The Saint Pierre University Hospital in Brussels deals with 84,000 emergencies every year. Many different needs must be met in a very short time ranging from tracing emergency calls, treating patients and transferring blood bags.
The system they previously used to communicate emergencies was outdated and, for security reasons, was in
real need of an update. So, the hospital started looking for a replacement to modernise its equipment and improve the daily lives of paramedics and ambulance drivers. They got in touch with ENOVACOM who proposed its Surycat software as the most suitable solution.
In this case study, you’ll discover how the ENOVACOM Surycat platform connects business systems, applications and equipment to communication environments (medical-grade mobile devices, enterprise-grade Android™ smartphones, pagers, DECT, …) so that recipients get the real-time information they need to act no matter where they are.
Read on to see how, since the software solution has been implemented, ambulance dispatch is now much more secure and efficient.


BACHMANN FACILITY SOLUTIONS provide a wide range of desk connection panels and flexible systems for installation in buildings. The various desk connection panels are available in numerous designs and models for fitting in and on desks. They are used primarily in offices, training and conference rooms. One technical highlight is the CUSTOM MODULES, which offer long-term flexibility for data and media connections. CUSTOM MODULES can be retrofitted or interchanged quickly and easily. They therefore offer a high degree of flexibility and adaptability to future requirements in the dynamic world of data and media connections. Our desk connection panels are available with all current international power strips.
For installation in buildings, our LanLight® is an innovative and flexible supply system offering outstanding modularity and multi-functionality. LanLight won the Red Dot Product Design Award 2011.


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Gulf Coast MakerCon 2015
With Gratitude to
Special Thanks to
With Collaborative Partners
- Meet the Maker: Belinda Chapnick of Southern Oaks Endless Possibilities Fiber Studios
- Scrap on Spot Hosts the Deconstruction Zone at Gulf Coast MakerCon!
- Meet the Makers: Tampa Amateur Radio Club
- Makers of Maker Spaces at Gulf Coast MakerCon 2015!
- Southeast Combot Championship at Gulf Coast MakerCon!
Tag Archives: Ham radio
We’re very happy to have the Tampa Amateur Radio Club (TARC) joining us again this year at Gulf Coast MakerCon 2015. We asked a couple of their members to tell us a bit about amateur radio and the place of … Continue reading
We’re excited to have the Tampa Amateur Radio Club (TARC) joining us at Gulf Coast MakerCon again this year. We’ve always had “Hams” at our maker festival, and believe they bring a fun, interesting and important element to our DIY Celebration … Continue reading


Our primary objective is to consistently provide the highest quality two-way radio repair and in the industry. Our wide-area digital network allows for unit GPS tracking, enhanced Fleet Management, and other system support protocols to best fit your individual needs.
Wide Area Digital Network
Our wide area digital network provides reliable radio area coverage for our customers units and fleet. Communicate with your employees instantly, streamline daily activities, and help control daily costs all on our digital network.
GPS Tracking and Fleet Management
Our unit GPS tracking and Fleet Management AVL will help you manage and keep track of your workforce with ease. Utilizing our wide-area network, you’ll have seamless coverage and reach so you can be in constant communication with you team at the push of a button.
FCC Licensing and Renewal
We’ll handle any FCC licensing and renewal for your business, so you don’t have to stress about it!


BBM supplies the CS-JMX100SL for the JBL Xtreme portable speaker. This Li-Polymer battery offers 7.4V/5000mAh of power and is a direct replacement for the JBL GSP0931134. In stock & ready to ship.
This battery will fit the following models:
JBL: JBLXTREME, Xtreme
This battery will replace the following part numbers:
Part No.: CS-JMX100SL
Dimensions: 146.60 x 33.00 x 17.90mm


The Belatrix Lab is responsible for reviewing the existing technologies used in the client’s system, and identifying new technologies to support more optimal flow through. The Lab has identified several technologies, including the following three highlighted below:
- SignalR 2.0
The idea behind the signalR 2.0 technology is to allow the server to notify to the client about specific changes in data. Instead of issuing a classic massive broadcast, this tecnology tackles a very important issue, and avoids the scenario where the client (webpage) constantly asks the server for updates. With signalR 2.0 technology, the server notifies only those specific clients which have subscribed for a particular update. By using this technology approach, we have decreased the number of calls to the database thereby decreasing the overall network traffic which is an important topics on an industrial environment.
We are also implementing Memcached. Because we have multiple isolated applications, there is a need that the user log into just one time. By using Memcached, we can authenticate the user. This allows us to create an object in the memcached server. When the user tries to access one of the applications, it first queries this cache to get the user credentials. If they exist, access is granted. If they don’t exist, the user is unable to log into the application requested.rabbit
Last but not least, we are using rabbitMQ, a queue technology. We replaced the most requested tables with a queue. This improves the application time response while decreasing the number of calls to the database.
- Technology Experts — Dedicated technologic experts who research advanced or existing technology solutions
- Big Picture Perspective — Seasoned developers who step back from development process to look at optimal product or system design
- Technology Selection — Selecting the right technology can accelerate the development and testing process.
- Client Confidence — The client is able to rely on Belatrix to thorough examine a wide range of technologies to equip the product to be its most efficient.


Maximum number of concurrent connections has exceeded a limit
Error "Service not available, closing transmission channel. The server response was: 4.3.2 The maximum number of concurrent connections has exceeded a limit, closing transmission channel"
At the same time the following error is logged on the Exchange server:
Log Name: Application
Event ID: 1021
Task Category: SmtpReceive
Receive connector Relay for printers and applications rejected an incoming connection from IP address <<your IP>>. The maximum number of connections per source (20) for this connector has been reached by this source IP address.
This is a configurable limit on the Transport Service in Exchange which is set by default to 20. You can view this setting by using the following command in Exchange Management Shell:
Get-TransportServer | FT Name,MaxOutboundConnections,MaxPerDomainOutboundConnections
To raise the limit of 20 concurrent connections to (for example) 50 concurrent connections you can use the Set-TransportServer command in EMS:
Get-TransportServer | Set-TransportServer -MaxPerDomainOutboundConnections 50
However we got another error like the one above, we got The same error as below but it only applied to one receive connector, Not the whole organisation
Receive connector <name> rejected an incoming connection from IP address <ip> The maximum number of connections per source (20) for this connector has been reached by this source IP address.
This also means there is the same limit on the receive connector's as well, which needs updating.
Therefore the above fix would not work for us, we needed to check with this, which showed us the 20 limit....
Get-ReceiveConnector "Bear1\BearFlow" | fl MaxInboundConnectionPerSource
Then you can update it to 50 connections with this:
Set-ReceiveConnector "Bear1\BearFlow" -MaxInboundConnectionPerSource 50


|5 / F، ساختمان A، پارک صنعتی Feiyang، No.8 Longchang Rd، Baoan Districe، شنژن، چین، firstname.lastname@example.org|
|Place of Origin:||Shenzhen,China|
|نام تجاری:||AscentOptics/Neuter, OEM|
|Minimum Order Quantity:||1PCS|
|Packaging Details:||10 or 20PCS /Plastic tray, 1PC/Gift box|
|Delivery Time:||Within 1-3 working days after PO confirmed|
|Payment Terms:||T/T, Western Union, L/C|
SC Connector ONU Optical GPON Transceiver SFP Module TX 1.25G / RX 2.5G
|Datarate||TX 1.25G/RX 2.5G|
|Wavelenth||Tx1310nm / Rx1490nm|
|Application||Gigabit Ethernet Passive Optical Networks (GPON)/FTTx|
|Operating Temperature||-40℃~ +85℃|
The GPON ONU Transceiver is designed for Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Network(GPON)transmission. The module incorporates 1310nm burst-mode transmitter and 1490nm continuous-mode receiver.
The transmitter section uses a 1310nm DFB laser and an integrated BM laser driver which designed to perform very small burst enable/disable delay time. The laser driver also includes digital APC and temperature
compensation circuit, which are used for keeping the launch optical power and extinction ratio constant over temperature and aging.
The receiver section uses an integrated 1490nm APD photodiode and preamplifier mounted together. It has the function that indicates receiver signal-detected status (active high).
An integrated WDM coupler can separate 1490nm input light and 1310nm output light.
The metallic package guarantees excellent EMI and EMC characteristics, which totally comply with international relevant standards.
Q1. Can I have a sample order for this product?
A: Yes, we welcome sample order to test and check quality. Mixed samples are acceptable.
Q2. What about the lead time?
A:Sample needs 3-5 days, mass production time needs 1-2 weeks for order quantity more than
Q3. Do you have any MOQ limit for sample order?
A: Low MOQ, 1pc for sample checking is available


