Steel Services was awarded the Steel Award in 2011 for the world's tallest steel headgear at Gold Fields South Deep Twinshaft Vent Shaft in the category of Mining and Industrial. The structure stands 87m tall and has a mass of approximately 2000 tonnes. This structure is expected to extend the life of the mine by up to 60 years.
Steel Services was re-nominated for the Steel Award in 2012.
Steel Services & Allied Industries (SS & AI) is a dynamic group of companies specialising in heavy engineering business. SS & AI has extensive surface experience in headgears and steel shaft work, as well as underground experience in decline shaft and vertical shaft mines.
The Group is respected for its ability to supply structural steel in its purest form as well as to design and deliver high quality architectural and decorative structural steelwork.
There are many reasons to choose SS & AI as your partners:
- Our business model and lower overhead costs result in savings for our customers.
- Our strategic advantage in automated systems will improve capacity and output, ensuring that projects are managed economically and are delivered with unsurpassed results for our customers.
- We are more flexible and have shorter lead times than large engineering organisations. We are able to meet non-traditional requests, make faster decisions and implement quicker.
- Our pristine safety record affirms our strict safety standards, which conform to the ISO safety standard system.


In the late 1920's and early 1930's California's shortage of developed water became real apparent on the Eastside of the San Joaquin Valley as many water wells went completely dry. As water wells, farms and jobs dried up on the valley's Eastside, farmers, Landowners and cities knew they needed a more reliable water source to survive and an innovative idea was hatched.
The new idea was to divert Water from the San Joaquin River for use on the Valleys Eastside by constructing Friant Dam and the Friant Kern and Madera Canals. The Water Rights for the upper San Joaquin River water belong to the farmers in the Firebaugh, Dos Palos and Los Banos areas are referred to as the "Exchange Contractors". The proposal was to trade or "Exchange" water deliveries from the Sacramento Delta through Construction of the Delta-Mendota canal to deliver the "Exchanged Water" to them.
This new project was the original CVP, Central Valley Project, that incorporated pumping water from the Delta providing 365 day on-demand water deliveries using the Delta Mendota canal to convey the Sacramento San Joaquin delta Water to the rights holders in "Exchange" for letting eastside valley farms and cities divert their San Joaquin River Water.
The "Exchange Water" source was developed with construction of Folsom dam north of Sacramento to provide flood control, hydro electric power and fresh water flows through the Delta during the critical summer months with some of the flow contracted for delivery to the land owners south of the delta that put their farms on the line to repay for the CVP water projects construction.
This was one of the greatest compromises ever achieved in California water with the "Exchange Contractors" agreeing to allow the "use" of their water rights. The construction of Friant Dam on the San Joaquin River created Millerton Lake providing desperately needed flood control with the stored flood water providing controlled water deliveries through the Madera-Friant Canal and the Friant-Kern Canal that returned the Valley's Eastside to agricultural prominence.
The original CVP Friant-Kern Canal provisions WERE AGREED TO by California, the U.S. Congress, U.S. Senate and signed by the United States President specifically stated that the San Joaquin River would go dry most years from gravelly Ford north to where the next flowing downstream tributary confluence existed. Both California and the Federal Governments agreed that drying up parts of the San Joaquin was a reasonable tradeoff to save jobs, create more jobs, provide a stable food supply, produce clean hydro electric energy and flood protection.
For the assurance of these contracted water deliveries Landowners on the Eastside of the Valley put Millions of acres of their land up as collateral to secure funding to build canals, water delivery systems, construct Friant Dam and Folsom Dam to prevent flooding, create flood water storage and put flood water to beneficial use. The Valley's CVP Eastside Project became a successful reality.
The San Francisco Bay area divert their water upstream and around the San Joaquin River Delta depriving the delta of natural historic fresh water flows and continue to pipeline more and more water from the Delta's tributaries each year to service their growing population demands. San Francisco area cities contribute to the deteriorating water quality in the delta by dumping over 380 million gallons of polluted sewage water into the Delta every day while increasing fresh water deficiencies to the Delta.
While Bay area politicians blame Eastside valley farms and valley residents for receiving a fixed amount of contracted water for over 60 years Bay area politicians have maneuvered to take San Joaquin Valley water to supposedly solve the Delta's increasing water deficiencies they are equally or more responsible for.
The 1992 CVPIA Central Valley Project Improvement Act and the 2009 San Joaquin River Settlement Act are true political water grabs used in conjunction with abuse of the E.S.A. Endangered Species Act to take contracted water from the Eastside of the Valley. San Francisco Bay area politicians do this while ignoring the impacts their sewage pollution and water diversions around the Bay-Delta are causing on the ecosystem of the Sacramento San Joaquin River Bay-Delta.
The success of the Valley's Eastside Bay-Friant Dam water system is in jeopardy today because of San Francisco Bay area politics. The good news is Congress has passed HR 1837 "The San Joaquin Valley Water Reliability Act" a Legislative solution to the valley water crisis and it is critical that the U.S Senate also pass HR 1837 and the President needs to sign it into Law NOW.


Protecting Your Family and Home: Foundation Repair Essentials
The foundation of your home is the essential structural component that ensures stability, safety, and the integrity of your living space. When foundation issues arise, they pose a threat not only to your property but also to the well-being of your family. Here, we’ll explore the foundation repair near me essentials to help you protect your home and loved ones.
Understanding Foundation Issues
- Recognizing Signs of Trouble:
- Learn to identify common signs of foundation problems, such as cracks in walls, floors, or ceilings, uneven floors, sticking doors and windows, and exterior brick or siding damage.
- Promptly address any of these signs when you notice them to prevent further damage.
- Consulting a Professional:
- When you suspect foundation problems, consult a qualified foundation repair specialist.
- These experts have the knowledge and experience to assess the extent of the damage, identify the underlying causes, and recommend appropriate solutions.
Types of Foundation Repair
- Piering and Underpinning:
- This method involves installing piers or piles beneath the foundation to provide additional support and stability.
- Mudjacking is used to lift a sunken foundation by injecting a mixture of concrete and other materials beneath it.
- Wall Anchors and Bracing:
- Wall anchors and bracing are employed to stabilize bowed or leaning walls, preventing further movement.
- French Drains and Waterproofing:
- These methods help manage moisture and prevent water-related foundation issues.
WTX Foundation Repair
1820 San Pedro Dr NE Suite 12, Albuquerque, NM, 87110
- Obtaining Multiple Quotes:
- When considering foundation repair, obtain quotes from several reputable contractors.
- Compare the costs, proposed solutions, and warranties provided to make an informed decision.
- Proper Drainage:
- Ensure that your property has adequate drainage to prevent excess moisture buildup around the foundation.
- Regularly clean and maintain gutters and downspouts to direct rainwater away from the foundation.
- Regular Inspections:
- Schedule routine inspections of your foundation to detect issues early.
- Catching problems in their early stages can save you from extensive repairs.
- Landscaping Practices:
- Avoid making significant landscaping changes near the foundation that could affect soil stability.
Investing in Your Home’s Safety
- Timely Action:
- Address foundation issues promptly to prevent escalating damage.
- Timely repairs not only protect your home but also your family’s safety.
- Peace of Mind:
- Knowing that your home’s foundation is stable provides peace of mind.
- It eliminates the stress that comes with the uncertainty of whether your home is safe.
Your family’s safety and your home’s integrity depend on a solid foundation. Ignoring foundation issues can lead to structural damage and pose risks to your loved ones. By understanding the essentials of foundation repair, recognizing signs of trouble, and taking proactive measures, you can protect your family and home. Remember that when it comes to your home’s foundation, investing in safety and timely action is essential for peace of mind and long-term security.


At the beginning of next week, it is planned to open two small but very important sections of Atyrau automobile roads, the closure of which for reconstruction made traffic in the city much more difficult.
First section is Gumarov street from the intersection of Avangard 4th microdistrict to the flyover over Satpayev Avenue. Here, the road was repaired and expanded from 11 to 13.2 meters, borders were replaced. Now there will be 4 lanes. At the turn from flyover to Satpayev Avenue, the roadbed was also completely restored. The trafficway is scheduled to open on September 30, and work continues in the pedestrian zone. The road workers intend to pave the sidewalks, install drainage trays as there weren’t any before, and replace the lighting poles.
On this site, there are two bus shelters – near the supermarket and on the opposite side of the street and “pockets” for public transport accordingly. Shelters of Belarusian production will be delivered in October. Many motorists are surprised – why, having carried out such a large-scale work, repairmen disregarded the roadbed on the flyover itself? Now it is discordant with new “clothing” of the streets. As explained in the press service of the contractor Atyrauinzhstroy LLP, the Client did not include it in the list of works. Reconstruction of Kurmangazy street will continue until the end of the repair season, but they intend to finish the section from the flyover to Moskovskaya street in a week.
The second section is Valikhanov Street from the gas station on Makhambet Street to Azattyk Avenue in the vicinity of the EmbaMunaiGaz office. It was also expanded – from 9 to 11 meters, paving stones and borders were replaced, 18 lighting columns were changed. Drainage trays in that area are not provided – the slope of the surface works as drainage. This site is scheduled to open on October 1. The continuation of Valikhanov Street from the EMG office to the embankment will be open on October 15, if the weather allows us to complete all the scheduled work.
Zulfiya ISKALIEVA, azh. kz.
Photo by the author.


