There are, different types of offshore structures in use today. The cost of corrosion in the United States is estimated to be about 4.3% ... also need to know how to understand various types of corrosion and how they can be identified, measured, and mitigated. The cost of this type of structure is considerably less than a fixed steel, ii- Good stability – guy lines and clump weights give added restoring force, iii- Cost increases exponentially with depth, The concept was devised by Conoco Oil Company for the development of deep water oil and gas fields. The template was derived from the function of the first offshore structures to serve as a guide for the piles. Fixed structures are mostly built as concrete gravity based structures (CGS, also termed as caisson type), where the loads bear down directly on the uppermost layers as soil pressure. The construction of a concrete installation base, normally starts in a drydock. Global Standards. Sacrificial anodes are installed to protect the structure against corrosion, Fixed jacket structures represent the vast majority of offshore production platforms. Floatable/bottom-founded concrete-hull structures 2. Offshore Structures: Design, Construction and Maintenance, Second Edition covers all types of offshore structures and platforms employed worldwide. For large sized jackets, piling through the legs becomes impractical so a pile cluster is fitted to the base of each leg. structure used for the development and production of offshore petroleum and natural gas fields in offshore areas. Welding Consumables for 780 MPa Class Steel. Process equipment is pre-assembled into skids mounted on pillars 3 meters above main deck of vessel. The deck legs which are linked to the peak of the piles support the deck structure. For such structures, the, weight is much larger than the buoyancy , W>>B, The self-elevating jack-up platform (Figure 20) is one of the earliest types of platforms. The smaller jackets may be lifted in place by a floating crane while the larger jackets may employ flotation devices to assist in their installation once launched from the barge, The flotation devices are sequentially flooded to enable the jacket to sink slowly into place. Aims and scope; Instructions for authors; Journal information; Editorial board ; News & offers; Editorial policies; Journal … As their names indicate, moveable structures are portable and fixed structures are fixed in a specific area. Crude oil is moved up the articulated tower and, transferred to the tethered tanker for processing and storage, ii- Large restoring moments due to high center of buoyancy, i-Shallow water only – greater oscillations as depth increases, The guyed tower is shown in Figure 9. They have bilge keels and roll stabilization systems since good rolling characteristics are required. A further, 0.5-3m is added as waves become steeper when they pass over the caisson, c- Another wave height increase of up to 0.5m due Venturi effect causing an, increase in local wind velocity and hence a decrease in dynamic pressure, d- Settling of foundation after installation and further with time must be taken into, Tide is the periodic rising and falling of the water resulting from the gravitational, attraction of the moon and sun and other astronomical bodies acting upon the, until it reaches the highest tide possible, until it reaches the lowest tide possible. petroleum reserves has been conducted in most continental shelf areas of the world. Each has a number of sub-categories – see Table 1 which also lists their uses, advantages and disadvantages. A dynamic positioning (DP) system is used to keep the drillship over the drilling location, Some such ships have heavy lift equipment for direct lifts to be used for setting subsea templates. Most commonly, oil platforms engage in activities on the continental shelf, … In shallow water, a single lift floating crane may be used. and behaviour, the oﬁshore structures for oil and gas development has been divided into following categories. Overview. The void spaces in the, design of a GBS provide valuable storage space for crude oil prior to discharge into, oil tankers via a single buoy mooring (SBM). Drilling Barges. 21 CHAPTER 3 TYPES OF OFFSHORE STRUCTURES 3.3 Semi-Submersible A semi-submersible (semisubmerged ship) is a specialised marine vessel used in a number of specific offshore roles such as offshore drilling rigs, safety vessels, oil production platforms, and heavy lift cranes. ≧47J Remark; SMAW: LB-88LT: AWS A5.5 E11016-G JIS Z3211 E7816-N5M4 L-60 °C: Polarity: AC: LB-80L: AWS A5.5 E11018-G H4 -40 °C: Polarity: DCEP: … They are designed with good stability and seakeeping characteristics. The void spaces may be pumped dry and used as storage compartments for crude oil or filled with sand or iron ore ballast. To optimize the costs and risks of installing large offshore platforms, … Before the start of the design, a number of criteria should be taken into consideration, including the location and function of the platform, field-development options, and transport and installation of the structure. Offshore Engineering and Technology Day1AM 5 Historical Development of Fixed Offshore Structures Gravity Base Structures placed on the seafloor and held in place by their weight … The first type of offshore structure was a wooden type. The FPSO operating at the most profound water depth is the FPSO Espirito Santo of Shell America. The selection of the proper type of offshore structure … Protection, Special. An acoustic transponder system is used to position the jacket over the template, see Figure 3, Steel jackets are completely built onshore before being transported to site by dumb barge. This course will review the fundamentals of all types of offshore structures (fixed or floating), and will provide participants with an understanding of their design and construction; specifically, the theory and process of such design. At the site, the legs are jacked down through the water column and into the sea floor, while using thruster units to position the platform. Citation search. Most of the current existing fixed offshore structures facing decommissioning or life extension were built in 60s to 80s, when most of the modern fatigue design codes … Between 1947 to the mid-1990s, approximately 10,000 offshore platforms of different types, configurations, and sizes were installed worldwide. The first floating production, storage, and offloading (FPSO) platform was the Shell Castellon, built in Spain in 1977. 2019 Impact Factor. Submit an article. This NORSOK standard is the principal standard for offshore structures, and together with the normative standards in this document, it constitutes a common basis covering those aspects addressing design requirements, integrity management and assessment of all types of offshore structures. Different types of offshore concrete structures are: 1. However, floating systems normally moored i.e … The ultimate reference for selecting, operating and maintaining offshore structures, this book provides a road map for designing structures which will stand up even in the harshest environments. The record is currently 3000m (10000ft). Also as an escape route, o- Conductor guide frame: located at regular intervals to restrain conductors against lateral movement, p- Conductor: pipe from sea bed to wellhead area, q- Riser: extends from subsea pipeline to ESDV, s- Caissons: for drainage or to accommodate deep well pumps for fire fighting and service water. Jacket size dictates the method of pile installation as can be seen from Figure 5. Although most of the offshore structures constructed to date have withstood the test of time, there have been several … Introduction to Offshore. Types of Offshore structures Fulmar jacket platform Jack-up Drilling Unit with Spud Cans DERRICK HELIDECK SPUD CAN LEG CANTILEVER BEAM QUARTERS JACKING UNIT HULL. As the legs engage the sea floor, the drilling deck is raised out of the water and into the air, The base of each leg is fitted with a spud can which consists of a plate or dish designed, to spread the load and prevent overpenetration of the leg into the sea bed. Bottom-founded structures 1. These types of platforms are as follows. Broadly, offshore structures maybe of two types: Floating - These offshore platforms are floating in free surface and are movable from one location to another. In deep water, a flotation device is used, Once located on the sea bed, jackets are normally secured by foundation piles. 13.2 Types of Concrete Structures Offshore, inshore, and onshore structures can generally be either bottom founded or ﬂoating. They may be fixed, complaint and floatable. The ultimate reference for … FPSOs eliminate the need to lay expensive long-distance pipelines from the oil well to an onshore terminal. Over the past 40 years, two major types of fixed platforms have been developed: the steel template, which was pioneered in the Gulf of Mexico, and the concrete gravity type, first developed in the North Sea. The produced oil and gas are transported to shore through subsea export pipelines, The detailed design of the frame varies widely and depends on the requirements of strength, fatigue, and launch procedure. This platform’s concept is to use the conductor itself as the primary support for the small deck. The generic Part 1 requirements are to be used together with the applicable supplemental Part 1 requirements for the specific type of unit or structure. types of marine structures experience different failure modes which ultimately can lead to fatalities, pollution or property loss. These structures are often constructed in fjords since their protected area and sufficient depth are very desirable for … The platform phases include: design, construction, load-out, launch, installation, piling, and hook-up before it begins producing, The design life of the structure is typically 10-25 years. Offshore Structure. Different types of offshore structures in details Offshore Fixed (Bottom Founded) Structures Offshore Self-Elevating Jack-Up Structure Fixed Steel (Jacket) Structure Installation of Offshore Jacket Structure Offshore Concrete Gravity Base Structure GBS Offshore Compliant Structures Offshore Articulated (Loading) Tower structure Offshore Guyed Tower structure Offshore … Corrosion Control for Offshore Structures ++ + There were different types of platform structures, their water-depth range, and their functions. Offshore structures have always been an integral part of the oil and gas industry. Offshore structures have particular economic importance, but they are connected to oil and gas production demand. Offshore drilling are divided into two types: Fixed structure types and Floating structure types. Floating structures 1. Citation search. As platforms were placed in deeper water, their functional requirements and structural configurations became more complex. They … This typically takes place in lakes, swamps, rivers and canals. Gravity base structures (CBS) 2. To undertake long sea passages, the jack-up is transported on the deck of a submersible heavy lift ship. After the drilling is complete, the procedure is reversed and the drilling deck is lowered to the water and the legs are jacked up above the drill deck. Subsea completions are also structures that are placed on the seafloor basically to support equipment. A tugboat is then used to move the platform to another location. These types of structures are used for many purposes for instance to provide supports for ships and to facilitate good and passenger movements between ships and land transportation. u- Pile clusters: housing for foundation piles. Types of business structures. Figure 4 shows common methods of jacket installation, depending on water depth. Its response characteristics make it very suitable for deep, It has a large storage capacity and is similar to a semi-submersible. Current industry practice is implemented in offshore codes, e.g. On smaller jackets, tubular piles are driven through the legs to a predetermined depth of 30-50 meters. Offshore Structures Offshore structures include fixed jackets and concrete platforms, semi-submersibles, tension leg platforms (TLPs), spars, jack-ups, and floating production storage and offloading (FPSO). Offshore structures Presentation . Further add the highest astronomical tide (HAT, 0-3m) and a, b- A 100-year wave is considered, with wave crests steeper than troughs. In case of conflict between the criteria contained in this Guide and ABS Rules or Guides for classification, the latter have precedence. Different Types Of Offshore Oil and Gas Production Structures Tidal period: interval of time between two consecutive like phases (low or high) of the tide, Compliant structures move with the applied environmental forces from wind, current and waves. Process Product Specification Absorbed energy / vEtemp. New content alerts RSS. This is a self-elevating rig, and is used for smaller, shallower offshore deposits. OFFSHORE STRUCTURES Cathodic Protection and High-Efficiency Coating First edition By RAMESH SINGH AMSTERDAM † BOSTON † HEIDELBERG † LONDON NEW YORK † OXFORD † PARIS † SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO † SINGAPORE † SYDNEY † TOKYO Gulf Professional Publishing is an imprint of Elsevier . Different Types Of Offshore Oil and Gas Production Structures: Floating Offshore Production Systems: Semi-submersibles and Drill ships are designed to remain afloat hundreds of miles in deep waters. In the last few years, we have seen pure sea bottom installations with multiphase piping to shore and no offshore topside structure at all. Types of Offshore Structures 2.1. The first concrete structure, was installed in the North Sea by the Norwegians in 1973. Too much red tape stifles innovation, but too little makes employees flounder with confusing roles. other types of Offshore Structures. ASD. Process gas may be expelled to depressurize, i- Flare stack: for oil producing installations. According to John (2014), generally, there are four types of fixed structures and four types of floating structures. Line of Demarcation. In the last few years, we have seen pure sea bottom installations with multiphase piping to shore and no offshore topside structure at all. 1.3.1 Steel template Structures The steel template type structure consists of a tall vertical section made of tubular steel members supported by piles driven into the sea be with a deck placed on top, providing space High pressure jets of water or compressed air may be used to remove loose debris in the vicinity of the spud cans while the legs are manoeuvred into position, this process being referred to as spudding in. Detailed analysis methods, as applicable to both 2dimensional and 3-dimensional structures will be discussed. The design of the base includes caissons (void spaces), suitably dimensioned to provide the structure with a natural buoyancy to enable it to, be floated clear of the drydock for finishing off before towing to its final destination, Once on location the void spaces are flooded to position the base on the sea bed. The use of offshore structures for the exploration and production of offshore. As the ultimate reference for selecting, operating and maintaining offshore structures, this book provides a roadmap for designing structures which will stand up even in the harshest environments. It consists of a triangular shaped (sometimes rectangular), box-section barge fitted with three (sometimes four) moveable elevator legs which enable the vessel to stand on the sea bed in water depths of up to approximately 140 meters. As new technologies arose, a move towards deeper waters followed. A drillship may be used to drill wells of 2500m or more. World record depth is currently 2600m, When oil production becomes unprofitable, they simply lift anchors and move to new, It stores and offloads hydrocarbons to shuttle tankers for transportation to a refinery. Background. Drilling Barges– Drilling Barges are designed to work in shallow water. 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MONTREAL (Oct 29, 2019) – Montreal-based AGF Access Group, Inc., (AAG) has been selected by subcontractor Groupe Lar to provide an access solution to aid in the construction of the Site C Hydro Dam. AAG’s scaffolding division Winsafe will custom-build an engineered, suspended platform to operate within the penstocks of the new $9b Canadian megaproject located on the Peace River in northeast B.C., Canada.
The large steel penstock pipes, each measuring 10 m in diameter and approximately 85 m in length, will regulate the flow of the dam’s water. During the construction phase, the temporary Winsafe system will provide critical and safe access within the penstocks. One of the Winsafe platform’s unique features is that it can travel on an incline up to 45 degrees while adjusting to the curved geometric travel of the penstocks.
“Safety is extremely important for this project,” said Stephan Loiselle, Business Development Manager, AAG. “Groupe LAR needed a way to have quick and safe access within the penstocks, but even more importantly, to have quick access out in case of an emergency. We are able to engineer a solution that makes this possible.”
“We are excited to be working on the Site C megaproject,” said Alex Di Domenico, Vice President Major Projects, AAG. “Our recent hydro dam experience with Canmec at Muskrat Falls has given us substantial expertise for developing customized solutions for unique and challenging access applications.”
AAG will deliver the suspended engineered platform by the end of 2019.
There are three hydro dams under construction in Canada currently, with Site C being the largest. According to the Site C website, Site C will be a source of clean and renewable electricity for more than 100 years, providing enough energy to power the equivalent of about 450,000 homes per year in B.C. Construction of Site C started in summer 2015 and will be completed in 2024. Read more about Site C here: https://www.sitecproject.com/
About AGF Access Group
Founded in 1987 and headquartered in Montreal, Quebec, AGF Access Group provides full access-at-heights solutions for construction projects across North America. The Company is made up of two manufacturing arms:Hydro Mobile for mast climbing work platforms (MCWP) and Winsafe for swing stages. It also has a rental store division (Hydro Rents, AGF Access and IEQ), and a rental and installation of construction and material elevators division (Jamco). AGF Access Group focuses on the design, engineering, manufacturing, sales, rental, service, installation, dismantling and training of standard and innovative access solutions. The company specializes in power plants, nuclear facilities, hydroelectric generating stations and dams, bridges and more.
WINSAFE, a division of AGF Access Group Inc., is an innovative manufacturer and supplier of temporary and permanently installed aluminum suspended access platforms, travelling gantry systems and large-area engineered aluminum platforms.Find out more on winsafe.com