Determining the network prefix. An IPv4 subnet mask consists of 32 bits; it is a sequence of ones (1) followed by a block of zeros (0).The ones indicate bits in the address used for the network prefix and the trailing block of zeros designates that part as being the host identifier.
You've got your networking a little mixed up. An IPv4 ip address where all host bits are set to 0 is a network address. An IPv4 ip address where all host bits are set to 1 is a broadcast address. A .0 or a .255 in an IPv4 host ip address are perfectly valid depending on the subnet mask in use. Subnet Mask is a 32-bit number that is used to partition IP addresses into a network ID and a host ID.Subnet masks are used by TCP/IP services and applications to determine whether a given IP address on an internetwork is a local network address or a remote network address. Jul 15, 2020 · This follows on from the ID after a slash. So, in our example, that subnet scope could be written as 18.104.22.168/28. Given that the whole length of any subnet mask is 32, the information that the mask length is 28 tells you that the subnet portion has 4 digits. CIDR. Subnet Mask. Total IPs. Usable IPs /32: 255.255.255.255: 1: 1 /31: 255.255.255.254: 2: 2* /30: 255.255.255.252: 4: 2 /29: 255.255.255.248: 8: 6 /28: 255.255.255 Since the ‘1’ bits need to be contiguous, the octets of the subnet mask can only have the following values: 128, 192, 224, 240, 248, 252, 254, 255.As shown in the table, the shortest subnet mask has a length of /8 (corresponding to 255.0.0.0) while the longest has a length of /32 (corresponding to 255.255.255.255). Determining the network prefix. An IPv4 subnet mask consists of 32 bits; it is a sequence of ones (1) followed by a block of zeros (0).The ones indicate bits in the address used for the network prefix and the trailing block of zeros designates that part as being the host identifier.
In IPv4, the subnet mask 255.255.255.0 is 32 bits and consists of four 8-bit octets. The address: 10.10.10.0 subnet mask 255.255.255.0 means that the subnet is a range of IP addresses from 10.10.10.0 - 10.10.10.255. The prefix-length in IPv6 is the equivalent of the subnet mask in IPv4.
Subnet Calculator is used to divide an IP network into subnetworks by calculating network address, subnet mask, broadcast address and host IP address range.Please use the form below to enter an IP address and Subnet Mask, and we'll provide you with necessary information you'll need. What is subnet mask? Subnet mask is also a 32-bit binary number. Subnet mask is also expressed as four 8-bit (4 * 8 = 32 bits) numbers, separated by a dot. Example of a subnet mask is 255.255.0.0. A 32-bit IPv4 address (example: 172.16.0.100) is further divided into a network part and a host part. We need a mechanism to separate an IPv4 address
Jan 25, 2019 · But any mask, whatever it is, is needed in order to hide something or help in something. The subnet mask 32 is designed to perform the same functions. Application subnet mask 32. To use the subnet mask 32 you need to use the instruction or contact the professionals. The instruction is attached to the mask upon receipt.
Jul 13, 2017 · A subnet mask is a 32-bit number used to differentiate the network component of an IP address by dividing the IP address into a network address and host address. It does so with bit arithmetic whereby a network address is bit multiplied by the subnet mask reveal the underlying subnetwork. Oct 17, 2019 · The CIDR number comes from the number of ones in the subnet mask when converted to binary. The common subnet mask 255.255.255.0 is 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 in binary. This adds up to 24 ones, or /24 (pronounced ‘slash twenty four’). A subnet mask of 255.255.255.192 is 11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000 in binary, or 26 ones Jul 01, 2020 · It is called a subnet mask because it is used to identify network address of an IP address by perfoming a bitwise AND operation on the netmask. A Subnet mask is a 32-bit number that masks an IP address, and divides the IP address into network address and host address. Subnet Mask is made by setting network bits to all "1"s and setting host bits Dec 19, 2019 · Subnet Mask -- A 32-bit number used to distinguish the network and host portions of an IP address. Subnet or Subnetwork -- A smaller network created by dividing a larger network into equal parts. TCP/IP -- Used broadly, the set of protocols, standards and utilities commonly used on the Internet and large networks. /28 -- 16 Subnets -- 14 Hosts/Subnet. Network # IP Range Broadcast.0.1-.22.214.171.124-.126.96.36.199-.188.8.131.52-.184.108.40.206-.220.127.116.11-.18.104.22.168-.110 IPv6 Subnet Cheat Sheet. IPv6 is a complete and different animal as far as subnetting goes. Please note the yellow rows as each has special common use or notes. The subnet calculator allows the use of a single subnet bit - for example, a class C address with a subnet mask of 255.255.255.128 is permitted. The subnet calculator allows a subnet ID to have its final octet equal to the final octet of its subnet mask - for example, a class C network address of 192.168.0.192 with a subnet mask of 255.255.255


Capabilities of the notification and alert system
The on-line management service allows you to view the status, make changes and manage the system on an ongoing basis.
It also allows you to receive any information and alerts as they arise in the system.
Such information can be sent by e-mail as well as by SMS.
For the above services to work, it is essential:
- expansion of the Control Panel with additional TCP-IP modules and / or a GSM module.
- purchase the SmartCell server service, which is necessary for the notifications to work.


Huawei SFP Mini Gbic Transceiver Modules Huawei SFP Mini Gbic Transceiver Modules
HP JD092B HP JD092B HP X130 10G SFP+ LC SR Transceiver (SFP+) 10-Gigabit SR standard, 850nm, 300m, Multi-mode fiber
HP JD094B HP JD094B HP X130 10G SFP+ LC LR Transceiver (SFP+) 10-Gigabit LR standard, 1310nm, 10km (6.21 miles), single-mode fiber
HP J8177C HP J8177C HP X121 1G SFP RJ45 T Transceiver: An SFP format gigabit transceiver with RJ45 connectors using 1000BaseT technology.
HP J4859C HP J4859C HP X121 1G SFP LC LX Transceiver: An SFP format gigabit transceiver with LC connectors using LX technology.
HP J4858C HP J4858C SFP Gigabit SX transceiver that provides a full-duplex Gigabit solution up to 550 m on multimode fiber.
HP JD119B HP JD119B SFP Gigabig LX transceiver that provides a full duplex Gigabit solution up to 550m on MMF or 10Km on SMF.
HP JD118B HP JD118B Small Form-Factor Pluggable (SFP) Gigabit SX Transceiver that provides a full-duplex Gigabit solution up to 550m on a Multimode fiber.
HP J9152A HP J9152A 10-Gigabit LRM standard Transceiver SFP+, 220 m, MultiMode fiber.
HP J9151A HP J9151A 10-Gigabit LR standard Transceiver SFP+, 10 km, Single-Mode Fiber.


Proposals to establish “RTE Ireland” was part of a five-year plan announced by the broadcaster this week.
The new station, which has no confirmed launch date, will be made available worldwide through the RTE.ie web platform.
According to The Irish Times:
The proposed RTÉ Ireland service, a revival of a pre-recession idea, will combine content from RTÉ One and RTÉ Two in a bid to target the 80 million-strong Irish diaspora. It will serve UK-based viewers via satellite and cable and will be made available globally through RTÉ.ie. RTÉ also hopes to launch new “low-cost” IPTV (television over the internet) services.


Secret codes and messages are and have always been an important part of politics, warfare, business and many other aspects of society. In the real world encryption in its various forms is the way to go when transmitting sensitive information. Today’s (real world) encryption methods are advanced enough that decrypting an intercepted message takes long enough that the actual information is useless by the time it can be read. Still, no encryption method is so advanced that it can’t be cracked, at least in theory.
Within modern cryptography the quantum computer is something of a big deal. In theory it would be able to crack any message encrypted with any currently known encryption method in a fraction of the time it would take with current methods. At least that’s how I remember it. It was a while since I was studying these things.
How would the existence of magic affect the science of cryptography?
Just like every living thing has a soul, so does every message have a meaning. The meaning is put into it when it’s created. Rewriting the message changes its meaning, but encrypting the message does not. What this means is that if you can extract the meaning of the message it doesn’t matter if it is encrypted or not. Of course, though not easily, the meaning of a message can be extracted through magical means.
A consequence of this is that any message that is intercepted can be read, no matter how sophisticated the encryption method is. There are a few ways of preventing this:
- Split up a message into smaller parts that don’t make sense on their own. That way if not every part is intercepted it will be that much harder making sense of the message.
- Make messages unreadable by anyone other than the intended recipient. Magically or mechanically sealed message containers or self-destructing documents.
- Make the message impossible to intercept. This may not be entirely possible.
- Any combination of the above.
I wrote somewhere else that the Aether effectively prevents high-speed internet (may not apply to optical cables) but there are other ways of transmitting data; radio, telephone, telegraph etc. These are all methods of communication that can be intercepted without detection (again, may not apply to optical cables). What’s more, telephone lines and radio waves can’t be magically shielded to prevent the messages they transfer from being read (or heard).
This doesn’t mean that encrypted messages aren’t transmitted over radio or telephone. Magecraft is rare and expensive and for most everyday needs plain old cryptography is enough to keep a message secret. Even if a message is intercepted, the one who snoops it is unlikely to afford magical decryption. In the unlikely event magical decryption is employed an extra layer of security can be added by splitting up the message in multiple smaller parts and adding some additional fake parts.
In wartime or during time of strained diplomatic relations the highest level of security may be needed. In these situations magic may be used for encryption and decryption.
Documents can be enchanted to hide any text written on them and to self destruct if the enchant is deactivated in the wrong way or by the wrong person. The same thing goes for message containers; magical and mechanical looks as well as protection against tampering. Enchanting a container to destroy its contents when tampered with or when opened by an unauthorized individual is also very much possible.
Finally, skilled messengers to carry the messages back and forth are also used when needed. This may not be as swift as transmitting via radio or phone, but the added security may very well be worth it.


Every now and then my PC located in the bedroom emanated a sound at random intervals, probably caused by an application playing a short media file. And I noticed it twice when entering the bedroom which I thought was a mere coincidence. But it wasnít actually! Guess whatís the relevance here?
Control Panels Ė Sounds was the first place where I checked. It was not the Sound Scheme as it was already set to "No Sounds".
With almost a dozen applications running and I didnít want to disturb them, I fired up the excellent right away, configured the filters so that any entry with ".wav" in the Path is captured. It may not necessarily be a .wav file, but I had a suspicion that it could be, in this case. So I included ".wav", to start with.
After leaving it in Capture mode for about 5 minutes, Process Monitor displayed some relevant events.
WNA1100.exe is the Netgear configuration software that came with my Netgear WNA1100 (Wireless-N 150 USB) Adapter. This software seems to run the ConnectToInternet.WAV file located under the Netgear directory. Itís obvious that the WAV file is played whenever the system / Wi-Fi adapter establishes connection to the internet.
The wireless router was located in the first floor of the building, and the signal strength was way too low in the bedroom which is one floor down, and several bends away from the router. The signal strength was fluctuating very often, causing several connect/disconnect sequences within a span of 10 minutes.
No internet access when the signal strength is at its lowest
Access: Local and Internet when the signal strength improves.
Later on I noticed that the sound was certainly reproducible whenever the bedroom door was openedÖ. thatís when the signal strength improved by 2 points.
For now, I simply disabled the audio and pop-up alerts by right-clicking on the Netgear icon in the Notification area, and disabling the option "Enable Internet Connected Notification" via the context menu. Iím now planning to relocate the Wi-Fi router to improve coverage. Otherwise an additional Wi-Fi Router for the ground floor or a Wi-Fi repeater would be in order.
And if you think what I did was a roundabout wayÖ.. believe me it just took 5-7 minutes to track down the source application that caused the sound. Is your PC playing a random audio in the background and that has got you at your witís end? This guide can help.


