ABS Black plastic pipe and fittings. Generally used in waste water and
drainage systems. Introduced in the 1960's, popular for new residential
construction and remodeling.
ACOUSTICAL TILE Special tile for walls and ceilings made of mineral, wood,
vegetable fibers, cork, or metal. Its purpose is to control sound volume
while providing cover.
AIR CHAMBERS Pressure absorbing devices that eliminate water hammer. They
should be installed as close as possible to the valves or faucet and at
the end of long runs of pipe.
AIR DUCT Pipes that carry cold air and warm air to rooms and back to furnace
or air conditioning system.
AIR FILTER A filter installed in line with the air return which filters
out dust and debris and prevents its re entry into the occupied interior.
1. (Drainage System) The unobstructed vertical distance through the free
atmosphere between the outlet of a water pipe and the flood level rim
of the receptacle into which it is discharging.
2. (Water Distribution System) The unobstructed vertical distance through
the free atmosphere between the lowest opening from any pipe or faucet
supplying water to a tank, plumbing fixture, or other device and the flood
level rim of the receptacle.
AIR POCKET/BLISTER A bubble in the roofing surface formed by water vapor
expanding between the layers of a built up roofing membrane. This condition
can reduce the useful life of the roofing surface and is conducive to moisture
penetration and subsequent leakage.
AIR RETURN A duct through which interior cool air returns to the handler
unit. This air is then circulated through the evaporator coils, cooled,
and distributed through the ducts.
ALUMINUM WIRING A type of conductor used
to carry current. The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission has determined
that aluminum wiring used in 120 Volt light and outlet circuits can be hazardous
and a cause of fire. A failure can occur because aluminum wire behaves differently
than copper wire when current travels through the conductor. An aluminum
wire will expand and contract more than a copper wire. The expansion and
contraction can result in loose connections. The loose connections can oxidize.
The loose, oxidized connections can spark or overheat when current flows
to the connection. The spark or overheating can cause a fire. This potential
problem has nothing to do with the wires in the walls, floors or ceilings.
This problem occurs only at the connections. It is possible to control
and repair this condition. Typically, aluminum is no longer used in
the individual branch lighting and receptacle circuits. It is still commonly
used and approved to bring power to a structure and to energize the
distribution panels as well as power the individual appliance circuits. Aluminum
wire should only be connected to listed and rated devices (breakers, outlets,
switches, etc.). Additionally, these devices should have an anti oxidant
installed to cover the connections. As a preventive measure, each accessible
aluminum connection should be periodically checked by a licensed electrician
to insure that it is securely fastened. If aluminum wiring has been
installed in the individual lights, switches and receptacles, we recommend
repair with crimp connectors. This repair consists of attaching a short length
of copper wire onto the existing aluminum wire with a specially designed
metal sleeve and an air powered crimping tool. This makes a permanent
connection that is, in effect, a cold weld. An insulating sleeve is heat
shrunk around the crimp connection to complete the repair. This is in accordance
with the recommendation of the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission.
AMP Short for Amperes. The rate of flow of electricity through wire.
AMPERE A unit of electric current, or the amount of electricity.
ANTI SIPHON VALVE A device installed on irrigation piping designed to
prevent the drawing of contaminated ground water into the domestic water
ASBESTOS Asbestos is a naturally occurring mineral fiber extensively used
in construction. Nearly every building contains asbestos in some form.
It may be found in vinyl flooring, patching compounds and textured paints,
sprayed acoustic ceilings, acoustic ceiling tiles, stove insulation, furnace
insulation, pipe insulation, wall and ceiling insulation, roofing, shingles
and siding as well as appliances. Exposure to asbestos can be a serious
threat to one's health. There are a number of choices available for dealing
with asbestos. They include leaving it alone, encapsulation and abatement.
Removal of this material is a specialized procedure and should be attempted
only by a qualified and licensed expert. Information regarding identification
of asbestos, its hazards and safe removal may be obtained from the U.S.
Consumer Product Safety Commission, Environmental Protection Agency and
other governmental agencies.
AUTOMATIC SAFETY CONTROLS Devices designed and installed to protect systems
and components from excessively high or low pressures and/or temperatures,
excessive electrical current, loss of water, loss of ignition. fuel leaks,
fire, freezing, or other unsafe conditions.
BACK SIPHONAGE The flowing back of used, contaminated, or polluted water
from a plumbing fixture or vessel into a potable water supply due to a
negative pressure in the pipe.
BACKFILL The gravel or earth replaced in the space around a building wall
after foundations are in place.
BACKFLOW The flow of water or other liquids, mixtures, or substances into
the distributing pipes of a potable water supply from any source or sources
other than the intended source. Back siphonage is one type of backflow
BALLAST A device used with electric discharge lamps to make them operate
properly. A ballast has two purposes. To start a lamp it provides the high
voltage needed to cause an arc to jump from one end of the lamp to the
other. Once an arc is established, the ballast allows the lamp to continue
to operate by providing the proper, reduced current flow to the lamp.
BALUSTERS Upright supports of a balustrade rail.
BALUSTRADE A row of balusters topped by a rail, edging a balcony or a
BASEBOARD A board along the floor against walls and partitions to hid
BATT Insulation in the form of a blanket, rather than loose filling.
BEAM One of the principal horizontal wood or steel members of a building.
BEARING WALL A wall that supports a floor or roof of a building.
BIB A water faucet to which a hose may be attached.
BRACE A piece of wood or other material used to form a triangle and stiffen
some part of a structure.
BRICK VENEER Brick used as the outer surface of a framed wall.
BRIDGING Small wood or metal pieces placed diagonally between floor joists.
BTU The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound
of water one degree Fahrenheit; equal to 252 calories. It is roughly equal
to the heat of one kitchen match.
BUTT JOINT Joining point of two pieces of wood or molding.
BX CABLE Electricity cable wrapped in rubber with a flexible steel outer
BLOWER A fan in a air conditioning or furnace unit which blows air through
BRIDGING Short, structural members criss crossed between floor or ceiling
joists to provide reinforcement and distribution of stress.
CANTILEVER A projecting beam or joist, not supported at one end, used
to support an extension of a structure.
CARBON MONOXIDE Carbon monoxide is colorless, odorless gas resulting from
the incomplete combustion of hydrocarbon fuels. Carbon monoxide interferes
with blood's ability to carry oxygen to the body's tissues and results
in numerous adverse health effects.
CASEMENT A window sash that opens on hinges at the vertical edge.
CASING Door and window framing.
CEILING JOIST A horizontally placed framing members at the ceiling of
the top most living space of a house that provides a platform to which
the finished ceiling material can be attached.
CHAIR RAIL Wooden molding on a wall around a room at the level of a chair
CHASE A groove in a masonry wall or through a floor to accommodate pipes
CHIMNEY CAP The metal or masonry protective covering at the top of the
chimney that seals the chimney shaft from water entry between the chimney
enclosure and the flue tiles.
CHIMNEY FLUE The space or channel in a chimney that carries off the smoke
and other combustion gasses to the outside air. Most homes will have a
terracotta tile flue or a metal flue.
CIRCUIT BREAKER A safety device which opens (breaks) an electric circuit
automatically when it becomes overloaded. It can also be used to manually
open or close (de energize or energize) the circuit.
CONCRETE SLAB FLOOR Typically approximately 4 inches thick, the concrete
slab floor provides a number of uses. It creates a solid level surface
to walk and work on. It provides a separation between the grade/soil and
a potentially livable area. It also provides lateral compression resistance
for the foundation walls, preventing soil pressure from outside the foundation
from pushing the foundation walls and footings inward.
COPING Tile or brick used to cap or cover the top of a masonry wall.
COURSEA horizontal row of bricks, cinder blocks or other masonry materials.
COVE LIGHTING Concealed light sources behind a cornice or horizontal recess
which direct the light upon a reflecting ceiling.
CRAWL SPACE A shallow, unfinished space beneath the first floor of a house
which has no basement, used for visual inspection and access to pipes and
CROSS CONNECTION Any physical connection or arrangement between two otherwise
separate piping systems, one of which contains potable water and the other
either water of unknown or questionable safety or steam, gas, or chemical
whereby there may be a flow from one system to the other, the direction
of flow depending on the pressure differential between the two systems.
DAMAGED CONDUCTOR INSULATION We found damaged service conductor insulation.
We recommend that all exposed conductors be repaired or replaced as necessary.
DAMAGED RAFTERS Damage to any of the parallel beams that support a roof.
All damaged rafters should be reinforced or replaced. Sometimes the rafters
extend beyond the exterior walls. These rafter tails are subject to moisture
damage. They must be maintained or damage will result.
DAMAGED SHEATHING Damage to the material used to cover the outside wall
of a frame house or a timber roof. We recommend that all damaged material
DAMAGED WINDOW FRAMES Damaged windows are often a result of deferred maintenance.
We recommend that all damaged window he repaired or replaced as necessary.
DEAD FRONT Switches, circuit breakers, switchboards, control panels and
panel board fronts must be covered so that no current carrying parts are
exposed. This cover is called a Dead Front.
