When it involves creating frameworks that meet our varied demands and also goals, basic building and construction plays an important role. From residences and also office buildings to bridges and also roads, it is the foundation of modern-day infrastructure. Comprehending the essentials of basic building and construction can assist you appreciate the complexity and virtuosity involved in bringing these tasks to life.
Construction projects commonly involve three key stages: pre-construction, construction, as well as post-construction. During the pre-construction stage, detailed preparation occurs. Engineers and also designers interact to design the structure, thinking about factors such as capability, aesthetic appeals, as well as safety. Additionally, permits and also approvals are obtained, as well as a budget and timeline are established.
Once the pre-construction phase is complete, the building phase starts. This is when the real building process happens. It includes various activities, including website prep work, structure building, framework, electric as well as pipes installations, as well as interior surfaces. Experienced workers, such as carpenters, electricians, plumbers, and painters, collaborate to ensure that every component is precisely installed.
Throughout the building and construction phase, continuous guidance and quality assurance procedures are carried out to make certain conformity with building regulations as well as guidelines. Examinations are performed at essential turning points to address any concerns promptly. Efficient communication and sychronisation amongst the construction team are important to prevent hold-ups and cost overruns.
Once the building and construction phase is finished, the project gets in the post-construction stage. This stage entails the final touches and evaluations to ensure that every little thing is functioning correctly as well as fulfills the desired criteria. It might consist of tasks such as landscape design, cleaning, interior decoration, and also system testing. The customer acquires the structure upon effective completion, as well as any needed maintenance or warranty work is dealt with.
In addition to these 3 primary phases, construction projects need efficient project monitoring. Project managers look after the entire procedure, from first preparation to final shipment. They are responsible for budgeting, organizing, coordinating sources, managing threats, and keeping client satisfaction. Skilled task supervisors help with seamless interaction, willpower disputes, as well as guarantee that all events entailed are functioning in the direction of a common objective.
To conclude, basic construction is a complex and complex process that involves planning, control, and knowledgeable craftsmanship. Recognizing the basics of basic building helps us value the initiatives that enter into producing the frameworks that form our world. Whether it’s a domestic structure or a large-scale facilities job, general building and construction plays a crucial duty in meeting our diverse needs and also enhancing the top quality of our lives.


All data are laboratory values and may vary in practice. A certain processing result cannot be guaranteed due to the unmanageable number of sealants and different application situations. Self-trials are generally recommended before starting work.
Application area of the FugenMeister joint smoother
Wherever aesthetic and prescribed sealant joints are required or desired. Preferably in sanitary/moist rooms such as bathrooms, toilets, showers, kitchens, laundry rooms, sauna areas, outdoor pools, indoor pools, balconies, slaughterhouses, canteens, canal constructions, sewage treatment plants, but also in window construction, boat construction, timber construction, prefabricated houses, mould construction, car body and metal construction (clean rooms), aquarium construction, the smoothing tools are used.
Things to know
Wet rooms must be sealed in such a way that the building structure is permanently protected against water damage.
Water penetrating through joints can cause considerable damage unnoticed from the outside.
All connections must be sealed, especially if different building materials are combined with very different physical properties (e.g. floor/wall and connections to sanitary components).
In addition to its technical function, joint sealing in sanitary and damp rooms has important aesthetic and hygienic tasks. It must be fungicidally treated and easy to clean in order to prevent the infestation and spread of mould fungi.
If fungicide-equipped sealants cannot be used for legal reasons (e.g. food law), the applicability of concrete sealants should be inquired from the manufacturer.
Sealant joints should adapt inconspicuously to the overall appearance. For this reason, they are often not as wide as necessary to absorb the movements of the component elastically. Such undersizing, constant water pollution, chemical stress and aggressive cleaning procedures mean that joints exposed to moisture have to be maintained and serviced. They are therefore regarded as maintenance joints with a limited warranty.
Their condition must be checked at regular intervals and the sealant renewed if necessary in order to avoid consequential damage.
Possible applications Forming of 45° angles, radii or the removal of expansion joints. See Figure 1-6


Maintaining and inspecting infrastructure is crucial for ensuring its optimal condition, identifying potential issues, and promoting safety. In Nashville, the use of drone services for aerial inspections has transformed the way infrastructure maintenance is conducted. In this article, we will explore the benefits of utilizing drone services for aerial inspections in Nashville, highlighting how they enhance the efficiency, safety, and cost-effectiveness of infrastructure maintenance for businesses in the city.
Enhanced Safety and Efficiency:
Aerial inspections conducted through drone services eliminate the need for manual inspections that often involve workers accessing hazardous or hard-to-reach areas. Drones equipped with high-resolution cameras and sensors can swiftly capture detailed images and data from various angles and elevations. This eliminates the risks associated with traditional inspection methods and significantly reduces the time required to inspect large structures, such as bridges, towers, and rooftops. The ability to navigate complex environments with ease allows for thorough inspections while keeping personnel safe.
Comprehensive Data Collection:
Drones equipped with advanced imaging technologies and sensors can collect comprehensive data during aerial inspections. High-resolution images, thermal imaging, and LiDAR scans provide valuable insights into the condition of infrastructure elements, such as roofs, facades, power lines, and communication towers. The data collected enables engineers and maintenance teams to identify structural defects, signs of wear and tear, or potential vulnerabilities that may require attention. With this detailed information, timely and targeted maintenance can be planned, reducing the risk of costly repairs or unexpected failures.
Traditional methods of infrastructure inspection often require the use of specialized equipment, scaffolding, or hiring external contractors. These approaches can be expensive and time-consuming. In contrast, drone services offer a cost-effective alternative. Deploying drones for aerial inspections reduces the need for expensive equipment and minimizes the labor-intensive processes associated with traditional inspections. The efficient data collection and analysis capabilities of drones also lead to more accurate assessments, allowing resources to be allocated more effectively for maintenance and repair purposes.
Improved Data Analysis and Reporting:
Drone services not only collect data but also facilitate its analysis and reporting. Advanced software and data processing techniques allow for precise analysis of the captured images and sensor data. This enables engineers and maintenance teams to identify and prioritize maintenance needs, track changes over time, and make informed decisions based on accurate and up-to-date information. The data-driven insights obtained from aerial inspections enhance the overall management of infrastructure projects in Nashville, ensuring timely interventions and proactive maintenance strategies.
Aerial inspections using drones are non-intrusive and minimize disruption to daily operations. Traditional inspection methods often require the closure of areas or the interruption of services, leading to inconvenience for businesses and the public. With drone services, inspections can be conducted efficiently without causing unnecessary disruptions. This allows businesses in Nashville to continue their operations smoothly while ensuring the safety and integrity of their infrastructure.
Utilizing drone services for aerial inspections offers numerous benefits for infrastructure maintenance in Nashville. Enhanced safety, improved efficiency, comprehensive data collection, cost-effectiveness, and minimized disruption are among the advantages that drone inspections bring to businesses in the city. By embracing aerial inspections, Nashville businesses can ensure the optimal condition and performance of their infrastructure, prevent costly repairs, and prioritize maintenance efforts. Stay ahead of infrastructure maintenance challenges in Nashville by harnessing the power of drone services and aerial inspections.


(Last amended in December 2015)
18.1 Objective and Scope of Application
18.3 Program for Working Conditions and Environment in the Construction Industry (PCMAT)
18.4 Welfare Facilities
18.6 Excavations, Foundations and Stripping of Rocks
18.8 Steel Reinforcement
18.9 Concrete Structures
18.10 Metal Structures
18.11 Welding and Hot Cutting Operations
18.12 Stairs, Ramps and Walkways
18.13 Protective Measures Against Fall from Height
18.14 Handling and Transporting of Materials and People
18.15 Scaffoldings and Work Platforms
18.16 Steel Wire Ropes and Synthetic Fiber Slings
18.17 Brickwork, Coating and Finishings
18.18 Roofs and Roof Coverings
18.19 Floating Services
18.20 Confined Spaces
18.21 Electrical Installations
18.22 Machinery, Equipment and Miscellaneous Tools
18.23 Personal Protective Equipments
18.24 Storages and Storing of Materials
18.25 Transportation of Workers in Motor Vehicles
18.26 Fire Protection
18.27 Safety Sign
18.30 Hoardings and Galleries
18.31 Fatal Accidents
18.32 (Repealed by Ordinance SIT no 237, June 10, 2011)
18.33 Internal Commission for Accident Prevention (CIPA) in the Construction Companies
18.34 Permanent Committee on Working Conditions and Environment in Construction Industry
18.35 Technical Recommendations for the RTP Procedures
18.36 General Provisions
18.37 Final Provisions
18.38 Temporary Provisions
18.1.1 This Regulatory Standard (NR) establishes the administrative, planning and organizational guidelines, which aim for the implementation of safety control measures and preventive systems in the process, in the working conditions and environment in construction industry.
18.1.2 Those listed in Table 1 of NR4, and the activities and services of demolition, repair, painting, cleaning and maintenance in general of any type of building, including maintenance of urbanization and landscaping works are considered as the activities of the Construction Industry.
18.1.3 The entry or staying of the workers in the construction site is forbidden, without being ensured by the measures provided in this NR and the compatibility with the phase of work.
18.1.4 The observance of this NR does not exempt the employers from the compliance with the provisions relating to the working conditions and environment, as determined by the federal, state or municipal legislation, and by the collective bargaining.
18.2.1 It is mandatory to notify the following information to the Regional Labor Office before beginning the activities:
a) address of the work site;
b) address and qualification (CEI, CGC or CPF) of the contractor, employer or condominium;
c) type of the work;
c) start and completion dates of the work;
e) maximum number of workers expected to work.