IRTMS Integrated Remote Test Management System
A web enabled, state of the art EMS
IRTMS is a web enabled, state of the art Element Management System used to maintain over 10 million circuits across the world. It has a consistent northbound interface and controls a variety of different test and access control hardware. It has been designed to offer better than 99.99% availability.
IRTMS is a sophisticated element management system (EMS) designed to efficiently manage many different types of remote telecommunications test equipment on a large scale.
The earliest version of the “Integrated Remote Test Management System” (IRTMS) has been in continuous use since the 1990s and is responsible for the testing of all T1, E1 & nx64 international private circuits operated in the United Kingdom.
IRTMS has been extended to incorporate complex multiple test-point circuit testing functionality and more recently IRTMS has been further developed to become a capable and efficient voice testing system used to diagnose faulty telephone circuits, where testing speed, reliability and accuracy are of the greatest importance.
Hardware manufacturer neutrality
CCL works with a number of manufacturers (notably Anritsu-Wiltron, Hewlett Packard, Harris, FlukeNetworks and Spirent) to make IRTMS an integrated and consistent EMS for diverse remote test units.
Although we now offer our own remote test units (the CCL XTU) we remain manufacturer-neutral. This neutrality allows IRTMS clients to incorporate the best available or pre-existing Remote Test Units (RTUs) for the purpose at hand.
IRTMS is currently deployed to support testing in the following domains:
- IRTMS for International Private Circuits (Analogue & Digital)
- IRTMS for Analogue Private Circuits.
- IRTMS for Switched Voice Circuits.
- IRTMS for Broadband and NGN services (current in progress roadmap).
IRTMS is designed to have a very high operational availability factor better than 99.95%.
The system and database designs have been made as future-proof as possible. New test equipment can be incorporated and can be represented and controlled in an efficient and consistent manner.
All the capabilities of the managed test hardware are supported such as intrusive testing, hitless monitoring (depends upon capability of test hardware), QOS (Quality of Service) metrics and interactive testing.
IRTMS is used to maintain in excess of 10 million circuits. The IRTMS EMS is capable of handling more than 50 completed test request/results per second. More than 10,000 Remote Test Units can be supported by IRTMS.
The objective of IRTMS
The objective of IRTMS was to construct an open, extensible, scalable and highly efficient EMS for test and measurement hardware which would be able to:
- Fully manage all test access and test measurement hardware
- Provide administrators helpful system diagnostics enabling ;problems with the test equipment to be identified and resolved as quickly as possible
- Perform circuit tests as quickly as possible and deliver the test results to the users as fast as possible
- Provide the user with the best diagnostics results possible;
- Record all configuration changes
- Record all test results in Oracle database tables
- Provide a highly efficient and fast lightweight client (web) based testing for circuit testers in addition to a fully featured North Bound circuit test interface
- Provide a comprehensive administrator’s user interface to provide full control of the power of the IRTMS EMS
- Provide full control of the features offered by the user interface to its users through the customisation and allocation of Roles and Privileges to individual users or groups of users
- Adopt open interfaces wherever possible to make the task of adding support for new instrument types / exchange hardware as straightforward as possible.
- Help our customers preserve the considerable investment they have made in their existing test and measurement infrastructure and to provide a way to migrate forward using alternative test & measurement hardware.
- Guarantee uniformity of presentation and reduce the need for costly training on multiple EMS from many manufacturers
- Reduce support costs – one support costs package per EMS
The decision to incorporate a new piece of test equipment can be based entirely on the capabilities of the test equipment selected without being encumbered by unsuitable EMS systems.
Hardware independence and open architecture
IRTMS has been designed to be a scalable open EMS, which can bring together new and old testing technologies and processes in a coherent and consistent manner.
IRTMS uses ORACLE 10gR2 and has access to a wide variety of communication protocols utilising, a wide range of I/O hardware to connect to remote test equipment.
State of the art database technology and application design has produced a high performance system with a scalable architecture that is capable of running thousands of complete circuits tests every minute.
The core of the system is based on a high performance real time software suite, which adds negligibly small latencies to the hardware test execution times. The time taken to dispatch a circuit test, recover the test results, perform any extra analysis and store all requests, resource allocations and test results is accomplished extremely efficiently with almost no overhead.
The system design is such that many different types of test equipment and circuit switch access equipment can be managed effectively and controlled very efficiently in order to yield the highest possible test efficiency.
Results post processing
Results generated by the test hardware can optionally be fed into a results post processing engine for a more detailed and comprehensive analysis. The analysis can incorporate previous benchmark results on a circuit by circuit or circuit type basis.
This analysis sub-system can access related information, such as cable compositions, routing and sizes, from other disparate systems operated by the telecoms company. The interfaces are open and easily extensible.
The result post processing can be tailored to suit individual Telco requirements and can be extended to be significant components of a fully automated test facility.
CCL has considerable experience in producing large-scale automated testing and diagnostics systems and has been doing so for over 10 years.
Northbound interfaces & SNMP
The IRTMS northbound interface can be either supplied as a CORBA compliant interface or can be provided as JMS 1.02b compliant. There is no reduction in system performance as a result of using the northbound interfaces and the full power of the test engine is made available to the northbound client systems. All types of circuit testing, batch and interactive testing are supported using the existing northbound interfaces.
The system is designed to self diagnose its hardware components according to a schedule setup by the system administrators. The self diagnostics sub-system can report problems detected with the system hardware and/or associated remote test hardware and exchange switches to a SNMP manager for problem rectification and alarm handling.
IRTMS is well established as a major private circuit testing system handling multiple test points; it is also a feature rich voice testing system, which can manage many different types of exchange test equipment and test equipment types.
IRTMS supports the latest technologically-advanced test heads to offer IP data level testing, VoIP and IPTV/MSTV testing and related QOS facilities.
IRTMS is already a multiple test point test management system and can easily support complex circuit tests where different items of circuit test hardware can be used at different locations (test points) on a circuit to co-operatively diagnose circuit faults conditions.
CCL is prepared to interface other types of test and measurement hardware and exchange circuit switches into IRTMS to satisfy specific customer requirements. We are also prepared to interface IRTMS to any other Inventory Circuit database as may be operated by the telecoms company.
Main business benefits
IRTMS is a cost effective solution which enables telecoms companies to maintain the value of their investment in test hardware without having to obsolete their entire test system just because the original manufacturer no longer wishes to support the original testing OSS or because the original test equipment has become obsolete.
With IRTMS new test hardware can be incorporated and managed in unison with older more traditional test hardware. This feature and because of IRTMS independence with respect to test equipment hardware manufacturers ensures that IRTMS is future proofed.
The major benefit of IRTMS is that the telecommunication company is not tied to a single test hardware or computer hardware manufacturer.
IRTMS already supports different test equipment from manufactures such as Anritsu; Wiltron; Spirent; Hewlett Packard; GPT; Harris; FlukeNetworks, and circuit switch manufacturers such as AT&T, Siemens, Alcatel, Ericson, GPT etc.
The IRTMS EMS treats the different types of test and switch hardware in a consistent and uniform manner to extract the test instruments best performance.
IRTMS has been designed to be an open EMS, which can be readily adapted to control and manage other types of test and measurement equipment together with the associated circuit exchange/access equipment.
CCL has over 24 years experience with many different types of interface technology encompassing both the very latest technologies and some old and obscure interface standards.
IRTMS is available for use on Sun SPARC or AMD based hardware. Connectivity to the exchange and access control hardware is achieved using a number of different control mechanisms e.g. IP, Leased Line, Dial up Modem, X25 (X.3 PAD or Raw X.25) or Voice signalling control protocols (DTMF for example).
We normally recommend that communication hardware is installed under Microsoft Server running in a Sun AMD machine or equivalent. This gives an enormous range of different hardware connectivity options as most manufacturers provide good support under Microsoft operating systems. The specialised analysis processing and database components are hosted under Solaris on Sun systems.
Circuit testing is available via JMS as a fully functional Northbound testing service, an Active Directory authenticated Web testing service and through the administrators GUI tool (the IRTMS Task Browser). IRTMS is fully administered using the Task Browser, installed onto Microsoft based systems. Circuit Testing is also supported via 3G Web access.


Network & Security Architecture
Rockwey design networks based on observations and lessons learnt from previous deployments. Sometimes best of breed or the latest technology is not ideal for a client's requirements. We consider budget constraints, business drivers, existing infrastructure and cost of operation in producing a design which is fit for purpose.
Deployment & Automation
Rockwey’s in-house automation toolset is used to deploy large networks in a relatively short timeframe. Automation has drastically reduced the amount of time it takes to generate and deploy network devices. We can also advise clients on third-party orchestration platforms in case they have a preferential vendor in mind.
Security is a vital part of any network. Our team will provide guidance on best practices, risk assessments, threat and vulnerability management and network defence strategies that protect against modern-day threats.Rockwey has extensive experience in delivering solutions based on :
Advanced Threat Protection
VPN (Remote access / IPSec)
Having designed and deployed numerous networks across a wide range of verticals, Rockwey is ideally placed to provide strategic or tactical network engineering resources to meet your business requirements. Whether you need a tactical or strategic engineering backfill, we will be able to assist.
We bring real-world experience having successfully managed numerous multi-million $ projects worldwide. Our PMO team employ a tailored agile approach to deliver our clients’ project on-time within cost boundaries.


