All To Know About Piles And Galvanized Pile Driver
by Marci Nielsen
There have been many foundation types invented ever since construction commenced. An example of this is the pile system. They are inserted in to the sub surface so as to help boosting the substructure of a place. This is done by the use of pile inserter. The most popular one is the galvanized one hence there is a lot to know about piles and galvanized pile driver.
There are a number of reasons why piles can be inserted into the ground. They help to deal with high loads. With the increase of development and industrialization there are a lot of companies that use heavy machinery. Without the presence of a good foundation the whole structure under the high loads will deeply collapse. The insertion of these parts will increase the ability of the soil on site to increase stability.
An area can sometimes have a very high tide or water table level. This is a perfect place to use this structure so as to avoid the water and find a ground with stable conditions to place the anchor. This system can also be used in an area that is fully waterlogged. The sheet joins the built structure to stable soil existing at deep depths. This situation is well exhibited in a bridge situation.
Some soils have an inconsistent characteristic. Any structure on top of them will thus have no stability. The device eludes the whole layer and joins the layer below to make the lower part of the foundation stronger. This is against factors like vertical loads from the building and horizontal loads like wind or earthquakes.
During the driving process the driver needs protection from the surface. There are many ways to protect piles which can include coating of the metal material. This is because the metal is prevented from interacting with oxygen to enhance corroding. This coats can include oil based paints or galvanizing. Galvanization is basically done with a metal that is highly resistant to corrosion and even rusting.
It is good to opt for preventing dangerous circumstance other than dealing with the after math after the occurrence. The electrifying means of covering this is one of these preventive measures that have been put in place. It makes the sheet very dependable and has made it perseverant to many external destructive factors like salt. Salt action is infamous for destruction of most destruction of metal materials.
This option is consider as a much less capital intensive means. There is a very expensive method known as epoxy coating which has near same as the galvanizing means. This all comes down to the method and machines used to coat the metals and thus this is makes the costs to increase. It can also be manufactured in very available materials which are cheap.
The movement that is experienced by the pile can lead to a lot of alterations. This will mostly be experienced in the thickness. Rapid movement in the soil can make the material have adverse effects. There is need to protect the equipment that is needed to be used so as to make them be maximally productive.
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C150, Type I). This product is intended for use when conditions require high early strength. A slurry of Portland cement in water is used in wells because it can be pumped easily and hardens readily, even under water. It acts as a flux. 2 and 3. Cement chemistry can affect the dispersion efficiency of superplasticizers in various ways. It is called Portland cement because its inventor, Joseph Aspdin, thought the solidified cement resembled stone quarried on the Isle of Portland off the coast of England. Calcareous or calcium carbonate, in the form of limestone, chalk and marl which is a mixture of clay and calcium carbonate. The cement is manufactured by intimately mixing together calcareous and argillaceous and/or other silica, alumina or iron oxide bearing materials. Cement is a very fine powdered material which on reaction with water forms a paste that has the properties of adhesion and cohesion and on hardening binds aggregates together to form a hard durable compact mass. At a very … Here we will take a look at chemical composition of ordinary portland cement, properties of OPC, uses of OPC, types of OPC, advantages of OPC and disadvantages of OPC. The chief compound which usually form in process of mixing: These ingredients interact with one another in the kiln during the manufacturing process and make a complex compound (Cement). The four elements form four clinkers, namely, Tricalcium silicate (3CaO.SiO2), (50-70%) Dicalcium silicate (2CaO.SiO2), (15-30%) The chemical composition of cement has crucial impact on the performance of resulted concrete or mortar. Cement contains multiple ingredients as its raw material like lime, silica, alumina, iron oxide etc. No additions other than calcium sulfate or water, or both, shall be interground or blended with the clinker during manufacture of Class G well cement. The most common cement, Portland cement, is made by b urning limestone and clay at over 1400°C to form calcium silicates, but many other types of … Available in both MSR and HSR grades (similar to ASTM Spec. C150, Type III). The wet process has the advantages of low excavating cost, low grinding cost, and complete homogeneity in the slurry over the dry process. The compositions of the variou… Cement production mainly consist of Argillaceous and Calcareous raw Material. Monograph Series, SPE, Richardson, Texas 4, Chaps. The oil industry purchases cements manufactured predominantly in accordance with API classifications as published in API Spec. These materials are blended together, either wet or dry, and fed into a rotary kiln, which fuses the limestone slurry at temperatures ranging from 2,600 to 3,000°F into a material called cement clinker. As for the chemical composition of cement, there are four essential elements in cement, which are Calcium, Silicon, Aluminum and Iron. In the past, limebased cement binders, such as lime putty, were often used but sometimes with other hydraulic cements, such as a calcium aluminate cement or with Portland cement to form Portland cement concrete (named for … West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania: ASTM International. Sulfate-resistant grades are used to prevent deterioration of set cement downhole caused by sulfate attack by formation waters. Cement is very basic need of any construction work. When water is added to cement, each of the compounds undergoes hydration and contributes to the final concrete product. However the name portland refer to natural stone from Portland, England which looked exactly similar to the set cement stone. 2000. Compressive-strength tests and nondestructive sonic testing, Pressure-drop and flow-regime calculations for slurries in pipes and annuli. Chemical Composition of Concrete In Portland cement, 5% of its chemical composition is the gypsum mineral. 830 to 1600 kg/cubic meterBulk density of ordinary portland cement varies between 830 to 1600 kg/cubic meter. Other raw materials may include shale, shells and industrial byproducts. Washington, DC: API. API RP 10B, Recommended Practice for Testing Well Cements, 22nd edition. The evolution of pore solution composition for a typical cement (0.6% equivalent Na 2 O, 3% SO 3, 0.5 w/c) is shown in Figure 3. This product is intended for use when special properties are not required. The cement used in the soil-cement brick manufacturing was CP II Z-32, chemical composition of cement in Table 1, based on the reference values of the Bediako and Amankwah (2015). (API RP10B provides standards for testing procedures and special apparatus used for testing oilwell cements and includes: Properties of cement covered by API specifications. Two terms used in require explanation. Used in construction of pavements, bridges, reinforced concrete buildings etc. For these reasons, different specifications were designed and are covered by API specifications. To get all the properties of cement right the oxide composition of cement should be in proper proportions as shown in Table No.1. You must log in to edit PetroWiki. Composition of Ordinary Portland Cement Calcium, Cilica. The process is known as hydration.This is a complex process that is best understood by first understanding the chemical composition of cement. The manufacturing process consists of 4 steps or stages those are, Manufacturing can be done by any of the following two methods. Available only in ordinary, O, grade (similar to ASTM Spec. Minor impurities in the raw material also must be taken into account, as they can have a significant effect on cement performance. Although Joseph Aspdin filed the patent of preparation of ordinary portland cement on 21 October 1824 the basic knowledge every inventor used for preparation of a binding material was investigated by L.J. Know the Effects, Types, Representation, and Grade Compensation, [PDF] IS Codes for Civil Engineering- Download PDF. OPC 33 grade cement is ordinary portland cement with 33MPa as 28 days strength. Manufacture of Portland Cement and how? We’ve already explained the Composition of Bogues Compounds with their properties and influence on strength. Chemical Composition of Cement The raw materials used for the manufacture of cement consist mainly of lime, silica, alumina and iron oxide. These cements are designed to meet the varying needs of the construction industry. Concrete defines as a composition of construction material cement, fine aggregate i.e. ASTM C150-97a, Standard Specification for Portland Cement. Washington, DC: API.  Typical physical requirements of the various API classes of cement are shown in Table 5. Iron and alumina are frequently added if they are not already present in sufficient quantity in the clay or shale. Chemical tests verify the content and composition of cement,while physical testing demonstrates physical criteria. Available in ordinary, O , MSR, and HSR grades (similar to ASTM Spec. Manufacture of Ordinary Portland Cement The raw materials used for the manufacturing of cement are calcareous materials and argillaceous materials. Cement is manufactured through a closely controlled chemical combination of calcium, silicon, aluminum, iron and other ingredients. Available in MSR and HSR grades. , Table 3-Chemical Requirements For API Cements, Table 4-Physical Requirements For API Cements, Table 5-Physical Requirements Of Various Types Of Cements. 10A. SPE disclaims any and all liability for your use of such content. 1997. Almost all drilling cements are made of Portland cement, a calcined (burned) blend of limestone and clay. Tricalcium silicate is responsible for most of the early strength (first 7 days). Iron oxide imparts color to cement. The chemical composition of available cements can vary widely. More information. Also used for plastering and decorative masonry works. ASTM C114-97a, Standard Methods for Chemical Analysis of Hydraulic Cement. This page was last edited on 25 June 2015, at 13:31. 10A, Specification for Cements and Materials for Well Cementing, 23rd edition. Such failures occur even when proper … Introduction Portland cement gets its strength from chemical reactions between the cement and water. These oxides interact with one another in the kiln at high temperature to form more complex compounds. OPC can not be used where structure is susceptible to sulphates.  The different classes of API cements for use at downhole temperatures and pressures are defined next. The minor oxides included MgO, Na2O, K2O, MnO, TiO2, P2O5, and SO3. Iron oxide: Chemical formula is Fe2O3. The ASTM Spec. West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania: ASTM International. sand, coarse aggregate, and water which harden with time.. Generally, if the concrete is used with steel than it is called as a Reinforced Cement Concrete.. Minor refers to the quantity not importance. This product is intended for use as a basic well cement. Table No.1 : Chemical Composition of Cement, Disadvantages of Ordinary Portland Cement, 17+ Types of Cement used in Construction Works with their Properties and Uses, Flow Diagram & Working of Sewage Treatment Plant- Classification, Process & Diagram, Detailed ASTM Classification of Cement | C150, C595, C1157, What is Road Gradient? A comparison with each cement brand indicated variations in the chemical compositions existing between them. We first discuss cement production and special nomenclature used by cement industrialists in expressing the composition of their cement products. Dry process is considered to be economical as compared to wet process because of less consumption of fuel. The raw materials used for the manufacturing of cement are calcareous materials and argillaceous materials. Examples of such additives are: Calculations also take into account argillaceous or siliceous materials that may be present in high proportions in some limestones, as well as from the ash produced when coal is used to fire the kiln. Cement composition and classification Almost all drilling cements are made of Portland cement, a calcined (burned) blend of limestone and clay. 2. The insoluble residue, determined by treating with hydrochloric acid, is a measure of adulteration of cement, largely arising from impurities in gypsum. Cements used in wells are subjected to conditions not encountered in construction, such as wide ranges in temperature and pressure. The major compounds that make up Portland cement are tricalcium silicate, dicalcium silicate, tricalcium aluminate, tetracalcium aluminoferrite and The chemical composition of cement influences its performance. Argillaceous Materials – silica, alumina and oxides of iron. No additions other than calcium sulfate or water, or both, shall be interground or blended with the clinker during manufacture of Class H well cement. Usage in extreme cold and extreme hot environment is not allowed. Once this process is complete, the cement is packaged and stored for use in concrete at a later date. Oilwell cements are also available in either moderate sulfate-resistant (MSR) or high sulfate-resistant (HSR) grades. Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC) Pozzolans are natural or synthetic materials that contain silica in … Clinker Gypsum Chemical composition of Ordinary Portland cement Portland cement is composed of four major oxides (CaO, SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3 ≥90%) & some minor oxides. Should not be used in mass concrete constructions. Composition of cement. In C1157, the limits are almost entirely physical requirements. Help with editing, Content of PetroWiki is intended for personal use only and to supplement, not replace, engineering judgment. Ordinary Portland cement. Chemical Composition of Portland Cement Mineral Chemical formula Oxide composition Abbreviation Tricalcium silicate (alite) Ca 3 SiO 5 3CaO.SiO 2 C3S Dicalcium silicate (belite) Ca 2 SiO 4 2CaO.SiO 2 C2S Tricalcium aluminate Ca 3 Al 2 O 4 3CaO.Al 2 O 3 C3A Tetracalcium aluminoferrite Ca 4 Al n Fe 2-n O 7 4CaO.Al n Fe 2-n O 3 C4AF In C150/M 85 and C595/M 240, both chemical and physical properties are limited. Portland cements can be modified easily, depending on the raw materials used and the process used to combine them. The principal raw materials used in the manufacture of Ordinary Portland Cement are: 1. Calcium is usually derived from limestone, marl or chalk while silica, alumina and iron come from the sands, clays & iron ores. 2000. Compound Composition of Clinker / Cement Four major compounds formed from the oxides under high temperature in the kiln Name (Oxide Notation) - Shorthand Tricalcium silicate (3 CaO. , Table 1-Typical Mill Run Analysis Of Portland Cement, Table 2-Typical Composition And Properties Of API Classes of Portland Cement. Here are the properties of ordinary portland cement, ASTM classification of Ordinary portland cement is, Also Read: 17+ Types of Cement used in Construction Works with their Properties and Uses, Testing of cement is carried out to analyze presence of all the desirable properties in it. By 1 week, the only ions remaining in appreciable concentration are Na + , … Chemical properties and physical requirements are summarized in Tables 3 and Table 4, respectively. Ordinary Portland CementOPC is short form of Ordinary Portland Cement. High grade cement can reduce the amount of cement required for certain specification of concrete. In some cases, additional or corrective components must be added to produce the optimum compositions. This product is intended for use when conditions require moderate or high sulfate resistance. Chemical Composition of Portland Cements The raw material that is used in the manufacturing of Portland cement mainly consists of lime, silica, alumina and iron oxide. Smith, D.K. Cement composition is the raw material proportion used in the manufacturing of good quality cement comply with IS 8112 : 1998 of 43 grade OPC and IS 469 for 33 grade.. Cement Raw Materials. As noted before, the term "Portland" is a trade name and gives no indication of the chemical contents. API Spec. When these clinkers hydrate with water in the setting process, they form four major crystalline phases, as shown in Table 1 and Table 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/C0150_C0150M-12, https://petrowiki.spe.org/index.php?title=Cement_composition_and_classification&oldid=48012, Copyright 2012-2020, Society of Petroleum Engineers. As the Use of ordinary portland cement in the construction industry increases rapidly the developed countries set down some standards on the use of cement. This cement has the same chemical composition as the ordinary Portland cement but is more finely ground. The ingredients are mixed in the proportion of about two parts of calcareous materials to one part of argillaceous materials and then crushed and ground … Its 24 hours strength is nearly equal to that attained by ordinary portland cement after 3 days. Modern infrastructure totally based on concrete structures and it would have been impossible to build Burj Khalifa and Jinping-I Dam if cement was not there to prepare concrete. The chief chemical components of ordinary Portland cement are: Calcium, Silica, Alumina, Iron. Cement, in general, adhesive substances of all kinds, but, in a narrower sense, the binding materials used in building and civil engineering construction. Table of ContentsHydration Products of Portland CementRecasting Cement AnalysesImportance of Fine GrindingLimiting Ratios of CementResults of Limiting Ratio Tests The failure, or disintegration, of concrete in structures, even when the cement, sand, and coarse aggregate used have passed satisfactorily all tests and inspections, is not uncommon. Figures 1(a)–1(e) present the chemical compositions of the commercial cement available in Ghana. The figure showed the major and the minor oxides present in the Portland cement. In the cement, the oxide content is about 90%. Common materials used to manufacture cement include limestone, shells, and chalk or marl combined with shale, clay, slate, blast furnace slag, silica sand, and iron ore. Proportioning of the raw materials is based on a series of simultaneous calculations that take into consideration the chemical composition of the raw materials and the type of cement to be produced: American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Type I, II, III, or V white cement, or American Petroleum Institute (API) Class A, C, G, or H. . Of these groups, the best known to the oil industry are ASTM, which deals with cements for construction and building use, and API, which writes specifications for cements used only in wells. C150, Type II). Vicat who prepared artificial hydraulic lime by calcinating mixture of clay and limestone. Used in all general concrete constructions where concrete is not exposed to sulphate. The major compounds that make up Portland cement are tricalcium silicate, dicalcium silicate, tricalcium aluminate, tetracalcium aluminoferrite and gypsum. Although these properties describe cements for specification purposes, oilwell cements should have other properties and characteristics to provide for their necessary functions downhole. A general idea of the composition of cement can be obtained from which gives the oxide composition limits of Portland cements. Clinker is ground with gypsum into portland cement and shipped. But who invented the cement? Portland cements are usually manufactured to meet certain chemical and physical standards that depend upon their application. Since most concretes use Portland cements, we will concentrate on these. Wherever possible, we tend to give reasons as to why a particular cement type is more suitable for a given purpose than other types. The concrete or mortar should be recognized as best, if the chemical composition of the cement is well proportioned. Table 2: Composition of portland cement with chemical composition and weight percent. Concrete is a composite material composed of fine and coarse aggregate bonded together with a fluid cement (cement paste) that hardens (cures) over time. API currently provides specifications covering eight classes of oilwell cements, designated Classes A through H. API Classes G and H are the most widely used. 2003. In Portland cement, 5% of its chemical composition is the gypsum mineral. Through elemental analysis, the quality of cement can be determined; it also indicates which applications it is most suitable for. Calcareous materials are limestone or chalk and argillaceous materials are shale or clay. OPC shows good creep resistance and shrinkage resistance. After it cools, the clinker is pulverized and blended with a small amount of gypsum to control the setting time of the finished cement. There are around 19 different types of cements are available in market but Ordinary portland cement is the most widely used type of cement. A slurry of Portland cement in water is used in wells because it can be pumped easily and hardens readily, even under water. most of us don’t actually know the history of cement. In the U.S., there are several agencies that study and write specifications for the manufacture of Portland cement. The basic raw materials used to manufacture Portland cements are limestone (calcium carbonate) and clay or shale. The following table shows the chemical composition of cement. We reveal different types of cement products, their compositions, properties, and typical uses. CEMENT COMPOSITION. Cementing. Testing of cement is classified under two categories depending on the extent of work and those are, Laboratory tests are conducted as per IS 4032:1985 and IS 4031(Part 1 to Part 15): 1988-99 and those tests are. 2002. Germans set German standard specifications in 1877, British standard specifications set down in 1904 the same year when ASTM standards were specified. Only the calcium silicates contribute to strength. It is the most common cement used in the construction industry. Table No.1 : Chemical Composition of Cement We’ve already explained the Composition of Bogues Compounds with their properties and influence on strength. C150 provides for eight types of Portland cement: Types I, IA, II, IIA, III, IIIA, IV, and V, where the “A” denotes an air-entraining cement. In addition to this, We can use also Admixture in concrete to change its chemical and mechanical properties. Function of cement is first to bind the sand and course aggregate together, to fill the voids between sand and course aggregate and to form compact mass. It will worth describing cement as the heart of Modern Infrastructure. From Figure 1, the predominant oxide compositions were CaO followed by SiO2, Al2O3, and then Fe2O3 in that order. Ordinary portland cement is most widely used and therefore easily available in local markets. It has a … XRF is the most preferred elemental analysis method in the cement industry. Argillaceous or silicates of alumina in the form of clays and shales. Greenish GreyColour of ordinary portland cement is Greenish Grey. One of these is through the ionic composition of the aqueous phase and in particular through the amount of soluble sulfates.
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PoolandSpaDesigns is a Design and Drafting firm specializing in the design and planning of residential and commercial aquatic projects. All completed construction plans are designed in accordance with your local city and county building codes. We have designed swimming pools for homeowners all over the world! Our clients include Landscape Architects, Custom Home Builders, Aquatic Engineers, and Custom Pool Builders!
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Concrete alternatives to… concrete
There are various contemporary, and long-lasting alternatives to concrete are available, including Rammed Earth, Geopolymer, Ferrock, and Hempcrete.
10 March 2023
By Mariusz Bogacki, Researcher and Science Communicator, Edinburgh
While concrete remains the most popular building material on the planet, there are many concrete alternatives to concrete!
In the past we have written about Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) technology as a sustainable alternative to concrete-based construction materials. However, its current global application is limited as not many countries maintain a well-managed forestry policy and lack professional expertise in how to design and built with it effectively. Not to mention that CLT is much more expensive when compared with concrete. Keeping these challenges in mind let’s take a look at other contemporary, as well as long established, alternatives to concrete.
Rammed earth is an ancient building technique that has been used for thousands of years. Its origins date back to ancient China and Romans used it for construction of their famous roads! The technology involves compacting layers of earth and other materials, such as gravel, sand and clay, into a solid structure. Rammed earth structures are incredibly strong, durable, and energy-efficient, making them an excellent alternative to concrete. What’s more – its texture and warm, natural colour results in a distinctive artisanal look.
This is a more contemporary alternative to concentre. Hempcrete is a lightweight and breathable material that’s made from a mix of hemp fibres, lime and water. Its production actually resembles production of concrete blocks. However, Hempcrete is fire-resistant and highly sustainable, with hemp fibres being a renewable resource, and lime a low-carbon material. This combination makes it perfect for insulation, and it can be used for walls, floors, and roofs.
Arguably the most environmentally friendly building solution comes from Ferrock. Ferrock is a modern construction material that's made from recycled materials such as steel dust – which is a waste product of steel production– and silica from ground up glass, making it much stronger and way more sustainable than concrete. Ferrock is not only made from waste materials but its production results in absorbing carbon dioxide, which means that it actually has a negative carbon footprint.
This is another innovative construction material that relies on recycling. Geopolymer is a type of cement that's made from industrial waste such as fly ash, which is a by-product of coal-fired power plants. Geopolymer has a much lower carbon footprint than traditional cement, and it's also highly durable and resistant to corrosion. It's an excellent alternative to concrete for building foundations, walls, and floors.
Concrete is undoubtedly a valuable construction material. Its durability, versatility and relative cost-effectiveness make it a ubiquitous material used in everything from buildings to roads and bridges. However, the construction industry generates around 11% of global gas emissions – so, if we are to combat climate change, we need new alternatives to how we build and construct things.