DEBRIS ON ROOF OR IN GUTTERS Gutters filled with debris should be cleaned
to ensure proper drainage. Roofing surfaces covered with debris should
be cleaned not only to ensure proper drainage but also to prevent premature
deterioration of the roof surface.
DECK MOISTURE MEMBRANE FAILED See moisture membrane.
DECK RAILING UPGRADE We recommend that all decks and landings 30 inches
or more above the ground have a railing. The railing should be at least
36 inches high and the spacing between the railing pieces should be no
more than four inches.
DOOR CASING/TRIM The finish trim details around the perimeter of the door
on the interior finished wall.
DOOR FRAME/JAMB The top and sides of the door to include the wall framing
as well as the actual door frame and trim.
DORMER The projecting frame of a recess in a sloping roof.
DOUBLE HUNG WINDOWS Windows with an upper and lower sash, each supported
by cords and weights.
DOUBLED UP BRANCH CIRCUIT (DOUBLE TAP) Two circuits controlled by one
overcurrent protection device. This wiring method increases the possibility
of tripping the overcurrent protection device. Each circuit should be separately
fused with an overcurrent protection device of appropriate amperage.
DOWNSPOUT A pipe that is connected to the gutters and is used to carry
the roof water runoff down and away from the house.
DOWNSPOUT GOOSENECK Segmented section of downspout that is bent at a radius
to allow the downspout to be attached to the house and to follow the bends
and curves of the eaves and ground.
DOWNSPOUT LEADER A pipe for conducting rainwater from the roof to a cistern
or to the ground by way of a downspout.
DOWNSPOUT STRAP Strap used to secure the downspout to the side of the
DOWNSPOUT/GUTTER LEAKS A leaking gutter or downspout can allow water to
penetrate a sidewall and enter the occupied interior through a foundation
wall or slab. Deteriorated gutters and downspouts should be repaired or
replaced as necessary.
DRAIN Any pipe that carries waste water or water born waste in a building
(house) drainage system.
DRAIN TILE A tube or cylinder that is normally installed around the exterior
perimeter of the foundation footings that collects and directs ground water
away from the foundation of the house. The tile can be individual sections
of clay or asphalt tubing or, in more recent construction, a perforated
plastic drain tile that is approximately 4 inches in diameter. The drain
tile leads either towards a sump or to an exterior discharge away from
DRIP LOOP A loop in each of the overhead electrical service entrance conductors
designed to prevent the passage of moisture into the weatherhead service
raceway or equipment.
DRYWALL A wall surface of plasterboard or material other than plaster.
DUCTS Metal piping used for distributing warm or cool air
DWV Those parts of a plumbing system which provide safe, adequate drainage,
waste and ventilation.
EARTH WOOD CONTACT Wood in contact with dirt. This condition is conducive
to the infestation and infection of wood destroying pests and/or organisms.
We recommend that all earth wood contacts be broken and any damaged or
deteriorated material be replaced.
EAVE The part of the roof which extends beyond the sidewall.
EAVES The section of the roof that overhangs the walls of a house.
EFFLORESCENCE A deposit of soluble salts, usually white, on the surface
of concrete and masonry walls due to evaporation of water.
ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION Electromagnetic fields are produced by alternating
current in electric wires. There are two components: an electric charge
and a magnetic force, resulting in electromagnetic radiation. High current
power lines are a source of electromagnetic fields. Studies have suggested
a possible increase in leukemia, cancer and miscarriages from exposure
to electromagnetic radiation. Studies are currently in progress to help
quantify the risks. More information can be obtained from the local utility
company, U. S. Department of Energy (202) 586 5000 and the U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency (202)260 7676.
EVAPORATION COILS The part of the air conditioning system where the refrigerant
returns; to gaseous form. Frequently located in the furnace plenum.
EXHAUST FAN Extracts air or excess heat from the interior of a home.
EXPOSED AND ACCESSIBLE Our inspections are limited to a visual review
of those areas of the premises which are exposed to view. Any area which
is not exposed to view, or is otherwise inaccessible because of soil, walls,
floors, ceilings, carpets, furnishings, storage, or any other things, and
is concealed, is not included in our inspection. Our inspection does not
include any destructive testing or dismantling of equipment, systems, or
surfaces. With access and an opportunity for examination, reportable conditions
maybe discovered. If inspection of inaccessible areas is desired, this
will be performed upon arrangement at an additional cost to the interested
parties at such time as access can be provided.
EXPOSED ROOF FASTENERS An indication of significant roofing surface wear
or poor installation. This creates a condition conducive to moisture penetration
and subsequent leakage into the occupied interior. All exposed fasteners
should be covered.
EXPOSED WIRING Wiring or connections not properly covered and protected.
We recommend that all of these connections be repaired and be properly
FAILED Something that no longer functions as designed or intended.
FASCIA A flat, vertical board enclosing the overhang, under the eave that
runs along the roof edge.
FELT EXPOSED/WORN An indication of significant roofing surface wear. Prolonged
exposure to the sun can damage the felt. Damaged felt can result in moisture
penetration and subsequent leakage into the occupied interior. The deteriorated
roofing surface should be repaired, all damaged felt replaced, and exposed
FIRE RESISTIVE BARRIER A fire resistive separation barrier. Fire resistive
walls may not have been required at the time of construction. Present building
code requires a one hour fire resistive barrier between the garage and
the occupied interior. The purpose of this barrier is to prevent the spread
of fire from the garage into the living areas. Flammable liquids are often
stored in the garage. The risk of a fire starting in the garage is significant
enough to warrant recommending that a one hour fire resistive barrier be
FLASHING Material used at connections and penetrations in a roof or wall
to prevent leakage.
FLASHING Sheet metal used at wall and roof junctions and around chimneys
to prevent water entry.
FLASHING DEFECTIVE Flashing installed improperly which creates a condition
conducive to moisture penetration. The connections and penetrations must
be repaired to prevent leakage.
FLASHING INADEQUATE Insufficient flashing. This condition often leads
to leakage. We recommend that all to door, window, deck and roof connections
and penetrations be properly flashed to prevent moisture penetration.
FLUE An enclosed chamber in a fireplace that directs flames, smoke and
other gases to the outside air.
FOOTINGS Concrete set in the soil (foundation bed) that supports the foundation
of the house.
FORMALDEHYDE Colorless, pungent gas used
as raw material in manufacture of particle board, decorative paneling, fiberboard,
wafer board, carpeting, permanent press fabrics and foam insulation. Heat & humidity
increase the level of emission; however, the rate diminishes as materials
age. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency classifies formaldehyde as
a possible carcinogen. Formaldehyde can also irritate the eyes, nose and
throat, and cause headaches and dizziness. Formaldehyde levels can be reduced
by increasing ventilation, reducing temperature and humidity and reducing
the number of new pressed wood products in a home. Removal of wood paneling
or subflooring is sometimes necessary. More information is available from
the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (202)260 2080.
FORM WOOD Wood used in the forming of a concrete foundation or retaining
wall, typically removed after the concrete has set. If it is left in place,
it can lead to the infestation of wooddestroying pests. We recommend that
all form wood be removed.
FOUNDATION Construction below or partly below grade, which provides support
for exterior walls or other structural pans of the building. The part of
the structure upon which all other construction is built.
FROZEN FIXTURE SHUT OFF VALVES. Plumbing shut off valves that no longer
turn. This occurs when the valves are seldom operated. An inoperable valve
prevents the water from being turned off if it is necessary to repair the
fixture. We recommend that they be repaired and be made operable again.
FUNCTIONAL DRAINAGE A plumbing drain is functional when the fixture empties
in a reasonable amount of time, and does not overflow when another fixture
is drained simultaneously.
FUNCTIONAL FLOW A reasonable flow at the highest fixture in a dwelling
when another fixture is operated simultaneously.
FUSE An overcurrent protection device with a circuit opening fusible member
directly heated and destroyed by the passage of too much current through
FUSE BOX A metal box that contains the fuses that regulate electric current
in a house.
FUSED NEUTRAL Where an electrical neutral wire is fused. If the fuse on
the neutral wire blows, the circuit will be open, and the fixtures and/or
appliances on this circuit will not function. However, power will still
be present through the circuit, right up to the outlet. This creates a
shock hazard. We recommend that this condition be corrected.
GABLE ROOF A roof with two pitches, designed to provide more space on
the upper floors.
GALVANIZED PIPE Steel pipe with a protective zinc coating. Used for supply
of domestic water and waste and vent piping.
GARAGE DOOR SPRINGS Prior to 1976, the counter balance springs used for
tilt up garage doors were not provided with a safety device to control
spring breakage. Without the benefit of a safety device, it is possible
that pieces of the spring may fly across the garage upon accidental breakage.
We recommend that the garage door be springs be upgraded.
GATE VALVE A shut off valve using a rising disc (gate) to control liquid
GFCI Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter: a safety device which monitors
the difference between current flowing through the hot and neutral wires
of a receptacle. If there is an imbalance of current greater than five
milliamps, the current will be cutoff in less than a second. GFCI protection
is recommended in the garage, outdoor and bathroom receptacles. We also
recommend that all pool and spa equipment have GFCI protection. We further
recommend that all kitchen receptacles within six feet of a sink be equipped
with GFCI devices. This will reduce shock and short hazards.