18.3.1 It is mandatory to prepare and comply with the PCMAT in the establishments with 20 (twenty) or more employees, covering all aspects of this NR and other complementary safety features.
184.108.40.206 The PCMAT shall include the requirements contained in the NR 9 – Environmental Risk Prevention Program.
220.127.116.11. The PCMAT shall be kept in the establishment at the disposal of the regional body of the Ministry of Labor and Employment (MTE).
18.3.2. The PCMAT shall be prepared by a legally qualified professional in the field of occupational safety.
18.3.3. The implementation of the PCMAT in the establishments is the responsibility of the employer or the condominium.
18.3.4. The content of the PCMAT:
a) memorial on working conditions and environment in the activities and operations, taking the risks of occupational illness and accidents and the respective preventive measures into consideration;
b) implementation design of the collective protections in accordance with the stage of the work;
c) technical specifications of the collective and individual protections to be used;
d) schedule for implementing the preventive measures defined in PCMAT in accordance with the stages of work;
e) initial and updated layout of the construction site and/or the work front, including the welfare facilities;
f) training program covering the topics on prevention of occupational diseases and accidents, with their course load.
18.4.1 The construction sites shall have:
a) sanitary installations;
b) changing rooms and lockers;
d) dining hall;
e) kitchen, when preparing meals;
g) recreation area;
h) outpatient clinic, in case of 50 (fifty) or more workers.
18.104.22.168 Complying with the provisions in paragraph “c”, “f” and “g” is mandatory where the workers accommodate.
22.214.171.124 The welfare facilities shall be kept in perfect condition, hygiene and cleanliness.
126.96.36.199 The mobile installations, including containers, will be accepted in the welfare facilities, provided that every module:
a) has an effective natural ventilation area of at least 15% of the floor area, composed of at least two openings properly placed arranged to allow effective internal ventilation;
b) ensures thermal comfort conditions;
c) has a minimum ceiling height of 2,40m;
d) ensures other hygiene and comfort requirements established in this NR;
e) has a protection against electrical shock by indirect contact, in addition to electrical grounding.
188.8.131.52.1 In the mobile installations, including containers, designed to accommodate bunk type double beds, the headroom between two beds shall be at least 0.90 m.
184.108.40.206.2 In case of adapting the containers originally used for transporting or securing the loads, a technical report concerning the absence of chemical, biological and physical hazards (especially for radiation) with the identification of the company responsible for the adaptation, shall be kept in the construction site at the disposal of the trade union and the labor inspection.
18.4.2 Sanitary Facilities
220.127.116.11 The place intended for the personal hygiene and/or the physiological needs of excretion is accepted as a sanitary facility.
18.104.22.168 It is forbidden to use the sanitary installations for any purpose other than those specified in sub-item 22.214.171.124.
126.96.36.199 The sanitary facilities shall:
a) be kept in perfect condition and hygiene;
b) have sturdy and durable access doors and be constructed so as to maintain appropriate guard;
c) have walls from resistant and washable material, which might be wood;
d) have impermeable, washable and non-slip floors;
e) not be connected directly to the designated eating places;
f) be separate for men and women, when necessary;
g) have adequate ventilation and lighting;
h) have suitably protected electrical installations;
i) have a minimum ceiling height of 2.50m, or respecting those stipulated in the Building Code of the Municipality;
j) be located within easy and safe access, a displacement superior than 150 meters from the place of work to the toilets, urinals and lavatories is not allowed;
188.8.131.52 The sanitary facility shall be constituted of lavatory, toilet and urinals, in ratio of 1 set for each group of 20 workers, as well as shower in ratio of 1 unit for each group of 10 workers.
184.108.40.206.1 The lavatories shall:
a) be individual or collective, chute type;
b) have metal or plastic tap;
c) have a height of 0.90 m;
d) to be connected directly to the sewerage system, when necessary;
e) have a smooth, waterproof and washable internal coating;
f) have a minimum space of 0.60 m between taps, when collective;
g) have a disposal container for waste paper.
220.127.116.11.1. The location of toilets (sanitary cabinet) shall:
a) have a minimum area of 1.00 m2;
b) have a door with an internal door latch and lower edge of maximum 0.15 m in height;
c) have dividers with a minimum height of 1.80 m;
d) have lidded containers for the disposal of waste paper, being required to provide toilet paper.
18.104.22.168.2 The toilets shall:
a) be a squatting or sitting type;
b) have a discharge tank or automatic valve;
c) be connected to the general sewerage system or to the septic tank, with interposition of hydraulic siphons.
22.214.171.124.1 The urinals shall:
a) be individual or collective, through type;
b) have a smooth, waterproof and washable internal coating;;
c) have an automatic or manual discharge;
d) be at a maximum height of 0.50 m from the floor;
e) be connected to the general sewerage system or to the septic tank, with interposition of hydraulic siphons.
126.96.36.199.2 Each 0.60 m segment of through type urinal shall correspond to a bowl type urinal.
188.8.131.52.1 The minimum area required for each shower is 0.80 m2, with a height of 2.10 m from the floor.
184.108.40.206.2 The floors of the places where the showers are installed shall have a trim that ensures the water flow to the sewage system, if any, and shall be of non-slip material or provided with wooden pallets.
220.127.116.11.3 The showers shall be of metal or plastic, individual or collective, providing hot water.
18.104.22.168.4 Each shower shall have a soap holder and a towel rack.
22.214.171.124.5 Electric showers shall be properly grounded.
126.96.36.199 Changing room
188.8.131.52.1 Every construction site shall have a changing room for workers who do not reside on site to change their clothes.
184.108.40.206.2 The location of the changing room shall be close to the accommodations and/or the entrance of the site, without direct connection to the dining hall or kitchen.
220.127.116.11.3 The changing rooms shall:
a) have walls from brick, wooden or equivalent material;
b) have floors from concrete, cemented, wooden or equivalent material;
c) have coverings that will protect against inclement weather;
d) have ventilation areas corresponding to 1/10 of the floor area;
e) have natural or artificial lighting;
f) have personal lockers endowed with door locks or padlocks;
g) have a minimum ceiling height of 2.50m, or respecting those stipulated in the Building Code of the Municipality;
h) be kept in perfect condition, hygiene and cleanliness.
i) have benches in sufficient number to serve to the users, with a minimum width of 0.30m.
18.104.22.168.1 The accommodations in the construction sites shall:
a) have walls from brick, wooden or equivalent material;
b) have floors from concrete, cemented, wooden or equivalent material;
c) have coverings that will protect against inclement weather;
d) have ventilation areas corresponding to 1/10 of the floor area;
e) have natural or artificial lighting;
f) have a minimum area of 3.00 m2 per bed/closet module, including the circulation area;
g) have a minimum ceiling height of 2.50m for single beds and 3.00 m for double beds;
h) not be located in the basements or cellars of the buildings;
i) have suitably protected electrical installations.
22.214.171.124.2 It is forbidden to use 3 or more beds in the same floor space vertically.
126.96.36.199.3 The headroom allowed between two beds, and the latter and the ceiling is at least 1.20 m.
188.8.131.52.4 The top bunk bed shall have side protection and a ladder.
184.108.40.206.5 The minimum dimensions of the beds shall be 0.80m by 1.90m and the distance between the bed slats shall be 0.05m, providing mattresses with a density of 26 (twenty six) and a minimum thickness of 0.10 m (ten centimeters).
220.127.116.11.6 The beds shall have sheet, pillow and pillow cover in adequate hygienic conditions, as well as blankets, when the weather conditions so require it.
18.104.22.168.7 The accommodations shall have double individual closets with the following minimum dimensions:
a) 1.20m high by 0.30m wide and 0.40m deep, with separation or shelf, so that a compartment with a height of 0.80m to keep the clothes for common use and other compartment with a height of 0.40m to keep the working clothes; or
b) 0.80m high by 0.50m wide and 0.40m deep with a division in vertical direction, so that the compartments with a width of 0.25m to isolate the clothes for common use and work.
22.214.171.124.8 It is forbidden to cook and heat any meal in the accommodations.
126.96.36.199.9 The accommodations shall be kept in perfect condition, hygiene and cleanliness.
188.8.131.52.10 It is mandatory to provide fresh, filtered potable water for the employees by means of inclined jet-type drinking fountain or similar equipments that ensure the same conditions, in ratio of 1 for each group of 25 employees.
184.108.40.206.11 The stay of people with infectious contagious disease in the accommodations is forbidden.
220.127.116.11 Dining hall
18.104.22.168.1 It is mandatory to have an adequate dining spot in the construction sites.
22.214.171.124.2 The dining facilities shall:
a) have walls that allow isolation during meals;
b) have floors from concrete, cemented or other washable material;
c) have coverings that will protect against inclement weather;
d) have a capacity to ensure the attendance of all the employees at meal time;
e) have natural and/or artificial ventilation and lighting;
f) have washbasins installed in the vicinity or inside;
g) have tables with flat and washable tops;
h) have seats in sufficient numbers to serve the users;
i) have lidded containers for wastes;
j) not be located in the basements or cellars of the buildings;;
k) not have direct connection with sanitary facilities;
l) have a minimum ceiling height of 2.50m, or respecting those stipulated in the Building Code of the Municipality.
126.96.36.199.3 Regardless of the number of employees and whether or not there is a kitchen, the construction sites shall have an exclusive location for heating meals, with adequate and safe heating equipment.