Can the Quooker be connected to softened water?
You may connect the Quooker to softened water as long as the water supplied to the Quooker meets the below criteria:
Water Supplied to the Quooker must be potable within the limits of the UK drinking water regulations. Your supplier would confirm that.
Minimum water pressure of 2 bar (ideally 2.5 – 3 bar)
Ph value of the water of between 6.5 and 9 with no excessive salt.
Alternatively, you can fit the Quooker to the hard water supply and either periodically service the Quooker system or fit our Quooker Scale Control to it.
0345 8 333 555
Monday – Friday: 08:30 – 17:00
On Friday the 11'th of January 2019 all Quooker UK offices will be closed. All telephones will be on answer service.
All company members are on field training day.
We apologise for any inconvenience this may cause.


Engineer Brian, Colon, EDUSC visitor Gordon Smith, and I rode in a dugout canoe across the lake to Chapateau. The Clemson engineers have been renovating a broken water system there, but they wish to provide the village with a sustainable mechanism to improve maintenance and local control of the system. The water committee will hopefully prevent the village from experiencing long periods without water at their fountains and reduce dependency on outside aid.
|Brian and Colon|
How the process works
|The school fountain has newly added filtration|
Why is a water committee such a big deal?Many Haitian villages have water systems most often built buy foreign NGOs, just as the system in Cange. In most cases, there is no centralized control to maintain the water system and manage the utilization of the resource. When the system breaks, individuals do not (or cannot) act to repair the system. Consequently, many of these village water systems sit in disrepair or cycle through periods of operation until the original NGO or a new NGO arrives to repair the system.
The formation of a water committee involves overcoming this collective action problem. While fixing the broken water system is in the interest of everyone in the village, usually no one individual can or is willing to fix the system on their own.
When systems like this break and go un-repaired for an extended period of time, the system itself becomes a resource. People will dismantle the system and sell the parts that have market value, making it more costly to repair. But with a mechanism in place to allow the community to maintain the system collectively, repairs can happen faster, keeping the time without water at a minimum and significantly diminishing the dependency on unreliable outside aid.
Though I sit in meetings quite frequently, I have a pretty cool position here in Cange and with EDUSC. Hopefully you now have a better idea of the types of meetings I attend.


Building Success: Crane and Hoist Design Criteria
Overhead cranes and hoists are crucial tools that can be used in almost any industry. By choosing the correct overhead lifting equipment, you can ensure a safe, productive and reliable operation. The Crane Manufacturers’ Association of America (CMAA) has created a series of crane service classifications to help.
Our guide, Understanding Crane and Hoist Classifications, covers various topics, including:
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|Subject:||Important: Drainage Ditches and Common Areas|
|Date:||Fri, 29 May 2015 16:22:30 -0400|
|From:||EHHOA Board of Directors <firstname.lastname@example.org>|
|To:||emerald Hills Subscribers <email@example.com>|
Emerald Hills Residents,
Our mowing and landscaping contractor has informed us that grass clippings have been found discarded in water drainage ditches and around drainage ponds located on our common areas. Please be aware that no person may dump, discard or deposit any, refuse, rubbish, grass clippings, leaves, bushes, limbs, straw or the like in or immediately adjacent to, the water drainage ditches that run through Emerald Hills Subdivision. Such action may disrupt the flow of water drainage and or plug the overflow drains on our retention ponds resulting in flooding or damage to both HOA and resident properties.
Also found was that large rocks have been removed from the North retention pond area and placed in the adjacent grass just beyond the pond. Removal of these rocks places the stability of the pond and ditches at risk for erosion. In addition, rocks left in the grass slow down cutting, at our expense, as well as pose a danger to our contractor and others who use the common area.
We ask that all residents assist your HOA in maintaining our community common areas and drainage system by refraining from actions that may put these at risk. Please inform Association & Property Management Services (540-423-3879 / firstname.lastname@example.org or our Board of Directors (email@example.com) to report possible violations.
Emerald Hills Board of Directors
Nicole Baucom, President
Kurt Michael, Vice President
Ryan Aleshevich, Secretary
Jack Cameron, Treasurer
EHHOA Web: http://ehhoa.info/
APMS Web: http://www.aapmrealty.com/homeowner-central/


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Business type: Corporation
Traditional Territory: Kwanlin Dün First Nation, Ta’an Kwäch’än Council
Products and servicesWe are a family owned and operated civil construction company with over 25 years of experience. We operate in the areas of dirt/road works, landscaping, septic fields and preparation of building sites, but have experience in other areas as well. We have heavy equipment, dump trucks and pilot cars. Give us a call and tell us about your plan, we can help!
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Name: Corey Pope
Address: Marsh Lake, YT Y0B 1Y1, Canada