GRADE The ground level around a structure. When the ground is less than
six inches below the top of the foundation, it is considered a marginal
grade. A faulty or marginal grade can lead to moisture damage and/or pest
control problems. If damage Is discovered, we recommend that the height
of the foundation be raised to a minimum of six inches above the ground
and that all damaged material be replaced. If no damage is present, we
recommend that this area he periodically reviewed by a qualified individual
for signs of drainage. Repairs should be made if necessary.
GROUND CONDUCTOR SPLICES AND LOOSE CONNECTIONS The system ground is ineffective
because of splices and loose connections in the grounding conductor. We
recommend that the grounding conductor be repaired or replaced as necessary.
GROUND RECEPTACLES A random sampling of individual receptacles found these
to be operable but some are not grounded. We recommend that all kitchen,
bathroom, outdoor, garage and interior three pronged receptacles be properly
grounded in accordance with current building practice.
GROUND WATER CONTAMINATION Ground water can be contaminated from leaking
underground storage tanks, illegal dumping, poorly contained landfills
or hazardous waste spills. Contaminated ground water can be hazardous to
one's health if it used for gardening or irrigation. Qualified individuals
would have to be retained for evaluation and a determination of what corrective
steps may be necessary.
GROUNDED A conducting connection, whether intentional or accidental, between
an electrical circuit or equipment and the earth, or to some conducting
body that serves in the place of the earth.
GROUNDFAULT INTERRUPTER (GFI) A safety device that interrupts surges of
electricity in appliances and other electrical components found in a home.
GUSSET A strap made of metal or wood attached at the connection of roof
trusses or rafters or foundation area beams and posts. Gussets will help
limit the framing's ability to laterally rack in the event of high winds.
GUTTER/DOWNSPOUT Channel of various materials including plastic and copper
supported at the eaves to direct water away from the foundation of a home
HEARTH The fireproof surface of a fireplace, usually 18 inches wide.
HEAT EXCHANGER A device used to transfer heat in a furnace.
HEAT PUMP A reverse cycle refrigeration unit that both heats and cools.
HIP ROOF A roof with no gables; usually has inclined planes on all four
sides of the building.
HVAC UNIT A single unit which supplies heating, venting and air conditioning.
INACCESSIBLE Any area which is not exposed to view or is concealed because
of soil, walls, floors, ceilings, carpets, furnishings, storage, or any
other things is inaccessible. Inaccessible areas are not included in this
inspection. Reportable conditions may be present in inaccessible areas.
If review of inaccessible areas is desired, this will be performed upon
arrangement at an additional cost to the interested parties at such time
as access can be provided.
INADEQUATE CLEARANCE TO COMBUSTIBLES Gas fired appliance vents must be
far enough away from combustible surfaces to prevent the heat that these
vents carry from causing a fire. Single wall vents should be at least six
inches away from combustible surfaces and double wall vents should be at
least one inch away.
INADEQUATE COMBUSTION AIR The oxygen carrying air which fuel burners need
to operate safely. It is normally supplied through venting ducts or openings
in walls or doors. We recommend that additional venting be installed.
INADEQUATE FOUNDATION CLEARANCE Foundation area clearance between the
soil and the wooden framing which is less than eighteen inches. Insufficient
clearance does not allow access for inspection or maintenance and creates
a condition conducive to moisture damage and decay of wooden members. We
recommend that a minimum of eighteen inches of clearance be provided between
the soil and the framing. Any damaged wooden material found in the course
of this work should be replaced.
INADEQUATE FOUNDATION DRAINAGE Continuous foundation area moisture accumulation
causes damage and/or deterioration to the foundation and/or framing. We
recommend that the drainage be upgraded as necessary to collect the surface
and subsurface moisture approaching the foundation and route it to some
central drainage collection point. All damaged foundation and framing should
be repaired or replaced as necessary.
INADEQUATE ROOF DRAINAGE Significant roof ponding can indicate inadequate
drainage. Standing water can result in leakage. We recommend that the drainage
be upgraded as necessary to properly collect and divert water off of the
INSUFFICIENT ROOF SLOPE A shingle type roofing surface applied over framing
whose pitch is less than three inches in twelve inches. This means that
for every twelve horizontal inches the roof fails to rise at least three inches. This roofing surface is subject
to leakage because of poor drainage. We recommend that the roof be periodically
checked for signs of moisture penetration and patched and sealed as necessary
to prevent leakage and subsequent damage. At such time as replacement of
this roofing surface is made, we recommend the installation of a conventional
built up or single ply roofing membrane.
INSULATION Material used to resist the loss of heat energy. Materials
such as fiber glass, mineral wool, cellulose and foam are placed in the
walls, ceilings, basements and crawl spaces. Insulation may be blown or
installed in batt sections.
INSULATION INSTALLED BACKWARDS Insulation installed with the vapor barrier
pointed away from the living space. This can cause a buildup of moisture
and subsequent damage. We recommend that this insulation be repaired and
installed with the vapor barrier pointed toward the heated side of the
building. Any damaged material found in the course of this work should
JOISTS Parallel, horizontal boards laid edgewise from wall to wall to
support the boards of a floor or ceiling.
LAMPCORD WIRING Unapproved extension cord wiring running along the outside
of finished walls, floors or ceilings (sometimes referred to as zipcord
wiring). It is easy to overload the wire and the wire is subject to physical
damage. All lampcord wiring should be removed. Additional convenience outlets
can be installed if desired.
LATHING Strips of wood or other material used as a base for the installation
LEAD A material used in pipes and paint of many older homes. We now know
that lead is hazardous to health. The local environmental protection agency
should be consulted for guidelines on handling, removal and applicable
LEAD CONTAMINATION Lead can be present outside a structure in the soil
as a result of automobile exhaust and exterior lead based paint. Lead paint
may have been used on the outside of the building and have found its way
into the soil. Proximity to busy roadways can result in automobile emissions
elevating lead levels.
LEAD PAINT Lead based paint is a hazard when paint chips and particles
and dust are ingested by children. Lead accumulates in the blood, soft
tissues and bones, leading to damage to the kidneys, brain and central
and peripheral nervous systems. Children are more susceptible to the toxic
effects of lead paint because lead is more easily absorbed into growing
bodies. Precautionary measures include removing lead from children's environment,
mopping floors and window sills to remove lead dust and washing hands before
eating. Abatement contractors must use extensive precautions to prevent
contamination from lead dust.
LEDGER FLASHING MISSING The ledger is a piece of horizontal lumber, usually
a 2 x 8 or 2 x 10 bolted or nailed to the exterior of a building. Joists
are attached to the ledger and the finished decking or stair landing material
is secured to the joists. Water seeping behind the ledger can cause damage
to the siding and framing. Ideally, the ledger should be flashed at the
top edge to prevent moisture penetration behind the ledger and around the
ledger fasteners. A secondary method of dealing with this condition is
to keep the top edge of the ledger caulked and sealed as well as applying caulking at the ledger fasteners. When the ledger is replaced it should be properly flashed and sealed.
LOOSE/MISSING/WORN SHAKES OR SHINGLES A condition conducive to moisture
penetration and subsequent leakage into the attic and/or occupied interior.
We recommend repair or replacement as necessary to prevent leakage.
MAIN DISCONNECT A device by which the electrical system can be disconnected
from its source of supply. Six or more branch circuits require a main disconnect
MASONRY Construction using materials such as tile, brick, cement, stone
or similar materials.
MASTIC Asphalt material used to seal around roof connections and penetrations.
MEMBER Wood or steel elements that make up the framing and foundation
of a structure such as 2 X 4 strips of lumber cut to various lengths.
MINIMAL SURFACE PREPARATION Premature weathering of painted and/or stained
exterior surface due to minimal surface preparation. Prior to the next
application of paint and/or stain, we recommend the exterior be properly
MOISTURE BARRIER Treated paper or metal which retards or bars water vapor.
It is used to keep moisture from passing into walls and floors.
MOISTURE MEMBRANE HAS FAILED The moisture membrane has failed when water
has penetrated through the moisture barrier. There may be damaged framing
below. All damaged material must be replaced or the damage may spread.
Moisture must be prevented from penetrating the framing or additional damage
will occur. Our primary recommendation is to install a new moisture membrane.
This will stop any further leakage and subsequent damage. It may be possible
to seal the surface above, thereby, hopefully stopping further water penetration.
However, there is no guarantee that sealing the surface will work and this
repair will require frequent maintenance.
MORTAR A bonding material used in the construction of brick or stone structures.
MOSS BUILDUP Moss retains moisture and can damage the roofing surface.
We recommend that the moss be removed.
MOULDING Strips of wood or the material used to cover joints between floors
and walls, and walls and ceilings.
MULTIPLE LAYERS Multiple roofing surfaces add extra weight to the roof
framing. Too much weight can crack framing members. Most local building
departments limit the number of roofing surfaces to three. Some, however,
limit it to two. Another problem that can occur with multiple roofing surfaces
is the inability to effectively seal the roof connections and penetrations,
a critical component of the roofing system. When multiple surfaces are
present, the usual way to seal the connections and penetrations is with
a plastic roof cement coating. Unfortunately the plastic roof cement coating
does not last as long as the roofing surface and requires more frequent
maintenance than metal flashing. At such time as replacement of the roofing
surface is made, we recommend that all of the existing roofing surfaces
be removed, the framing resheathed as necessary and all roof connections
and penetrations reflashed before the new surface is installed. This will
help reduce the weight on the framing and the possibility of cracking as
well as prolong the useful life of the new roof.
