Physics of Total Internal Reflection. Total internal reflection in an optical fiber. When light passes from a medium with one index of refraction (m1) to another medium with a lower index of refraction (m2), it bends or refracts away from an imaginary line perpendicular to the surface ( normal line ). As the angle of the beam through m1 becomes. Total Internal Reflection (TIR) is the principle of signal transmissions in optical fibers. The understanding of the critical angle is important to understand the TIR. Do you know at what time the incident angle is called the critical angle? If no I will explain here, if yes then good, check my explanation and verify for the same Total Internal Reflection (TIR) is a phenomenon in optics, by which light experiences complete reflection at an interface between two media. Most optical fibers use TIR as the guiding principle. Figure 1 explains schematically how TIR takes place at an interface between two media
Total internal reflection is the complete reflection of light through a more dense medium to a less dense medium. Example of total internal reflection is light travelling from glass to air. Total internal reflection finds application in optical fibers Optical fibres rely on total internal reflection for their operation. An optical fibre is a thin rod of high-quality glass. Light/infrared getting in at one end undergoes repeated total internal.. Total internal reflection —the basic phenomenon responsible for guiding of light in optical fibers—is known from the nineteenth century. The reader is referred to a 1999 book for the interesting history behind the development of optical fibers  . In communications, it is used to transmit telephone, internet, and cable TV signals. Fiber optics employs the transmission of light down fibers of plastic or glass Light will experience total internal reflection if light enters the fiber at an angle less than 20.0 o. This maximum value for the angle of incidence on the fiber is called the cut-off angl
Optical fibres rely on total internal reflection for their operation. An optical fibre is a thin rod of high-quality glass. Light/infrared getting in at one end undergoes repeated total internal reflection and emerges at the other end Total internal reflection (TIR) is the optical phenomenon in which waves, such as light, are completely reflected under certain conditions when they arrive at the boundary between one medium and another, such as air and water They do this by Total Internal Reflection. That's why optical fibers can guide light for such long distances - because the walls of the fibre don't absorb any light at all as long as the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle. Total Internal Reflection causes 100% reflection
Optical fibre works on the principle of total internal. | Optical fibre works on the principle of. A. total internal reflection. B. refraction. C. scattering. D. interference. Please scroll down to see the correct answer and solution guide Total internal reflection is a powerful tool since it can be used to confine light. One of the most common applications of total internal reflection is in fibre optics. An optical fibre is a thin, transparent fibre, usually made of glass or plastic, for transmitting light. The construction of a single optical fibre is shown in Total internal reflection takes place if the light ray strikes the interface at an angle with what relationship to than ∙ C. equal to ∙ D. zero Optical fiber uses reflection to guide light through a channel, in which angle of incidence is.. the critical angle. (A) equal to (B) less than (C) greater than (D) less than or equal to. This video explains how fiber optic cables use total internal reflection to keep the light inside the core of the cable
Total internal reflection is used in fiber optics which has a number of advantages in the telecommunication field. Fiber optics consist of hair size threads of glass or plastic through which light can be traveled. The inner part of the fiber optics is called core that carries the light and an outer concentric shell is called cladding. The core. This is Lecture 23 in the FOA series of lectures on fiber optics. In this lecture, we talk about refraction and total internal reflection, the optical te..
. 3. The normals are the same as before, and. 4. we will label the angles in the same manner. The only addition is due to part (d) of this problem. We will call the angle of incidence on the bottom edge of the fiber q 5 This is a demonstration of total internal reflection in various types of optical fibers.This demonstration was created at Utah State University by Professor.
1 OPTICAL FIBERS Optical fibers are thin flexible, strand of glass or plastic which guide the light waves to propagate along curved path by the principle of total internal reflection. Structure of optical fiber It consists of three coaxial regions. The innermost light guiding region is known as the Core. It is surrounded by a coaxial middle region known as the cladding The optical fiber is made up of thin glass thread. Light can not go out and is passed through without loss through total internal reflection. 1. It is transmitted far without loss. 2. When used with a telephone line, you can send thousands of simultaneous call signals with one line. Thickness is smaller than copper wire, and the price is much.
