QR codes, or Quick Response codes, are a type of two-dimensional barcode that can be read by a smartphone or QR code scanner. These codes are becoming increasingly popular in various industries as a way to quickly and easily share information with customers and clients. One of the biggest advantages of QR codes is their ability to store a large amount of data in a small space. Unlike traditional barcodes, which can only store a few digits, QR codes can hold thousands of characters of information. This makes them ideal for storing website URLs, contact information, and even entire documents.
QR codes are also incredibly convenient to use. All a person needs to access the information stored in a QR code is a smartphone or QR code scanner. This eliminates the need for customers to manually input information, such as a website URL, into their device. Additionally, QR codes can be scanned from any angle, which makes them easy to use in a variety of settings.
In recent years, QR codes have been used in a variety of industries, including retail, marketing, and healthcare. In retail, QR codes can be used to provide customers with product information, such as reviews and pricing, or to make purchasing items easier, like scanning a QR code to buy a product online. In marketing, QR codes can be used to provide customers with more information about a product or service, or to offer special promotions and discounts. In healthcare, QR codes can be used to provide patients with information about their medications or to access their medical records.
Overall, QR codes are a versatile and convenient technology that has the potential to revolutionize the way we share and access information. As technology continues to advance and more people use smartphones and QR code scanners, the use of QR codes will likely continue to grow. However, there are some potential drawbacks of QR codes. The codes need to be scanned using a smartphone or QR code scanner, which means that not everyone will have access to the information stored in the code. Additionally, QR codes can be easily replicated, which could lead to issues with counterfeit codes.
It’s also important to note, that QR codes can be easily hacked, and the information stored in them can be accessed by unauthorized person. In conclusion, QR codes are a valuable technology that can make it easier for businesses to share information with customers and for customers to access information about products and services. However, it is important for businesses to use QR codes responsibly and for customers to be aware of the potential security risks associated with QR codes. There are many QR code builders
out there in market.


There are many reasons why you would want to track a flight; from knowing when your flight will land or when your aircraft will become available, through to Tracking family and friends flights. For whichever purpose you are using them for, flight trackers give peace of mind to travelers and family and friends alike.
Online Flight Trackers
Many online general aviation flight trackers can access live information databases through air traffic control systems; ADSB compliant transponders identify aircraft with their Callsign, altitude, track and speed (amongst other things). This information can be graphically or tabularly displayed to users, who can then use it to track the flight. This is a type of passive general aviation flight tracker; they donâ€™t require specific input from pilots or crew as they piggyback off already established systems. Examples include flightradar and flightaware.
GPS flight trackers
Some other general aviation flight trackers make use of GPS beacons to track individual flights. These are classified as active general aviation flight trackers, as they require active participation by the pilot. This can be done through specific stand-alone devices with GPS and a satellite communications system (usually through the Iridium network).
GPS flight trackers are similar to the tracking systems used by hikers, backpackers, and cross country skiers. These need to be charged, taken with and turned on by the pilot. These flight trackers communicate to GPS satellite constellations similar to your TomTom or Navman car GPS and link to websites which viewers from home can access.
Our favorite GPS flight tracker is the Garmin inReach Mini. It has a satellite connection that lets you communicate with friends and family and can trigger an alert in the event of an emergency. It can also connect to your phone, allowing you to message people through the Garmin app.
If you’re looking for even more support, a commercially monitored example is spidertracks, which once fitted to the aircraft can be viewed on any internet-capable device for tracking costs around USD $2 per flight hour.
Hybrid Flight Trackers
Other types of general aviation flight trackers are a combination of both online and GPS, as they use both internal GPS components which link to established database systems. An example is the phone app â€˜general aviation flight trackerâ€™ which is meant primarily for general aviation GA pilots flying under 10,000 feet. This app combines GPS signal with a cellular phone network on a compatible device such as iPhone or galaxy to track a user’s position, altitude and speed, which can be seen by other users on the network.
Apps such as Ozrunways, which is an Australian Electronic Flight bag application, combine exactly the same system as the general aviation flight tracker app, with the ADSB transponder outputs from larger aircraft such as airliners acting under the instrument flight rules. This also gives the pilot situational awareness on nearby traffic. Examples include the General aviation flight tracker (app) and Ozrunways and AvPlan both offer in-built traffic functions.
What flight tracker do you use for flying? If you use another service we haven’t mentioned, we’d love to hear from you! Let us know in the comments below.


Evolution Of Mobile Radio Communication Fundamentals Pdf
Our wireless communication system has changed significantly since the first wireless network was created over four decades ago. When the first generation mobile network was introduced in the early 1980s, the demand for more connections worldwide grew, leading to the rapid evolution of mobile communication.
Evolution Of Mobile Radio Communication Fundamentals Pdf
The second generation in the evolution of wireless communication introduced a new digital technology known as Global System for Mobile communication (GSM), which became the standard in future generations of wireless communication.
3G mobile communication enabled the global popularity of smartphones. Specific applications were developed to utilize newer capabilities, such as multimedia chat, email, video calling, social media and mobile games.
As the latest stage in the evolution of mobile communication, 5G addresses one of the biggest challenges of wireless technology: latency, or the time it takes for an amount of data to be transmitted from one point to another.
Mobile radio or mobiles refer to wireless communications systems and devices which are based on radio frequencies(using commonly UHF or VHF frequencies), and where the path of communications is movable on either end. There are a variety of views about what constitutes mobile equipment. For US licensing purposes, mobiles may include hand-carried, (sometimes called portable), equipment. An obsolete term is radiophone.[a]
A sales person or radio repair shop would understand the word mobile to mean vehicle-mounted: a transmitter-receiver (transceiver) used for radio communications from a vehicle. Mobile radios are mounted to a motor vehicle usually with the microphone and control panel in reach of the driver. In the US, such a device is typically powered by the host vehicle's 12 Volt electrical system.
Some mobile radios are mounted in aircraft (aeronautical mobile), shipboard (maritime mobile), on motorcycles, or railroad locomotives. Power may vary with each platform. For example, a mobile radio installed in a locomotive would run off of 72 or 30 Volt DC power. A large ship with 117 V AC power might have a base station mounted on the ship's bridge.
Early users of mobile radio equipment included transportation and government. These systems used one-way broadcasting instead of two-way conversations. Railroads used medium frequency range (MF) communications (similar to the AM broadcast band) to improve safety. Instead of hanging out of a locomotive cab and grabbing train orders while rolling past a station, voice communications with rolling trains became possible. Radios linked the caboose with the locomotive cab. Early police radio systems were initially one way using MF frequencies above the AM broadcast band, (1.7 MHz). Some early systems talked back to dispatch on a 30-50 MHz link, (called crossband).
One of the major challenges in early mobile radio technology was that of converting the six or twelve volt power supply of the vehicle to the high voltage needed to operate the vacuum tubes in the radio. Early tube-type radios used dynamotors - essentially a six or twelve volt motor that turned a generator to provide the high voltages required by the vacuum tubes. Some early mobile radios were the size of a suitcase or had separate boxes for the transmitter and receiver. As time went on, power supply technology evolved to use first electromechanical vibrators, then solid-state power supplies to provide high voltage for the vacuum tubes. These circuits, called "inverters", changed the 6 or 12 V direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC) which could be passed through a transformer to make high voltage. The power supply then rectified this high voltage to make the high voltage DC required for the vacuum tubes, (called valves in British English). The power supplies needed to power vacuum tube radios resulted in a common trait of tube-type mobile radios: their heavy weight due to the iron-core transformers in the power supplies. These high voltage power supplies were inefficient, and the filaments of the vacuum tubes added to current demands, taxing vehicle electrical systems. Sometimes, a generator or alternator upgrade was needed to support the current required for a tube-type mobile radio.
Custom design for a particular customer is a thing of the past. Modern mobile radio equipment is "feature rich". A mobile radio may have 100 or more channels, be microprocessor controlled and have built-in options such as unit ID. A computer and software is typically required to program the features and channels of the mobile radio. Menus of options may be several levels deep and offer a complicated array of possibilities. Some mobile radios have alphanumeric displays that translate channel numbers (F1, F2) to a phrase more meaningful to the user, such as "Providence Base", "Boston Base", etc. Radios are now designed with a myriad of features to preclude the need for custom design. For example, Hytera's HM68X mobile radio, which was introduced in September 2022, offers a variety of features, including GPS location, emergency alarm, noise cancellation, and more.
Commercial and professional mobile radios are often purchased from an equipment supplier or dealer whose staff will install the equipment into the user's vehicles. Large fleet users may buy radios directly from an equipment manufacturer and may even employ their own technical staff for installation and maintenance.
A modern mobile radio consists of a radio transceiver, housed in a single box, and a microphone with a push-to-talk button. Each installation would also have a vehicle-mounted antenna connected to the transceiver by a coaxial cable. Some models may have an external, separate speaker which can be positioned and oriented facing the driver to overcome ambient road noise present when driving. The installer would have to locate this equipment in a way that does not interfere with the vehicle's sun roof, electronic engine management system, vehicle stability computer, or air bags.
Some mobile radios use noise-canceling microphones or headsets. At speeds over 100 MPH, the ambient road and wind noise can make radio communications difficult to understand. For example, California Highway Patrol mobile radios have noise-canceling microphones which reduce road and siren noise heard by the dispatcher. Most fire engines and radios in heavy equipment use noise-canceling headsets. These protect the occupant's hearing and reduce background noise in the transmitted audio. Noise-canceling microphones require the operator speak directly into the front of the microphone. Hole arrays in the back of the microphone pick up ambient noise. This is applied, out-of-phase, to the back of the microphone, effectively reducing or canceling any sound which is present both in front and back of the microphone. Ideally, only the voice present on the front side of the microphone goes out on the air.
Mobile radio equipment is manufactured to specifications developed by the Electronic Industries Association/Telecommunications Industry Association (EIA/TIA). These specifications have been developed to help assure the user that mobile radio equipment performs as expected and to prevent the sale and distribution of inferior equipment which could degrade communications.
A mobile radio must have an associated antenna. The most common antennas are stainless steel wire or rod whips which protrude vertically from the vehicle. Physics defines the antenna length: length relates to frequency and cannot be arbitrarily lengthened or shortened (more likely) by the end user. The standard "quarter wave" antenna in the 25-50 MHz range can be over nine feet long. A 900 MHz antenna may be three inches long for a quarter wavelength. A transit bus may have a ruggedized antenna, which looks like a white plastic blade or fin, on its roof. Some vehicles with concealed radio installations have antennas designed to look like the original AM/FM antenna, a rearview mirror, or may be installed inside windows, or hidden on the floor pan or underside of a vehicle. Aircraft antennas look like blades or fins, the size and shape being determined by frequencies used. Microwave antennas may look like flat panels on the aircraft's skin. Temporary installations may have antennas which clip on to vehicle parts or are attached to steel body parts by a strong magnet.
Though initially relatively inexpensive mobile radio system components, frequently damaged antennas can be costly to replace since they are usually not included in maintenance contracts for mobile radio fleets. Some types of vehicles in 24-hour use, with stiff suspensions, tall heights, or rough diesel engine idle vibrations may damage antennas quickly. The location and type of antenna can affect system performance drastically. Large fleets usually test a few vehicles before making a commitment to a certain antenna location or type.
Dispatch-reliant services, such as tow cars or ambulances, may have several radios in each vehicle. For example, tow cars may have one radio for towing company communications and a second for emergency road service communications. Ambulances may have a similar arrangement with one radio for government emergency medical services dispatch and one for company dispatch.
Both tow cars and ambulances may have an additional radio which transmits and receives to support a mobile data terminal. A data terminal radio allows data communications to take place over the separate radio. In the same way that a facsimile machine has a separate phone line, this means data and voice communication can take place simultaneously over a separate radio. Early Federal Express (FedEx) radio systems used a single radio for data and voice. The radio had a request-to-speak button which, when acknowledged, allowed voice communication to the dispatch center.
Each radio works over a single band of frequencies. If a tow car company had a frequency on the same band as its auto club, a single radio with scanning might be employed for both systems. Since a mobile radio typically works on a single frequency band, multiple radios may be required in cases where communications take place over systems on more than one frequency band. 041b061a72


