Pile penetration and loadings modelled by the Discrete Element Method
Dr (Helen) Yi Pik CHENG is Associate professor in soil mechanics at UCL. Before her appointment at UCL, Helen received his PhD at the Cambridge University about the micromechanical investigation on soil plasticity affected by particle crushing, under the supervision of Prof. Malcolm Bolton (Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering). Helen has currently mentored 19 PhD students and researchers (8 at UCL) and has published more than 60 journal and conference articles, including a few in the International Journal of Geotehnique. Her i10-index is 23 (h-index is 16) from Google scholar. She has served in the advisory panels including the journal of Getechnique, Geotechnique Letters, and also as guest editor in the journal of Computers and Geotechnics. She is also a member of the International Committee of TC105 Geo-mechanics from Micro to Macro. Helen’s research interests are on applications of the Discrete Element Methods in various geotechnical problems to understand the micro-mechanisms of soil systems, e.g. crushable soil mechanics, transitional soils, sand-silt soil mixtures, soil liquefaction, pile foundation and installations, and mechanical behaviour of methane hydrate bearing soils, soil reinforcement, and also sustainable applications such as the uses of waste tyres, recycled crushed glass and soilbags etc.
With a rising demand for renewable, sustainable and green energy sources, offshore wind industry is experiencing a rapid expansion. The most common type of support structure for offshore wind turbines are large-diameter monopiles. With this initial motivation in mind, a model pile was carefully created using the two-dimensional discrete element method. This numerical method is capable of modelling large strain particles movement around the pile. The grid method with an increased level of gravity was proposed in order to successfully and efficiently reproduce the uniformly increasing stresses ground condition of the granular sand.
The behaviour of pile penetration was then investigated, revealing the inter-relationship between volume change of the granular mass, the horizontal stress reversal and the friction degradation at pile shaft at different relative distance from the pile tip. After pile installation, the subsequent axial loading behaviour was also investigated, in which the distinct behaviour of different pile types will be highlighted. The monotonic horizontal loading simulations data matched well with a set of published centrifuge experimental data, showing non-linear load-displacement responses of the pile. Further investigations on the cyclic horizontal loadings will be also shown and explained.


Cabling zones exist to reduce the risk that you could accidentally cut or screw into an electrical cable when doing day to day jobs such as DIY or hanging pictures.
The cable zones exist as areas where concealed cables should be run so these are the areas to be avoided when drilling into walls.
Electrical cables should not be found outside of these zones however in many older (and some newer) properties they often are so this is something to be cautious of when chasing or chopping sections out of a wall.
For many reasons it’s useful to know where the safety zones are. If you are doing some of the first fix yourself by chasing out the walls you must ensure you keep to these zones. It’s also handy to know where the zones are if you are planning on drilling into a wall. Avoiding these zones will reduce your chances of accident or injury.
So which areas are the zones where the cables are run?
- Top of the wall – where the wall meets the ceiling there is a 150mm zone where cables should be run. This is at the top of the wall and runs horizontally around the whole room.
- Join between two walls – where the two wall meet there is a safety zone on each wall from the join. This is for any joins in a room and will always run vertically down from the corner.
- Horizontally and vertically from any switch or socket – the zone runs horizontally from both sides of the socket until it reaches a corner or an obstacle such as a door, and vertically the width of the socket or switch up to the ceiling and down to the floor.
- If a partition wall is less than 100mm thick then the cable safe zone for a socket or switch will run on both sides of the wall.
In the event that a cable cannot be run in these zones cables the cable must comply with one of the following –
- Be over 50mm below the surface, if the wall is made from metal, then it will need RCD protection
- The cable should be armoured with an earthed armour or metal sheath
- The cable should be in metal trunking or conduit which is earthed
- It should have protection from at least 3mm steel.
Generally, it’s much easier to run cables under the floor however this isn’t possible with a concrete floor which is why the safety zones are used to run the cables down to switches and sockets.
Cables can be run under wooden floors however there are some restrictions and there are rules about where you can notch and drill through a joist as any holes can weaken the joint. The cable must also be at least 50mm from the edges of the joist, effectively 50mm from the ceiling below or floor above.
Awareness of the safety cabling zones is in everyone’s best interest, especially to be considered when doing DIY involving drilling anything into a wall to avoid any accidents coming into contact with an electrical cable.