MULTI WIRE BRANCH CIRCUIT An electrical circuit consisting of two or more
ungrounded conductors having a potential difference between them and a
grounded conductor having, equal potential difference between it and each
ungrounded conductor. This type of circuit is commonly used to energize
the dishwasher and garbage disposal outlet located in the sink base cabinet.
A common problem arises when both hot conductors of the circuit are connected
to the same pole or leg of the distribution panel. If both the dishwasher
and disposal are operated at the same time, the breaker protecting the
circuit will not trip. This is a potential hazard and the circuit should
NEGATIVE GRADING Grading which is sloped toward the structure. Low spots
and negative grading will increase the chances of water penetration through
the foundation and subsequent pooling or puddling in the basement, garage
and/or subarea. We recommend that the site be regraded as necessary to
make sure that surface water runs away from the structure. Any damaged
material found in the course of this work should be replaced.
NO SAFETY GLASS A random sampling of exterior doors and windows and review
of individual shower doors, it revealed some areas which lack safety glass.
This is not uncommon in older buildings as safety glass may not have been
required at the time of installation. Doors and windows not equipped with
safety glass are hazardous if broken. Present industry standards require
safety glass to minimize this hazard.
NO UNDERLAYMENT A tile roof installed directly over the sheathing without
an underlayment. An underlayment provides a moisture barrier between the
tile and the attic. The manufacturer's specifications may permit this method
of installation; however, it is our opinion that without an underlayment,
this roof is subject to premature leakage. We recommend that the tile surface
and the connections and penetrations be periodically examined by a qualified
and licensed roofing contractor for signs of damage and leakage and repairs
be made if necessary.
NOT PRESENT Not installed.
OUTLET (electrical) An electrical receptacle.
OVERFUSED A fuse or breaker too large for the rated capacity of the circuit.
This allows too much current to flow through the conductor (wire) before
the overcurrent protection device blows or trips. This is hazardous. The
rated capacity of the circuit may not have been exceeded yet. However,
increased demand on the circuit may result in the conductor overheating
which can cause a fire. We recommend that all overfused branch circuits
be repaired and equipped with overcurrent protection devices of appropriate
PAINT/STAIN WEATHERED Portions of the exterior are weathered, exposed
and subject to damage. We recommend that all exposed areas be sealed to
provide protection against inclement weather. Prior to the next application
of paint and/or stain, we recommend that the exterior be properly prepared.
PANEL RUSTED All rusted panels should be primed and sealed to prevent
PARAPET WALL A low wall or railing along the edge of a roof, balcony,
bridge or terrace constructed for protection, to control water resulting
from rain or artificial flooding or to insulate against the sun's rays.
The part of the sidewall of a structure which extends above the roof line.
PARQUET FLOORS A floor that is laid in rectangular or square patterns
often made of prefinished wood or wood veneer squares.
PENETRATIONS Any projection through a roofing surface necessitating flashing,
such as plumbing vents and skylights.
PLENUM A large duct or air chamber in which the air from the cooling or
heating unit is distributed to the ducting and through the ducts to the
POINTING UP The removal of deteriorated mortar between bricks and replacement
with new mortar.
POINT UP MORTAR JOINTS To fill and finish the joints between bricks with
cement or mortar. Often called Tuck Pointing. We always recommend that
this work be done by experienced professionals.
POLARITY REVERSED An electrical receptacle which has been wired with the
hot and neutral wires reversed. Reversed polarity can compromise the grounding
of an appliance and cause some electrical equipment to operate improperly.
We recommend that the polarity be corrected.
POLYBUTYLENE Water piping used for interior piping and the main waterline
to the street. Problems with this pipe have curtailed its use.
PROFESSIONAL INSPECTION An inspection performed by a specially trained
inspector to provide a comprehensive report on the condition of a house.
This report is usually written and is often used in home sale negotiations.
PVC Rigid white plastic pipe and fittings used for supply of domestic
water and yard sprinkler systems and in interior drain, waste and vent
systems. Introduced in the 1960's.
R VALUE A measurement of the ability of insulation to slow the transfer
of heat or cold. The higher the R value, the greater the insulation power.
RADON Radon is a colorless, odorless gas that occurs as part of natural
decay of uranium. Radon is present to some extent in all soils and groundwater
and its levels vary within geographic areas. Radon is classified by the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency as a known carcinogen. There are no
immediate symptoms resulting from exposure to radon. Most radon enters
the home through cracks and openings in concrete slabs, crawlspaces, sumps
and the tiny pores in hollowwall concrete blocks from the soil underneath.
Sometimes radon enters homes through wellwater. The level of radon can
be measured and mitigation measures taken if necessary. Additional information
may be obtained from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
RAFTER The structural member or beam that supports the roof. It spans
from the exterior wall to the ridge board of the peak of the roof.
RAISED/CURLED SEAMS see SURFACE GRANULATION FAILURE.
RANDOM SAMPLING For multiple identical components such as windows, doors,
electrical outlets or heating registers. One per room is chosen at random.
RECEPTACLE An electrical device to receive
the prongs of a plug and which is connected to an electric circuit.
REGISTER A fixture installed at the end of a duct which controls and directs
the flow of air into a room.
RETAINING WALL A vertical structure used to restrict the movement of soil
RIDGE BOARD The horizontal structural member at the top of a roof where
the rafters meet.
ROOF PITCH The degree of slope of a roof.
SASH Framework that holds the glass in a window or a door.
SETTLEMENT Settlement is that instance
in which some portion of the foundation drops below the original "as built" grade.
This occurs as a result of a loss of bearing compaction of fill, erosion
of supporting soil, and/or dehydration (shrinkage of supporting soil)
SETTLING The lowering of elevation of a house or pavement due to weight
SHAKES Hand split shingles.
SHEATHING The material used to cover the outside wall of a frame house
or timber roof.
SHINGLE Sheets of waterproof material used to cover the roofs of homes
and other surfaces.
SIDING Finish material such as wood, vinyl and aluminum used on outside
SILL The lowest piece upon which a window or exterior door rests, usually
slanted downward slightly to provide for rain water runoff.
SILL PLATE Framing lumber placed on and around the foundation to support
exterior wall studs and outer floor joists.
SILT MARKS When a subarea gets wet enough for water to pond, it can leave
a sediment deposit on the foundation walls and foundation area support
SLAB A concrete foundation or floor of a home.
SOFFIT The underside part of a roof that extends beyond the outside walls
of a structure.
SOIL CONTAMINATION Soil can be contaminated from leaking underground storage
tanks, illegal dumping, poorly contained landfills or hazardous waste spills.
Contaminated soil can be a health hazard, especially for children. Qualified
individuals would have to be retained for evaluation and a determination
of what corrective steps may be necessary.
SOIL PIPE Pipe carrying organic waste.
SOLAR HEAT Heat created from the gathering of solar energy from the sun.
It can be passive or active. A positive system takes advantage of winter
sunlight through windows on the south side of a home. An active system
heats through the collection of solar energy through solar collectors.
SPALLING Breaking off of the surface
of brick or concrete.
SPLICE An electrical connection made without proper protection. We recommend
that all of these connections be repaired and be mechanically protected.
SPLITS/CRACKS/TEARS A roofing surface condition conducive to moisture
penetration and subsequent leakage. These need to be repaired as necessary
to prevent leakage.
S TRAP A sink drain line configuration in which the piping beyond the
trap runs vertically instead of horizontally. This can cause the water
in the trap to be siphoned out, allowing sewer gas to enter the occupied
interior. We recommend that the pipe after the trap be repaired so that
it runs horizontally with a slight downward slope until it joins the main
drain and vent piping, or that an approved mechanical vent be installed.
STUD A vertical, framing member in a wall or partition, usually spaced
from twelve to sixteen inches apart.
SUMP PUMP An electric pump, usually installed
in the basement to prevent water from entering the basement area. It empties
water from a "well
or pit" where it is collected and pumps it to the outside of a
SURFACE GRANULATION FAILURE An indication of roofing surface wear due
to exposure. This wear will continue and leaks may eventually develop.
This condition is one indication that the roof is nearing the end of its
useful life. Until the roof is replaced, it should be periodically examined
by a qualified and licensed roofing contractor for indications of further
wear significant enough to result in moisture penetration and repairs should
be made as necessary.
TEMEPERATURE/PRESSURE VALVE A safety valve designed to release excess
temperature and pressure. Commonly used in water heaters and steam boilers.
THERMOSTAT An automatic heating/cooling control device. Thermostats automatically
turn heating or air conditioning on or off as necessary to maintain a desired
THRESHOLD A strip of metal, wood, marble or other material placed at the
base of a door.
