Prof. Umberto Spagnolini graduated cum laude as Dottore in Ing. Elettronica (in 1988). In 1990 he joined the Dipartimento di Elettronica e Informazione, Politecnico di Milano as a Faculty member where he is currently Full Professor. Research and teaching are in Statistical Signal Processing and Wireless Communication Systems.
During the 30+ years of his scientific activity, he covered several application areas ranging from radar systems, oil exploration, signal processing for cellular systems and wireless networks. He is author of more than 320 papers on peer-reviewed journals/conferences (see Publications for details on specific areas of expertise;) and he has been involved in several editorial activities and technical program committees of scientific conferences. He is Senior Member of IEEE and member of SEG and EAGE; member of the European-supported Network of Excellence on Wireless COMmunication (NEWCOM/++) since its founding.
Prof. Spagnolini has been coordinating a group of people ranging over the years from 4 to 12 researchers depending on the research projects (and 2 Faculty members). More specifically, he rose founding for research activities, mostly from private companies as he always managed his group to trade the results of the medium/long term fundamental research activities with the short-term needs of the industry. He filed 30 patents in innovative areas/products, mostly in partnership with telecommunication industry (e.g., Italtel, Siemens, Nokia Networks, Huawei).
Since the beginning of his academic activities, he tutored more than 130 MSc and 24 PhD students (link) that are now with oil exploration companies, telecommunication industries and academia all around the world. This virtual community of alumni provides a continuous feedback to better focus the basic-research towards the most industrially active applications.
Consultancy: technical expert in patent litigation (Nokia vs IPCom, Apple vs Samsung Nokia vs IPCom), of UNINFO for intelligent transportation system regulations, and of KRIA for traffic-lights monitoring and controllers.
His current interests/projects are in network MIMO and multiuser processing for 5G, collimated communication and mm-wave systems for V2X, radio over copper/fiber, network synchronization methods, localization and navigation systems, cooperative methods for V2X.
Reviewers for National Founding Projects in Spain, Austria, Israel, Belgium.
In 1992 he developed the first non-destructive test system to evaluate the quality of the asphalt of road and highway in cooperation with Società Autostrade (the leading highway contractor in Italy). The system was based on the ground penetrating radar (GPR) concept and most of the methodologies developed during this cooperation have now become routinely employed approaches to GPR pavement profiling. For these innovative methodologies, he was appointed in 1995 Member of Instrumentation and Future Technologies board for GPR and in 1999 he became Associate Editor of the prestigious IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing for the area of subsurface processing.
He has developed innovative seismic-based methods and algorithms to improve the subsurface imaging in close cooperation with oil companies (ENI) and contractors (Schlumberger). In the field of oil exploration, in 1994-1998 he proposed and developed the 3D Shot Continuation Operator, a new proprietary method that dramatically reduced the cost of 3D seismic acquisition. In 2006 the 3D-SCO was released to ENI oil company as one of the most advanced data-interpolation tool in seismic exploration.
In 1998-1999 he founded within the Politecnico di Milano, the WiSyLAB (Wireless System LABoratory). The group cooperated with Italtel and Siemens in the design of the first GSM-compliant smart-antenna basestation with a self-calibrating array of 8 antennas. The most innovative part that made the system competitive was based on a patent developed by WiSyLAB. Since 1999, his research group developed, in close partnership with Siemens, new technologies based on the multiple-antennas concept to improve the capacity of advanced cellular systems. The most relevant industrial results and patents of WiSyLAB are on PHY, MAC and RRM for WCDMA (TDD mode), UMTS/HSPA and WiMAX systems.
In 2006 he co-founded WiSyTech (Wireless System Technology), a spin-off company of Politecnico di Milano, with the mission to design reconfigurable wireless devices for WiMAX, LTE and MIMO systems. In 2011 he co-founded Medielma (Medical Electromagnetic), a start-up company for early-diagnosis of prostatic cancer based on electromagnetic methods.
Since 2005 he led the research activities of WiSyLAB on the new hot-topic of wireless sensor networks with emphasis on a strong international cooperation. The main WiSyLAB contributions are in the field of network synchronization (2 international scientific awards from IEEE), localization methods, battery-aware cooperative communications, cognitive radio systems, and ultra-wide band (UWB) communications. Projects over the last few years are on wireless networks for industrial applications in oil exploration and refineries (ENI-SAIPEM), for railway signaling (RFI, Ansaldo-STS, Sirti, Bombardier), critical control and smart metering systems (FP7-DIWINE, 2013-15), and wireline/DSL systems (Huawei), 5G system over mmWave (Huawei).
He was active in oil exploration to make the 3D data-acquisition cost/quality-effective by exploiting the recent advances in wireless sensor networks. WiSyGEO is his new project aimed to replace cable connectivity by wireless in oil exploration that benefits from the 20+ years of experiences on all the application fields. WiSyGEO was awarded at Start Cup 2008, the start-up competition in Lombardia.


Cambridge HPC Service deploys fastest GPU supercomputer in the UK and the world’s most energy efficient air cooled HPC system as part of new "SKA Open Architecture Lab".
In November 2013, the University of Cambridge in partnership with Dell, NVIDIA and Mellanox deployed the UK’s fastest academic cluster, named Wilkes. The system consists of 128 Dell T620 servers, 256 NVIDIA K20 GPUs interconnected by 256 Mellanox Connect IB cards. This produces a computational performance of 240TF with a Top500 position of 166 in the November 2013 list. The system was part funded by STFC with industrial sponsorship from Rolls Royce and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries.
Immediately after its deployment, the system was ranked No.2 in the November 2013 Green500 list with an extremely high performance per watt of 3631 MFLOP/W. At that time, it was the most energy efficient air cooled supercomputer in the world (the No.1 position was given to a specialist full immersion oil cooled system). The high energy efficiency is due to two factors: firstly the very high performance per watt provided by the NVIDIA K20 GPU and secondly due to the industry leading energy efficiency obtained from the Dell T620 server.
The newly deployed GPU supercomputer is part funded by STFC to drive the SKA computing system development within the newly formed "SKA Open Architecture Lab". The SKA is a multinational collaboration to build the world’s largest radio telescope which at its centre is a requirement for the world’s largest streaming data processor, many times larger than the most powerful HPC system in operation today. The new GPU system will take a central role driving system development for the SKA placing STFC and the University of Cambridge at the forefront of large scale big-data science.
The network design was specifically architected to provide the highest I/O bandwidth for large scale big-data challenges and to have the highest message rate possible for large parallel application scaling. To achieve this Mellanox was chosen to help architect the interconnect network and the system was built using a dual rail Connect IB network providing a fully non-blocking node to node bandwidth of over 100Gb/s with a message rate of 137 million messages per second. The system is architected to utilise the NVIDIA RDMA communication acceleration which will significantly increase the system's parallel efficiency.
The new GPU system at 240 TF and the existing Cambridge Intel based supercomputer at 185 TF are now housed in a new ultra-efficient water cooled HPC data centre. The data centre is one of the most efficient HPC data centres in the world using a combination of evaporative coolers and back of rack water heat exchangers. This data centre has a spot PUE of 1.075 which is 30% more energy efficient than the previous University HPC data centre. This new green data centre combined with the new green GPU supercomputer produces an overall HPC facility energy efficiency increase of 150%. I.e. overall the whole HPC facility produces 2.5 times the computational output for the same energy usage. Also the Cambridge HPCS facility is one of only two academic HPC centres in the UK to have two HPC systems in the top half of the Top500 and one of only eight worldwide.


How Do You Use Hybrid Cloud?
Since technology has become a huge thing these days, business owners are now using virtual networking that is cloud computing. The cloud virtual network is really good for independent networks and it is really worth the investment because of the high performance it provides. It will be able to increase the capabilities of your network as well as performance and capacity unlike other networks that will require you to upgrade your infrastructure. You will really see the benefits it gives because you will not be spending too much on additional things just to get those upgrades. The advantage of cloud computing is that it will make the computing and the matching of resources way easier because of the precision and accuracy of the computations. And the capacity of the network will be good and this will be a very good aspect in increasing business needs and it will also be able to do critical mission processing.
There is also a new cloud network today called the hybrid cloud. A hybrid cloud will be able to be a good thing for both private and public network. Hybrid clouds have two ways in being formed. This means that the public cloud provider can also work with a business that has private cloud network and the other way around a private cloud provider can also form a partnership with a public cloud provider.
The thing is that the hybrid cloud will be able to compute environment in an organization or group that has some resources in both in house and has something also externally. An example is that when an organization will be using the public network for something like installing or placing an application in the public cloud that isn’t that much. They will be asking assistance from the hybrid cloud network so that their application can be deployed because they do not have the skill sets to deploy it on their own.
Organizations that are almost at its peak at power and storage space because their data center is almost full, the hybrid cloud storage will help the IT leaders in reducing the storage costs and provide better data protection by leveraging the cloud. The best thing about the hybrid network is that it will help in so many ways, it will be able to take advantage of the things that other networks cannot do and the sense that you will be using a public network but still have privacy.
If you want your storage and power to be working in full potential as well as being able to compute the environmental data, the hybrid cloud is perfect for you.