* Vehicles travelling in underground tunnels will exceed 120mph. Currently it costs $1B to dig 1 mile. The Boring Company will use robotics to reduce the tunneling cost by 10x. The next phase of the company is to build vacuum shells to allow a hyperloop vehicle to travel underground at over 600mph. A lot of houses will be built in the process.
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New and Current Projects:
As our Clients could not meet us on site, we agreed to visit the property unaccompanied and conduct an initial consultation via email. We took photographs whilst we were on site.
Upon receipt of instructions to proceed with the project, we've completed a selective Measured Survey, studied the existing drainage layout and established vital levels.
We plotted the survey data to create a set of Survey Drawings showing the existing conditions and we posted paper copies to our Clients.
Initial design sketches were drawn and emailed to our Clients. Their comments have lead to the design brief being changed. So we prepared further design sketches for consideration and our Clients have commented on these too. Now we have a design brief established, though with a few tweaks necessary.
We will be meeting our Clients at the property shortly.
Upon receipt of instructions to proceed with this phased project, we met with our Clients to establish their design brief in detail.
We took photographs and conducted a selective Measured Survey, including a few spot ground levels
Although plans for the property and a separate, recently approved scheme drawn up by others are available for general reference, we cannot rely upon their accuracy and, indeed, we have found them to include some fundamental errors. Hence, the need to check all relevant principal dimensions ourselves!
We prepared Survey Drawings showing the existing views of the Garage and the Reception Wing.
The Ecologist who prepared a Bat Survey Report for the previous scheme by others supplied an Addendum in relation to Phase 1.
A Planning Application was submitted to Pembrokeshire County Council and Planning Permission was received without difficulty.
A Building Notice Application for Phase 1 was submitted to PCC Building Control and has been formally acknowledged. Our regular Structural Engineer has supplied the necessary structural design information and this has also now been submitted to Building Control.
Following meetings with our Clients and the Ecologist, we've begun sketching a design for Phase 2. In light of the time elapsed since the original bat survey, the Ecologist has advised that a further limited bat survey will be required to accompany a planning submission for the Dining Room Extension.
Upon receipt of emailed instructions to proceed on the project, we ordered Location and Block Plans from an online O.S. Map Agent and our regular Land Surveyor carried out a basic GPS Topographic Site Survey.
In advance of the survey, we sketched up an outline design for our Clients' perusal and, following discussion of the geometry of the roof, we completed our formal drawings. A Planning Application was submitted to the PCNPA and was approved without difficulty.
We have also submitted a Building Notice Application to PCC Building Control.
Our regular Structural Engineer has now supplied structural design information for a reinforced concrete raft and other elements of the build, which we have submitted to Building Control.
Projects under construction or pending:
Our Clients wish to seek Pembrokeshire County Council Outline Planning Permission to allow them to place this plot on the market.
Our Clients accepted that a Pre-Application Planning Enquiry would be a wise first step.
Upon instructions to proceed we appointed a Land Surveyor to conduct a Topographic Site Survey.
Having obtained DCWW Sewer and Water Plans and summising that there may be difficulties in connecting to the main sewer, we submitted a Pre-Planning Application to DCWW in early July and we received a detailed written appraisal that is generally favourable, subject to further onsite investigations.
It has been determined that the access track is a recognised Public Right of Way.
We prepared an Existing Site Plan based upon the Topographic Survey, plus a Proposed Site Plan.
We attended a strategy meeting with our Clients, at which we agreed upon going ahead with the preparation and submission of a Pre-Application Planning Enquiry to Pembrokeshire CC and a written appraisal has been received.
An LDP policy conflict was identified, meaning that an open market dwelling will not be supported, but there is an opportunity for providing an affordable dwelling in accordance with the strict LDP policies and Supplementary Guidance.
However, our Clients are interested in the potential of submission of their plot as a Candidate Site under the initiation of the next LDP. Pembrokeshire CC Development Management have invited the submission of Additional Candidate Sites, the original window of submission having closed in 2018. But the Candidate Sites rules deem the minimum site area for an affordable homes development is 0.15 hectare, so at only 0.03 hectare this site is too small to qualify for affordable homes - something that the Pre-App Advice failed to notify.
We are now aware that an adjoining piece of land has already been submitted as a Candidate Site, so this could bouy our Clients' hopes. Should our Clients' site and the one adjacent be accepted under this regime, the settlement boundary would be realigned to include them.
We prepared and delivered an Additional Candidate Site Submission to the LDP Team at County Hall and, after chasing, we received a formal acknowledgement.
Having resolved a workable scheme design, Planning Permission was received from Pembrokeshire County Council at least three weeks early!
We submitted a Building Notice Application to PCC Building Control, combined with the Garage project (see below), which was accepted and registered.
An accreditted Energy Performance Assessor was appointed to provide a SAP Report, which indicated that no mitigating works are necessary on the existing house. The report was submitted to Building Control and our regular Structural Engineer supplied structural design information for the building, but not the foundations.
However, some three months after submission, Building Control raised some concerns, upon which we received clarification that further information was required to verify wall stability, given the length of the structure.
A foundation scheme design has been received from a new Structural Engineer, which has been approved by Building Control.
Our Clients appointed a ground worker and a local builder and our Clients are in charge of project management, though the build has not yet begun pending further deliberations on the final approach to the foundation design for this unusual scheme.
A second project for our Clients near Rosemarket.
We carried out a feasibility study to determine whether a detached double garage might work satisfactorily in the chosen location and we conducted further surveying to enable us to create a new Existing Site Plan.
Following discussions on the most efficient layout, we agreed a satisfactory scheme, completed formal drawings and submitted a Planning Application, which was approved surprisingly early - just two days after the end of the consultation period!
We submitted a Building Notice Application to PCC Building Control to cover this project and the proposed Garden Room extension (above), which was accepted and registered.
A design for a raft foundation was supplied by a Structural Engineer, but the Building Control Officer did not feel that a raft foundation was necessary and the build began with shallow, conventional concrete strip foundations and floor slab. Work continues to progress slowly, but the build should be completed fairly soon.
Having carried out a Measured Survey, including critical levels around the cottage, we determined that the external concrete paths are significantly higher than the inside ground floor level, partially explaining severe damp problems.
A Full Bat Survey was undertaken by our regular Ecologist, with two dusk emergence observations that showed bats leaving roosting sites in outbuildings and from the house roof near the chimney stack. The Ecologist provided her Report with mitigation recommendations prior to an application being made to Natural Resources Wales for a Development Licence.
A Planning Application was submitted to PCNPA that was validated without difficulty and Conditional Planning Permission was received requiring a Photographic Record of the existing house for deposit with Dyfed Archaeology (although it is not a listed building), plus confirmation of the final specification for the proposed green roofs to the outbuildings.
We submitted an Application for Discharge of a Condition to PCNPA in respect of the necessary photographic record and formal approval has now arrived - after we had chased the Planning Officer for a progress report !
The requisite Photographic Record package has now been submitted to Dyted Archaeology.
Given the existing unauthodox drainage arrangement at this location, our Clients have sought professional advice as to appropriate improvements, as is the case with their neighbours. Surface water management needs to comply with the new SuDs (Sustainable Drainage System) legislation.
An air source heat pump was included on the Planning Drawings and a separate planning application will be considered at a later date in respect of PV solar panels on the south-facing front roof slope.
An Energy Performance Assessment was received from our regular accredited Energy Assessor, which will be included with a Building Notice Application as soon as our Clients feel ready.
We've instructed our regular Structural Engineer to prepare structural design details in respect of foundation design, steelwork, etc. and we expect to receive these soon.
We've also issued copies of our project drawings to builders for quoting.
Although a Building Regulations Application is not yet in place, the Building Control Officer for the area has paid a visit to site at the request of our Clients and had offered advice on elements of the works to be carried out.
Following a selective Measured Survey, aided by some previous plans, we created Survey Drawings.
We appointed our regular Ecologist to conduct a Bat Scoping Survey at an early stage and she confirmed that a Full Bat Survey would NOT be necessary for this project.
A Planning Application was approved by Pembrokeshire CC and copies of the project drawings were issued to builders for quoting.
As the gross area of external openings in the extension will greatly exceed 25% of its floor area, we appointed our regular accreditted Energy Assessor to provide SAP Calculations to satisfy Building Control. The Assessment shows that no additional mitigation measures are necessary in the existing house.
A Building Notice Application has been submitted to PCC Building Control and our regular Structural Engineer has supplied a specification for a structural ridge beam, which has also been submitted to Building Control.
Our Clients appointed a building team and the build has progressed quickly up to wallplate level, thanks to clement weather conditions. The carpenters are on site to form the roof structure.
Upon receipt of a written response from Pembrokeshire County Council to a self-submitted Pre-Application Planning Enquiry, our Clients instructed us to proceed with their project to seek formal planning consent for converting this agricultural storage building into two habitable units.
Following a Full Bat Survey and a Measured Survey of the building, we prepared a set of Survey Drawings to record the details of the building and site layout.
We met with our Clients to discuss the interior layout design concept in detail and resolved a workable scheme, followed by preparing formal planning drawings.
We submitted a Planning Application to Pembrokeshire County Council but, upon expiry of the consultation period, a status report from the Planning Officer expressed concerns that the scheme did not fit well with the policies of the PCC LDP. Also Natural Resources Wales expressed concerns. So after discussions with us, our Clients agreed it would be wise to withdraw the current Planning Application.
We are confident there should be an opportunity for planning success but, in terms of best interpretation of the the policies of the LDP, a local Planning Consultant has been appointed to assist with resolving a more appropriate way forward. We have also agreed a revised external lighting scheme with our Clients, aided by advice from our Ecologist, that should placate NRW.
Prior to attempting an application re-submission (within twelve months for a 'free go'), we have emailed the Planning Officer to request her opinion on a reconfigured approach and see if perhaps she might accommodate a meeting - but no reply has been forthcoming !
In the meantime, we amended our drawings to show a new external lighting scheme and the project Ecologist has updated her Bat Report and drafted a Working Brief for the benefit of NRW. Our Planning Consultant has verified that the amended drawings are fine and our Clients have provided him with background information that only they can supply. He is now compiling his Planning Justification Report to accompany a new Planning Application.
Following granting of Planning Permission and the start of building works, we were been asked to help with co-ordinating Planning, Building Regulations and Ecological matters, due to the project having been handled poorly by the previous agent.
The scheme design did not properly respect the structural requirements or the ecological advice for the proposals and, although a Full Plans Building Regulations Application had been submitted, copies of the approved drawings and construction specification had not been issued to the Client's chosen builder and no structural engineer was appointed.
As we are already working on other proposals at the property, we accepted the responsibility of liaising with the Project Ecologist, a Structural Engineer and the builder, on behalf of the Client.
Building Control helped us with accessing the drawings and we brought our regular Structural Engineer in to resolve structural design requirements and we met on site to resolve demolition and construction methodology.
We also established that building Control could find no Radon Report on file, so we ordered one online at modest cost - fortunately it only required 'basic' protection.
An amended Bat Development Licence was approved by Natural Resources Wales and the build has progressed efficiently toward completion and interior decorating has been undertaken prior to kitchen fitting.
Sorry, but we cannot accept commissions for commercial projects.
Enjoy your visit!
For further information on Planning matters outside the National Park.
Pembrokeshire County Council
For further information on Planning matters in the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park
For further information on Building Regulations matters across Pembrokshire.
Pembrokeshire County Council
For general information on Planning Policy across Wales, including Technical Advice Notes and Supplementary Planning Guidance from the
Welsh Assembly Government
For general information on Planning and Building Regulations matters in Wales.
Planning Portal - Wales
For inforrnation on applications for building over or near any drain designated as a Public Sewer.