TILE ROOF Fired clay, stone or concrete
roofing material. Tile roofs are highly resistant to wear and have a life
expectancy of fifty plus years. However, problems can develop and these
problems need attention in order to prevent leakage. Walking on a tile
roof may result in some tile breakage; therefore, we examine tile roofs
from ground level and other vantage points. We look for cracked and missing
tiles and cracked and deteriorated tile mortar joints. We also examine
the visually accessible connection and penetration flashings for damage
and defects. Problems in these areas create opportunities for leakage and
must be corrected to prevent moisture penetration. The watertightness of
a tile roof depends to a large degree on the condition of the felt underlayment.
The only way to completely examine the underlayment is to remove all of
the tile. This, of course, is not practical. We inspect the felt underlayment
by lifting up the tiles at a random number of places. If the felt is found
to be deteriorated, it must be repaired. Repairing the underlayment requires
removing the tile and it may not be possible to reuse the tile. Often times
repairing the underlayment results in replacing all of the tile and flashing
around the connections and penetrations. Problems may be present at areas
we were unable to access. We recommend that tile roofs be periodically
examined by a qualified and licensed roofing contractor. Occasionally tile
roofing surfaces are installed directly over the sheathing without an underlayment.
An underlayment provides a moisture barrier between the tile and the attic.
The manufacturer's specifications may permit this method of installation;
however, it is our opinion that without an underlayment, a tile roof is
subject to premature leakage. In such cases, we recommend that the tile
surface and the connections and penetrations be frequently examined by
a qualified and licensed roofing
contractor for signs of damage and leakage and repairs made if necessary.
TOILET LOOSE When a toilet is not securely fastened to the floor, the
wax ring seal can deteriorate, causing the toilet to leak. A leaking toilet
can damage the floor and the floor framing. A toilet can leak for some
time before the damage becomes visible. We recommend that the wax ring
seal be replaced now and the toilet be securely fastened before the need
for additional costly repairs becomes necessary.
TON OF REFRIGERATION A measure of the rate of refrigeration equal to 12,000
BTU per hour.
TRANSITION BOOT A rectangular box attached to the end of a duct into which
the register is placed.
TRAP A fitting to provide a liquid seal that prevents the back passage
of gases, without materially affecting the flow of sewage or water through
UNDERLAYMENT Building material, generally paper or felt, used as a protection
against the passage of air and moisture.
UPGRADING RECOMMENDED These are changes that we feel would be beneficial
to the functional use of a system and/or component. They are not required.
UREA FORMALDEHYDE FOAM INSULATION A type of foamedin place insulation
that releases formaldehyde gas. It was banned by the Consumer Public Safety
Commission in 1982 from use in residences and schools. Holding that the
risks had not been proven, a Federal Court lifted the ban in 1983. The
local consumer and/or environmental protection agency should be consulted
for additional information on this type of insulation.
VALLEY A depressed angle formed where two roof planes meet.
VAPOR BARRIER A material or paint applied to a wall, floor or ceiling
to prevent the passage of moisture. Plastic vapor barriers are sometimes
applied over the subarea soil. This helps create a dry air space between
damp soil and wood framing and limits the amount of moisture able to rise
into the framing, thereby reducing moisture damage. A plastic vapor barrier
also provides a reasonable surface upon which to crawl in the event of
needed access to a moist subarea. Finally, a plastic vapor barrier tends
to keep moist soil from drying out completely and reduces the subsequent
shrinkage and cracking that often occurs. This reduces the settlement often
associated with expansive soil subject to fluctuating moisture content.
VENT (PLUMBING) A pipe installed to provide a flow of air to or from a
drainage system and to minimize possibilities of trap siphonage and back
VOLTAGE Electric power. The greater the speed at which electrons travel,
the more power present (240 volts is more powerful than 120 volts).
WATER HAMMER A sudden pounding noise in a piping system caused by rapid
pressure changes due to very quick closing of valves or other restrictions.
It is possible to correct this condition by installing an air chamber.
WATER PRESSURE 55 pounds per square inch is considered in the mid range
of normal water pressure. Less than 30 psi is considered in the low range
of normal water pressure. This usually occurs as a result of mineral deposits
building up inside the domestic water supply piping which restrict the
flow of water. The corroded lines eventually will need to be replaced.
Excessive water pressure (above 100 psi) puts unnecessary strain on the
water heater, water lines and fixtures which can result in leaks. We recommend
that a pressure reduction valve be installed in such instances.
WATT The amount of electricity flowing through a line, measured in terms
of watts. Volts multiplied by amps equals watts.
WEATHER STRIPPING Made of various materials used to reduce the escape
of heat or air conditioning from a home. It is usually installed around
windows and doors.
WET VENT A vent that also serves as a drain. Most modern plumbing practices
do not permit wet vents. This condition should be corrected.
WINDOW WELL The open subsurface space that provides light through a basement
ZONE A system that allows different temperatures in various parts of a


Completed in 2006 at a cost of £150 million, the Beetham Tower in Manchester, is the highest building in Manchester, the tallest residential building in Europe and the 7th tallest building in England with over 525,000 square feet of space. The Beetham Tower is 168.87 metres high, has a total of 47 floors and is home to the Manchester Hilton Hotel, 219 luxury apartments and 16 penthouses.
The Beetham Tower has received a number of awards for it’s striking design and architecture. In 2008, the Beetham Tower in Manchester was awarded Project of the Year and Design and Construction Award in the RICS North West Awards. In 2007, the Beetham Tower was awarded Best Building by the Concrete Society Awards, Best Tall Building by the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitats and Project of the Year in North West Regional Construction Awards.
Designed by Ian Simpson
The Beetham Tower was designed by Ian Simpson of the Beetham Organisation. Ian Simpson has designed a number of famous sky scrappers including the Urbis in Manchester and the Beetham Towers in Birmingham and London. Ian Simpson actually lives in the top floor penthouse which cost him £3m and occupies the the two top floors of the building. His Penthouse includes 21 trees which were shipped from Italy and put in the building before the roof was built.
Locals call the Beetham Tower the ‘Hilton Tower’ because of the Hilton logo which is on each side of the 24th floor of the Tower. The 285 bedroom Hilton hotel occupies the first 23 floors of the tower, and is reputed to be the hotel with the best view in all of Manchester.
Address and postcode
The address of the Beetham Tower is: Beetham Tower, 301 Deansgate, Manchester, M3 4LQ. Postcodes for apartments are dependent on which floor the apartment is on:
- Floors 25-31 – M3 4LT
- Floors 32-38 – M3 4LU
- Floors 39-47 – M3 4LX


The Capital Crescent Trail runs along the route of the old Georgetown Branch, a B&O Railroad line completed in 1910, between Georgetown and Silver Spring, MD.
The line carried freight such as coal and building supplies on a weekly train to Georgetown, until service was discontinued in June 1985. After several years of community efforts, the National Park Service bought the right-of-way from Georgetown to the D.C. line and Montgomery County purchased it from there through Bethesda to Silver Spring.
This video presents the historical significance of the Georgetown Branch Railroad Line, its transformation into the Capital Crescent Trail, and some of the political perils that happened in between. You'll also get a visionary glance at building a nation connected by trails that have the power to transform communities and create joyful, vibrant public spaces that are equitable and inclusive.
Here is a short 1981 video of a very antique train traveling on the rails of the Georgetown Branch of the B&O. The Smithsonian Museum wanted to commemorate the 150th anniversary of the arrival in the US of the John Bull locomotive, which is in their American History Museum. They transported the locomotive by truck from the Museum to Georgetown for a trip up the line and back. At the end of this video, you will see the train crossing what is now the CCT bridge over the C&O canal and Canal Road.
History of the Georgetown Branch Rail Line:
The Capital Crescent Trail is a "rails-to-trails" project built on the Georgetown Branch line originally operated by the Baltimore and Ohio (B&O) Railroad Company. The line was operated in some manner from 1889 until 1985 when it was proposed for abandonment; it served basically as a minor freight spur carrying coal and building materials to local outlets in Chevy Chase, Bethesda and Georgetown. But had circumstances been slightly different, the B&O's search for improved access to northern Virginia and the southern states might have made the Georgetown Branch into one of B&O's major north-south rail corridors.
The B&O’s Search for a Gateway to the South
The story of the Georgetown Branch is part of the larger story about the rise and fall of the B&O as one of the dominant railroads companies on the Eastern Seaboard. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company was originally created in 1828 to accelerate development of direct transportation access for Baltimore to the Ohio River Basin to compete more effectively with economic rivals Philadelphia and New York. This was accomplished in 1853 when the B&O completed a direct rail line west to the City of Wheeling, and subsequently obtained a connection to Pittsburgh in 1872.
But access to markets on the Ohio River only afforded the B&O temporary prosperity. Intense competition from other railroad companies - especially northern juggernauts such as the Pennsylvania and New York Central Railroads - put pressure on the B&O to expand its rail network to consolidate access to existing markets and to gain entry to new ones. The expansion of rail systems, however, required large capital investments that were very risky in the boom-or-bust economics of the 19th Century railroad industry. On the other hand, declining to develop a certain rail route might limit access to potentially lucrative markets or allow the route to fall into the hands of competing railroads.
