More Than 200 Projects are included in the Archigram Archival Project. The AAP uses the group’s mainly chronological numbering system and includes everything given an Archigram project number. This comprises projects done by members before they met, the Archigram magazines (grouped together at no. 100), the projects done by Archigram as a group between 1961 and 1974, and some later projects.
The Montreal Tower was a project commissioned by Taylor Woodrow and executed at the Euston office. It was presented to the authorities of the (then) forthcoming Montreal Expo as a "central feature". It had to incorporate a central concrete tower and provide a wide variety of public entertainment functions. This brief was extended to form a "skin and guts" proposition: a vertical tree with enormous roots on to which could be hung temporary exhibition elements that would be removed and replaced after the Expo.
In many ways, the project served as a trial run for notions of structural and component replacement that were developed in the Plug-in City. By comparison, the structure of the tower is closer, and the lift tubes -- though diagonal -- still form a separate structure. A skin wraps around the whole of the temporary infill.
Archigram, Edited by Peter Cook, Warren Chalk, Dennis Crompton, David Greene, Ron Herron & Mike Webb, 1972 [reprinted New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 1999]
Montreal Expo '67 is reported in Architectural Design, July 1967.


Alfablocs are ideal for the storage and segregation of grain. When multiple species and varieties of cereals are being grown, having a system which is flexible to be able to be changed each season is essential. As Alfablocs can be used freestanding, and don’t have to be bolted down to the floor, they are very easy to move and reconfigure as your storage requirements change.
If you’re looking to increase the storage capacity at a later date you can purchase extension tops which bolt on to the Alfablocs which can add an additional 1 metre in height.
Creating a silage clamp which will provide a robust and structural solution to the storage of silage is a popular use of Alfablocs.
As silage clamps experience considerable pressures when the clamp is being filled (due to the heavy weight of farm equipment used to consolidate the clamp) the patented mechanism of interconnecting straps helps in the spread of the load horizontally against the Alfablocs. It is recommended that the Alfablocs are bolted down for the use of silage clamps due to the extreme pressures which can occur.
Precast concrete plays an increasingly important role in the ports & shipping industry. As ever more bulk materials are stored on-site prior to delivery, storage solutions are becoming more and more necessary.
Often existing warehouses in ports have not been designed for the storage of bulk materials. Alfabloc retaining walls can be used in these situations to create segregated bays, providing storage solutions and preventing cross contamination.
Designed to withstand considerable loading, Alfablocs can be quickly and easily reconfigured as storage requirements change.
Our specialist sales team are available to guide and assist you through the range of Alfabloc products and accessories we offer and to answer any questions you may have.
Alfabloc concrete security walling is the ideal solution for the protection of important infrastructure projects as well as traffic and crowd segregation.
Alfabloc’s patented jointed mechanism, utilising the use of steel interconnecting straps, creates a secure and substantial wall which can be erected quickly and easily.
Alfabloc security walls can also be used for ballistic protection at important infrastructure sites such as substations, power stations, shooting ranges etc. In these environments where security is a priority, our security walls are able to provide protection from blasts and ballistics.
Alfablocs have successfully gone through ballistic tests and whilst not bulletproof, the double layers of the Alfabloc™ will effectively ‘stop’ a bullet. Not only this, but the angled sides will deflect a projectile before it has a chance to penetrate directly.
Energy from Waste (EfW) sites often have to have significant space to store the raw materials required to feed the plant. Alfablocs can be installed quickly and are able to withstand considerable loads.
Used in a variety of industries, including at nuclear power stations, our concrete walls are designed to provide protection from hazardous materials.
Heavyweight concrete acts as shielding from hazardous materials for nuclear and medical purposes. The higher the density of the concrete, and the thicker it is, the more effective the material is at reducing the radiation’s intensity. We can create bespoke solutions using heavy natural aggregates with a higher density than our normal blocks to reduce this radioactivity. A higher density concrete means a thinner wall can be used, saving space on-site.