What is an Earthquake?
An earthquake occurs when earth releases energy suddenly in the form seismic waves. The tectonic plates in the earth’s crust which are almost hundred kilometers in thickness get dislocated because of seismic waves. An earthquake is a natural phenomenon. But sometimes activities like oil drilling, coal mining, and construction of big dams also add up to the seismic activity. Earthquake intensity is measured with the help of seismometers. It is also known as Richter scale. A magnitude of 3 on Richter scale is indiscernible whereas a magnitude higher than 7 usually causes damage and destruction. One of the worst earthquakes to hit was a magnitude of over 9 in Japan in 2011.
The damage caused due to an earthquake depends on the location of the epicenter of the earthquake. Major destruction occurs near the epicenter of the earthquake because maximum intensity locates at the center. Sometimes because of earthquakes there may be volcanic eruptions and landslides.
Naturally occurring earthquakes
Earth’s tectonic plates are marked by faults or fractures. When the tectonic plates slide past each other or have a collision with each other, an earth quake occurs.
Size and frequency
Almost 500,000 earthquakes occur each year that can be detected with the latest instruments. Among these, around 100,000 can be felt. Minor earthquake prone areas on earth are Italy, Greece, New Zealand, Turkey, Portugal, Pakistan, Iran, Indonesia, Peru, Chile, Guatemala, Mexico, California and Alaska. Majority of earthquakes occur in the course of 40,000 km long circum-Pacific seismic belt which is in the shape of a horseshoe. Himalayan mountain plate is another zone where massive earthquakes may occur. With rapid rise in population in countries like Japan, Mexico and Tehran, because of their presence in seismic zones, major earthquakes may occur. If we list out the top 10 earthquake prone countries, it goes like:
3. United States of America
4. New Zealand
8. Papua New Guinea
10. Solomon Islands
Human induced seismic activity
As there is a lot of development and enhancement in technology, man has exploited the wealth of the nature. The important activities that lead to earthquakes are drilling for oil wells, coal mining, and collecting large volumes of water for construction of a dam. As an example, the 2008 Sichuan earthquake that occurred in China was because of the construction of a dam. In Australia also there was coal mining activity which resulted in an earthquake.
Impact of earthquakes
A number of natural changes occur due to an earthquake.
The ground shakes and ruptures because of which building and other structures get damaged. The severity of destruction depends on how close the area is to the epicenter. Ground rupture means the breakage and displacement of the earth’s surface. It is a major threat to huge structures like bridges, dams and nuclear powerplants.
Another major threat that occurs due to an earthquake are landslides. When the earthquake is accompanied by other major threats like wildfires, volcanic activity or storms, landslides may occur.
Due to the damage of electrical power or gas lines chances of fire eruption are high due to an earthquake.
When water saturated granular material like sand loses its strength due to earthquake it gets modified into a liquid. This process may cause damage to bridges and buildings. There is a chance of these structures getting collapsed to the ground.
When earthquake occurs in the sea bed, the sea waves rise in the sea with long and sudden movements dispensing large volumes of water. Depending on the depth of the water these waves travel at a speed of 600-800 kilometers per hour. These waters are capable enough to drown the structures and building all along the sea coast. Usually tsunamis occur in the seal when the earthquake hit is above 7.5 on the Richter scale. After the tsunami in 2003 that devastated lakhs of people across Indian Ocean, countries all over the world are taking precautions and have invested in tsunami warning systems.
A major earthquake causes lot of destruction and damage to buildings and structures. Because of lack of basic amenities, diseases may spread. It will take lot of time for rehabilitation of people.
Man has been making a steady progress in all fields. There are several discoveries and innovations to his credit. Except for being ready to face any type of natural calamities, there is nothing that man can do in such circumstances. Time and again nature proves that it is mightier than human beings.


By Austin Regan
BC 403.5.2 Additional Exit Stairway “For buildings other than Group R-2 that are more than 420 feet in building height, one additional exit stairway… shall be provided in addition to the minimum number of exits required…”
In other words, if your tall building normally requires two stairways to meet Code, a third redundant stair will be required under the 2014 Code.
The Code revision committee was actually made up of many sub-committees, each with 20-30 professionals representing different construction and development related entities. Every section of the Code was reviewed. In order for the language of a section to be adopted unanimous consent of the committee was required. If unanimous consent could not be reached, the item would be sent to mediation. Only ten items went to mediation. This item was one of them.
Obviously the inclusion of another exit stairwell causes more of the building’s footprint to be devoted to space that cannot be rented, diminishing the potential return on the developer’s investment. So the fact that this would be a contentious issue was a surprise to no one.
The IBC adopted the redundant stair requirement based on studies it had commissioned regarding the destruction of the World Trade Center, and the science behind the logic for the extra stair was compelling. Timed egress studies showed that the amount of time it took a top floor occupant to exit a 50 story building via a stairwell was over 2 hours! As people were descending, fireman were ascending the same stairs; when an extra stair was added to the equation the travel time was cut in half.
Most of those on the egress committee did not dispute the logic that an extra stair made a building safer. The 420 foot cutoff seemed arbitrary given that most cities in the US only have a handful of buildings that reach that level. In New York City, a building of that height is not even considered tall in some neighborhoods. When excluding residential buildings (R-2) from the calculation it seemed the only cities that would be routinely affected were New York and Chicago… and Chicago does not follow the IBC.
Despite those concerns, the Code change was adopted. As always, there are exceptions which allow a designer to avoid the 3rd stair. Below are the exceptions:
- The building is a R-2 occupancy.
- All passenger elevators qualify as Occupant Evacuation Elevators Per BC 3008.
- The commissioner approves a timed egress analysis that shows that a combination of the required egress stairs and a certain number of Occupant Evacuation Elevators equals or is less than the results of the timed egress analysis for the egress stairs plus the redundant stairs. Every elevator bank must have at least one Occupant Evacuation Elevator and all exit stair widths must be 25% wider than what would otherwise be required based on Chapter 10 of the Code.
- The New building application is submitted within 18 months after the enactment of the code (October 2014).
I believe this may be the only section of the new Code that has a delayed enactment date. Part of the reason for the delay is there is an effort underway to petition the City Planning Commission to amend the zoning resolution to make the redundant stair exempt from floor area calculations. There is no guarantee this will happen.
The option to use Occupant Evacuation Elevators is also fraught with uncertainty. This type of elevator is a new concept. It is not certain that some of the specific requirements spelled out in BC 3008 are technologically or practically feasible.
There will be a certain urgency to getting proposed tall buildings off the boards and far enough along in their design to beat the 18 month enactment deadline.
As this has now been adopted nationally without the 18 month grace period, insurance companies may weigh in also and economically force some developer’s hands to provide the redundant stair well before the Code requires it.
In any case it would be wise for designers of tall buildings to require a timed egress analysis be done even on R-2 or lower buildings. The addition of an extra 6″ or one foot of width to the required stairs could have a significant impact on evacuation time and may be even a selling point for potential building tenants.


The classification of a building as a high-rise is defined in the construction regulations at state level. 以防发生火灾, 建筑物的高度对于疏散非常重要, as the turntable ladders of the fire brigade generally reach up to a maximum height of 22 m. For this reason the legislator has stipulated special fire protection precautions for high-rise buildings through guidelines and ordinances.
几乎所有地区和各级都存在火灾风险, 以及在地下停车场或公共休息室, 办公空间和会议设施. 在分析高层建筑的风险时, the range of different materials used in the building and the average density of people must be taken into account in addition to the construction height and the multitude of different usage areas. Also bear in mind that the escape routes in a high-rise building can be very long. 火灾的后果往往是毁灭性的, 尤其是在高层建筑中, fires can spread very quickly and uncontrolled to other floors via flashover. The safety of people on the higher floors is particularly vulnerable here as escape and rescue routes may be blocked.
如果空调机房或服务器机房发生火灾, 在所有情况下，这可能不会立即对人们构成风险, but their ability to work may be affected without air conditioning and ventilation systems or without access to water, 电梯系统或供暖系统. Failure of the IT network due to a fire may have an even worse effect on the operational capacity of a company.
火焰、烟雾、气体排放、热火有许多方面. Minimax has the right fire detectors for the various areas within an office and administrative building. Their signals converge in the fire detection and extinguishing control panel, 谁向处于危险中的人们和消防队发出警报. 除了, the Minimax panel monitors the installed fire protection system for proper functioning and electrically triggers the extinguishing systems that are not equipped with their own triggering elements, e.g. 自动喷水灭火系统.
A sprinkler system ensures overall building protection in an office and administrative building. Minimax offers a broad range of sprinkler types and special sprinklers that allow for ideal adaptation of the sprinkler system to the respective installation situation in the various protected areas.
Areas with special fire risks or deployment conditions require - either in addition to or instead of the sprinkler system - a tailored volume or local protection system. 由于这个原因, 雨淋系统, 小雾水雾灭火系统, 氧氧惰性气体灭火系统, 卤烃灭火系统 and KS 2000 kitchen protection extinguishing systems are used in office and administrative buildings.
The alarm and condition reports issued by the fire protection systems installed by Minimax, 以及其他供应商, 可以在屏幕上显示 逆变危害管理系统.
结构防火, 以及Minimax移动服务公司的技术系统, 比如灭火器, 墙体消火栓和排烟排热系统, 做好办公、行政建筑的消防工作.