Internet uses various internet protocol technologies. The recent introduction of mobile internet have been equally successful. Internet surfing is very easy. It is possible to surf through Internet with the help of internet browsers such as Windows explorer, Google chrome, etc. Uses of Internet The key to success of Internet is the information. The better the quality, the more usage of Internet operations.
Large volume of Information: Internet can be used to collect information from around the world. This information could relate to education, medicine, literature, software, computers, business, entertainment, friendship, tourism, and leisure. People can search for information by visiting the home page of various search engines such as Google, Yahoo, Bing, etc. Internet has completely changed the way of teaching.
Benefits Of Internet Essay Examples. 15 total results. A Report on the Benefits of the Internet in Business. 1, words. 2 pages. The Benefits and Drawbacks of the Internet. words. 1 page. The Benefits of Using the Internet in Fields Such as Education, Business and Communication. words.
Instead of physically going to the classroom, students can study at the comfort of their home. They simply need to either subscribe to a teacher for a fee or watch educational lectures that are available free on internet.
All the newspapers, magazines and journals of the world are available on the Internet. With the introduction of broadband and short essay on internet and its uses mobile telecommunication technologies such as 3G third generation4G fourth generationand VoLTE voice over Long Term Evaluationthe speed of internet service has increased tremendously.
We can buy e-books and read online.
There is no need to earmark large wardrobes for keeping books. Nor, do we need to visit library. A single Mobile devices such as tablet can make available thousands of books at fingertip.
- They can transfer funds from one account to another using the net-banking facility.
- Using the internet helps us with so many advantages.
- It is accessed anywhere through a telecommunications line and modulator-demodulator and comes to the computer by modifying analogue telephone signals into the digital computer signals.
- It can also be used for online communication via email, social sites, IM, various apps works with internet and with the use of internet one can do online video and audio chat.
- Technology of the Future:
- It is we who have to decide how to use this technology.
- At present, internet has become part of life in human beings life.
- It has benefited the education, travel and business sectors to a great level.
- But now, we just need to connect our internet to open some social networking websites and opening Gmail or other accounts Yahoo, etc to send messages within seconds.
Electronic Mode of Communication: Internet has given the most exciting mode of communication to all. We can send an E-mail the short form of Electronic Mailing System to all the corners of the world. People can connect with old friends on social networking sites. They can even chat with them when they Ap biology 1995 essay answers online.
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Social networking sites also allow us to share pictures with others. We can share pictures with our loved ones, while we are on a vacation. People are even short essay on internet and its uses business deals over these social networking sites such as Facebook.
The use of internet can also be seen in the field of banking transactions. They can transfer funds from one account to another using the essay on william wordsworth the prelude facility.
Internet is also used for carrying out business operations and that set of operations is known as Electronic Commerce E-commerce. Flipkart an essay on man cliff notes the largest e-commerce company in India.
The rival, Amazon, is giving stiff competition to Flipkart. Mobile commerce also M-Commerce refers to the commercial transaction that takes place over the mobile internet. Using the mobile internet technology, many companies have introduced mobile version of websites and mobile apps, to promote and sell their products.
Write a Words Essay on Internet. More and more uses of Internet are being discovered as days go by. It has made our life easy, comfortable, pleasurable and luxurious. Internet has ushered in the cyber age. However, it is high time that its wrong use and negative impact be minimised. If not put an end to, it will strangle our young.
Many companies offer the service of mobile wallet to its customers. Users must have a smart-phone and internet connection to use this service.
Users can pay an amount into their mobile wallet, which they can use to make online payment such as bill payments, recharges, etc. Apart from a major source of knowledge and information, the short essay on internet and its uses of Internet in the field of entertainment cannot be undermined.
We can visit various video sites and watch movies and serials at our convenient time. Technology of the Future: Internet is the technology of short essay on internet and its uses. In the times to come, offices would be managed at distant places through Internet. The cost of Internet has been reduced over-time. The cost of the computer system, modem and other associated hardware is emma clueless essay questions likely to come down.
In case computer system is not available, one can browse internet research paper bell ringers are endless.
However, some people waste their time while surfing through various websites. Some others try to view those websites that are not meant for them. This is a bad tendency and must be checked. Internet must be used for development and not for decay.


We’ve started a new project to install new WiFi infrastructure across the marina which will, when completed, provide high speed Internet connectivity across the entire marina.
The new infrastructure will provide separate WiFi access for vessel telemetry e.g. chart plotters etc, berth holders, and the public. The project involves installing a higher density of access points, which will give greater coverage and faster speeds, however this sounds a lot simpler than it actually is.
The project is being led by our own electrical engineer, Ben Martel, who has over 20 years experience with cellular and WiFi technology. Ben explains that “marinas are a uniquely challenging environment to provide high speed WiFi with consistent coverage.”
WiFi uses radio waves to transmit information between your device and the WiFi router. When these radio waves hit an obstruction, which in the case of a marina are masts and vessels, it weakens the strength of the radio signal beyond the obstruction.
In a marina it is further complicated because the tide changes the environment constantly. “We have to carefully plan where in the marina we install the new WiFi access points to ensure that the additional access will compensate for the obstructions” says Ben.
The new WiFi access points that you will start seeing pop-up on the marina piers support the latest WiFi standard, known as WiFi 6, but they support all the previous versions as well. What’s new in WiFi 6? The crux of WiFi 6 is MU-MIMO (Multi-user multi-in multi-out). What this means, as the picture shows, is the WiFi access point has four external antennas.
The radio signal from your WiFi station e.g. phone, tablet, chart plotter etc, is received by all four antennas. The received signal on each of them is compared to each other, making sure that any ‘noise or corruption’ received can be removed. This significantly reduces the amount of times that the access point needs to ask the station to re-transmit it’s message.
“Think of yourself talking to four other people at the same time; if every time you spoke, all four of the other people confirmed with each other what they heard, then agreed between themselves what was actually heard. The conversation would surely proceed with a lot more certainty” says Ben.
The project will initially be rolled out on Piers A, B, and C, starting in the first weeks of May, and then tested to ensure that service is to be as effective as possible; the remaining piers will have the new WiFi installed in the months following.


A two-way radio is a radio that receives and transmits content. The operator in possession of the radio can participate in a conversation with other operators having a two-way radio, which
operates on the same frequency or channel. A two-way radio is also referred to as a walkie-talkie.
The operator of a two-way radio can either transmit or listen all at once. This mode is usually referred to as a half-duplex mode. If the operator desires to talk, but he was originally listening, then all that he has to do is to push the Push to Transmit Button. On the other hand, a mobile phone has a full-duplex mode, which means that you can both receive and transmit conversation simultaneously. This is because mobile phones work on two frequencies - whereas a two-way radio works on only one frequency.
There are only certain frequencies by which two-way radio systems can operate. Every country assigns this specified frequency for such radios and therefore these frequencies differ from country to country. For instance, a whole block of 22 channels are assigned by America to the general Mobile Radio Service. Operators can communicate on their two-way radios using any of these frequencies.
The government allocates the frequency based on its own policies and regulations and on a number of factors. First, it checks the traffic-per-frequency and determines the frequency availability. Then it checks the topography and checks how radio signals will travel in forest and urban areas. It makes calculations on noise intrusion and congestion, and also considers other technical aspects. Finally, it creates a proposal that must be approved by a special technical committee.
The government would then assign the frequency after you have obtained the approval. Numbers and titles are given to frequencies for easy recall, - for example, Channel 10 is easier to recall than 27.695 MHz. The frequency assigned for two-way radios acts as a bridge between two-way radios. Utility companies and government departments like the police have many frequencies assigned for their use. This is necessary because these organizations provide critical services and their two way radios must always be prepared for use at any and every point in time. Although channel numbers are used by utility companies and other organizations, amateur radio operators on the other hand work with various frequencies since they are not required by law to make use of a fixed channel.
The robustness of the frequency is one huge factor that affects the quality of the conversation between two-way radios. There are many factors that can affect the range of a two-way radio-system. Some of these factors include the noise in the atmosphere, atmospheric refraction and reflection, antenna characteristics, transmitter power, signal-to-noise ration, type of receiver and the height at which the antenna is positioned.
You will find that majority of two-way radio systems operate in the UHF and VHF bands, which is also the one used by mobile systems. Since a two-way radio makes use of line-of-sight broadcast, communication can be blocked by tall buildings that are within the line-of-sight. Atmospheric noise, weather and the frequency that is used are some more factors that can impact the quality of the conversation. There are a variety of applications by which two-way radios are used. Utility company workers, cops, hobbyists, hotel employees, as well as amateurs make use of 2-way radios.
These are the fundamentals of two-way radios.


The internet is one of the best and one the greatest marvels of this century. Imagine all the things you can do with it and then imagine what life would be without it. Scary don’t you think? Now that we also have Smart phones & mobile internet the world is truly changing and technology is the front runner. There are so many things and benefits to having a Smartphone & mobile internet. The possibilities and uses are limitless.
You can check your email, make a call and send short text messages for anywhere whether you are in or out of the office. So basically you can keep in touch from anywhere at any time. With this technology you can vide conference anyone from anywhere if they also have the same capabilities as your phone and the network. This Smartphone & mobile internet technology is very good and highly recommended. You can use this technology to get directions if you are lost or to purchase the latest DVD online or better yet to send a video message to friend to let them know your thinking about them.
Smart phones have array of technology and software to help you stay in touch and to do a wide selection of things. They also have great down load speeds and capabilities. They are not called smart phones for nothing. You can shop, surf the net and update your MySpace or Facebook account. You can handle a mini crisis at work at home via your smart phone. You can do business and negotiate big deals from anywhere in the world. Also with this technology it makes syncing and synchronizing your laptop or PC to your computer so much easier and simpler.