The B&O found itself in just such a dilemma during the 1880s and 1890s. It urgently needed a better link to southern railroads in order to compete effectively in that region. The post-Civil War development of agriculture and industry in the South meant that the region was becoming an increasingly important market. Yet the B&O had taken limited advantage due to its inability to link up efficiently with existing rail interchanges in Alexandria because of the barrier of the Potomac River.
The one direct route across the Potomac near Alexandria at that time - the Long Bridge - was owned by the rival Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR) which would not interchange with the B&O at Alexandria. The PRR opposed the development of a separate B&O bridge across this part of the Potomac, but the project was also considered unrealistic given the river’s width, the potential costs and disruption to commercial river traffic. Since 1874 the B&O had relied chiefly on its Alexandria Branch line; this line carried trains to the east side of the Potomac opposite Alexandria (Shepherd’s Landing) and then ferried them across on carfloats. In spite of this, the B&O knew that the Alexandria Branch would not serve it as a long term solution because it was slow, expensive, and at the mercy of the weather.
The B&O’s Solution: Cross the Potomac West of Washington
Determined to overcome this problem, the B&O contrived a plan to develop its own rail connection to northern Virginia rail systems by bypassing Alexandria and crossing the Potomac on the western side of Washington. The proposed rail line would leave the B&O’s Metropolitan Branch just west of Silver Spring and turn south along the western boundary of the District of Columbia. It would then cross the Potomac just west of Chain Bridge, where the river was unnavigable and narrow so that a bridge would not interfere with commercial river traffic. Once across the Potomac, the line would proceed to south to Quantico via Fairfax Station.
A secondary benefit of the new line would be the development of another spur east from the Potomac Palisades and running parallel to the Chesapeake and Ohio (C&O) Canal into Georgetown. Located at the nexus of the navigable part of the Potomac River and the terminus of the C&O Canal, Georgetown was a bustling commercial center in the 1880s and attractive to the B&O because of the coal brought down from the interior by the canal. Moreover, the B&O had acquired the struggling canal company and was operating the canal at a loss to keep the route from falling into the hands of other railroads.
By 1891, the B&O created a group of three subsidiary companies - one each for Maryland, DC and Virginia - to build various pieces of the proposed line. The Metropolitan Southern Railroad would develop the line from the Metropolitan Branch (the B&O main line at Silver Spring) to the Potomac Palisades. The Metropolitan Western would build the Virginia section of the line from the Potomac River to Quantico. Finally, the Washington & Western Maryland would complete the spur line from Potomac Palisades to Georgetown.
A distinct company unrelated to the B&O’s efforts - the Georgetown Barge, Dock, Elevator & Railway Co. - had already built approximately one mile of track in 1889 to shuttle cargoes along the Georgetown waterfront on Water Street (present-day K Street) from Rock Creek to the Alexandria Aqueduct Bridge. B&O acquired this company in 1891 and took over its operation of line, but this section would have no outside rail connection until the Georgetown Branch was finally completed in 1910.
From Silver Spring to Chevy Chase ... and No Farther
Construction of the Georgetown Branch line started in 1892 and within the year the Metropolitan Southern had laid two miles of track from its junction with the Metropolitan Branch to Chevy Chase, Maryland at present-day Connecticut Avenue. Development of this section included the construction of a large wooden trestle over Rock Creek.
The Rock Creek trestle was initially 1400 feet long, 67 feet high and reputed to be the largest of its type in the B&O system at that time. In 1904, much of the span was replaced by fill, reducing its length to 281 feet, and a single steel deck plate girder span inserted over Rock Creek. The trestle was rebuilt in 1928, and again in 1972 following extensive damage done by Tropical Storm Agnes.
Work on the rest of the line abruptly stopped in 1892 and was not to start again for 17 years. The B&O had entered a period when its financial situation was very precarious; in fact, the B&O passed into receivership for a time during the late 1890s. The B&O’s proposed route to northern Virginia, with its potentially costly Potomac River bridge, had to be shelved for the time being.
But the line to Chevy Chase was not a total waste of time and effort for the B&O. In 1892, the Rock Creek Railway had developed a suburban streetcar line from Chevy Chase Circle out Connecticut Avenue to its intersection with the B&O line. The streetcar terminal was nearby and coal was needed to run the powerhouse that provided electricity to run the line. Building materials were also in demand as houses and businesses sprung up along the trolley line. A separate single-track trolley line - called the Kensington Railway - also ran from this point to Kensington along present-day Kensington Parkway.
Completing the Georgetown Branch: From Main Line to Short Line
It was 1909 before the B&O could direct its attention again to completing work on the Georgetown Branch. By this time, however, the conditions forcing the B&O to consider an independent Potomac River crossing west of Washington had changed considerably. By 1902, the rapid expansion of north-south rail commerce offered an abundance of business for the many competing railroads, and the Pennsylvania Railroad’s monopoly over use of its bridge across the Potomac was no longer tenable. In 1906, the development of the "neutral" Potomac Yard project in Alexandria gave the B&O the southern access it wanted and eliminated the need for a separate southern rail link.
While the concept of the Georgetown Branch as a major B&O southern rail link was no longer viable, the B&O believed that a short line to Georgetown still made sense. Work on the line recommenced in 1909 and the Georgetown Branch was completed from Chevy Chase into Georgetown in 1910. The line passed through the community of Bethesda via a cut under present-day Wisconsin Avenue, and a small freight station was developed west of Wisconsin Avenue for the off-loading of coal and building materials. The line also passed under a singletrack trolley line from Bethesda to Rockville operated by the Washington Railway and Electric Company until 1935.(Note: this old trolley corridor is to be developed into the future Bethesda Trolley Trail.)
The Georgetown Branch passed near two Civil War forts west of Massachusetts Avenue: Battery Bailey built in present-day Westmoreland Hills, and Fort Sumner located in the present-day Sumner neighborhood. These forts were built during the Civil War as part of a larger network of 150 batteries and forts called the "Circle Forts" for the defense of Washington, DC against attack from Confederate forces.
The completion of the Georgetown Branch was hampered by the presence of Conduit Road - called MacArthur Boulevard today - which contained the pipelines carrying Washington’s water supply. The B&O’s solution was to construct a 341-foot, brick-lined tunnel that took the rail line under a ridge at Dalecarlia and then passed through the Dalecarlia Water Treatment Plant. The B&O also had to construct a small, steel girder bridge to carry the line over a streetcar line running from Washington to Cabin John. The old steel girder can be seen today under the wood-decked approach ramp of the trail bridge over the Dalecarlia plant.
To get across the C&O Canal and Canal Road, the B&O disassembled two old steel truss bridges from other sites, transporting and re-erecting them to form a 321-foot, two-span curved bridge near the Canal’s intersection with Arizona Avenue. The spans of the Arizona Avenue trestle are of a Whipple trapezoidal design, and are held together by two to three-inch pins rather than rivets. The trestle has been cited by the National Park Service’s Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) as an outstanding example of late 19th Century transportation engineering.
Once over the Canal, the Georgetown Branch ran parallel to it all the way into Georgetown. As it approached Water Street the line passed under a massive masonry arch, the last remnant of an 1,100-foot bridge built across Potomac called the Alexandria Aqueduct. The Aqueduct Bridge, built in 1843 as a wood truss structure and then rebuilt in 1888 as an iron highway bridge, was originally used to connect a branch of the C&O Canal across the Potomac to a canal going to Alexandria and to carry canal boats over the river. The aqueduct served as a major crossing between Washington and Virginia until the construction of Key Bridge in 1923. The massive twin-arch stone abutment is all that remains of the aqueduct today. The arch had to be enlarged during construction of the Georgetown Branch to accommodate the passage of the railroad.
Once in Georgetown, the branch line finally connected to the long-isolated, one-mile rail section on the Georgetown waterfront originally built in 1889. The B&O expanded this section by adding a number of industrial sidings on both sides and an adjacent team track yard at the southwest corner of Wisconsin Avenue and Water Street (it’s now a now a municipal parking lot near present-day Washington Harbor). The largest single Georgetown customer, and probably a major factor in B&O’s decision to complete the Georgetown Branch, was a power house built by the Capital Traction Company in 1912 to operate streetcars in Georgetown. Capital Traction was one of the two largest streetcar companies serving Washington and the plant in Georgetown generated electric power for the system.
The Decline and Fall of the Georgetown Branch
Even in its heyday the Georgetown Branch line was a modest one-train-a-day operation - not much more than an extended switching run. No locomotive turning facilities existed in Georgetown, so engines and cars traveling there returned to Silver Spring pointing the same way they had come.
The Georgetown Branch can claim an important role in the development of one of Washington’s - and the nation’s - most important landmarks. For most of its life, the Branch terminated at the west bank of Rock Creek in Georgetown. However, the line was temporarily extended east over Rock Creek in 1914 to carry limestone and other building materials for the construction of the Lincoln Memorial.
By the 1930s, Washington’s evolving development - and the resulting economic consequences - meant trouble for the Georgetown Branch. The Capital Traction generating plant in Georgetown closed in 1933 as the company was merged into the Capital Transit Company and switched to conventionally-supplied electric power. The Connecticut Avenue streetcar line in Chevy Chase was also abandoned in 1935, eliminating another coal customer. A heating plant in Georgetown operated by the General Services Administration (GSA) now became the only significant coal customer.