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It is particularly important to use a gate valve
A gate valve will help you to adjust the flow draining into your sump letting you match the flow on your return pumps. The right drain flow and return flow will let you have a quiet operation, the correct sump water level, as well as a good turnover rate from the sump. It is particularly important to use a gate valve by 50 % popular drain setups, the Herbie overflow method, plus the Bean Animal overflow method view here . Both of these overflow methods are renowned within the hobby because of their quiet operation and precautionary features. Both of these methods were exposed to the hobby by dedicated reefers and so are named after their forum names.
The Herbie method involves an overflow box with two standpipes in the overflow box that drain water to the sump. One standpipe can be used as the main drain and also the other standpipe and line are set up as an urgent situation drain. The main standpipe should sit below the emergency drain and acts because the primary siphon drain for your tank. The main standpipe could possibly get clogged by such as a snail.
When this happens the river level inside the box will rise for the level from the emergency drain plus the emergency drain will trigger and drain water into your sump in lieu of onto the floor. For the most efficient operation and least number of noise, the stream level inside the overflow box needs to be adjusted to certainly the top in the emergency drain standpipe.A gate valve can be a plumbing device that may be run consistent with a pipe and will be adjusted to enhance or decrease water drainage through the line. Most gate valves found in aquariums are made from PVC are available in various connection types and sizes.
Flow adjustment is often accomplished by an interior gate that may be manually adjusted up or down by turning the valves dial. As the dial is opened the gate lifts and allows water to flow from the space beneath gate. Manual switches on the dial slowly move the gate top to bottom making fine adjustments circulate possible. A fully opened gate valve will restrict almost no flow throughout the line and also a closed valve shouldn't allow any water through.
A ball valve is comparable to a gate valve where its main function would be to restrict or allow flow by way of a line. Ball valves found in reef aquariums are constructed of PVC. As the name suggests, a ball valve utilizes a ball using a hole from the valve to allow for or restrict flow in the event the ball valve’s knob is manually turned. When the valve is open the hole within the ball allows water to flow over the line. When the valve is closed, the hole inside ball is protected by the walls with the pipe restricting water from flowing throughout the pipe.