Uttarakhand State Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited Has Publish Latest Recruitment Notification 2015 for 45 post of Junior Engineer (Civil) & General Manager Candidates Have Graduate Degree In Civil Engineering Can Apply
USIDCL Recruitment 2015
USIDCL is an undertaking of Government of Uttarakhand with a mandate for infrastructure development viz. construction of roads, bridges, buildings, and other infrastructure projects within and outside the State. USIDCL seeks to induct professionals for following posts on Contract/Deputation:-
Detail of Vacancies :
|Sl. No.||Name Of Posts||No. Of Posts||Pay Scale|
|01||Chief General Manager (Projects)*||01||37400-67000 Gr Pay 10000/-|
|02||General Manager**||02||37400-67000 Gr Pay 8900/-|
|03||Project Manager||03||15600-39100 Gr Pay7600/-|
|04||Senior Resident Engineer||02||15600-39100 Gr. Pay 6600|
|05||Resident Engineer||03||15600-39100 Gr. Pay 5400|
|06||Junior Engineer (Civil)||27||9300-34800 Gr.Pay 4200/-|
|07||Junior Engineer (E&M)||07||9300-34800 Gr.Pay 4200/-|
Age Limit : Maximum age limit as on 01.07.2015 for the post at Sl No. 1 will be 57 years, for post at Sl. No. 2 will be 50 years and for post at Sl No. 3,4,5,6 and 7 will be 42 years.
Educational Qualification : For more Detail Please Download Advertisement detail given below.
Application Fee : For Group A & B posts, send your application accompanied with a Bank Draft of Rs 600/- for General/OBC candidates and Rs 300/- for SC/ST candidates. For Group C posts, send your application accompanied with a Bank Draft of Rs 400/- for General/OBC candidates and Rs. 200/- for SC/ST candidates. The Bank draft should be drawn in favour of MD, USIDCL payable at Dehradun.
How to Apply : Interested candidates may submit their application in the prescribed application format available on our website through proper channel /their employer along with documents :- To The Uttarakhand State Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited, 3/3, Industrial Area, Patel Nagar, Dehradun-248001, before 1700hrs up to 12.10.2015.
Last Date:- 12/10/2015


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The Easy Wall Crack Fixer permanently repairs deep holes, dents and small cracks in plaster and plasterboard walls, providing a smooth finish.
Featured with the ready-mixed formula, the repair of cracks in concrete can be done in just 30 minutes.
It is self-leveling and dries white to match most existing concrete for both interior and exterior usage.
✔Non-toxic, non-corrosive, formaldehyde free.
✔Simple operation, extrusion and direct application.
✔Repair cream does not drop after curing.
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How To Use:
- 1 x Easy Wall Crack Filler


The owner of the giallorossi spoke about the importance of building a new facility in the Italian capital. Roma need their stadium to compete with the top European powerhouses. Pallotta is confident in a positive ending of the approval process.
Roma vice-president Mauro Baldissoni clarified that today’s approval for the new stadium is just another step forward toward the construction of the most up-to-date and modern infrastructure for the sack of both the Lupi and the city as well.
Although his team is underperforming on the field, the American investor Pallotta is working hard to build the Stadio della Roma.
Roma President Jim Pallotta presented a project for the new stadium 6 years ago. Now he wants to speed up the process.
President James Pallotta and the directors of Roma are still working in Boston. The construction of the new stadium is on the agenda.
Assessor for Sports Daniele Frongia confirms that the Stadio della Roma project goes on and imminent news is expected.
The Italian Deputy Prime Minister spoke about the Stadio della Roma project and the current situation in the Italian capital.
The mayor of Rome confirms that the club will get the final approval for the new stadium soon.
Roma’s president James Pallotta spoke about the new stadium that should provide Roma with immense benefits.
James Pallotta’s great project is almost ready for the final approval. Discovery Channel will bring us behind the scenes of the Stadio Della Roma.
Roma’s president spoke to the US broadcaster ‘Sirius XM Radio’ in reference to the business strategies of the club and the new stadium.


Solar electric and Solar thermal have both got a bright future in Australia and in this video we see a variety of the different technologies that are being piloted and developed at present in Australia.
We think nothing of seeing a roof covered with solar panels. It seems odd really to see a roof being wasted by not having solar panels. So where else is being wasted? Well of course the roads are not panelled – but they could be.
Follow up video…
Where else should we be using to generate clean green energy ?


The Deets Retal expects the estimated cost of the project to reach SAR 605 million.
The company added that it will start the project the day after receiving the land from the National Housing Company and will complete the project within 42 months from the effective date of the agreement.
Financing The project will be financed mainly through the off-plan sales system and partly by self-financing.
Why this matters The company expects the project to have a positive impact on its financial results after the issuance of the off-plan sales license.
Retal intends to disclose the details of the project’s financial impact and its developments during the coming period.


Drains ensure the smooth flow of wastewater and help maintain hygiene on our premises. However, these integral components of our infrastructure can develop blockages, damage, and other issues over time. Drain services are a key part of maintaining a property, encompassing a wide array of solutions to address an assortment of drain-related challenges. Let’s delve deeper into drain services, their significance, and the pivotal role they play in upholding the functionality of your property.
Drain Cleaning Services
Among the foundational components of drain maintenance are drain cleaning services. Drains tend to accumulate a large amount of debris over time, including grease, hair, soap scum, and more. This often leads to slow drainage or complete blockages. Experienced drain cleaning professionals utilize various methods to dislodge these obstructions and reinstate optimal water flow.
Mechanical snaking involves the use of drain snakes or augers to break down and remove clogs. Hydrojetting utilizes high-pressure water streams to forcefully eliminate debris and cleanse the inner walls of pipes. These techniques not only unclog drains but also prevent potential issues stemming from accumulated residue.
Drain Repairs: Nurturing Functionality
When cracks, leaks, or structural anomalies are present, drain repair services are essential to prevent further deterioration. This service can also help maintain the structural integrity of a plumbing system. For less severe damage, pipe relining provides a practical solution. A flexible lining is introduced into the damaged pipe, adhering to its interior and creating a durable lining that mitigates the problem.
In cases where pipes are severely corroded or damaged, a complete pipe replacement might be the optimal route. This process entails identifying the issue, excavating the affected area, and installing new pipes to ensure unobstructed drainage.
Emergency Drain Services
Plumbing emergencies can disrupt daily life and inflict substantial property damage. Emergency drain services are tailored to promptly address emergencies like burst pipes, overflowing toilets, and severe leaks. Providers offer around-the-clock emergency services to ensure that immediate assistance is available, minimizing the impact of such untimely incidents.
Sewer Line Services
Sewer lines play a critical role in moving wastewater away from your property. Yet, sewer line issues can pose distinctive challenges that necessitate specialized attention. Advanced camera technology is employed for sewer line inspections, allowing experts to identify blockages and cracks without resorting to excavation.
Sewer line cleaning is equally pivotal. Hydrojetting is utilized to eradicate obstructions and guarantee uninterrupted wastewater flow.
Preventive Drain Maintenance: A Proactive Approach
Preventive drain maintenance revolves around regular inspections and cleanings to stave off major plumbing issues in the future. Scheduled maintenance plans, provided by drain service experts, encompass periodic assessments and cleanings. This proactive stance aids in the early detection of potential problems before they escalate into significant complications.
Rooter services address a common issue: tree roots infiltrating drain and sewer lines, culminating in blockages and damage. Professionals in this field eliminate these roots and implement measures to thwart their resurgence.
Grease Trap Services: Averting Greasy Predicaments
In both residential and commercial settings, grease traps play a pivotal role in preventing grease and fat from clogging pipes and sewer systems. Grease trap services involve regular maintenance and cleaning to ensure these traps function optimally, preventing blockages that could lead to more extensive issues down the line.
Septic Tank Services: Nurturing Onsite Systems
For properties with septic systems, septic tank services are indispensable. Regular pumping, inspections, and maintenance of septic tanks ensure efficient wastewater treatment and prevent overflows or backups that could harm the environment and property.
Schedule Drain Service Today
It’s important to understand the diverse spectrum of drain services that contribute to the preservation of an effective plumbing system. From routine drain cleaning to specialized services like sewer line inspections and septic tank maintenance, each facet contributes to the seamless operation of your property’s drainage infrastructure. Consistent maintenance and swift resolution of plumbing issues can save you substantial expenses and promote a healthier living environment.
In times of drain-related crises, entrusting the expertise of professional drain services guarantees effective solutions. By prioritizing the care of your property’s drainage system, you ensure its continued reliability in performing its fundamental function. Whatever service you may need, trust our highly experienced, licensed, and insured plumbers to get the job done. Contact Air Care Heating & Cooling in Shawnee, KS, to find out more. We also offer furnace repair and replacement, servicing of air conditioning equipment, and indoor air quality assessments.