MBTA MAP + PROPOSAL
These maps are as much graphic representation as they are urban analysis and proposal. As is increasingly the position of the architect, these mappings are two-dimensional transcriptions of a four-dimensional urban circulation system. Inspired by the MBTA's recent mapping competition and wanting to retain recognizability, both maps implement a deeper color palette, a strong representational hierarchy of transit modes, and greater georealism of relative station locations, among a number of other improvements.
The map of the existing system introduces the following representational tactics:
1) Shows currently planned/under construction stations and lines: Boston Landing Commuter Rail Station, Green Line Extension, Assembly Sq. Orange Line station, Chelsea Silver Line, and Track 61 between Innovation District and Back Bay Station.
2) A simplified representation of key bus routes particularly around major hubs such as Dudley, Harvard, and Wonderland stations where previous maps did not make route termini clear.
3) Walking transfers between stations with walking times provided by Google Maps.
4) Lines that are not grade-separated (above ground sections of the B, C, and E Branches of the Green Line, SL 4 & 5, parts of SL 1 & 2, and Mattapan Line Trolley) are shown as outlined lines.
The map of my proposed MBTA system of 2024 shows all currently planned/under construction lines and stations as complete and introduces three new heavy rail subway lines to fill a number of gaps in the current system. Additionally, the three proposed lines have been investigated for feasibility and would run largely on existing right-of-ways, and have termini with sufficient surrounding space for turnarounds and rail yards.
Breakdown of Proposed Lines:
1) Red Line to Newmarket: discussed and proposed in some capacity for nearly a century, this Red Line branch would function as the first section of the Urban Ring. The line would connect the four Green Line Branches, Orange Line, new Silver Line, and terminate at the Newmarket Commuter Rail stop. It would also include a new stop at Barry's Corner on Harvard's new Allston Campus to be paid for by Harvard.
2) New Silver Line: the Silver Line train would replace the existing SL 4 & 5 routes by running from downtown Everett to Franklin Park via Charlestown, downtown Boston, the South End, and Roxbury. Crucially, it provides a one-stop connection between North and South station - Boston's two main rail nodes - solving the North-South Rail Link problem with a new station in the heart of the Financial District at Post Office Sq (where the existing 8-story underground garage could provide space for a new station). It would also include a stop at the likely location of the Wynn Casino in Everett, to be paid for by the casino, as well as one at Bunker Hill in Charlestown to provide service to the underserved neighborhood and tourists visiting the many historic sites there. Continuing through the South End and meeting the new Red Line at Dudley station the line would provide students from across the city with access to Boston Latin and terminate at Franklin Park near the Zoo. A "destination" termination would help ensure the line's success and urban significance as well as connect Olmstead's green urban lung to the rest of the city.
3) Blue Line to Malden: this Blue Line branch would replace the proposed Silver Line to Chelsea, and use part of its existing right-of-way and provide connections to the Newburyport and Rockport Commuter Rail lines at Chelsea and a connection to the Silver Line at Everett. It would then continue to the Malden border to provide access to the nearby shopping center, open space, and Malden Catholic High School. The new branch would also serve the rapidly developing East Boston waterfront and Chelsea's Box District. This Blue Line proposal also includes the long-discussed extension to Charles/MGH that would provide a transfer between the system's only unconnected lines.
4) A station would be built at the Track 61/Purple Line wye in South Boston to provide connection to the Red Line at Broadway and serve both SoWa and South Boston. An additional station could eventually be built at the Silver Line SoWa stop to increase transit options to the Innovation District.
5) Orange Line to Roslindale Village: The extension of the Orange Line one stop to Roslindale Village has been greatly advocated for by residents and neighborhood associations and is a logical extension of the line that would provide service to a great many people living in the dense urban village who must currently take a series of busses or the Commuter Rail.
6) The planned addition of two commuter rail stops, Boston Landing and West Station, on the Framingham/Worcester Line are included along with proposed diesel multiple unit (DMU) service between West Station and North Station with two new stops, MIT and Broadway, in Cambridge.


The application is submitted by Tailored Living Solutions (TLS). We’re a private company so we can make quick decisions and we’re dedicated to providing high-quality planning and construction solutions which include sourcing land, submitting planning proposals, land value maximisation and building bespoke new-build homes in London.
We are local, with our head office being within Southwark and our close-knit team has been developing exceptional places to live since 2012 and have a wealth of experience that spans all aspects of the industry. We keep people at the heart of what we do. We have a collaborative approach and always consider the bigger picture to build authentic, long-term relationships with future residents and the local community.


Partner Chris Latham recently joined thousands of building trades workers, Councilman Corey Johnson, and Manhattan Borough President Gale Brewer outside City Hall to protest the deaths of workers on construction sites in 2015. 14 of the 16 workers who died on construction sites in 2015 were non-union workers.
The rally coincided with the announcement of a new bill, sponsored by Brewer and Johnson, that would obligate all workers on buildings taller than 10 stories to go through state-approved apprenticeships.
In her remarks, Brewer said “We have to raise safety standards and put in place measures that will ensure every worker on any sized building has safety equipment, proper training and proper quality supervision,” she said. “We have to set the bar higher.”
For more information about how you can help ensure that both union and non-union construction workers earn middle class wages, receive fair benefits, are properly trained and work on safe worksites go to http://www.middleclassstrong.com/.
Prior results do not guarantee outcomes.


Are you planning a loft conversion, house extension, or a new build? Regardless, you are bound to start with a set of floor plans. These are basically drawings showing a view of the relationships between spaces, rooms, traffic patterns, etc., at one level of structure. These plans help you visualise the project way before you decide whether or not you want to go ahead with the construction. In fact, this is something you should invest in using Four Labs or similar, before purchasing property as it helps you comprehend what’s possible for your home in the future.
If you intend to build in the next 2 to 3 years, then you need a set of plan designs in order to apply for a lawful development certificate or planning permission. For most construction projects, you will require the following drawings in order to apply for planning or development authorisation.
Existing Floor Plans
These are precise floor plans of what the structure currently looks like. Your architect or designer should appoint someone to perform a measured survey of the property. However, it’s possible to assemble these plans from existing drawings in some cases.
Design Floor Plans
These are drawings for your intended design. These plans take into consideration the planning regulations in your region, your preferences and future requirements. Some forms of house extensions fall under permitted development rights, but you will still need to apply for a lawful development certificate so that when it comes to selling, you will have proof that this was the case.
These are vertical drawings that present the layout of the interior and exterior walls. Once you have secured your planning permit, building regulation drawings become the most crucial type of building plan. They give an in-depth plan for where every element should go and the materials to be used. You can commission these plans from your architect, which will then be used by the construction team to create drawings such as:
Before the project begins, you will want a structural engineer to look at the proposed plans and existing property plans as well. This will help them provide structural drawings, which are essential for giving details on the building materials, size, and placement of reinforcements.
Plumbing and Sanitary Drawings
These drawings give the layout for all the pipes, bathroom and sanitation fixtures and take into account any CCTV survey findings (usually conducted before construction begins).
These represent all the electrical wiring, including the placement of inbuilt lights and plug sockets. Ensure you agree to all of this with the electrician in the early stages of the project, as even though they might seem to be a small detail, they can be time-consuming and expensive to change later on.
Last but not least, at any planning stage, consider investing in 3-dimensional renders. These are not really considered to be construction drawings, but they really come in handy when visualising the final product. Also, due to the fact that they bring the finished product to life, they make selling a property a bit easier.


With more commercial and residential builders opting for eco-friendly choices like solar power or greenery, flat roofs are becoming increasingly more common. The structural benefits also promote easier accessibility and extra square footage that allow for a higher level of stability when choosing to add heavier components like solar panels or gardens. If you want a roofing pro near you for a flat roof or roofing repair, here’s how North Shore Roofing will help you get it.
What Is Flat Roof Construction?
Flat rooftops have a dissimilarity to sloped roofs as builders construct slope roofs at a level and up to ten-degree grades. They also are made with durable waterproof materials that prevent leaking, which is why it has been more popular with business owners and multi-family units.
Flat rooms typically last between twenty and thirty years because of the various types of materials they are made, including BUR, gravel, tar, metal, recycled synthetic rubber (EPDM), and bitumen. These styles are more affordable as they run between $3 and $10 per square foot.
- Metal roofs are constructed using single panels that connect. They are very inexpensive and have a longer lifespan than other materials. While they do reduce heating and cooling costs tremendously, they are not as popular today as other more robust materials.
- BUR (built-up roof) is a multi-layer roofing system that adds layers upon layers of materials that are waterproof and fire-resistant. It has a 25 to 30-year life expectancy.
- SPF (sprayed polyurethane foam) gets applied in liquid form as a layer over an existing rooftop that includes a second protective coating, which is why it will last for more than thirty years. SPF flat roofing may require another protective coating every 15 years.
- EPDM (ethylene propylene diene monomer) is a single-layer roofing material that lasts about three decades. It is also a sturdier roof in case you want to add A/Cs or panels.
- PVC (polyvinyl chloride) a single-layer roof made of plastic that lasts about 30 years.
- Modified Bitumen is a rolled roofing material that roofing professionals install with a blowtorch. It lasts ten to twenty years, depending on climate and weather conditions.
- Asphalt is an inexpensive single-layer material that lasts about 10 to 15 years.
- TPO (thermoplastic polyolefin) is a flat roof material made of reinforced rubber, which generally lasts about twenty and thirty years, depending on professional installation.
Choosing A Flat Roof Or A Material For A Roofing Repair
If you are a commercial business owner, choosing a flat roof is an obvious choice if you are building a warehouse, a grocery store, or a manufacturing plant. It is also a more obvious selection for multi-plex apartments, modernized architectural structures, or tiny homes. The longevity of flat roof installations and flat-roof repairs depend solely on the roofing company you choose as well as the type of materials you invest. Most notably, if you intend to install HVAC units, solar panels, or satellites, you will want to speak with our experts for guidance.
If you have questions about a new flat roof installation or a roofing repair, give us a call at (978) 977-3816 or visit our Facebook page at https://www.facebook.com/NorthShoreRoofingMA.