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Cement Concepts, Inc. in Fresno, CA provides high quality, professional concrete services. Call 559-835-9560 for your consultation.
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Concrete Contractor Fresno CA
Cement Concepts, Inc. provides high quality concrete services for owners of residential and commercial properties in Fresno, CA and the surrounding areas. We combine the highest quality materials and state of the art tools equipment to offer the best services. We always deliver in a professional, efficient and timely manner. We consider no project too large or too small. We are licensed and insured for your protection.
Our services include concrete services, concrete sidewalks building, concrete sidewalks building, concrete patios building, retaining walls building, and concrete flatwork. We always provide great work and take great pride in having our customers satisfied and happy. Before beginning work, we listen to our customers and to know their needs and expectations and strive to exceed them at first delivery. We are honest, friendly, and attentive to details. We offer free estimates and competitive pricing. Our goal is providing the highest quality services and 100% customer satisfaction.
Call Cement Concepts, Inc. in Fresno, CA at 559-835-9560 today to discuss your concrete services needs with our experts, to request for your free estimate, to schedule an appointment with us as well as to hear more about all of our available services.


DESIGN - BUILD
A BIT ABOUT US
DOMO Construction has a seasoned and diverse management team that allow us to execute both residential and commercial projects efficiently. Our combined experience is our biggest strength.
Our goal is to work with the owner, designers, subcontractors and
suppliers as a team to achieve a high quality and timely project for
the benefit of everyone involved.
One of the most important stages in construction takes place before the plans are drawn. During this critical pre-project consulting phase, you will set expectations that will determine the ultimate success of your project. By leveraging our expertise during this phase you will lay the foundation for a successful project.


Question:- Which method of protection involves vertical sidewalls with horizontal struts?
The means of protection which mean the vertical sidewalls with horizontal struts is trench shoring. Trench shoring is a method of canceling the soil cave-in and securing the workers when working on excavation deep in the narrow trenches. The retention is done by constructing vertical shoring walls alongside the trench with horizontal hydraulic or metal struts that are securely anchored to the walls.
The formworks walls, which can be made of steel or aluminum, support the excavation while the horizontal struts keep them from moving. The struts make it possible to build a wall that encloses the trench like a box frame. And since these supports are in place overhead and at the sidewalls, the workers are able to work in a safe workspace inside the trench and to prevent any dangerous collapses. Appropriate trench shoring includes the structural stability evaluation of the soil, depth of the trench, and also forces acting on the walls. The components should have the right size and be correctly matched to the lateral forces which are calculated. Installation of trench shoring materials make it possible for trenches to be dug even in the poor soil conditions. In addition to this, the workers must be trained on the right shoring procedures as well. As long as it is installed correctly, trench shoring’s vertical walls and horizontal rails are able to prevent the catastrophic collapse.


Looking for someone to fill a GIS Analyst position with the City of Memphis. The complete job description can be found here. GIS Analyst Description Memphis John Vanderpool, Recruiter Stragistics Technology, Inc. 6263 Poplar Ave. Suite 950 Memphis, TN 38119 p 901.729.6435 f 901.309.2228 m 901.337.9954 firstname.lastname@example.org www.stragistics.com
MAGIC Training Survey 2013 (Click Here)
OIR GIS Services, with the help of AppGeo/AECOM, TNGIC, and the Tennessee GIS community, has completed its development of a LiDAR/elevation business plan. The eventual goal is to create a very accurate topographic GIS dataset through the use of LiDAR technology (scanning the earth with lasers from an aircraft) to obtain accurate elevations that will …
We have our first 2012 MAGIC Meeting scheduled for 3PM today, Jan 18, 2012 at the Bartlett City Hall (map). Of course, to keep up with all the meeting dates, check our calendar often at http://www.midsouthgis.org/Calendar/. Our presenter today is Pictometry, Inc. See you there!


Primrose Properties Ghana Limited (PPG) values industry partners and as such maintains strategic partnerships with leading firms in the Real Estate Industry. This is our third article dedicated to our partners by providing a brief introduction to them. Click here to view last months blog article and here to view the first of these blog articles.
Atlantic Climate Control was established as a subsidiary of Atlantic Group to offer a wide range of products such as air-conditioning, refrigeration and ventilation. The company is built on solid expertise and experience of more than 20 years in design, installation and maintenance of small and large-scale air-conditioning systems.
Some projects include the design, supply and installation of air-conditioning units and ventilation at the Ohene Djan Sports Stadium and the relocation of air-conditioning units at the Ridge Tower. The company has also completed projects for clients like British Council, SSNIT, Ghana Telecom and Volta Aluminium Company (VALCO).
ARQ Engineering is a multidisciplinary engineering practice with a focus on delivering bespoke mechanical, electrical and plumbing engineering services to its various clients.
Their area of expertise include, but not limited to, design and implementation of lighting and power supply systems, fire detection and alarm systems, closed circuit television systems (cctv) and access control systems, nurse call systems, air-conditioning and ventilation systems, fire suppression systems, hospital equipment systems, industrial mechanical, electrical and automation installations, plumbing and mechanical services and building management systems among others.
ARQ Engineering Solutions is one of the foremost building services engineering consultancies in Ghana with personnel who have a combined experience of over thirty years.
Project Plus Consult is a Civil and Structural Consulting Engineering Firm providing a comprehensive and broad range of high quality professional services to private and public sector clients.
The Managing Director has considerable experience of working with major international funding agencies like the World Bank, African Development Bank and European Union, among others.
The main areas of operation include structural engineering designs and production of detailed drawings, structural integrity of structures, drainage studies, geotechnical analysis and evaluation, pavement evaluation and rehabilitation studies and supervision of works including contract administration.