Exposing the Global Earthquakes
The peaceful city of Valdivia, located in southern Chile, was startled awake on May 22, 1960, by an incredible natural force. The most powerful earthquake ever recorded, with a startling magnitude of 9.5 on the Richter scale, was the Valdivia Earthquake. This earthquake catastrophe not only changed the Valdivia scenery, but it also had an impact on the entire world. In this essay, we set out on a quest to piece together the tragic story of the 1960 Valdivia Earthquake, looking at its seismic origins, the destruction it caused, the fortitude of its survivors, and the long-lasting scientific relevance of this unmatched natural tragedy.
Exposing the Global Earthquakes
A seismic catastrophe that shook the scenic Chilean city of Valdivia on May 22, 1960, was felt all around the world. The Valdivia Earthquake, a seismic occurrence, holds the distinction of being the strongest earthquake ever to have been recorded in human history. page: Britannica – Chilean Earthquake of 1960 Exposing the Global Earthquakes.
Its Richter scale magnitude of 9.5 is a tribute to the powerful, frequently catastrophic powers of nature. In this article, we examine the occurrences, consequences, and broad effects of the Valdivia Exposing the Global Earthquakes. of 1960.
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The Start of the Disaster
In Chile, which is situated along the Pacific Ring of Fire, earthquakes are commonplace. Significant tectonic pressure is produced as the Nazca Plate subducts beneath the South American Plate, frequently causing seismic activity. However, the Valdivia Earthquake was remarkable even by Chilean standards.
When the Earthquake Occurs
A massive rupture happened off the coast of southern Chile at 3:11 PM local time. SMS Tsunami Warning website. The earth was shaken by the earthquakes as they spread outward for about ten minutes. The earthquake’s power was so great that it vibrated the entire world.
The Terrifying Effect
The Valdivia Earthquake had a devastating immediate effect. Valdivia and its surroundings experienced extensive destruction. Roads, bridges, and structures all collapsed. Landslides buried whole neighbourhoods. The earthquake caused a significant tsunami, and it swept across the Pacific Ocean, wreaking havoc in places like Hawaii, Japan, and the Philippines and Exposing the Global Earthquakes.
International Reaction and the Aftermath
After the earthquake, Valdivia looked like a battleground. Numerous people were hurt or made homeless, and thousands of lives were lost. Electricity, water, and communication were cut off to the city. The tenacity of Chileans was on full display as they banded together. A nation in need of assistance received assistance from nearby nations and the worldwide community in the form of relief supplies, medical care, and expertise.
Relevance to Science
The Valdivia Earthquake was not only a tragic occurrence but also a significant scientific development. Seismologists and geologists received priceless information from it, which helped them better comprehend plate tectonics and seismic activity. Building codes and earthquake readiness continue to be improved worldwide as a result of the lessons learnt from this earthquake. Exposing the Global Earthquakes.
Rebuilding and Resilience
It was difficult to rebuild Valdivia and the devastated areas. The Chilean government began a comprehensive reconstruction project. Infrastructure was modified to reduce dangers in the future, and new construction rules were adopted to guarantee earthquake-resistant structures.
Impact on Socio-Political Issues
The Valdivia earthquake also had sociopolitical effects. It revealed governance and infrastructure flaws in Chile. The government received criticism for its response, which led to changes in emergency response and disaster management.
Current Seismic Challenges in Chile
The Valdivia Earthquake acts as a constant reminder of Chile’s seismic concerns because the country is still susceptible to earthquakes. With the help of early warning systems and public awareness initiatives, Chile has made tremendous advancements in its earthquake preparedness.
The Triumph of Human Spirit Over Tragedy
The Valdivia Earthquake of 1960 ultimately serves as a testament to the strength of the human spirit. To reestablish their communities and way of life, Chileans banded together. The tragedy triggered a review of earthquake dangers not just in Chile but also globally.
The Valdivia Earthquake of 1960 is a colossal illustration of the irrationality and unbridled strength of nature. It permanently changed the Valdivia landscape and had an impact on people all over the world. It also made the history of Chile and the field of seismology eternally changed. Through destruction, fortitude, and scientific advancement, Chile’s history and the study of earthquakes were forever changed by the Valdivia Earthquake in 1960.
It serves as a sobering reminder of the incredible power of nature and the necessity of being ready in earthquake-prone areas. The way Chile handled this calamity is a wonderful example of how resilient people can be when faced with extreme hardship.
The subduction of the Nazca Plate beneath the South American Plate along the Peru-Chile Trench caused the Valdivia Earthquake. As a result of the enormous tectonic pressures present, this subduction zone is renowned for producing large-scale seismic occurrences.
The Valdivia Earthquake was the most intense earthquake ever recorded in history with a magnitude of 9.5 on the Richter scale. It released energy on the order of more than 1,000 atomic bombs, similar to those detonated in Hiroshima.
The initial results were disastrous. Infrastructure, including bridges and buildings, was completely destroyed. Whole neighbourhoods were buried by landslides. The earthquake caused a wave that crossed the
In terms of preparing for earthquakes, Chile has made great progress. To reduce potential threats, strict building rules, public awareness programs, and early warning systems have been put in place.
The seismic importance of the Valdivia Earthquake and the resiliency of the human spirit are its lasting legacies. It acts as a constant reminder of the strength of nature and the necessity of being ready in earthquake-prone areas. Exposing the Global Earthquakes.
More Read Matildas-mania-sweeps-australia


Hot Tar Roof Repairs & Maintenance
All roofs, whether commercial or residential, require regular maintenance to maximize the life of your roof and to minimize the chance of leaks or other problems from occurring. You should never allow a pesky leak to persist and develop into a major problem which destroys insulation and causes mold or dry rot further damaging the roof integrity. Culver Roofing Company professionals expertly repair and provide preventative maintenance on all types and brands of both residential and commercial roofs. This includes but is not limited to hot tar roofing systems, asphalt shingles, concrete tile, clay tile, metal, slate, TPO, PVC, APP modified, and SBS modified.
Sometimes a roofing company will suggest an expensive total roof replacement when that may not be the only option available. This generally happens when the contractor is not adept at performing residential or commercial roof repairs. They may not even be aware that sometimes a simple roof coating may be all that is needed to perform a stop-leak repair. Culver Roofing Company will conduct a thorough and honest roof inspection to determine if a new roof is absolutely necessary. In many cases, a more cost effective and environmentally friendly repair option is available.
Assessing the Current Condition of Your Roof
Every roof experiences typical wear and tear through the process of natural aging and exposure to the elements. If maintenance services and necessary repairs are not completed on a regular basis, the service life of the roof could be greatly reduced. Therefore, it is important for property owners to have routine inspections scheduled and also to understand what potential factors apply to both residential and commercial roofing systems.
Roof Quality Can Be Adversely Affected From:
- Harsh Weather Conditions
- Poor Design, Defective Materials & Shoddy Installation
- Failure to Maintain or Repair the Roof
- Rooftop Contaminants (Oil, Grease, Fuels, HVAC Discharge)
- Building & Roof Movement & Expansion
- Building Improvements or Additions (Satellite Dishes, Awnings)
- Contractor Damage (Dropped Tools, Foot Traffic)
- Clogged Drains and Scuppers
- Defective Flashings and Penetrations
- Standing Water (Ponding)
- Flashing Details, Drains, Skylights, and Air Conditioning Units
- The Importance of A Roofing Maintenance Program
Routine maintenance is an essential part of home ownership and property management. Annual roofing inspections that are conducted as part of a service plan will likely uncover many of the potential hazards that are lurking under the rooftop surface. Culver Roofing Company experts offer advice and regular maintenance agreements to both residential and commercial customers. During the scheduled inspections, professional staff members will perform a thorough investigation and take care of any covered minor repairs that are necessary. If there are any larger problems or areas of concern to follow up on, the customer will receive a detailed written report.
Committing to a roof maintenance plan is an important factor in preserving the integrity of the roofing structure and avoiding costly emergency repairs. Choosing an economical and proactive preventative maintenance plan with Culver Roofing Company will ensure a long, leak free, service life for any commercial or residential rooftop.
There are also many other advantages to having a preventative roof maintenance program in place:
- Keeps owners informed of the overall condition of the roof
- Avoids costly surprises caused by preventable leaks
- Provides peace of mind that the property and contents are secure
- Allows time to plan a budget and save for major repairs or replacement
- Prevents interior damage and potential health hazards from mold growth
Your roof needs routine maintenance to function optimally over time. Routine roof maintenance helps prevent damage, wear, and the need for early replacement. In our years of experience, over half of the water leaks we treated and repaired could have been prevented with routine roof maintenance. Therefore, maintaining your roofing system now can definitely save you money in the long run.
Can You Repair Instead of Replace Your Roof?
During the fulfillment of the maintenance agreement and roof inspections, the contractor may recommend repairs. Leakage is the most common problem for both residential and commercial roofing systems and are sometimes very difficult to detect. At Culver Roofing Company, we dedicate a great amount of time to training our roof technicians to be skilled at the art of finding hidden roof leaks. Our approach is simple and guided by a combination of logic, training, experience, and intuition.
We use a thorough checklist to look for signs that a roof needs to be repaired instead of replaced. One or more of these items usually indicates a problem:
- Worn, cracked, curled or missing shingles or tiles
- Excessive rust on a metal roof
- Streaks or stains along the home’s exterior walls
- Excessive mold or moss growth on the roof surface
- Loose or missing flashing around vents and chimneys
- Loose or hanging gutters
- Staining of rafters in attic space
- Sagging or staining on the underside of roofing
While performing necessary repairs, Culver Roofing Company professionals will only use the highest quality products compatible with the existing system and will take great care to maintain the look and functionality of the original roof. We offer expert roof repairs for residential and commercial customers on a variety of different roofing materials:
- hot tar built up roofing systems
- TPO roofing systems
- shingle, asphalt shingle
- single ply membrane
When you are ready to schedule your residential or commercial roof inspection, discuss a preventative maintenance plan, or need a roof repair, please call on the experts at Culver Roofing Company. We are happy to review all your options based on a thorough evaluation of your existing roofing condition.


O’Bryan Partnership Inc. incorporates Autodesk products, a world recognized leader in computer aided design software, as a means to design and produce Construction Drawings. OPI is in partnership with Autodesk by way of their subscription services plan. As a result, we are always current with the latest versions and updates.
OPI is now incorporating REVIT into new projects. By using this Building Information Modeling (BIM) program, we continue to strengthen our commitment to excellent architectural designs while improving our Client’s level of service. With REVIT, O'Bryan Partnership can provide additional services such as marketing quality renderings, animated walkthroughs and sustainable energy modeling. We also present to our clients the ability to review 3D models of the project at an early stage. This advanced program allows for increased and improved coordination with consultants and engineers. This communication process among the Design Team, Consultants and Client improves the overall design and drawing production for a superior end product.


will be reopening to traffic Tuesday morning, 7-3-12.
Monday - Friday
7:00 AM to 3:30 PM
with exceptions of Holidays
406 Kentucky Street
Shelbyville, Kentucky 40065
Phone: (502) 633-3279
Fax: (502) 633-3312
Geographically, Shelby County
encompasses an area of approximately 363 square miles. The
development in the County is primarily rural in character with areas
concentrated development. Within the boundaries of the County,
there are approximately 284 road miles that the Shelby County Road
Department has maintenance responsibilities for.
Our crews are responsible for the
following maintenance issues: grading, roadside mowing,
drainage structures, pothole repair and snow/ice removal.
Our County roads require periodic
grading and resurfacing. Snow/ice removal operations are
handled by our crews also. Along with snow/ice removal
operations lasting as long as necessary, it begins with the priority
one roads, the high volume traffic roads, then filters down to
priority two and local roads.
If you have any
questions or comments please e-mail them to:
To report any bad
links or want to make a comment on the site please e-mail the
This page was last updated on
09/27/2012 10:36:25 AM.