The phenomenon of total internal reflection is applied in many forms: The guidance of light in optical fibers can be understood on that basis. The acceptance angle for a multimode fiber can be calculated using the equation above in combination with Snell's law for the refraction at the input face.; Monolithic ring resonators can be fabricated where total internal reflection occurs at all or. Optical sensors. Optical Fiber. Total Internal Reflection. V-Number and Fiber Modes2.405. Cut-off WavelengthDefinition: the wavelength below which multiple modes of light can be propagated along a particular fiber, i.e., l>=lc, single mode, Types of Optical Fiber. One of the most common applications of total internal reflection is in fibre optics. An optical fibre is a thin, transparent fibre, usually made of glass or plastic, for transmitting light. The construction of a single optical fibre is shown in. Total internal reflection is the phenomenon which occurs when a propagated. Fibre Optics. Total internal reflection is also used in optical fibres. An optical fibre consists of an inner core of high refractive index glass and surrounded by an outer cladding of lower refractive index. When light is introduced into the inner core at one end, it will propagate along the fibre in a zigzag path undergoing a series of total. Optical fiber works on the principle of total internal reflection. When light traveling in an optically dense medium hits a boundary at a steep angle (larger than the critical angle for the boundary), the light is completely reflected. This is called total internal reflection. This effect is used in optical fibers to confine light in the core
Total Internal Reflection- Optical Fiber. 24/11/2019 26/09/2018 by Dr Sushil Kumar. In this post hide. 1. Ray Theory Transmission. 2. Observe: 3. After reading the topic attempt this quiz: 3.1. Share this: 3.2. Like this: The reflection and refraction of a light ray at a material boundary Fig. 6. Ray Diagram for Total Internal Reflection in an Optical fibre. Optical fibres make use of the phenomenon of total internal reflection. These are fabricated with high quality composite glass fibre consists of a core and cladding. The refractive index of material of the core is higher than that of the cladding Total internal reflection happens when a propagated wave strikes the boundary between two dissimilar materials, provided that the angle of incidence is larger than the critical angle. Thus, for electromagnetic radiation within a waveguide, and in particular light within an optical fiber, the wave/particle will bounce off the inner surface from. Total internal reflection takes place if the light ray strikes the interface at an angle with what relationship to than ∙ C. equal to ∙ D. zero Optical fiber uses reflection to guide light through a channel, in which angle of incidence is.. the critical angle. (A) equal to (B) less than (C) greater than (D) less than or equal to.
Optical fibers work on the phenomenon of total internal reflection inside the fiber tube. Thin fiber tubes carry optical images to large distances,around 100 km. The losses in the fiber is due to Raman scattering, polarization and diffraction Total Internal Reflection: Diamonds & Fiber Optics When light passes from one medium into a second, less dense medium, the light bends away from the normal. At a particular incident angle, the angle of refraction will be 90 degrees, and the refracted ray would travel along the boundary between the two media The brilliance of a diamond is due to total internal reflection. Optical fibre works on the principle of total internal reflection. This phenomenon is used in many optical instruments like telescopes, microscopes, binoculars, spectroscopes, periscopes etc. The phenomenon of mirage can be explained on the basis of total internal reflection Applications on the total reflection of light . Optical fibers ( fiberoptics ) . The reflecting prism . The mirage. Optical fibers ( fiberoptics ) Optical fiber is a thread-like tube of transparent elastic material , which can be bent while containing light and can be made of a bundle of fibers A characteristic of the design of any optical fiber is that the permittivity of the fiber is greater than the permittivity of the cladding. As explained in Section 5.11, this creates conditions necessary for total internal reflection. The mechanism of total internal reflection contains the light within the fiber
Optical communication utilizes the principle of total internal reflection by which light signals can be transmitted from one place to another with a negligible loss of energy Fiber optic cable has many advantages over co-axial cable like high bandwidth, low loss, more security, etc This is a demonstration of total internal reflection in various types of optical fibers. This demonstration was created at Utah State University by Professor Boyd F. Edwards, assisted by James Coburn (demonstration specialist), David Evans (videography), and Rebecca Whitney (closed captions), with support from Jan Sojka, Physics Department Head, and Robert Wagner, Executive Vice Provost and. Total internal reflection explains total internal refraction as it relates to optical media. A light ray that is being turned on and off to send data (1s and 0s) into an optical fiber must stay inside the fiber until it reaches the far end. The ray must not refract into the material wrapped around the outside of the fiber Optical fibers are basically composed of two coaxial layers: core and cladding. The core is the inner part of the fiber, which guides light, whereas the cladding surrounds it completely. The principle of light propagation through a fiber is total internal reflection at the simple interface between two different dielectric materials