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Share Your Screen(together with video from camera,sound from sound card) with Your Entire Network!
Do you need to share your screen(together with video from PC camera, input or output signals with your sound card) with others on your network ? QQSoft Microteaching is a simple and easy to use program to send your screen,together with video and audio to each computer of your Windows network. Each computer can view your screen,see your video,and hear your voice or your PC's sound in real time remotely - all from their location!
This is an ideal solution for education, training and demonstration at schools or in companies.


The AZEVAP Integrated Control System (AZCONTROL) is the infrastructure formed by interfacing and connecting AZSCADA with system and component Input / Output devices such that the individual components and systems are controlled to act in harmony to achieve facility level performance consistent with client objectives. Namely, the component level control and data collection Input / Output interfaces are connected digitally to AZSCADA where system level analysis and control functions are applied to facilitate component and system performance monitoring, control, and management functions.
AZSCADA is the backbone of the AZCONTROL; this proprietary Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) product incorporates innovative human machine interface (HMI) capabilities, as well as, a wide array of built-in configuration characterization elements and algorithms for component, system, and facility level control. These features and capabilities make AZSCADA flexible and scalable and easily tailored and adapted to client specific facility location, HVAC component configuration, and facility performance needs without additional programming. AZSCADA further supports reliable, safe, and secure client local and remote grouped access by authorized personnel to monitor and manage HVAC component, system and overall facility performance. The Linux based AZSCADA package can be installed on a virtual drive on a facility server or on a micro-computer connected to the Local Area Network (LAN) behind the facility firewall.
AZCONTROL component Input / Output device selection depends on the components ability to communicate with the LAN. Connecting the components to the LAN can be accomplished using Ethernet cables or via wireless communication.
AZCONROL provides a number of operating modes for controlling the coolers and exhaust fans to control the building environment. Namely:


High Speed Broadband
CoreSpeed’s technological bedrock is its fibre-optic network that is continually expanding throughout the West Midlands. CoreSpeed believes that this infrastructure is key to delivering the connected future, and is therefore developing it with private funding. Today, it is capable of providing up to 1 Gigabit per second bandwidth.
CoreSpeed™ Fibre Thru the Air™
CoreSpeed understands that the process of installing fibre-optic cable can be overly burdensome on companies, not to mention expensive. That’s why we use the very latest wireless technologies to deliver fibre speeds through the air.
This service is most commonly used as a primary form of connectivity for a business. Increasingly however, many organisations choose to use us for their backup service. This allows increased resilience as our local network is completely independent of traditional telecoms networks, therefore it is less affected by outages.
For communities, this can mean the removal of line rental fees, while for businesses VOiP provides flexibility, allowing you to answer office calls from anywhere and easily and can also enable advanced features such as video conferencing though an integrated service.
CoreSpeed’s engineering team has implemented managed wifi technology for public locations such as convention centres and open spaces. CoreSpeed ensures uptime and performance of the system, and can help you monetise the platform.


What is Internet of things and strategy of internet of things?AHBComments off.
What is Internet of Things?
The most arising and trending technology today is Internet of things, it is a network of physically existed objects, all devices on internet, automobiles, building etc. and these all things are connected to the internet, embedded with the electronics, software chips or might be a sensors and all these make these objects able to collect and exchange data. It allows the devices to remotely sense and control the infrastructure of all the existing networks.
IoT applications are used in many industries today and there are number of reasons behind that. For example it is sharp and it works faster. It has powerful triggers and remote access of the objects.
Internet of things strategy:
The business infrastructure is transformed from different silos to the internet connected devices and the counting of the devices that are connected to the internet is increasing every day. The business executive wants to take advantage of this thing, and IoT is might be the best opportunity for these people since the internet age.
According to the research there are 30 billion plus devices that are connected to the internet since 2020 and off course the revenue of the providers will increase to the 250+ billion dollars. These devices include computers, Mac, tablets, cell phones, and some of the other TV devices. The other kinds of things are sensors and actuators, and some new and intelligent devices that monitor, than analyze and control the world.
The internet of things is hot topic since many years and researchers are working on it for long time, but at this time it is hitting on its top point. IoT has opened a wide range of opportunities for entrepreneurs and businessman and they can generate huge revenue from this.
Internet of things strategy falls in 3 broad categories and they all reflect the specific enterprise.
These strategies are:
Enablers: These are companies that are high technology oriented like IBM, Google, and Cisco etc. These companies develop and implement these technologies.
Engagers: These are designers and creators that integrate and deliver the internet of things services like Apple, Tagg, sensity etc to their consumers.
Enhancers: They plan the value added services over the top, by the services provided by engagers and that are unique to the IoT such as progressive snapshot.


30 August 2023
Digital Switchover: important information about your lifeline
Delta Wellbeing’s TEC officers are out in the community making sure that customer equipment is ready for the digital switchover.
BT has announced that by the end of 2025, all analogue telephones will be upgraded to a digital system.
Delta Wellbeing has been preparing for the switch for some time, making sure that all equipment and the company infrastructure are ready for the transition, having appointed CGI as its digital transformation partner to lead the digitisation of its telecare platform.
The transition from analogue to digital is important because analogue technology is becoming outdated, and digital technology offers more benefits, such as increased reliability, better quality, and greater flexibility.
Digital technology also allows for more efficient and cost-effective care, which can benefit both customers and users.
Head of Technologies Paul Faulkner said: “We understand that the digital switchover may sound frightening and scary to some of our customers, but all our staff are here to help and advise. The team can provide customers with a better understanding of the digital switchover and reassure them that the switchover will not happen all at once.”
The digital switchover will mean that from 2025, customers will no longer be able to plug their landline phone into their socket on the wall, but it will be connected to a broadband router instead.
Paul added: “Don’t worry if you don’t have broadband in your home. Ofcom, the UK communications regulator, has stated that there will be no additional fee to change to digital, as providers must offer a basic internet connection.”
What do you need to do?
For most customers, you do not need to take any action. Instead, your telephone provider will contact you when the work is being carried out in your area.
If you have a lifeline alarm that connects to the telephone socket, you will need to let your telephone provider know that you use Technology Enabled Care so that it can be reconnected to the digital network using an Analogue Telephone Adapter (ATA).
Customers who use any of the following equipment, DO NOT need to take any action, as these devices are not connected to your telephone landline:
• Lifeline GSM (Smart Hub)
• Tunstall Go
• Care Assist pager system
• CPR Guardian watch
If you have any further questions about the digital switchover, please email email@example.com or call 0300 333 2222.


Playing our Music with Ease
According to Wikipedia, sound is a vibration that propagates as a typically audible mechanical wave of pressure and displacement, through a transmission medium such as air or water. It has two main system of measuring it, which includes frequency and decibels. Frequency is responsible for the quality of sound we hear while the decibels measure the ‘loudness’ of the sound. Humans are able to hear audio sounds within the range of from 20 Hz (hertz) to 20 KHz (kilohertz) but respond differently to each of the different frequencies. Humans are more sensitive to the 2 kHz – 4 kHz frequency range than any other frequencies.
When sound is not useful, it can be categorised as noise but when useful, we can have it in conversations, lectures, trainings, songs, speeches and other various forms. When we listen to people who are near us physically, the concept of sound is easy to grasp but when we have to transmit sounds to people across a distance or when we have to listen to a sound at a time different from when it was generated, then the type of sound equipment required to be used begins to change. Sound system is the name used to designate speakers, amplifiers and music sources, the choice of the system depends on the desired area to install it and the application it is intended for.
Sound systems usually go through four (4) stages, these include
- Sound Input
- Mixing Effects
- Sound Output
Different equipments are used at each of the different stages with some serving more than one of such functions. For both casual and amateur users, output devices or equipments are usually of greater interest to them. Some of these equipments include speakers, headsets, wireless sound players and other equipments that produce the final sound required to hear our songs, podcast, video, news, headsets and lectures. These serve various purposes depending on what they are needed for and the application for which it is to be deployed.
The choice of a sound system at any point in time is determined by the purpose for which the sound system is required. For example, when we need a sound for outdoor use, we will be looking at equipments that are different from the types that will be used indoor. The study, of the design, installation and utilisation of sound systems is a vast area of science that involves acoustics. Such designs aim to control echoes and feedbacks of sounds to enhance hearing pleasure. For an average Joe, his interest will mostly be on speakers for their homes, headsets for their mobile devices and wireless (Bluetooth) sound players. The manufacturers of these equipments are a another major factor to consider, Sony Corporation is one of such major sound equipment manufacturers that is a household name synonymous with quality sounds. Bose Corporation, Focal and Kenwood are some of the other major players in the industry, but they are not the only ones in the business, new players keep springing up daily with quality equipments that compete and sometimes outperform the major players in clarity, sound-noise (S/N) ration and cost. Playing music from an SD card, connecting with your mobile devices using Bluetooth, listening to online radios, podcast and mp4 players has never been easier as it has become today. Size is another major factor that has change today, time was when loud sounds could only be produced by very big speakers, but now-a-days, technology has made it possible for devices that are a very small fraction of such devices to produce better quality sounds, higher decibels and clearer stereo sounds.
A measure of the quality of a speaker system is the speaker’s ability to accurately reproduce the sound frequencies that it receives with a clear output sound. When speakers come in pairs, they are able produce stereo sounds and transmit audio on two completely separate channels. This means the right and left speakers transmit audio on two completely independent channels.
Speakers are either active or passive. Active speakers are speakers that amplify the sound inputs they receive and usually have a power supply while passive speakers do not have internal amplification systems. Since these speakers don’t amplify the audio signal, a high level of audio input is required which can be achieve with an audio amplifier. Stereo systems generally make audio sounds more natural with the two speaker system, while surround systems may include four to seven speakers (plus a subwoofer) to create an even more realistic experience.
Development in technology has also had its impact in the sound and audio industry. The quality of sound has continued to improve, the audio clarity keeps getting better, buffer and sub woofer also produce sounds in such a way that today’s audio sound more natural than it has ever been. Looking back at the audio engineering journey, one cannot help but be impressed with the progress made so far. The changes have mostly been driven by the rising demand for more technological sophistication in the production of audio based product for the everyday user. These devices have altered the way we listen to our audio sound systems. We now have wireless equipments that do not need to be physically connected to any player in order to hear sounds from them. We have wireless speakers, headsets and players. We also have cloud systems that make it possible to play songs direct from an internet radio. Pandora, spotify and Google Play Music All Access are the major players who take advantage of the cloud technology and stream music directly. Consumers have now begun to expect the best when they invest a lot of money in acquiring such equipments. The era of only playing songs from a headset or speaker physically connected to a phone, DVD, portable player, radio, walkman, iPod, mp3 player and radios is fading out, the age of having wireless headsets, speakers and players is now on us. We can virtually have a transmitting sound system set up within minutes using smart mobile devices as a transmitting station and wireless devices as receivers. Most of these connections are done over Bluetooth or wifi connections. Portable devices can now be carried along with you on trips to play your favourite podcast, favourite songs and trainings anywhere and on the go. You can also listen to news, live shows and weather forecast from sources online.
Some devices presently come with voice commands, with Google Home and Amazon Echo leading the pack in this venture. Whatever device you finally decide to buy, you should appreciate how far the industry has grown to get to the level where it provides a high level of enjoyment and entertainment.