188.8.131.52.3.1 It is forbidden to prepare, heat and have meals outside of these locations.
184.108.40.206.4 It is mandatory to provide fresh, filtered potable water for the employees by means of inclined jet-type drinking fountain or other equivalent devices. The use of collective cups is forbidden.
220.127.116.11.1 When there is a kitchen in the construction site, it shall:
a) have natural and/or artificial ventilation that allows good exhaustion;
b) have a minimum ceiling height of 2.80m, or respecting those stipulated in the Building Code of the Municipality;
c) have walls from brick, concrete, wooden or equivalent material;
d) have floors from concrete, cemented, wooden or other easily cleanable material;
e) have covering of fire resistant material;
f) have natural and/or artificial lighting;
g) have sink for washing the foods and utensils;
h) have sanitary facilities for the exclusive of those appointed to handle the foodstuffs, meals and utensils, which do not communicate to the kitchen and not connected to the grease trap;
i) have lidded container for garbage collection;
j) have refrigeration equipment for preserving food;
k) be adjacent to the dining facilities;
l) have suitably protected electrical installations;
m) if LPG is used, the cylinders shall be installed out of the usage environment, in permanently ventilated and covered area.
18.104.22.168.2 It is mandatory to use aprons and bonnets for those working in the kitchen.
22.214.171.124.1 The living areas shall have their own, covered, ventilated and illuminated places so that the workers living at the construction site can wash, dry and iron their own clothes.
126.96.36.199.2 This place shall have individual or collective tanks in adequate number.
188.8.131.52.3 The company may contract third-party services to meet the requirements in item 184.108.40.206.1, at no cost to the employees.
220.127.116.11 Recreation area
18.104.22.168.1 The living areas shall be provided with recreation areas for the workers living at the construction site. The dining hall can be used for this purpose.
18.5.1 Before starting the demolition, electricity, water, flammable liquids and liquefied gases lines, toxic substances, sewer and water drainage pipes shall be disconnected, removed, protected or isolated, respecting the standards and determinations in effect.
18.5.2 The neighboring buildings to the demolition site shall be examined, priorly and periodically, in order to preserve their stability and physical integrity of others.
18.5.3 The demolition shall be planned and directed by a legally qualified professional.
18.5.4 Before starting the demolition, the glasses, slats, stucco and other fragile items.
18.5.5 Before starting the demolition of a pavement, all the openings on the floor shall be closed, except those that are used for the disposal of materials. People shall not stay on the pavements of which their stability might be compromised during the demolition process.
18.5.6 The stairs shall be kept clear and free of obstructions in case of emergency, and will only be demolished as the materials from upper floors are being removed.
18.5.7 Heavy and bulky items shall be removed by using mechanical devices. The release of any material in free fall is prohibited.
18.5.8 The debris removal, by gravity, shall be done through closed chutes made of resistant material, with a maximum inclination of 45º, attached to the building on every floor.
18.5.9 At the discharge point of the chute, a closure device shall be in place.
18.5.10 During the execution of demolition services, the debris retaining platforms shall be installed at most two floors below and around the perimeter of the working level, with a minimum dimension of 2.50m and inclination of 45º.
18.5.11 The elements of construction in demolition shall not be left in a position which makes them possible to collapse.
18.5.12 The materials of the building shall be previously moistened during the demolition and removal.
18.5.13 The walls can only be demolished before the structure when they are metal or concrete.
18.6.1 The work area shall be cleaned previously, and trees, rocks, equipments, materials and any kind of objects shall be removed or firmly propped, when there is a risk of losing stability while performing services.
18.6.2 Walls, neighboring buildings and all structures that may be affected by the excavation must be propped.
18.6.3 The services of excavation, foundation and stripping of rock shall have a legally qualified responsible technician.
18.6.4 When there is an underground power cable in the vicinity of excavation, the excavation can only b e started when he cable is disconnected.
22.214.171.124 If it is impossible to disconnect the cable, special measures shall be taken by concessionaire.
18.6.5 The unstable slopes of the excavations deeper than 1.25m shall have their stabilities ensured by dimensioned structures for this purpose.
18.6.6 For elaboration of the project and implementation of open pit excavations, the conditions required in NBR 9061/85 – Open Pit Excavation Safety shall be observed.
18.6.7 The excavations more than 1.25m in depth shall have stairs or ramps placed close to the working place in order to allow workers to evacuate quickly in case of any emergency, regardless of the provisions of sub-item 18.6.5.
18.6.8 The materials removed from the excavation shall be deposited at a distance greater than half of the excavation depth, as measured from the edge of the slope.
18.6.9 The stability of the slopes greater than 1.75m in height shall be ensured.
18.6.10 When there is a possibility of gas leak or infiltration, the site shall be properly ventilated and monitored.
126.96.36.199 The monitoring shall be effected while the work is being carried out, so that the audible and visual alarm will be activated in case of a leak.
18.6.11 Excavations on public roads or construction sites shall have warning signs and isolation barrier around the perimeter of excavation, including at nights.
18.6.12 The access of workers, vehicles and equipments to the excavation areas shall have permanent warning signs.
18.6.13 The access to the excavation or pile driving areas by unauthorized personnel is prohibited.
18.6.14 The pile driver operator shall be qualified and have trained team.
18.6.15 The cables sustaining the pestle shall be long enough to have a minimum 6 turns on the drum in any working position.
18.6.16 In the execution of excavations and foundations under compressed air, the provisions in Annex 6 of NR15 – Unhealthy Activities and Operations shall be met.
18.6.17 In the execution of rock blasting, there shall be a blaster, responsible for the storage, preparation, loading f loads, firing order, detonation and removal of those failed to explode, adequate disposal of leftover explosives and electrical devices required for the detonation.
18.6.18 The fire area shall be protected against the projection of particles when the workers and third parties are exposed to risk.
18.6.19 Audible alarm is mandatory during the detonations.
18.6.20 In the execution of open caisson, the provisions of item 18.20 – Confined spaces shall apply.
18.6.21 In the execution of open caisson, the requirement for shoring (jacketing) is at the discretion of the engineer specializing in foundations or soil, considering the safety requirements.
18.6.22 The equipment for hoisting and lowering workers and materials, which used in the execution of open caisson, shall be equipped with a safety locking system.
18.6.23 The excavation of open caisson, widening and opening the base and sloping shall be preceded by probing or local geotechnical study.
188.8.131.52 In particular case of open caisson and base opening, the geotechnical study shall be required for depths greater than 3.00m.
18.7.1 The operations on machines and equipment necessary for carrying out carpentry work can only be performed by qualified workers in terms of this NR.
18.7.2 The circular saw shall meet the following provisions:
a) be provided with a stable table, which is closed on all sides, manufactured from first quality and sturdy wooden, metallic or similar material of equivalent resistance without any deficiency, with sufficient sizing to perform the tasks;
b) have an electrically grounded motor housing;
c) the blade shall be kept sharp and latched, and shall be replaced when any crack, broken tooth or warping;
d) the transmissions of mechanical force shall be protected by fixed and sturdy screen, and cannot be removed under any circumstances while performing the work;
e) be provided with hood guard above the blade and riving knife, with identification of the manufacturer and sawdust collector.
18.7.3 Push sticks or blocks and alignment tabs shall be used in wood cutting operations.
18.7.4 The lighting fittings in the carpentry shall be protected against impacts from projected particles.
18.7.5 The carpentry shall have resistant, leveled and non-slip floor with covering capable of protecting workers from falls of materials and inclement weather.
18.8.1 Bending and cutting steel rebars shall be done on benches or appropriate and stable platforms supported on resistant, leveled and non-slippery surfaces, away from the circulation area of the workers.
18.8.2 The frames of columns, beams and the vertical structures shall be supported and propped to prevent overturning and collapse.
18.8.3 The working area where the frame workbench is located shall have a sturdy covers to protect the workers from falling materials and inclement weather.
184.108.40.206 The lighting fittings in the working area of rebar framing shall be protected against impacts from projected particles and the rebars.
18.8.4 It is mandatory to place firmly supported wooden planks on rebar frames for the movement of workers.
18.8.5 Unguarded protruding steel reinforcing bars are prohibited.
18.8.6 While unloading steel bars, the area shall be isolated.
18.9.1 The formworks shall be designed and constructed so as to resist the maximum working load.
18.9.2 The use of sliding formworks shall be supervised by legally qualified professional.
18.9.3 The supports and props of the formworks shall be inspected before and during concrete pouring by a skilled worker.
18.9.4 During de-forming, necessary measures to prevent the formwork sections and props from falling shall be taken, and lashing the parts and isolating and signing on the ground level is mandatory.
18.9.5 The column frames shall be guyed and propped before cement pouring.
18.9.6 During steel cable pretensioning, standing behind or over the jacks, or other pretensioning equipments is prohibited. The area shall be isolated and signalized.
18.9.7 The devices and equipments used in pretension shall be inspected by legally qualified professional before and during the work.
18.9.8 The connections of concrete discharge pipes shall have safety devices to prevent when pressurized.
18.9.9 The parts and machines of the concrete discharge systems shall be inspected by a skilled worker before starting work.
18.9.10 Any personnel other than the team necessary to pour concrete is prohibited in local.
18.9.11 The immersion and board vibrators shall have double insulation and the connection cables shall be protected against mechanical shocks and cuts by the hardware, being inspected before and during use.
18.9.12 The buckets of concrete transporters shall have safety devices to prevent accidental discharges.
18.10.1 The parts shall be fixed in advance of being welded, riveted or bolted.
18.10.2 In the construction of steel structure, below the riveting, bolting or welding operations, provisional flooring shall be maintained, covering the whole work area located on the lower level.