We stay ahead of technological advances to maintain the necessary expertise to provide high quality mapping and surveying services. Established in 1947, with in-house proprietary records dating back to the late 1890’s, we have the foundation to provide accurate detailed surveys in a timely manner.
We specialize in commercial and residential site design, parking layouts, storm water management, sewer systems, and retaining walls. RVDI’s professional engineers and technicians strive to design creative solutions that incorporate current, cost-effective technologies while meeting our client’s vision.
We assist developers, individual property owners, and municipalities with master planning, site design, presentations and approvals, permitting, and project certifications in order to determine how to develop a site on a wide range of land development projects.


UAS Global Services cooperates with Engineering and Survey firms to collect LiDAR data for Topographical mapping and analysis. While most jobs average 80 acres, our largest project in 2020 was an 8000 acre topo project, delivering 1’ contour maps and mosaic imagery. The biggest draw for many firms is drone-based LiDAR’s ability to penetrate heavily-treed areas. This allows many firms to save significant cost on a project or even bid a project they simply could not have completed by any other method.
Drone-based LiDAR can deliver 500ppm2 (points-per-meter squared). Contour maps can be created at almost any interval (0.5’, 1’, 2’ contours) and at great resolution if need be. The biggest benefit can be seen in heavily-treed or difficult
to access areas. No need to wait for “leaf-off” time of the year to collect data.
It is important to note we are not certified surveyors or engineers, but we have access to both.
We are simply a means to help the industry collect more usable, more valuable data.


Long-Lasting, Reliable Fiberglass Equipment Shelters That Are Built For Life!Tuesday, May 14, 2013
Equipment Shelters You Can Count On
That’s what Regis Yurcich recalls about the first of many Shelter Works fiberglass equipment shelters purchased for one of the 171 waste water pump stations he’s in charge of as Chief of Facilities for Newcastle County, Delaware.
We recently spoke with Yurcich to ask why they keep coming back to Shelter Works to protect their equipment. He explained, “Because they are so durable, these buildings last a long time, and the fact that they are delivered in one piece is great. It makes installation so streamlined, and it’s easy to move if necessary.” At one point, they added additional flow for one of their facilities, which meant the wet well had to be increased in size (considerably). A new, larger structure had to be built, but rather than destroy the old building, they were able to reuse the structure elsewhere to protect some different equipment.
That durability is such an important quality, as many times their buildings take a lot of abuse. Yurcich explains the security these shelters provide, “We have one building that gets graffiti on it all the time; it takes a beating regularly and holds up really well. Because these buildings are in neighborhoods, they can’t be eyesores—they need to be attractive or people will complain about them. In all these years, we’ve never had a complaint about a Shelter Works equipment shelter. ”
“We’ve had other types of buildings, but they just don’t meet the need as well. Some other fiberglass buildings have not been the size we needed and therefore don’t provide as much access to the equipment,” Yurcich explains. “Because the Shelter Works shelters can be customized, they can be developed in just the right size for optimal access to the equipment. In addition, we put electrical panels on the walls of most of our fiberglass buildings, so by having the reinforcing beams in the walls, that additional weight load is easily managed.”
With the ultimate in durability, flexibility, ease of installation and lightweight, one-piece construction, Shelter Works fiberglass equipment shelters continue to serve the needs in Newcastle County, Delaware (and will continue to do so for many years to come)!


MDOT: Lane closure on I-55 at north Crystal Springs exit | News
The Mississippi Department of Transportation has announced a temporary lane closure on Interstate 55 in Copiah County.
The southbound inside lane of I-55 at the north Crystal Springs exit (exit 72) is closed to repair a guardrail. An 18-wheeler damaged the median guardrail in this location, according to MDOT.
The lane will be closed until 5 p.m. on Tuesday.


SANADI is an internationally reputed Water Engineering Company founded in early 1985. Over the years, the company has developed a network of organizations, concentrating on specialized but related areas of design and engineering, providing expert advices and sound construction practices for national and international projects.
The company was founded with an earnest desire to offer its clients and their consultants a verity of professional supports in various disciplines such as project concept, review with respect to display characteristics , technical feasibility, mock-ups to evaluate the proposed effects, design and engineering, civil and electro mechanical design along with its construction, testing and commissioning, operation, service & maintenance etc for the full range of engineering systems meeting the regional and approved international standards.
We have a professionally qualified group of staff holding 35+ years of experience in design, construction in all our disciplines, which has helped us to successfully complete various projects in United Arab Emirates and in other middle East regions.
Names of our few important clients are given below for your references:
Our vision is to be a premier Water Engineering Company and an integral part of all our clients and associates in their success. Building on a family heritage that spans more than 33 years, SANADI will continue to provide exciting creativity and imaginative designs that are in harmony with the specific needs of our valued clients and their practical needs of recreation as well. With our advanced technology and disciplines we could set a high standard of work which also has resulted in remaining as a zero-accident company during this long period..


COMPLETE WELL & PUMP SERVICE
Over time, your water well pump or could develop several problems.
Well Tanks, Well Pumps, Well Abandonments, Leaky/Broken Laterals, Well Inspections, Safe Water Testing, Real Estate Transfers, low pressure, no pressure, no water, second opinions and options, and more.
No water reaching your water tank
No water well pressure
Low water pressure
Intermittent well water pump cycling
Short cycling of the water well pump
Loss of water pressure
Gehring Well & Pump has been servicing, troubleshooting, installing, and selling water well pump systems since 1958. Our highly trained and experienced experts are available to service any type of tank or pump your home may have, regardless of brand. We also carry the highest line of replacement pumps. Contact a representative at Gehring Well & Pump Service today to learn more.


Our team prides itself on building homes with the highest quality materials and most innovative methods available. Our homes stand the test of time, and harshest of weather, to provide lasting quality for our clients. Learn more about the specific methods and materials we use in all projects, regardless of the size or budget.
Advanced Framing Techniques
When completing complicated framing projects, we are able to handcraft shapes as required to produce the desired finished design. Recently, our framing team executed a precise dome to match the architect’s design, using advanced framing techniques. Our team is highly skilled in their craft and unparalleled in their attention to detail. This type of execution is critical when building high-end homes for our clients. Whether you are looking for an exposure detail or a subtle architectural detail, we are able to work hand-in-hand with your architect or design team to perfect your dream look.
We use engineered trusses in all of our homes, designed to align to the customer's architectural plan and built in a manufacturing plant to ensure strength and quality. They are all designed to meet the state’s hurricane load standards as well as specific design criteria for each project. Our team is experienced in understanding the engineering requirements and structural needs of all homes. We will work with you to review plans, explain the materials and methods to be used, and map out the plan to execute your dream home.
Timberstrand LSL Wall Studs
When perfectly seamless walls are requested for a high end finish, we use necessary materials to achieve an elite look. TimberStrand LSL studs and columns provide excellent value when used selectively in the framing zones of a house, where straight studs translate into flush walls. These zones include kitchen cabinet walls, tiled bath walls, tall walls, and other prominent areas, such as staircases and hallways. Our wall studs are engineered to last the entire life of your home, without any issues or repairs needed.
Research Into Existing Structures
When doing a renovation or tear down project, our team will first review all of the construction documents available and determine all of the required steps necessary to ensure a successful renovation. Before our teams start a rebuild or renovation, we will review the existing structural needs of your home, provide recommendations on required safety measures and identify the best way to renew the structural integrity of the home. Renovation projects can be tricky to get right, but with a team of experts, we are confident that we will leave our customers with a structurally sound and beautiful new home.
All of our jobs are required to have the highest safety measures available. We even ensure safety devices are present in areas that will eventually be covered up during the finishing steps of a build. We abide by all safety regulations out in place, and require our team, sub contractors and home owners to follow these important safety guidelines also. This is an important step in our building process that is never overlooked.