Not everywhere can be on mains drainage and in these cases, a sewage treatment plant is essential. There are many different sizes available and are suitable for homes right up to large facilities involving large numbers of people, including factories, schools and hospitals. The installation of these units is best left to experts because the lie of the land and the requirements of the user have to be taken into account for the installation to be a success. MPC services offer an invaluable after-sales regular maintenance plan which makes sure that the unit gives many years of trouble free service.
Why choose sewage treatment?
A sewage treatment plant is not ‘storage’ which needs periodic emptying, but a unit which actually converts biological waste into a harmless product that can be safely discharged into the environment. This is achieved through biological, physical or chemical means and is largely a personal choice – for those who are keen on environmental considerations, the former is often the first port of call, but all result in the same end product and there is no real difference in installation. It is essential to have experts to examine the ground around the proposed installation, to make sure that the drainage is adequate and most local authorities also need to pass the project to comply with environmental needs. Biological units come pre-seeded with the required enzymes and are operational in 24 hours – most solids are converted to liquid waste, and emptying is usually only necessary every five years or so, depending on size.
Installing a small unit
Assuming that all the necessary elements are in place, such as a watercourse nearby to take the clean effluent or a suitably well-drained site, and that all environmental needs are met, a small unit for an average family does not take long to fit. Some people upgrade to a sewage treatment unit from a smaller one or a septic tank, so pipework is already in place. Installing from scratch will normally mean that pipes have to be laid as well, but this can all be done when the hole is being dug for the actual treatment plant. These vary in size from a small family to 120 people or more. Some are very easy to install, being add-on units to existing septic tanks (as long as an outflow is already in place) in in this case, little digging is required.
Leaving access in an attractive way
Although sewage treatment plants don’t need constant attention, they do need periodic emptying and maintenance so they need to be accessible. Many people manage this by putting them under a flowerbed with inspection covers concealed between visits by maintenance staff by plants or even a planter. Others need to have their plants placed under drives and there are special designs which are suitable for that. Some people are concerned about having a sewage treatment plant installed in seasonal buildings, such as holiday homes, but the bacteria can stay alive for periods exceeding six months, so there is no need for worry on that score. Essentially, a sewage treatment plant is very low maintenance and as such is ideal for anyone who is not always around to look after it and who wants to install it and forget it.
Things to remember
When deciding to install a sewage treatment plant you will have to bear in mind a few things, not only the logistics of digging a very big hole! You will first of all need to clear the idea with your local council, who will check that there will be no discharge of untreated sewage. They will also make sure that there will be adequate access for maintenance reasons which will not be annoying to neighbours. You will need to make sure that any exhaust pipe is downwind of you and everyone else in the vicinity – although a sewage treatment plant is largely clean in use, there may be smells even so, so try not to fall into the trap of thinking that because it is underground you won’t know it’s there; sometimes, you will! If you choose a motorised unit, you may get noise as well, but with everything taken into account, a sewage treatment system is still one of the best options for many and will give good service for years, with very little worry for the user.


Before the emergence of vacuum excavators, the entire work was done through Conventional method. Conventional method is a very time consuming process and raised the cost four folds. The work is done manually which increases the workforce. An increase in workforce is followed by more remuneration. Vacuum Excavation dealt with all such problems and now it has become an indispensible part in the construction business. It is now a core element of the business and has helped the businessman all over the world to get 100% benefit from it. The excavation processes are of two types. First is the vacuum excavation and the second is the hydro excavation. The difference between the two is that vacuum excavation uses air in place of water. However, vacuum excavation is easier to use as there is no need to keep large water tanks.
Vacuum Excavation: The Process
Basically, there are two types of processes through excavation is done. First is vacuum and the second one is hydro. In the process of Vacuum excavation, the suction excavator makes an immensely powerful suction, like a vacuum cleaner. The construction of it is like a vacuum truck. This is then put in the earth where excavation is to be done. The speed of the suction may be 90 meters per second. In such a way it is used to suck the debris, litter and other utilities.
There are a numerous advantages of the above said process. Following are some of them:-
- There is no damage or destruction of any sort.
- It has completely eliminated the manual work load or the manual excavation.
- The productivity of the job site is increased many folds.
- No wastage of money. Cost is decreased many folds.
- There is no requirement of extra equipment as there is only one machine that is to be put in use.
- The efficiency is increased many times.
- There is no traffic inconvenience.
Vacuum excavation is increasingly becoming the choice of the contractors but the choice of the clients as well because of then numerous advantages that it has. The process is feasible. It is the need of the present construction, manufacture, renovations and repair business. With all the plus points, the role of vacuum excavators has become prominent in the business. It has grown rapidly with time and is still growing.


Delivering better projects
on time and on budget
No matter how complex the project might be, our highly qualified team, along with a network of specialized partners, has the skills to bring to fruition.
Specialized in Lean Construction, which provides a better planning, quality and cost to our projects, EPIC Consultants offers an unyielding commitment to the highest safety and quality standards in our projects. We meet the needs and demands of our clients, with the end goal of building long-lasting relationships and success for those we partner with.
8a | SDB | DBE
Single $10M | Aggregate $20M
8(a) expires: 8/26/2027
Founded in 2003 as a consulting firm in Continuous Improvement, in 2010, EPIC successfully branched out, to provide general contracting services to the public sector. Since then, EPIC has performed construction contracts for Federal, State, and local governmental entities. We work hard to meet our customer’s needs and continually look for opportunities to provide additional value to our clients and their projects.
- NSpecialized services in renovation and addition of existing and occupied facilities and new construction;
- NLeadership team with over 50 years of combined experience;
- NCommitment to the continuity of operations during construction;
- NExpertise in Lean Construction principles, providing a better planning, quality and cost to our projects;
- NSafest construction standards;


An excavator is a large construction machine made for digging into the ground with its bucket to extract earth or other material to create trenches, holes and foundations. It usually runs off diesel fuel and, depending on the size of the equipment, can be used on a medium to large job-sites.
A standard hydraulic excavator structure consists of:
- Hydraulic Arm (comprising a boom, arm, bucket, and the required cylinders)
- The House which is a swing platform (containing cab, counterweight, engine and pumps for hydraulics) and has the ability to rotate 360 degrees on its own axis.
- Undercarriage with tracks or, occasionally, wheels.
Common uses of a hydraulic excavator
The hydraulic excavator’s main functions are to excavate, rotate, move, load, mobilise and demobilise objects.
Some examples of these activities are:
- Trenching in construction work for pipes, drains and cables to be installed.
- Digging ditches, foundations, and ramps in construction, agriculture and mining.
- Excavation of materials and structures in building work.
- Demolition, using a hydraulic hammer or even a wrecking ball as attachments.
- Load handling – loading or unloading large or heavy materials.
The load capacity of hydraulic excavators depends on the size of the equipment, which ranges from mini-excavators which can manage under 7 tons, to large units which work with loads of 45 to 80 tons.
Where does a hydraulic excavator’s power come from?
Excavators are powered by diesel due to the extreme efficiency from maximum horsepower being obtained from the engines. The tracks and the hydraulic pumps used to raise and extend the excavator’s arm are powered by the diesel engine. The forward and reverse movements of the unit, as well as that of the arm, are all controlled from the operator’s cabin via various pedals and levers.
Track Steering in Excavators
Tracks are made of multiple components which become ridged once fitted to the excavator. The tracks (made up of track shoes bolted together into a circular track) surround the gears which receive their power from the engine via the driveshaft. The tracks move the digger in a straight line, backwards and forwards when the gears are engaged.
The excavator is turned by the operator stopping one track in place and moving the other track which spins the entire unit around. A very experienced operator can even turn the unit in a tighter space by engaging ‘reverse’ on one track and ‘forward’ on the other, which is a great accomplishment.
How does the excavator arm move?
The arm movement on excavators is 100% hydraulically controlled. The excavator’s arm forms part of the lower frame chassis. The arm consists of two sections – the boom (the section from the excavator to the arm) and the arm (from the boom to the bucket) which are joined by a hinge. Both arm and bucket are controlled by three separate hydraulic cylinders, which operate together to allow the arm to extend and retract.
- Piston one is attached beneath the boom and when it is extended, the arm lifts up.
- The second piston is attached to the top of the arm and this gives more reach by raising and lowering the arm.
- The third piston controls the motion of the bucket to enable it to scoop and dig.
Komatsu Excavators for all sizes of job sites
MMI is the official Komatsu dealer for Zimbabwe offering over 20 different excavators and shovels in this region, as well as being a global leader in the supply of Japanese-engineered mining, construction, earthmoving and utility equipment in Southern Africa. The MoJo Motor Industries (MMI) Team comes with over fifty-four years of combined experience in automotive, construction and mining equipment sales and support. MMI is the official Komatsu dealer for Zimbabwe. Please direct all your pre-sales or equipment enquiries on excavators to our friendly staff.