18.10.3 The provisional floor shall be assembled without any opening in order to prevent materials or equipments from falling to a lower level.
18.10.4 When it is necessary to complement the provisional floor, safety nets shall be installed along the columns.
18.10.5 Suitable containers for depositing pins, rivets, bolts and tools shall be available to the workers in their working places.
18.10.6 Prefabricated structural components shall have weights and dimensions compatible with the transport and hoist equipments.
18.10.7 The component elements of the metal structure shall not have burrs.
18.10.8 When it is necessary to assemble a structure close to the energized power lines, disconnection of the network, removing energized parts, line protection shall be undertaken, in addition to grounding the structure and equipments being used.
18.10.9 The placement of pillars and beams shall be made while still suspended by the hoisting equipment, so that probing, marking and securing of the parts are executed.
18.11.1 The welding and hot cutting operations can only be performed by skilled workers.
18.11.2 When hot welding and cutting operations were performed in lead, zinc or cadmium coated materials, the removal of fumes produced in welding and cutting process by local exhaust ventilation is mandatory, as well as when using coated electrodes.
18.11.3 The device used for handling electrodes shall have insulation suitable for the current level used in order to avoid electrical arcing or shock.
18.11.4 In welding and hot cutting operations, it is mandatory to use screens effective to protect the neighboring workers. The material used in this protection shall be of noncombustible type.
18.11.5 In welding and hot cutting of vessel, container, tank or similar, which involve the generation of confined or semi-confined gases, it is mandatory to adopt additional preventive measures to eliminate the risk of explosion and intoxication of the workers, as mentioned in item 18.20 – Confined Spaces.
18.11.6 The hoses shall have mechanisms against retrogression of the flame mounted onto the outlet of cylinder and inlet of the hose.
18.11.7 The presence of flammable and/or explosive substances near to the O2 (oxygen) cylinders is prohibited.
18.11.8 Electric welding equipments shall be grounded.
18.11.9 The conductive wires of the equipment, welding tongs and pliers shall be be kept away from places with oil, grease or moisture, and shall be left at rest on insulating surfaces.
18.12.1 The wood to be used for the construction of stairs, ramps and walkways shall be of good quality without any crack that compromises its strength, be dry and the use of paint that conceals the imperfections is forbidden.
18.12.2 Common stairways, ramps and walkways for the movement of people and materials shall be of solid construction and be provided with handrails and footers.
18.12.3 Connection of floors with a difference of level over 0.40m shall be made by means of stairs or ramps.
18.12.4 It is mandatory to install a temporary ramp or stairway for common use to connect the levels as a means to movement of workers.
220.127.116.11 Temporary stairs for common use shall be sized according to the flow of workers, respecting the minimum width of 0.80m, and an intermediate landing shall be provided at least every 2.90m.
18.104.22.168.1 The intermediate landings shall have a width and length at least equal to the width of the stairs.
22.214.171.124 The use of portable ladders shall be restricted to temporary access and small services.
126.96.36.199 The portable ladders can be up to 7.00m and the spacing between the rungs shall be uniform, varying between 0.25m to 0.30m.
188.8.131.52 It is forbidden to use the ladders with one rail.
184.108.40.206 It is forbidden to put the portable ladders:
a) near doors or circulation areas;
b) where there is a risk of falling objects or materials;
c) near openings and gaps.
220.127.116.11 The portable ladders shall:
a) exceed 1.00m above the landing point;
b) be secured at top and bottom or provided with a device that prevents any displacement;
c) have slip-resistant steps;
d) be supported on stable surfaces.
18.104.22.168 It is forbidden to use portable ladders near unprotected electrical equipments networks.
22.214.171.124 Step ladders shall be rigid, stable and be provided with equipments that keep them in open position. They shall have a maximum length of 6.00m when closed.
126.96.36.199 Extension ladders shall be provided with travel limiting devices placed in the fourth opening starting from the pulley. If there is no limiter device, when extended, an overlap of at least 1.00m shall be provided.
188.8.131.52 Sailor-type fixed ladders with 6.00m or more in height shall be provided with protective cage starting from 2.00m above the bottom of ladder up to 1.00m above the top of ladder.
184.108.40.206.1 Landing platforms protected with guardrails and footers shall be provided at maximum intervals of 9.00m.
18.12.6 Ramps and walkways.
220.127.116.11 Temporary ramps and walkways shall be constructed and kept in perfect condition.
18.104.22.168 Temporary ramps shall be fixed in the lower and upper floors not exceeding 30º inclination in relation to the floors.
22.214.171.124 Temporary ramps with inclination greater than 18º shall have cross pieces spaced at least 0.40m apart from each other for feet support.
126.96.36.199 Temporary ramps used for truck traffic shall have a minimum width of 4.00m and be fixed at their ends.
188.8.131.52 There shall be no protrusion between walkway and ground floors.
184.108.40.206 The supports for the ends of walkways shall be sized according to total length of the walkways and the loads that will be submitted.
18.13.1 It is mandatory to install collective protection where there is a risk of falling of workers and materials.
18.13.2 The openings on the floor shall have sturdy temporary covers.
220.127.116.11 The openings, in case of being used for vertical transportation of materials and equipments, shall be protected by a fixed guardrail at the point of entry and exit of material, and by gate or similar type closing system.
18.13.3 Openings to the elevator shaft shall have temporary closures at least 1.20m in height, made of strong material and securely fixed to the structure until the final placement of doors.
18.13.4 It is mandatory to install a protection against falling of workers and projection of materials on the periphery of the building from the beginning of the services required for concreting the first slab.
18.13.5 The guardrail systems shall meet the following requirements:
a) top rail shall have a height of 1.20m and midrail shall have a height of 0.70m;
b) toeboard shall have a height of 0.20m;
c) screens, mesh or other devices shall extend along the entire opening between rails.
18.13.6 Around the perimeter of the construction with more than 4 floors or equivalent height, it is mandatory to install a main protection platform at the height of first slab, which is at least one ceiling above the ground level.
18.104.22.168 This platform shall have at least 2.50m of horizontal projection from the exterior surface of the building and a complement of 0.80m extension, with an inclination of 45º, starting from the edge.
22.214.171.124 The platform shall be installed just after the concrete slab when the exterior cladding of the building above that platform is completed.
18.13.7 Above and from the main protection platform, secondary protection platforms shall be installed for every 3 slab.
126.96.36.199 These platforms shall have at least 1.40m of projection and a complement of 0.80m extension, with an inclination of 45º starting from the edge.
188.8.131.52 Each platform shall be installed after the concrete slab to which it relates, and be removed only when the periphery fence up to the immediate above platform is completed.
18.13.8 In construction of the buildings with basement floors, tertiary protective platforms shall be installed in every 2 slabs, towards to the basement starting from the slab related to the main protective platform.
184.108.40.206 This platform shall have at least 2.50m of horizontal projection from the exterior surface of the construction and a complement of 0.80m extension, with an inclination of 45º, starting from the edge, also meeting the requirements of sub-item 220.127.116.11.
18.13.9 The perimeter of the building construction shall be closed with a screen starting from main protective platform, in addition to the provisions in sub-item 18.13.6 and 18.13.7.
18.104.22.168 The screen itself shall be a protective barrier against projection of materials and tools.
22.214.171.124 The screen shall be ınstalled between the ends of two consecutive protective platforms, and can only be removed when the periphery fence up to the immediate above platform is completed.
18.13.10 In constructions where the highest floors are intended, the first slab intended to the installation of main protective platform shall be considered and the provisions of sub-items 18.13.7 and 18.13.9 shall apply.
18.13.11 The protective platforms shall be constructed resistant and maintained without overloading in a way that impairs the stability of their structures.
18.13.12 Safety Nets
126.96.36.199 As an alternative to use the secondary protective platforms mentioned in item 18.13.7, a Fall Arrest System can be used along with the safety nets.
188.8.131.52 Fall Arrest System shall be composed of at least following elements:
a) safety nets;
b) support ropes and border ropes;
c) support, fixing and anchorage elements, and net accessories composed of:
II. Clamps for fixing the gallow;
III. Anchor hooks at the bottom of net.
184.108.40.206 The support elements cannot be made of wood.
220.127.116.11 The support and border ropes shall have a minimum diameter of 16mm and a minimum breaking load of 30 kN, already considered the safety factor 2 in the calculation.
18.104.22.168 Fall Arrest System shall have at least 2.50m of horizontal projection starting from the exterior surface of the building.
22.214.171.124 In the lower part of the Fall Arrest System, the safety net shall remain as close as possible to the level of work.
126.96.36.199 Between the lower part of the Fall Arrest System and the level of work, there shall be a maximum height of 6.00m.
188.8.131.52 The upper end of the safety net shall be located at least 1.00m above the level of work.
184.108.40.206 The safety nets shall present uniform meshing throughout their length.
220.127.116.11 When it is necessary to make changes in the net, the same characteristics of the original net shall be ensured with respect to lacing strength and deformation in addition to durability, and overlapping is prohibited.
18.104.22.168.1 The repairs shall be done by professional with qualification and specialization in safety nets, under the supervision of a legally qualified professional.
22.214.171.124 The distance between the anchorage points of safety net and the building surface shall be 0.10m in maximum.
126.96.36.199 The safety net shall be anchoraged to the building structure at its lower part no more than every 0.50m.
188.8.131.52 The support structure shall be designed so as to prevent the parts getting loose.
184.108.40.206 The maximum distance between the gallows shall be 5m.
220.127.116.11 The safety net shall be fabricated in color providing contrast, preferably dark, in cords 30/45, with distance of 0.04m to 0.06m between nods and a minimum height of 10.00m.
