points to critical buildings.


Lagos State Governor, Mr. Babajide Sanwo-Olu has prioritized the implementation of an integrated transportation system under the ‘Traffic Management and Transportation Pillar of the THEMESPlus Agenda.
Some of Mr. Governor’s notable efforts and strides in the sector include the expansion of the BRT system, investment in rail infrastructure, road rehabilitation, and infrastructure development, revitalization of the water transportation system and the introduction of modern ferries to enhance connectivity across different parts of the city.
These have, to an extent, improved residents’ mobility across the State.
According to German writer and statesman, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, ‘not the maker of plans and promises, but rather the one who offers faithful service in small matters is the person who is most likely to achieve what is good and lasting’.
In Lagos State, the leadership places a high premium on the sanctity of promise in every sphere of life. To the government, a promise made should always be a promise kept. In other words, the process of a promise made isn’t completed until it is fulfilled. This is, perhaps, why the State is relatively doing better on the index of economic growth and development
Among the projects this administration promised to deliver are the Lagos Blue and Red Lines Rail. They are both designed to connect various parts of the city. The Blue Line runs from Okokomaiko in the Mainland to Marina on Lagos Island. This route provides an important connection for different areas of the city.
As for the Red Line, when it becomes fully operational it is expected to convey about 500,000 passengers daily. This significant milestone is a testament to Mr. Governor’s commitment to the development of integrated mass transit system.
Overall, the introduction of the Red Line rail could play a significant role in the government’s efforts to regulate or out rightly ban the use of Okada (commercial motorcycles) across the State.
The project offers a reliable alternative mode of transportation for commuters who would otherwise have been forced to rely on Okadas. It provides a more convenient and efficient way to travel within the city, thereby reducing the need for Okadas.
Okada is associated with significant safety risks, due to factors such as reckless driving, lack of proper safety gear, and frequent accidents. The Red Line Rail, being a safer mode of transportation, could encourage commuters to ignore Okada, thereby reducing the number of accidents and injuries on the roads.
Also, Okadas contribute to traffic congestion in Lagos, especially during peak hours, as they precariously weave through traffic. The implementation of the Red Line Rail would, no doubt, help alleviate this congestion.
Okadas are generally more polluting than electric-powered trains like the Red Line rail. By reducing the reliance on motorcycles for transportation, the rail system could contribute significantly to improving air quality and reducing environmental pollution in Lagos.
The Red Line Rail could offer several potential benefits to residents and businesses. Some of these benefits include improved transportation, economic development, environmental impact, connectivity, and enhanced property value.
The Red Line Rail could provide residents with a reliable and efficient mode of transportation, reducing travel times and congestion on the roads. This could improve the overall quality of life for residents by providing a more convenient way to travel around the city.
Talking about economic development, the advent of the Red Line Rail could stimulate economic development along its route, as businesses, shops and services could potentially benefit from increased foot traffic and accessibility.
This could lead to the creation of new job opportunities and the revitalization of certain areas. Once fully operational, the rail system will require staff for operations, maintenance, and customer service, thus further contributing to employment opportunities.
A well-designed public transportation system can help reduce the environmental impact of commuting by offering an alternative to private cars. By encouraging the use of public transportation, the Red Line Rail could contribute to a reduction in air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.
The red line rail could improve connectivity between different neighbourhoods and districts within Lagos, making it easier for residents to access essential services, education, healthcare, and job opportunities.
Properties located near the Red-Line Rail’s Stations will certainly experience an increase in value, as the convenience of public transportation can make these areas more attractive to potential residents and businesses.
So, what should the government do to ensure the success of the project?
The government should ensure transparency in its management. This should be done via clear communication with the public, stakeholders and relevant authorities. Additionally, establishing mechanisms for accountability and oversight can help prevent delays, cost overruns, and potential corruption.
Also, integrating the Red Line Rail with other modes of transportation, such as bus networks, pedestrian pathways, and cycling infrastructure, can help maximize its impact and improve overall connectivity within the city. Cheerfully, the government has been working round the clock to achieve this.
The government should establish a supportive regulatory framework and policies to facilitate the successful operation of the Red Line rail. This may include setting fare structures, safety regulations, land use planning around stations, and coordination with other public transport services.
By focusing on these key areas, the success of the Red Line Rail can be sustained, ultimately providing the city with a valuable and sustainable transportation infrastructure.