Total Internal Reflection can also occur if there is a significant difference in the refractive index between the two materials. It is this type of total internal reflection that gives rise to fiber optics. Applications and Importance. A very important application of Snell's Law is Fiber Optics. Fiber Optics are used for many applications, from. the optical fiber would be lost and after a certain distance along the length of the fiber the optical power would be negligibly low to be of any use. Thus total internal reflection is an absolute necessity at each reflection for a sustained propagation of optical energy over long distance along the optical fiber. This precisely is the sol The working of an optical fibre is based on total internal reflection. Therefore option 2 is correct. Optical fibres consist of many long high-quality composite glass/quartz fibres. Each fibre consists of a core and cladding. The refractive index of the core (μ 1) material is higher than that of the cladding (μ 2)
The fiber optical cable uses the application of total internal reflection of light. The fibers are designed such that they facilitate the propagation of light along with the optical fiber depending on the requirement of power and distance of transmission. Single-mode fiber is used for long-distance transmission, while multimode fiber is used. Optical communications uses sequences of light pulses to transmit information through an optical fibre network. Medical instruments such as endoscopes rely on the total internal reflection of light through an optical fibre bundle to image internal organs In fiber optic communication, signals are transmitted through an optical fiber. This is based upon certain characteristics of light, namely refraction and total internal reflection. Refraction. When a light ray goes from a denser transmission medium to a rarer one or vice versa, then its direction changes at the interface of the two medium 1. Total Internal Reflection 2. Structure of the Optical Fibre 3. Types of Optical Fibres 4. Pulse Spreading 5.Light Sources for Optical Fibres The Physics of the Optical Fibre 1. Total Internal Reflection When light traveling in a transparent material meets the surface of anothe
If the angle of incidence exceeds the critical angles, however, total internal reflection occurs, and the light remains in medium 2, bouncing off the interfaces as it proceeds along the medium. This is how an optical fiber works Description : Fiber optics cable used in communication, works on the principle of (1) regular reflection of light (2) diffuse reflection of light (3) refraction of light (4) total internal reflection of light. Answer : total internal reflection of ligh Fiber-optic communication works on the principle of 'Total Internal Reflection' which is summarized below . Total Internal Reflection. When a light ray is incident on a boundary separating two different media, part of the ray is reflected back into the first medium and while the other part is bent and enters into the second medium
Fiber optic cable is in the form of a cylindrical core of fiber with index of refraction 1.67 surrounded by a layer of cladding of index 1.45. What is the maximum angle for light rays inside the fiber core with respect to the cable's axis for which the light will be fully transmitted thanks to total internal reflection? A) 29.7 o. B) 60.3 o. . This effect is used in optical fibers to confine light in the core. Light travels along the fiber bouncing back and forth off of the boundary
Optical fibres can carry light rays over long distances with little losses compared to copper wires. Optical fibres are not affected by electromagnetic losses which are a big problem with metal wires. Optical fibres work because of total internal reflection. NOTE: Quite often the optical fibre cable is covered in a transparent protective medium Total internal reflection of Fiber Optic 3:04 PM Edit This 0 Comments » When light traveling in a dense medium hits a boundary at a steep angle (larger than the critical angle for the boundary), the light will be completely reflected. This effect is used in optical fibers to confine light in the core Get Optical Fibre Total Internal Reflection In Optical Fiber Pics. When incident light rays at or above the critical angle propagate down an optical fiber, total internal reflection occurs, as shown in figure 8. This studding is deduced a mathematical model is determined the number of total internal reflection angles occur in optical fiber is.
Table of Contents. 1 How is total internal reflection used in fiber optic cables?; 2 What is TIR in optical fiber?; 3 What uses total internal reflection?; 4 What is the role of total internal reflection in transmitting information along optical Fibres?; 5 What is the difference between refraction and reflection?; 6 How is light fed in optical Fibre?; 7 Why does light stay inside optical Fibres .405 Slide 5 Cut-off Wavelength Definition
Total internal reflection is also used to reflect light along optical fibres, allowing the high speed transmission of data on the internet. Light travelling down an optical fibre is reflected each time it hits the edge of the fibr Total Internal Reflection takes place in optic fibers depends mainly on the angle of incidence and the angle of reflectionwhen the angle of incidence is more th taj1 taj1 24.12.2015 Physics Secondary School answered Total internal reflection in optical fibres 1 See answe Total Internal Reflection. When light traveling in an optically dense medium hits a boundary at a steep angle (larger than the critical angle for the boundary), the light is completely reflected. This is called total internal reflection. This effect is used in optical fibers to confine light in the core


New $1M NSW SES ‘Cell on Wheels’ Trucks06/06/2020 09:22 AM
Four new NSW State Emergency Service ‘Cell on Wheels’ trucks, designed to help keep emergency radio communications up and running in a crisis, will be built by the end of September at a cost of $1M.