Setting new standards with UAVs
Applications for commercial use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have surged in recent years and most industry sectors are becoming aware of the benefits that this technology can bring to them on many fronts.
One significant application that UAV technology can be applied to is volume calculations. For example, when industrial operations require stockpile volumes to be calculated, traditional surveying is no longer the only option.
Using fixed wing and multirotor UAVs, Harrier Surveys has developed an expertise in delivering accurate volume measurements of targets with complex geometries.
How is this achieved?
With overlapping imagery acquired from commercial grade UAVs equipped with high resolution cameras, we produce highly accurate 3D models of our project targets thanks to sophisticated digital photogrammetry software.
From these 3D models, volumes can be calculated to at least the same degree of accuracy and precision that can be achieved using traditional survey techniques or lidar but at a much higher resolution.
Multirotor or Fixed Wing?
Harrier Surveys is well equipped to deliver volume measurements for any type of project, regardless of size and location, thanks to our fixed wing and multi-rotor UAVs. Fixed-wing UAVs are most suitable for larger projects because of their greater flight range whereas multi-rotor UAVs are useful for smaller projects and confined spaces.
Unique perspective, reduced interruptions
UAV survey methods present clear advantages over traditional ones. For example, while an eight-hour traditional survey will collect 1,500 data points to describe a stockpile, a UAV survey will create 15,000,000 data points from a 15-minute flight.
Our ability to quickly capture data from a distance provides a more accurate snapshot of the target, especially when piles are constantly changing, eliminating the need to shut down stockpile operations during the survey.
So, what’s the bottom line? Safer. Faster. More cost effective.
Surveying a stockpile in complex terrain can be time consuming and present serious safety concerns. However, thanks to the perspective that UAV technology offers, our crews doesn’t need to travel through the whole project area to capture the required information.
This means we don’t spend as much time out in the field and that our work can be conducted more safely than a traditional survey team, especially for large projects, translating to a more cost-effective solution.


Soil Water Content
Soil water content refers to the water in the soil between the soil surface and the (freatic) groundwater level. This part of the soil that is above the groundwater table is called the unsaturated zone. Soil water content in this area is replenished by precipitation (or irrigation) and capillary rise from deeper layers, and is depleted by percolation, soil evaporation and plant transpiration. By its nature, at the boundary between the atmosphere and the solid earth, soil moisture plays a very important role in the energy and water balance of the continental earth. The amount of fresh water stored in the unsaturated zone is very important for providing water and nutrients to the biosphere.
The most basic measure of water in the unsaturated zone is water content or wetness, most often defined as the volume of water per bulk volume of the soil. In this case a value 0.3 \(m^3/m^3\) refers to a soil in which 30% of the total volume consists of water. In some cases soil water content is expressed as a percentage (or fraction) of saturation. In that case 0.3 indicates that 30% of the available spore space in the soil is occupied with water.
The amount of water that can be held in the soil is limited by the porosity. Here porosity is the volumetric fraction of the total soil volume that is taken up by the pore space. This space is available for a fluid such as water. Porosity typically ranges from 0.3 and 0.7 for common soil types. Higher values are usually associated with clayey soil and lower values with more sandy soils, see the Figure below.
Based on equations describing the non-linear relation between volumetric soil moisture and suction head and unsaturated conductivity (Clapp and Hornberger, 1978; Broadbridge and White, 1988; Genuchten, 1980), soil water stress for plants can be directly inferred from the volumetric soil water content that is measured by microwave satellites.
The importance of soil water content for agriculture
Plants need to transpire water to drive the uptake of nutrients and water. For this both water and energy need to be available. Because most vegetation, including agricultural crops, gets the water it needs from the soil it is obvious that the moisture in the soil is a very important factor determining the success of a harvest. Furthermore, the timing of the water availability in the soil is also important. Because the relation between water content and suction head is soil type dependent the soil type itself also plays a very important role.
Feddes et al. (1978) developed a simple model of root water uptake by plants which describes how plants react to water stress. The figure below demonstrates this principle. Plants can extract water optimally between h2 and h3 (field capacity and the critical suction head value). Above that (between h2 and h1, near saturation) plants cannot extract water optimally anymore (in the wet range). In the dry range (between h3 and h4, the wilting point) a similar reduction can be seen. Clearly the actual values of h1 to h4 are plant specific. For drought resistant plants the h3 value can be much lower while for plants that can cope with very wet soils the h2 value can be much lower.
Although the stress function is a simplification of reality of it works very well in most cases. However, it is important to know that this focuses on the water limiting side of the plant transpiration process only. If energy is limited (not enough sun) the soil water content can be in the optimal range while plant growth is reduced compared to normal circumstances.
Because of the direct relation between the satellite derived soil water content (in \(m^3/m^3\)) and the suction head (as shown in the equations in the previous section), we can use satellite derived moisture directly to monitor the water stress condition that the vegetation experiences.
High resolution satellite soil water content
Soil water content, soil temperature and vegetation optical depth (VOD) are retrieved from satellite microwave measurements between 1.4 GHz and 36.5 GHz. An important property of microwave data is that it is not sensitive to cloud cover, and therefore global daily data coverage can be provided. Planet (formerly VanderSat) developed a patented downscaling technique (VanderSat, 2016) that can be applied to passive microwave observations, which typically have a spatial resolution of 25x25 km. The downscaling technique reconstructs the antenna footprints of each individual observation and uses the abundance of overlap between these footprints for downscaling purposes sampled at a resolution of 100x100 meter.
The downscaled microwave observations are then linked to land surface variables, including soil water content, land surface temperature and vegetation optical depth (biomass) through a retrieval algorithm, the Land Parameter Retrieval Model (LPRM, Owe et al,. 2001; Owe et al., 2008; De Jeu et al., 2014). The core of the LPRM was developed in the early 2000’s in a collaboration between the VU University Amsterdam and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and has been further developed (e.g., Van der Schalie et al., 2017). Dr. Richard de Jeu is one of the leading scientists that developed this model as well as the proprietary downscaling technique together with team members at the VU University Amsterdam and NASA, and since 2015, at VanderSat (now Planet).
The basis for the retrieval relies on the fact that thermal radiation in the microwave region is emitted by all natural surfaces as a function of temperature. The propagation of microwaves through the soil is then dependent on the soil dielectric constant, which has an almost linear relationship with soil water content. Microwave technology is the only remote sensing method that measures a direct response to the absolute amount of water in the soil, with a sensing depth ranging from millimeters for 37 GHz to tens of cm for 1.4 GHz. Vegetation also contributes to the microwave signal by absorbing, reflecting and emitting radiation. The LPRM solves the radiative transfer equation at different frequencies and polarizations to retrieve soil temperature (Land Surface Temperature (LST, TEFF)), soil moisture (Volumetric Soil Water Content L band (SM)) and VOD (Vegetation Optical Depth C band (VOD)). Within the retrieval, water bodies are treated separately, and a flagging system was developed to signal other potential interferences to the microwave signal including radio-frequency interference (RFI), frozen soil, snow, and heavy rain events (see Data Flags).
Broadbridge, P. and White, I.: Constant rate rainfall infiltration: a versatile nonlinear model 1. Analytic solution, Water Resources Research, 23(12), 145–154, 1988.
Clapp, R. B. and Hornberger, G. M.: Empirical equations for some soil hydraulic properties, Water Resources Research, 14(4), 601–604, 1978.
De Jeu, R. A., Holmes, T. R., Parinussa, R. M., & Owe, M. (2014). A spatially coherent global soil moisture product with improved temporal resolution. Journal of hydrology, 516, 284-296.
Feddes, R. A., Kowalik, P. J. and Zarasny, H.: Simulation of Field Water Use and Crop Yield, John Wiley & Sons., 1978.
Genuchten, M. T. V.: A closed-form equation for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils, Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J., 44, 892–898, 1980.
Owe M, RAM De Jeu, and JP Walker (2001) A Methodology for Surface Soil Moisture and Vegetation Optical Depth Retrieval Using the Microwave Polarization Difference Index. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 39, 1643-1654.
Owe, M., de Jeu, R., & Holmes, T. (2008). Multisensor historical climatology of satellite‐derived global land surface moisture. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 113(F1).
Van der Schalie, R., de Jeu, R.A.M., Kerr, Y.H., Wigneron, J.P., Rodríguez-Fernández, N.J., Al- Yaari, A., Parinussa, R.M., Mecklenburg, S. and Drusch, M. (2017), “The merging of radiative transfer based surface soil moisture data from SMOS and AMSR-E”, Remote Sensing of Environment, 189, pp.180-193.