The State Department has joined Google, Facebook, Yahoo!, Akamai and Limelight Networks and other major organizations in offering their content over IPv6 for a 24-hour "test flight" from 8:00 p.m. (EDT) on June 7 through 8:00 p.m. on June 8. The goal of the Test Flight Day is to motivate organizations across the industry -- Internet service providers, hardware makers, operating system vendors and web companies -- to prepare their services for IPv6 to ensure a successful transition as IPv4 addresses run out. With the expected success of this test, the Department will be well-placed to make the permanent transition to IPv6 in 2012.
Internet Protocol (IP) is the set of rules computers use to transmit data over the Internet. The existing protocol supporting the Internet today -- Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) -- provides the world with only 4 billion IP addresses, inherently limiting the number of devices that can be given a unique, globally routable location on the Internet. IPv6 provides the world with an almost unlimited number of available IP addresses, as well as significantly enhanced mobility features. Therefore, IPv6 is paramount to the continued growth of the Internet and development of new applications leveraging mobile, Internet connectivity. Although the IT community has come up with workarounds for this shortage in the IPv4 environment, IPv6 is viewed as the true long-term solution to this problem.
The Federal Government has requested that all agencies transition their network backbones to IPv6 for the following reasons:
-- To take advantage of the expanded IP address space, and embrace future-oriented networking capabilities, such as converged communications, IP-aware medical devices, remote sensors, etc.;
-- To address the challenge faced by the U.S. from international competition in the realm of IPv6; and
-- To lead by example in U.S. enterprise IPv6 transformation.
You can learn more about World IVp6 Day here.
Editor's Note: The text of this entry also appears here.


Top-quality SCADA systems not only provide an entire SCADA solution, but they are also the most advanced in terms of functionality and ease of use. Top-quality SCADA developers continually improve their software by solving new problems for potential customers and releasing their latest updates.
Top-quality SCADA systems also work with existing equipment users may have already installed to process data, including sensors, communication devices, and communications networks.
2- They are operated by an entire team of experts
As we all know, time is always of the essence in the midstream oil and gas industry.
Top-quality SCADA systems have a full team of experts to address every aspect of SCADA. When it comes to installation and commissioning, these teams of experts have the ability to get a SCADA system fully functional in less than 90 days.
With many installations under their belt, these teams know what equipment works in specific situations and always ensure sure that the system is fully integrated and works seamlessly.
3. They provide real-time data
One of the major uses of a pipeline SCADA system for midstream companies is to constantly monitor and measure the flow of liquids from and to receipt and delivery points.
So, finding the right SCADA system is a must. Top-quality SCADA systems are known to offer remote tank level monitoring for multiple tanks or storage. It is the real-time data collection feature that makes it possible for midstream companies to stay informed on what is going on in oil or natural gas pipelines.
4. They offer remote monitoring solutions
While some SCADA systems can be known for being accurate and reliable data collection tools, not all of them offer remote monitoring options. As we all know, data is only powerful if it can be understood and used by as many people as possible, anywhere.
This is why, top-quality SCADA systems offer mobile apps that allow many data-driven decisions to be made, no matter where people are. These mobile apps are designed to deliver user-friendly dashboards that make it easy for users to monitor, answer questions, and quickly dive deeper into how an operation is doing.
5. They offer pipeline alarm management options
As you may be aware, pipeline SCADA alarm management is an essential part of any SCADA system. SCADA systems with alarm management options detect problems that require attention so they can be watched more closely or fixed before they become costly. Well-managed alarms can pay for a SCADA control system many times over by notifying the right people at the right time.
Top-quality SCADA systems have a wide range of alarm settings and schemes that are easy to set up and manage as needed. These systems allow users to set thresholds for items like flow rates, pressure, and line balance.
we're ready to help
Asset integrity management, metering and calibration, hazardous location equipment testing and refining, and distribution comprise the comprehensive solutions we can provide to the midstream oil and gas industry.
Picking us as your midstream systems integrator will guarantee that groups of experienced, prestigious specialists are committed to upgrading your procedures and shielding your business.


When Samsung released the S7 in 2016, it marked a revolutionary moment for mobile technology. With its curved edge display, iris scanner, dual-pixel camera, and water resistance, the S7 set a new standard of excellence that has yet to be surpassed. In this article, we will explore the legacy of the Samsung S7 and how its innovative features have shaped the future of mobile technology. We’ll look at the initial reception of its launch, discuss how competitors responded to its release, and examine what advancements in mobile technology have come since then. Finally, we’ll answer some FAQs about the Samsung S7 and its impact on current and future devices.
The launch of the Samsung S7 and its initial reception
When the Samsung S7 was unveiled in March 2016, it sent shockwaves through mobile technology. After months of anticipation and speculation, the phone was finally here and did not disappoint.
The S7 featured an improved battery life, a sophisticated design, and new features that had never been seen before on a mobile device. It was also the first phone to feature water resistance and an improved camera. Combining these innovative features made the S7 a must-have for tech enthusiasts worldwide.
The response to the launch was overwhelmingly positive. Consumers praised its impressive specs and features, while industry experts commended Samsung’s ability to innovate and push the boundaries of what was possible with mobile technology.
Innovative features of the Samsung S7
The Samsung Galaxy S7 was a revolutionary device that set the stage for the future of mobile technology. It featured innovative features such as a curved edge display, iris scanner, dual-pixel camera, and water resistance, allowing users to take professional-quality photos with improved battery life. These features set the standard for future mobile devices and continue to shape today’s mobile technology landscape.
The curved edge display on the Samsung S7 was one of its most impressive features. This design innovation made navigating apps and accessing notifications easier without turning on the phone’s main screen. The iris scanner also added an extra layer of security, allowing users to unlock their phones with just their eyes. The dual-pixel camera provided stunning photo quality in low-light environments, allowing users to capture more details in their pictures than ever before. Finally, the water resistance feature enabled users to use their phones outdoors during rain or snow without worrying about damaging them.
The Samsung Galaxy S7 revolutionized how we use our phones today by introducing innovative features that are now commonplace across all models of smartphones. Its legacy continues to live on as manufacturers strive to add even more sophisticated capabilities into each new iteration of their devices in order to compete with one another and satisfy customer demand for cutting-edge technology at an affordable price point.
Impact of the Samsung S7 on mobile technology
The Samsung S7 has had an undeniable and far-reaching influence on the mobile technology industry. This device set a new benchmark for future devices, introducing revolutionary features such as a curved edge display, iris scanner, dual-pixel camera and water resistance that had never been seen before. These advancements have resulted in improved battery life, sharper displays, faster processors, higher resolution cameras and more secure biometric authentication systems becoming standard across smartphones today.
Moreover, this iconic device sparked intense competition between phone makers to keep up with each other’s unique capabilities and features. This competition drives innovation forward and encourages manufacturers to develop better products year after year so that we can all benefit from the latest technologies.
Competitors’ response to the release of the Samsung S7
The release of the Samsung S7 sparked a revolution in mobile technology as competitors scrambled to keep up with the innovative features of the device. Apple responded with their flagship phone, the iPhone 7, featuring an improved processor and waterproof design. Google followed suit with their Pixel phones, which boasted longer battery life and advanced AI capabilities. HTC and Huawei also released their flagship phones to compete with the Samsung Galaxy S7, featuring larger displays, faster processors, and improved cameras.
This competition between these phone manufacturers has led to impressive mobile technology advancements over the last few years. Each company has sought to outdo the other by introducing new features and capabilities, from higher resolution displays to longer battery life and more sophisticated processor chipsets. This competition has also resulted in expanded storage options for users through microSD cards – first introduced on the Samsung S7 – and faster charging times through Quick Charge 2.0.
The future of mobile technology after the Samsung S7
In the coming years, we can expect to see further advances in mobile technology that will enhance our lives in ways we cannot even imagine today. The combination of 5G networks and AR applications, coupled with ever-improving security and privacy features, should result in an even more immersive experience for users of all ages. We can also anticipate breakthroughs as manufacturers continue to push the boundaries of what is possible with mobile devices. As such, the future for mobile technology looks incredibly bright indeed!
Q: What was the legacy of the Samsung S7?
A: The Samsung Galaxy S7 was a revolutionary device that changed the mobile technology landscape when it was released in 2016. It featured innovative features such as a curved edge display, iris scanner, dual-pixel camera, and water resistance, which set a new standard for future devices. Its success sparked a surge in competition between phone manufacturers and continues to shape the mobile technology landscape today.
Q: What advancements have been made since the release of the Samsung S7?
A: Since its release, there have been significant advancements in hardware and software technologies. This includes higher resolution displays, longer battery life, more sophisticated processor chipsets, microSD cards, faster charging times, biometric authentication systems, facial recognition, low-light photography, virtual reality support and artificial intelligence applications. All of these technologies are a legacy of the Samsung S7’s innovative features.