You master SimCity 4tm or SimCity to create a city of the future. Your challenge this year is to design a way to move people through your city. Isolate on one mode of transportation and create an energy efficient, safe and valuable transportation system for your citizens. You'll write a narrative to entice others to visit or live in your city. You even get to build a scale model of a portion of your city to demonstrate how great a solution you've designed. Finally, you will explain your concept of a perfect city and the society that lives there.
Have a fun engineering experience! See you at the Region Finals!


Thursday, February 15
Long time Industry professional, John Canjemi, will join us at our February General Meeting to discuss safety on Construction sites and in the work place. John will explain the requirements of OSHA and NEC Article 590 as well as clarify the information and safety techniques that electrical contractors must know when performing work on such sites. Don’t miss this opportunity to get the information you need to know!
Clarion Hotel & Conference Center
3845 Veterans Memorial Hwy, Ronkonkoma, NY 11779
Copyright © 2018 SCECA, ALL RIGHTS ARE RESERVED


Company: EDSIEngineering Design Source, Inc. (EDSI)* is a vibrant 30-person Civil Engineering and Surveying firm in Chesterfield, Missouri. We are expanding our operations and have an immediate opening for an experienced full-time *Hydraulic/Water Resources Engineer.* The ideal candidate will be licensed in Missouri and Illinois and have a wide variety of experience in water resources, hydraulics, hydrology, water conveyance and roadway drainage design and analysis.
Description and Responsibilities:
The Hydraulic/Water Resources Engineer will perform analysis and design on proposed improvements related to alignment alternatives for bridge replacements, flood protection, hydraulic studies, bridge condition reports, and location drainage studies. Other duties will include working on projects requiring floodplain, floodway modeling, river/creek/channel design, stream bank stabilization, bridge sizing, scour analysis and preparing final reports required for the approval of permits. A working knowledge of computer-assisted design and analysis such as HEC-RAS, storm drain system analysis, AutoCAD Civil 3d and/or MicroStation is required. As part of the team, the Hydraulic/Water Resources Engineer will support our Structures and Water Resources Group
-5 + years of professional engineering experience in hydraulic /water resource related projects
-Licensed Professional Engineer (P.E.) in the states of Missouri and Illinois
-Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering (BSCE)
-Proficient in HEC-RAS, storm drain system analysis, AutoCAD Civil 3d and/or MicroStation
-Strong organizational, interpersonal, and written and verbal communication skills
-Able to meet deadlines
-Thorough knowledge of IDOT or GDOT drainage policies and procedures contained primarily within the IDOT Drainage Manual is strongly preferred
Location: Chesterfield, Missouri
Employee Status: Regular
Salary is commensurate with experience
Benefits include a comprehensive package with medical, dental, vision and 401k retirement plan
At EDSI, we are proud to have a team of talented individuals who enjoy their work and their workplace. Our premise is that happiness drives results.
EDSI was started in 1995 with a simple but powerful premise...the best work comes from talented people who are motivated to do their best because they love what they're doing.
Provide our customers with the highest level of excellence in our design and surveying services
Ensure customer satisfaction in all areas, including timeliness, attention to detail, and quality
Foster the highest standard of professionalism, integrity, cooperation, and enthusiasm in our relationships with our fellow staff members, clients and subcontractors
-Take care of our clients
Engineering Design Source, Inc. is an equal opportunity employer M/F/D/V_