See More Jobs From Tyson Foods
Location: - (Dakota Dunes, South Dakota, Mid-West United States, USA)
Company: Tyson Foods
Open Til: 19-Apr-12
Industry Sector: Food/Processing
Industry Type: Biotechnology
Career Type: Engineering
Job Type: Full Time
Minimum Years Experience Required: N/A
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Summary: Primary objective of this position is project development and construction management for assigned capital and expense projects. Responsible to the Director II of Project Development & Management for effective management of assigned projects. Coordinate assignments to ensure Tyson company objectives regarding capacity, operability, economics, and timelines are met. Develop project scope, preliminary layouts, budgets, and schedules for assigned projects. Prepare estimates for design and construction, personnel requirements, project budget and time schedule. Ensure all engineering projects, initiatives, and processes are in conformance with Tyson's established policies, objectives, and standards. Provide conceptual designs and review preliminary designs for new projects. Develop requests for proposal documents for consulting engineering services and design build projects. Perform and document thorough code reviews including all local andstate building code requirements. Organize drafting resources, and be responsible for the accuracy and thoroughness of the final construction documents. Provide, review, and approve construction documents including design calculations, detailed drawings, and specifications for renovations, additions, and new facilities. Ensure document and project coordination between all disciplines. Provide project scope evaluations and provide written reports of existing project related conditions. Act as Tyson's representative when design work is being performed by an engineering consulting firm, and review and approve outside consulting engineer's construction drawings and technical specification documents. Function as project manager on assigned projects. Analyze construction and design bids and recommend to the Director II of Project Development & Management, the candidates for successful bidder. Prepare service requisitions based on the bids for order generation by Purchasing. Review and approve construction shop drawings and product submittals for conformance to construction documents. Provide continuous effective project management from inception through construction. Perform constructionsite visits and provide routine written reports of construction progress and issues.
Education: Accredited Bachelor's degree in Engineering or equivalent experience.
Experience: A minimum of 3 years experience in the food processing industry preferred. Capable of working on multi-faceted projects of any magnitude while requiring moderate supervision. Has demonstrated the ability to complete complex projects on time and within budget. Working knowledge of a variety of all engineering disciplines, concepts, practices, and procedures.
Computer Skills: Fluent knowledge of spreadsheet, database, word processing and scheduling programs. Exposure to and experience on Microsoft suite of programs.
Communication Skills: Demonstrates strong communication and organizational skills.
Travel: Extensive travel is required and is determined by specific project assignments.
Supervisory Responsibility: This position does not have direct reports.


UPVC building materials are an ever-present factor in the evolving field of modern construction and are helping to transform design techniques. The wide range of UPVC elements, such as UPVC Window Sill, UPVC Composite Decking, Shiplap Exterior Cladding, Composite Coastline Cladding, PVC Skirting Board, UPVC Soffit Board and PVC Plastic Guttering, collectively transform the paradigm of building and design. This comprehensive study explores the numerous advantages and uses of UPVC and demonstrates its profound influence on our modern built environment. The unparalleled flexibility and flexibility of UPVC material for building are primary reason for their widespread popularity. UPVC is a cost-effective alternative to traditional materials like metal and wood and is noted for its flexibility for structural and design. UPVC is a material of choice for architects and builders because it is able to be used in a wide range of architectural designs, giving buildings a fresh style without sacrificing formality. If you’re looking for more information on pvc skirting board, just go to the earlier mentioned site.
The choice of UPVC over other building materials isn’t chosen randomly; rather, it is driven by a number of advantages that establish its indispensable nature. UPVC materials offer exceptional durability and strength, as well as being light and abrasion resistant. Due to its natural resilience and malleability, UPVC is more than just a building material–it is a symbol of flawless design and structure. A minimum of 40 years of life is further enhanced due to its resistance to corrosion, weathering deformation, stress and abrasion. This lifetime demonstrates how UPVC is a viable choice for construction projects and is compatible with environmental responsibility standards, as well as increasing the reliability of structures. Apart from its strength as a structure, UPVC leads the way in environmental responsibility in the building industry. UPVC is a reputable inert, non-toxic polymer that meets the most stringent international safety regulations. UPVC windows are thermally insulated, which contributes to buildings’ increased efficiency in terms of energy consumption and also reduce the environmental impact of overheating or cooling. Because UPVC materials are lightweight they require less energy during installation and shipping. This helps reduce operating costs and reduces emissions, which helps reduce the environmental impact of construction. Because UPVC can be recycled and reusable after the completion of its lifespan and is a good example of the principles of the circular economy.
UPVC is an excellent illustration of proper waste management that can be done through recycling, incineration for energy recovery, or safe landfill disposal. One of the most notable aspects of UPVC is its unplasticized and hardened form that is extensively utilized in the construction industry to produce wall cladding, fascias and gutters. UPVC Cladding offers benefits which go beyond its structural benefits. UPVC cladding has a wide range of colors it is extremely durable and resists UV radiation, which means it is attractive even in harsh weather. One of the greatest advantages of UPVC is still how affordable it is. Notwithstanding its excellent attributes, UPVC is more affordable than many other plastic substitutes and can be a viable choice for many different building projects. UPVC construction materials are a valuable ally of the modern architecture revolution that is in progress. Each part that is included, from Composite decking, to UPVC Fascia Board, is crucial to building structures that are exceptional in terms of durability, strength, and design. Through the incorporation of UPVC into their projects, architects, builders, and homeowners are encouraged to embrace the future of construction.


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The Town of Windsor is soliciting proposals from qualified consulting firms with a proven track record and relevant project experience related to providing professional engineering services for the study and design of a storm drainage system from Chestnut Street to Eastman Park Drive.The Chestnut Street to Eastman Park Drive Drainage Study/Design is a two component project. The first component involves a detailed review of the current Town of Windsor Drainage Master Plan followed by further drainage evaluation and development of two conceptual alternative drainage design alignments and associated conceptual construction costs. After selection of the preferred alternative is made by Town staff, the consultant will develop final design drawings for construction of the selected alternative and final construction cost estimate.
Remove and install sanitary sewer, asphalt patching and landscape restoration.
The work is to be performed on various streets and shall include, but limited to: painting of traffic lanes, bicycle lanes, guidelines, application of thermoplastic messages and marking and their traffic markings as designated and/or required by the City of Chowchilla. Contractor is to provide all equipment, labor, materials and services as may be necessary for completing the work identified in the Scope of Work and Standards.
The Work of this Contract consists of the replacement of sidewalks, curb & gutters, access ramps, cross pans, storm inlets, and other concrete structures.
Allegheny County invites you to participate in a new prequalified contract for REPAIR OF ROADS, BRIDGES & RETAINING WALLS at various sites to be determined on an as-needed basis.
The City of Brighton by and through its Division of Procurement & Contracts is accepting Bids from qualified firms to furnish all labor, equipment, supplies, and material as necessary for the 50 N Main Flooding Mitigation and Chase Drain Replacement as stated in the Technical Specifications of this Invitation to Bid.Trench Drains - The City installed a trench drain system to drain an alley in downtown. The trench drains were installed approximately 20 years ago. The trench drain is adjacent to the foundation of buildings on either side of the alley. Over the years, water has begun to infiltrate the basements of the buildings due to the proximity to the foundation.Chase Drains - There are seven old and corroded chase drains that need to be replaced for safety and aesthetic reasons. The chase drains carry water through parking "bump outs" in the downtown area.
The work of this contract consists of slurry sealing and/ chip sealing Jacoby Road, Eastman Park Drive, Beacon Way, Boardwalk Drive, Windjammer Drive, Sunset Bay Drive, Saginaw Pointe Drive, Whitney Court, Rock Bridge Court, and Cobble Court and the parking lots at Eastman Park and Boardwalk Park. See the construction drawings for additional information.
The Work to be accomplished under this Contract generally includes the improvement of Willow Street from Atlantic Avenue to Cherry Avenue, 28th and 29th Streets from Walnut Avenue to Cherry Avenue, Gardena Avenue 28th Street to 29th Street, and Gaviota Street from Hill Street north to cul-de-sac. The Work includes cold milling, paving, curb and gutter, street reconstruction, signing and striping, pavement markings, traffic loops and all appurtenant Work as shown on the Plans and Specifications.


Cistern calculation information
The capacity values obtained from the calculator are advisory only.
The calculator advises a cisterns Actual Useable Capacity. (The toal useable volume of water available in the cistern) and dependant on its height, the cistern's estimated nominal capacity based on application.
A cistern's nominal capacity is its total internal volume calculated by multiplying its length x width x height.
For shallow cisterns, 1m or so deep, a significant proportion of nominal capacity is lost resultant on accommodating the height requirement of float valve, overflow fittings and position of outlet connection. A minimum loss of 25% in nominal capacity is to be expected. THis could increase, possibly to 60%, if large float valves and corresponding outlets are fitted as for break tank or booster pump set duties.
The greater the height of a cistern, for any given inlet size, the greater is its proportion of actual useable capacity available. Cisterns 3 to 4m in height will suffer only a modest 10-15% loss of nominal capacity and possibly only up to 30% when break tank and booster pump set duties are required.
Having determined a cisterns nominal size, whether it be shallow (1-2m) or deep (3-4m), the most appropriate cistern length, width and height can be determined based on space availability at the actual site location.
The break or booster tank sizing advised is a minimum buffer capacity only. No strategic storage is allowed for and its function is only in providing an anti-siphon pressure break or as a feed tank to a booster pump. Pump feed connections must not be rated greater than 1.5 m/s to minimise noise within buildings and inlet pipes must be sized to ensure inlet flow rates are always less than pump delivery capacities under all conditions.