The period after World War II brought rapid changes to Washington that were to transform the Georgetown waterfront and spell doom for the Georgetown Branch. In the 1950s, despite the fact that it was never envisioned as a passenger line, the Georgetown Branch did brief service in helping the Korean War effort by assisting the Army in moving troops from Fort Belvoir and Fort Myer out of the Washington area.
During the 1960s, a growing awareness of Georgetown’s rich history and scenic views of the Potomac resulted in a movement to beautify the Georgetown waterfront. By the late 1960s, the redevelopment and gentrification of Georgetown was well underway with the removal of industrial plants, the construction of new office and apartment buildings and the renovation of numerous Georgetown historic structures. The disappearance of much of the remaining industry along the waterfront area removed much of the need for rail service.
In 1981, the B&O became another victim of the nationwide decline and consolidation of the railroad industry when the CSX Corporation was created from the merger of the B&O, C&O and Seaboard Coast Lines. The Georgetown Branch had a final, brief moment of glory that same year when the Smithsonian Institution ran a restored John Bull steam locomotive on a section of the line from Georgetown to the Arizona Avenue trestle. Though the intention of the excursion was to celebrate the 150th anniversary of the invention of the John Bull, the event served notice that the Georgetown Branch had become largely obsolete as a working freight line. The last train to Georgetown ran in 1985, as trucks replaced rail service for hauling coal to power the GSA heating plant.
Recycled Railroad - New Life as the Capital Crescent Trail:
When the Georgetown Branch went out of service, CSX wasted little time and sought permission to abandon the line in 1986. The Coalition for the Capital Crescent Trail was created that same year with the help and support of area environmental, recreation and neighborhood organizations. Its goal was to convert the idle Georgetown Branch line into a high quality, multi-use trail to be known as the Capital Crescent Trail. But other groups and interests also had their eyes on the corridor and there were various proposal to reestablish the freight line under different ownership, to develop a mass transit project, or to create a scenic rail excursion line.
Local concern over the proposed abandonment coincided with increased anxiety nationally about the abandonment of over 3,000 miles of rail line per year. The Rails-to-Trails Conservancy (RTC), a private non-profit advocacy organization, was created to raise awareness about the loss of these valuable assets and their potential for conversion to "rail-trails". In 1983, RTC and its supporters convinced Congress to enact a "railbanking" provision incorporated into the National Trails System Act. Under that provision, an unused rail corridor could be "railbanked" if a state or local government or a private organization agreed to take it over and develop it as an interim rail-trail. The right-of-way could, in the event of a national emergency, revert to rail use.
In 1988, the Coalition and its supporters convinced the Montgomery County Council to purchase and railbank the Maryland portion of the corridor. The following year, Congress and the National Park Service worked out an arrangement with philanthropist Kingdon Gould, Jr. to secure title to the portion of the corridor in the District of Columbia. The seven-mile section of the Capital Crescent Trail from Georgetown to Bethesda was built and formally dedicated in December, 1996.
Development of the trail on the remainder of the corridor east of Bethesda has been hampered by a proposal to build a transitway/trail project on the right-of-way. Despite this, development of an interim trail on the Bethesda-Silver Spring section of the corridor was approved by the Montgomery County in August, 1995 and dedicated in January, 1997. In August, 1998 the segment of trail passing through the tunnel underneath the Air Rights building, Wisconsin Avenue, and the Apex building entered into service to connect the two trail sections. In May, 2003 repairs were completed to the historic Rock Creek Trestle and it was dedicated for trail use, closing the last major gap in the interim trail along the Georgetown Branch Rail Line Corridor. The Coalition made significant contributions of both time and money in getting these two links completed.
The Georgetown Branch Corridor ends at its junction with the former B&O Metropolitan Branch rail line, in Lyttonsville about one mile west of downtown Silver Spring. Plans call for completing the Capital Crescent Trail along the Metropolitan Branch Corridor, now owned and operated by CSX Railroad, into the new Sarbanes Transit Center in downtown Silver Spring. It will connect there with the Metropolitan Branch Trail, an 8 mile long trail under development to Union Station in D.C.
The Coalition is working to complete the Capital Crescent Trail into downtown Silver Spring, but the trail alignment is intertwined with the future Purple Line light rail transit alignment and the CSX right-of-way. The Trail will most likely be rebuilt alongside transit between Bethesda and Silver Spring as part of a joint Purple Line/Trail project. Preliminary Design began on this project in 2009, and the Maryland Transit Administration received approval from the FTA to enter the Preliminary Engineering Phase in 2011. After difficulties due to a legal challenge, state and federal construction funding was finally obtained in August 2017, and Purple Line construction preparation is scheduled to begin on September 5, 2017. This will unfortunately require closing the trail east of Bethesda for 4 to 5 years. For further information on the closure and the interim alternate route, see our home page.


The Indiana State Department of Health is providing funding for Indiana communities to prepare a community-wide bicycle and pedestrian master plan. Applications for the funding are due by 4:00 p.m. on January 29, 2016. A minimum of two plans will be funded in this annual round. Successful applicants will begin their plans no earlier than July 2015, with funded plans required to be completed by the end of June 2016.
The Indiana State Department of Health (ISDH) Division of Nutrition and Physical Activity (DNPA) invests in partnerships and activities that work towards improving the health of all Indiana residents. The adoption of bicycle and pedestrian master plans by Indiana communities is seen as an effective way to invest in changes to policy and the built environment that support healthy community outcomes.
For more information and questions contact Pete Fritz at 317.234.6808, firstname.lastname@example.org.
–Pete Fritz, healthy communities planner, Indiana State Department of Health


As a degree apprentice in our Lighting Design team, you will become a member of an expanding design and consultancy team, taking a role in delivering street lighting, architectural lighting and electrical design services throughout all stages of project development. You will support the Engineers in the preparation of exterior lighting and electrical designs for urban and transport lighting schemes, conducting site surveys and the preparation of technical reports, designs and specifications.
Requirements and prospects
Communication skills,IT skills,Attention to detail,Organisation skills,Problem solving skills,Number skills,Analytical skills,Logical,Team working,Creative
About the employer
WSP UK LIMITEDWSP is one of the world's leading engineering professional services consulting firms. We are dedicated to our local communities and propelled by international brainpower. We are technical experts and strategic advisers who design lasting solutions in the Property & Buildings, Transportation & Infrastructure, Environment, Energy, Water and Industry.


Call Before You Dig
Call 811 or 800-292-8525 and answer a few simple questions to have underground utilities marked.
Anyone planning to dig, drill or blast is required, by law, to call Alabama One Call two working days before beginning work. Alabama One Call will notify Cullman-Jefferson Counties Gas District and any other member utilities to locate their underground pipes, wires, or cables. Knowing where underground are located will protect you and others from harm, prevent damages and interruption of services. The call to Alabama One Call is FREE but repair to utilities can be quite costly.
It's not only smart, it's the law!


The cost of replacing a roof is something all homeowners and home buyers should know. A roof wearing down over time is inevitable. If the roof covering your New York home is already on the older side, you should start preparing for replacement by knowing more about the potential costs involved.
In this article, we will take a closer look at the factors that affect roof replacement costs. Then, we will examine all essential factors and give you an idea of the cost impact they may have on your project.
By the end of this article, you should have a clear idea of how much you will need to pay if you want to replace your roof.
What Is the Average Cost of Roof Replacement?
If you are looking for a solid number you can sink your teeth into as you try to gauge the cost of roof replacement, we can provide that. Prices for that kind of home improvement project typically range from $5,500 to $31,000.
You will likely have to pay a pretty penny for roof replacement, but doing so becomes easier to digest when you remember what you are getting.
Remember that new roofs last for a long time. So you are paying for something that will likely be a fixture on your home for several decades.
Replacing your roof also makes your home more comfortable. You can effectively address an issue such as excessive heat transfer by replacing your roof. If you are thinking of making your New York home bigger by adding a second story, you will probably need to replace your roof as well.
Second-guessing your decision after learning about the costs involved is understandable. Even so, given its benefits, you should feel comfortable making that investment.
What Are the Factors That Affect the Cost of Roof Replacement?
Several factors determine the cost of replacing a roof. You need to know more about those factors to understand how much your specific project will ultimately cost.
Let’s discuss those factors in greater detail in this section of the article.
Before you worry about installing a new roof over your New York home, let’s talk about getting your old roof out of the way first.
In some cases, removing an old roof before installing a new one may not be necessary. If your original roof is still in fairly good condition, that could be the case. You can install your new roof over the old one and make things work.
Layering is no longer an option if you have already done it previously. It is also off the table if your original roof is in bad shape.
All you are paying for if you need a roof removed is labor cost. Labor costs for roof removal are generally cheaper than roof installation.
Expect to pay around $5 per square foot for roof removal.
Note that some contractors may bundle the cost of roof removal into roof replacement. If you notice that your quote for roof replacement is a bit on the high side, you should ask your contractor if they are already accounting for roof removal.
Labor expenses play a big role in determining how much roof replacement costs. Most of the time, it is the biggest expense related to the project.
After discussing the cost of roof removal, we already have a baseline for labor costs. The average labor cost for a new roof is slightly higher. To be more specific, homeowners can expect to pay about $5 per square foot if they want a new roof installed.