In 2012, the National Telecommunications and Information Agency (NTIA) was tasked with creating a private communications network for public safety personnel. The network needs to offer nationwide cellular data for emergency services and enhance interoperability among jurisdictions.
That network is now known as First Responders Authority Network (FirstNet) and five years later, it's closing in on becoming a reality.
"FirstNet's mission is to deploy the nation's first public safety broadband network, dedicated only to public safety," Andy Faust, coordinator and analyst for Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission, said. "They're going to use LT cellular technology to pull this off. They're going to provide high speed data rates and they're going to leverage existing commercial and public safety infrastructure where it makes sense."
FirstNet is currently working through the process to choose a provider with an existing infrastructure. At least three companies have announced bid submissions for the roughly $7 billion contract and two have been eliminated. The only known remaining provider left is AT&T, though Verizon or additional providers could be in the running with silent bids.
"Who they choose has got to be a pretty big player because this is nation wide," Faust said. "They've got to have the horsepower to do it. That's part of the law, they have to be able to provide coverage nationwide."
After the provider has been chosen, states will have the option of joining FirstNet.
In Wisconsin, Governor Scott Walker has created the Wisconsin Interoperability Council (IC) to devise a strategic plan to increase interoperability between local jurisdictions. The council has been working with the Nationwide Public Safety Broadband Network (NPSBN), a subcommittee of FirstNet, to stay up-to-date throughout the planning process and prepare to implement FirstNet.
Once the provider is chosen and they have rolled out the network, each emergency service entity in the state will have the option of joining. For taxpayers, the common question on the matter will be, "who pays for this?"
The short answer is: the taxpayers.
Just as counties pay for voice and data services through AT&T, Verizon or other providers, FirstNet is the same concept. The network will offer cellular data to those who choose to pay for it, which will result in an additional monthly utility bill.
"And they [local emergency service entities] have the choice not to use FirstNet," Faust said. "They have the decision. If the price point isn't good for them or they don't think coverage is better, they don't have to go to it."
What's so special about FirstNet then?
The answer is priority. FirstNet will be hosted on a bandwidth which gives priority to emergency service personnel. Currently everyday cellphones use LTE bands 12, 13 and 17. FirstNet will use band 14 and as the band is introduced to the general population in the future, emergency responders will always have priority over use of the bandwidth.
This means if Vilas County joins FirstNet and a resident in Arbor Vitae with a band 14-ready cellphone makes a call at the same time as a first responder, the first responder's call will be connected immediately and the resident in Arbor Vitae will be bumped to a different bandwidth, taking a few seconds longer.
By placing at least the majority of first responder on one network such as FirstNet, communications between multiple jurisdictions becomes stronger and more reliable. If a major disaster occurs in Illinois, emergency services from the Northwoods can assist with the situation and all communications will take place on band 14, saving valuable time.
For more information on FirstNet, visit www.firstnet.gov or for more information on the Wisconsin IC, visit www.interop.wi.gov.
Jessica Leighty may be reached via email at email@example.com.


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As it moves through a sensor network target tracking has become an increasingly important application in Wireless Sensor Networks. Multi-Target tracking refers to the problem of jointly estimating the number of targets and their states from sensor data. In multi- target tracking the location of multiple targets has to be tracked simultaneously. Increases the network traffic by increasing the number of targets to be tracked and thus more complex energy minimization techniques and routing schemes are necessary to compensate for the network performance. Tracking mobile targets using sensor networks is a challenging task. In this paper, the focus is mainly driven over the survey of the different multi-target tracking techniques for Wireless Sensor Network.
Keywords: Wireless sensor networks, Multi-target tracking, Mobile target.