California Regional Water Quality Control Board San Francisco Bay Region
1515 Clay Street, Suite 1400, Oakland, California 94612 Phone (510) 622-2300 • FAX (510) 622-2460
TO: Traci Tesconi
Project Planner III
PERMIT AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT
COUNTY OF SONOMA
FROM: William Hurley
Senior Water Resource Control Engineer
SAN FRANCISCO BAY REGION
REGIONAL WATER QUALITY CONTROL BOARD
DATE: July 27, 2000
SUBJECT: COMPLIANCE STATUS REPORT - PETALUMA MUSHROOM FARM, 782 THOMPSON LANE, PETALUMA, SONOMA COUNTY
Pursuant to your request, this memo discusses the compliance status of the Petaluma Mushroom Farm, located at 782 Thompson Lane, Petaluma.
The Regional Board currently regulates the Petaluma Mushroom Farm facility through a conditional waiver of Waste Discharge Requirements. The recurrent nature of the Petaluma Mushroom Farm's unauthorized wastewater discharges to waters of the State and its consistent failure to implement appropriate Best Management Practices has demonstrated its inability to meet the Regional Board's criteria for issuance of a waiver. Regional Board staff is preparing recommendations for further enforcement action against the Petaluma Mushroom Farm and will be preparing a Waste Discharge Requirements Order for Board consideration.
Regional Board staff have witnessed unauthorized discharges of wastewater directly to Marin Creek during several facility inspections since December 1998. The observed illicit discharges included wastewater, washdown water and polluted runoff which continued despite the Regional Board's issuance of a Notice to Comply on January 6, 1999, and a Notice of Violation on April 30, 1999. The discharges were in large part due to negligence and carelessness. In some instances, the discharge of washwater appeared deliberate in the sense that plugs from two storm drains had been removed to allow the discharge of washdown water to Marin Creek. The discharges observed by Regional Board staff, and additional evidence submitted by a citizens group, prompted the Sonoma County District Attorney's office to conduct an investigation which led to a Superior Court Judgment and Permanent Injunction (Pursuant to Stipulation) General Civil Case No. 222564 against the Petaluma Mushroom Farm. Item 4.c. of this Court decision requires the Petaluma Mushroom Farm to comply with all lawful orders and directives of the Regional Board relating to the operation of this mushroom facility. As described below, during an inspection on February 25, 2000, (subsequent to the Court decision) Regional Board staff observed illicit discharges of wastewater to an adjacent pasture in violation of the facility's conditional waiver of Waste Discharge Requirements.
GROUNDS FOR ENFORCEMENT
During a February 25, 2000, inspection, Regional Board staff observed illicit discharges of wastewater to an adjacent pasture in violation of the facility's conditional waiver of Waste Discharge Requirements. Wastewater was being discharged directly to the adjacent pasture through several conduits, including an unplugged overflow pipe leading from the facility's wastewater holding pond. The waiver of Waste Discharge Requirements allows the facility to spray-irrigate wastewater on this pasture at rates commensurate with the pasture soil conditions. The waiver prohibits the discharge of wastewater to the pasture whenever the soil is saturated or when there is stormwater runoff present. Regional Board staff have made a point of reminding the Petaluma Mushroom Farm owner and managers of the obligation to comply with this prohibition during each site inspection. Nonetheless, during the February 25, 2000, inspection, there was more than two feet of polluted water ponded in the pasture.
Staff also observed a four-inch hose leading from the pasture to the top of the channel bank of Marin Creek. When questioned about the use of this hose, staff was informed that there had been a wastewater pipeline that ruptured along the back side of the facility directly above Marin Creek, resulting in the discharge of wastewater to the creek. The four-inch hose was reportedly used to pump polluted creek water out of the channel onto the pasture. There was evidence that a pipe immediately above the creek had been repaired. Although the waiver of Waste Discharge Requirements requires the facility to report all spill incidents to the Regional Board and Sonoma County Permits and Resource Management Department, no such report was sent to the Regional Board.
In response to the unauthorized discharge to the pasture, Regional Board staff directed the Petaluma Mushroom Farm to cease discharging wastewater to the pasture, except as necessary to maintain recently planted landscape trees. The facility owner was instructed to develop, and adhere to, a watering schedule for the landscaped areas. Most of the wastewater generated at the facility is currently being trucked to the City of Petaluma's Sanitary District.
The discharges observed on February 25, 2000, constitute violations of the following waiver conditions:
Condition # 1 The discharge, or creation of potential for discharge, of deleterious material including, but not limited to, wastewater, washdown water, stormwater runoff contacting areas of industrial activity, cement, soil material, compost, manure, or other organic materials to waters of the State is prohibited.
Condition # 2 Application of wastewater to disposal fields shall be at rates which are reasonable for the soil, climate, crop, management system and any special local situations. Discharges of wastewater to disposal fields shall not result in surface runoff from disposal fields and shall be managed to minimize percolation to groundwater.
Condition # 3 A minimum of two feet of freeboard shall be maintained in the wastewater pond at all times.
Condition # 4 Any evidence of pond leakage, overflow, or any other unauthorized discharge of wastewater, washdown water, or stormwater runoff contacting areas of industrial activity shall be immediately reported to the Regional Board and the Sonoma County Permit and Resource Management Department.
Since these violations are subject to penalties of up to $ 10,000 per day, plus $10 for each gallon discharged, Regional Board staff is currently evaluating and will make recommendations on appropriate enforcement to be taken against the Petaluma Mushroom Farm by the Regional Board.
As part of enforcement against the Petaluma Mushroom Farm, Regional Board staff are drafting a Cleanup and Abatement Order (CAO) for our Executive Officer's consideration. The CAO will contain provisions requiring the Petaluma Mushroom Farm to investigate the extent of any surface and ground water pollution that may have resulted from the various illicit wastewater discharges from the facility. The CAO will also require the development and implementation of a corrective action plan, as necessary, to remediate any identified adverse water quality impacts. Staff will also be developing a Waste Discharge Requirements Order for our Board's consideration. The facility is currently permitted through a conditional waiver of Waste Discharge Requirements. The recurrent nature of the Petaluma Mushroom Farm's unauthorized wastewater discharges to waters of the State and its consistent failure to implement appropriate Best Management Practices has demonstrated its inability to meet the Regional Board's criteria for issuance of a waiver.
We are also troubled by last year's discovery that the facility was operating its on-site sewage treatment and disposal system at almost twice the County's permitted capacity. Any Waste Discharge Requirements Order adopted by the Regional Board will specify a maximum allowable capacity.
We are alarmed by the recurrent nature of the illicit wastewater discharges at the Petaluma Mushroom Farm and the facility's apparent disregard for County and State permit requirements. Illicit discharges and inadequate waste management practices have persisted at the facility despite the Regional Board's issuance of a Notice to Comply (January 6, 1999) and a Notice of Violation (April 30, 1999), the Superior Court's Judgment and Permanent Injunction (September 23, 1999), and the County's determination regarding septic system violations. Accordingly, to better regulate operation of the mushroom facility the Regional Board will henceforth be implementing a more rigorous regulatory and enforcement approach with the Petaluma Mushroom Farm.


Solar Hot Water
solar powered buildings requires some means of heating water (the
second largest energy consumer in the average home). Our domestic
hot water is created from three sources. First we have a 50-gallon
tank located in the attic space which is passively heated by a hot
air panel mounted in the roof. This pre-heats the water in the tank.
Summer temperatures in the chamber average 195 degrees with 150-degree
average in winter. This pre-heated water minimizes our use of the
propane instantaneous hot water heater.
The second means of heating is a water coil in the wood stove. When
it is cold enough to have a fire, water is heated and rises into
the 50-gallon tank above creating a thermo-syphoning effect. Preheated
water from the wood stove or from the solar panel then flows through
our propane instantaneous hot water heater, which may or may not
have to turn on depending on whether the water flowing into the
heater matches our preset temperature setting.
Electricity | Solar Hot Water | Passive Solar Space Heating
Cordwood Masonry | Plastered
Strawbale Construction | Log Furniture
Composting Toilet System | Sustainable
Living | Reforestation


Editor'snote: This story is adapted from the U.S. Department of Housing and UrbanDevelopment's Residential Rehabilitation Inspection Guide, 2000. Clickhere for other stories in this series.
Chimneys should project at least two feet above the highest part of a pitchedroof and anything else that is within 10 feet (3 m). A chimney should project atleast three feet from its penetration from the roof (required minimum heightsmay vary slightly). Check the local building code. If the chimney is notreadily accessible, examine what you can with binoculars from the highestvantage point you can find.
Flues should not be smaller in size than the discharge of the appliance theyserve. The minimum flue area for a chimney connected to a fireplace is normally50 square inches (320 cm 2 ) for round linings, 64 square inches (410 cm 2 ) forrectangular linings, and 100 square inches (650 cm 2 ) for an unlined chimney.Be extremely cautious about unlined chimneys; check the local building code.Flues should extend a minimum of four inches above the top of a masonry chimney.The height between adjacent flues in a multiple flue chimney without a hoodshould vary approximately four inches to avoid down-drafts. The same is true ofa chimney with a hood unless a width of masonry completely separates every flue.
Masonry chimneys without hoods should have stone or reinforced concrete capsat the top. Cement washes with or without reinforcing mesh are also used, butthey are the least durable. Some masonry chimneys have hoods over the flues.Hoods on masonry chimneys consist of stone or reinforced concrete caps supportedon short masonry columns at the perimeter of chimney tops, or sheet metal capssupported on short sheet metal columns. The height of a hood above the top ofthe highest flue should be at least 25 percent greater than the narrowestdimension of the flue.
Check the condition of chimney tops and hoods. If a cement wash is notproperly sloped or is extensively cracked, spalled, or displays rust stains, itshould be replaced. Reinforced concrete caps and stone caps with minor shallowspalling and cracking should be repaired. Those with extensive spalling orcracking should be replaced. Sheet metal hood caps with minor rust or corrosionshould be repaired, but if rust or corrosion is extensive, replacement isneeded.
Metal spark screens are sometimes used on wood and coal-burning fireplacechimneys. Check the condition and fit of spark screens. Dirty or clogged screensadversely affect draft and should be cleaned.
Where a masonry chimney is located on the side of a pitched roof, a cricketis needed on the higher side to divert water around the chimney. Check thecricket to be sure that its seams are water-tight, that it is properly flashedinto the chimney and roofing, and that it extends the full width of the chimney.
In seismic zones, check the bracing of masonry chimneys from the top of thefirebox to the cap, and particularly the portion projecting above the roof.Consider consulting a structural engineer to determine the need for additionalbracing or strengthening. If the chimney is prefabricated metal encased in anexterior chase of siding, check the chase top to be sure it is properlyinter-locked with the metal chimney's counter-flashing so that the assembly iswatertight. Also check the chase top for slope: water should drain off theenclosure. Check for the presence of a terminal metal rain cap and make certainthe flue terminates not less than two inches and not more than eight inchesabove the enclosure top.
If the chimney is prefabricated metal and not encased, check the adjustableflashing at the roof to be sure it is tightly sealed to the chimney, preferablywith counter-flashing, and check for the presence of a stack cap.
The Old House Web