The unique honeycomb structure of patented honeycomb panels are completely set apart from other honeycomb core materials, like honeycomb paper, honeycomb cardboard, honeycomb plastic and/or honeycomb metals, like honeycomb aluminum or honeycomb steel.
Honeycomb Panels’ honeycomb panels are configured and manufactured based on an Eco-friendly honeycomb design resulting in the most ecologically sustainable and long-lasting honeycomb panel.
Honeycomb Panels’ high performance aluminum honeycomb panels have superior structural integrity when compared to any other affordable light yet strong honeycomb material. In fact, each Honeycomb Panels’ aluminum honeycomb panel starts with a 660 PSI (stronger than steel pound for pound) and it can be raised in your honeycomb aluminum panels to meet your specifications.
The secret of the superior structural strength of Honeycomb Panels is deep within the honeycomb core material that results in the most significant advancement in honeycomb composite panels in the last century.
Inside each patented honeycomb panel is a honeycomb wood structure based on torsion box design. Torsion box is a series of wood boxes housed within exterior surface materials as a higher strength alternative to hollow core composite panel. This technology has been around for thousands of years and requires tedious handcraftsmanship.
Our honeycomb core panels feature this wood honeycomb torsion box structure as the starting point. Next up, Honeycomb Panels fills the empty spaces within each wooden box all to wall for an advanced composite recycled foam filled honeycomb that provides a solid foundation for any flat surface building material to be adhered.
When the composite cores are glued to lightweight plywood, the resulting honeycomb wood panels are very strong with unbelievable compression and shear strength.
Honeycomb Panel’s patented honeycomb door is probably the best example of the uncompromising results of this revolutionary super composite honeycomb panel. It is well known within the woodworking craftsmen and millworks that any door over seven feet tall will fail resulting in repeated follow-up calls to the site to fix the door, the hardware or the structure repeatedly over time.
That is because – until now – there just was no way to make a lightweight door that would not warp, bend, twist or crack over time. Thanks to Honeycomb Panels’ honeycomb door core, our doors can measure up to 50 feet and be guaranteed flat and to stay flat for 50 years.
That’s here on the ground. Flying far above our heads you will find aerospace honeycomb panels that have been used for years. Lightweight? Yes. High strength? Hardly. The average aerospace honeycomb panel weighs in at only 10 to 100 PSI (compare that to Honeycomb Panels’ 660+ PSI). Which would you rather have?
That’s why the top aerospace companies, like NASA, Boeing, Lockheed Martin, Lufthansa and the branches of the United States military are now embracing the Honeycomb Panels solution.
Our first of its kind honeycomb sandwich panel can be used not just in aircraft, nor in their hangar doors but in the most unique and wide-ranged honeycomb applications.
And the material options are nearly endless as you can use any surface material to achieve the results – either structurally or visually – to achieve the performance requirements that you desire for nearly any application where weight, strength and structural integrity over long spans may be a concern.


One of our summer projects at Chandler this year was the need to replace a cabin bed log. Historic Old Cabins dating back to 1902 always need some TLC. Those loving care needs come with a necessary amount of planning as well when one builds with logs.
Short roof eves caused rain drops to drip onto the bed logs of the our Lodge cabin. After more than 75 years of drippings this particular base log had no integrity left to do its job.
The planning stage involved cutting a 24 inch diameter 45 foot long Spruce log. Peeling and Draw Shaving it in preparation for 6 months of drying before use.
To remove the existing log we had to jack up the side of the cabin that was in need of repair. 4 jacks were needed to complete the task. 2 – 30 ton railroad jacks and 2 – 2 ton hydraulic jacks.
When the building was off the ground we cut the existing bed log into manageable sized blocks of 2 – 3 feet each. Prying each block from the building’s floor joists as we proceeded.
Upon removal we pound in the plate spikes and joist nails. Place the new log next to the cabin for installation. Slide the log back and forth for the best size to fill the existing notches.
The new log is then flattened as needed to sit on cement blocks. The building is then lowered back into place on to the new log. It is then shaved for an exact fit with a chain saw.
Once the building has settled we attach the floor joists and plate to the new log leveling each section. Now we wait for the building to settle for a couple weeks and then finish with stain and chinking.
After this labor intensive and arduous process the cabin will be ready for another generation to enjoy at Chandler Lake Camps and Lodge.


RA Construction KC, LLC has been at the forefront of the concrete industry for many years, providing comprehensive concrete removal services for industrial, commercial, and residential clients. With the work of our contractors, your concrete will be removed efficiently without risk to your site or surrounding properties. We work meticulously to reduce unwanted pollution during the removal.
Our highly trained staff is experienced in completing concrete demolition, waste removal, and site cleanup. Contact us at (816) 205-8544 and obtain a detailed quote tailored to your specific concrete removal needs.


Select Level 22
T: +64 (0) 3 365 0892
Level 22 is located at the top of the newly renovated Pacific Tower building on Gloucester Street in Christchurch's centre city. Conveniently located next to Cathedral Junction and across from scenic New Regent Street, Level 22 puts the best of Christchurch within your reach.
Safety and Security
Pacific Tower was one of the only tall buildings in Christchurch to withstand the Canterbury earthquakes of 2010 and 2011. Replacement links in the building's structure following the earthquakes reinforced its safety.
Access to Level 22 is secured by passkey at two consecutive access points to ensure privacy.
Experience the height of luxury in the heart of Christchurch.


The roof is the most important part of any building as it provides protection against the elements. After many years of constant pounding by the weather, your roof will eventually need to be repaired. This is an ideal time to consider reroofing, which involves removing parts the existing roof and building a new one. Certain existing structural supports would be used with the new roof, saving money on materials and labour.
This is not as expensive as you might think, with most of the existing roof structure used in the reroofing process. Reroofing is the preferred option when the roof has sustained heavy damage, and it is not viable for repair. If you wish to change the appearance of your home, a re-roof combined with an exterior repaint, will transform the property. Some houses were poorly designed and face the worst of the weather, so by changing the shape and direction of the roof, it can improve drainage, and offer greater protection against the wind. There are many design options to choose from, so you will find something that is ideal for your home.
While having the roof repaired, you should consider insulation, which will reduce the room temperatures in the hot summer months, while retaining the heat during the winter. All reputable roofing contractors will recommend adding a layer of insulation, as it a cost-effective way of saving energy, while providing you with a more comfortable living environment.
Restoring a roof
If your roof has not been severely damaged, then restoration is usually the best option. This involves replacing any damaged components, and restoring the roof to its original state. It is considerably cheaper than reroofing, which is more labour intensive.
The restoration process
The first step is to remove all dirt and debristo locate the damaged area. If needed, further structural support can be added, giving your roof a firm foundation to battle the elements. If your roof only needs a few tiles replaced, this can be completed in a very short time. After cleaning and repainting, your restored roof will look like new, while adding character to the property.
Consult the experts
A roofing jobis no small project, so you should consult a reputable contractor who can advise you on every aspect from initial design to completion. With many years of experience, an established contractor can provide you with the perfect roofing solution at a reasonable cost. If you are looking to have your roof renovated, there are online suppliers of roofing materials who can assist you in all aspects, from design to installation.
Clean and efficient
Roofing projects will affect the occupants to some degree, and with an experienced roofing contractor, this would be kept to a minimum. Ifyou require approval from the local authority, this is something your roofing contractorwill undertake on your behalf. The contractor should be flexible, allowing you to choose the date that work will commence, while ensuring that the project is completed on schedule.
Your roof protects your home against the elements, so it needs to be in good condition. Regular inspections will ensure that any broken tiles can immediately be replaced.
Jun 07, 2018 Comments Off on Concrete Companies Provide a Variety of Products for Your Home or Office
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The most prominent threat to your kids in metropolitan cities is that of pests. This creepy crawlies roam around your homes spreading diseases. The first step you should take to make your home safe is to contact the best pest control services NYC has. You can discover them via Google.