The NSW SES trucks, called the ‘Cell on Wheels’ and affectionately known as the ‘CoW,’ cost $250,000 each and will be rolled off the production line with the support of the NSW Telco Authority.
The CoW is the first ever agency-led mobile government radio communications site. The Government Radio Network or GRN is the platform that NSW government agencies and authorities use to talk to each other during emergencies.
The CoW was deployed to various locations across the state during the recent bushfires, including places near Port Macquarie, Batemans Bay and Braidwood.
NSW SES Commissioner Carlene York said that the CoW allows emergency services like the NSW State Emergency Service, NSW Rural Fire Service, Fire + Rescue NSW and Ambulance NSW to continue communicating with each other using mobile radios even when the power or network is disrupted during disasters.
“We’re rolling out another four CoW trucks to ensure that our emergency services can continue to save lives and protect the community of New South Wales during natural disasters,” said Commissioner York.
Designed by the NSW SES and built in collaboration with the NSW Telco Authority, the CoW is a rugged 4x4 truck that is built to handle tough terrain, rough weather and can be transported by helicopter if necessary.
“It has its own satellite link and generator so it can operate independently of normal infrastructure,” said Commissioner York.
“The CoW is designed to get into rugged, hard-to-reach places and can run for up to nine days. When normal infrastructure has been damaged during a disaster, it helps to keep radio communications up and running for all emergency services over an area of up to 40km radius, dependent upon the terrain.”
For emergency help in flood and storm emergencies, please phone NSW SES on 132 500.
Learn more about When To Call NSW SES.


Is your ADSL internet slow or unreliable? We’ll help you get it fixed.
Slow and unreliable internet is very common on the Northern Beaches but it doesn’t need to be that way. Over the years we’ve helped countless homeowners tackle this situation.
This article addresses a few of the most common causes to internet problems, starting with two that are very common on the Northern Beaches due to old infrastructure.
Just recently we helped a family who had already tried to engage with Telstra support several times to fix their intermittent internet issues. Needless to say, they weren't getting very far with Telstra overseas support and their technicians who only seem to care about crossing the job off the list rather than actually fixing something.
We've put this blog together to help demystify internet connectivity issues and give Northern Beaches home owners a rock solid process for getting their internet issues solved.
- Test the internet connection two different computers (preferably cabled to the router), sometimes the culprit can be the computer itself.
- Restart your internet equipment (Modem / Router / Switch)
- Make sure you haven't gone over your internet quota. If your internet is working but going slowly, going over your quota is a likely cause. You can check your quota over the phone and online as long as you have all of your ISP account details.
- If none of the above fixes the issue and internet is not working on multiple devices connected directly to your modem, router or switch, it's time to call your ISP. Ask for technical support, tell them you are having problems with your internet and ask them if there are any outages in your area and to test your line from their end. If they aren't able to fault the line, they will likely take you through steps to troubleshoot your internet equipment.
- This is where it gets tedious and if you're able to understand the accent, more often than not they are able to help guide you through resolving your issue if it is indeed a fault with your equipment.
If you're at step 5, this is probably the point at which you've spent countless hours on the phone with support and are desperately in need of a Geek For Hire.
The most common causes (Step 5 and beyond) are:
#1. Faulty line between the home and he exchange
In many cases a faulty line that is a casualty of ageing infrastructure or erosion by water damage can be the culprit. The good news is that your internet service provider (Telstra, iiNet, internode, Optus etc) will almost always fix this for free within a few weeks of you reporting it. The bad news is that it can be pretty hard convincing them the problem isn’t your own modem/ router equipment. Geek For Hire have the technical knowhow and patience to properly diagnose those tricky to pinpoint issues like line faults. We can test your internet equipment and talk jargon with your internet service provider to find out exactly where the issue is. If it’s a line fault we can generally get your ISP to fix it free of charge if it’s not a fault within the home.
#2. Faulty ports at the telephone exchange
Many internet users on the Northern Beaches experience intermittent internet issues due to the degrading equipment at the exchange. If you’re experiencing internet issues and you’re sure it’s not your equipment of phone line, you may be one of the unlucky users to be on an old port connection at the exchange. If this is the case, you will want to request a port migration. We recently helped a customer who had a Telstra technician out several times to diagnose the issue and every time blamed the fault on the clients hardware. This unfortunately is not always the case and the technicians being time poor just want to mark the job off as done.
If you need help getting through to Telstra and making progress on your internet issues without waiting on hold for hours on the phone only to meet with a technician who isn’t interested in fixing your problem then give us a call.
#3. Faulty modem or router
Networking equipment like modems and routers often degrade and fault over time. The first thing to do in order to diagnose faulty internet is to reset or replace your modem / router in order to rule out an equipment fault.