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UMTS: Origins, Architecture and the Standard (Computer Communications and Networks)
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The operation of A-GPS requires the establishment of a GPS reference network, also known as a wide-area reference network WARN —whose receivers are placed at fixed known locations and with clear view of the sky, so that they can operate continuously [ 22 ]. Each fixed GPS receiver uses the satellites signals to estimate its position and compare this estimate with its ground-truth position, which has been previously surveyed to a high degree of accuracy.
This comparison yields differential correction factors that are provided to the SMLC when requested. DGPS improves the positioning accuracy to under meters. The WARN also provides information such as which satellites are visible over a given area at a given time, Doppler shifts, and ionospheric delays. The target MS uses this information to calculate the pseudoranges to the visible satellites.
If there is any error in the received messages, or any condition that prevents the MS from sending back the requested information, a Protocol Error message is sent to the SMLC. The MS receives the request and tries to provide the required information. If any problem occurs, a Protocol Error message is generated. When a receiving entity—either the SMLC or the MS—detects that some data is missing or receives erroneous data, a Protocol Error message is sent with an error code indicating the error type, as listed in Table 2. However, no authentication is used.
However, this is a violation of location privacy. It is even more serious as the subscribers may not even be aware that an RRLP session is taking place. Cell ID CID positioning, also known as cell of origin COO , is a proximity-based method, as it returns as the MS location estimates the geographic coordinates associated with the serving cell which is assumed to be the closest to the target MS [ 47 ]. These coordinates might be the location of the antennas—and not that of Node B equipment—or the centroid of the cell coverage area.
This improves the spatial resolution of RTT values: This better spatial resolution helps reducing the confidence region, which results in higher positioning accuracy. Oversampling factors down to of the chip period are supported [ 48 ]. This happens because, as all cells share the same downlink frequency, in the reception of the signals of a given cell the energy sum of signals from all other cells acts as noise.
If one cell—the near one—is received with a very high energy, the SNR of a distant cell—the far one—will be very low. The near-far problem might prevent the UE from achieving this minimum number of measurements required to obtain an unambiguous position fix. In fact, EOTD would be usable only at the border of each cell coverage area [ 46 ].
The idle periods of different cells might be time aligned or randomly distributed. During an idle period, a cell will transmit only the synchronization channel or nothing at all, depending on the idle period configuration—continuous mode or burst mode. In fact, this is caused by one of the most fundamental aspects of WCDMA networks planning—that each cell must have a dominant area, where its signal overcomes the signals from neighbor cells. Please refer to Section 3. AoA positioning is also known as multiangulation.
Its deployment in cellular networks requires the installation of antenna arrays at Nodes B [ 51 — 54 ], which might be quite expensive and time-consuming. As previously mentioned, this positioning method suffers heavily from NLOS propagation [ 55 ], being of little use in dense urban environments. PEs are handheld-sized elements accessible only through the air interface. PEs coordinates must be accurately known. They must be placed at reference points other than Nodes B locations. PEs transmit in the downlink channel and their signals, upon reception at the UE, provide TOA measurements to be used in the hyperbolic multilateration [ 46 ].
As previously mentioned in Section 3. To obtain an unambiguous position estimate, the TDOA between at least three pairs of cells must be calculated and therefore a minimum of four geographically dispersed cells is needed. Their transmissions are not synchronous, so the control channel frames transmission at BTS 2 and BTS 4 start at instants and , respectively. It is detected at the MS at instant. Note that the PEs transmissions are carried out during the serving Node B idle period. As already mentioned in Sections 3. However, RRC is not a protocol designed solely for positioning.
It includes many other functions, such as outer loop power control and paging notification. As it is not a positioning specific protocol, we are not going to get into details of RRC here. For further information, please refer to [ 58 ]. Essentially, the same specific positioning related network elements introduced in 2G and 3G networks are also present in 4G networks. It has the same basic functions of the 2G and 3G SMLC, but with support to enhanced positioning features, such as hybrid localization and geofencing [ 59 ].
As already stated in Sections 3. However, this requires the installation of antenna arrays in the eNBs. Besides that, AoA is too sensitive to multipath propagation, which is predominant in the heavily NLOS conditions in dense urban areas. A discussion on the FCC Enhanced E [ 1 ] emergency call locating regulations and possible related applications can be found in [ 62 ]. Some aspects of the E evolution to accommodate Voice-over-Internet Protocol VoIP emergency calls, which will certainly increase with the widespread deployment of 4G networks no support to circuit-switched voice calls , are explored in [ 63 ].
The possibility of using signals from different constellations improves both positioning availability and precision. UE-based type, where the UE receives assistance data from the network and calculates its location, and UE-assisted type, where the UE receives assistance data from the network, makes position related measurements e.
Reference signals in LTE do not convey any higher layer information, existing only at the physical layer. To improve the hearability i. The techniques to combine those measurements are open to different implementation [ 40 ]. It is designed to be forward-compatible with future access networks to prevent piling up several positioning protocols through the generations to come.
Control plane positioning uses dedicated control channels to convey location related information assistance data and position estimates. It is considered more reliable and fast, so it is used in emergency call location [ 67 ]. Control plane positioning can be carried out without user intervention or even without user awareness refer to Section 3.
User plane positioning transfers location data into IP Internet Protocol datagrams using end-user applications. SUPL , however, does not reinvent the wheel. LPPa has two modules: LPP uses six types of procedures or transactions, grouped into three groups [ 64 ]: Capabilities Transfer and Capabilities Indication Procedures. LPP is also capable of detecting and reporting several specific error conditions, mostly in the positioning assistance data. An example of a full LPP session is shown in Figure It shows a control plane network initiated location request NI-LR.
UMTS: Origins, Architecture and the Standard : Pierre Lescuyer :
The server then ends this transaction with an acknowledgment ACK message. The server must then reply with one or more Provide Assistance Data Messages. The UE then replies with one or more Provide Location Information Messages, containing its estimated coordinates in the case of UE-based positioning or position related measurements in the case of UE-assisted positioning. The same applies to the Location Information Delivery Procedure, when the UE sends unsolicited location information to the server.
LPPa has the following functions: It enables the exchange of location related information information that will be used to improve CID positioning, e.
It is reporting error situations for which no specific error message is defined. Each of these functions comprises one or more elementary procedures, which in turn encompass a set of messages that define the information exchange. Table 3 maps the LPPa functions to its elementary procedures [ 69 ]. This review paper has presented the positioning capabilities in cellular networks, starting with the intrinsic localization support, inherent to any cellular system, and then passing through the specific features added by 3GPP—network elements supported functions and interconnection with other elements of the architecture , supported positioning methods position calculation details, related air interface parameters, autonomous and assisted operation modes, and assistance data provided by the network , and protocols functions, elementary procedures and more relevant message exchanges —from the second until the fourth generation.
It has also brought a section explaining the organization of 3GPP Technical Specifications and provided a quick review on the cellular networks evolution path. Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing. Indexed in Science Citation Index Expanded. Subscribe to Table of Contents Alerts.
Table of Contents Alerts.
Abstract This review paper presents within a common framework the mobile station positioning methods applied in 2G, 3G, and 4G cellular networks, as well as the structure of the related 3GPP technical specifications. Introduction At first, the main drive behind the development of positioning techniques to support location services LCS in cellular networks was the need to locate any mobile station MS originating emergency calls.
Evolution path of the two cellular technologies families: This timeline is greatly simplified; many intermediary standards have been ruled out. Only the evolution cornerstones are represented. The figure also brings some key features introduced by each standard, such as maximum achievable data rates, multiple access, and modulation techniques.
Location resolution hierarchy within a GSM cellular network. This scenario represents a mobile terminated location request MT-LR [ 22 ]. The message flow shown here is a higher layer abstraction. Some specific position related protocols and messages are described in Sections 3. An example is the prolonged activity around creating network—based selective IP flow mobility between cellular and Wi—Fi networks, i.
With the advent of smartphones, the increased complexity of endpoint devices is a foregone conclusion. Thus the cellular mobile network should follow the principle that was proven successful in the Internet: The current cellular network architecture employs many protocols that involve four or more parties and numerous round trips.
There are 10s of roundtrips depending on previous states required to complete this process. It is doubtful that this is an ideal or unavoidable situation, yet some aspects appear inherent in the current architecture. It also presents a rich target for hacking or DoS attacks. Thus, simplicity of protocols should be one of the prime objectives of any new protocol design, along with modularity of protocols and soft—failure under errors. Most of 3GPPs recent activities, such as latency reduction, local traffic off—loading, flattening the network architecture, and peak rate improvements, have been in reaction to seemingly unexpected growth of demands from reality: Web centric content, Smartphones, push applications, etc.
It should be obvious that the basic network architecture standards should be designed for uncertainty and flexibility [ 16 ], rather than specific service scenarios. Also, considering the long delays in responding to market demands through the standard—setting process, the basic standards should be independent of the details of features and services, even if such a separation sacrifices some of the benefits of tight integration. The use of host—centric protocols is also consistent with this principle, since new services or features can typically be implemented on host devices and servers, and should not involve changes deep inside networks.
With the recent increase of the aggregate throughput and the peak rates of radio links, the high latency of cellular data networks has become a major performance issue. The use of layer 2 tunnels, connection—oriented centralized routing, protocol encapsulations and translations, and complex protocols have all contributed to the high latency that is now making the improvements in bandwidth less useful and noticeable.
Under high latency, the impact of dropped packets while very rare in cellular networks by design is very severe, congestion collapse is more likely, TCP congestion control becomes less effective, and temporary performance disparity among users is more pronounced. VoIP and other real—time applications show noticeably poor performance compared to the wired Internet, even when the cellular throughput for bulk transfers approaches that of some wired broadband access technologies.
Considered necessary in the past for large—area mobility, operator control, and roaming, they have increasingly become a source of inefficiency, poor scaling, and complexity. Alternative approaches as suggested below may better address the needs of present and future cellular networks.
Instead of tunnels, direct use of Ethernet switching in small areas and plain IP routing over bigger areas, similar to the rest of the Internet, could harness the innovations and competition existing in the wired networking industry. The basic functions that tunnels used to provide, such as mobility, transport over circuit networks, and route control, are now unnecessary, or can be provided by other means as described below.
The base stations would handle localized fast mobility in a distributed manner, without centralized control. This is a step in the right direction, but having layer 2 mobility managed by base stations, rather than the MME, may be the ultimate solution. With the inevitable trend toward using a large number of small cells in the future, more distributed protocols and technologies should be favored, even if they are not needed at present.
Current cellular core networks are largely private networks, with user devices typically given dynamic private IP addresses. They access operator—provided services within private networks and access the rest of the Internet via multiple layers of NAPTs. Most of the widely believed benefits, such as the alleged greater security of using private networks, are either untrue, not worth the price, or can be achieved via different means [ 22 ].
Many decisions made about cellular network architecture in the early days have remained in effect and influenced many subsequent changes and additions with numerous unintended interactions and limitations. Considering our general inability to predict technology and economic changes for any significant stretch of time, the basic network architecture should not be designed based on any set of specific usage models or requirements that might be asserted at design time.
Instead, the architecture should be designed to allow quick addition and removal of overlay of protocols and services for diverse applications [ 23 ]. Host—based on—demand IP mobility, instead of network—based always—on IP mobility. At present, the network handles most aspects of mobility and does so at all times for all traffic, at great cost and complexity. Also, many devices use the network in a mostly static context, including some applications of M2M services. Treating every device uniformly for high speed mobility and always—on connectivity is clearly not optimal, considering the overhead needed for such features.
The network need only provide IP mobility anchoring services as hosts request them on demand. In principle, IP applications on user devices require two fundamental functions from the cellular networks they attach to: Session Continuity and Reachability. Session continuity refers to the survival of layer 2 and layer 3 connectivity across handoffs between base stations, while there is active traffic to and from user devices, such as streaming video, ftp, etc.
This is what the cellular network provides by using the user—plane tunnels that combine layer 2 and 3 and follow wherever user devices go. In effect, user devices never see changes in their IP subnet over large geographical areas, unless they have to switch between different gateways, roaming partner networks or different wireless link technologies. Reachability is provided when a mobile device is reachable by its communication peers, even when idle. For voice calls, this is achieved by paging, but for data apps, the current cellular data networks do not provide this functionality, because they use dynamic private addresses.
This technique provides the appearance of reachability while the actual connections are initiated by clients and maintained through firewalls and NAPT by both communicating parties. Given this reality, a new architecture should not suffer from excessive network control signaling triggered by these long—lived connections coming in and out of idle states, as the current architecture does [ 24 ]. One possible approach is for the network to be largely stateless beyond base stations with respect to user devices.
In light of this development, IP mobility should be per—flow on—demand rather than always on, and also locally distributed to allow flexible network deployment choices, considering various utilities of caching, CDNs, and peer—to—peer communications. Substitute hard—state rigid protocols with soft—state, soft—fail protocols. These protocols often require that three or more parties remain synchronized in their protocol states for correct operation.
Perhaps not surprisingly, these complex protocols are rarely verified for correctness and race conditions. They fail hard, recover slowly, require large memories and processing power, and are difficult to interoperate and debug. Most of them could well be replaced with soft—state, soft—fail protocols with better results. Each new generation of the cellular air interface has been accompanied by a large overhaul of the wired core and RAN.
That approach appears no longer sustainable for keeping pace with different rates of innovation in wired networking, mobile computing, and wireless link technologies. Arguably, innovations and changes in the network and application layers are more rapid and unpredictable, as evidenced by the rapid rise of the smartphone ecosystem, compared to wireless link layer evolution that proceeds more slowly and requires industry—wide coordination. This separation also widens the market for air interface technology beyond cellular mobile technologies into fixed wireless access, indoor private networks, etc.
The current tight integration of standards for the air interface and the wired network should be separated, with clear interfaces to allow their separate evolution. Based on the preceding discussion, an example architecture for a future cellular network can be imagined in a straightforward manner. This, of course, is not the only possible solution, nor entirely original, but serves as a concrete example for discussion. As more and more cellular base station sites are connected with high—speed backhaul to handle increasing demand, Ethernet is becoming the de facto choice.
For this example, we assume all base stations are connected via wide—area Ethernet services commonly called Metro Ethernet [ 25 ]. They are connected via Metro LAN service with a topology that fits the local conditions rather than point—to—point logical connections between base stations and MTSO as done in the present architecture.
On this layer 2 network there are one or more IP routers with a small set of mobility—related features, such as dynamic distributed IP mobility, to be discussed later. This familiar IP subnet forms a unit of RAN and connects to the Internet directly, instead of connecting back to a cellular core network as is done currently. There is no cellular core network for user traffic. Instead of near—permanent tunnels for each user device, tunnels or VPNs are sparingly used for groups of devices, and only for special functions such as lawful intercept, hot—lining for emergency access, etc.
This unit of RAN can be as big as a metropolitan area or as small as one base station. The same logical unit of RAN can be used to build a large city network, a venue network, or a small hotspot. The current air interface technologies do not have MAC layer addresses for user devices that can be directly used to switch user packets in the RAN Ethernet connecting base stations. They can be added by user devices or by base stations, and there is little risk of address spoofing since the identities of user devices are verified cryptographically per existing air interface security measures [ 26 ].
They may even assist layer 2 mobility directly [ 29 ]. The handoffs between base stations are handled directly between base stations using Ethernet switching along with light—weight L2 such as MACinMAC temporary tunnels when needed for forwarding buffered packets. It is commonly envisioned that there will be increased direct communication between base stations for various reasons such as multipoint coordinated transmission [ 30 ], or plain local user—to—user traffic. The tunnel—less dynamic auto—configuring layer 2 network described above would make transition to such scenarios much simpler.
Some user devices will cross the coverage boundary between two RAN units while still engaged in active data flow at the IP layer. Some will cross with data flows, such as push notification connections, that are designed to survive IP network changes by reconnecting in the background. Some will cross while idle and some, such as meter readers and stationary modems, will never cross.
The actual mixture of these different types will keep changing and the best place to understand the need is at the devices. In light of this observation, the most sensible and scalable IP mobility protocol should be host—based, on—demand, distributed mobility [ 31 ].
One possible implementation is depicted in Figure 2 where three RAN units, each with its own router, are serving a geographic area. These RAN units can each be covering a city and its surrounding areas.
- Taming Her Racy Ways [Racy Nights 5] (Siren Publishing Menage Everlasting).
- Public Mobile Network.
- Similar authors to follow.
- Deadlier by the Dozen, a Dark Urban Fantasy (Dark Encounters Book 2).
A mobile device always uses the locally valid IP address for any new IP flows. This flow will remain anchored at the origin router A until the flow is terminated by the user device and reinitiated if needed as a new flow in RAN unit B , or when a maximum life span is reached as determined by mAR A [ 34 ]. While this flow is anchored at the previous router A, any new flow originated by the user device uses a locally valid IP address corresponding to the new network B, thus, as shown in Figure 3, it is not tunneled.
The key assumption for this particular example is that most long—lived user flows, if not all, are reachability flows that can reconnect after attaching to a new subnet. Other flows only need temporary session continuity minutes at most or not at all. Temporary session continuity maintains the call while necessary signaling is performed to transfer the call to the new IP address [ 37 ].
Observe that this distributed mobility management also uses tunnels, even per—flow tunnels in some cases, so it appears to be not much different from the current architecture at first glance. The key difference is that these tunnels are temporary, localized, and on—demand, instead of being permanent and global for every device. Even for highly mobile user devices, mobility tunnels are used temporarily only when they cross boundaries between potentially large RAN units [ 38 ].
One of the main sources of handoff delay across IP subnets is IP stack configuration in addition to security—related signaling, particularly when the UE can only communicate with one network at a time. There are many approaches to reduce this delay such as the use of Signal Forwarding Function [ 39 ] in mARs and other radio interface—specific optimizations. Some features only available to the lower layers of cellular radio links, such as paging, may be of great use for some applications, if they can be safely exposed to the higher layers.
For example, even when many devices handle their own reachability issues like most smartphones, it may be desirable to keep some devices idle with no layer 3 connectivity and rely on layer 2 radio paging to wake them up for infrequent activities. An application on a user device can negotiate with a server that has back—end connections with the cellular paging system and provide authorization for another trusted party from the Internet to trigger cellular paging. Details of such a system are omitted here for space concerns, but this service can bridge the application layer reachability and cellular radio paging capabilities to enable efficient operation for certain applications.
This approach to network features where end hosts and the network interact on the application layer over the normal IP network can be used to deploy and experiment with new features rapidly with low risk. Currently, data roaming is handled by a visited network forwarding APN—indicated tunnels to a home network. The current cellular architecture is in fact designed with roaming in its foundations, which may not be ideal for some network operators with low roaming activities. The current architecture generally assumes that all the traffic of a visiting roamer except for circuit or packet voice must go back to its home network [ 40 ].
Due to the resulting inefficiency and complexity, such an assumption is no longer appropriate for many operators, especially those with small amount of roaming business and those experiencing strong pressure to lower roaming fees. In the future, roaming should be handled via local accounting, while all user traffic is routed locally and efficiently without tunneling back to home networks.
This can be augmented with rapid accounting information exchange [ 41 ], device self—reporting, third—party audit, or micro—transactions directly between roamers and local visited networks. Thus, the basic architecture should reflect this trend and the old roaming model may be accommodated as special cases only for very high value traffic.
The main function of a mobile network is to handle a large quantity of packet traffic efficiently and cheaply while user devices move across its coverage area. Other features such as Mobile Broadcast Multimedia Service [ 42 ] or layer 2 VPN for enterprise networks are important for some market segments, but should not dictate how the basic architecture is devised.
Most of these services can be implemented at the IP layer, sometimes with some loss of efficiency from the perspective of those specific services. For example, emulating layer 2 VPN over user IP layer over radio links is less efficient than forming layer 2 VPN over a transport network connected to a radio bearer. However, that is not a reason enough to justify changing the basic architectural goal, which is to cover the majority of users and services efficiently. This principled approach should be maintained in the face of many competing interests from subsets of users and services.
Fortunately, there appear to be several voices [ 43 ] in industry and academia that generally agree with this paper on the problems of current cellular architecture and the general directions for solutions. It is a valuable exercise to design a new architecture unencumbered by existing networks and user devices, but it is obviously necessary to examine how to transition from the current architecture to the new, and what kind of compromise is necessary.