In the future, blind users of a neuroprosthesis for vision restoration could receive tiny electrical currents via a device that is implanted in their brain, and be able to recognise objects and people in their surroundings more easily. In order to deliver these electrical currents, power needs to be sent from external equipment to the implantable device- whether via a cable or a wireless connection.
Tom van Nunen, a PhD student at the Eindhoven University of Technology, investigated how the wireless transfer of energy could be carried out, providing a future user of the system with better freedom of movement. The system consists of two parts: a wireless power transmitter and a wireless power receiver. Tom created a demo system with a hollow, life-size model head made out of glass (to simulate the skin), and a wireless receiver unit installed inside the model head. A wireless transmitter unit located on the outside of the model head is positioned close to the receiver unit, with a layer of glass between them.
When the transmitter and receiver units are closely aligned, power is sent from the transmitter to the receiver, causing LED lights on the receiver to light up! This demo is featured in a promotional video for the departments of Electrical Engineering and Applied Physics, located in the Flux building of the university: https://youtu.be/Qimyilhz8JY?t=140


In the common language “ether” is the term used to indicate in a generic way the atmospheric space as a place of wireless data transmission, including radio and television broadcasts.
The expression was born at the origins of radiotelegraphy, when Guglielmo Marconi in his transoceanic radio propagation experiments from Europe to America used ionospheric propagation or the propagation of radio waves that exploits electromagnetic reflection from the conducting ionized atmospheric layer, which is the ionosphere, allowing its propagation beyond the simple optical range between transmitter and receiver or beyond the limits imposed by the Earth’s curvature. Initially it was not clear what the radio waves reflected on and therefore he again resorted to the concept of “aether”.
Today our life seems inextricably linked to wireless technology that uses the ether as a place for transmitting signals: radio, microwave, infrared. To allow this type of transmission, each device must have an integrated chip inside that can transmit and receive information over the air.
“Etere” is a long-term project to study the change in the landscape following the boom in wireless technology. The focus is concentrated on the territory of northeastern Italy. A land of visual short circuits between scenic wonders such as the Dolomites and industry. We cannot see with the naked eye the jungle of signals that surround us and I felt the need to tell the visible impact of the exploitation of the ether through a study of the infrastructures that allow it.


Pressure Sensor Calibrator
Smart gas pressure sensors has an embedded microchip to send its data as digital signal. This device consists of a microprocessor and EEPROM in order to save calibration data.
Mass calibration is a need for sensor manufacturers. Designed system can calibrate up to 64 sensors simultaneously.
- 8 Card slot expansion for optional I/O
- USB 2.0 PC interface
- Full access DLL interface
- Up to sensor Calibrate and write EEPROM data simultaneously
- Hardware Self-Test
- RS485 optional Interface
- 3 Calibration Card modules included
- 1 GPIO Card module with Relay driver included
- Real-time clock and calendar with backup battery
- Full access to hardware C# .dll file
- Real-Time calibration
- Automotive sensor manufacturers
- Test and calibration for digital smart sensors


Karim M. Abozeid - Google Scholar
Newest. 8-bit 50ksps ULV SAR ADC. 2015. 12 okt. 2018 — Analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) are crucial blocks which form the The 10-bit SAR ADC utilizes split-arraycapacitive DACs to reduce area Design and implementation of radix-3/radix-2 based novel hybrid sar adc in scaled cmos technologies To speedup the conversion process, we introduce a ADC Rakesh Kumar Palani, Ramesh Harjani. Nyckelord: Engineering, Circuits and Charge-Sharing SAR ADCs for Low-Voltage Low-Power Applications.
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FIG. 1 depicts a block diagram of a prior art SAR ADC. The SAR ADC 1 is an n-bit ADC comprising a sample and hold (S&H) block 2 , a comparator 3 , a control block 4 , an n-bit DAC 5 , a first input/output (I/O) 6 , and a second input/output 7 . In the system of the present invention, the sampling capacitor can be the actual capacitive redistribution digital-to-analog converter (CapDAC) used in the SAR ADC itself, or a separate capacitor array. By selecting which bits of the CapDAC or separate sampling array to … SAR would have only a 2-bit resolution. C. Switching energy comparison The average switching energy dissipation for an 𝑛-bit SAR using the proposed technique can be shown to be 𝐸𝑎𝑣𝑔= (𝑛∑−2 𝑖=2 2𝑛−3−𝑖) 𝐶𝑉2 𝑟𝑒𝑓 while that for an 𝑛-bit conventional SAR ADC is given by(𝐸𝑎𝑣𝑔 Browse TI's precision SAR and delta-sigma analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) that deliver high performance through high accuracy, faster throughput and more. 2014-03-25 1 SAR ADC Characteristics The SAR ADC device includes two kind of converters: • A fast ADC (SAR ADC) • A slow ADC (SARB ADC) All analog input pins routed to either type of ADC are multiplexed with a dual analog input switch pad cell. Simultaneous sampling by two converters on the same analog input is … SAR ADC is scalable with the technology scaling since most parts of the architecture apart from the comparator are digital. In this thesis, different structures of SAR control logics and dynamic latched comparators are studied; then, a 10-bit SAR ADC is designed … 2020-03-17 DESIGN!OFSAR!ADC!IN!65NM!!!!!CHARLES!PERUMAL!
Efterföljande approximation ADC - Successive-approximation
Successive approximation register analog-to-digital converters, better known as SAR ADCs, are a versatile class of analog-to-digital converters that produce a digital (discrete time) representation of a continuous analog waveform. Description. Successive Approximation Register (SAR) based ADC consists of a sample and hold circuit (SHA), a comparator, an internal digital to analog converter (DAC), and a successive approximation register.
LTC ADC-prover Upp Till Nyquist-frekvens Företag 2021
With micro-controller interfacing in mind, the universal data transfer technique of SPI proved 要約: adc市場において逐次比較型(sar)アナログ-ディジタルコンバータ(adc)は中分解能から高分解能adcのメインとなっています。 。sar adcは最大5mspsのサンプリングレートを8～18ビットの分解能で実現しま A 9.35-ENOB, 14.8 fJ/conv.-step fully-passive noise-shaping SAR ADC Abstract: This paper presents an opamp-free solution to implement noise shaping in a successive approximation register analog-to-digital convertor. 2020-03-17 · An internal circuit-level DAC is used to introduce non-ideal factors of SAR ADC. Simulation shows that under the sampling rate of 20MS/s and oversampling rate of 4, the ideal first-order and second-order noise shaping is 1.1 bits and 0.77 bits higher than the original ADC. SAR ADC without significant modification to the basic SAR ADC structure . The rest of the paper is divided as follows. Section II and Section III examine the energy efficiency of charge-redistribution SAR ADCs. Although an energy analysis of the digital SAR controller is omitted form the analysis, a sar adc的采样速率最高可达5msps，分辨率为8位至18位。sar架构允许高性能、低功耗adc采用小尺寸封装，适合对尺寸要求严格的系统。 本文说明了sar adc的工作原理，采用二进制搜索算法，对输入信号进行转换。本文还给出了sar adc的核心架构，即电容式dac和高速比较 sar型 （逐次逼近型） 摘要：逐次逼近寄存器型(sar)模数转换器(adc)占据着大部分的中等至高分辨率adc市场。sar adc的采样速率最高可达5msps，分辨率为8位至18位。sar架构允许高性能、低功耗adc采用小尺寸封装，适合对 Compare SAR ADC to Ideal ADC. This example shows a comparison of the SAR ADC from the Mixed-Signal Blockset™ to the ideal ADC model with impairments presented in Analyzing Simple ADC with Impairments.
2018 — Analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) are crucial blocks which form the The 10-bit SAR ADC utilizes split-arraycapacitive DACs to reduce area
Design and implementation of radix-3/radix-2 based novel hybrid sar adc in scaled cmos technologies To speedup the conversion process, we introduce a
ADC Rakesh Kumar Palani, Ramesh Harjani.
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This can be corrected in the digital domain through calibration, which can be done either ofﬂine (in the foreground) or while A major disadvantage of SAR ADC is its design complexity and cost of production. Applications of SAR ADC. As this is a most commonly used ADC, it's used for many applications like uses in biomedical devices that can be implanted in the patient, these types of ADCs are used because it consumes very less power. SAR ADC Architecture Although there are many variations for implementing a SAR ADC, the basic architecture is quite simple (see Figure 1).
SAR ADC Considerations •Power efficiency –only comparator consumes DC power •Conversion rate typically limited by finite bandwidth of RC network during sampling and bit-tests •For high resolution, the binary weighted capacitor array can become quite large •E.g.
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AD4020 20-Bit Precision SAR ADC - ADI Mouser
Här ingår industrins första SAR-omvandlare med 16-bitar som samplar 1 MSa/s och är Linear Tech har introducerat LTC2320-16, en 16-bitars 1,5 Msps per kanal, inget latens successivt approximationsregister (SAR) ADC med åtta samtidigt s. SAR ADC in 65nm.
Elektronik I Norden » Noggrannare dataomvandling i
micro-controller or battery) Analog Input Input coming from sensor in the analog domain with a 0V to 1V range . Chip Select This control signal tells the ADC that it needs to operate and use the SPI line. Serial Clock Recap: Advantages of SAR ADC • Mostly digital components • good for technology scaling •No linear, high precision amplification is required •fast, low power •Minimal hardware •1 comparator is needed 2018-03-19 SAR ADC takes “snapshots” Each conversion command captures the signal level, at that point in time, onto the sample/hold 9 ADC calculates an average The signal is sampled continuously What is the ADC actually converting? SAR vs. Delta-Sigma SAR Precision SAR ADC Selection Table Device Resolution (Bits) Sample Rate (kSPS) No. of Input Channels Input Voltage (V) Interface Companion Drivers Companion References + Buffers Package ADS8688 16 500 8 –10.24 to 10.24 Serial SPI OPA2209 REF5040 + OPA376 TSSOP (38): 9.7 mm x 4.4 mm SAR ADC using Cadence.
Maxim SAR ADCs offer some of the lowest power specifications in the industry while also offering accuracy specifications that are close to those provided by more expensive sigma-delta ADC's. SAR ADC without significant modification to the basic SAR ADC structure . The rest of the paper is divided as follows. Section II and Section III examine the energy efficiency of charge-redistribution SAR ADCs. Although an energy analysis of the digital SAR controller is omitted form the analysis, a The SAR ADC is the commonly used architecture for data acquisition systems that are widely employed in medical imaging, industrial process control, and optical communication systems. In these applications, we usually need to digitize the data generated by a large number of sensors. 2019-10-23 2020-09-18 The resolution of the ADC depends on the number of bits in the SAR. SAR IC converters are available in sizes from 8 to 18 bits—the greater the bit count, the greater the resolution and accuracy.