There are two projects in the works that will transform the future of East Colfax transit services:
15L Route Improvement Project
Over the next several years, RTD will be upgrading all of the 15L stops between Broadway and I-225 to include enhanced shelters with lighting and security cameras. Other improvements such as queue bypass lanes, transit signal priority and bus bulbs will be added in key locations along the corridor.
Colfax Corridor Connections
With support from RTD, the City and County of Denver is leading the Colfax Corridor Connections project which is intended to determine how best to improve transit, overall mobility and livability within the East Colfax corridor over the next 25 years.
15L ROUTE IMPROVEMENTS
Providing Transit Enhancements on Colfax
15L Route Improvements – Project Status (as of October 5, 2020)
Bus stops currently under construction:
Bus stop reopened after construction, shelter and amenities will be placed at a later date TBD
Bus stops with construction planned soon:
Several weeks or months may pass between project phases at each stop.
15L Route Improvements Project at a Glance
- Existing service:
- RTD routes 15 Local (15) and 15 Limited (15L) serve East Colfax from downtown Denver to the Aurora Metro Center.
- The 15 and 15L combined are the busiest routes in the entire RTD system, with approximately 24,000 boardings per day, which is more than some RTD rail corridors.
- Bus service on East Colfax operates nearly 24 hours per day, 7 days a week.
- The work varies by stop, but will be completed in three general phases:
- Initial work may include surveying, erosion control, utility locates, and directional boring.
- Crews will continue with site civil improvements that may include replacing concrete bus pads, boarding areas and sidewalks.
- The contractor will return to the site to place the bus shelter and amenities.
- RTD has received grant funds from the Federal Transit Administration (FTA) and the Colorado Department of Transportation (CDOT).
- The project will make stop improvements at all 15L bus stops between Broadway in Denver and I-225 in Aurora.
- The project will connect with the R Line at the Colfax Station on the east end of the route and Civic Center Station on the west end.
- As part of the project, 37 bus stops will be upgraded.
Bus stops for the 15L are spaced approximately every 1/2 mile along Colfax.
Bus Stop Improvements
- Enhanced bus shelters that include lighting, security cameras, and passenger information
- Trash cans and benches
- At some stops, bus bulbs, also know as curb extensions, will be added, which will provide more waiting space for passengers and allow buses to stop in the travel lane instead of pulling to the curb which will reduce delays in service.
- Queue bypass lanes will be located at four locations where buses experience delays due to traffic congestion. The lanes will allow buses to share a right turn-only lane, which will allow buses to proceed in advance of the green light for the general purpose lanes.
- Transit Signal Priority (TSP) will be installed at many intersections in Denver, which will provide longer green lights for buses to progress along Colfax.
Bus service – 15 and 15L routes will operate during construction. Temporary bus stop closures or relocations are expected. Adjacent stops in the same direction will not be closed at the same time. Stops may reopen between project phases without benches and other amenities. Sign up for RTD rider alerts here.
Pedestrian access – Sidewalks near bus stops may be closed during construction. A signed detour route will be provided for temporary sidewalk closures.
Lane closures – Parking and lane closures are anticipated during construction. Lane closures are scheduled to avoid peak.
15L Route Improvements Timeline
- Preliminary design was completed in first quarter
- RTD will finalize the design before construction begins
- Construction on the project began in April
- Construction will continue through the Spring
- Denver: Monday - Friday, 7 a.m. to 9 p.m.; Saturday & Sunday, 8 a.m. to 5 p.m.
- Aurora: Monday - Friday, 7 a.m. to 5 p.m.; Saturday & Sunday, 7 a.m. to 5 p.m.
- Night work is possible
Rendering of enhanced bus shelter at Colfax and Lincoln
Rendering of enhanced bus shelter at Colfax and Broadway
Rendering of bus bulbs, also known as curb extensions
City of Denver Colfax Corridor Connections
The Future of East Colfax Transit
About The Project
With support from RTD, the City and County of Denver (CCD) is leading the City of Denver Colfax Corridor Connections project which is a study of transit and mobility within the East Colfax Corridor. The stated goal of the project is to improve transit, overall mobility and livability within the corridor now and over the next 25 years. The corridor study area is bounded by I-25 to the west, I-225 to the east, 12th Avenue to the south and 20th Avenue to the north.
An Alternatives Analysis (AA) report was completed in June 2015 with Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) on Colfax being selected as the Locally Preferred Alternative (LPA). Key elements of the BRT are as follows:
- Exclusive bus-only lane during peak hours for 4.7 miles (Broadway to Syracuse Street)
- Enhanced bus stops for the entire length of the corridor with bus bulbs/curb extensions where appropriate
- Branded buses with low-floor, multiple door boarding (off-board fare collection)
- BRT service would replace the existing Route 15L with more frequent service
- Exclusive lane will allow right-turning vehicles
- Exclusive lane will replace a general-purpose travel lane, not the parking lane
For more information about the City of Denver Colfax Corridor Connections please visit:


Snow-Covered Traffic Signs and Ground Markings
Round traffic signs which are completely covered with snow or ice and which are unreadable as a result can not be recognised and have no validity. However, traffic signs which can be recognised by their shape (e.g. a triangular give way sign, an octagonal stop sign) must be respected.
Round traffic signs that are only partly covered with snow and are recognizable must still be respected.
In case traffic signs are completely snow-covered drivers should also pay attention to the behaviour of other road users.
Ground markings which are completely covered with snow or ice and which can not be recognised as a result are only invalid if there are no additional corresponding traffic signs or the like. If the road surface is snow-covered and directional arrows are therefore not recognisable, the general traffic rules of the Straßenverkehrsordnung (StVO) apply.
Short-term parking zones must be respected even if the corresponding ground markings are covered with snow as they are always marked by corresponding traffic signs. However, short-term parking zones can be suspended in times of heavy snowfall.
oesterreich.gv.at Editorial Staff


LEARN ALL ABOUT DURADEK
Company StoryOpen or CloseSince 1974, Duradek has been supplying North America's premier sheet vinyl pedestrian traffic membrane. Along with other PVC products, such as siding, windows and industrial roofing. Duradek vinyl has gained wide acceptance in the construction industry as the ultimate in maintenance-free outdoor flooring. Duradek's factory engineered products and professional, detailed installation techniques have set new standards for waterproofing that works.
All Duradek membranes are reinforced for multi-directional strength and stability, and have a textured finish for slip-resistance. To increase performance, the vinyl makeup includes mildew inhibitors along with ultraviolet and heat stabilizers. It is also fire-retardant and resistant to most chemicals. Attractive patterns, colors and textures provide a contemporary new look, previously unavailable in the outdoor waterproof flooring market.
Duradek is continually researching, developing and testing new products and application techniques.
Product StoryOpen or CloseDuradek, the ORIGINAL sheet vinyl membrane for waterproofing decks and balconies, was developed to solve leak problems over 25 years ago.
HOW DURADEK IS BETTER
• Duradek is a pre-manufactured sheet, installed in one step and ready for immediate use as it dries quickly and requires no curing time. It can even be walked on during the installation process, meaning fewer tenant disruptions and vacancies.
• Duradek can be successfully installed in almost all weather conditions.
• Duradek protects the structure of your home by preventing water infiltration.
• Duradek products are extensively tested at the factory, as well as independent government approved agencies.
• Duradek is glued to almost any surface, even over cracks with minimal surface preparation.
• Duradek requires no regular maintenance except cleaning.
• Duradek is completely waterproof and comes in varying degrees of slip-resistant surfaces.
• Duradek has a long life expectancy and can be re-coated in the future.
• If desired, carpet can easily be installed over Duradek.
Duradek AdvantageOpen or CloseThe waterproof deck by Duradek is the original, waterproof, single-ply PVC membrane for roofdecks, sundecks, patios, and balconies -- virtually all decks. The Duradek line offers many advantages over the traditional or look-a-like systems. These advantages include:
• Over 30 years and millions of square feet of Duradek® vinyl deck waterproofing installation history.
• Competitively priced -- up-front pricing from frame construction to top surface vinyl.
• 100% waterproof protection of the deck framing structure preventing wood rot -- it keeps everything below it dry.
• Minimizes nail and screw breakdown from rust.
• Stops concrete surface breakdown.
• No mandatory re-coating to maintain warranty.
• Best life-cycle cost for deck available.
• Quality and uniform thickness are performed at the factory under controlled conditions to eliminate onsite contaminates, membrane delimitation and surface inconsistency.
• Sheet vinyl can be applied and used immediately unlike liquid systems.
• Stops the water from limiting your deck structure's life.
• Duradek can be installed in most northwest weather as long as the subsurface is reasonably dry (10-18% moisture).
• Bottom reinforcement for longest wear surface life and superior installation and detailing.
• Carries one of the strongest waterproof deck warranties available.
• Class "A" and "C" rated Roof Deck Systems.
• ICC rated deck and roof system.
• Proven superior deck stability.
• Northwest's largest and oldest waterproof vinyl deck installation contractor network.
• Duradek membranes are easily repaired (because accidents happen) or extended for years to come.
• Eliminates the requirement of additional heavy and bulky mechanical protection.
• Printed patterns help hide dirt and keep surface looking attractive longer.
• No open pores to hold mold and mildew for the least maintenance required.
• Over 30 choices of color, thickness, and texture.
• Drains, scuppers, overflows and several termination options (laminated metal or termbar) all with color options.
Simply put: if your deck or deck system can't provide these qualities, then you will build and repair again and again. Stop the cycle! Build it once -- build it right.
Trained InstallersOpen or CloseDuradek offers on-going classroom and video training to waterproofing contractors.
The Duradek training is a combination of floor laying skills for appearance and single ply roofing skills for water tightness. Thorough knowledge of adhesives, sealants, coatings, carpentry, and concrete restoration work are common traits of a Duradek®contractor.
All necessary components of the finished waterproof system are available from Duradek. This includes the adhesives, sealants, all drains, scuppers and perimeter fastening devices.
All Duradek products, when applied by a certified Duradek contractor, are covered by written warranties. Terms are dependent upon product thickness.
Commercial Waterproofing SolutionsOpen or CloseThe Duradek System consists of a number of different types of sheet vinyl products, designed individually for many end uses.
All are textured PVC, laminated to a polyester reinforced fabric for additional strength. Available in an assortment of widths, thicknesses and textures, Duradek vinyl membranes offer a wide range of waterproofing solutions in both residential and commercial construction.
Heavy duty vinyl membranes are perfect for use on roof decks.
Constructed of 60 mils of PVC resin, these products are capable of accepting heavy pedestrian traffic and extreme heat and ultraviolet conditions.
Residential Waterproofing SolutionsOpen or CloseThe Duradek System is unique in its assortment of widths, thicknesses, patterns, colors and textures.
Duradek's rough textured materials offer excellent slip-resistance for safe footing on ramps and stairs. The smoother textures offer easy-to-care-for surfaces.
Lighter weight Duradek vinyls offer cost-conscious solutions for deck and balcony surfaces not exposed to heavy traffic or extreme conditions. For roofdecks or surfaces requiring maximum protection, heavy-duty (Ultra) sheet flooring is ideal.
New contemporary colors, textures and patterns offer the potential for complimentary or contrasting borders and even custom design work.
Duradek vinyl surfaces also work very well for interior applications. Indoor pool decks, hot tub areas, and even garage floors are enhanced by Duradek's waterproof, easy to clean surfaces.
Make a Choice that LastsOpen or CloseThe Duradek product line is available in a wide range of attractive colors, textures, patterns and thicknesses.
• Easy to maintain Duradek means less work and more time to enjoy!
• Duradek - the roof you can walk, sit, play and relax on.
• Professionally installed in one step, Duradek is ready for immediate use.
Colors & PatternsOpen or Close