From specially designed studios or studio-classrooms, Teachers can view, teach, assess, instruct and interact with students at remote classrooms. A wide variety of setups can be accommodated ranging from but not limited to, Physical whiteboard, digital whiteboard, PC or Tab based PPT, unlimited number and combination of audio and video sources and their presentation
The Studios and Classrooms can be networked by almost any form of Internet or Intranet. While typically each 2WL studio will be connected over a 2/4 Mbps internet Leased Line (according to the configuration). Unicast or Multicast VPNs, as well as satellite/VSAT links can also be used
BigNet is a Internet aggregation tool, which can be deployed on any Classroom PC to aggregate multiple internet links such that all connected capacities virtually appear as one big connection. Any number of links can be connected to the PC to operate in a fail-over and load-sharing manner
Where no other facility is available, multiple 4G-LTE channels can be aggregated (by themselves or in conjunction with other internet links). For instance, four, 4G channels, one from each national operator, can be combined. Where ever signal quality is low, a 4G signal booster could solve the low-signal issues
BigNet encrypts all data using 128 bit Advanced Encryption Standard to ensure link level security.
2WL operates in two modes namely, Instruction mode and Interaction mode.
The two modes operate independent of each other so much so that the end equipment for the two modes at the studio and CR are also separate.
Typical round-trip latency during Instruction mode will be 2-3 seconds. While during the Interaction mode it will be 100-300 milliseconds.
While Two-way Audio-Video is available during both modes, for extended and intense discussions Interaction mode is better suited and Instruction mode is suitable for casual, short-duration interaction, with either the entire set of classrooms or even a individual classroom.