The megatrend of connectivity will continue to transform the construction industry in the coming years. Practical networking of robots and AI in construction, VR applications and digital technologies simplifies processes and saves costs.
Connectivity is one of the most important future trends in the construction industry, and for good reason. The sector is in a state of upheaval: analog processes are becoming digital, artificial intelligence (AI) is making its way into planning, and robots are conquering the construction industry. Building Information Modeling (BIM) is designed to facilitate collaboration on construction projects. However, AI and BIM on the construction site alone are no guarantee for a successful digital transformation. It is more important to link the tools, technologies and data used every day in an intelligent manner. digitalBAU 2024 will focus on the opportunities and solutions associated with this change in perspective, as well as the challenges.
Digitization is a megatrend that we encounter everywhere in our day-to-day lives. Nevertheless, the construction industry is still strongly characterized by analog processes. In the construction industry, there is a lack of connectivity, in other words, meaningful links between digital and formerly analog processes. The life cycle of a building – including (digital) planning, construction phase, maintenance, modernization and demolition – consists of a large number of individual processes. Connecting these in a meaningful way and creating connectivity in the construction sector is one of the most important factors for successful digitization.
Building Information Modeling (BIM) is the foundation of all modern building designs and beyond. In simplified terms, BIM in construction is a 3D building that consists of many individual elements and is enriched with numerous additional pieces of information. BIM thus not only simplifies processes on the construction site and saves costs. Throughout the life cycle, it enables important information to be shared.
BIM also enables the handover of a detailed “as built” model for subsequent building operation: the “digital twin” – as this virtual image of a built reality is also called – creates a high benefit for building operation. This is because only 20% of the total costs are incurred in the construction phase, while all other costs are incurred during the subsequent operational phase. Consequently, detailed, high-quality building documentation and a model of the building optimized for facility management after project handover save cash from the first day of operation.
Connectivity in the construction industry benefits not only contractors, but also the general public. Whether civil or building engineering, bridge, tunnel or road: the life cycle of a structure or infrastructure typically passes through the phases of planning, construction, operation, (conversion or) demolition. This is also followed by recycling the materials as homogeneously as possible and reusing materials and resources.
Urban mining, in other words, “prospecting” for used raw materials and materials for reuse in our cities and communities, is only the first step in this process. A holistic cycle can be planned, implemented, monitored, maintained, repaired and optimized over time with digital tools. The prerequisite, however, is that the data generated in each of the aforementioned life cycle phases can be used by the general public and is not available only to individual corporations so that they can maximize their profits.
Open, cross-system data exchange is an important basis for connectivity in construction: only in this way can everyone access data content and use BIM on the construction site for their own purposes.
International organizations such as the independent buildingSmart organization have been carrying out pioneering work in this area in the construction industry for many years. Using the open IFC file format and the BCF communication format, they provide the construction industry with a translation tool for planning data that is understandable and comprehensible to all. Furthermore, the range of planning software today is such that common use of IFC and the associated OPEN BIM process will significantly determine planning in the future.
The advantages are obvious:
The use of AI in construction is becoming increasingly important. Research and trials at renowned universities around the world, but also widespread use on test construction sites, only hint at the potential that artificial intelligence holds for the construction industry.
For example, at Technical University of Munich, Professor Borrmann and his team are training AI to generate comprehensive 3D models from 2D planning data. With the help of point cloud data from laser scans of the actual structures and the models generated from the plans, it is possible to compare the partially incomplete or faulty plans with the actual situation and implement them in a digital twin. (Link to the project)
The use of disruptive technologies such as robots on the construction site is still proving difficult. In most cases, the limiting factor here has been data networks that are too slow, where information is almost always transmitted “on air” – i.e., via the mobile network and through the air. With developments in 5G technology, which has already accelerated processes immensely, robotics will continue to advance in the construction sector. The technology offers many advantages, especially for repetitive, monotonous and physically demanding work processes.
Modern robots are already capable of erecting and plastering masonry walling or laying long brick walls in high quality. Automated 3D concrete printers are able to create buildings, using model-based planning, and finishing robots erect plasterboard walls and drill holes accurately for cables in buildings.
Experiencing buildings with all your senses before breaking ground: virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) can create connectivity between virtual planning and the real world in construction. Numerous AR and VR applications on smartphones, tablets or with the help of VR or AR glasses already enable realistic, virtual experiences. This still relatively new technology is already making increasing inroads in the private sector, for example in video games.
But virtual reality is just as important for the construction industry. Already today, for example, an actual construction site and a virtual architectural model of the structure to be built there can be linked on the display of a smartphone or tablet (augmented reality). Space and size relationships, the position of the building on the site or in relation to neighboring buildings can thus be simulated – long before construction begins. The same applies to the use of virtual reality, which allows clients or investors to virtually walk through the building and, with today's excellent rendering quality, check the design, experience fixtures, surfaces, light and shade, and spatial qualities.
AR and VR can be used not only for project marketing or design discussions in a virtual context. Their strength can equally lie in integral collaboration in a digital environment – especially in the so-called metaverse. Here, planners from all over the world can come together virtually in one room to work together on a construction task. Virtual reality and VR goggles allow their avatars to meet on-site at or in the model and work together on a design problem or detail. In the automotive sector, this type of virtual collaboration has long been common practice for the development of body or built-in parts.
The construction industry can also skillfully use the metaverse to its advantage, cooperating together in real time on different continents and in different time zones. A room that can be experienced virtually and in three dimensions replaces work on a flat screen and in 2D. The metaverse is particularly exciting for the construction industry because it makes buildings and infrastructures tangible and three-dimensional. Integral planning can thus be realized in one place despite the participants being thousands of kilometers apart. In the near future, this should enable all those involved to plan structures better, build them with fewer errors and operate them more efficiently.
Robotics, AI, metaverse and BIM: the construction industry is undergoing rapid change. To get the most out of the wide range of tools and technologies available, companies need to link them together in a meaningful way. At digitalBAU 2024, we have made connectivity in the construction industry one of our key topics. Learn from experts and highly specialized exhibitors what connectivity means in practice and find individual solutions for your challenges. Reserve your ticket today!


CWS100 is a modified sodium silicate which is sprayed onto cured concrete. It forms a barrier inside the concrete which waterproofs and protects the concrete from corrosion and degradation for the design life of the structure.
CWS100 reacts with calcium to form a water insoluble calcium silicate hydrate gel that seals the cracks, pores and
capillaries of the concrete. It will seal cracks in the concrete up to 2.2mm and will remain reactive in the concrete to seal
future hairline cracks on contact with water.
WHY USE CWS100?
• CWS100 waterproofs for the life of the structure
• Permanently seals cracks up to 2.2mm
• Seals future hairline cracks on contact with water
• Protects against water, chloride and sulphate ingress; increases resistance to chemical attack
• Hardens concrete to the same level as granite
• Increases the bond of concrete to cementitious materials by 27%.
• Does not require a screed
• Cannot be damaged on site by other trades
• Trafficable six hours after application
• Suitable for ponding water
• Non toxic. Suitable for use with potable water
• No re-application needed in years to come
• Straightforward one coat application. No bonding issues as occurs with many membranes.
• Environmentally friendly
• Cost effective
• Super fast application ensures faster project completion and saves $$$
Because of its ability to withstand thermal stress and its super-fast application CWS100 is particularly suitable for areas
of exposed concrete such as:
• Rooftops and podium decks
• Bridge decks
• Landscaped areas
• Pre-cast panels
• Application is by low pressure sprayer such as a backpack sprayer or motorised pump, depending on the size of the
SUPER FAST APPLICATION
• Typically one person with a backpack sprayer can apply 1000m2 per day and with a motorised pump can apply about
6000m2 per day. Compare this to a membrane where one person can typically apply 100m2 per day.
• CWS100 is suitable for use on both horizontal and vertical surfaces.
• In general, usage will be around 1 litre to 5 square metres however this will vary according to the mpa and finish of the
concrete. High mpa concretes with a smooth finish may only use 1 litre to 6 square metres whilst low mpa concretes
with open pores may use 1 litre to about 4 square metres.


As more energy storage projects are developed in Massachusetts, laws and policies may need to catch up. Energy storage can provide many benefits and play many roles, but it does not always fit neatly into familiar categories, which are sometimes embedded in the background legal landscape. A recent petition at the Massachusetts Energy Facilities Siting Board (“EFSB”) brings this issue to the fore.
The EFSB has jurisdiction over transmission lines, gas pipelines, facilities for the manufacture and storage of gas, oil facilities, and “generating facilities” that meet certain thresholds. As a result, the EFSB provides an overarching review of the need for, cost of, and environmental impacts associated with most significant energy infrastructure in the Commonwealth. It also has the ability, in certain circumstances, to override state and local decisions that would block such projects.
On January 4, 2019, Cranberry Point Energy Storage, LLC petitioned the EFSB for a determination that the EFSB does not have jurisdiction over—and therefore need not review or approve—a proposed 150-megawatt, lithium-ion energy storage system in Carver because the energy storage system is not a “generating facility.” Cranberry Point’s key argument is straightforward: an energy storage project of the type proposed is not a generating facility because it does not transform another type of energy into electric energy; it takes electric energy generated elsewhere, stores it, and then dispatches it.
The EFSB’s decision on this petition will affect the review and approval processes applicable to large energy storage projects in Massachusetts. A decision that energy storage projects are not jurisdictional would remove the need for such projects to obtain EFSB approval, a process that can be rigorous and often overlaps with other state and local permitting processes. However, such a decision could also prevent energy storage projects from utilizing the EFSB’s authority to override local opposition—something that has long been important for traditional energy infrastructure projects. Further, the EFSB’s decision could influence debates over energy storage in other contexts where existing paradigms include dividing energy infrastructure between generation, transmission, and distribution assets.
The EFSB has docketed the petition as EFSB 19-01, and is likely to provide public notice and opportunities for comment soon. A decision is likely within about four months.