Forum Letter Replies
Construction Work Kept Within Noise Limits
In her letter “Stop construction work on Sundays” (Sunday Times, 12 July 2009), Ms Lam Ze Ying expressed concerns about the noise level from the construction works at St. Hilda’s Secondary School, and the Lift Upgrading Programme (LUP) works at Block 908, Tampines Avenue 4.
We apologise to Ms Lam for any inconvenience caused by the construction works. We would like to inform Ms Lam that noise limits set by the National Environment Agency (NEA) are more stringent for construction sites near hospitals, schools and residential areas. Construction companies are required to take noise abatement measures and manage their work effectively so as to comply with the noise limits. These limits vary by time period and by the type of premises affected by the construction noise. For example, night-time noise limits are more stringent than day-time limits.
Both the Housing and Development Board (HDB) and the Ministry of Education (MOE) work closely with our contractors to ensure that they abide by all the rules set by the various regulatory agencies. For example, noise meters are installed at the school site to measure the noise level. Based on our site checks and inspections, we are satisfied that the noise levels at the school and at Block 908 Tampines Avenue 4 are within the permissible limits.
The LUP at Block 908 Tampines Avenue 4 was completed in February this year. As works were carried out within the residential block, the requirements were stricter and the contractors were allowed to carry out LUP works only from 8.00am to 6.00pm, Monday to Saturday excluding public holidays.
Ms Lam has also raised concerns over the working hours. Site inspections by the Ministry of Manpower’s Employment Inspectors showed that the workers do not work beyond the statutory limit of 12 hours on any given day including overtime. With shift deployment, it is possible for a worksite to operate longer hours than any individual worker deployed there. We thank Ms Lam for her feedback.
Director, Finance & Development
Ministry of Education
Director, Corporate Communications
for Permanent Secretary
Ministry of Manpower
Director, Pollution Control Department
National Environment Agency
Deputy Director (Upgrading Construction Management)
for Director (Building and Quality)
Housing & Development Board
Stop construction work on Sundays (Ms Lam Ze Ying, Sunday Times, 12 February 2009)
For the umpteenth Sunday, I have been woken up by the noise level from the construction site opposite my HDB flat at Tampines Avenue 4, where St Hilda’s Secondary School is undergoing reconstruction.
My questions are:
Are construction sites allowed to operate on Sundays under Singapore’s labour laws? With respect to workplace safety and health, should construction workers be allowed to work seven days a week, 12 hours a day? Is this legal and would it contribute to higher accident rates? Recently, on a Saturday, I noted that they operated from 8am to 8pm.
As a resident in a heartland area, I want a peaceful Sunday as I need to rest from a hectic work week and enjoy family time.
When I renovated my flat, my contractor told me the HDB does not allow contractors to work on Sundays as the noise would disturb others. My question then is, why are construction sites operating on Sundays? The noise level is much higher compared to one HDB flat undergoing renovation, and more residents are affected by this noise. The lift—upgrading programme workers at Block 908 also worked on Sundays. And why do they also work till 8pm on Saturdays?
I have called the police station in Tampines previously to provide feedback on the noise level and was told that they have given warnings to the nearby construction sites. This obviously did not have any effect as the construction continues even on Sundays.
If it’s illegal, then the construction site at St Hilda’s Secondary should be fined and operations on Sundays stopped. Would the relevant authorities — be it the Manpower Ministry, the HDB or town council — look into this and respond?


Aerial insulated Cables of rated voltages up to and including 12kV.
This is a kind of climate bearable XLPE insulated aerial cables of copper core, aluminum core, suitable for overhead power line of AC rated voltage U0/U/Um 21/36 (42)kV and below.
- Rated voltage U0/U/Um: 21/36(42)kV.
- Long-term permissible working temperature of cable conductor: XLPE insulated cable shall not exceed 90℃.
- XLPE When core is in short circuit (max 5s) the temperature should not exceed 250℃.
- The layout temperature of cable shall not be lower than -20℃.
- Permissible bending radius of cable: The cable whose O.D. is shorter than 25mm, its radius shall not be less than 20D; the cable whose O.D. is 25mm or more than, its radius shall not be less than 15D;
- The cable insulation resistance should not be less than 4100MΩkm
- A.C. voltage test 21/36(42)kV: Test voltage 63kV
|Model kV||Section mm2||Name||Main usage|
|JkYJ||50-300||Copper-core XLPE insulation aerial cable of rated 21/36(42) voltage||Suitable for fixed ower transmission and Lead-in mains. Flexible copper conductor roducts are suitable for transformer’s leading-out. When being erected. It shall be keep a distance away from surrounding trees. It is permitted that the cable in operation may frequently contact with surrounding trees.|
|JkTRYJ||50-300||Copper-core XLPE insulation aerial cable of rated 21/36(42) voltage|
|JkLYJ||50-300||Aluminium-core XLPE insulation aerial cable of rated 21/36(42) voltage|


Similar to tar and gravel roofing, the modified bitumen (torch down) roof consists of layers of fiberglass and polyester with bitument that are added to the regular tar and gravel layering system. These extra sheets are torched down in the overlap areas during the installation process, using large flame throwing torches that melt the asphalt at the seams to join them together, which is the origin of the name torch down roofing. The final result is the vulcanization of a large rubber sheet onto a fiberglass base.
Also called torch down, due to the mixing of asphalt with rubber compounds, torch down roofing provides additional strength and resistance to a flat or low sloped roof. It is not, however, suited to areas prone to high rainfall or snowfall, and has an average life expectancy of about 15 years. A torch down roof is also significantly more attractive than a standard tar and gravel roof.