18.104.22.168 The support structure shall be sized by a legally qualified professional.
22.214.171.124.1 The tests shall be performed pursuant to item 126.96.36.199.
188.8.131.52 Fall Arrest System shall be subject to weekly inspection to verify the conditions of all its elements and attachment points.
184.108.40.206.1 Necessary corrective actions shall be taken after the weekly inspections.
220.127.116.11 Fall Arrest System’s safety nets shall be stored in adequate containers in dry and suitable locations.
18.104.22.168 The support elements of Fall Arrest System and its accessories shall be stored in suitable environments and protected from deterioration.
22.214.171.124 The support elements of safety nets cannot be used for any other purposes.
126.96.36.199 The employers who opt for Fall Arrest System shall provide a project that meets the dimensional specifications established in this Regulatory Standard, integrated into the PCMAT.
188.8.131.52.1 The project shall contain the technical details describing the phases of assembly, displacement of the System during the progress of works and disassembly.
184.108.40.206.2 The project shall be signed by a legally qualified professional.
220.127.116.11 Fall Arrest System shall be used until the completion of the services of structure and perimeter fence.
18.104.22.168 The phases of assembly, displacement and disassembly shall be supervised by a professional technically responsible for the execution of the work.
22.214.171.124 Placing tissue over the safety net, which prevents falling of small objects, is allowed since included in the project of Fall Arrest System.
126.96.36.199 Safety nets shall be made so as to meet the tests as provided in the EN 1263-1 and EN 1263-2 standards.
188.8.131.52 The safety requirements for assembly of nets shall meet the EN 1263-1 and EN 1263-2 standards.
18.17.1 Techniques that ensure the stability of brick walls shall be used.
18.17.2 Fixed frames of electrical outlets shall be protected whenever coating and finishing services are performed on site.
18.17.3 Locations below the glass placement areas shall be prohibited or protected against falling materials.
184.108.40.206 The glasses shall be marked in a visible manner after placement.
18.18.1 Devices, sized by a legally qualified professional and ensure the safe movement of the workers, shall be used to work on roofs and coverings.
220.127.116.11 It is mandatory to install a guide cable or lifeline for attaching the lanyard coupled to the full-body safety harness.
18.104.22.168 The lifeline shall be secured to definitive structure of the building, by means of anchorage, support or clamping brackets from stainless steel or other material of equivalent resistance, quality and durability.
18.18.2 It is mandatory to place warning signs and to isolate the area beneath the roofs or coverings in order to prevent the occurrence of accidents by eventual fall of materials, tools and/or equipments.
18.18.3 It is prohibited to perform works or activities on furnaces or any equipments on the roofs or coverings, of which may have gas emanation, whether or not originating from industrial processes.
22.214.171.124 Having an equipment with gas emanation, it shall first be switched off to perform services or activities on the roofs or coverings.
18.18.4 It is prohibited to carry out works or activities on the roofs or coverings in the event of rain, strong wind and slippery surfaces.
18.18.5 Implementation, maintenance, expansion and renovation services on roofs and coverings shall be preceded by preview inspection and preparation of Work Orders or Work Permit, containing the procedures to be adopted.
126.96.36.199 Concentration of loads at one point on the roof or coverings is prohibited.
18.19.1 Life vests or other flotation equipments shall be used while performing any work with risk of falling into the water.
18.19.2 There shall always be sufficient number of properly equipped lifeboats nearby and within easy access.
18.19.3 Work platforms shall be equipped with safety lines anchored on land, which may be used when weather conditions do not allow the use of boats.
18.19.4 All the safety signs of the platform and the rescue equipments shall be iluminated with water proof lamps during night work over water.
188.8.131.52 The lighting system shall be watertight.
18.19.5 The surfaces of the work platforms shall be non-slip.
18.19.6 It is forbidden to to leave materials and tools on the work platforms.
18.19.7 Guard rails shall be installed around the work platforms, firmly fixed to the frame.
18.19.8 The permanent presence of a professional is required for rescue, first aid and cardiopulmonary resuscitation in any activity.
18.19.9 The floating services shall meet the provisions laid down in the Maritime Traffic Regulation and the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1972 (COLREGS) of the Ministry of Navy.
18.19.10 The life jackets shall be orange and have the company name and the maximum capacity represented in kg (kilogram).
18.19.11 The number of life jackets shall be equal to the number of the workers and crew members.
18.19.12 It is forbidden to keep the rags soaked in oil and other volatile substances on board.
18.19.13 It is obligatory to install adequate number and capacity of fire extinguishers.
18.19.14 It is obligatory to use boots with lateral rubber bands.
18.20.1 Special protective measures shall be taken in activities that put the workers to risk of suffocation, explosion, intoxication and occupational disease, namely:
a) training and instruction for the workers regarding the risks they are exposed to, how to prevent them and the procedures to be adopted in circumstances of risk;
b) workers shall not carry out their activities without the use of appropriate PPE where chemicals are used;
c) performing work in confined space shall be preceded by preview inspection and preparation of work order with the procedures to be adopted;
d) permanent monitoring of substance that causes asphyxiation, explosion and intoxication within confined spaces shall be carried out by skilled worker under the supervision of responsible technician;
e) using oxygen for ventilation within confined spaces is prohibited;
f) effective local exhaust ventilation that extracts the contaminants and provides general ventilation blowing air inside the confine space, ensuring continuous renewal of air on an ongoing basis;
g) safety signs with clear and permanent information while performing work within confined spaces;
h) use of safety ropes or cables and anchorages points as safe means of rescue;
i) proper packaging of toxic and inflammable substances used in the application of laminates, floors, wallpapers or the like;
j) for each group of 20 workers, two of them shall be trained in rescue techniques;
k) keep air purifying respirators and/or self-contained self-rescuers within the reach of the workers;
l) in the case of tank maintenance, perform prior degassing before carrying out the job.
18.21.1 The implementation and maintenance of electrical installations shall be performed by qualified workers, and under the supervision by a legally qualified professional.
18.21.2 Any service on electrical installations can only be carried out when the electrical circuit is not energized.
184.108.40.206 When it is not possible to deenergize the electrical circuit, the service can only be performed after the additional protective measures have been adopted. It is also mandatory to use proper tools and personal protective equipments.
18.21.3 Exposed live parts of circuits and equipments are prohibited.
18.21.4 Changes and derivations of the conductors shall be performed so as to ensure adequate electrical contact and mechanical strength.
220.127.116.11 The isolation of changes and derivations shall have characteristics equivalent to those used conductors.
18.21.5 The conductors shall have proper insulations, and not allowed to obstruct the movement of materials and people.
18.21.6 The electrical circuits shall be protected against mechanical impacts, moisture and corrosive agents.
18.21.7 Whenever the wiring of an interim circuit becomes inoperative or dispensable, it shall be removed by the responsible electrician.
18.21.8 Shielded switches shall be properly protected from weather and installed in a position to prevent accidental closing of the circuit.
18.21.9 The fuse holders shall not be under tension when the shielded keys are in open position.
18.21.10 Shielded switches shall only be used for distribution circuits, and it is forbidden to use them to start and stop machines.
18.21.11 The provisional electrical installations in a construction site shall consist of:
a) main shielded switch according to the approval of the local concessionary, located in main distribution frame.
b) individual switch for each branch circuit;
c) shielded knife switch in plug board;
d) magnetic switches and circuit breakers, for the equipments.
18.21.12 The fuses of the shielded switches shall have a capacity compatible with the circuit to be protected, and their replacement with improvised devices or other fuses with higher capacity is not being allowed without a corresponding change of the wiring.
18.21.13 In all the extensions intended for the connection of electrical equipments, independent, magnetic switches or circuit breakers, which can be triggered easily and safely, shall be installed.
18.21.14 The high-voltage networks shall be installed to prevent accidental contact with vehicles, equipment and employees in circulation and can only be installed by the concessionary.
18.21.15 Transformers and tension reduction stations shall be installed in isolated locations, and only qualified workers or legally qualified professionals are allowed in.
18.21.16 The structures and housings of electrical equipment shall be electrically grounded.
18.21.17 In case there is a possibility of accidental contact with any energized part, proper isolation shall be adopted.
18.21.18 The general distribution frames shall be kept locked and their circuits identified.
18.21.19 When reconnecting shielded switches to the general distribution frame, all the equipments shall be disconnected.
18.21.20 Mobile electrical equipments or machines can only be connected through a set of plug and outlet.
18.27.1 Safety signs shall be used in the construction sites in order to:
a) identify support locations that compose the construction sites;
b) indicate the exists with arrows and signs reading ‘Exit’;
c) maintain communication through notices, posters or the like;
d) warn of risks of of accidental activation or contact with moving parts of machinery and equipments;
e) warn of risk of fall;
f) make aware of mandatory use of PPE, specific to an activity, with proper signaling and warning;
g) make aware of isolation of areas of transportation and circulation of materials by crane, winch and hoist;
h) identify accesses, circulation of vehicles and equipments on site;
i) warn workers of risks of passage where the ceiling height is less than 1.80m.;
j) identify the locations with toxic, corrosive, flammable, explosive and radioactive materials.
18.27.2 It is mandatory to use safety vest or reflective stripes on the chest and back when the worker is on public roads, signaling access to the construction site and service fronts or vertical transportation or movement of materials.