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Thermal Performance of GDeck Flooring
What is a U-value?
The measure of heat loss through the fabric of a building is expressed as a U-value with limiting values set out in the Building Regulations.
Building Regulations – Approved Document L
The Building Regulations set out requirements for specific aspects of building design and construction. Regulation 26 of the building regulations states that “Where a building is erected, it shall not exceed the target CO2 emission rate for the building…”, and Schedule 1 – Part L Conservation of fuel and power states that provision for conservation of fuel and power shall be made by limiting heat gain and losses and providing building service which are efficient, have effective controls and are properly commissioned and that information is provided so that the building can be operated efficiently.
Achieving Part L 2013
To fully comply with Part L, the overall dwelling emission rate (DER) must be lower than the target emission rate (TER) for a notional building of similar type, size and shape.
Part L stipulates minimum performance or fabric element values and aligns the overall building performance and CO2 emissions targets with notional models.
Fabric element values are the U-Values obtained by the specified construction types proposed for a particular build. Designers have flexibility under Part L but must ensure they keep below the TER, therefore lower U-Values may be required. The Gdeck Thermal Floor System provides a simple means to achieving improvements on the overall DER allowing designers to meet and exceed Part L requirements.
Gdeck provides a range of U-values that will help to improve the overall DER. The table below details the range based on specific Perimeter/Area ratios and insulation material thermal conductivity values.
|P/A||White Panel||Grey Panel|
|λ 0.038||λ 0.030|


GuarantCo partners with Standard Chartered Bank to support Spencon - December 2010
In December 2010 GuarantCo partnered with Standard Chartered Bank to provide a $30m facility to Spencon, a major local civil works contractor founded in 1979 and headquartered in Nairobi, with operations throughout East Africa. Spencon employs over 800 permanent and additional semi skilled personnel across East Africa, and specialises in the water, roads and power sectors.
Spencon, like most other local construction companies, has often been unable to participate in bidding for large construction projects due to an inability to submit adequate Performance/ Bid Bonds, which are prerequisites for bidding for and carrying out any construction project in Africa. This inability is often the result of single obligor limits imposed on banks by regulators.
Unable to get the full required Bid Bond lines of $30m from their main banker Standard Chartered, Spencon approached GuarantCo for assistance. By guaranteeing$15m of the facility GuarantCo helped Standard Chartered overcome their single obligor limits and made it possible for them to offer the full additional facility required.
Large construction contracts in Africa, often donor funded, are regularly awarded to international construction companies, who then subcontract much of the work to local companies like Spencon at rates 15 - 25% below the original contract price. By enabling Spencon to bid for more of such contracts, GuarantCo’s facility will help lower the cost of infrastructure in the target countries and help Spencon to grow.
Spencon Official Website


About The Shoppes at Wilde Lake
The Shoppes at Wilde Lake is located in Columbia, Maryland between Washington, D.C. and Baltimore. The center is a mixed-use project including residential rental units (approximately 240 units), 30,000 SF of office space, 41,000 SF of retail, and 20,000 SF of restaurants. The redevelopment includes attractive covered walking paths, outdoor seating areas, and community space. Landscaping is proposed throughout the center to enhance the existing vegetation, along with various hardscapes, including stamped concrete walkways and crosswalks, and impervious paver parking spaces. Upon completion, Wilde Lake will be a LEED certified project. The new David’s Market is a new and larger facility, featuring a contemporary interior floor plan with an interior/exterior café.


A lot of rural homes are not attached to a mains sewage system. These houses depend on a self-supporting sewer treatment plant called a septic tank.
If you have a sewage-disposal tank, or are taking into consideration the purchase of a residence with one, there are life-saving truths you have to find out about septic systems.
A septic system takes the sewer from your house, the solids settle out and oil drifts to the top. Between both layers is a clear watery layer that is piped away to an absorption location where it is allowed to percolate away, through the soil. Dirt microorganisms damage down any kind of nutrients before the sewage reaches the water bearing rocks, or any type of streams.
Septic systems are typically buried in the ground. There are three major types, all of which cause various worries.
Steel storage tanks rust, particularly when hidden in the ground. A steel septic system could be so corroded that it can lead to somebody walking over it failing and also right into the tank. The unlucky individual is stifled by the methane generated in the container, or drowns.
Concrete storage tanks might be damaged inside, causing long-term and expensive to correct damage to the absorption drain-field.
The worst containers are those developed from concrete obstructs on website. Often the blocks are just laid and not cemented with each other. Even if they are sealed with each other years of strike from acidic sewage will dissolve the mortar. These tanks can collapse without caution and most likely fail to meet local planning and also ecological security guidelines.
How do you inform if your septic tank has issues?
If there are ANY areas of sunken ground around it KEEP AWAY. Employ a service provider promptly. If you step on these areas you might drop with, into the septic storage tank and also die. These are indications that your septic system has actually partly fallen down.
Look for indications of strong sewage material in the drain-field location. If the drain-field has actually been polluted because the sewage-disposal tank has actually not been drained regularly, this could be really costly to correct.
If you are purchasing a home with a septic tank, you should demand the container being drained and also an click here investigation by a sewage-disposal tank specialist performed. It is not possible to examine a septic system appropriately while it is complete.
You might have to spend for a service provider to give you a report, yet this will certainly be a little quantity compared to the expense of any type of necessary remedial work