A non-electrical, low cost piece of glass replicates a machine’s neural network in order to recognise handwritten digits.
University of Wisconsin–Madison engineers developed a piece of glass containing small impurities that act as artificial neurons. These impurities bend light reflected from the image of a digit in a particular way to be able to identify it.
UW-Madison electrical and computer engineering professor Zongfu Yu said: “We’re using optics to condense the normal setup of cameras, sensors and deep neural networks into a single piece of thin glass.
“The wave dynamics of light propagation provide a new way to perform analogue artificial neural computing.”
The impurities within the glass consist of air bubbles of different shapes and sizes, as well as small pieces of light-absorbing materials, such as graphene.
Light that reflects from the digit enters at one end of the glass and then, due to the impurities, focuses to one of nine spots, numbered from one to nine, on the other side.
The glass could detect a handwritten 3, and then again as it was altered to become an 8.
The glass – which would, of course, work at the speed of light – could act as an alternative to currently used smart glass that requires sensors or electricity.
One piece of image recognition glass could be used hundreds of thousands of times. It could be used as a biometric lock on a smartphone, as an example.
“We could potentially use the glass as a biometric lock, tuned to recognise only one person’s face,” Yu said. “Once built, it would last forever without needing power or internet, meaning it could keep something safe for you even after thousands of years.”
The research team – which published details of their proof-of-concept in Photonics Research – plan to determine whether the glass works for more complex tasks such as facial recognition.
“The true power of this technology lies in its ability to handle much more complex classification tasks instantly without any energy consumption,” said collaborator Professor Ming Yuan at Columbia University.
“These tasks are the key to create artificial intelligence: to teach driverless cars to recognize a traffic signal, to enable voice control in consumer devices, among numerous other examples.”


As a technology company in the automotive industry, our garage at the back of our building is where the magic happens. It’s where we test our product, collaborate with partners, and see our innovations come to life.
Sonatus recently attended the Automotive Ethernet Congress in late March in Munich, Germany with more than 1000 attendees, speakers and exhibitors from 26 countries. The event harnessed the energy driving the automotive ethernet ecosystem. As I’ve immersed myself into the automotive technology world, the notion that “software is eating the world” continues to ring in my mind, however, I might change this to read “the network is eating the world.” In vehicles, the software functions resident in isolated components are now exposed to other software functions, some centralized, some in the cloud and potentially others located in neighboring vehicles. The implications for services and applications are profound. This puts enormous pressure on the network in terms of quality of service, bandwidth, reliability, security, power consumption and cost. The Automotive Ethernet Congress offered an opportunity to see how this eaten world may come about through the application of Ethernet technology. Here are some key takeaways:


I thought vonage sounded too good to be true, but decided to try it anyway. Anyhow, the service slowed my high speed internet service down so much you would have thought I had dial-up.
So in order for my high speed internet to work, I had to unplug the vonage phone service. Then most of my calls were getting dropped. Then on top of all of that, I had to order the equipment TWICE because the box kept going out.
Vonage is not as good as you think, and it's hard to understand when those in customer service can barely speak English. Buyer BE~WARE
Product or Service Mentioned: Vonage Phone Service.
Monetary Loss: $400.


"One Mississippi, two Mississippi, three Mississippi..." nothing annoys your customers and employees more than waiting around after they hit the "enter key" on their computer or smartphone for your firm's computer applications to do what you said they would do (increase employee productivity, enhance customer service, reduce sales cycles, etc.)
Maybe your application is working right but your data network service provider is still trying to figure out how to best connect the application users and the application data. According to NTT America, for some ISPs (Internet service providers), 20 or more hops from one data network to another around the globe are required to make the right connects to make your application work.
Since every extra hop your data packets have to endure in their travel increases latency (one Mississippi, two Mississippi), to figure out how to increase network performance one has to understand how autonomous system numbers (ASNs) work and how jumping from one to another increases latency.
For Global Data Apps, a Global Single ASN Minimizes Latency (and Increases Happiness)
Just as a non-stop flight will get you from Los Angeles to New York faster than a flight that make multiple stops where you have to switch planes, so too does using a global single ASN network reduce the redundancy experienced by your data application users.
If you're deploying a data application globally across such continents as North America, Europe, Asia and Australia you'll want to consider a global data network service provider like NTT Communications.
NTT Communications fully controls the collection of routers that make up our Global Single ASN. We have independent links to the other leading networks around the World. We use our network to get you connected and to keep your data streaming.
Why is One Better?
According to NTT, of the 20,000 or so autonomous system numbers in use, NTT has ONE, where other ISPs have many. That means that North America, Europe, Asia and Australia all connect across a single backbone. NTT's customers experience stellar performance no matter where they are.
For some ISPs, data has to travel across multiple ASNs to arrive at its destination. Traveling across multiple ASNs can mean up to 20 hops. NTT claims they can do it in fewer than five. With strategically located exchange points around the world, you can get to ANY access point on NTT's global network in fewer than five hops. That's around the world (and back), smoothly, and with fewer delays.
NTT specializes in access and connectivity. For VoIP, streaming media, database application
and backup, NTT claims you'll experience a significant reduction in latency. Their single global ASN is available to all NTT customers, globally. Wherever you are, your data travels seamlessly across our network and around the world.
For more information about NTT's Global Single ASN Service


In the modern era, having a reliable and fast internet connection is an essential need for people, businesses, and organizations. The Internet is a significant part of our daily lives, and without it, many of our activities and tasks would be impossible to complete. As a result, choosing the best internet broadband provider is a crucial decision that requires careful consideration. One of the best internet broadband providers in the UK is Sky.
Sky is a leading broadband provider that offers fast, reliable, and affordable internet services to its customers. The company has an extensive network of fiber-optic cables, which allows it to provide high-speed internet to its customers. Sky’s broadband services are available in different packages, depending on the customer’s needs and preferences. They offer a range of options, including standard broadband, fiber optic broadband, and ultra-fast broadband.
Sky offers the best Internet broadband deals
Look no further than Sky, which is the best internet broadband provider. With a range of affordable packages to choose from, Sky provides excellent value for money, while offering access to 4G and 5G networks.
Here are some of the best broadband deals by Sky:
1. Sky Broadband Essential
This is an entry-level broadband package that offers average download speeds of 11Mbps. It’s ideal for light internet users who browse the web, check email, and stream SD content. The package comes with unlimited data and a free Sky Broadband Shield to protect your devices from online threats.
2. Sky Broadband Superfast
This package offers download speeds of up to 59 Mbps, making it ideal for households with multiple devices and heavy internet usage. It comes with unlimited data, a free Sky Hub router, and a guaranteed minimum speed. Customers also get access to the Sky Broadband Buddy app, which allows them to manage their family’s online activity and set time limits on usage.
3. Sky Broadband Ultrafast
If you’re looking for even faster speeds, the Ultrafast package offers download speeds of up to 145Mbps. This package is ideal for gamers, streamers, and households with high-bandwidth requirements. It comes with unlimited data, a free Sky Hub router, and a guaranteed minimum speed. Customers also get access to the Sky Broadband Buddy app.
4. Sky Broadband Boost
This add-on service provides additional features and benefits to Sky broadband customers, such as a speed guarantee, engineer visits, and a dedicated customer support team. It’s available for an additional monthly fee and can be added to any Sky broadband package.
Benefits of choosing the best internet broadband provider by Sky
Here are some of the benefits of choosing the best internet broadband provider:
- One of the reasons why Sky is considered the best internet broadband provider is its reliability. Sky’s broadband network is robust and stable, ensuring that customers have a seamless online experience. They have invested heavily in their infrastructure, which has resulted in a high level of uptime, minimal interruptions, and fast connection speeds.
- Another reason why Sky is the best internet broadband provider is its affordability. They offer competitive prices for their broadband packages, making it accessible to a wide range of customers. Sky’s packages also include extras such as free calls and Wi-Fi, which adds value to their offering.
- Sky’s customer service is also exceptional. Their support team is available 24/7, and customers can reach them through different channels, including phone, email, and live chat. They are responsive, knowledgeable, and efficient in resolving customer issues and complaints.
- Sky’s broadband packages also come with a range of features and benefits that make them the best internet broadband provider. For instance, their packages include Sky Broadband Boost, which provides customers with extra features such as improved Wi-Fi coverage and faster speeds. They also offer a Sky Q Hub, which is a high-performance router that provides fast and reliable connectivity.
In conclusion, Sky is the best broadband internet provider in the UK due to its reliability, affordability, customer service, and the range of features and benefits that come with their packages. Whether you are a small business or a large organization, Sky has the right package to meet your needs. With its high-speed internet connectivity, you can browse the web, stream videos, download files, and work remotely without any interruptions or delays. For more information, visit Sky and the official website of TrendingCult