As more and more new phones hit the market, they bring with them a vast arrange of new features and functions. If you’re looking for the latest mobiles that are going to be launched this year, you should have a look at Upcoming Phones. We’ve listed some of the most popular here.
Text Messaging (SMS): This allows you to send short messages from one mobile phone to another. Although all modern handsets will have a text facility, the ease of which you can write messages will vary widely between phones.
Colour Screen: Although this isn’t essential, a colour screen can look good, and makes text clearer to read.
Design: Many mobile phones have a fold-down front panel or a central hinge. This type of design, (often called a clam shell or a flip phone), enables manufacturers to produce smaller handsets. In addition, the flip-open design can protect the phone’s screen from being damaged, stops you from accidentally pressing keys and makes it easier to answer calls.
Band Type: Handsets will be dual-, tri- or quad-band, depending on the range of frequencies they can operate on. A dual band (900 and 1800 MHz) phone will work almost anywhere in the world, but you will need a tri-band phone (900, 1800 and 1900 MHz) if you’re visiting North or South America. A few other countries such as Ecuador, St. Kitts and Nevis, Anguilla, and Turks and Caicos Islands require a quad-band phone (850, 900, 1800 and 1900 MHz).
3G: These phones allow you watch video clips, live footage, send moving pictures and download 3D games. There’s also an ‘always on’ internet access, video-conferencing capabilities, and interactive application sharing.
Built-in Camera: A camera can be a great way of keeping touch, whether it’s to show your workmates the gorgeous beach you’re relaxing on, or to ask a friend if they like the pair of shoes you’re about to buy.
Vibrating Alert: This lets you know that your phone is ringing, even when its noisy. It also allows you to turn your ringer off in quiet environments.
WAP: Wireless Application Protocol, letting you to access internet information services on the move.
GPRS: This will give you an “always on” data connection that can operate at speeds similar to fixed line modems. You will be charged for the amount of data you use, rather that the length of time you’re connected for.
Address Book Lookup: If you add contact details into your address book, your phone will display the name of the person who’s calling. Although all phones have this feature, some make it easier to find entries than others, and some can only store information in the SIM card, rather than the phone itself. This feature may also allow you to assign different ringing tones to certain people or groups, so that you know who is calling without looking at your phone.
Voice Dialling: A feature that allows you to dial a contact by simply pressing one button and saying their name.
Call Logs: These logs will give you a detailed record of the last calls made and received, often with time and date stamps.
Data Support: Some phones will allow you to connect to a computer to upload or download information. You can synchronise your contact details and organiser contents to keep the information consistent across all your devices, or simply as a backup method in case you lose your phone. Connectivity can be either wireless such as with Bluetooth or through a cable.
Music: Phones will often have the capability of playing MP3 files or to act as an FM radio. Infra-red and Bluetooth Communication: This capability is useful for data connections. Bluetooth can also be used to connect to car kits or personal headsets.
Polyphonic Ringtones: This allows your phone to play music consisting a number of instruments. Depending on the phone, you can download new polyphonic ringtones or even compose them yourself.
Others: Other features may include clocks, calculators, calendars with reminders, programmable ring tones and games.


Text in Help dialog, To be determined by the Business
The SOLA system consists of the S7910 Hydronic Control, Displays (S7999B System Display, S7999C Local Display and/or S7910 Local Keyboard Display.
The PM7910 Program Module is an optional plug-in for the R7910 SOLA HC and R7911 Sola SC. From the system level the S7999 System Operator Interface can direct the R7910/R7911 to transfer or retrieve parameter information with the Program Module.
The R7910 HC integrates ten control functions into a one device for hydronic boilers. Fully programmable flame safeguard control, heat and burner priorities, pump control and boiler protection functions — adds up to ultimate user flexibility.
SOLA Displays provide user interface to the SOLA Controllers.