Great news! Brunei Temburong Bridge is completing! So, in the future, it will only take 2-3 hours for the people in Sabah and Sarawak to go in and out between them.
This 30-km-long project is the longest cross-sea bridge in ASEAN. It is the largest and most socially influential transportation infrastructure project in Brunei. (Costs 1.6 billion Brunei dollars). Driving from Brunei to Temburong will be shortened from the existing 1 hour and 30 minutes to 20 minutes.
汶莱淡武廊跨海大桥 (Brunei Temburong Bridge) 完成了！
The bridge is currently being built by both Daelim, a South Korean company, and China State Construction Engineering Corporation (CSCEC), a Chinese state-owned company.
Temburong is not far from Lawas in Sarawak. After opening to traffic, it will arrive at Temburong from the capital of Brunei along the sea-crossing bridge and drive directly to Lawas and Sipitang, Sabah. This greatly shortened the journey from Brunei to Sabah as well as from Lawas to Sabah.
淡武廊县距离砂拉越的老越 (Lawas) 不远，通车后，从汶莱首都沿跨海大桥抵淡武廊，直驱老越 (Lawas) 及沙巴的实必丹(Sipitang, Sabah)。这大大地缩短了从汶莱首都通往沙巴的路程
(Images/video/info shared via/courtesy of 砂拉越人人晚报 Sarawak Evening Times, Ministry of Development, Projek Brunei Temburong Bridge, borl149za)


Construction Specifications Institute (CSI)
The Construction Specifications Institute (CSI) is an organization that keeps
and changes the standardization of construction language as it pertains to
building specifications. CSI provides structured guidelines for specification
writing in their Project Resource Manual, (formerly called the
Manual of Practice (MOP)).
CSI authored MasterFormat, which is an indexing system for organizing
construction data, particularly construction specifications. For many years
MasterFormat consisted of 16 Divisions of construction, such as Masonry,
Electrical, Finishes, or Mechanical.
In November 2004, MasterFormat was expanded to 50 Divisions, reflecting
the growing complexity of the construction industry, as well as the need to
incorporate facility life cycle and maintenance information into the building
In this way, MasterFormat will eventually help facilitate
Building Information Modeling (BIM) to contain project specifications.
However, current technology is unable to handle specifications to the degree
drawing information is able to be referenced, displayed, quantified and other
benefits of BIM. For example integrated systems, industry standards and
methods that may not be shown in the drawings (because they are typically
explained in the specifications) do not fit neatly within current BIM libraries.
The MasterFormat standard serves as the organizational structure for
construction industry publications such as the Sweets catalog with a wide
range of building products, and MasterSpec, a popular specification software.
MasterFormat helps architects, engineers, owners, contractors, and
manufacturers classify how various products are typically used.
Nearly all CSI approved sections also include performance and safety
requirements generated by agencies such as the American Society for
Testing and Materials (ASTM), Occupational Safety and Health Administration
(OSHA), and numerous other federal and professional organizations.
In November 2009, CSI launched GreenFormat, an online database organizing
sustainable product attributes. Manufacturers in the construction industry can
list product information based on 5 categories in an online comprehensive
questionnaire. Designers, specifiers, and building constructors can find product
information which is organized by MasterFormat divisions and titles.
CSI's Uniform Drawing System comprises the largest part of the National CAD
Standard (NCS), together with the American Institute of Architects (AIA)'s CAD
Layer Guidelines, Plotting Guidelines.
Administered by the National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS), the NCS
coordinates these CAD-related publications to allow consistent and
streamlined communication among owners and design/construction teams.
In November 2010, CSI acquired Building Systems Design (BSD) to help
advance software tools for specifications development and communication of
building information across the building team. BSD is a software firm that is a
leading developer of commercial master specifications and construction cost
BSD is involved in the development and maintenance of several of CSI format
documents including MasterFormat®, UniFormat, and OmniClassTM, all of
which relate to specifications and cost estimating.
Founded in 1983, BSD maintains and supports advanced specification writing,
cost estimating and BIM interoperability products used by thousands of
architects, engineers and design professionals nationwide.
FIND ALL CSI CODE AT: www.arcat.com


E-Z Line® was established in 1952 with the development of the E-Z Line® Adjustable Pipe Support. Fueled by the growth of the Houston petrochemical industry in the late 60’s and early 70’s, E-Z Line® expanded into the field of structural steel fabrication.
In 1984, E-Z Line® expanded into natural gas transmission, supplying E-Z Line® products such as adjustable pipe supports, CSB (pipe clamp, steel shim block, and base plate assemblies), structural steel pipe supports, and platforms for natural gas compressor and meter station facilities.
E-Z Line®’s manufacturing facility covers 14 acres including 25,000 sq. ft. of E-Z Line® catalog product fabrication, 110,000 + sq. ft. of structural steel fabrication, along with a separate 7 acre shipping facility with 51,000 sq. ft. of covered shop space.
Today, E-Z Line® supplies products and structural steel to all major oil and gas companies.
E-Z Line® products are proudly made in Texas.


Is EMT good for outdoor use?
Additional Conduit Considerations
Electrical Metallic Tubing (EMT) is lightweight steel tubing that is easy to install and can be bent or cut with the appropriate tools. … This rigid metal conduit is approved for all interior applications but can also be used outside.
Where can you not use EMT?
EMT shall not be used under the following conditions:
- Where subject to severe physical damage.
- For the support of luminaires or other equipment except conduit bodies no larger than the largest trade size of the tubing.
Is EMT galvanized?
Electrical Metallic Tubing—EMT
Another example of a rigid electrical conduit is EMT (electrical metal tubing), which is most commonly made of galvanized steel but can also be aluminum. EMT is also called “thin-wall” conduit because it is thin and lightweight, especially compared to RMC.
Is EMT conduit rust resistant?
Typical EMT Type conduit will resist rust for a few years. It is however inevitable that it will rust. The most likely place for rust to start will be at the ends where it has been cut or along the surface where the finish has been scratched.
Is EMT conduit corrosion resistant?
Electrical Metallic Tubing — EMT (ferrous metal). Also commonly called thin-wall, EMT is a listed steel raceway of circular cross section, which is unthreaded and normally 10 feet long (Photo 3). The outside corrosion protection is zinc-based, and the inside features an approved corrosion-resistant organic coating.
What type of conduit is used for outside?
PVC conduit is commonly used outside because it can be installed with watertight joints.
Is EMT conduit waterproof?
Only outdoor electrical conduit should be used outdoors. Water-resistant wire just resists water. It is not meant to be immersed in water. If your conduit or boxes fill up with water, it will short out and/or you will get leaks.
Are EMT compression fittings watertight?
Sigma’s Rain-Tight EMT Compression Connectors are used to secure and terminate steel EMT conduit to an outlet box or enclosure in dry or damp locations. These die-cast zinc connectors are approved for concrete-tight and rain-tight applications.
Where is EMT conduit allowed?
You can run conduit in many different ways around the home or building. Most electricians run conduit through garages, basements, laundry rooms, closets, and other exposed areas. A common practice is to run conduit within the walls, so the homeowner does not see it on a daily basis.
Is EMT allowed in wet locations?
EMT can be used in wet locations as long as the conduit is galvanized and you use all fittings that are identified for wet locations and protected from corrosion. EMT can be used in concrete as long as the fittings are identified for use. 358.10 Uses Permitted. (A) Exposed and Concealed.
Can EMT be used in concrete?
Ferrous or nonferrous EMT, elbows, couplings, and fittings shall be permitted to be installed in concrete, in direct contact with the earth, or in areas subject to severe corrosive influences where protected by corrosion protection and approved as suitable for the condition.