Internet Protocol Address.
Every device or computer connected to a network (Including the internet) must have a unique address so that when you connect to a website it knows where to send the web page information to, so that you can see it and not someone else. This address is an IP address and is typically made up of 4 parts separated by dots. e.g. 123.678.123.345
It is pretty much like a telephone number in some respects as it is a sequence of numbers that identifies your computer, your area and the country in which your computer is located.
In the majority of homes the IP Address that is visible on the internet is actually the address of your Internet router and your router then has a mechanism for delivering the information to each individual computer in the home.
The individual computers on your home network have their own range of IP Addresses which are only unique to your home network (Sub-domain). Your router then has the job of organising , translating and “routing” information on to the correct computers in your home and back out to the internet.
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Telstra is closing their 3G network by June 2024 and it’s a big step in the evolution of their mobile network.
it’s each customer's responsibility to ensure that any of their 3G services have been migrated to another Telstra service or discontinued before this date.
What to do:
- You will need to upgrade your device to a 4G/5G VoLTE capable and compatible device before 30th
June 2024. Doing so will ensure that you can access Telstra’s network and will have both data access and voice-calling compatibility. This includes IoT devices such as sensors, weather stations and other agri-technology devices.
- Customers using 3G mobile, IoT and network extension devices, some EFTPOS machines, medical devices and antennas that operate on the 3G network only will be able to continue using their device or antenna until 30th June 2024. After this date, if the device has not been updated to be 4G or 5G compatible, it will no longer work.
If you have any questions, please click on this link
or email the Telstra Regional Australia team for 3G closure related questions at firstname.lastname@example.org
Otherwise click below for a handy FAQ document


What Is Z-wave And How Will Devices Function Within My Smart Home In Topeka?
You like the thought of home automation and having the power to access your lights, entry locks, and other smart devices from any location, but how does it actually function? In order to wirelessly connect to your home’s smart tools, you will require a trustworthy form of communication. This is where Z-wave technology comes in. Explore more about this wireless connectivity standard and why it’s well known for home automation.
What Is Z-wave Technology?
Activating your lighting from a distance or having your thermostat automatically adjust depending on the hour of the day seems quite advanced, right? Home automation seems like a current advancement to most of us, but the tech that makes it possible has actually been around for a while now. As a matter of fact, Z-wave has been around for more than two decades. Basically, it is a means of wireless interaction that allows you to operate and schedule components within your residence, like door locks, lights, and thermostats. Looking at it from a different perspective, it’s what makes smart homes smart.
It’s worth pointing out that Z-wave operates in a mesh network, which means that gadgets not only interact to the main interface but also with each other. Would you like to have an inside light activate when the front door is opened? This sort of integration can be done with Z-wave.
Why Z-wave Devices In Topeka Will Benefit Your Home
Z-wave devices are at the heart of your home’s automated setup due to their wireless capabilities. While Z-wave technology is akin to other methods of wireless technology, like Bluetooth and Wi-Fi, it does work somewhat differently. One of the crucial divergences is that it functions on a much lower radio frequency than Wi-Fi. What this means is that you don’t have to be concerned about Z-wave devices running into interference with all the smartphones, televisions, and tablets hooked up to your principal wireless network.
Consider these advantages of Z-wave technology:
- Provides remote access and automated function of your home’s smart features
- Dependable, low-power radio waves are able to travel with ease through walls and floors
- Encrypted messaging between your devices and centralized panel
- Less network congestion and interference than Wi-Fi as Z-Wave operates on a lower frequency
- Mesh networking and two-way communications allow devices to interact with one another and the centralized hub
- Operates with smart speakers from Amazon or Google, offering you the chance to control devices via vocal commands
Since Z-wave technology has existed for a considerable amount of time, it has passed through a number of iterations and improvements to enhance its features, stability, and safety. You will appreciate the peace of mind knowing your system will effectively perform the functions you have preset.
Customize A Modern Home Security System From Secure24 Alarm Systems
Experts in wireless home automation, Secure24 Alarm Systems is here to create the flexible and trustworthy smart home your family wants. Are you ready to set your lighting on a schedule or have your doors lock automatically? Our home security systems in Topeka will bring it to life, providing you with a higher level of convenience and safety. If you have questions about Z-wave devices or wireless capabilities, our trained agents have answers. Call (785) 268-2982 now to learn more and start customizing your own automated system.


- Output range : 0 to 20mA , 4 to 20mA and 0 to 10V
- Programmable output slope (16 types) :
0.125 to 1024 mA/sec
0.0625 to 512 V/sec
I-7000 Analog I/O Expansion
You can greatly expand the analog I/O capability of any T100MD or T100MX PLC using these I-7000 modules connected to the M-series RS485 port. Up to 31 units of I-7000 may be multi-dropped on the RS485 bus.
Application Notes & Sample Programs: http://www.tri-plc.com/trilogi/I-7000.zip