At Sizewell A nuclear power station in England we supplied a number of Alfablocs to construct a shield wall to reduce ‘shine’ or radiation. The power station was being decommissioned, with interlocking Alfablocs used to surround the active waste facility building during this process.
It is important for a waste transfer station or material waste recycling facility to have the right solutions in place which can handle the variety of stresses and impact from the storing and moving of waste materials.
Fire is always a risk at waste and recycling plants and use of concrete walling rather than wooden railway sleepers is a big benefit.


More than 420 of our people worked around the clock over the first 10 days of 2021 to successfully carry out the biggest upgrade to the Sydney Harbour Bridge rail line in its history.
Acting Chief Executive Suzanne Holden said that the once-in-a-generation project saw some of the best engineers in the world design and deliver a concrete deck that will allow trains to run more quietly, smoothly and reliably, providing a better experience for our customers and also neighbouring residents.
“Our Engineering and Maintenance crews and many behind the scenes worked incredibly hard,” said Suzanne. “I’d like to thank our experienced team for completing more than 15,000 work hours delivering this project on time, despite inclement weather including heat, high humidity, electrical storms and torrential downpours.”
In what was our most complicated engineering project ever, Sydney Trains work crews replaced the 555 metres of timber deck supporting the track on the bridge’s northern and southern approaches. In its place, they installed a low maintenance, more robust and longer-lasting concrete composite deck made up of 266 3-tonne concrete panels, which were constructed in Newcastle.
To finish the job, the teams had to put a new concrete panel in place every 15 minutes!
Our customers certainly noticed the efforts of the crews working who were at times faced with difficult weather conditions.
“Went past during that huge storm – fair play, they (the crews) kept working where they had to, and took shelter when there was lighting. Much appreciated by us commuter! Thank you.”
“Kudos to the maintenance crews working there today! Great effort from everyone.”
“Thank you to all of you. For your hard work and for making sure that our tracks are safe and well maintained.”
Major Works led the job, which had been planned for a decade and involved contribution and collaboration by teams from across Sydney Trains, including Planning, Service Experience, Media and Procurement. By working together and in close consultation with Greater Sydney, the groups involved ensured it was done with maximum benefit and as little inconvenience to our customers as possible.
While the majority of the work was completed during the 10-day closure, further work to complete the rest of the deck upgrade will be completed over a series of scheduled weekend maintenance windows.
Watch some of the LinkedIn posts put together by our Media Team (here and here) and check out our photo gallery below to see more detail of the work that was carried out.
Well done to everyone involved!


Phil Williams Builders Ltd. is a local
company based in Ross-on-Wye and covering the surrounding areas
including Herefordshire and Gloucestershire.
We have over 25 years experience in
all aspects of the construction industry.
We have built up our
reputation by providing a reliable and quality service to our
Our workforce is made up of local
Over the years we have carried out a
varied and wide range of building contracts including hotel
refurbishment, factory construction, new build houses, extensions,
renovations, alterations and repairs.
If you are interested in using our
services then please get in touch.


EOS’ Water Chlorinator
low-cost • low-maintenance • no electricity to use
EOS International’s water purification technology is a low-cost, low-maintenance solution that attaches to any rural community’s water tank and inactivates pathogens in water systems by releasing a controlled dosage of chlorine. One system can provide safe drinking water for up to 1,000 community members and requires no electricity to use.
Water Source Requirements
EOS International's water purification system is designed for use in rural areas with a gravity fed water system having a flow rate between 2 and 20 gallons per minute. The water supply should have minimal organic material present and turbidity levels of less than 5 NTUs.
EOS' water chlorinator uses inexpensive, locally sourced materials including PVC piping, T-joints, caps, pipe adhesive, and ball valves. In addition to raw materials, plans, templates, instructions, and trainings are provided to communities, ensuring projects' long-term success.