Advantages of Using 3D Architectural for Your Project
Planning a construction can be a daunting task as this is a huge project that needs a lot of detailing and good planning. As an investor you need to understand a lot of things prior to making any decisions. Poor planning can disrupt the entire construction that’s why it is every investor’s obligation to take proper precautions before starting of the project. Let us look at the right ways to plan your construction project using the most advanced technology in the world.
Technology has made things easier and even planning constructions has become very fast and easy unlike compared to using traditional ways. Due to technology changes many have seen a lot of changes as things have to go digital to be able to fit in this new lifestyle. 3D architectural is a better way to plan all construction projects through the digitized system of which this is an effective and efficient way for investors.
Before starting the construction an investor can easily use the 3D architectural system to have a clear view on what it is expected to result. These services have been working effectively and many have come to embrace as they are fast, perfect and also very accurate in planning your construction. It is a digitized system that architects use to show customers about the entire construction in a 3D visual. Thereafter, customers can easily have a view of what to be constructed in a 3D view.
3D is an advanced software that is used to show all construction details via a 3D view, this means that presentation can be created precisely. Again, by using the 3D it is easy to have all the mistakes edited as it is a computerized plan that is show cased to show how the project is planned. This means that the 3D architectural rendering services are very useful and very efficient in construction planning. 3D architectural services have been proved to be less costly as this is a digitized system that is also easy to use and very effective.
With 3D architectural services you can save more as you don’t have to hire expensive architectures who can drain your pockets dry over a simple constriction project. Unlike other ways of planning a construction, the 3D architectural system one can easily see a mistake and have it edited before the starting of project. Now, since we have seen a few of the 3D architectural services I hope that investors will start thinking of those lines and have their dreams come true.
Why not learn more about ?
Doing The Right Way


At one factor or an additional, your roof is bound to get some damages in time. Obvious or not, these roofing issues are definitely a migraine and will certainly imply you'll need to spend a fortune once again. Below are the top 5.
Roof Leaks and Weather-caused Problems
Regardless of what kind of roof you have installed, when roof leakages are present, there is absolutely a trouble. Roof leakages may be due to some information not done correctly throughout installation, or wetness barriers not effectively installed.
Head laps and backwater laps, when improperly positioned throughout setup, can be a cause for dampness infiltration. It will certainly after that result in sores and leakages and subsequently, roof failing.
Leaks can additionally result from inadequate seams mounted in single-plied membrane layer roofs. Intense climate events additionally lead to roofing issues. Snow, ice, rainfalls, and even running water have negative impacts on your guttering system.
Various other issues resulting from inadequately installed blinking
Improperly set up flashing does not just cause leaks, it is can also result to blow-offs and many other roofing issues. When your roof's flashing is not installed well, it may result in open laps and seams. Also, when the variety of bolts used in the base is insufficient, it might also result in such troubles.
Wind resistance is also lowered if the seams are not appropriately done, specifically for cold-applied roof which should be treated initially before they are even subjected to wind and rain. Wetness can penetrate in your roof when it is not yet effectively cured, or the wind uplift could harm the membrane.
The installment of the roof is one huge element of its longevity of use. When it is set up badly, roof damages are more likely to happen, and the roof life is reduced considerably. One typical issue which could be related to bad installment would be the unsatisfactory handiwork of the installer.
There are a collection of steps which are to be followed prior to also starting to do a roof job, and when these are not done well, it may be a cause for problems in the future. There are some areas in your roof which are a bit difficult to be walked upon, so these are commonly forgotten.
These are very crucial and ought to be clean, completely dry, and ought to be primaried appropriately before setup. Roof installers should additionally loosen up the roof sheets first prior to setting up. Materials must be prepared effectively to guarantee a top quality installation. Make sure that your worked with roofers are experienced of their job to prevent any kind of faulty setup.
Absence of Maintenance
Roofing systems ought to always be maintained on a regular basis. Due to time restraints, and several various other factors particularly economic concerns and check here business connection, the upkeep of your roof might be neglected completely.
One point you need to do is to educate on your own concerning roofing system stuff. This way, you would certainly recognize the correct points to do in taking care of your roof, in addition to the signs that might indicate you'll should have some fixings currently. When you are well-read concerning roof, roof issues will be lesser.
Constantly execute normal assessments and you simply need to understand the apparent indicators which can be a sign of a roofing issue. Water spots, small swimming pools of water, detached pieces of bases and roof shingles, or unfilled pitch pockets might be comprehended quickly by an enlightened homeowner. The key to optimizing your roof life is to detect small issues earlier and avoid it from getting worse.
When property owners attempt to fix issues by themselves, or when your employed roofer is using crappy products and those not intended for details roof types, it might result in a permanent damages to your roof. Little troubles will certainly become worse because of improper fixings.
So, when you spot any type of roofing problem, the most effective thing to do is to contact your roofer and let them evaluate the circumstance. The repair work products to be made use of should be in line with the producer's directions to make sure correct use.
Quality installment, regular maintenance, very early issue discovery, and appropriate understanding of home owners more information of SkyWaysRoofing crm might impact the roof life favorably. While the roof ages, it is most likely to experience issues. Appropriate resolving of these troubles will certainly be the key to guaranteeing your roof system's state.
When it is set up improperly, roof problems are a lot more likely to happen, and the roof life is reduced significantly. Roof installers ought to also kick back the roof sheets first before installing. When you are well-educated about roofing systems, roof problems will certainly be lower.
Quality click here installment, routine upkeep, very early trouble discovery, and appropriate understanding of property owners may influence the roof life positively. Proper attending to of these issues will be the key to guaranteeing your roof system's state.


Congratulations to Gregg Feinberg of Feinberg Real Estate Advisors! Gregg served as the principal consultant and project manager for the SteelStacks project that has won the Urban Land Institute's Global Award for Excellence!
SteelStacks, the arts and cultural campus located on the site of Bethlehem's former Bethlehem Steel plant, has been honored with an Urban Land Institute (ULI) Global Award for Excellence for its role in helping to redevelop one of the largest Brownfields in the nation. The award was presented to Bethlehem Redevelopment Authority Executive Director Tony Hanna and ArtsQuest President Jeff Parks during ULI's Fall Meeting in New York City Oct. 22.
SteelStacks was among the 13 real estate developments from around the world selected as winners in the 2014 ULI Global Awards for Excellence competition, widely recognized as the land use industry's most prestigious recognition program. The winners included six projects in North America, four in Europe and three in Asia.