Description: Located in downtown Kansas City, Missouri's historic River Market district, the site of the original riverfront settlement, The City Market is a complex of vintage structures built from 1920 to 1950. It is comprised of year-round restaurants, retail specialty food establishments, novelty retail shops and open-air "sheds" that are occupied during the growing season by local farmers selling home grown fresh produce. The City Market has recently begun to thrive with a new mix of permanent food and food related tenants, a full capacity farmer's market and it's increasing use as an entertainment venue - a result of the district's increase in popularity as a place to live, work and play.
PWA was first charged with developing a master plan that reflected the changing needs of the market's tenants and the needs of the increasingly residential neighborhood surrounding it. Through the facilitation of a series of workshops with City staff, the City Market management company, tenants, and other special interest groups, a list of needs were developed and project goals established. Improved circulation, better accommodations for both tenants and customers, graphics, lighting, and updated shop-fronts in addition to various maintenance and tenant planning needs were identified as necessary in the making of a more attractive and inviting City Market. These project goals were then prioritized and conceptual budgets established for an itemized list of projects. This then became the road map for the design team in moving forward.
Included in this list of improvements were: 1) developing a comprehensive Master Plan for the whole of the six block site; 2) restroom improvements and ADA upgrades; 3) new graphics and signage; 4) addressing historic building issues; 5) new main entrances from the east and west parking lots; 6) new tenant store fronts; 7) new shade structures; 8) parking lot improvements; 9) new building additions connecting the existing facilities; 10) fire protection and life safety, and; 11) general building maintenance.
One of the projects identified as a top priority in the City Market master plan was the addition of two new pedestrian entrances that would provide a connection between the existing east parking lot facing Grand Boulevard to the open air sheds in the center of the City Market. To accomplish this, Piper-Wind Architects designed two pedestrian lobbies that cut through the existing two-story building that separated the parking from the open air sheds. These new pedestrian lobbies were architecturally delineated by a sloped glazing roof that extends the full length of the lobby - thus creating a clear visual link and discernable path from outside to inside to the interior market square.
These new entrances were considered very significant improvements to the City Market as it created a dramatic new front door facing Grand Boulevard. While accommodating the practical function of providing entry points through the City Market's large eastern most building, these entrances provided two new access points for pedestrians at what previously had been a series of truck docks and service bays. This new connection to Grand Boulevard - the main roadway for Kansas City from the Riverfront to the Country Club Plaza - was a deliberate gesture to allow the City Market to face outward - reflecting the fact that the blocks on which it sits has four sides. Similarly, as development and activity grows around the market understanding that people will be coming to the Market from all sides and not just one.
The design of the new entrances was in concept based on the shapes and forms that already existed at the Market. The roof slope of the new sloped glazing matched the roof slope of the existing open air sheds. To solve the change in elevation between the existing parking lot and the floor of the new pedestrian entrance lobbies (originally accommodating truck loading docks) Piper-Wind designed ADA accessible ramps as an integral part of the entrance facade.
One of the challenges of the design and construction of the new entrances was the need to protect a very busy, successful and rare historical artifact museum located directly below one of new entrances. Special considerations, including museum security, dust, noise and vibration control, thermal and moisture protection (the museum has vary stringent requirements of temperature and humidity control which must be maintained in order to preserve their artifacts), and phasing of construction so as not to disrupt the museum daily operations were undertaken in the design and construction documents to assure that the museum would not be adversely effected by the construction.
During the design phase Piper-Wind Architects, Inc. worked closely with consultants to develop construction cost estimates and then verified at the end of the construction document phase. This effort led to the design team's construction cost estimate to be within 2% of the successful bid for the project.
Additional projects at the City Market which have thus far been developed include: 1) a comprehensive graphics program - tenant signage and design standards, way-finding and general identification, including the redesign of the historic entrance arch; 2) a new transit center / parking facility and a pair of cornerstone pocket parks - which serve as a gateway to the adjacent riverfront district; 3) the planning / preliminary design of a high density mixed use residential district on the City's adjacent surface parking lots to the west; 4) the creation of new shade structures inside the market square and next to the existing arcades, cantilevered over the existing sidewalks, which provide additional outdoor market space for permanent tenants, and; 5) the refurbishment of the first of the three open air market structures, including an all weather enclosure which effectively expands the season in which weekend vendors can sell their wares.
Engaged by the City of Kansas City, Missouri's City Architect's Office, Piper-Wind Architects served as the executive architects for all improvements to the complex. These projects, among others, have resulted in a master plan of over $12 million in construction projects which are being implemented over a ten year period.


Columbus Professionals Offering Lot Grading
Your civil engineer has designed a plan to preparing your site for construction. This plan is often weeks in the making: field tests have been performed, measurements were taken and the engineer, likely with the help of specialized software, has decided on how to either flatten or slope your property to make it suitable for construction. Kurguz Paving has been serving the Columbus, Ohio, area for more than 30 years, handling complicated mass grading projects in a safe, timely fashion. We have the needed equipment to come in and remove large amounts of earth to make a site suitable for construction. We work carefully, making sure not to disturb existing utilities, some of which may be buried underground. We use the same expertise and equipment to fill large holes in a way to minimize the risk of settling and sinkholes later.
Precise Leveling for Homes & Businesses
A later phase includes a more precise form of leveling, sometimes called lot grading. This step is more hands-on and can require numerous iterations of scraping and/or compaction. Laser equipment is used to check levels against the engineer’s specifications. High-tech tools are great for speeding up work and increasing accuracy, but nothing beats a trained eye to keep a project on course. We have extensive experience in finish grading, enabling our crews to spot the needs of the site and handle them accordingly. A difference between amateur and quality work can mean pools of standing water versus properly draining pavement. Remember that poor slopes can also send water towards buildings, which can cause moisture damage and rot out foundations.
Combining the Latest Techniques With 30 Years of Experience
We’re the Columbus area's grading experts you can count on. We can handle your project all the way to the finish line, providing concrete or asphalt striping to meet your plan’s specifications. Give us a call for a free estimate at 614-239-1919.


The Roosting Ecology of Insectivorous Bats in Road Structures in Urban Brisbane
The roosting ecology of insectivorous bats in road structures in urban areas has received limited research. The demand for science-based decision making in relation to managing insectivorous bats in road structures will only increase as pressures of urbanisation and associated vehicular traffic increase.
There are four key questions underlying this project:
1. Can landscape attributes be used to determine the spatial distribution of insectivorous bats within road structures in suburban Brisbane?
Identifying landscape attributes that determine the spatial distribution of insectivorous bats within road structures in suburban Brisbane may enable prediction of the likelihood of insectivorous bat roosts within road structures prior to works. This will provide greater conservation outcomes for insectivorous bats roosting in road structures, create cost savings for road managers and strengthen science-based decision making during project planning to enable road managers to avoid impacts on insectivorous bats roosting in road structures.
2. What are the roost characteristics being favoured by insectivorous bats within road structures?
The loss of roosting habitat is regularly seen to be mitigated by the provision of a wooden nest box installed within the vicinity of the original roost site. However, the microhabitat conditions provided by a nest box are not comparable to crevices provided within road structures. The efficacy of the design and lay-out of compensatory measures is largely unknown and no studies have identified the characteristics of roost sites within road structures used by roosting insectivorous bats. This study will record roost site attributes to determine which attributes insectivorous bats are favouring. This information will guide the design of artificial habitat.
3. What is the roost-switching behaviour of a colonial roost group of insectivorous bats in suburban Brisbane?
Radio-tracking and the use of Passive Integrated Transponder tags (PIT tags) will provide insight into roost-switching behaviours of insectivorous bats living within road structures. This information will strengthen science-based decision making in regards to the value of a particular roost site within a road structure. This knowledge will enable road managers to have greater confidence in deciding on appropriate management, and timing, of construction activities which impact on roost sites.
4. What is the genetic relationship between colony members and local outgroups?
Mitochondrial DNA analysis provides an insight into the degree of relatedness between females (female lineages or matriarchal hierarchies) and also the relationship of resident males to the female maternity group. This information will strengthen science-based decision making in regards to the importance of a particular colony, including maternity colonies, within a road structure. This knowledge will enable road managers to have greater confidence in selecting appropriate management actions in regards to timing of construction activities which impact on maternity roost sites.