The communities EOS serves use locally sourced chlorine tablets (Calcium hypochlorite or Trichloro-Isocyanuric Acid) to disinfect their drinking water. It is important to note that the tablets must be approved for human consumption and tested in the unit to dissolve at a slow rate.


City of Wilmington Front Street Improvements
Client: City of Wilmington, Wilmington, NC
Engineer: City of Wilmington
Completion Date: 2010
Delivery Method: Design Bid Build
This project was a combination of water & sewer underground utility replacement and a complete streetscape demolition and replacement from building to building. It was designed to upgrade utilities and traffic signals while enhancing the street and sidewalk features. It replaced 16” water and 8” sewer mains and services while replacing select sections of the storm sewer system.


Addendum to Electricity Supply Application Handbook (ESAH) V3 Clause 2.3 on installation height meter has been updated as follows:
|Clause 2.3i) The height of the meter board in the consumer’s premise at the wall facing the main entrance shall be 1.65m (top of the meter) above ground level||The height of the meter board in the consumer’s premise at the wall facing the main entrance shall be between 1.75m (top of the meter) to 1.85m above ground level.|
|Appendix 2: Drawing of proposed heights against old height.||Amendment on the drawing where height of meter installation has been.|
|Appendix 3: Photos of meter installation at new height.||Photos of meter installation at new height.|
For more information and to download a copy of ESAH, log on to www.tnb.com.my .


Hozelock Flow Control Valve 13mm (2 Pack) - 2765
Used with 13mm irrigation supply pipe to control the flow of water. Ideal for isolating zones of an irrigation system and for reducing flow. Made from UV-stable plastic for long life in the sun. Typical uses include vegetable patches and flower beds. Can also be used with a 13mm soaker hose.
- Flow control for 13mm irrigation supply pipe.
- Made from UV stable plastic.
- Shuts off or adjusts flow in the 13mm supply pipe.
- Sold in packs of 2.


Due to their technical qualities, porcelain is the natural choice material for flooring in areas with a high level of pedestrian traffic, such as shopping centres, offices or public buildings (banks, undergrounds, airports, hospitals, etc.).
Porcelain tiles are ceramic tiles with a water absorption rate of less than 0.5 percent that are used to cover floors and walls.
Large scale production of porcelain tile is undertaken in many countries, with the major producers being China, Italy, Spain and Brazil.
The hardness of the tile is rated from zero to five according to the ASTM C1027 (or ISO 10545-7) test for surface abrasion resistance of glazed tile.
This rating, (sometimes mistakenly called the PEI rating) determines the tiles suitability for various end use conditions.


Are you planning to undertake a construction project in Virginia Beach? Before you can start building, it is essential to understand the permits and inspections required by the local authorities. This comprehensive guide provides you with all the information you need to navigate through the complex process of obtaining permits and undergoing inspections in Virginia Beach.
Virginia Beach is known for its beautiful coastline, vibrant community, and thriving economy. However, like any other city, it has specific regulations and requirements that must be followed when it comes to construction projects. Whether you are constructing a new home, renovating an existing property, or adding an extension, understanding the permit and inspection process is crucial to ensure compliance with local laws and regulations.
Understanding the Permitting Process
In this section, we will delve into the intricacies of the permitting process in Virginia Beach. From determining the types of permits required to understanding the application process, we will provide you with a step-by-step guide to simplify your journey.
Types of Permits
Virginia Beach has various permits that may be required for different types of construction projects. Understanding the specific permits you need is vital. Common types of permits include building permits, electrical permits, plumbing permits, mechanical permits, and sign permits. Each permit serves a specific purpose and has different requirements. It’s essential to determine which permits are necessary for your project to ensure compliance with local regulations.
Once you have identified the permits you need, the next step is to submit an application. The application process involves providing detailed information about your project, including plans, specifications, and other supporting documents. It’s crucial to accurately complete the application to avoid delays or rejection. The application form can typically be obtained online or at the local permit office. Be sure to gather all the necessary documentation and pay any required fees when submitting your application.