18.28.1 All employees shall receive admission and periodic training in order to ensure perform their activities safely.
18.28.2 The admission training shall have a minimum duration of six (6) hours, and be given within the working hours before the employees start their activities, consisting of:
a) information on the work conditions and environment;
b) risks inherent to employees’ roles;
c) proper use of the Personal Protective Equipments (PPE);
d) information on the Collective Protective Equipments (CPE), existing in the construction site.
18.28.3 Periodic trainings shall be given:
a) whenever it becomes necessary;
b) in the beginning of each phase of the work.
18.28.4 During trainings, the workers shall receive copies of procedures and instructions to be performed safely.
18.29.1 The construction site shall be organized, clean and free of obstruction, especially in the aisles, passageways and staircases.
18.29.2 The debris and any leftover materials shall be regularly collected and removed. Special care shall be taken in order to avoid excessive dust and potential risks during removal of debris and leftover materials..
18.29.3 When there’s a difference of level, the removal of debris and leftover materials shall be accomplished through mechanical equipments or closed gutters.
18.29.4 It is forbidden to burn trash or other material inside the construction site.
18.29.5 It is forbidden to keep the trash and debris accumulated or exposed in inappropriate places of the construction site.
18.30.1 It is mandatory to place hoardings or barriers to prevent unauthorized persons accessing to the local where construction activities are performed.
18.30.2 The hoardings shall be constructed and fixed in a sturdy manner, and have a minimum height of 2.20 meters from the ground level.
18.30.3 It is required to build galleries over the sidewalk with a free internal height of at least 3m during the construction activities with more than 2 floors from the level of curb.
18.104.22.168 In case performing work over the sidewalk, a gallery shall be constructed on the public road and be marked along its entire length with signs to warn the drivers and with lighting at night, respecting the Municipal Building Code and traffic laws.
18.30.4 The edges of the gallery covers shall have closed hoardings with a minimum height of 1.00 meter, with an inclination of approximately 45 degree.
18.30.5 The galleries shall be kept without overloads that undermine the stability of their structures.
18.30.6 In case there is a risk of material falling on neighbouring buildings, these shall be protected.
18.30.7 In case the building is being constructed along the property line, the whole length of the construction site shall be enclosed with boardings.
18.30.8 Whenever the distance between the demolition and the edge of the property line is less than 3.00 meters, hoardings shall be placed around the edges of the terrain, in accordance with sub-item 18.30.1.
18.31.1 In the event of fatal accident, following steps shall be taken:
a) report the fatal accident immediately to the police authority and to the regional office of the Ministry of Labor, which will transfer immediately to the union of the professional category of the construction site;
b) isolate the location directly related to the accident, maintaining its characteristics until its release by the police authority and the regional office of the Ministry of Labor.
22.214.171.124 The release may be granted after the investigation by the relevant regional office of the Ministry of Labor, which will take place within maximum of 72 hours, starting from receipt protocol of written notice to that office. The measures referred in paragraph “b” of sub-item 18.31.1 may be suspended after this period.
18.35.1 The Ministry of Labor, through the Jorge Duprat de Figueiredo Occupational Health and Safety Foundation (FUNDACENTRO), shall publish ‘Technical Procedure Recommendations’ (RTP), following is approval by the National Standing Committee on Conditions and Environment in Construction Industry (CPN), in order to support companies in complying with this NR18 standard.
RTP 01 – Protective Measures Against Fall From Height.
RTP 02 – Handling and Transporting of Materials and People – Construction Site Elevators.
RTP 03 – Excavation, Foundations and Stripping of Rocks.
RTP 04 – Stairs, Ramps and Walkways.
RTP 05 – Temporary Electrical Installations in Constructions Sites.
18.38.1 The Program for Working conditions and Environment in the Construction (PCMAT), referred in sub-item 18.2.1, shall be developed and implemented within two years from the effective date of NR18, as detailed below:
a) within the first year, establishments with 100 or more workers;
b) within the second year, establishments with 50 or more workers.
18.38.2 The passenger elevator referred in sub-item 126.96.36.199.1 shall be required after 4 years from the effective date of NR18, provided that there are at least 30 or more employees.
18.38.3 The passenger elevator shall be installed as from the seventh slab of the buildings under construction with 10 or more floors or equivalent height whose construction site has at least 40 workers.
18.38.4 The companies, which manufacture, lease, sell or use the scaffolds referred in sub-item 18.15.47, shall adapt these equipments within maximum 1 year from the effective date of NR18.


The U. S.-based Deep Isolation has signed a long-term cooperation and licensing agreement with NAC International (a Hitachi Zosen Corporation subsidiary) to design, manufacture and supply canisters to store and/or dispose of nuclear waste in deep horizontal boreholes.
The latest agreement will see NAC engineer, license and deliver the canisters and other equipment associated with the handling and transferal of
The high-level waste, used nuclear fuel management technology, developed by the Deep Isolation, includes emplacement of waste in corrosion-resistant canisters, which then are transfered into horizontal drillholes deep in rock. NAC International is engaged in the development of canisters and other equipment.
“As we approach the milestone of licensing a disposal facility, we have an internal team focused on the process of moving the spent fuel from its current storage state, transferring it to a Deep Isolation canister and into the drillhole,” said Deep Isolation CEO Elizabeth Muller. “This is a non-trivial challenge that requires the highest standards of safety and precision, and we are making great strides. The disposal canister design and NAC’s expertise with spent fuel handling are essential to this work, and we are excited to sign this long-term agreement between Deep Isolation and NAC.”
Deep Isolation’s drillhole approach involves the emplacement of waste in corrosion-resistant canisters – typically 9-13 inches (23—33 centimetres) in diameter and 14 feet (4.3 metres) long — into horizontal drillholes deep in rock that has been stable for tens to hundreds of millions of years. A vertical access section — which could be a few thousand feet to a few miles deep, depending on the geology – gradually curves to form a nearly horizontal disposal section which could be up to 2 miles long.
Once the waste is in place, the vertical access section of the drillhole and the beginning of its horizontal disposal section are sealed using rock, bentonite and other materials, although the canisters can still be retrieved if necessary.
According to World Nuclear News.


East Bay Structural Consulting is a structural engineering consulting firm that specializes in structural steel, wood, masonry and concrete design for residential, commercial, and specialty engineering projects. Located in Traverse City Michigan, east bay structural has the capability to provide engineering services throughout multiple states.
Contact us to see how we can help you with your project needs.
Jason toner is a graduate of Michigan technological university with a BS in civil engineering. He has over 13 years of engineering experience ranging from construction inspection and roadway design to construction management and structural design.
Structural experience includes design of residential, commercial and industrial buildings as well as renovation of existing structures, fall protection investigation and design.
Jason has several years of in-depth experience with the design and construction of steel bar joists and metal decking. This is often utilized in retrofitting, repairing and reinforcing steel bar joists in existing buildings.
He is currently a registered professional engineer in 5 states which include Michigan, Minnesota, Iowa, Colorado and Wisconsin.


The Wachusett Aqueduct was completed in 1905 to carry water from the Wachusett Reservoir to the Sudbury Reservoir*. The majority of this 10-mile route is in underground, and a few elevated crossings are visible from us. The crossing I introduce today is on the Assabet River by Hudson Street.
*The route changed when a new water treatment plant in Marlborough was constructed in 2005.
From a distance, the overhead aqueduct looks like a bridge across the Assabet. Indeed it could have been a pedestrian bridge. But a wired fence and sign of no trespassing currently blocks from entering. If it was open to public, it would be a great trail, I thought. Because Fresh Pond reservoir in my neighborhood is very popular with hikers, runners, cyclists, and dog walkers.
The ground that covers the underground part of the aqueduct is mowed and also a no-go zone. The scenery like the below photo goes on for miles. From a map, it looks like a disused railroad converted to a greenway park.
When I first saw the Wachusett Aqueduct, it reminded me an old aqueduct bridge in Kyoto. The overhead aqueduct called "Suiro-kaku" (Waterway Structure) is in the property of Nanzen-ji temple. This late 19th century industrial structure draws many tourist, local visitors, and civil engineer students alike.
The waterway of which Suiro-kaku is part of was constructed for a canal, generating electricity, and supplying drinking water. When the aqueduct bridge was planned to cross the 13th century temple, the public opinion was split; some thought Suiro-kaku as the modern eyesore. But today, no modern visitor regards this quaint structure as such. Many enjoy how this modern industrial structure blends into the temple in an unexpected way.
Suiro-kaku Aqueduct in Kyoto: circa 1890
The waterway still carries water for drinking and generating electricity. When I visited the aqueduct on a sunny weekend in May, a traditional marriage ceremony was going on. A limousine was parked under the aqueduct bridge waiting for the bride and groom.
I was too shy to take pictures from close, but the bride clad in white kimono is sitting on the rear seat of the lomousine in the above picture. Since the bride wears a huge headwear, the limousine has a special flap for the extra head space. Look where the chauffeur's hands are.
The Wachusett Aqueduct is as beautiful as Suiro-kaku. What if the Wachusett Aqueduct was also utilized as a recreational use like its Kyoto counterpart?
Locate Wachusett Aqueduct @ Google Map
Restoring the Century-Old Wachusett Aqueduct (PDF): http://www.shotcrete.org/pdf_files/Sum04%20Town.pdf (photos of the underground tunnel)


Haulage, Logistic and Quarry Service
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Our haulage operations in the industry are reputed to be safe, reliable and on time. At Funziek Nigeria Limited, we operate a fleet of modern and serviceable trucks that can deliver just any company’s goods and materials on volume and weight within Nigeria.
We operate a highly efficient maintenance schedule for our trucks with a standby recovery truck to aid/facilitate service delivery. This also includes an ultra modern truck/vehicle workshop staffed with dedicated and well-trained technical staff designed to cater for the various needs of the present fleet.