2 edition of Acoustics, Speech, & Signal Processing (Icassp), 2002 IEEE International found in the catalog.
Acoustics, Speech, & Signal Processing (Icassp), 2002 IEEE International
Written in English
|The Physical Object|
Most speech signals are nonstationary processes with multiple components that may vary in time and frequency. Classical stationary methods are unable to represent these variations accurately, whereas (t,f) representations allow a more precise description of nonstationary are two useful acoustic features in a voiced-speech signal: fundamental frequency (pitch) and . The Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing Society. A HistOrical Perspective LR.. Rabiner Q NI the occasion of the centennial year of IEEE, each of the. Groups and Societies of IEEE have been taking stock of where they stand, and trying to understand how they got there. In this spirit I have been asked to set down in print a historical perspectiveof how the ASSP Society.
Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for Modern Acoustics and Signal Processing: Acoustics, Information, and Communication: Memorial Volume in Honor of Manfred R. Schroeder (, Hardcover) at the best online . The 42nd IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing ICASSP The Internet of Signals March , ,New Orleans, USA. CFP *The Latest News* ***Pictures are here*** Panel: Open Problems in Signal Processing. Student Paper Contest Winners and Finalists.
11 References in Selected Areas of Speech Processing Speech Coding: • A. M. Kondoz, Digital Speech: Coding for Low Bit Rate Communication Systems-2nd Edition, John Wiley and Sons, • W. B. Kleijn and K. K. Paliwal, Editors, Speech Coding and Synthesis, Elsevier, • P. E. Papamichalis, Practical Approaches to Speech Coding, Prentice Hall Inc, File Size: 2MB. Get this from a library! IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech & Signal Processing, held at the Camelot Inn, Tulsa, Oklahoma, April , record.. [Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.;].
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It is a unique resource for experts and practitioners alike to find new ideas and techniques within the diversity of signal processing in acoustics. Keywords Infrasound explained Musical Acoustics Noise and Vibrations Speech and Hearing Wave animal hearing hoyingf instruments signal processing signal processing in acoustics transducer.
“The ‘Handbook of Signal Processing in Acoustics’ provides an excellent reference for practicing acousticians and engineers. encompasses essential background material, technical details, standards, and practical tips. It is aimed to a public with some knowledge of signal processing, and it is meant to be used as a reference.
5/5(1). Acoustics has a special relationship with signal processing. Many concepts in signal processing arise naturally from our general experience with sound and vibration and, more than in many other fields, acoustics is concerned with the acquisition, analysis, and.
IEEE Xplore, delivering full text access to the world's highest quality technical literature in engineering and technology. | IEEE Xplore. Physical acoustics studies the creation and propagation of sound waves. Fundamental concepts of physical acoustics are discussed in chapter 1 of "Auditory Neuroscience".
This collection of web pages further illustrates ideas related to sound generation, sound propagation, and the physical description and manipulation of sounds.
Fundamentals of Acoustic Signal Processing serves as an introduction to the previously published book The Nature and Technology of Acoustic a comprehensive, introductory text to modern acousticsand signal processing, it will be invaluable to students, researchers, and practitioners in Edition: 1.
When Speech and Audio Signal Processing published init stood out from its competition in its breadth of coverage and its accessible, intutiont-based style.
This book was aimed at individual students and engineers excited about the broad span of audio processing and curious to understand the available techniques. Acoustics, Speech, & Signal Processing (Icassp), IEEE International [ICASSP] on *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. Acoustics, Speech, & Signal Processing (Icassp), IEEE International.
Acoustics is a practical science, and modern acoustics is so tightly coupled to digital signal processing that the two fields have become inseparable. Signal processing is not only an indispensable tool for synthesis and analysis, it informs many of our most fundamental models for how acoustical communication systems work.
Video, Speech, and Audio Signal Processing and Associated Standards - Ebook written by Vijay Madisetti. Read this book using Google Play Books app on your PC, android, iOS devices. Download for offline reading, highlight, bookmark or take notes while you read Video, Speech, and Audio Signal Processing and Associated Standards/5(38).
As such, signal processing in some form is an essential element in the practice of all aspects of acoustics. Signal processing algorithms enable acousticians to separate signals from noise, to perform automatic speech recognition, or to compress information for more efficient storage or.
January Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, ICASSP, International Conference on ICASSP, International Conference on German Feyh. Get this from a library.
IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing: silver anniversary, proceedings, JuneHilton Hotel and Convention Center, Istanbul, Turkey. [IEEE Signal Processing Society.;]. "Audio and Speech Processing with MATLAB is a very welcome and precisely realized introduction to the field of audio and speech processing.
The initial chapters give numerous, novel and well-organized insights into the background of the subject. signal processing, acoustics, psychoacoustics, frequency analysis, and machine learning, all. Speech acoustics reflect the vocal tract that produced them, and can be extracted and quantified with relative ease using currently available signal-processing software.
Distributions of acoustic parameters like F 0 can then be successfully modeled statistically to enable quantified comparison between speech samples, and spectral features can. Acoustics is the branch of physics that deals with the study of mechanical waves in gases, liquids, and solids including topics such as vibration, sound, ultrasound and infrasound.A scientist who works in the field of acoustics is an acoustician while someone working in the field of acoustics technology may be called an acoustical application of acoustics is present in.
There are a number of excellent tutorial articles on this subject: 1. “Vector Quantization,” by R.M. Gray, in the April issue of IEEE Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing Magazine . “Vector Quantization: A Pattern Matching Technique for Speech Coding,” by A.
Gersho and V. Cuperman, in the December issue of IEEE Communications Magazine . The 37th International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP) was held at the Kyoto International Conference Center in Kyoto, Japan, on March 25 - 30, The ICASSP meeting is the world's largest and most comprehensive technical conference focused on signal processing and its applications.
This book facilitates the reader’s understanding and development of speech and audio techniques based on our knowledge of the auditory perceptual mechanisms by introducing the physical, signal-processing and psychophysical background to communication acoustics.
Speech, acoustic, and audio signal processing applications using multiple sensors can now be found in AI speaker, robotics, surveillance camera, automobiles, and many other fields This Special Issue aims to cover some of the possibilities that multi-microphone or multimodal sensors are combined with, at a high level, i.e., advanced artificial.
'Professor Ian Vince McLoughlin, a researcher and an educator, has produced a comprehensive and a complete book on speech and audio signal processing that includes many examples and exercises.
This is an authoritative book that covers both basic principles and a wealth of advanced and emerging topics Cited by: 5.Techniques in Speech Acoustics provides an introduction to the acoustic analysis and characteristics of speech sounds.
The first part of the book covers aspects of the source-filter decomposition of speech, spectrographic analysis, the acoustic theory of speech production and acoustic phonetic cues. The second part is based on computational techniques for analysing /5(2).Bilmes, J., & Zweig, G.
(), “The graphical models toolkit: An open source software system for speech and time–series processing,” Proceedings of International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP), pp. –


Account Manager IoT
Location: Sofia, Bulgaria
Our company develops and manufactures products and provides cloud and connectivity services for the IoT and Home Automation. The company’s portfolio consists of communication equipment for the security industry, energy distribution, logistics and more.
All devices are connected to private cloud, where the clients can oversee and manage them using our web portal and mobile applications. Currently, we are expanding our Sales/Account Management team and looking for an experienced Account Manager IoT.
- Establishes and maintains trustful relationships with existing customers via phone and e-mail
- Has an in-depth knowledge and understanding of the company's portfolio, able to fluently describe products and services benefits, resolve business issues, and adequately address customer concerns
- Educates clients on our technology and make them as successful as possible
- Documents and tracks each customer interaction in the company’s ERP and consistently follow through on his commitments
- Maintains daily connection with different departments to keep himself/herself and the colleagues informed on latest developments
Required Qualifications and Skills:
- At least 3 years of experience in sales/account management roles in the telecommunication/mobile industry (ideally IoT)
- Extremely people oriented, with exceptional communication skills, the ability to listen attentively, think, talk, write and act professionally to impress and influence others
- Understands the technical side of the telecommunication and/or security business sufficiently to be able to address customer inquiries
- Having an understanding of the alarm industry is a plus


Wireless and Wired Networks
Wireless Network Access
This is the high-speed network exclusively for student use. Guides for connecting various devices to this network can be found on the following pages:
Student Wi-Fi on iOS
Student Wi-Fi on Android
Student Wi-Fi on Mac OS
Student Wi-Fi on Windows 7
This is the high-speed network exclusively for Faculty and Staff use. Guides for connecting various devices to this network can be found on the following pages:
Faculty/Staff Wi-Fi- on iOS
Faculty/Staff Wi-Fi- on Android
Faculty/Staff Wi-Fi- on Mac OS
Faculty/Staff Wi-Fi- on Windows 7
This network has its speed capped at 256kbps and requires you to open an internet browser to use it. You will be directed to a webpage to enter your email address in order to access the network each time you connect.
This network is for devices such as TVs, Blu-Ray players, and game consoles that cannot connect to the Wheelock-Students network. To connect these devices to the network, you need to register with the make, model and MAC address of the device using the device registration form.
Helpdesk supports all network and data ports on campus including, but not limited to, those in classrooms, offices, meeting spaces, and residence halls. The IT department is responsible for maintaining at least one physical network jack in each room. Should you discover that there are no functional ports, please email details of the location with the problem to firstname.lastname@example.org so that it can be addressed.


Ideal Characteristics of OP-AMP:
Ideal op-amp. It has two input signals V₁ and V2. applied to non-inverting and inverting terminals respectively. The following things can be observed for the ideal op-amp. An ideal op-amp draws no current at both the input terminals i.e. I₁ = I=0 thus the input impedance is infinite.
The gain of the ideal op-amp is infinite hence the differential input V-V₁-V₂ is essentially the zero for the finite output voltage V₁.
The output voltage V0, is independent of the current drawn from the output terminals. Thus the output impedance is zero and hence can drive an infinite number of other circuits.
The various characteristics of ideal op-amp are
Infinite voltage gain: it is denoted as AoL. It is the differential open loop gain and is infinite for an ideal op-amp.
Infinite input impedance: the input impedance is denoted as Rin, and is infinite for an ideal op-amp. This ensures that no current can flow into as ideal op-amp.
Zero output impedance: The output impedance is denoted as R0. and is zero for an ideal op-amp. This ensures that the output voltage of the op-amp remains same, irrespective of the value of the load resistance connected.
Zero offset voltage: The presence of the small output voltage through V₁=V₂=0 is called an offset voltage. It is zero for an ideal op-amp. This ensures zero output for zero input signal voltage.
Infinite Band width: The range of frequency over which the amplifier performance is satisfactory is called its bandwidth. The band width of an ideal op-amp is infinite. This means that operating frequency range is 0 to ∞.
Infinite CMRR: The ratio of differential gain and common mode gain is defined as CMRR. Thus infinite CMRR of an ideal op-amp ensures zero common mode gain. Due to this common mode noise output voltage is zero for an ideal op-amp.
Infinite slew rate: This ensures that the changes in the output voltage occur simultaneously with the change in the input voltage.
Infinite slew rate indicates that output changes simultaneously with the time in the input voltage.
The parameter slew rate is actually defined as the maximum rate of change of output voltage with time and expressed in V/μs.
No-effect of temperature: The characteristics of op-amp do not change with temperature.
Power Supply Rejection Ratio: The power supply rejection ratio is defined as the ratio of the change in input offset voltage due to the change in supply voltage producing it, keeping the other power supply voltage constant. It is also called as power supply sensitivity.
See More: Semiconductor Basic
See More: Power MOSFET:(Working andExplanations)


The Pocket Interrupter One is a hand held, light weight three channel GPS time synchronized cathodic protection current interrupter. It incorporates a lithium polymer battery and sophisticated power management to provide extremely long times between recharging. It can be charged from a variety of power sources, including 5-volt DC via the micro USB connector, or 6 volts to 24 volts AC or DC via a watertight adapter cable. By itself, the Pi-1 is capable of interrupting two CP current sources of up to 1 amp and 20 volts each. Each interruption channel provides On/Off cycles from 1 second to 30 seconds long and can be set to interrupt independently, and on different cycles if desired. Hours of operation can be specified for interruption in half hour increments. With one or more external high current relays connected, a single Pi-1 can interrupt up to ten high current CP power supplies.