Convert Text to Morse Code
Morse code is a standard encoding for letters, digits and some other characters that is ideally suited to radio transmissions and is used by amateur radio operators and pilots. This article describes a simple C# class for converting text to Morse code.
Morse code was developed by Samuel Morse and Alfred Vail in 1844 to allow sending of messages using their telegraph machine. Characters were encoded into a series of dots and dashes, which were converted to an electric current via the telegraph. A receiver transformed the electrical impulses into "dot" and "dash" indentations on paper tape that could be decoded manually. Later, the impulses were played as audible tones that could be sent via radio signals. Although modern technology has greatly reduced the requirement for the code, it is still used in aviation and by amateur radio operators.
In this article we will create a class that converts English letters and digits into International Morse code. The code will be represented using full stop (period) characters and hyphens. Individual characters will be separated with spaces and the ends of words will be represented with a slash character. For example, the Morse code for "Morse Code" will appear as:
-- --- .-. ... ./-.-. --- -.. .
This class could be used to encode Morse code before it is played back through the console speaker or sound card, or transmitted using a radio device.
Creating the Project
To begin, create a new console application and add a new class named "MorseConverter".
Initialising the Converter
There is no simple algorithm that can determine the dots and dashes of each Morse code character. Instead, a lookup table will be used. In the code, this lookup table will be stored in a Dictionary, with the letter or digit to be encoded as the key and the Morse code equivalent in the value. To declare the dictionary, add the following line to the MorseConverter class:
Dictionary<char, string> _codes;
We can now initialise the dictionary values in the class's constructor. The following adds all English letters and digits. You could add further characters as desired.
_codes = new Dictionary<char, string>();
The conversion of text to Morse code is performed by three methods. At the deepest level, individual characters need to be converted to a series of dots and dashes. This is achieved with the private ConvertCharacter method, which looks up a character in the dictionary and returns the appropriate encoded string. If the character is not present, an empty string is returned. This eliminates punctuation from encoded text without affecting the overall result. Note that this method assumes that the character passed to the 'ch' parameter will be in upper case.
private string ConvertCharacter(char ch)
The second method is used to convert entire words to Morse code, using the ConvertCharacter method for each character. A for-each loop processes each character from the string in turn and adds the result to a StringBuilder. The if statement adds a space before all letters except the first, separating the characters for easy readability.
private string ConvertWord(string word)
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
foreach (char ch in word)
if (sb.Length != 0 && sb[sb.Length - 1] != ' ')
The final method converts a full string of text into Morse code. Firstly, the input text is converted to upper case and is split into words according to the positioning of space characters. The remainder of the code is similar to the ConvertWord method. All words in turn are passed to ConvertWord and the encoded text is combined into the end result. Each word in the result is separated from the next by a forward slash (/).
public string ConvertText(string sentence)
string words = sentence.ToUpper().Split(' ');
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
foreach (string word in words)
if (sb.Length != 0)
Testing the Converter
To test the converter, add the following code to the Main method of the console application. Run the program and type words and phrases that you wish to convert. When you press Enter, the Morse code is displayed. To exit the program, press Enter without entering any text.
MorseConverter converter = new MorseConverter();
Console.WriteLine("Enter string to convert:");
toConvert = Console.ReadLine();
string morse = converter.ConvertText(toConvert);
while (toConvert.Length != 0);
5 April 2010


What is Ethernet? Advantages and Disadvantages of Ethernet?
Guys do you know what is Ethernet (What is Ethernet in Hindi) and its types. So guys today we will discuss about this. But before that, let us know some important things. The Internet has been in our world for many years and with it came various technologies. One of them is Technology Ethernet. By the way, you may not know that wherever there is internet, there is also Ethernet. You must know about LAN Local Area Network whenever there is any discussion about this network. You must have heard the name Ethernet, so let’s learn something new, what is Ethernet and how it works.
What is Ethernet
Ethernet is pronounced “ether net”. This is a Local Area Network Technology. With the help of this technology, computers and networking devices are connected and information is shared. As is done in office, in college, in school. “Ethernet” is the protocol of data link layer of TCP / IP Stack. With the help of this Ethernet technology different computers in LAN are able to share information with each other. This protocol means the work of Ethernet, in what format the information will be transmitted. As if he could transfer information from one LAN to another computer without any error.
Ethernet communicates information between Networking devices in LAN. Let us take an easy example to explain this to you. Like your Computer LAB. Where Ethernet cable means twisted pair cable, all computers are connected to each other. But the information that you have on your computer is called Ethernet. Also called Ethernet protocol. By the way you must know that OSI Network Model has 7 layers out of which “Ethernet” works in both data link layer and “physical layer”.
Ethernet uses two types of units in data transmission, first frame and second packet (just like you weigh rice in packet, you weigh it in kilograms, and also in ton. Passes through). Frame not only carries Payload but also carries MAC Address along. MAC address is the address of the computer, so that it can get the address of the sender and receiver computers.
History of Ethernet
Initially, Ethernet was called Alto Aloha Network. The company that makes it is called Xerox PARC. Which was invented by Robert Metcalfe in 1973, along with a few others. It was the first network to use CSMA / CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access / Collision Detection) technology. Ethernet has been the fastest and most reliable network ever since. Which is still present everywhere. By 1980, it was being used in every corner of the globe.
Ethernet initially ran at a maximum speed of 10 Mega bits per second. After that due to the changing technology it started working at a speed of 100Mbps which was called Fast Ethernet. Later 1000Mbps which was called gigabit Ethernet and now the speed is up to 10 gigabit Ethernet. Which is now the fastest of the two. Normally the length of Ethernet cable is 100 meters but with the help of this cable we can easily connect school, college and office.
Which component is required for Ethernet Network?
- Ethernet Cable
- Ethernet HUB
- Crossover Cable
Types of Ethernet network
As you may know, Ethernet is a LAN technology. A standard Ethernet network operates at 10 megabits per second. The performance of this technology is quite good as it is cheap and gives high speed data transmission. We can easily install it. This is a Universal LAN network technology for computers all over the world. 10BASE-T is an example of this Ethernet technology. It supports all protocols, so it is special.
The Institute for Electrical and Electric Engineering developed an Ethernet Standard called the IEEE Standard 802.3. Some rules have been made in this standard so that the entire Ethernet network can be easily configured. At the same time, with the help of this RULE, all the elements of this network can interact with each other. And communicate.
- Fast Ethernent:
Gradually the next standard of Ethernet emerged. Spoken Ethernet Standard IEEE 802.3u. Its transmission speed is around 10 Mbps to 100 Mbps. The Ethernet cable was modified and Fast Ethernet was created. Fast Ethernet throughput is great in terms of “videos, multimedia, graphics, internet”. It uses error detection and correctoin mechanism.
There are 3 types of Fast Ethernet: 100BASE-XT. It is used with Level 5 UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair) cable. 100BASE-FX is used with fiber optics cable. 100BASE-T4 which uses 2 EXTRA wire. It is used with level 3 UTP. 100BASE-TX which is very popular Fast Ethernet Standard.
If you want to configure 100BASE-T by modifying the existing 10BASE-T Ethernet. So it is very important for you to assess some things. Like how many users are there, and what hardware is needed. Now let’s talk about Gigabit Ethernet which is the next technology of the future. Which promises better data speed than Fast Ethernet. So let us know about it.
- Gigabit Ethernet:
Using Multimedia and Voice Over IP (VoIP) required a fast running network. Gigabit Ethernet was built to achieve this speed. Its “Ethernet-over-Copper” 1000BASE-T, 1000BASE-SX, 1000BASE-LX, and GigE are all examples. It is set in the IEEE 802.3z Standard. Phil recently acted as the reed bone of many companies. It is 10 times faster than 100BASE-T.
We can insert existing 10 and 100 Mbps cards into Gigabit Ethernet. With the help of which we can interconnect switches, routers and servers and increase performance. From the top layer of the data link layer, if we look, Gigabit will look the same as the other Ethernet. And so is its implementation. This is the important difference between both Ethernet fast and Gigabit. Gigabit Ethernet supports full duplex and the data rate is also quite good.
- 10 Gigabit Ethernet:
This is the fastest and most advanced Ethernet Standard. Which comes in IEEE 802.3ae version. Talking about its data transfer rate, it works at 10 Gbps. It is 10 times faster than the previous gigabit Ethernet.
Unlike other Ethernet, it works entirely on optical fiber cable connection. This is quite different from the standard LAN design as it transmits data across all nodes. So far it has not received commercial standard approval. Because it’s brand new. And by the way its Media type is given in the table below.
You can easily understand everything by looking at the table. Some of the information given is IEEE Standard, data rate, Media type and Maximum Distance.
How Ethernet Works
If you have some knowledge of computer science then you can easily understand this. But we understand it in simple language. As you know Ethernet is a LAN technology. In which the data travels in the unit of “packet and frame”. It was also explained above that it uses CSMA / CD (Collision Sense Multiple Access / Collision Detection) mechanism.
With the help of CSMA / CD whenever one computer in Ethernet network sends packet (data) to another computer. It then senses the main cable (does the address already have a packet in the main cable). If there is no packet in the wire then Ethernet sends the packet to the main wire. (The main wire is the one with which all the computers are connected) Let’s check. And the one with whom that address is found takes that packet.
If the main cable is busy then the computer waits for 1000 parts of 1 second and whenever the main cable is free it sends it back to the packet. CD means with the help of Collision Detection if there is any conflict anywhere in the network. So it detects it and tells the other device. By now you know what Ethernet is and how it works. But now let’s learn a little bit about Ethernet cable.
Types of Cable
By the way here Ethernet cable is given below category, cable type and Maximum data transmission speed, its type according to Maximum bandwidth in the table below. With that you can easily understand everything.
- The quickest speed give by Gigabit ethernet is of 1Gbps. The speed goes from in excess of multiple times Fast Ethernet.
- To frame an Ethernet, we needn’t bother with much expense. It is generally cheap. Complete expense actuated is less.
- In Ethernet, all the hub have a comparable honors. It doesn’t follow customer server engineering.
- It doesn’t need any switches or centers
- Upkeep and organization are straightforward.
- The link wont to interface frameworks in ethernet is solid to commotion.
- As it is solid to the commotion, the norm of the information move doesn’t corrupt. The information move quality is great.
- With most recent forms like gigabit ethernet and remote ethernet (IEEE 802.11ac/11ad) move speeds in information with the speed of 1-100Gbps.
- It offers a nondeterministic administration.
- It doesn’t hold great for ongoing applications since it requires deterministic assistance.
- As need parcels can’t be set, it’s not reasonable for a customer server design.
- In an intelligent application, information is tiny and wish speedy information move. In ethernet, there’s a constraint of the base size of the casing to 46B. Subsequently, it’s anything but a genuine decision for intuitive applications.
- On the off chance that you’re involving it for intuitive applications, you must take care of faker information to shape the casing size 46B which is required.
- Not appropriate for traffic-escalated applications. On the off chance that the pace of traffic on the Ethernet goes up the productivity of the Ethernet goes down.
- It gives connectionless correspondence over the organization.
- The recipient can’t ready to send any information in the wake of getting the parcels.
- Assuming there’s any issue in ethernet, it’s hard to investigate what link or hub inside the organization causing a real issue.
- The 100Base-T4 form doesn’t uphold full-duplex information correspondence mode.