The water level sensor is a tool that measures the liquid level in a fixed container that is too high or too low. In keeping with the tactic of measuring the liquid level, it will be divided into two types: contact type and non-contact type. The enter type water level transmitter we call is a contact measurement, which converts the height of the liquid level into an electrical signal for output. It’s presently a widely used water level transmitter.
How does the water level sensor work?
The working precept of the water level sensor is that when it is put into a certain depth in the liquid to be measured, the pressure on the sensor’s front surface is transformed into the liquid level height. The calculation formula is Ρ=ρ.g.H+Po, within the formula P is the pressure on the liquid surface of the sensor, ρ is the density of the liquid to be measured, g is the native acceleration of gravity, Po is the atmospheric pressure on the liquid surface, and H is the depth at which the sensor drops into the liquid.
Where to use water level sensors?
The makes use of of water level sensors include the next applications:
1. Water level measurement of swimming pools and water tanks
2. Water level measurement of rivers and lakes
3. Marine level measurement
4. Level measurement of acid-base liquids
5. Oil level measurement of oil trucks and mailboxes
6. Swimming pool water level management
7. Tsunami warning and sea-level monitoring
8. Cooling tower water level management
9. Sewage pump level control
10. Distant monitoring of the liquid level
What are the benefits of water level sensors?
1. Simple structure: There aren’t any movable or elastic components, so the reliability is extremely high, and there’s no need for regular maintenance throughout use. The operation is easy and convenient.
2. Convenient installation: When using, first connect one finish of the wire appropriately, after which put the other finish of the water level probe into the answer to be measured.
3. Ranges are optional: you possibly can measure the water level in the range of 1-200 meters, and other measurement ranges can be customized.
4. Broad range of applications: suitable for liquid level measurement of high temperature and high pressure, strong corrosion, high air pollution, and different media.
5. Wide range of measuring medium: High-precision measurement may be carried out from the water, oil to stick with high viscosity, and wide-range temperature compensation isn’t affected by the foaming, deposition, and electrical traits of the measured medium.
6. Long service life: Generally, the liquid level sensor can be utilized for 4-5 years in a standard environment, and it will also be used for 2-three years in a harsh environment.
7. Robust operate: It can be directly related to the digital display meter to display the worth in real-time, or it might be connected to quite a lot of controllers and set the upper and decrease limits to control the water quantity in the container.
8. Accurate measurement: The built-in high-quality sensor has high sensitivity, fast response, and accurately reflects the subtle changes of the flowing or static liquid level, and the measurement accuracy is high.
9. Number of types: liquid level sensors have varied structural designs comparable to enter type, straight rod type, flange type, thread type, inductive type, screw-in type, and float type. It may possibly meet the measurement wants of all totally different places.
If you have any sort of inquiries relating to where and ways to make use of water level detector, you could contact us at our own web page.


Building a house using empty plastic water bottles is a creative and eco-friendly approach to construction. This innovative technique, often referred to as “bottle brick” construction, involves filling empty plastic bottles with compacted materials like soil, sand, or even plastic waste, and using them as building blocks. These bottles are stacked like traditional bricks to create walls, and when properly sealed, they offer good insulation and soundproofing.
One of the primary advantages of this method is its positive impact on the environment. It repurposes plastic waste, reducing its contribution to pollution and promoting recycling. Additionally, bottle bricks are lightweight, making construction easier and more cost-effective. They’re also resilient to natural disasters and provide good thermal regulation, helping to maintain a comfortable indoor temperature.
However, there are challenges to consider, such as ensuring structural integrity and waterproofing. Proper construction techniques and planning are essential. Communities around the world have successfully utilized this approach, particularly in areas with limited resources or facing plastic pollution issues.
It’s a testament to human ingenuity and environmental responsibility, as building with empty plastic water bottles not only provides shelter but also contributes to a more sustainable future...See More


We have a limited number of signed copies available, while stocks last.
Wordwell, 2023 Hardback, 344 pages
Clay brick has been an important building material in Ireland for many centuries. Most brick found in Irish buildings was made locally and there is a rich social, industrial, and architectural history associated with that manufacture and use that is unique to every county. In this gazetteer, known brickmaking areas are identified, together with information on the physical remnants of local brickfields and brickworks and their transport connections where these survive. The text is illustrated with a selection of buildings and other structures chosen to show the broad range of types and uses of native brick.
This book is a record of where clay brick was made in the country and how this locally made indigenous material has shaped the character of Irish buildings for more than four centuries.
Susan Roundtree is a retired conservation architect with a particular interest in architectural history, historic buildings and building materials. She obtained a Master of Letters in Trinity College Dublin for her research on the history of clay brick as a building material in Ireland and brick continues to be her area of special interest.


Concrete Log Cabin Homes and Concrete Log Cabin Siding
EverLog Installation Instructions
Worry Free Living. EverLog™ Systems family of concrete log cabin and log home products offer the exact look and texture of natural wood cabin logs while eliminating the problems commonly associated with wood log home construction.
*The home pictured above also includes a chimney constructed from Denali Stone, another product of EcoBuilding Specialists, but not a product of EverLog™ Systems.
Revolutionary product in the log home and log cabin construction industry. EverLog™ Systems family of concrete log products offer the exact look and texture of natural wood logs while eliminating the problems commonly associated with wood log construction.
From cozy mountain cabins to custom homes and lodges of dramatic scale, our concrete log products are the worry free and environmentally friendly solution to wood log construction.
Denali Stone USA products are high quality, user friendly and innovative with tried and proven techniques in producing it. Using newer lightweight materials, the product is easier and cheaper to install.
This economical building material is easy to apply with no extra footings, special foundations or wall ties being needed because of its light weight. It adheres quickly and cuts labor and material costs substantially. Water absorption is extremely low, and tests have shown it to be of superior strength and durability. This stone also maintains its integrity, strength, and color even in the harshest of weather conditions and as a result, our customers can expect their projects to retain the long-term natural beauty when installed and maintained per manufacturers guidelines.
Also, this manufactured stone has been tested by independent licensed laboratories and has been classified as noncombustible and fire-retardant. Denali Stone LLC will stand behind all of its manufactured products by offering an industry leading product warranty.


ANDhe Atletico Madrid build up a stadium for around 6,000/8,000 spectators in the area of the Olympic Ring and pay for the public sports facilities that will be built on two neighboring plots, as announced by the mayor of Madrid, Jose Luis Martinez-Almeidain the plenary session of the State of the City.
Almeida has advanced the concession to Atlético of five plots of land near the stadiumin the area of the Olympic Ring. Three of them will be allocated by the football club to a sports citywhich include that stadium with capacity for between 6,000 and 8,000 spectators.
“For the benefit of the city”, heThus, two other plots, also for sports use, will be used for soccer fields and paddle and tennis courts.. They will be “managed by the City Council and paid for by Atltico with an investment of more than 200 million euros in five plots,” he detailed.
Another of the improvements for the neighborhood of Las Rejas, in San Blas-Canillejas, will be the construction of two exit accesses, to the M-40 and an addition to the service road, both “at the expense of Atlético de Madrid”.