Permit Review and Approval
After submitting your application, it undergoes a review process by the local authorities. The permit review ensures that your project complies with building codes, zoning regulations, and other relevant laws. During this stage, your application will be reviewed by various departments, such as planning, engineering, and fire safety. The review process aims to identify any potential issues or discrepancies that need to be addressed before approval can be granted. The duration of the review process varies depending on the complexity of your project and the workload of the permit office.
Permit Approval and Issuance
Upon successful completion of the review process, your permit will be approved and issued. This means that you have met all the necessary requirements and can proceed with your construction project. The permit will typically include important information, such as the permit number, project details, approved plans, and expiration date. It’s essential to review the permit thoroughly and keep a copy on-site during the construction process. Failure to display the permit or comply with its conditions can result in penalties or stop-work orders.
Scheduling and Conducting Inspections
Once your permits are approved, inspections become a critical part of the construction process. Inspections ensure that your project meets the required safety and quality standards. Depending on the nature of your project, various inspections may be necessary at different stages of construction. It is your responsibility to schedule inspections with the local building department to ensure compliance. Failure to schedule and pass inspections can lead to delays and potential violations.
Types of Inspections
Virginia Beach requires inspections for various aspects of construction, including foundation, framing, electrical, plumbing, and final inspections. Foundation inspections ensure that the building’s foundation is properly constructed and meets structural requirements. Framing inspections check the structural integrity of the building’s framework. Electrical inspections ensure that electrical systems are installed correctly and meet safety standards. Plumbing inspections examine the plumbing systems and ensure they comply with plumbing codes. Finally, the final inspection is conducted once the construction is complete to verify that the building meets all applicable codes and regulations.
Scheduling inspections is crucial to keep your construction project on track. Contact the local building department to schedule inspections at the appropriate stages of your project. It’s important to give sufficient notice to allow for scheduling and coordination. Inspections are typically scheduled within a specific time frame, such as 24 to 48 hours in advance. Be prepared to provide the permit number, project address, and other relevant details when scheduling inspections. It’s important to note that inspections may be postponed or rescheduled due to unforeseen circumstances, so it’s advisable to maintain open communication with the building department.
Preparing for Inspections
Prior to inspections, it’s essential to ensure that your construction site is ready and compliant with the applicable codes and regulations. This includes having approved plans and permits on-site, as well as completing all necessary work for the specific inspection. For example, if you are scheduling a framing inspection, make sure that all framing work is complete and meets the required standards. Additionally, ensure that your construction site is safe and accessible for the inspector. Remove any potential hazards, provide proper lighting, and ensure clear pathways for inspection purposes.
During the Inspection
During the inspection, a qualified inspector will visit your construction site to evaluate the work completed and ensure compliance with the applicable codes and regulations. The inspector will examine specific aspects of your project, such as structural integrity, electrical wiring, plumbing systems, and fire safety measures. It’s important to be present during the inspection to address any questions or concerns the inspector may have. Cooperate with the inspector and provide access to all areas needed for evaluation. If any issues are identified during the inspection, the inspector will provide guidance on how to rectify them.
After the inspection, the inspector will provide you with the results. If the inspection passes, it means that your construction project meets the required standards, and you can proceed with the next stage of work. In some cases, minor issues may be identified that need to be addressed before the inspection can pass. These are often referred to as “corrections” or “deficiencies.” It’s important to address these issues promptly and schedule a re-inspection if necessary. If the inspection fails, it means that significant issues were identified that need to be rectified before the work can continue. The inspector will provide detailed information on what needs to be corrected, and you will need to schedule a re-inspection once the necessary changes have been made.
Failed Inspections: What Next?