Funziek provides specialized drilling services from the smallest rock anchor hole to the largest quarry blast hole.
We have many specialized drilling machines. They include the small hand held drill, track mounted drills, both hydraulic and pneumatic. Funziek provides the proper drills for a specific job. We are experienced operators in blast hole and quarry drilling, both top hammer and down the hole, rock bolts and anchors, overburden drilling, geotechnical drilling, holes for grouting & Line drilling.
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Greenbriar diggers tackle the hole job — Manhole, water and sewer taps being installed on East Monticello Street
Workers looked like they were digging a hole to China.
The big yellow excavator’s bucket clawed at the asphalt and dirt, creating a cavern in the middle of the two lanes of East Monticello Street Thursday morning.
The road was blocked to traffic from First Street to Whitworth Avenue early in the day, but that length was lessened after lunch to just the area between First Street and Railroad Avenue, said Kris Xifos, water and sewer department supervisor for the City of Brookhaven.
The hole was dug to install a manhole and to put in water and sewer taps for a new business.
Xifos expected work to be completed Thursday night, but said the project might need to continue this morning as well. If so, the road would be blocked again.
He said the owner of the fenced lot plans to build a two-storey business center on the property that would include spaces for shops on the bottom floor and apartments on the second floor.
“We’re going to give him water and sewer to that area there,” he said.
He said Greenbriar Digging Service did the roadwork, following Mississippi Department of Transportation guidelines which required the road to be closed.
Xifos said the construction in the lot will mimic the architecture of many of the other downtown buildings.
“It will be another beautiful addition to that area of downtown instead of an empty lot,” he said.


These luxurious red brick apartments were among the first to be designed in the revived Queen Anne Style based on early 18th century English and Dutch architecture.
This iconic London building was returned to its original splendour through extensive restoration and refurbishment. The brick façade, and other
masonry structures such as the chimney stacks, had suffered extensive
weather damage that required major refurbishment. The stacks were rebuilt using reclaimed bricks to match the existing. Cleaning of the old brickwork provided the property with the bright finish it would have had when first built.
The flat roof and its supporting structure were altered and refurbished. An insurance guaranteed Derbigum roof system was substituted for the old roof. The pitched roof areas were given new slates and the supporting structures were similarly altered and refurbished.
Because of its central London location, the building's stonework had been corroded by atmospheric pollution. Kenyon’s stonemasons worked closely with the design team to develop an optimum method of restoring this important period feature.
Elements of the building's joinery required sensitive repair and, in some cases, complete replacement.
New water tanks were installed and air conditioning was provided throughout.


Building Regulations are designed to improve safety standards by setting out functional requirements for various aspects of a property including its design and the materials. Access issues are also considered so that the finished building can be accessible to everybody. Environmental factors like energy efficiency and soundproofing might also be included.
When you construct or do alterations to a property, you need to ensure the work complies with current Building Regulations, regardless of how large or small the project. Projects can include everything from extensions to removing walls to open up spaces. In almost every case you’ll need to submit an application; there are only a small number of exemptions. Loft conversions are usually classed as permitted developments but you still have to comply with regulations and submit your plans. It is important to remember that the Building Regulations and Planning Permission are not the same.
In Newcastle, submitting your Building Regulations application can be done in two ways, either by printing off the forms or completing them online with Submit a Plan. You’ll need to determine whether you are required to provide a full plan or if a building notice will suffice. Notices are quicker but usually only apply to small work that doesn’t affect the front of the property, drainage and fire safety precautions. With full plans you need to submit them in a timely manner so they can be properly considered and agreed before your project is due to start.
Deciding what type of submission you need and completing the relevant forms can be difficult but you can always call on a professional architect to help you. We offer a wide range of architectural services in Newcastle, and we can handle Building Regulation applications and ensure you provide all the necessary information. We have the experience of working on a wide array of different projects so you can trust us to deliver the best service.


As industries continue to develop and evolve, there is one that has remained a staple of modern society: the construction industry. From humble beginnings in the late 19th century, the construction industry has grown to be a multi-billion dollar industry. Renovation and the installation of cement have become the most popular way to make renovations to homes, offices and public spaces. The Christian Reno cement Workers are a passionate group of individuals who have dedicated their lives to ensuring that cement work is done with precision and purpose. They bring a unique and purposeful approach to their craft, utilizing the best techniques and latest technologies to ensure that the job is done as efficiently and effectively as possible. Their passion and commitment to their trade is something to be admired and celebrated, and their work has been seen and admired for generations. In this blog post, we will explore the passion and purpose of the Christian Reno Cement Worker and take a look at how their commitment to excellence has set a benchmark for the industry.
- The Christian Reno Cement Workers’ dedication to craftsmanship
The Christian Reno Cement Workers take their craftsmanship seriously, and it shows in their work. From sidewalks to custom stone and brickwork, the Cement Workers are passionate about creating beautiful and lasting structures with cement. Their commitment to quality and attention to detail is evident in their work. Their dedication to their craft has been a source of pride for generations of Reno residents, who continue to enjoy the fruits of their labor. The Cement Workers have been a major part of the Reno community for decades, and their legacy of quality work will continue to be appreciated for years to come.
- The importance of building with purpose
Building with purpose is an important aspect of cement work for Christians, as it allows them to work with their faith in mind. By understanding that their work is a reflection of their values and beliefs, Christian cement workers can be more intentional in their craft. Building with purpose also allows workers to take pride in the projects they complete and to build something that they know is going to last. By building with purpose, Christian cement workers can create structures that will stand the test of time and bring glory to God.
- The benefits of using cement in construction
Cement is an essential material used in construction, and its benefits are abundant. Not only is it cost-efficient and durable, but it also has excellent fire and water resistance, making it a great choice for any construction project. Additionally, cement is lightweight and easy to install, meaning it can be used in a variety of settings. Furthermore, its ability to be molded and shaped into virtually any design makes it an ideal choice for a variety of construction projects. From churches to homes, cement is a reliable and versatile material that can help bring any building project to life.
In conclusion, the Christian Reno Cement Workers are an inspiring example of a group of people with a shared passion for their work. They are dedicated to creating quality cement products that not only look beautiful but also last for years. Through their commitment to excellence, they have earned the respect of the community and have become an important part of the Reno landscape. Their dedication to their craft and the care they take to ensure that each job is done right is something that should be celebrated and emulated.


Aluminium extrusions are becoming increasingly popular for designs in all areas of manufacturing. They can be used to create a variety of projects on both a large and small scale.
The automotive industry in particular is turning to the lightweight metal for creating complex components in a bid to reduce the weight of vehicles. This is as a direct result of cutting carbon emissions mainly through the introduction of engines that are not only lighter but that conduct heat more efficiently. In the process, designers are able to create adventurous, futuristic designs for the car bodywork due to the flexibility of aluminium extrusions in manufacturing all in one components. Road handling and performance has been greatly enhanced for sports style vehicles that are lightweight and efficient.
Immense super structures such as sports halls and tower blocks in elaborate gravity defying shapes are constantly being developed through the use of aluminium extrusions. The process increases the strength of the aluminium rendering it capable of providing the necessary support and flexibility needed in construction. Aluminium extrusions are also being used to create components for bridges that offer great strength and weather resistant properties while being quick and easy to construct. Designs can be included that do not obscure panoramic views and blend seamlessly into any landscape.
Small but intricately designed components for items such as toasters, kettles and vacuum cleaners can be manufactured with aluminium extrusions. As complex dies can be fabricated to account for the intricate shapes of many everyday products it reduces the amount of welding and assembly that has usually been required for similar designs of non-extruded aluminium. Aluminium is an excellent conductor of heat providing consumers with affordable products that have increased performance. For the manufacturer, costs are considerably reduced and productivity increased.
The Design Process
Aluminium extrusions offer a great flexibility in contemporary designs across many industries. They can provide corrosive resistant components for use in outdoor locations retaining their original lustre for decades to come. Using aluminium extrusions is a cost effective method that allows designers to create structures in a variety of colours and finishes. Single components or batches of several thousand can be manufactured in a short time frame due to the aluminium extrusion process being fast and reliable. For advice on how the best alloys and finishes of aluminium extrusions can be used to suit your particular design project contact Edmo.


RTRDMS: The Real Time Route Diversion Management System (RTRDMS) has two major subsystems.
Automatic Route Generator:
o It consumes real-time traffic data as input and produces a list of feasible alternate routes for a given incident.
o It ranks and assesses the quality of the generated alternative routes based upon internal simulation results.
Route Diversion Management subsystem:
o It advises the TMC operator of the alternative routes and the quality of each route.
o It assists the TMC operator in managing the alternate routes over the duration of the incident, including interaction with the DMS (Dynamic Message Sign) and HAR (Highway Advisory Radio) modules in SunGuide.
o It provides an environment to manage past, current, and future diversion plans.
Live Data Source: It consists of two components:
SunGuide Adapter: It receives data on traffic condition from SunGuide, and prepares the real-time travel times for RTRDMS. This modular software system enables RTRDMS to retrieve real-time traffic data seamlessly from a live data source.
For more information about SunGuide and the RTRDS:


Sustainable architecture not only benefi ts the environment but also enhances the quality of life for homeowners. It’s about creating homes that are energy-effi cient, environmentally friendly, and comfortable to live in. So, let’s explore the key principles that can help you make your residential project more sustainable and eco-conscious.
Maximise Insulation: Proper insulation is fundamental to keeping your home energy-efficient. Invest in high-quality insulation materials for walls, roofs, and floors to minimize heat loss in winter and heat gain in summer.