Exactly how to Choose the very best Steel Structure Services
Besides the lots of benefits of steel buildings, there are also some downsides that you must understand before you choose. While metal buildings are less expensive to run than other types, maintenance is crucial. Furthermore, these structures do not normally require fixings. Keeping your metal structure in tip-top condition will help you reduce your annual expenses. So, how do you select the best company for your requirements? Read on to learn more about a few of the benefits of steel structures. Steel buildings need little upkeep and also are recognized for their sturdiness. Prior to placing anything in your structure, ensure to inspect it extensively. Examine the outside and roof covering to make sure that nothing is causing damages. Do not place too much weight inside as this will stress the structure and cause damage to its surface. Maintaining your steel buildings in tip-top condition is extremely important. A company that uses this type of solution must additionally have a detailed knowledge of this product and its maintenance. Apart from being resilient, metal buildings likewise have a number of ecological benefits. Selecting a steel building is an outstanding option for those that intend to minimize their effect on the atmosphere. Using a metal structure will certainly avoid the building contractor from utilizing damaging chemicals on the products. In addition, a metal structure will have a much longer lifespan as well as will certainly be much more energy reliable. If you are bothered with the setting, consider steel structures for your following building job. Whether you need a business steel structure or a residential steel structure, you’ll wish to make sure that it gets the best maintenance. If you’re worried concerning corrosion, utilize a primer or paint on the panels. If you have a sloping roof, prevent letting the snow accumulate. This will certainly trigger ice dams and leaks that can lead to costly repairs down the road. It’s also essential to maintain your metal structure’s exterior with winter protection measures. If you’re thinking about a metal structure for your service, you’ll want to locate a firm that supplies preventative maintenance services. This can help you stay clear of costly as well as time-consuming repair services. By selecting a trustworthy provider, you can be certain that your new building will certainly last for a long time. As well as you’ll have satisfaction knowing that it will be risk-free and safe and secure. As well as if you’re seeking a company to help you with this, make certain you inquire for references. When choosing a metal structure provider, you’ll want to make certain that the business has the ideal certifications. The Institute of Architectural Sciences (IAS) has actually established a program to guarantee that participants stick to industry standards. By using its quality qualifications, SSG can ensure you that the company is a trusted companion. The IAS is a charitable company that gives education and learning to metal structure service providers. Its Top Quality as well as Artisan Collection evaluating assists guarantee that your building is built to the greatest criteria.


Capital Bay and Daiwa launch website on the future of construction
Berlin, 11. May 2022
Capital Bay and Daiwa House Modular Europe have launched a new website. The website, www.creatingthefuture.eu, is addressing cities, municipalities, investors and the general public to present the benefits and progress of modular construction in Germany and to provide information on how industrially prefabricated building modules can contribute to sustainability and climate protection objectives.
"The German government is planning to build 400,000 new homes per year to meet the urgently needed supply and remove pressure from the tight local housing markets. Without modular construction, this target will not be achievable as the design and construction processes are too slow, “ says George Salden, CEO of Capital Bay. "Prefabricated building modules can reduce construction time by 30 to 50 percent compared to conventional construction processes. In addition, the modules installed are reusable, which means that at the end of their life cycle they can be deconstructed, reprocessed and put to a new use. This results in around 50 percent less CO2 emissions, which significantly increases ESG compliance."
“With our new website we want to raise awareness and introduce potentials to the construction method of the future,” says Harry van Zandwijk, CEO at Daiwa House Modular Europe. “From our point of view, modular, industrial and ultimately digital construction is the building form of the future and an important means of meeting the demand for affordable, high quality and sustainable housing. Modular construction has developed into a high-quality construction method and is highly regarded for its architecture, use of materials and quality. In terms of energy, the projects also meet the latest standards of the 40plus efficiency house class.”
Capital Bay and Daiwa House Modular established a strategic partnership in October last year with the aim of building a joint gigafactory for the production of up to 50,000 building modules per year.


Palmer Group (trading as Palmer Fencing Ltd, incorporating PF Traffic Management Division, Commercial Fencing Division and Safety Fencing Division) is an East Anglian based company, located on the outskirts of Ipswich; established in 1988, primarily as a fencing business, it has now evolved into a fully accredited service provider for Traffic Management, Commercial Fencing & Safety Fencing (Vehicle Crash Barriers).
IS9001 accredited in all services, our fully trained operatives utilise specialist equipment to carry out all aspects of Fencing and Traffic Management, whilst maintaining optimum focus on Health & Safety.
Our expertise in traffic management allows us to provide a broad service which can provide; road closures and diversion management, temporary traffic lights, mobile lane closures and Stop / Go operations.
The need for safe effective traffic management at road works is vital for the maintenance of the road network in the UK; PF Traffic Management specialise in this area, from the very simple to the more complicated schemes, we can meet your traffic management needs on all works including…
Temporary Traffic Lights
Road Closures / Diversions
Stop / Go Operations
Lane closures on all types of road
Mobile Lane Closures
Hire & Installation of TVCB’s (Temporary Vertical Concrete Barriers)
We are also able to provide CAD layout drawings
PF Traffic are committed to providing a quality service, EN ISO 9001 accredited for Sector Schemes 12A, 12B, 12C and 12D. All staff are fully trained and experienced at working on the highway.
All our works take full account of the Guidelines laid out by the Highways Agency, Local Authorities and other interested bodies, meeting the requirements of Chapter 8 as an absolute minimum.
Other services we offer include bespoke signing, hire of traffic signs, cones, road danger lamps and pedestrian barrier.


Semoran Boulevard (S.R. 436) before (left) and after OUC retrofitted overhead lights with LED fixtures
Nine years and nearly 30,000 LED lights later, OUC – The Reliable One has completed a massive street lighting-upgrade project that has improved nighttime visibility and substantially reduced the amount of energy needed to power the overhead fixtures.
The LED Roadway Lighting Project replaced 29,618 high-pressure sodium (HPS) bulbs with light emitting diode (LED) lights on poles with “cobra head” fixtures located in the cities of Orlando and St. Cloud, and parts of Orange and Osceola counties. Many streets that motorists and pedestrians once traversed at night under dim, yellowish lights are now illuminated by the bright, white glow of energy-efficient LEDs, making roads safer.
The project targeted 100-, 250- and 400-watt overhead fixtures on residential streets, four-lane roads and major thoroughfares, respectively. OUC projects that the switch to LEDs will reduce related energy consumption by 14 million kilowatt hours per year, the amount of electricity 13,000 homes would use over the same period. That energy savings translates into 8,400 less tons annually of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from power production.
The City of Orlando alone is expected to save $650,000 a year in utility costs for the upgraded lights on its streets.
“These retrofits with LED lighting will boost public safety on streets and conserve energy for decades to come,” said LeMoyne Adams, Vice President of Electric & Water Distribution. “I think it’s fair to say that this is a transformational project.”
OUC originally planned to spend $12.3 million on the LED Roadway Lighting Project, which began in 2013. But lower costs associated with LED technology and lighting installation by OUC’s contractor yielded $3.43 million in savings.
Besides realizing lower electricity costs, jurisdictions that partnered with OUC on the street lighting project will see reduced maintenance expenses because LEDs are longer lasting and more reliable than the bulbs they replaced. The participants also repay OUC over time for the capital cost of the project.


Basalt crushing mobile crusher plant for concrete in La Chorrera, Panama
This site is located in La Chorrera, Panama. This customer needed to crush basalt to from 650mm down to 0-5mm,5-15mm, 15-35mm, so we recommended YG1142E710 and Y3S1860CS160 to do this work. They did very good, and the capacity reached 180t/h. Customer felt satisfied and used final products in concrete batching industry.
The configuration of 180tph basalt crushing mobile plant for concrete in La Chorrera, Panama
Place of use: La Chorrera, Panama Equipment: YG1142E710, Y3S1860CS160
Processed material: basalt Capacity: 180t/h
Input Size: 650mm Output Size: 0-5mm,5-15mm, 15-35mm
Application: concrete batching industry


With over 20 years of experience our dedicated team offer an excellent range of professional road services.
Comprehensive road sweeping and high pressure water jetting services, available to hire both long and short term.
Our fleet includes truck mounted road sweepers from 7.5T to 15T, designed to handle a multitude of large & small scale jobs ranging from motorway and Airport areas to industrial and construction sites, All of our operated vehicles are operated by professional, reliable and courteous drivers trained to the highest standards.
DEDICATED TEAM WITH OVER 2O YEARS EXPERIENCE
With over 20yrs of experience our dedicated team will help you with your Hire Enquiry as our vehicles come in a range of hire options which range from short term or one-off hires, through to long term contracts.