Occasionally, inspections may not pass on the first attempt. It’s important not to panic if this happens. Failed inspections are an opportunity to identify and rectify any issues before they become more significant problems. In this section, we will discuss the steps to take if your inspection fails and how to rectify any issues identified.
Understanding Inspection Reports
When an inspection fails, the inspector will provide you with a detailed inspection report outlining the specific issues that need to be addressed. It’s important to thoroughly review the report and understand the nature of the deficiencies. The report may include references to specific code sections or regulations that were violated. Use this information as a guide to rectify the issues and bring your project into compliance.
Addressing the Deficiencies
Once you have identified the deficiencies from the inspection report, take immediate action to rectify them. This may involve making necessary repairs, adjustments, or modifications to your construction project. It’s important to follow the recommendations provided by the inspector and ensure that all corrections are completed to the required standards. Keep detailed records of the corrective actions taken, including any additional inspections or documentation required.
After addressing the deficiencies, you will need to schedule a re-inspection to verify that the necessary corrections have been made. Contact the local building department to schedule a re-inspection, providing them with the permit number and details of the corrections made. Be prepared to provide any additional documentation or evidence required to demonstrate compliance. It’s essential to schedule the re-inspection as soon as possible to avoid delays in your project timeline.
Permit Expiration and Renewal
Permits in Virginia Beach have an expiration date, and it is crucial to be aware of this to avoid any legal complications. In this section, we will explain the permit expiration process and guide you on how to renew your permits if needed.
Understanding Permit Expiration
Permits in Virginia Beach typically have an expiration date. This means that the permit is valid for a specific period, usually ranging from six months to one year, depending on the type of permit. It’s important to be aware of the expiration date and plan your construction project accordingly. Construction work must be completed or significant progress made before the permit expires to avoid the need for a new permit application.
Extending Permit Validity
In some cases, you may require more time to complete your construction project than initially anticipated. If your permit is nearing its expiration date and you need additional time, you may be able to request an extension. Contact the local permit office to inquire about the process for extending the permit validity. They will provide you with the necessary information and requirements for submitting an extension request. It’s important to submit the extension request before the permit expires to avoid any penalties or complications.
If your permit has expired and you stillwish to proceed with your construction project, you will need to renew your permit. The process for permit renewal may vary depending on the local regulations and the specific circumstances of your project. Contact the local permit office to inquire about the renewal process and any requirements or documentation needed. It’s important to note that permit renewal may involve additional fees, so be prepared to pay the necessary costs to renew your permit.
Violations and Penalties
Failure to comply with the permit and inspection requirements can result in penalties and legal consequences. It’s essential to understand the potential violations and their associated penalties to ensure that you adhere to the local regulations. In this section, we will outline some common violations and the penalties that may be imposed.
Failure to Obtain Permits
One of the most significant violations is the failure to obtain the necessary permits for your construction project. Constructing without permits can lead to severe penalties and legal consequences. The penalties may include fines, stop-work orders, and even the requirement to undo or demolish any work completed without permits. It’s essential to understand the specific permits required for your project and ensure that you obtain them before commencing any construction activities.
Non-Compliance with Building Codes
Building codes are in place to ensure the safety and structural integrity of construction projects. Failure to comply with these codes can result in penalties and the need to rectify any violations. Common building code violations include improper framing, substandard electrical or plumbing work, inadequate fire safety measures, and non-compliant accessibility features. The penalties for non-compliance may include fines, required corrections, and potential legal action.
Failure to Schedule or Pass Inspections
Scheduling and passing inspections are vital aspects of the construction process. Failure to schedule inspections or pass them can lead to significant delays and potential penalties. It’s crucial to understand the inspection requirements for your project and ensure that you schedule inspections at the appropriate stages. Failing inspections may result in the need for additional corrective work, re-inspections, and potential fines or legal consequences.
Frequently Asked Questions
In this final section, we address some common questions related to permits and inspections in Virginia Beach. From questions about specific permits to inquiries about the overall process, we aim to provide you with comprehensive answers to help clarify any doubts you may have.