DSD TECH SH-U11L USB an RS485 RS422 Kabel mit FTDI FT232 Chip-1.5M/5FT. 4,4 von 5 Sternen. 27. 17,99 €. 17,99€. Lieferung bis Donnerstag, 18. Februar. KOSTENLOSE Lieferung bei Ihrer ersten Bestellung mit Versand durch Amazon. Nur noch 10 auf Lager The USB-RS485-WE-5000-BT is an USB to RS485 levels serial UART converter cable with 5m cable length and 0V power supply output. It incorporates FT232RQ USB to serial UART interface IC device which handles all the USB signalling and protocols. The cable provides a fast, simple way to connect devices with a RS485 interface to USB. It also contains a small internal electronic circuit board. DSD TECH SH-U14 USB-zu-RS485-Kabel Eingebauter FTDI-Chip mit Anschlussplatine 1,8 m / 5,9 ft DSD TECH USB zu RS485 Konverter SH-U10 Adapter mit CP2102 Chip Kompatibel mit Windows 7,8,10, Linux, Mac O USB to RS485 serial interface PCB for cable. 3MBaud: Full Speed (12Mbps) Type A--+5V / 250mA: Datasheet: USD 25.00: Buy Now: USB-RS485-WE-5000-B FTDI USB-RS485-WE-1800-BT. USB-RS485 converter cable provides a USB to RS485 serial interface with customised end connectors. Entire USB protocol handled by the electronics in the cable. EIA/TIA-485 communication interface with low power requirements
DTECH USB to RS422 RS485 Serial Port Adapter Cable with FTDI Chipset 5 Position Terminal Board for Windows 10 8 7 XP Mac (4 Feet) 4.5 out of 5 stars. 89. $20.98. $20. . 98. Get it as soon as Tue, Feb 23. FREE Shipping on orders over $25 shipped by Amazon USB-auf-UART-Konverterkabel verfügen über UART-Signale mit RS485-Pegel und bieten Ihnen einen schnellen und einfachen Pfad zur Verbindung mit einer RS485-Schnittstelle mit USB. Der USB-Anschluss verfügt über eine integrierte, kleine Leiterplatte mit dem FT323RQ UART-Schnittstellen-IC, der alle USB-Signale und Protokolle verarbeitet
Each FTDI USB-RS485 cable contains a small internal electronic circuit board utilizing the FT232R that is encapsulated into the USB connector end of the cable. The integrated electronics also include the RS485 transceiver plus Tx and Rx LEDs that give a visual indication of traffic on the cable. The USB-RS485 cable is designed for use at the end of an RS485 network up to approximately 10m .0 Typ-A zu DSUB 9M - FTDI FT232RL Chipsatz - Inkl. 80 cm Kabe Industrial USB to RS485 Converter Adapter Original FT232RL Fast Communication Embedded Protection Circuits Resettable Fuse ESD Protection TVS Diode etc Automatic Transceiving 4.7 out of 5 stars 6 The video shows the communication between the recorder having RS485 port and PC through RS485 to USB converter
Based upon the Usb To Rs485 Wiring Diagram, every cable is totally protected from one another. Following the first end was finished, it's time to move to the other one. To begin with, the electrical meter ought to be placed into Ohm setting. Match both ends until the meter produces a noise that indicates circuit. After that occurs, it's time to solder each wire in their respective parts. USB Rs485 Adapterkabel Rs485 Konverterkabel mit FTDI kompatibel mit USB-RS485-WE-1800-B
FTDI USB to RS485 Serial UART Converter Cable incorporates FTDI's FT232RQ USB to serial UART interface IC, which handles all the USB signaling and protocols. This FTDI converter cable provides a fast, simple way to connect devices with an RS485 interface to USB. Each FTDI USB-RS485 cable contains a small internal electronic circuit board utilizing the FT232R that is encapsulated into the USB connector end of the cable. The integrated electronics also include the RS485 transceiver plus Tx and. . Using the FT232R chip combined with an RS485 level converter, the cable is a CE and FCC approved product which is one of the simplest USB - RS485 solutions around USB to RS485 Serial Cable FTDI Chipset Data Adapter Converter Cable Compatible for USB-RS485-WE-1800-BT Support Win7 8 10 XP Android Mac Linux (Black USB Housing) $16.00$16.00 $4.58 shipping Only 4 left in stock - order soon This article describes the RS485 pin configuration including diagrams of full and half duplex RS485 connector pinouts. It also covers the technical RS485 specifications. In the EIA's standard series, the RS485 protocol is considered the most versatile, demonstrating good performance on all four criteria. This has led to the RS485's wide adoption as the communication interface of choice when multiple nodes need to communicate in control or data acquisition applications We will be installing a USB to rs485 installation on our computer.The USB-485M is a 2-wire USB to RS-485 serial communication adapter for RS485 use. It does.
Has a USB to RS485 adapter built into the cable for easy communication with the Nidec Control Techniques product line. Other Details Standard industrial product 2 Year Warranty - Includes exchange or factory repair at our option on lower power products, and on-site repair (parts & on-site time only) on higher power products as defined below DTECH 20cm USB 3.0 to SATA 22Pin external converter USB to SATA cable for 2.5-inch SATA drive external hard drive computer Features: 1. Interface Type: USB 3.0, SATA Male 7+15 Pin 2 ET485U USB-to-RS485 Cable Technical Specification The ET485U cable provides an easy to use RS485 interface by means of a Virtual COM Port on the users system. The USB interface is transparent to the system, whatever is sent to the Virtual COM Port is automatically converted to RS485 and vice versa. The module is completely self powered by the USB bus. Download the Drivers The ET485U cable uses. Cable, USB to Rs485 Converter, Wire-End, 5m. FTDI. You previously purchased this product. View in Order History. Each 1+ £36.89 £44.268 10+ £34.78 £41.736. Restricted Item . Minimum order of 1 items Multiples of 1 only Please enter a valid quantity. Add.
RS232, RS485, RS422, USB and other Serial converters : Downloads - Serial converters USB to serial RS232 adapters USB to RS485 / RS422 Accessories Wireless RS232 Serial Serial to Ethernet Converter rs232 to rs485 converter, usb to serial adapter, rs232 to rs422 converter, serial ethernet converter, serial converte The USB to RS422 / RS485 Cable provides a simple and easy way to connect between a computer's USB port and RS422/RS485. Ideally for PC, thin client or servers to provide instant RS422/RS485 ports expansion via USB ports. This is a USB to RS422/RS485 industrial intelligent converter, so no power supply is needed - simply plug-and-play. Show entire description. Specifications. Standards.
USB2.0 to RS422/485 CABLE is auniversal converter of USB2.0 to RS485/RS422. which is without addition power supply, compatible with USB, RS422, RS485 standards, It can convert USB signals to a balanced differential RS422 or RS4SS signals. Each line has surge protection, and various surge voltage protections. The tiny capacitance distance RS422/RS48 interface of high-speed transmission. RS422. Each USB-RS485 cable contains a small internal electronic circuit board, utilising the FT232R, which is . encapsulated into the USB connector end of the cable. Th e FT232R datasheet, DS_FT23 2 R, is available at . h t t p://w w w. f t d i ch i p. co m. The integrated electronics also include the RS485 transceiver plus Tx and Rx . LEDs which give a visual indication of traff ic on the cable (if.
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Manhattan USB 1.1 A (M) 51 bis 110 cm D-Sub (9 pol) (M) Converter USB To RS485 RS485 Kabel idealo Schnäppchen & News per E-Mail Anmelden und bis zu 50% sparen Qualität und Nachhaltigkeit USB Speed v1.1. The USB to RS485 converter cable family provides a simple way to connect devices with a half-duplex RS485 interface to USB. The cables are wire-ended and include an additional 5V power output and are available in a range of lengths. Documen The ICUSB422 6ft Professional RS422/485 USB Serial Cable Adapter with COM Port Retention lets you connect RS422 or RS485 serial devices to your USB-enabled computer. The adapter features a 9-pin (DB9) male serial connector as well as dipswitch controls for easy port configuration, and requires minimal software
A wide variety of usb rs485 cable options are available to you, such as type-c, for iphone, and micro-usb. You can also choose from usb 2.0 connector, usb 3.0 connector, and micro usb rs485 cable, as well as from 3a fast charging, 5a fast charging usb rs485 cable, and whether usb rs485 cable is tpe, nylon, or pvc. There are 1,179 suppliers who. USB-RS485 converter cable provides a USB to RS485 serial interface with customised end connectors. Entire USB protocol handl ed by the electronics in the cable . EIA/TIA-485 communication interface with low power requirements. UART interface support for 7 or 8 data bits, 1 or 2 stop bits and odd / even / mark / space / no parity
The USB-RS485-WE-1800-BT from FTDI is an USB to UART cable with RS485 level UART signals. It corporate FTDI's FT232RQ USB to serial UART interface IC which handles all USB signalling and protocols. The cable provides a fast, simple way to connect devices with RS485 interface to USB. It contains small internal electronic circuit board utilising the FT232R which is encapsulated into USB. USB TO RS422, RS485. USB TO RS422, RS485 Smart Cables. Tripp Lite. Specifications. Convert From (Adapter End): USB-A (USB TYPE-A), Plug; Convert To (Adapter End): D-Sub, 9 Pin Male or Terminal Block; Length: 2.50' (762.0mm) Shielding: Double Shielded; Usage: USB to RS422, RS485; Parts. View in Parametric Search. Image. Manufacturer Part Number. Description. Usage. Convert From (Adapter End. Auf Alibaba.com finden Sie rs485 usb-kabel Kabel und Zubehör für eine sicherere Informationsübertragung. Diese rs485 usb-kabel Produkte können mit vielen elektronischen Geräten verwendet werden
This USB to RS485 converter transmits the data lines to RS485 and also transmits the voltage and ground line. Ideal for devices that exactly need 5V came from the PC via USB cable. The Table 2 below summarize the inputs and outputs. To attach it to your computer, you need an USB 2.0 - mini USB cable. It does not support parity even! USB side/input: Description: RS485 side/output: VCC +5V +5V. The USB-RS485-WE-1800-BT_0. is a 1.8m long USB to RS485 converter cable.Using the FT232R chip combined with an RS485 level converter, the cable is a CE and FCC approved product which is one of the simplest USB - RS485 solutions around.Powered from the USB port, the RS485 signals are exposed on unterminated wires allo USB-RS485-WE-1800-BT: Price: $ 20.79: Product Category: Cable Assemblies. Millones de Productos que Comprar! Envío Gratis en Pedidos desde $59 Automatisierung der Prozesstechnik mit Transmittern, Sensoren und Messgeräten für die Parameter Druck, Temperatur, Füllstand, Durchfluss und Leitfähigkeit von gasförmigen, flüssigen, pastösen und granularen Medien
The USB 2.0 to RS485 Cable provides a simple and easy to connect between the USB and RS485 ports interface. Ideally for PC, thin client or servers to provide instant RS485 ports expansion via USB ports cable rs485. Comment. 0 Likes 0 Show . Comment hi, personal, i was extended an USB to RS 485 cable, 5 meters long with an 10 meters extender USB cable. this USB extender cable is an passive one, that you can find generally on IT store magazine. i don t need more length on cable, so can tell you more. Comment. 0 Likes 0 Show . Comment . 2 |3000 characters needed characters left characters. 4) This USB 2.0 to RS485 Adapter is easy to install, no external power needed. 5) Connector: USB side type A interface female, RS485 side DB-9 male or 6 terminal block. 6) Boud rate: 300-115200bps, automatic sense serial signal rate. 7) This USB 2.0 to RS-485 Adapter is the best solution for the communication between USB and RS-485 Insert the USB/RS485 converter into the USB port. Windows® should recognize it and load the correct driver for the converter. Once this is done, the USB converter is ready to use. Revision 2.2 Page 2 of 2 MacIntosh Systems The USB drivers are available for OSX. 1. Download the driver file according to the Download appropriate driver instructions above. 2. Extract the zip file. 3. The. This is an industrial USB to RS485 converter with original FT232RL and SP485EEN inside. It features embedded protection circuits such as lightning-proof, resettable fuse, ESD protection, and TVS diode, etc. It's pretty small in size. The USB TO RS485 is very easy to use, allows automatic transceiving. Due to its fast communication, stability.
Most newer electronic devices can be connected and communicate with a computer by a USB cable, however many devices are still using the older type of communication protocol called serial RS232 or RS485.To connect devices with a Serial RS232/RS485 port you need an adapter cable called a USB to RS232 adapter or USB to RS485 adapter, depending on if your device is using the RS232 protocol or the. USB RS485 RS422 Serial Adapter Cable Model No: YT-URS485/422 Product Description: This Utech USB RS485/RS422 is a professional grade Windows 10 USB to serial converter with a reliable and high performance FTDI Chip. This RS485 adapter is optimized for Windows operating systems including Windows 10, 7 32/64 and Vista 32/64. With a terminal board connector included, this converter is the cutting. Victron Energy RS485 zu USB Interface-Kabel Dieses Kabel wird zur Verbindung eines VICTRON-Energy-Meters (ET112, ET340 oder EM24) mit dem Wechselrichter/Ladegerät (z. The USB 2.0 to RS422/RS485 Cable provides a simple and easy to connect between the USB and RS422/RS485 ports interface. Ideally for PC, thin client or servers to provide instant RS422/RS485 ports expansion via USB ports The USB-485 is an isolated USB to RS422 or RS485 converter. It is ideal for laptops which do not have a physical serial port and cannot be used with a conventional interface converter. The USB port also provides sufficient power for a full-spec RS422 or RS485 interface capable of driving termination resistors and long cables
The USB-485C a db-9 male connector on the RS485/RS422 port, and a USB type A female on the USB port. The adapter is powered from the USB port and no external power is needed. USB cable, two terminal blocks, and drivers are included in the package. This converter operates from 300 bps to 1 mbps. The USB-485C uses the latest FTDI chipset and is fully compatible with Windows 10 (32/64), Windows 8. PLC Cables, Inc. USB to RS485 or RS422 Communication Cable (2 or 4 wire) w/ Breakout Board. Rating * Name *Review Subject *Comments 2 Reviews Hide Reviews Show Reviews 5 Works as should . Posted by Rem on Apr 07, 2020 Needed a cable to work on our Control Techniques drives and it works just as it should. A USB to RS485 converter is used to interface the RS485 twisted pair cable to the USB port of the PC. Type of RS485 cables. The RS485 communication can either use a. 2 wire cable (A,B) ,No Ground line in this case. 3 wire cable (A,B,GND). A three wire connection A,B and GND is recommended for long distance transmission. Putting ATmega328 in RS485 Transmit Mode. 1) Set the ATmega328p port. The RS485 communications cable can connect to either a terminal block or an RJ45 network port. Connecting to a terminal block is recommended. Connecting to a terminal block is recommended. You are advised to use a CAT 5E outdoor shielded network cable with an outer diameter less than 9 mm (0.35 in.) and internal resistance not greater than 1.5 ohms/10 m (1.5 ohms/32.81 ft), as well as a.
Sure Cross® RS-485 to USB Adapter Cable Original Document 140377 Rev. E 18 February 2016 140377. Specifications Input Power BWA-HW-006: 5 V dc from USB port BWA-UCT-900: 5 V dc from USB port; 100 to 240 V ac from the plug-in wall transformer Output Power BWA-HW-006: 10 V dc power output for a single device transmitting at 250 mW or less BWA-UCT-900: 24 V dc power output for a single device. This USB 2.0 to RS485 Serial Converter with FTDI chipset allows any USB equipped PC/Notebook to utilise the 9 Way serial RS485 port for use with serial devices such as EPOS equipment, Terminal Devices, Industrial Equipment & CCTV / Video Systems including software that uses the RS485 Serial Standard or RS-485 Port The USB-422-1 is a port-powered, bi-directional, integrated USB to 4-wire RS422 / RS485 adapter / converter that can be used to convert any standard full-duplex USB port into a four-wire full-duplex RS422 / RS485 port and vice versa. This high-quality, high-performance USB to RS422 converter can be used to communicate with one loop of up to 256 units of RS422 / RS485 devices, and it comes with.
CableMAX USB 1.1 to Serial adapter cable with 6ft. Ultra Flex Shielded Cable and Soft Rubberized Mold for Long Term Durability, This USB Serial Adapter Uses Prolific Chip to get up to 230K transfer rate. More Info on this USB to Serial Cable Here From $15.78 . FTDI USB Serial Cable 6FT. CableMAX USB 2.0 to Serial adapter cable with 6ft USB to RS485 Cable. USB RS485 Adapter to RJ45 FTDI chip Inside; Model NO: YT-URS485-RJ45 . Categories: Hot on Sale Cables, USB to RS485 Cable. USB RS485 Adapter to RJ45 FTDI chip Inside Model NO: YT-URS485-RJ45 Product Description: This Utech USB to RS-485 adapter provides an extra Serial Com port via USB connection and can be configured to work with RS-485 peripherals such as POS and. RS485 to USB interface cable 1,8 m RS485 to USB interface cable 5 m Energy Meter Overview manual Windows (v5.41) - Android .apk (armv7) (v5.41) - Android .apk (x86) Download for Android from Play Store; Download for Mac from App Store; Download for iOS from App Store. 1,629 usb to rs485 converter cable products are offered for sale by suppliers on Alibaba.com, of which data cables accounts for 34%, computer cables & connectors accounts for 30%, and mp3 / mp4 player cable accounts for 13%. A wide variety of usb to rs485 converter cable options are available to you, such as standard, type-c, and micro-usb. You can also choose from usb 2.0 connector, usb 3.0. Converting RS485 signals to USB has never been easier. Our adapters are designed for plug and play and takes power from USB bus. This series support USB1.1 and USB2.0 host port. We offer a wide selection of port options (DB9 connectors) from 1, 2, 4, 8 & 16