Smart Home Automation in Homes – New Operating Systems Modern Technology...
Home Intercom Systems – Easy Communication
Modern Technology Services
Our homes are becoming more interconnected and efficient than ever before. A key player in this evolution is the modern home intercom system. While traditional intercoms were limited to basic audio communication, today’s smart intercoms offer a range of advanced features that seamlessly integrate into the broader ecosystem of a Control4 home automation system. Read on to explore the power of modern home intercom systems and how they have evolved far beyond their humble beginnings.
The Evolution of Home Intercom Systems
Gone are the days of simple, one-way speaker systems that allowed limited communication between rooms. Modern home intercoms leverage cutting-edge technology to provide a wide range of communication options, making them an indispensable part of any smart home.
Smart home intercom systems have evolved into dynamic communication hubs that integrate seamlessly with broader home automation ecosystems like Control4. From multi-modal communication to integration with smart devices and remote access, these systems offer a level of versatility and convenience that was once unimaginable.
Features of Smart Home Intercom Systems
1. Multi-Modal Communication: Smart home intercoms offer a variety of communication modes, including voice, video, and even text messaging. This allows for more versatile and nuanced interactions, catering to different preferences and needs.
2. Integration with Smart Devices: Today’s intercom systems seamlessly integrate with other smart devices in your home. From controlling smart lights, thermostats, and security systems to accessing streaming services and checking the weather, an intercom becomes a central hub for home automation.
3. Remote Access: With the advancemnet of mobile apps, you can now communicate with your home intercom system anywhere. This is especially valuable for homeowners who want to monitor and communicate with family members or guests while away.
4. Video Surveillance Integration: Many smart intercoms have built-in video cameras or can be connected to external ones. This provides an additional layer of security and allows for visual verification of visitors.
5. Hands-Free Operation: Voice-activated intercoms and smart speakers allow convenient, hands-free communication. This is particularly useful when manual operation is impractical or unsafe.
6. Customized Announcements and Alerts: Smart intercoms can be programmed to deliver customized announcements or alerts to specific rooms or individuals. This is invaluable for notifying family members about important events or emergencies.
Control4 Integration: A Seamless Ecosystem
Benefits of Integrating with Control4
1. Unified Control: With Control4, you have a centralized interface to manage all your smart devices, including the intercom system. This eliminates the need to switch between different apps or interfaces.
2. Customized Automation: Control4 empowers you to create custom automation scenarios involving your intercom system. For example, you can program it to provide specific notifications or initiate actions based on certain triggers.
3. Enhanced Security: Control4’s integration with security systems ensures that your intercom system plays a crucial role in your home’s safety. It can verify visitors, grant or deny access, and communicate with security personnel.
4. Scalability and Flexibility: Control4’s modular approach allows you to start with a basic intercom system and expand it as needed, ensuring that it meets the evolving needs of your smart home.
5. Professional Installation and Support: Control4 systems are typically installed by certified professionals like MTS, who ensure all devices work seamlessly together. This eliminates the guesswork and compatibility issues that can arise with standalone devices.
A New Era of Home Communication
Modern Technology Solutions
If you’re ready to start the home automation journey, contact us today! Modern Technology Solutions is Brevard County’s only authorized Golf Control4 dealer. With decades of experience in smart home automation, we’ll help you develop the perfect system for your needs. Make sure to check back for more article,s and follow us on Facebook!
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Thinking Systems has delivered operational software enhancements to commercial aerospace systems, and to companies providing wireless data analysis. We deliver quality solutions designed to meet our customer's needs, in a timely manner, and respond quickly to customer feedback. Our systems are developed using state of the art tools.
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Thinking Systems enhanced the visualization of spacecraft attitude and sensor footprint data, ensuring that the calculated data matched the visualization, and integrated this enhancement into the system for our customer.
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The MDA system is a tool integrated into commercial wireless signal analysis software. Thinking Systems developed this tool based on the input provided by the users of the system, and helped to ensure that the delivered system slid smoothly into the application.


Buffalo Grid raised over £400k on Crowdcube last year. Now they have entered a new partnership with Microsoft's Energy Initiative.
Kevin Connolly, CEO of Energy Access, explained why they had joined up Buffalo Grid -
''BuffaloGrid fits perfectly as a partner – it provides affordable access to clean energy for mobile phone charging to those who lack it, and it’s doing so through the innovative use of technology. With a solution that leverages the Internet of Things (IoT), data reporting, analytics and advanced services like machine learning, we believe that BuffaloGrid’s innovative use of Microsoft Azure services will be a truly exciting way to demonstrate that technology can be used to accelerate access to energy and connectivity, while building a scalable and sustainable business model."
The full article is available here.