An elected Liberal Nationals Government will commit $4.4 million to install traffic lights at the intersection of Maroondah Highway and Killara Road in Coldstream, improving safety and easing congestion at this dangerous intersection.
The Coldstream community is concerned at how dangerous it is for vehicles entering Maroondah Highway from Killara Road and Station Street. Local residents, traders and Coldstream CFA volunteers have called for traffic lights for over a decade to ease congestion and enable safe navigation through this area for locals, tourists, transporters and first responders. Currently motorists and pedestrians take unnecessary risks to get out into the traffic or cross the road for the shops or bus stops.
This announcement adds to the Liberal Nationals commitment to build both North East Link and East West Link, as well as removing 55 of Melbourne and Geelong’s busiest and most dangerous intersections through grade separations.
Comments attributable to Shadow Minister for Roads and Infrastructure, David Hodgett:
“Bridget Vallence has been doing extensive work with the Coldstream CFA, Coldstream Voice, local residents and traders, and advocated strongly to secure funding to install traffic lights at Coldstream’s busiest and most dangerous intersection.
The Liberal Nationals are committed to reducing our road toll and the incidence of injury or death, as a result of unsafe local roads, by making the right investments in our road networks.”
Comments attributable to Liberal Candidate for Evelyn, Bridget Vallence:
“We have listened to what matters to the Coldstream community. I am delighted to announce that the Liberals will deliver what the Coldstream community has asked for – traffic lights at the intersection of Killara Road and Maroondah Highway to improve safety, ease congestion, and provide CFA volunteers the ability to quickly and safely travel through this intersection in times of emergency.
If I am elected to represent Evelyn, I will continue to work closely with the local community and VicRoads to ensure we get the best outcome for motorists and residents.”
Comments attributable to Coldstream CFA Captain, Sean Bethell:
“This intersection has been dangerous for many years, and the commitment by Bridget Vallence and the Liberals for traffic lights at Killara Road is fantastic for our community, and will help locals and CFA volunteers more safely and quickly get onto or across Maroondah Highway to attend emergencies.”


Posted on: 6 February 2024Share
A robust and well-maintained roof is not just a matter of curb appeal—it's fundamental to the structural integrity and safety of a home. It shields against the elements, contributes to energy efficiency, and safeguards possessions and occupants. However, environmental wear and tear take their toll over time, and discerning whether a roof requires repair or a complete replacement is critical for maintaining a secure living environment.
Signs of Roof Damage
There are multiple red flags that suggest a roof may be failing:
- Missing or Damaged Shingles: Roofs withstand unpredictable weather, but over time, shingles may break or disappear altogether. This compromises the roof's ability to repel water and can lead to significant interior damage.
- Leaks and Water Damage: Ceiling spots, drips during rainfalls, or streaks along walls may signal leaks. These symptoms often indicate progressing damage that merits immediate attention.
- Sagging or Uneven Roof: Noticeable dips or sagging areas signify possible structural issues, such as deteriorating rafters or decking weakened by water infiltration.
- High Energy Bills: Sudden increases in heating or cooling costs might reflect poor ventilation or insulation due to an aging roof.
When to Consider a Roof Replacement
Several factors impact the decision to replace a roof rather than repair it:
- Age of the Roof: Most roofs have a set lifespan. Beyond this period, materials degrade and might fail to protect the home properly.
- Frequent Repairs: Constant patch jobs can be costly and might indicate systemic issues that a new roof could resolve.
- Visible Wear and Tear: Extensive deterioration, such as large patches of moss, granule loss from asphalt shingles, or widespread staining, may necessitate roof replacement.
- Safety Concerns: Structural vulnerability can pose risks. Timely replacement helps prevent potential accidents or more extensive damage.
Benefits of Installing a New Roof
The advantages of installing a new roof extend beyond rectifying immediate issues:
- Enhanced Curb Appeal: A new roof can rejuvenate the home's appearance, presenting a polished and updated look.
- Improved Energy Efficiency: Modern roofing materials are often designed to reflect UV rays, contributing to lower energy consumption and a consistently comfortable indoor climate.
- Increased Home Value: A new roof can significantly increase a property's market value, representing a notable return on investment.
- Peace of Mind: With a new roof comes assurance. Homeowners can feel confident that they are protected from the elements and will not face sudden roofing emergencies.
Choosing the Right Roofing Material
Selecting a roofing material involves balancing aesthetics, functionality, durability, and budget:
- Factors to Consider: Climate, the home's architectural style, and homeowners' association regulations may all influence material choice.
- Popular Options: Asphalt shingles are cost-effective and versatile, while metal roofs offer durability and energy efficiency. Tile and slate present long lifespans and distinct styles but come with a higher price tag and weight considerations.
Each material boasts unique benefits and potential drawbacks. A professional residential roofing installation specialist can provide guidance based on specific needs and local conditions.
For more info, contact a local company like United Roofing & Restoration Inc.