A water bottle in the toilet tank can help save water by reducing the amount of water used per flush. This is a simple and cost-effective method for conserving water.
The concept behind the water bottle trick is straightforward. When you flush, your toilet tank empties and refills with water.
By placing a water-filled bottle in the tank, you effectively reduce the tank’s capacity, which in turn reduces the amount of water used per flush.
Water conservation is an important aspect of sustainable living. Simple methods like using a water bottle in your toilet tank can make a significant difference in reducing water usage. Over time, this small change can add up to substantial water savings, benefiting both your wallet and the environment.
5 Methods: Water Bottle in Toilet to Save Water
|Fill a Bottle||1. Fill a plastic bottle with water. |
2. Close the bottle securely.
3. Put the bottle in the toilet tank.
|Saves about 10 to 20 liters of water a day|
|Displacement Bag||1. Buy a toilet displacement bag. |
2. Fill the displacement bag with water.
3. Place the bag in the toilet tank.
|Saves about 10 liters of water a day|
|Install Dual Flush||1. Buy a dual-flush converter. |
2. Follow the installation instructions provided. 3. Use the half-flush button for liquids and full-flush button for solids.
|Saves about 30% of water used in every flush|
|Repair Leaks||1. Check the toilet for any leaks. |
2. Repair any leaks found.
|Varies, but potentially considerable water saving|
|Replace Toilet||1. Buy a high-efficiency or water-saving toilet. |
2. Install the new toilet.
|Can save up to 20-60% of water used in every flush|
Five Facts About Water Bottle In Toilet To Save Water
Why Use A Water Bottle In The Toilet Tank?
Explanation Of How Water Bottles In Toilet Tanks Save Water
Did you know that placing a water bottle in your toilet tank could actually save water? It might seem odd, but this simple trick can help conserve water and reduce your utility bills. Let’s take a closer look at how it works.
- By displacing the water in the tank, a water bottle takes up some of the space that would usually be filled with water. This means that less water is needed to fill up the tank after each flush.
- When you flush the toilet, the tank empties and refills with water. With a water bottle in place, it takes up some of the space, requiring less water to refill the tank.
- The reduced water volume per flush leads to water savings over time without compromising the effectiveness of the flush.
- This method is a cost-effective way to make your home more water-efficient without investing in expensive fixtures or appliances.
Benefits Of Using A Water Bottle In The Toilet Tank
Now that we understand how water bottles in toilet tanks save water, let’s explore some of the benefits of using this simple water-saving technique:
- Environmental impact: By reducing the amount of water used for each flush, you are actively contributing to water conservation efforts. Conserving water helps preserve this valuable natural resource and protects our environment.
- Cost savings: With less water being flushed down the drain, you can save money on your water bills. Over time, these savings can add up significantly.
- Easy installation: Placing a water bottle in the toilet tank is quick and easy. You don’t need any special tools or plumbing knowledge to implement this water-saving technique.
- Adjustable water savings: You can customize the amount of water saved by using different sizes of water bottles. Experimenting with different water bottle volumes allows you to find the right balance between water conservation and effective flushing.
- Educational opportunity: Implementing this simple water-saving technique can serve as a conversation starter with your family and friends. It allows you to raise awareness about the importance of water conservation and inspire others to make small changes in their own homes.
Remember, every drop counts when it comes to water conservation. Using a water bottle in your toilet tank might seem like a small change, but it can make a big difference in our collective efforts to protect our planet’s valuable water resources.
Give it a try and start saving water today!
How To Use A Water Bottle In The Toilet Tank
Step-By-Step Guide On Installing A Water Bottle In The Toilet Tank
Let’s dive into the step-by-step process of installing a water bottle in the toilet tank. By following these simple instructions, you can contribute to water conservation efforts and save money on your water bill.
- Empty the toilet tank: Before starting the installation process, turn off the water supply to the toilet and flush it to empty the tank completely. This will ensure a smooth and hassle-free installation.
- Gather the required materials: To install the water bottle in your toilet tank, you will need the following materials:
- A plastic water bottle: Opt for a sturdy and leak-proof plastic bottle with a capacity of around 1-2 liters.
- A pair of scissors: Use scissors to cut the necessary openings in the bottle.
- Duct tape or rubber band: These will be used to securely attach the bottle to the inner wall of the tank.
- Marker or pen: Use a marker or pen to mark the desired water level on the bottle.
- Prepare the water bottle: Take the plastic water bottle and remove the label. Thoroughly clean the bottle to ensure there are no residues or impurities. Rinse it with water and let it dry completely.
- Cut the necessary openings: With the help of scissors, carefully cut a small hole near the bottom of the bottle. This will allow water to flow into the bottle and reduce the amount of water used for each flush. Additionally, cut a larger opening at the top of the bottle for easy access during installation.
- Mark the desired water level: Use a marker or pen to indicate the desired water level on the bottle. This will help you adjust the water volume to your preference, ensuring efficient water usage without compromising the flushing power.
- Attach the water bottle to the tank: Insert the water bottle into the tank, ensuring that the smaller hole is facing downwards. Attach it securely to the inner wall of the tank using duct tape or a rubber band. Make sure the bottle remains stable and does not interfere with any other components in the tank.
- Test and adjust: Turn on the water supply and allow the tank to fill. Observe the water level in the tank and check if it matches the desired water level marked on the bottle. If necessary, adjust the water level by modifying the bottle’s position, either raising or lowering it as needed.
- Monitor and maintain: Regularly check the functionality of the water bottle in the toilet tank. Ensure proper water flow and adjust the position or water level if needed. Also, periodically clean the bottle to prevent any build-up of residues or bacteria.
By following these simple steps, you can successfully install a water bottle in your toilet tank, contributing to water conservation efforts while saving on your water bills. It’s a small but effective way to make a positive impact on the environment and your finances.
So, take the plunge and start conserving water today!
Other Methods To Save Water In The Bathroom
Water Bottle In Toilet To Save Water
Saving water is an important aspect of sustainable living, and one simple yet effective method is by placing a water bottle in your toilet tank. However, there are several other methods to conserve water in the bathroom as well.
In this section, we will explore three other effective strategies: low-flow showerheads and faucets, dual-flush toilets, and water-saving taps and aerators.
Let’s dive in!
Low-Flow Showerheads And Faucets
- Install a low-flow showerhead: These showerheads are designed to regulate water flow, reducing the amount of water used during showers. They can help save significant amounts of water without compromising on your shower experience.
- Opt for low-flow faucets: Similar to low-flow showerheads, low-flow faucets have built-in water-saving mechanisms that restrict water flow without affecting their functionality. By replacing your regular faucets with low-flow ones, you can conserve water every time you use them.
- Benefits of low-flow fixtures: Not only do low-flow showerheads and faucets save water, but they also help you save on your water bill. Additionally, by reducing water consumption, they contribute to environmental conservation and promote sustainability.
- How dual-flush toilets work: Dual-flush toilets offer two flushing options: a low-volume flush for liquid waste and a full-volume flush for solid waste. This innovative design allows users to choose the most appropriate flush for the waste being disposed of, ultimately saving water.
- Water savings with dual-flush toilets: Studies have shown that dual-flush toilets can save up to 68% more water compared to traditional toilets. By using the low-volume flush for liquid waste, you can significantly reduce your water consumption and contribute to a more sustainable future.
- Cost-effectiveness and environmental impact: While dual-flush toilets may require an initial investment, their long-term benefits make them worthwhile. Not only do they help you save on water bills, but they also play a crucial role in conserving water resources and reducing water pollution.
Water-Saving Taps And Aerators
- Installing water-saving taps: Water-saving taps are designed to limit the water flow without affecting functionality. They regulate water usage by mixing air with the water stream, giving the impression of a higher flow while actually using less water.
- Benefits of water-saving aerators: Aerators are attachments that can be added to existing faucets to reduce water flow. They work by introducing air into the water stream, increasing its volume while using less water. Installing aerators can effectively decrease water consumption in your bathroom.
- Environmental impact: By reducing water flow, water-saving taps and aerators help conserve water resources, maintain water quality, and minimize water-related energy consumption. They are an easy and affordable way to make your bathroom more eco-friendly.
By implementing these methods to save water in your bathroom, you can make a positive impact on both the environment and your wallet.
From low-flow fixtures to dual-flush toilets and water-saving taps, there are plenty of options to choose from, allowing you to conserve water without sacrificing comfort or convenience.
Start adopting these practices today and become a part of the global movement towards responsible water usage. Together, we can make a difference!
Is an Infuser Water Bottle Also Suitable for Saving Water in the Toilet?
An innovative solution, the fruit-infusing water bottle, is primarily designed to infuse flavors into your drinking water. However, it is not suitable for saving water in the toilet. Its purpose is to enhance the taste of water, rather than conserving it for other purposes.
FAQ About Water Bottle In Toilet To Save Water
How Does Putting A Water Bottle In The Toilet Save Water?
Putting a water bottle in the toilet tank displaces water, resulting in less water being used per flush.
Can Using A Water Bottle In The Toilet Affect Flushing Power?
No, using a water bottle in the toilet tank does not affect the flushing power as it only affects the amount of water used.
Are There Any Drawbacks To Using A Water Bottle In The Toilet?
No, there are no drawbacks to using a water bottle in the toilet; it is a simple and effective method to save water.
Does Using A Water Bottle In The Toilet Affect Cleanliness?
No, using a water bottle in the toilet does not have any impact on cleanliness or hygiene.
How Much Water Can Be Saved By Using A Water Bottle In The Toilet?
Using a water bottle can save around 0. 5 to 1 gallon of water per flush, resulting in significant water savings over time.
Using a water bottle in the toilet to save water is a simple yet effective way to contribute to water conservation efforts. By placing a filled bottle in the tank, you can reduce the amount of water used with each flush.
This not only helps to conserve water resources but also lowers your water bills. It is a small step that can make a big difference, especially when considering the millions of toilets in use worldwide. Additionally, this eco-friendly approach is easy to implement and requires no costly investments.
With the growing concern for environmental sustainability, adopting such practices not only benefits our planet but also raises awareness about the importance of water conservation. So, why not give it a try and join the movement towards a more sustainable future?
Incorporating this simple hack into your daily routine can have a significant impact on water conservation efforts, one flush at a time.


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ASME A112.18.3 pdf download PERFORMANCEREQUIREMENTS FORBACKFLOWPROTECTION DEVICES AND SYSTEMS IN PLUMBING FIXTUREFITTINGS
6 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR BACKFLOW PREVENTION DEVICES 6.1 Functional Backflow prevention devices shall be designed to pre- vent pollution and contamination of the potable water system.
6.2 Materials Materials in contact with potable water shall comply with the requirements of ASME A112.18.1M.
6.3.1 WorkingPressure. Backflow prevention devices shall be designed to functionat water working pressures up to 125 psig (861 kPa gage).
6.3.2 Working Temperature. Backflow prevention devices shall be designed to function at water supply temperatures ranging from 40°F to 160°F (4.4°C to 71°C).
6.4 Reliability Backflow prevention devices shall be resistant to mechanical wear, deposition ofminerals, aging, and cor- rosion of the materials as determined by the test proce- dure of para. 7. The manufacturer shall establish the reliability of the individual backflow prevention device, and it shall be confirmed by durability tests in accor- dance with para. 7.
7 EVALUATION OF BACKFLOW PREVENTION DEVICES
7.1 Sample Size The minimuminitial sample size per setshall be seven specimens. The incremental increases and cumulative sample sizes shall be as shown in Table 1.
7.2 Test Methodology
7.2.1 Facilities. The backflow prevention devices shall be tested individually in fittings or test fixtures representing the dimensions and tolerances specified by the device manufacturer.
7.2.2 Protocol. The functional performance of the device shall be determined before and after the durabil- ity testsequence. The functional performance ofa device shall be determined in accordance with para. 11. The durability test sequence for a device shall be conducted in accordance with para. 15. The process for evaluation of backflow prevention devices is illustrated in Fig. 1.
Two sample sets, each consisting of a minimum of seven specimens, shall be evaluated for durability by tests defined in para. 15. At the start of the evaluation, both sets samples shall be tested for functional perform- ance (para. 11). Thereafter, one sample set shall be tested for mechanical wear and mineral deposition (para. 15.2), and the second sample set shall be tested for aging and corrosion (para. 15.1). When retested, there shall be a maximum of three incremental increases.
7.3 Conformance Any physical damage to internal devices known to preclude functional performance shall be cause for rejec- tion. The allowable failures shall not exceed the values shown in Table 1.
8 FIXTURE FITTINGS WITH INTERNAL DEVICES COMPLYING WITH PARAS. 6 AND 7 The purpose ofthis paragraph is to define the require- ments and test procedures for the evaluation of finished products incorporating certified backflow protection devices which have been demonstrated to be in compli- ance with paras. 6 and 7 of this Standard.