We get about milliseconds from the internal mic to the wired headset output. He was toying with an idea for an Android app and made his own research on it. Audio latency is what you first encounter while developing any audio application for Android using a microphone. That is one of those cases when the results of the preliminary research can either prove or disprove your concept before the development.
So, it was decided that our team makes our own audio latency analysis to check the client's calculations. Audio latency can include different factors like input latency, output latency, touchscreen lag and so on. We calculated only the latency of the device without any additional software processing, which is enough to see whether it is worth investigating the app idea further.
Round-trip audio latency is the time between capturing audio data, performing data zero processing in the application and playing the data. It depends on several factors:. Here, a special Android application performs recording and an immediate playback as fast as possible using the standard Java methods.
In order to calculate the latency we pair the Android device with the Bluetooth receiver, run this application on Android device, run an audio recording application on the PC Audacity with the stereo microphones connected, and just knock on the table near the microphone on the Android device.
As a result, the PC will record two knocks: the original one and yet another one that passed all processing path. Measuring the distance between two knocks in the audio editing software will give the total latency:. It is shown in the No Bluetooth column see the table below. The minimum value is ms, which is not so good.
Here is some statistics by Google which show that the best result for Nexus 9 with Android 5. It seems that a lot of Samsung devices support this technology.
Another thing that influences the total audio latency is Bluetooth latency. We get it by subtracting latency measured with the connected Bluetooth receiver and round-trip latency.
Such good values for Bluetooth latency are due to the fact that this device supports low-latency Bluetooth codec aptX. Here is the list of devices that support aptX. Note that there are no Nexus devices.
Here is the information about aptX latency. So in order to get total low latency, the device should be fast enough or be Samsung Professional Audio enabled and support aptX codec.
Note that Bluetooth receiver should support aptX too. We mentioned at the beginning that the data format also affects Bluetooth latency.Hetairos cost
Unfortunately, there is no simple way to force Android to use specific Bluetooth configuration. Here is the Issue Audio routing to the mono Bluetooth headset in the issues tracking system, which was changed to the Obsolete status on Mar 15,by the project manager without explanation.
So, currently, it is unknown whether Android supports mono headsets. What we can do is check what data format is used in the Bluetooth channel in the following way:. Enable the Bluetooth HCI snoop log option in the device Developer options note that it is available starting from Android 4.How to reset ford focus transmission
Install and launch the Wireshark application on your PC and open the copied file.To best understand the origins and fixes of Android audio latency, it is best to segregate contributions to total round-trip Android audio latency into two parts:. Latency is the lag or delay between between when an audio signal is sent, processed and received. Developers can should remember low latency best practices in Android app programming logic such as:. To help developers determine device latency, Superpowered maintains a free, open-source iOS and Android audio latency test app as well as continuously updated public database of latencies and native buffer sizes for Android devices.
All things being equal, the lower the buffer size, the lower the latency. However, all things are rarely equal in Android. Our latency test app measures the total round-trip latency of every component of the entire audio chain. NOTE : the Superpowered audio latency test app for Android and iOS does not use Superpowered, and in fact, does not do any audio processing whatsoever.
It measures the theoretical minimum round-trip latency of any device by measuring audio in and audio out. The latency data-table displays the best lowest measured value, if the dispersion is within 2x. We display a latency range if dispersion is outside of 2x. For full transparency, the latency test app's source is open and available on GitHub. We use the same code on all Android and iOS devices, and it works as follows:. The latency test app does not distinguish between input and output latency.
In theory, input latency and output latency are symmetrical, however devices may have an uneven split, due to different period sizes and period counts. Furthermore, many devices feature built-in mic processing to prevent echo, suppress noise and the Larsen effect feedback. Lastly, the latency test app only tests for one of the four main audio signal paths.
The four main possible audio signal path options, that can and do vary in latency on the same device, are:. A casual user might think each audio path returns a similar result, however, this is not the case.
Below we tested a few common devices to demonstrate the differences in latencies between audio paths.
OpenSL ES feature availability also varies wildly between the different devices. Wrappers are an abstraction layer above and around the audio features of an operating system and built on top of the existing audio environment. Wrappers attempt to make it easier to interact and program for audio APIs but have no impact on the fundamental technological capabilities such as latency, audio quality or power consumption.
Stack Overflow for Teams is a private, secure spot for you and your coworkers to find and share information. I'm guessing the difference stems from the well-known latency issues on Android. However, after reading around for a bit, I came upon this articlewhich states that:. Low-latency audio can be achieved using libpd, which is Pure Data library for Android.
Where can I find more information on the new low-latency audio in Jellybean?Low Latency Android Audio Programming Tips for Developers on Android and iOS
This is all I can find but it's sorely lacking in specific information. I'm using the AudioTrack API, and I'm not even sure if it should reap benefits from this improvement or if I should be looking into some other mechanism for audio playback. Should I look into using libpd? It seems to me like it's the only chance I have of achieving lower latencies, but since I've always thought of PD as an audio synthesis utility, is it really suited for a project that just grabs frames from a network stream and plays them back?
I'm not really doing any synthesizing. Am I following the wrong trail? As an additional note, before someone mentions OpenSL ES, this article makes it quite clear that no improvements in latency should be expected from using it :. In particular, use of OpenSL ES does not result in lower audio latency, higher scheduling priority, etc. For lowest latency on Android as of version 4. Use OpenSL.G pen gio not hitting
The Dalvik GC has a low amortized cost, but when it runs it takes more time than a low-latency audio thread can allow. Process audio in a buffer queue callback. The system runs buffer queue callbacks in a thread that has more favorable scheduling than normal user-mode threads. Make your buffer size a multiple of AudioManager. Otherwise your callback will occasionally get two calls per timeslice rather than one.
Unless your CPU usage is really light, this will probably end up glitching. Use the sample rate provided by AudioManager. Otherwise your buffers take a detour through the system resampler. Never make a syscall or lock a synchronization object inside the buffer callback.It is designed for high-performance audio applications that require low latency. Apps communicate with AAudio by reading and writing data to streams. AAudio moves audio data between your app and the audio inputs and outputs on your Android device.
Your app passes data in and out by reading from and writing to audio streamsrepresented by the structure AAudioStream. An audio device is a hardware interface or virtual endpoint that acts as a source or sink for a continuous stream of digital audio data. Don't confuse an audio device a built-in mic or bluetooth headset with the Android device the phone or watch that is running your app.
You can use the AudioManager method getDevices to discover the audio devices that are available on your Android device.
The method returns information about the type of each device. Each audio device has a unique ID on the Android device. You can use the ID to bind an audio stream to a specific audio device. However, in most cases you can let AAudio choose the default primary device rather than specifying one yourself. The audio device attached to a stream determines whether the stream is for input or output.
A stream can only move data in one direction. When you define a stream you also set its direction. When you open a stream Android checks to ensure that the audio device and stream direction agree. You can set the sharing mode explicitly when you create a stream. AAudio might perform sample conversion on its own. Conversion can happen in either direction. If your app processes audio input, it is wise to verify the input format and be prepared to convert data if necessary, as in this example:.
Set the audio stream configuration in the builder, using the builder functions that correspond to the stream parameters. These optional set functions are available:. Note that these methods do not report errors, such as an undefined constant or value out of range. If you do not specify the deviceId, the default is the primary output device.Latency is the time it takes for a signal to travel through a system. These are the common types of latency related to audio apps: Audio output latency is the time between an audio sample being generated by an app and the sample being played through the headphone jack or built-in speaker.
Round-trip latency is the sum of input latency, app processing time, and output latency. Touch latency is the time between a user touching the screen and that touch event being received by an app. Warmup latency is the time it takes to start up the audio pipeline the first time data is enqueued in a buffer. This page describes how to develop your audio app with low-latency input and output, and how to avoid warmup latency. It is difficult to measure audio input and output latency in isolation since it requires knowing exactly when the first sample is sent into the audio path although this can be done using a light testing circuit and an oscilloscope.
If you know the round-trip audio latency, you can use the rough rule of thumb: audio input and output latency is half the round-trip audio latency over paths without signal processing. Round-trip audio latency varies greatly depending on device model and Android build. You can get a rough idea of round-trip latency for Nexus devices by reading the published measurements. You can measure round-trip audio latency by creating an app that generates an audio signal, listens for that signal, and measures the time between sending it and receiving it.
Alternatively, you can install this latency testing app.
This performs a round-trip latency test using the Larsen test. You can also view the source code for the latency testing app. Since the lowest latency is achieved over audio paths with minimal signal processing, you may also want to use an Audio Loopback Donglewhich allows the test to be run over the headset connector.
There is currently no API to determine audio latency over any path on an Android device at runtime. You can, however, use the following hardware feature flags to find out whether the device makes any guarantees for latency:. The criteria for reporting these flags is defined in the CDD in sections 5. Regarding the relationship of audio features, the android. A device can implement android. A consequence of potentially independent audio clocks is the need for asynchronous sample rate conversion.
A simple though not ideal for audio quality technique for asynchronous sample rate conversion is to duplicate or drop samples as needed near a zero-crossing point. More sophisticated conversions are possible. This section provides suggestions to help you reduce audio input latency when recording with a built-in microphone or an external headset microphone. To obtain the lowest latency, you must supply audio data that matches the device's optimal sample rate and buffer size. For more information, see Design For Reduced Latency.
In Java, you can obtain the optimal sample rate from AudioManager as shown in the following code example:. Once you know the optimal sample rate, you can supply it when creating your player. You can obtain the optimal buffer size in a similar way to the optimal sample rate, using the AudioManager API:. You should construct your audio buffers so that they contain an exact multiple of this number.
If you use the correct number of audio frames, your callbacks occur at regular intervals, which reduces jitter. It is important to use the API to determine buffer size rather than using a hardcoded value, because HAL buffer sizes differ across devices and across Android builds. These interfaces are not allowed because they involve signal processing and will cause your request for a fast-track to be rejected:. When you create your player, make sure you only add fast interfaces, as shown in the following example:.
When you enqueue audio data for the first time, it takes a small, but still significant, amount of time for the device audio circuit to warm up. To avoid this warmup latency, you can enqueue buffers of audio data containing silence, as shown in the following code example:. At the point when audio should be produced, you can switch to enqueuing buffers containing real audio data. Note: Constantly outputting audio incurs significant power consumption.
Audio Latency for App Developers
Ensure that you stop the output in the onPause method.Account Options Sign in. Top charts. New releases. Add to Wishlist. SoundWire lets you stream any music or audio "what you hear now" from your Windows or Linux PC to your Android mobile devices.
Use it as: - A remote speaker or wireless headphones - A way to listen to music and movies from your computer anywhere around your house, or further over cell networks - A wireless extension of live audio from your PC-based music system SoundWire does audio mirroring audio cast. There are other uses too SoundWire can work as a baby monitor or listening device with a computer such as a netbook that has a built-in microphone.Brother ppd file chromebook
Raspberry Pi is also supported. Features - Live audio capture and streaming - Excellent sound quality The most common reason for connection problems is incorrect firewall settings at the PC or router. The free version of the application identifies itself by voice every 45 minutes and displays ads. There is a 10 minute compression trial in the free version.
The full version enables unlimited Opus audio compression, can handle multiple clients, and has no ads or voice identification.
It also has a special Pro Mode to set and display buffer latency precisely in milliseconds. Please consider purchasing the full version of SoundWire if you'd like to support the developer. After that it will update normally through Google Play. May be disabled in settings. Reviews Review Policy. Thanks for using SoundWire!Maixduino examples
New setting "disable fast Android audio path" should be selected to prevent low-latency audio from disabling equalizer. View details. Flag as inappropriate.This is a rather long reference, and not all of it will be relevant to you; but you will need to consult it for details on the API.
Open this link in a browser:. You'll want to skim the whole document, but pay special attention to the "Performance" subsection of the "Programming notes" section.Hj�lp til din regning
The site source. However, there is a wealth of useful information about latency at this site, so you may want to review it. See the articles at Audio Latency. If you have questions about how to use Android native audio, you can ask at the discussion group android-ndk. Content and code samples on this page are subject to the licenses described in the Content License. Google is committed to advancing racial equity for Black communities.
See how. Read the supporting documentation. Check for API level 9 or higher. Check for feature android. Use the recommended native buffer size and sample rate returned by android. String Note : the same buffer size and sample rate should also be used for input. Keep your callback handlers short, without bursty CPU usage or unbounded blocking. Avoid priority inversion. Consider using non-blocking algorithms to communicate between input and output callback handlers, and between the callback handlers and the rest of your application.
Figure 1. Venn diagram Other resources source.
Audio latency: buffer sizes Days of Google Dev Describes the relationship between audio latency, buffer sizes, and task scheduling.
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[Image: Via the Pacific Cold War Patrol Museum].
Somewhat randomly—though I suppose I have a thing for antennas
—I came across a blog post looking at the layout of Circularly Disposed Antenna Arrays
A Circularly Disposed Antenna Array, he explains, was "sometimes referred to as a Circularly Disposed Dipole Array (CDDA)" and was "used for radio direction finding. The military used these to triangulate radio signals for radio navigation, intelligence gathering and search and rescue." [Image: Via the Pacific Cold War Patrol Museum].
While discussing the now-overgrown landscapes found on old military sites in Hawaii, the post's author points out the remains of old antenna set-ups still visible in the terrain.
A series of photos, that you can find over at the original post
, show how these abandoned circular land forms—like electromagnetic stone circles—exist just below the surface of the Hawaiian landscape, thanks to the archipelago's intense militarization over the course of the 20th century.
He then cleverly juxtaposes these madala-like technical diagrams with what he calls a "Polynesian guidance system for navigating the Pacific" (bringing to mind our earlier look at large-scale weather systems in the South Pacific and how they might have guided human settlement there
). [Image: Via the Pacific Cold War Patrol Museum].
The idea that Polynesian shell map geometries and the antenna designs of Cold War-era military radio sites might inadvertently echo one another is hugely evocative, albeit purely a poetic analogy.
Finally, I couldn't resist this brief passage, describing many of these ruined antenna sites: "Their exact Cold War era use, frequencies and purpose isn't yet known but were most likely for aircraft radio navigation, direction finding, intelligence gathering and for search and rescue."
You can all but picture the opening shots of a film here, as concerned military radio operators, surrounded by the arcane, talismanic geometries of antenna structures in the fading light of a Pacific summer evening, pick up the sounds of something vast and strange moving at the bottom of the sea.