What are the characteristics of commonly used mate
Release time：2018-08-30 17:02:14Click rate：
The materials used to manufacture photovoltaic support equipment are different from other equipment products in order to effectively prevent the equipment from being corroded. Therefore, three kinds of concrete materials, steel materials and aluminum alloy materials are commonly used in the manufacture of the equipment. The characteristics of these materials are as follows: 1. For the concrete material in the manufacture of photovoltaic brackets, it is mainly used in large-scale photovoltaic equipment. This material has many characteristics, and it can only be placed in the wild and needs to be installed in areas with better basic conditions. The equipment material not only has high stability, but also supports larger panels. 2. For the steel material in the manufacture of photovoltaic brackets, it has been widely used in industrial solar and solar power plants. The equipment has good stability, mature manufacturing process, high bearing capacity and ease of installation. Secondly, this The materials are often uniform in specifications and very stable in performance, especially in terms of appearance and corrosion resistance. 3. For the aluminum alloy material in the manufacture of photovoltaic brackets, it is commonly used in the roof solar energy of civil buildings. The material has good corrosion resistance, the quality is often lighter, and the appearance is better.


St Lawrence Drive Bridge Refurbishment, Broxbourne
We collaborated with Browne on this project to refurbish this bridge over the New River. The bridge was in a bad state of repair and had sections closed off and it had become unsafe to remain open to the general public.
We erected a temporary scaffold bridge for pedestrians and then commenced the removal of years of general safety and improvement works which had covered up the original Victorian structure. We installed a scaffold deck underneath the bridge and removed all the old timber deck and parapet edges to leave the original bow string arch structure.
We shot blasted the steel and re-painted it. The brick abutments were adjusted to receive a new steel bridge deck. The concept was to use the abutments to take the load but make it look like the bow string arches were being used. By taking the bridge load off the arches it was felt that they would be preserved for many more years.
The end result was warmly received by the local council, Thames Water and local residents.
J Browne Construction


Traditional Timber Frame Joints
Sat 25th March 2017.
Course starts at 10am and ends at 4:30pm.
Course fee £80.
Dates, Times & Fees
Learn how to measure, mark out and cut perfect joints used in traditional timber framing.
The course will cover an overview of the tools and techniques used in marking and cutting joints.
Using a hands-on workshop we will go through the initial stages of constructing a timber frame.
We will use buildings on site as a reference to the joints we will be doing, using the ‘one we made earlier’ method.
We have extensive experience of timber frame buildings around the site.
The course is for anyone that is considering building their own timber frame project, including individuals and community groups.
A list of topics covered in the course include:-
• Timber sourcing etc.
• Various combinations of joints in a timber frame
• What joint to use where.
• Marking out.
• Using hand tools safely.
• Show how to use power tools to cut out joints.
You will gain practical skills and experience of materials, tools and construction used in traditional timber frame building.
Tutor Carwyn Lloyd Jones who has over 20 years experience in the construction industry and is an expert in timber framing, including some of the buildings around the CAT site.
Due to the nature of this course some practical work will be done outside. We strongly advise you to bring waterproof clothing and steel toe-cap boots are mandatory.
You must be over the age of 18 years when this course starts.
To book a place on a course, please choose one of the following options:
• Book Online- the “Book online” button is either below, or in the top right corner of the screen and follow the instructions.
• Call the Courses Department on 01654 704 966 with your bank card details.
Our course fees include tuition and materials, unless otherwise stated.
Please also note our Cancellation & Refund Policy
a) 1 day course fees are non-refundable.
b) CAT reserves the right to cancel any courses. Deposits and fees will be returned in full should this happen.


Benefits of Asphalt Roofing Shingles
While what type of roof you want your house, office or building to have depends entirely on you, there are still certain factors that you will need to consider. These things may limit your option regarding the type of roofing system you can have, but definitely not the aesthetic design, color and, probably, material that you want your roof to have.
These factors include the roof’s life expectancy, strength (especially during natural disasters), material (whether it is Eco-friendly and recyclable), effect on the style of your house or office, cost and if it is allowed by local building codes.
Currently, the most common roofing material used for residential roofing applications in the U.S. is roof shingles, particularly, fiberglass-based asphalt roofing shingles. Roof shingles consist of individual overlapping elements, which are typically flat and rectangular shaped. These elements, which may be made of materials, such as wood, plastic, slate, metal, flagstone, fiber cement, and composite material like asphalt are laid in courses starting from the bottom edge to the top of the roof, each course overlapping the joints below. Besides contributing greatly to a building’s aesthetic appearance, roof shingles can be installed easily, are relatively affordable, and can last from 20 to 50 years.
As one of the referred roofing materials for homes, Asphalt shingles are relatively cheap, available in different colors and designs, and are the easiest roofing materials to install; some are even designed to replicate the appearance of wood shake, tile, or other more expensive type of roofing materials. Asphalt shingles are also Eco-Friendly, provides protection from ultraviolet rays (UV) and may pass Energy Star standards for a cool roof if these are coated.
Asphalt shingles come in two styles: 3-tab and architectural, also called laminated or dimensional. Compared to 3-tab shingles, architectural shingles are thicker, more durable, have various sizes and shapes. Due to constant exposure to bad weather, as well as too much sun, rain, hail, high wind, snow, and extreme temperatures conditions, however, its life expectancy of 30 to 50 years can be cut to 24 to 30 years – still longer compared to the 15 to 18 years life of 3-tab shingles.
Because these are thicker than 3-tab shingles (to provide better protection for your home and keep out moisture), architectural shingles necessarily cost more; these also provide more aesthetic appeal to your home.
The popularity of shingle roofing system has resulted to four out of every five homes being roofed with shingles. Also, once installed, a shingle roofing system requires virtually no regularly scheduled maintenance as is required with other roofing systems. Shingles can also be easily repaired if damaged and replacement, if necessary, involves only individual shingles instead of the entire field of the roof.


The Fruitland City council has now passed an ordinance requiring sprinkler systems in all multi-family duplex structures connected to city water.
Just so everyone doesn't go off the deep end here, it is important to realize that sprinkler systems DO NOT SAVE LIVES. They save PROPERTY. True, a sprinkler system MAY put out a fire that might end up killing a person, but standing under a sprinkler in a fire will not save your butt.
Just something to keep in mind... smoke detectors save lives, sprinkler systems save PROPERTY.