The demand for data centers is constantly increasing due to the exponential growth of data being produced by various industries. Containerized data center design has emerged as a popular solution to meet this demand. It offers a flexible and scalable approach to data center design and deployment, making it an attractive option for businesses of all sizes. This comprehensive guide will explore the benefits of containerized data center design, the key components of a containerized data center, and the best practices for designing and deploying containerized data centers.
Benefits of Containerized Data Center Design
Containerized data center design offers several benefits over traditional data center design. First and foremost, it provides flexibility in terms of deployment. Containerized data centers can be deployed quickly and easily, without the need for complex infrastructure and construction. This makes them an ideal solution for businesses that require a fast deployment of their data center.
Another benefit of containerized data center design is scalability. Containerized data centers can be easily scaled up or down depending on the needs of the business. This allows businesses to avoid overprovisioning their data center, which can lead to wasted resources and increased costs.
Containerized data center design also offers improved energy efficiency. Containerized data centers are designed to be highly efficient, with advanced cooling and power management systems. This helps to reduce energy consumption and lower operating costs.
Key Components of a Containerized Data Center
A containerized data center consists of several key components, each of which plays an important role in the overall design and functionality of the data center. These components include:
1. The container itself: The container is the foundation of the data center. It provides a secure and controlled environment for the equipment and infrastructure.
2. Power and cooling systems: A containerized data center requires advanced power and cooling systems to ensure efficient and reliable operation. This includes generators, HVAC systems, and uninterruptible power supplies (UPS).
3. Networking infrastructure: A containerized data center requires a robust networking infrastructure to support the flow of data between the equipment and the outside world. This includes routers, switches, and firewalls.
4. Equipment: The equipment housed in a containerized data center includes servers, storage devices, and other hardware necessary for data processing and storage.
Best Practices for Containerized Data Center Design
When designing and deploying a containerized data center, there are several best practices to consider. These include:
1. Planning for growth: When designing a containerized data center, it is important to plan for future growth. This means selecting a container that can accommodate additional equipment and infrastructure as needed.
2. Optimizing power and cooling: Containerized data centers require advanced power and cooling systems to ensure efficient operation. It is important to select systems that are optimized for the specific needs of the data center and that are designed to minimize energy consumption.
3. Ensuring security: Containerized data centers require robust security measures to protect against unauthorized access and data breaches. This includes physical security measures such as locks and alarms, as well as cybersecurity measures such as firewalls and intrusion detection systems.
4. Monitoring and management: Containerized data centers require ongoing monitoring and management to ensure optimal performance and uptime. This includes monitoring power and cooling systems, equipment performance, and network traffic, and taking proactive steps to address any issues that arise.
Containerized data center design offers a flexible and scalable solution for businesses looking to deploy a data center quickly and efficiently. With advanced power and cooling systems, robust networking infrastructure, and efficient equipment, containerized data centers provide a reliable and cost-effective solution for businesses of all sizes. By following best practices for containerized data center design, businesses can ensure optimal performance and uptime, while minimizing energy consumption and operating costs.