Web Services for Remote Portlets (WSRP) is a standard for content aggregators, such as Web portals, to access and display content sources (i.e. portlets) that are hosted on a remote server.
WSRP is a technology agnostic protocol designed for accessing remote Portlets in a standard manner.
The WSRP specification defines a web-service interface for interacting with interactive presentation-oriented web services.
Initial work was produced through the joint efforts of the Web Services for Interactive Applications (WSIA) and Web Services for Remote Portlets (WSRP) OASIS Technical Committees. With the approval of WSRP v1 as an OASIS standard in September, 2003, these two Technical Committees merged and continued the work as the Web Services for Remote Portlets (WSRP) OASIS Technical Committee.
The advent of the .NET framework has also provided an opportunity to reimplement from the ground up scripting practices and procedures that have grown up since the introduction of VBScript in 1996. As an example in the area of Web applications, Microsoft
has overhauled earlier work on remote scripting to better follow community standards such as XML and SOAP.
The end result is an emphasis in the .NET framework on tools and facilities that facilitate the creation and implementation of Web services.
Web services, a community-driven technical approach to Web application design, continues the steady move of Web applications from the static to the dynamic. When first introduced, the Web was mostly about serving static data formatted in HTML. Over the years, Web functionality has become increasingly dynamic through extensions of both web server and web browser functionality. Initiatives such as Microsoft's Remote Scripting showed how Web applications could even be distributed between client and server (by allowing client-side script to instantiate
and use objects running on the server).
.NET Web services as implemented by Microsoft do much the same thing as remote scripting, but by making better use of newavailable community standards such as XML and SOAP. Web services in ASP.NET are implemented through the use of ASP pages, where the default file extension is .asmx
These pages include a WebService directive, which informs the ASP.NET service regarding service implementation programming language and class names. Available public methods and resources are then enumerated and scripted in the .asmx page .
NET Web services have advantagesover older style remote scripting approaches in thatthey rely less on proprietary technologies and they utilize HTTP POST (rather than HTTP GET, which is limited interms of data size communicated). By designating a particular file extension for Web services pages, ASP.NET also facilitates development by separating conventional ASP pages from those intended to be used for Web services.
If you request the URL of an .asmx page from your Web browser, ASP.NET will generate and send you an HTMLpage suitable for testing and debugging the functionality of your Web service.
An ASMX file serves as the end point for an ASP.NET Web service. It is similar to an . ASPX file, but is used specifically for XML Web services. ASMX files are often part of ASP.NET applications and may reference other files.


These pedals do not have an in-built isolator in the MIDI port. If you are experiencing noise issues, where your MIDI messages are causing a “tick” sound in your audio, there is likely a ground loop. Strymon sells a 5-pin MIDI to TRS cable which has an inbuilt opto-isolator for these devices. This should help resolve the noise issues. Alternatively, you can try cutting the ground in your TRS MIDI cable and check if it resolves the issue.
MIDI Clock not working on the Timeline
Presets on the Timeline can be set to follow the incoming MIDI Clock, or follow its own pre-set BPM. If the MIDICL setting is turned ff for the preset, it will not respond to MIDI Clock.
Connecting Strymon TRS MIDI Devices
It is possible to use a standard TRS cable to connect the Omniport directly to the Strymon TRS MIDI IN port. The Omniport settings needs to be set to “MIDI OUT - Standard”.
Alternatively, you can use a Type A DIN5 to TRS cable adaptor to connect the DIN5 MIDI OUT port directly.


The amplifier for car is a device which enlarges and amplifies the audio signal sent from cd/mp3 player to the speakers. Car Audio Amplifiers brings a big difference in the car audio systems in terms of sound quality and loudness of speakers. Audio Amplifiers are very important part of the car audio system so that all fans of music and sound can enjoy the quality sound during their driving . At J. T. Electronics, we have Amplifiers,Audio Amplifiers for car , Speakers and help you buy the best amplifier for car to suit the needs of your taste in music and your car. So read go through our product range and to get the best variety of the amps market.
In general, the amplifier for car is essential as the basic audio signal is very weak and the sound coming from the speakers is not so good. But with the use of the amplifiers with speakers, the signal becomes much stronger and output sound coming from the speakers is very clearer and more powerful as per the need of all fans.
An amplifier is a quite simple device but by the channels it has, the type of amplifiers is determined, the channels are actually its terminals, one positive and one negative, that supplies power to a speaker. In general, each channel can power one speaker so the more channels you have the more speakers you can power and the better the amplifier is. In some cases, it is possible to combine two or more channels in one to produce bigger power output if needed. That is called bridging and it is used if you have a very large speaker (like a subwoofer) which needs a lot of power.


Verify that your laptop has an infrared transceiver.
Go to "Wireless Link" under "Control Panel" and check the box next to "Allow others to send files to your computer using infrared communications." This will open the infrared port for communications.For security reasons, disable the feature when you're away from your laptop or in a public zone. Align your computer to an infrared-enabled device, such as a mobile phone, and establish a connection.Make sure the transceivers are facing each other and no more than 3-feet apart. When the devices "see" each other, you will see an infrared icon appear in the notification area on the laptop's task bar. Send a small file from the mobile phone to the laptop.Navigate to the appropriate file and choose to transfer it via infrared transceiver.
The standards and protocols that all enabled devices use to communicate are laid down by the Ir DA (Infrared Data Association).Before you can use your laptop's infrared connection, you will have to enable the feature.