Do I Need a Permit for My Project?
The need for a permit depends on the type and scope of your construction project. Generally, permits are required for new construction, renovations, additions, electrical work, plumbing work, and sign installations. It’s essential to consult with the local permit office to determine the specific permits required for your project.
How Long Does the Permitting Process Take?
The duration of the permitting process varies depending on the complexity of your project, the workload of the permit office, and other factors. Simple projects may receive permits within a few weeks, while more complex projects may take several months. It’s advisable to plan your project timeline accordingly and consider the permitting process when setting project milestones.
What Happens if I Start Construction Without a Permit?
Starting construction without the necessary permits is a violation of local regulations. If you are caught building without permits, you may face penalties, including fines, stop-work orders, and the requirement to obtain permits retroactively or undo any work completed without permits. It’s crucial to obtain the required permits before starting any construction activities.
Can I Make Changes to My Project After Obtaining Permits?
Minor changes to your project may be allowed after obtaining permits, depending on the local regulations and the extent of the modifications. However, significant changes may require an amendment to the permit or the submission of a new permit application. It’s important to consult with the local permit office before making any substantial changes to your project.
What Should I Do if I Disagree with an Inspection Result?
If you disagree with an inspection result, it’s essential to communicate your concerns with the inspector or the local building department. They can provide clarification on the specific code requirements or address any misunderstandings. It’s important to maintain open communication and work towards resolving any issues or disagreements in a professional manner.
How Can I Ensure a Smooth Permitting and Inspection Process?
To ensure a smooth permitting and inspection process, it’s crucial to familiarize yourself with the local regulations, understand the specific requirements for your project, and follow the proper procedures. Thoroughly review the permit application and provide all necessary documentation. Schedule inspections at the appropriate stages and ensure that your construction site is prepared and compliant. Maintain open communication with the local permit office and address any issues or deficiencies promptly. By being proactive and prepared, you can navigate the process more efficiently.
In conclusion, navigating the permits and inspections process in Virginia Beach is crucial for a successful construction project. By understanding the different types of permits, the application process, and the requirements for inspections, you can ensure compliance with local regulations and avoid unnecessary delays or penalties. Use this comprehensive guide as your go-to resource to navigate the complexities of Virginia Beach permits and inspections with confidence.


Interior designers and homeowners are often forced to choose between horizontal and vertical radiators when searching for an efficient heating solution. The article provides insight into how the different radiator orientations perform in terms of heating.
The selection of horizontal and vertical radiators frequently exceeds the mere aesthetic and touches on issues of space use and efficiency of heating, as well as the installation consequences. As the modern-day living spaces develop with the demands of heating systems that mix design and functionality is never more evident. This article will clarify how vertical radiators compare to the efficiency and efficacy of the traditional horizontal radiators.
Understanding Radiator Efficiency
- Heat Distribution: One of the primary functions of a radiator is to distribute heat evenly throughout a room. The orientation can influence the path heat takes as it convects from the unit into the living space.
- Surface Area and Convection: The efficiency of a radiator is significantly influenced by its surface area and the convection process. More surface area can produce more heat, but how efficiently that heat is dispersed depends also on the radiator's positioning and design.
The Case for Horizontal Radiators
- Traditional Design: Horizontal radiators have been the standard in home heating for decades. Their design and operation principles are well understood, contributing to their continued popularity.
- Space Utilization: Typically placed under windows or along walls, horizontal radiators can efficiently counteract cold drafts and ensure a uniform temperature across the room.
The Rise of Vertical Radiators
- Space-Saving Solutions: Vertical radiators are lauded for their ability to fit into narrow spaces, making them ideal for rooms with limited wall space or large windows.
- Aesthetic and Design Flexibility: With modern interiors favoring clean lines and minimalist designs, vertical radiators offer a sleek and contemporary alternative to their horizontal counterparts.