we have built many exotic and practical paving solutions with years of experience in this field
Our decking solutions are second to none, using the best quality products to give you a deck that will last a long time.
We can provide and install any type of fencing solution for you.
Any type of driveway surface, we hae done them all and can give you that wow factor as people approach your property.
Any concreting solution undertaken, paths, bases for sheds, we can do it all.
Another speciality service, having trained as a bricklayer in the UK, any brick or stonework solution, you will not find anyone better.
Stone work solutions, with many previously undertaken, we will exceed your expectations.
Stone or Wooden retaining wall, we can design and build these for you.
With an excellent team of builders and carpenters, we can provide your garden some great Balustrading/Fencing solutions.
Any water feature you require, we can help you design and we will build and implement.
Paths, either concrete, stone or paved, we specialise in great outdoor area paths.
Many gardens require steps, to enhance multi level gardens, we can provide outstanding solutions and exceed your expectations.
We can design and install Garden Drainage Solutions to ensure yoru garden always looks its best
Need a low maintenance garden, we have Mulching/Bark services, so you don't need to spend too much time in the garden.
We can source and recomend trees that will best suit your garden and plant them for you.
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Drilling concrete is primarily used to install rebar and wire mesh for foundation reinforcement, cable trays, and conduit. There are many different types of concrete bits used, depending on the application and size of the hole needed. For small holes, there are diamond-tipped masonry bits. For larger holes, there are rotary hammers and core bits, which come in different sizes.
In concrete work, coring drills make small cylindrical cores from drilled holes allowing technicians to test properties of surrounding materials without having to take additional samples. This form of testing is often called a mini-bore, and a wide range of bit sizes can be used depending on the size of the hole needed to extract the core sample. Some bits have replaceable carbide tips that extend their life and provide continuous performance throughout their working life under normal conditions. In normal usage, it takes approximately 1 minute per inch diameter for a handheld percussion drill to drill a 3-inch hole in the concrete.
Types of Concrete Drills Used
There are many different types of concrete bits that can be used to drill into concrete depending on the application and size required. The most common type of bit would be carbide-tipped coring bits or rotary hammer drills, which are generally used for smaller holes and where the concrete is either not too hard or has been previously drilled.
Water jet equipment is generally used for larger holes and harder concrete, which uses high-pressure, high-speed water to bore through the concrete. Holes can range from a single hole for a drain to hundreds of holes. This method also allows the cables and support members for the slabs to be installed. Some equipment can bore up to 30 inches.
Coring drills cut out small cylindrical cores from drilled holes, allowing technicians to test the properties of surrounding materials without having to take additional samples. Handheld power corers may also be used to collect soil samples, such as those testing for environmental conditions, the existence of hazardous gas, or to collect an environmental sample for testing.
Cement core drills make small cores to provide access holes through which concrete can be poured, especially in the case of postwar renovations. You have equipment which provides a means of accurately placing pilot holes prior to installing mechanical fasteners. Cable installation tools are used for creating conduits or tunnels that allow electrical power and communications cabling to run through floors, ceilings, walls, and other building structures. With a hammer drill, you can drill in any masonry or concrete material.
You need rotary percussion drills for use in heavy-duty applications in hard materials such as brick and stone. They are particularly used when high drilling rates must be combined with high penetration rates and also often come equipped with two handles to allow the user to apply force at different angles. They operate by repeatedly dropping a heavyweight into the top of the drill string, providing a strong downward force onto the cutting surface – they provide higher torque than standard rotary drills and so will bore faster but not necessarily any deeper. Drills come in both corded electric and cordless models and utilize either 2-speed gearboxes or electronic speed control, depending on their application and price range.
Drilling a hole with a rotary hammer can be hazardous. The device uses a heavyweight to repeatedly drop on the same spot on the drill bit – this creates a strong force that can cause bits to break, shatter or explode if they come into contact with metal debris. After all, you don’t want them ruining your concrete drilling equipment! You need safety gear for this type of drilling – safety goggles, ear protection, and dust masks will help protect you from flying particles as well as from dust created by masonry work which may contain silica. In some cases, respirators with special cartridges may be necessary to protect from breathing harmful vapors or gases released.
The carbide drill features a rotating bit with teeth on the tip designed to break up hard materials. They are made from different materials: one for harder surfaces, such as marble or granite, and another for softer surfaces like brick or plaster. The rotary hammer produces both torque and blows – applied in rapid sequence to create penetration while using less energy than other drilling methods. It works by repeatedly pounding the same surface area of the drill bit, creating multiple penetrating forces (percussive action) that allow it to penetrate into harder surfaces quickly compared to standard rotary drills.
A right-angle die grinder may be used when working in tight spaces or where you need more control over the drill when it’s being applied. A right-angle drill enables the downward force to be applied in a direction parallel to the axis of the drill, allowing it to work well in tight spaces or where you need more control. This allows for accurate drilling into hard-to-reach areas without causing damage to surrounding surfaces.
Concrete drilling is a cumbersome but important task in construction work. The job requires the use of specialized equipment as well as skill and knowledge to ensure that holes are cut at proper locations for specifications. To ensure safety, drills are operated by trained professionals who know how to handle the equipment. Drilling concrete is far different from other types of drilling due to its hardness and tendency to cause breakage in drill bits.
A concrete drill can bore into any dense material, whether you need small holes for wiring or larger ones for installing support beams. These tools are used for creating tunnels through building materials such as floors, walls, and ceilings. They are applied in the construction of underground drainage and waste removal systems. Even though concrete is hard, there are many different types of drills for each application.
Drilling holes through concrete is not the same as drilling wood or metal. Concrete, especially in structures that are several years old, is likely to be very hard. It may also contain foreign objects that will damage the drill bit. As a result, special rotary drills are used for this purpose.


The Regional Construction Standards is a reference manual of uniform construction standards for improvements in public rights-of-way. The Regional Construction Standards address "horizontal" improvements and those involving the major elements of roadways, drainage and utilities (water distribution and wastewater collection). These documents are intended to accommodate most of the typical construction projects in the region and support the majority of issues the communities face in building minor roads and utilities. Additional specifications and standard details, along with improvements to earlier versions, will be an ongoing effort.
Calling Consultants, Contractors, Vendors
A Focus Group session will be held sometime in January-March 2016 to provide review comments on the upcoming new edition. This Focus Group session is for Consulting Engineers, Contractors and Vendors who provide goods and services for improvements in public rights of way in Hampton Roads. The session will be held at HRPDC and the date and time will be identified in the future. Interested individuals should email Bob Sciacchitano at SciacchitanoR@CDMSmith.com
Large Diameter Focus Group
A focus group committee has been working on modifications to 800 Sections to expand the allowable pressure pipe diameters from 16 –inches to 36-inches and gravity sewers from 18-inches to 24-inches. Their work will be incorporated into appropriate draft sections of the 6th Edition which is scheduled for publication in July 2015. Many thanks to the committee members who donated their time and expertise.
6th Edition Review Schedule (Revised as of May 2015)The Technical Review Committee and our consultant are in the process of drafting a new edition (6th). The newly revised schedule of activities identifies when the various sections of the document will be reviewed by the TRC. Interested parties may provide suggestions for improvements by using the Proposed Revision form and sending their suggestions to our consultant at least one month prior to the schedule section review. The publication of the 6th Edition has been delayed to better coordinate with the upcoming new edition of the VDOT “Road and Bridge Specifications”, resulting in a more comprehensive and compatible, document.


About TDB Builders
TDB Builders was formed in 2003 by Bill Jeans and Tony Vannelli. Having each owned his own construction company previously, they combined to form TDB Builders in order to expanded their services and broadened their scope of work. Together, they have over 25 years of experience.
Since 2003, TDB Builders has been providing full service general contracting, construction management, and design/build projects in Minnesota and its surrounding communities. TDB headquarters is located in Saint Paul, Minnesota.
TDB Builders' staff possesses the professional experience necessary to manage general contracting, design/build projects, project management, field supervision, estimating, and administration of services rendered.
TDB Builders' experience includes professional buildings, gas stations, convenience stores, restaurants, banks, industrial buildings, fitness centers, salons, tenant improvements, and town home developments.
TDB Builders is committed to providing the best quality in our construction projects. Originally, Bill and Tony started as carpenters in the field. From there they proceeded through many different facets of the construction industry and have taken their experience and knowledge to new projects. Through years of experience in the field, TDB Builders has the ability to engineer projects during both the pre-construction phase and the actual construction phase. This dedication to cost-savings has been enjoyed by clients since 2003.
Our goal as a company has always been to provide the best services for the best value.


As the effects of climate change are felt across the world and with the construction industry is responsible for as much as 40 per cent of man-made carbon emissions, both governments and individuals are beginning to take the task of building eco-friendly houses much more seriously. Fuelled by increased demand a new industry of eco- friendly home building has grown up and a whole host of technological innovations have created an arsenal of eco-friendly building materials and techniques. From wind turbines, to solar panels, to high efficiency lighting, ultra efficient insulation, glazing, water conservation, plumbing, recycling and much more.
An eco-house is built in such a way that reduces energy consumption and waste. Eco Homes reduces the buildings negative impact on human health and the environment, through better design, construction, siting, operation and maintenance. They are a combination of sustainable design, sustainable development and sustainable living. Eco homes are designed and built as part of the larger ecology of the planet; the design and construction of the building are done in harmony with the natural environment. Studies have shown that buildings are the most damaging polluters on the planet, consuming over half of all the energy used in developed countries and producing over half of all the climate-changing greenhouse gases. A successful eco house should give the owner the ‘best of both’ by providing less of an impact on the environment along with a healthier place to live and lower on-going running costs..


Italian contractor Astaldi has begun drilling two parallel tunnels as part of its S7 dual carriageway project in Poland.Each tunnel, between Naprawa and Skomielna Biala and under the Lubon Maly massif, will each be just over 2km long.Astaldi, based in Rome,[url=http://chipspreadermarket.com/road/4062.html]best way to seal driveway[/url] won the three-year S7 dual carriageway project worth around €225 million in 2016.
Work includes 38 bridges and viaducts and three motorway services. There will also be 25km of access roads and two junctions.The north-south S7, when completed, will run 720km from Gdańsk on the Baltic coast through Elbląg, Warsaw, Radom, Kielce and Kraków to Rabka near Poland’s southern border with Slovakia. The vast majority of construction will be upgrading National Road 7 (DK 7).The S7 is part of European route E77,[url=http://chipspreadermarket.com/road/4632.html]foundation concrete repair[/url] in turn part of the inter-European road system, starting in north-eastern Russia and running 1,690km through the Baltic Sea states, into Poland and connecting with central Europe.Astaldi’s highways division has been particularly active in Turkey – the Mount Bolu Tunnel, the Izmit Bay Bridge and, in Istanbul, the Third Bosphorus Bridge.
In 2015, Italian firm Salini Impregilo started construction of a 21.5km stretch of the S7 between the Jedrzejow and Checiny junctions under a deal worth nearly €144.67 million. Completion is set for the third quarter of of this year. Meanwhile,[url=http://chipspreadermarket.com/road/5066.html]limoges highway concrete machines[/url] a consortium headed by Budimex won a contract worth nearly €318.28 million for the construction of a 9.7km section of the S7 between Ostroda Polnoc and Ostroda Poludnie.