A programmable electronic arc lamp ballast
The HiWatt UV arc lamp ballast is a dual-processor controlled, solid-state switching power supply. It consists of two power stages: a square wave AC output converter and igniter for powering a mercury vapor or halide arc lamp, and an auxiliary DC power supply for providing 24DC (6A) for user controls and cooling fans.
The HiWatt is designed to be factory or customer software configurable (via PC serial port) to allow the unit to adapt to a wide range of lamp types and utility power sources. This capability allows the unit to power one or two arc lamps in the range of 1kW–10kW, with lamp voltages of 200–850V, from single or three-phase AC sources of 208 / 240 / 480V 60Hz—200 / 230 / 380 / 415V 50Hz.
This programmability makes the HiWatt a truly universal arc lamp ballast that can be used as a single unit solution for powering many types of lamps from power sources worldwide.
The HiWatt electronic UV arc lamp ballast can communicate with customer-connected controllers or PCs via optically isolated digital logic signals, RS485 serial port or USB port. The logic signals include status lines for lamp ignited, lamp ready (warm-up-complete) and unit alarm, as well as control signals for lamp enable / disable and lamp dimming (via PWM control, pulse frequency or 0–10V).
A lamp cooling blower control is also provided with a blower on / off signal, air temperature / flow regulation and lamp temperature monitoring. The unit can optionally power 24V DC cooling fans and vary the fan speeds either open-loop or based on lamp temperature.
Units can also be networked to provide a customer interface to multiple HiWatt slave units from the serial ports. This feature allows interface with multiple lamp systems cascaded on a single high-speed product line. An optional touchscreen is available for monitor and control of up to eight units.
|UV1192 (mid pwr),
UV1807 (high pwr)
|200–480VAC, 1 or 3 phase (programmable)
|Input Current (Max)
|10.5A (UV1192), 15.0A (UV1807)
|Continuous mode arc lamp power supply
|20.11 x 8.32 x 4.54", 25 lbs. (UV1192) 35 lbs. (UV1807)
|Lamp Output Volts
|Low Voltage Outputs
|24VDC at 1 Amp,
3.3VDC at 0.5 Amps
|Lamp temp control, USB, RS485, digital I/O signals
|HiWatt Interface Configuration Software
|CD ROM, used for programming monitor & control
|Touch Screen Panel PC
|1GB Ram, 160GB HDD, Win XP Embed
|HiWatt Interface Touch Screen Software
|CD ROM, network up to 8 ballasts
|Lamp output 3 position pluggable terminal block
|Lamp output mating connector
|AC power input 5 position pluggable terminal block
|AC input power mating connector
|DB9 female control signal terminal block
|For field termination
|DB25 female control signal terminal block
|For field termination
|DB9 control signal terminal block gender changer, male / male
|Used with UV1597
|DB25 control signal terminal block gender changer, male / male
|Used with UV1598
|Airflow damper w/ actuator
|Lamp temperature regulator, 6” diameter
|Thermistor, lamp temperature
|4" long, 3/16" diameter, 10K ohms
|Thermistor compression fitting
|L=1.81", 3/16" dia, 1/4" male NPT
|HiWatt Ballast instruction manual
|Usage and maintainence info for HiWatt


Cisco 7926G User Manual Cisco
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Cisco 7926g Manual THE SPECIFICATIONS AND INFORMATION REGARDING THE PRODUCTS IN THIS MANUAL ARE SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE.


Title: Uncovering the Intricacies of Networks: From Nodes to Data Flow Introduction: In today’s digital age, networks play a crucial role in connecting people, devices, and information. Whether it’s the internet, social media platforms, or our everyday devices, networks are the backbone of modern communication. In this article, we will delve into the world of networks, uncovering their intricacies and exploring how they facilitate the flow of data. Join us on this journey as we navigate through nodes, data packets, and the inner workings of these complex systems. 1. The Fundamentals of Networks 1.1 What is a Network? A network is a collection of interconnected nodes or devices that communicate with each other. These nodes can be anything from computers to smartphones, servers to routers. Networks can be classified into different types, such as Local Area Networks (LANs) or Wide Area Networks (WANs), based on their geographical scope. 1.2 Types of Networks – LAN: A Local Area Network is a network that connects devices within a small geographical area, usually within a building or campus. It allows for the sharing of resources and facilitates communication between devices. – WAN: A Wide Area Network spans across large distances, connecting devices in different locations. The internet is the largest example of a WAN, connecting devices worldwide. – MAN: A Metropolitan Area Network covers a larger area than a LAN but smaller than a WAN. It connects devices within a metropolitan region, such as a city. 2. Nodes: The Building Blocks of Networks 2.1 Understanding Nodes Nodes are individual devices that are interconnected within a network. These can range from computers, servers, printers, switches, and routers. Each node has a unique address or identifier, allowing it to send and receive data within the network. 2.2 Role of Nodes in Networks Each node in a network serves a specific purpose. For example, routers direct data packets between networks, while switches enable communication between devices within a network. Servers store and share data, while computers and smartphones act as endpoints for users to access and interact with the network. 3. Data Flow in Networks 3.1 Data Packets: The Building Blocks of Data Transmission Data packets are the basic units of information that are transmitted across networks. They consist of a header, payload, and footer. The header contains information about the source and destination of the packet, while the payload carries the actual data. The footer includes error-checking information to ensure data integrity. 3.2 Data Transmission in Networks When data is transmitted across a network, it is broken down into smaller packets. These packets travel independently across the network, taking different routes to reach their destination. At the receiving end, the packets are reassembled to recreate the original data. 4. Network Protocols: Enabling Communication 4.1 What are Network Protocols? Network protocols are a set of rules and procedures that govern how data is transmitted and received across networks. They ensure that devices within a network can communicate with each other effectively. 4.2 Common Network Protocols – TCP/IP: Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol is the foundation of the internet and most networks. It ensures reliable and error-free transmission of data packets. – HTTP and HTTPS: Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and its secure version (HTTPS) are used for communication between web browsers and servers. – SMTP, POP, and IMAP: These are email protocols used for sending and receiving emails. 5. Securing Networks: The Importance of Network Security 5.1 Network Security Threats Networks are vulnerable to various security threats, such as malware, hacking, and data breaches. These threats can result in data loss, unauthorized access, and financial losses. 5.2 Network Security Measures To protect networks from security threats, various measures can be implemented. These include firewalls, encryption, intrusion detection systems, and regular updates and patches to network devices. Conclusion: Networks are the invisible threads that connect our digital world. From the devices we use to the websites we browse, networks facilitate the seamless flow of information. Understanding the fundamentals of networks, the role of nodes, and the intricacies of data transmission can empower us to navigate this interconnected world with confidence. So, next time you send an email or browse the web, take a moment to appreciate the complex web of networks that make it all possible.


Rods & Cones Smart Surgery Glasses
Remote assistance solution for medical environments.
Rods & Cones
OptiMed Technologies are pleased to provide the latest innovation in digital communication, with the introduction of Rods & Cones Smart Surgical Glasses. The introduction of Rods & Cones will allow OptiMed Technologies to connect medical experts in real-time worldwide. Providing cutting edge and innovative digital solution in OR and training.
Empowering medical experts to:
- Enhance proctorships and expertise sharing
- Optimse diagnosis
- Upscale preceptorships
- Improve patient outcome
- Attend remote areas effectively
After a succesful pilot in Q4 2022 across multiple hospitals in Australia, we are excited to offer Rods & Cones Smart Surgical Glasses in 2023.
For more information about the endless possibilties and features of this innovative product, please contact Daria Torzhevskaia, Product Specialist - Rods & Cones, 02 9052 7888.
Further information: https://www.rods-cones.com/


Neat Video Crack is a powerful video editing plugin designed to reduce digital noise and other imperfections. It is an extremely efficient way to clean up video from any source including video cameras, digital movies, TV tuners, and more. Neat Video is a widely recognized solution used by a diverse and growing community of all skill levels, from video professionals to avid amateurs. Anyone looking to improve video quality can use Neat Video, which uses an innovative noise profiling approach combined with sophisticated mathematical algorithms to turn grainy, imperfect footage into spectacularly smooth, noise-free shots. Plus, it’s designed to take full advantage of the available CPU and GPU hardware to get it running as fast as possible.
Neat Video Crack Download
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