Comparative Analysis: Efficiency and Performance
- Room Dynamics: The effectiveness of vertical and horizontal radiators is heavily dependent on room layout, size, and design. Vertical units might offer better solutions in rooms with high ceilings or limited wall space, whereas horizontal radiators could be more effective in traditional layouts.
- Heat Output: While the orientation might suggest a difference in heat output, it's the size and design of the radiator that truly matter. Both vertical and horizontal radiators can be designed to provide sufficient heat for a space, assuming they have the appropriate specifications.
- Energy Consumption: The efficiency of a bathroom radiators in terms of energy consumption largely depends on the material it's made from, its design, and the heating system it's integrated with, rather than its orientation.
Installation and Maintenance Considerations
- Space Constraints and Installation: Installing vertical radiators might require less wall length, but it's essential to consider the height and potential obstructions. Horizontal radiators, being more traditional, might be easier to integrate into existing pipework.
- Maintenance and Upkeep: Both types of radiators require regular maintenance, including bleeding and cleaning. The design and placement might affect how easily these tasks can be performed, but there's no significant difference between the two orientations in this regard.
Case Studies and Real-World Applications
- Residential Spaces: In modern apartments where space is at a premium, vertical radiators can serve as both a heating solution and a statement piece. Their ability to fit into narrow spaces makes them particularly appealing.
- Commercial Settings: In office buildings or commercial spaces where design and space efficiency are crucial, vertical radiators can offer an innovative heating solution without compromising floor space.
Conclusion: The Verdict on Vertical vs. Horizontal Radiators
There is no one size fits all answer to the debate between horizontal and vertical radiators. Both options have unique advantages to suit different requirements, preferences and space restrictions. Consider factors like the room layout, aesthetic preferences, heat output requirements and installation considerations when making a decision.
In the end vertical and horizontal radiators are able to provide effective heating solutions if they are chosen and set up correctly. The most important thing is to evaluate the needs specific to your home and collaborating with heating experts to choose the best solution. Visit our bathroom showroom in Manchester to explore options firsthand.


Tidal Range EnergyTidal range is the vertical difference between high and low tide.
While the tide is rising, the reservoir behind the dam is filled with water through open sluices. The gate to the turbine is closed. When high tide is reached, the sluices are shut. Once sea level has receded to sufficiently low levels, the turbine gate is opened and the water from the reservoir channeled onto the turbine.
Due to low head (<10m), the turbine type is similar to a Kaplan turbine
While the tide is rising, water flows through the turbine into the reservoir, generating electricity during flood.
Less efficient than ebb generation.
In combination with ebb generation, use surplus grid energy to pump additional water into the reservoir, similar to hydro pump storage.
- La Rance estuary, France (240MW)
- Bay of Fundy, Canada (8MW)
- Silting: Similar to hydro power dams
- Loss of intertidal habitat, as it alters the flow of salt water in and out of estuaries.
- Potentially more flooding in the vicinity.
- High capital costs > €/kWh 2,000, but long lifetime. La Rance is in operation since 1966.
- Long payback time
Only feasible in few sites, though with huge potential. Construction of tidal barrages are underway in South Korea and China. There are advanced plans for a plant in Kamtchatka (87GW). Plans for the Severn Barrage (near Bristol, UK) for 8.6GW have been scrapped in October 2010 due to cost pressure, as the expected capital outlay would have been £30bn (~£/kWh3,500).


UEM/Toshiba is partnering with Agua Via on the first installations into California’s Central Valley. UEM is an international multi-disciplinary environmental services company that specializes in providing turnkey services in water and wastewater collection, treatment and disposal. UEM Group provides complete, single-source services from engineering and design to construction and installation of water, wastewater and domestic waste treatment facilities. Toshiba has been involved in the development of water and sewage infrastructure for many years. Toshiba is committed to the establishment of sustainable water circulation systems and the realization of advanced environmentally sound communities.