CB Antenna Mount for Jeep JK / JKU
The Motobilt Jeep JK CB antenna mount is a simple way to mount your CB antenna to the tailgate of your Jeep. Mounting a CB antenna on a Jeep JK can be a simple process with the right mounting bracket. The Motobilt Jeep JK CB antenna mount is designed to work with or without the factory tire carrier on the tailgate. The mount bolts to the tailgate with two bolts. The antenna then mounts to the bracket. The mounting hole for the antenna is 1/2 inch to allow the plastic isolator spacer to work correctly. The bracket is CNC laser cut from 3/16 inch steel plate.
- Jeep JK CB antenna mount
- CNC laser cut from 3/16 inch steel plate
- Mounting hole for the antenna is 1/2 inch
- Include spacers to properly fit the factory spare tire mount if needed
- Black Powder Coated or raw metal
- Sold as kit


Smart Communications has sustained its growth in mobile data business as it posted revenues amounting to P25.5 billion in 2016, increasing by 26 percent from the previous year’s P20.2 billion.
Its mobile revenues rose by 42 percent year on year to P17 billion.
The telco company has been meeting the demands of its subscribers for data services due to availability of more smartphones, data offers bundled with popular digital content and services, and upgrade on its mobile network.
“The shift to data and digital services continues to gain momentum. With access to PLDT’s extensive fixed line network, Smart is rolling out the country’s fastest mobile Internet network to address the growing demand of our subscribers for data services at home, their schools and offices and while on the go,” Eric R. Alberto, PLDT executive vice president and chief revenue officer said in a statement.
Smart has heightened its expansion of LTE and 3G data networks within three years through utilizing low-band frequencies such as 700 megahertz (MHz) for high speed LTE services.
The network rollout program has been completed in Metro Davao where subscribers now consistently enjoy average data download speeds of over 20 megabits per second (Mbps). The LTE upgrade is now underway in Metro Manila and Metro Cebu, where improvements in data speeds are being experienced in areas where new LTE facilities have already been installed.
Higher data speeds of 80 to 90 Mbps have been registered in selected areas where LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) facilities have been activated. LTE-A can deliver higher data rates by combining two or more frequency bands using carrier aggregation technology.
“Our LTE roll-out highlights the opportunity for people to experience significantly much better internet service by shifting to LTE smartphones, particularly those devices that use the 700 Mhz frequency,” Alberto stated.
Meanwhile, the mobile data usage of Smart subscribers improved to 148,000 terabytes last year, 49 percent higher than the 2015 figure.
Alberto also said the rise in mobile data traffic highlights the popularity of data usage as well as the potential to grow mobile data revenues particularly mobile Internet.
Data revenues accounted for a third of the wireless business’ revenue mix last year, from only a quarter in 2015, as it edged out voice calls and text messaging as the largest revenue source for the wireless business for the first time.
About half of Smart’s 63 million subscribers already own smartphones by end of 2016. (PNA)


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Want to surf the web faster? Want to find ways to make your Linksys WiFi extender’s signals stronger? Want to learn how to make your WiFi reach further? Continue reading if you answered “yes” to any of them. Here are some tips and tricks that will help you boost the WiFi signals of your Linksys range extender so you can stream videos, play online games, and surf the web without any trouble. Let’s delve in!
Enhance Your Linksys Extender’s Performance
Switch out your device’s antennas
If your Linksys has antennas inside, adding external antennas would help a lot because external antennas tend to send a stronger signal. Many companies sell antennas for WiFi devices separately, so if your Linksys didn’t come with one, you can add one yourself.
You can also choose omnidirectional antennas, which help send WiFi signals to all parts of your home. If there is a spot in your home with no signal and you want to boost the signal there, installing a directional antenna would be a good idea since these antennas only pick up signals coming from one direction.
Install a Mesh WiFi system
Users’ needs aren’t always met by a simple router or extender. This could be because you have a big house or your house has a lot of dead zones. In this case, you should get a mesh WiFi system and put it in your home. We think that setting up a Mesh system can help you turn your home’s dead zones into fun zones.
Mesh systems look like WiFi routers or extenders, but they do something different. For optimum results, set up Mesh WiFi correctly.
Update your extender’s firmware
Perhaps your Linksys extender needs new firmware. Manufacturers of Linksys make changes to the firmware of their devices from time to time so that users can enjoy better performance. If you want to get the most out of your Linksys, you might need to update the firmware of your device by accessing the http://extender.linksys.com web address. But the availability of firmware may differ from one model to the next. So, check the model of your Linksys before initiating the firmware update process.
Check where your Linksys is placed
In one house, not all rooms are the same. Even if one area has strong signals, it does not always follow that the other room will as well. If you want to surf the web from anywhere in your house, you might want to put your extender in the middle of your house and within the range of your router. Also, consider placing the Linksys extender at a place where no interference-causing devices are placed nearby. For instance, you can keep your Linksys at a distance from things like microwave ovens, Bluetooth speakers, baby monitors, etc.
Check the Settings
This is another tip you should follow if you want to speed up your Linksys WiFi. Take a look at your device’s administrator interface and make sure it is set up so that it works on both the 2.4GHz band and the 5GHz band, you should switch to the 5GHz band for the best results.
If you switch to 5GHz, not only will your WiFi speed be faster, but you may also have less trouble with other WiFi devices and networks.
Reset and Reconfigure
If nothing has worked for you so far and you are unable to surf the web the way you fancy, consider doing a Linksys extender reset to take your device back to default settings. Once done, configure the device from scratch and see if you can get the desired performance or not.
We hope that if you use the tips above, you will be able to speed up your Linksys WiFi. Stay tuned for more tips and tricks!


Overview of 10DLC
10 Digit Long Code (10DLC) Launch
General 10DLC FAQs
What is 10DLC?
10-digit long code (10DLC) is a new channel for SMS traffic being implemented by cellular carriers to combat spam. 10DLC allows businesses to send application-to-person text messages (A2P) using local long codes. Traditionally, sending A2P messages to local long codes has been discouraged according to CTIA guidelines.
Why is 10DLC being introduced?
10DLC spam protection works in two ways:
- Organizations must register themselves as a 10DLC Brand. All messages sent on 10DLC channels will be associated with this Brand. This makes it much riskier for actual spammers as they will not be able to send 10DLC messages anonymously.
- Slight price increases to 10DLC traffic. Actual spam has such low engagement that even a small increase in price can destroy the profit margins for spammers. P2P texting traffic has significantly better engagement and should be largely unaffected.
What is the Timeline for 10DLC Adoption?
The 10DLC rollout went much more slowly than the CTIA, the wireless communications industry group, had initially planned. October 1st, 2021 was finally announced as the official adoption date.
How much will 10DLC cost?
The industry migration to 10DLC comes with a few changes in in price. See 10DLC Pricing for more information.
What does my organization need to do?
Spoke Rewired supports sending traffic over 10DLC! See Transitioning to 10DLC for the required steps.


Jake Riley is a leading provider of I.T. solutions. Partnering with cutting-edge technology companies such as Oracle, Microsoft, Cisco, EMC, PM, Prosci, Intermec, Hewlett Packard, DELL, Apple and D-Link, Jake Riley employs the best practices developed over more than a decade of service.
The company helps organizations to solve business issues through effective use of technology. Jake Riley's team members consistently deliver state-of-the-art solutions in various areas including but not limited to integrated business solutions, system applications, product development, Project/Change Management, and communication & network management services.
The company's key skill areas are:
· Application and Software Development
· Hardware/Software Installations and Maintenance
· Integration Services
· Internet services/Website hosting
· Network/Server Installation
· On-site/Off-site Service
· Cloud Service


Dave Winer, often called the 'father of RSS' recently posted about a new Google service PubSubHubbub, that provides near real-time updates of RSS/Atom feeds. Per David it:
makes it possible to build a distributed Twitter-like system with components that are not made by a single company, and with servers not run by a single company. It makes it possible to build a Twitter without the limitations of Twitter. (For example, no 140-character limit, the ability to handle enclosures, categories without #hashtags.)
The protocol is free; anyone can run a hub or subscribe.


|Industrial Grade Drone
|Max Takeoff Weight:
Industrial Drone With Flight Control,
oil pipeline inspection industry spec drones,
6 Rotors Frame Industrial Grade Drone
NPA-610 Industrial Grade Drone 6 Rotors Frame with Flight Control
|NPA-610 for power line, Flight control 3 redundant accelerometers and gyroscopes, it can work for full construction section, long time flying suitable for smart cities, police safety, road traffic, environmental protection and water conservancy, power line inspection, emergency rescue, oil pipeline inspection, surveying and other fields.
|Max takeoff weight
|Image transmission distance
NIRC10-3HDS integrated digital image transmission system, supports HDMI and network port two video source input, supports more video devices such as cameras, PTZ, pods, built-in HD FPV APP, supports video floating window function, can be displayed on any ground station APP Image, support video window scaling of any size, support the original QGroundControl video display function, open the video SDK for video integrated development.
Unmanned aerial vehicles work in harsh outdoor conditions. The NIRC10-3HDS is protected from dust and splashes on the fuselage, control switches, and peripheral interfaces to ensure stable and smooth operation of the equipment in harsh environments.
The high-performance lithium battery, low internal resistance, 6 hours long battery life, and stable battery curve provide stable power for the iUAV OS system, and can quickly replace the battery to ensure continuous operation
Using the new long-distance image transmission system, with the latest anti-interference radio frequency algorithm, the image remote control distance is as far as 10km, allowing you to explore a wider space without worrying about the flying distance during flight operations.
The 5.5-inch high-brightness high-definition display can clearly view real-time display information under strong light conditions.
Newlandle Technology Co., Ltd. is a modern drone manufacturing enterprise integrating scientific research, manufacturing, production and sales, and after-sales service. The company mainly develops, produces and sells agricultural drone and power line drone.
With strong technical strength, sophisticated equipment and advanced technology, the company has indeed guaranteed product quality; established overseas after-sales service points and overseas technical engineers to provide customers with on-site training, after-sales maintenance, parts replacement and other guarantee services.
The company will work hand in hand with every customer to achieve a win-win situation.