Contractors charge more to replace a roof because it takes longer. This job is also more complicated, and it requires careful planning. When the job’s done, the contractors will also remove the debris from the construction site.
Installing the new roof may be their primary focus, but the project involves more work than that.
Consider hiring a general contractor to take on this project.
A general contractor can manage the project in your stead. They can lead the workers, ensure that the project remains on schedule, and give you regular updates.
The general contractor you hired could also save you money. Many general contractors have connections to laborers and suppliers in their respective locations. They can use their connections to lower the cost of your building project.
Next up, we need to discuss the impact of roof size on the replacement cost.
If your roof measures close to 1,000 square feet, the cost of replacing it will be around $8,000. Replacing a larger roof measuring 1,200 square feet will cost about $9,000.
The cost of replacing a roof that measures 1,500 square feet will be close to $11,500. You can expect to pay $15,000 to replace a roof in the neighborhood of 2,000 square feet.
One factor not discussed enough when determining roof replacement costs is roof pitch. You may know it better as roof slope or the angle of your roof.
Roof pitches can make replacement projects more complicated. Workers must be more careful when the roof has a more pronounced slope. They may need to work slower and install more safety measures to account for that.
Does this mean the cost of replacing your roof will increase if it has a greater pitch? Well, that is not always the case. A flat roof could also be expensive to install due to its required reinforcements.
The role that roof slope plays in determining the cost of a new installation is quite complicated. Work closely with your contractor so you can gauge the kind of impact it is having.
The material you choose for your new roof will heavily influence the overall cost of replacement. You have numerous options to consider here. Let’s go over some of the more popular options below.
First off, we have asphalt shingles. For many homeowners, the main draw of using asphalt shingles is their price. The cost per square foot if you opt for asphalt shingles is around $2.50.
Notably, that price tag only applies to the lighter and less durable 3-tab shingles. If you are interested in architectural shingles made from asphalt, the average cost per square foot is closer to $5.70.
Asphalt shingles combine to create a classic look that many homeowners adore. The understated color of the asphalt is also easier to work with if you are planning to go bold with your design scheme elsewhere.
Cedar Shake Roofing
Cedar shake roofing is arguably the best choice if you want a spectacular addition to your New York home. This roofing type is also energy-efficient, saving you money in the long term.
Remember, wooden roofs require plenty of maintenance. So make sure you are ready for that upkeep before moving forward with this installation.
The average cost of cedar shake roofing comes to $7.70 per square foot.
Individuals love clay roof tiles for their durability. Count on these tiles to stay on your roof for over fifty years. Homeowners can also add flair to their design scheme by installing hand-finished clay tiles.
You should know that clay tiles do not come cheap. On average, clay roof tiles cost $11 per square foot. However, if you are getting hand-finished tiles, the price may climb up to $15 per square foot.
Concrete roof tiles are similar to clay tiles in terms of durability. You can also bank on your concrete tiles staying in good condition for the next five decades or so.
These roof tiles also provide good fire resistance. So if fires approach your home from above, your concrete roof may keep the rest of your property intact.
Unfortunately, you may need to alter the structure of your home to support concrete tiles. In addition, you will likely need to construct some reinforcing structures to adequately carry the weight of your concrete roof.
Concrete tiles are relatively cheap at $6 per square foot compared to the other materials we are discussing. However, you may cancel out those savings due to the support structures you need to build.
The price range for metal shingles is the widest for any material options. Some metal shingles may be as cheap as $4 per square foot, while others cost closer to $30. The wide price range is due to the varied metals you can use for your roof, including aluminum, copper, and zinc.
A metal roof can be a great choice for your home because of its remarkable durability and energy-efficient nature. Metal roofs also hold up well to weathering. Therefore, you can expect them to maintain their appearance for a long time.
On the other hand, metal roofs can be noisy. They are also prone to denting, so consider that before making your choice.
If durability is the factor you are weighing the most while trying to choose a new material for the roof of your New York home, then you should go with slate. According to Lowe’s, roofs made from soft slate can last up to a hundred years. Meanwhile, hard slate roofs can protect your home for close to two centuries.
Slate also features a distinctive look that appeals to many homeowners.
If you plan to get slate tiles, you can expect to pay $9.80 per square foot. You may also need to reinforce your roof if you want to use slate tiles.
You must have building permits for different kinds of construction projects in New York State. Most roofing-related projects will require them.
There are only a few notable exceptions.
You may not need a building permit if you are replacing the roof above the sheathing without altering the layers underneath. You may also not need a permit if you are installing a green roof system that goes no deeper than 4 inches into your roof.
The cost of your permit will change based on the project and the size of your home. Ask your contractor about the building permit to get a better idea of how much it will cost.
Also, you can leave the task of securing the building permit up to your contractor. They can obtain that permit faster because they are already familiar with the acquisition process.
Special Roof Features
Certain home elements can make a roof replacement project more complex.
For example, you may have fixtures on top of your home that penetrate your roof. Those fixtures may include chimneys, vents, and pipes.
The workers must account for those fixtures during roof removal and installation. They will likely charge more because those elements make the project more complex.
The project’s cost may also increase due to skylights or specially designed windows. Once again, the workers will need to consider those features while replacing your roof. You can expect them to charge extra for that.
The Timing of Roof Replacement
Lastly, we should talk about the impact that the time of the year can have on the cost of your roof replacement project.
Generally speaking, roofers offer more customer-friendly rates during the winter months. They do not get as many projects during those months, so they may present you with a more affordable rate to get you to commit.
Not everyone can get work done on their home during the winter because that is typically a busy season for gatherings. However, if you can free up some time during those months, you may secure a good deal.
Contact us at Long Island Home Advisors if you are looking for expert roofers. Count on us to install the roof you have always wanted to see on top of your New York home.


As part of a $60 million expansion project at the Wilkes-Barre/ Scranton Airport, Sordoni constructed a new passenger terminal, pedestrian tunnel, and parking structure.
The 127,000 SF Joseph M. McDade passenger terminal contains eight boarding gates and six passenger boarding bridges to accommodate travel to and from the growing Northeastern Pennsylvania region. Airport amenities include restaurants, a gift shop, meditation room and also the state-of-the-art Pocono Club and Business Center, which offers workspaces with data ports and wireless internet access.
Architectural features of the terminal include an exterior skin composed of curtain wall, metal panels, skylights, and masonry, exposed glue-laminated trusses, and large expanses of locally quarried West Mountain sandstone.
The 233,500 SF parking structure consists of 4 levels of precast panels and columns with parking for 650 cars, 480 of which are covered parking. A glass elevator and stair tower anchors the main entrance to the garage and provides entrance to a pedestrian tunnel that links the parking garage with the terminal’s ticketing and baggage claim facility.


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5 edition of AutoCAD 2004 tutor for engineering graphics found in the catalog.
|Statement||Alan J. Kalameja.|
|LC Classifications||T385 .K3439 2004|
|The Physical Object|
|Pagination||xxviii, 1267 p. :|
|Number of Pages||1267|
|LC Control Number||2004299878|
Home Ebooks CAD books and Drafting ebooks. Free AutoCAD learning books. AutoCAD | SAP | AutoCAD Jobs. If you dont find the book related to Civil Engineering that you are looking for, Get it in your Email These books and ebooks are lessons for a draftsman for learning CAD and Engineering Drawing. These are also of use for engineering students working on design projects in all engineering. This book covers the AutoCAD commands needed to produce geometrical drawings in AutoCAD. It explains the relevant AutoCAD commands needed to produce the geometrical : Sandeep Chowdhry.
Engineering graphics has a well-defined set of standards by which technical drawings are produced. This course teaches the language of engineering graphics from basic sketching through 3-D solid modeling using computer aided design (CAD) software AutoCAD. File Size: KB. AutoCAD Tutor for Engineering Graphics: and Beyond (with CAD Connect Web Site Printed Access Card) (Autodesk Now Available!) (1st Edition) by Kevin Lang Paperback, Pages, Published ISBN / ISBN / Need it Fast? 2 day shipping options AUTOCAD TUTOR FOR ENGINEERING GRAPHICS: AND Book Edition: 1st Edition.
ENGINEERING GRAPHICS WITH AUTOCAD D. M. KULKARNI, A. P. RASTOGI, A. K. SARKAR PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd., Apr - Technology & Engineering - pages 2 Reviews Designed as a text for the undergraduate students of all branches of engineering, th. autocad free download - AutoCAD, AutoCAD Mechanical, AutoCAD LT, and many more programs.
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When considering ways to reduce our carbon footprint, we didn't just stop at a super high efficiency heating system. We turned to mass timber construction – with a glue-laminated timber frame and featuring the first use of domestically fabricated cross-laminated timber panels (CLT's) for a building-wide structural system in the United States. That's innovative.
CLT's hold great promise for revolutionizing the construction industry by redefining how wood is used in large buildings. The sustainable harvest of small diameter trees used for engineered wood products sequesters atmospheric carbon and is a boon for regional forest economies. These panels can replace steel and concrete in multi-story construction while maintaining seismic integrity and fire resistance. And, you'll love the space they create.