- Passive Solar Design: Embrace the sun’s free energy by strategically positioning windows and utilizing thermal mass to capture and store heat during the day, reducing the need for artificial heating.
- Energy-Efficient Appliances: Select energy-efficient appliances and lighting to reduce electricity consumption. Look for products with ENERGY STAR certification.
Recycled and Renewable Materials: Opt for building materials made from recycled or renewable sources. Bamboo, reclaimed wood, and recycled metal are great choices. These materials not only reduce waste but also add unique character to your home.
- Local Sourcing: Choose materials sourced locally whenever possible. Local materials reduce transportation-related emissions and support your community’s economy.
- Low VOC Products: Select paints, finishes, and adhesives with low or no Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) to improve indoor air quality.
- Low-Flow Fixtures: Install low-flow faucets, showerheads, and toilets to minimise water consumption without compromising performance.
- Rainwater Harvesting: Consider collecting rainwater for irrigation and non-potable uses, reducing the demand on municipal water supplies.
Passive Design Strategies
Natural Ventilation: Design your home to promote natural cross-ventilation, allowing fresh air to fl ow through without relying on mechanical systems.
- Daylighting: Maximise natural light to reduce the need for artificial lighting during the day. Use well-placed windows, skylights, and reflective surfaces.
- Thermal Mass: Incorporate materials like concrete or stone with high thermal mass to stabilize indoor temperatures and reduce the need for heating and cooling.
Passive Solar Design
- Optimal Glazing: Choose energy-efficient windows with low-e coatings and consider double or triple glazing to improve insulation. Keep an eye out for the U-value of the window and aim to have this as low as possible.
- Thermal Mass: Incorporate materials like concrete or stone with high thermal mass to store and release heat, maintaining comfortable indoor temperatures.
Green Roof and Walls
- Green Roof: If feasible, consider installing a green (vegetated) roof. It reduces stormwater runoff, provides insulation, and improves air quality.
- Green Walls: Vertical gardens or green walls can also enhance aesthetics and air quality while helping to insulate your home.
Reduce, Reuse, Recycle
- Minimise Waste: During construction, focus on reducing waste by carefully planning material quantities and recycling construction debris.
- Adaptive Reuse: Whenever possible, consider renovating or repurposing existing structures rather than building entirely new ones.
By incorporating these key principles of sustainable residential architecture into your home design, you’ll not only reduce your environmental footprint but also create a comfortable, healthy, and energy-efficient living space. Sustainable architecture is not just a trend; it’s a responsible approach to design that benefits both current and future generations. Make your home a model of eco-conscious living and a source of inspiration for others to follow. Together, we can build a more sustainable future, one home at a time.


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Discover more from The Deschutes Chronicle
What Went Right - and Wrong - on Newport Ave
Three years and 1 million dollars later, the Newport Corridor Project is finally complete.
The project is backed by five different city funds with the main objective being “replacing the failing stormwater infrastructure and aging sewer and water pipes''. Because is obtained through grants, most of the money is legally obligated to be used specifically for rainwater purposes. On that front, the City did an excellent job - but many in the community aren’t happy about the minimal upgrades for people on foot or bike.
The new infrastructure will ensure less stormwater flows into the Deschutes River and damages wildlife ecosystems. Stormwater can be detrimental to rivers and wildlife because it picks up vehicle waste, landscape material, and trash. Planters now line either side of Newport Avenue and capture and clean the stormwater. The native plants, layers of soil, and natural bacteria help break down pollutants and clean the runoff water.
The city used the opportunity to improve safety along the heavily used corridor and increase accessibility for pedestrians and bike users. The avenue is home to Highland Elementary, a popular supermarket, over a dozen businesses, and hundreds of single-family homes, and is a huge connector to Cascade Lakes Highway.
Two roundabouts were added outside of Newport Market, crosswalks at 11th and 12th Street were upgraded to increase visibility, safety signage was added throughout the corridor, and sidewalks on both sides of the street were repaved and made to be more continuous. All of which will help increase safety for everyone by reducing the speed of traffic.
The crosswalks at these new roundabouts were, for a time, being used as car lanes until the city added flex posts. Virtually no improvements were made outside Highland Elementary.
The Deschutes Chronicle sat down with one of the Bend Bike’s Board of Directors, Ben, a retiree of the National Forest.
He admits that Bend Bikes wasn’t heavily involved in the project, something that they hope to change in the future. They are now advocating for the Portland Avenue project and will be at the table when talks heat up about Galveston next year.
Ben understands the money funded for the Newport Corridor is obligated to be used for stormwater purposes but thinks adding even a few enhancements would increase the experience for everyone.
Bend Bikes would have liked to see either multi-use paths that are wide enough so they can accommodate both people on bikes and on foot, or protected bike lanes that are separate from car traffic. Additionally, physically raised crosswalks that make it easier for drivers to see pedestrians. It also helps people in wheelchairs, or with other mobility issues, cross the street without going down and back up onto the sidewalk.
During the course of the winter interview, The Deschutes Chronicle and Ben saw multiple people nearly hit by drivers who couldn’t see the crosswalk paint underneath the snow. Ben adds that anytime you add more asphalt, it’s going to be expensive, but to them having students, shoppers, and residents be able to cross the street safely, is worth it.
If they didn’t add multi-use paths, he would have liked to see protected bike lanes, whether separated by concrete or flex posts. There has been pushback on protected lanes due to plowing. It causes operational issues within the city’s Street Operations Department and means they will need to acquire a fair amount of mini plows - though the City is planning to allocate money towards buying two. They could also be used for sidewalks and multi-use paths like the Deschutes River Trail that are still heavily used during the winter.
Ben pointed out that inducing demand for locals - and Bend’s many visitors - to walk and bike around town, saves tax dollars because roads are incredibly expensive to maintain. Additionally, people walking and biking in a neighborhood are far more likely to stop at a restaurant or shop than if one is going by in their car.
The improvements would help gain the City progress on its ambitious climate goals. By the end of 2030, they hope to end fossil fuel use by 40%.
During the Great Recession, Bend was hit harder than most cities because of its reliance on tourism dollars, and one of its many large cuts was street maintenance. As of 2023, the City’s now accumulated over $80 million worth of deferred street maintenance.
City Councilor Ariel Mendez, who pioneered the newly passed Bend Bikeway, thought the middle car lanes should have been removed to reduce dangerous unprotected left-hand turns.
In an interview with The Deschutes Chronicle, Gina, the President of the RiverWest Neighborhood Association agreed with others that the new drainage wales and sidewalk pavement are excellent, but a lot of other upgrades were left out.
Like Bend Bikes, they would have liked to see wider sidewalks. She pointed out that the city-run project had 5 feet wide sidewalks whereas if a developer had been in charge of the project, they would have been required to have sidewalks starting at 8 feet wide. That length is usually enough for a multi-use path. Much of South Century Drive has 8 feet sidewalks and is used comfortably by bikes and people walking.
Another upgrade Gina and the Riverwest NA wanted was pedestrian-scale lighting. She cites the Box Factory which has lots of lighting that is closer to the sidewalks and better illuminates people.
Before Gina and the Riverwest NA got involved, there were no plans for bike racks, which was soon reversed to include multiple, newly designed City of Bend bike racks.
The RiverWest NA also wanted painted sidewalks like on the corner of 10th and better bus facilities which according to CET is in the works.
Bend Bikes and the Riverwest NA felt they have a good relationship with the City of Bend and various departments involved in projects like these, with Gina saying, “They came to us for the Galveston project.”
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You might have carried out preventative pipes maintenance for the winter season. You might have repaired the leakages, insulated pipes and unclogged the drain. With temperature levels going as low as -50° C in Ontario, the following pipes and plumbing issues can impact your house:
Low-temperature levels and high-water pressure typically trigger the water pipelines to freeze. It is since any hold-up can lead to pipeline bursts and flood your whole house. Again, you are sure to experience a frozen pipe at the home when low-temperature levels blend with high pressure of water. One of the significant indications of a frozen pipeline is unexpected limited water circulation.
Clogging of Drains
If you have disposed of food scraps down the drain, food build-up in pipelines can produce issues. It can also lead to water backup.
Hot Water Heater Failure
Whether you own an electrical or a gas water heating unit, cold weather condition can trigger concerns. And, if the water heating unit is not working effectively due to sediment accumulation or any other factor, get in touch with a Heating and Cooling professional right away.
If you have forgotten to drain pipes and the exterior pipelines, pipeline bursts can end up being a pricey truth for you. The problem of pipeline bursts is most likely to happen if the water pipelines are rusty and old.
Septic System Issues
Siberian temperature levels and absence of cover can impact the septic tank system. If the septic system freezes, prevent the use of an open flame to melt the pipeline or using antifreeze to the system. If you have not pumped out the septic tank, work with unique services for septic tank pump-outs throughout the winter season and prevent sludge backup into your pipelines.
Break or leakage in the water line
This is another problematic issue frequently experienced in garden hose pipes. If water gets left behind in a pipeline or garden pipe and relies on ice in winter seasons, it slowly develops pressure resulting in a break or leakage in the water line after a couple of days. Drain your garden tubes after usage and utilize shut-off valves in the house to drain pipes additional water from the pipelines.
Pipes Issues can occur in any House.
No matter just how much you get ready for the cold, cold weather, pipes issues can occur to anybody. Stop thrashing yourself up and call a well-informed plumbing professional to help you fix the problem. Guarantee that you carry out routine pipes maintenance to prevent severe concerns in the future.…