Figure 6: Excavation in Type C soil with shielded vertically sided lower portions. The excavation is sloped at 1-1/2H:l V.
The second option for designing a sloping or benching system is to use Appendices A and B of the excavation standard to determine the maximum allowable slope and allowable configurations for sloping and benching systems. These requirements are summarized in Table 1. The soil type must be determined in order to use this option.
Figure 5: Multiple benched excavation in Type B soil with a slope of 1H:1V.
Figure 3: Simple slope excavation in Type B soil with a 1 H:1 V slope.
Figure 4: Benched excavation in Type A soil with a maximum slope of 3/4H: 1 V.
Note to user: It has been assumed that the user has a general knowledge of the OSHA requirements regarding excavations which are found in 1926.650 to 1926.652. This section is meant to serve as a handy reminder of the basic requirements of the excavation standard, but does not necessarily discuss every requirement of the standard. You should consult the standard directly when questions arise or additional clarification is necessary.
29 CFR Parts 1926.650 through 1926.652
Each soil and rock deposit at an excavation site must be classified by a competent person as stable rock, Type A, Type B, or Type C soil.
Stable rock refers to natural solid mineral matter which can be excavated with vertical sides and remain intact while exposed.
Type A soil is cohesive with an unconfined compressive strength of 1.5 tons per square foot (tsf). Type A soils include clay, silty clay, sandy clay, clay loam, earache, hardpan, and sometimes silty clay loam and sandy clay loam. No soil should be classified as Type A if it is fissured; subject to vibration from traffic, pile driving, or similar effects; previously disturbed; or part of a sloped, layered system where the slope is four horizontal to one vertical or greater.
Type B soil is cohesive soil with an unconfined compressive strength greater than .5 tsf but less than 1.5 tsf. Type B soils include granular cohesionless soils like angular gravel, silt, silt loam, sandy loam, and sometimes silty clay loam and sandy clay loam; previously disturbed soils that are not Type C; fissured soils and soils subject to vibration that would otherwise be classified as Type A; dry rock that is not stable; and material that is part of a sloped, layered system where the layers dip on a slope less steep than four horizontal to one vertical.
Type C soil is cohesive soil with an unconfined compressive strength of .5 tsf or less. Type C soils include granular soils such as gravel, sand, and loamy sand; submerged soil; soil from which water is freely seeping; submerged rock that is not stable; or material in a sloped, layered system where the layers dip into the excavation at a slope of four horizontal to one vertical or steeper.
Soil classification is to be based on at least one visual analysis and one manual analysis of the soil. Details of the acceptable visual and manual analyses may be found in Appendix A of the excavation standard.
OSHA requires that each employee in an excavation be protected from cave-ins during an excavation by an adequate protective system designed in accordance with OSHA standards. Protective system options include proper sloping or benching of the sides of the excavation; supporting the sides of the excavation with timber shoring or aluminum hydraulic shoring; or placing a shield between the side of the excavation and the work area. The employer is free to choose the most practical design approach for any particular circumstance. Once an approach has been selected, however, the required performance criteria must be met by that system.
No protective system is necessary if the excavation is made entirely in stable rock, or the excavation is less than 5 feet (1.52 m) in depth (provided there is no indication of a potential cave-in).
The following figure is a graphic summary of the preliminary decisions which need to be made in order to determine whether a protective system is needed for an excavation 20 feet or less in depth. Protective systems for use in excavations more than 20 feet in depth must be designed by a registered professional engineer.
If sloping or benching is used to protect against cave-ins, there are four basic options that can be chosen for designing sloping or benching systems. First, if soil classification is not made, then the sides of the excavation can be sloped to an angle not steeper than one and one-half horizontal to one vertical (34&#f176;). A slope of this gradation or less is considered safe for any type of soil (see Figure 1).
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Figures 2 and 3 provide examples of simple slope excavations in Type A and Type B soils. Figures 4 and 5 illustrate the use of single and multiple benching in Type A and B soils.
Sloping and benching systems can also be designed using other tabulated data approved by a registered professional engineer or by having an engineer design and approve the system to be used.
There are a number of exceptions or special cases to these general sloping and benching guidelines. They are outlined below.
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Figure 2: Simple slope excavation in Type A soil with a 3/4H: 1 V slope.
1. Numbers shown in parentheses next to maximum allowable slopes are angles expressed in degrees from the horizontal. Angles have been rounded off.
2. A short-term maximum allowable slope of 1/2H: 1V (63) is allowed in excavations in Type A soil that are 12 feet (3.67 m ) or less in depth.
Short-term maximum allowable slopes for excavations greater than 12 feet (3.67 m) in depth shall be 3/4H: 1 V (53).
3. Sloping or benching for excavations greater than 20 feet deep shall be designed by a registered professional engineer.


Construction of QIMC Tower
Agreement signing ceremony with the Redco Construction – Almana Company
H.E Sheikh Abdulrahman bin Mohammed bin Jabor Al Thani, Chairman of Qatar Industrial Manufacturing Company (QIMC), has signed an agreement with the Redco Construction – Almana Company for the construction of mixed towers consisting three towers on QIMC’s land in Al Corniche Street.
The expected cost of the complete project is QRs 1.2 billion. The towers consist of a base of 120,000 square meters, including an underground parking area. Each tower will differ from the other two towers in size and usage. The 29-storey residential tower will offer first-class views of the Corniche and the Bay with balconies of various sizes and features a range of amenities including a spa, gym and swimming pool. The second tower will consist of 23 floors for full office space. The third tower, comprising 38 floors, will be a Luxury Hotel.
A 5-storey base connects the three towers to each other and is designed for commercial activities that will host the public for shopping, dining and relaxation at the Corniche and a large number of parking spaces.
Mr. Abdulrahman Al Ansari, Chief Executive Officer of QIMC said: “QIMC has a unique location on the Doha Corniche, and we are seeking to use this space better by constructing the towers in partnership with reputed international and local consultants. QIMC has so far participated in 20 industrial projects, most of them are in the production stages in various industrial sectors, including petrochemical, chemical, construction and food. In addition, number of new projects are in the stage of incorporation.
The State of Qatar has given great importance to the need of private sector involvement in the economic development process in the country by investing in small and medium industries. This trend was evident in the establishment of the Qatar Industrial Manufacturing Company in 1990, in which the State shared 20% in equity.


The design of the Four-Leaf Towers grounds and structures prioritizes both safety and privacy. All common areas are covered by a fire-sprinkler system. Smoke detectors throughout the buildings and a smoke exhaust system enhance the residents’ safety. Most units are fully sprinklered or in the process of being sprinklered. In addition, Four-Leaf Towers receives its electricity supply directly from a substation by means of underground lines, an unusual feature in a city where most residences receive electricity via above-ground lines. For those infrequent occasions when supply is interrupted, Four-Leaf Towers has an emergency-power generation capability that supports critical common-area building systems. Finally, engineering and maintenance staff are on-site 24 hours a day. The entire perimeter of the property is fenced with driveway gates.
In both towers, there are only eight units on each of floors 3 through 15, and only four units on each of floors 16 through 39. Access to the residences via the plaza level is limited to the front lobby, which is staffed by a concierge at all times, and the rear service entrance, which is controlled by a concierge valet, also 24 hours per day. Visitors to the towers must check in with either the concierge or the concierge valet who will contact the resident to confirm that the visitor is expected. Additionally, keys to the residences cannot be duplicated.


03/07/2022 8:00 AM to 12/31/2022 9:00 PM
Adaptive reuse projects allow developers to utilize their creativity and vision to transform aging structures for new, fresh uses. This interactive on-demand course provides learners with a detailed look at this dynamic product type. Gain an understanding of the adaptive reuse approach, methods for evaluating whether an adaptive reuse project is worth pursuing, crucial steps of the due diligence phase, the key players that make up an effective project team, and the funding available for financing these types of projects. The course explores each step in the adaptive reuse process, outlines common challenges and solutions and evaluates diverse adaptive reuse projects through real-world case studies.


The Rwanda Institute of Architects hosted its 4th Annual Symposium on the 22nd and 23rd November 2016 at the Marriott Hotel in Kigali, Rwanda. Themed “inclusive affordability of housing through green, cost effective technology”. During the two day event RIA created a special platform for suppliers of various technologies, which are in demand in the built environment, to exhibit their products and services to potential clients.
RIA members and associates members gathered for the two day event, drawn from the disciplines such as architecture, engineering and construction in the country.
During the two-day event, sponsors and exhibitors had the opportunity of networking with key stakeholders from construction and engineering sectors under one roof, they were able to get lucrative leads and initiate prospective business partnerships.