To keep your modem / modem router combo healthy for years to come, make sure they are well ventilated & are plugged in to a surge protector as they are both very prone to overheating and small power spikes.
[insert image of poorly ventilated router]
#4. Wifi Interference
If you’re using WiFi to connect to the internet and you’re experiencing a slow or intermittent connection it may be that you have another wireless device interfering with your signal. Interference can be cause by other neighbouring networks or other devices in between or close to your WiFi modem router e.g. a radio phone or other media device. To rule out wireless interference you may first want to try connecting your computer via ethernet cable to and turning off your computer WiFi to see if the connection gets any better. If you notice an improvement when using a cabled connection, you may want to try changing the WiFi channel in the setting on your wireless access point and making sure there are no interfering devices near by.


Article by HE Translations marketing representative Mike Gayler
Those of a certain age will remember both telexes and fax machines. If you are a mere youngster, let me try to explain:
Telex was a way of sending typed messages from one ‘typewriter’ to another (please tell me you do vaguely know what a typewriter is? No? OK – let’s say from one keyboard to another).
The sending operator typed the message into his keyboard and it was sent through the phone system to the receiving keyboard, where the message would be printed out. How, you ask, did it get to the right place? Every keyboard had its own identification – originally not a number, but a name. Names like ‘Interflora’ , ‘Interpol’ or ‘Insurance’.
Fax? You must have seen a fax, surely? That sheet of paper with a good copy, maybe a bit blurred, of exactly what had been sent at the other end, images and all (assuming the office junior had put the paper in the right way round!)
Telex – or more accurately teleprinter transmission systems – were developed in Germany in the mid 1920s becoming a service of the Reichspost within 10 years. The technology rapidly spread around Europe, and by 1945 was in use worldwide using shortwave radio links – known as Radio Teletype (or RTTY). The messages were generally prepared on punched paper strips that were fed into sending devices attached to the keyboard. Telex has all but disappeared from modern offices, although some legal services still use a modern version for secure communications.
Fax, surprisingly, has a much longer history, having been first invented in Scotland by Alexander Bain in the mid 1840s, and brought to popular use by both English and German developers in the early 1900s. Fax was an early use of the new, modern radio technology, with the French sending a faxed newspaper into homes in the 1930s. In the 1940s the Western Union company had even fitted fax receivers into vehicles in the USA. It wasn’t until the 1960s that the ‘modern’ fax machine, attached to a telephone line, was introduced. Fax is still in use for some legal and medical services, but is rapidly being replaced by email which is much more secure.
Rudolph Hell (1901 – 2002) successfully invented a machine that combined the best attributes of both teletype and fax systems but with less moving parts and greater reliability. Hell was an inventor from Bavaria who by the age of 24 was operating a television station in Munich.
Hell’s machine – the Hellschreiber – sends text as lines of vertical columns in a grid which can be easily read on suitable equipment by the recipient – special characters or different typefaces (non-Western, for example) can be transmitted, unlike telex or RTTY, but, not the pictures that can be sent by fax. The sender uses a keyboard on a Hell machine to transmit the message, and the recipient receives the message in a strip format on paper, or on a screen.
The Hellschreiber system lends itself to both wire and radio transmission (the Wehrmacht even used it with light signals – the Lichtsprechgerät or light telephone). The main commercial use of the Hellschreiber system was for sending stories from journalists to newspapers, and sometimes even to public news subscribers. This Presse-Hell system removed the need for trained morse operators, did away for the possibility of error, and allowed for unattended reception of reports. Presse-Hell started as a German service in the 1930s quickly coming into use world-wide, but falling out of favour in the late 1950s, with the last reported commercial use in 1982. With Hell, and Presse-Hell systems being reliable and very tolerant of poor radio reception they were also used by a number of other organisations with worldwide offices. This degree of tolerance also allowed Hell and Presse-Hell systems to be used in German Navy Submarines with good effect.
A comprehensive history of Presse-Hell with description of its use and pictures of the machines and messages can be found here.
The Hell system is safe today in the hands of a worldwide group of licenced amateur radio enthusiasts who transmit Hell signals worldwide using both original equipment and modern computers to generate the messages.
The ‘Feld Hell Club’ is the main organisation promoting this aspect of an already fascinating hobby with awards for making Hell contacts in multiples of countries, or regions. The predominant type of Rudolph Hell’s method in use today is Feld Hell which was developed for portable military use. Feld Hell is a very good compromise Hell system for amateur radio use with a fair number of original machines still around and serviceable.
Using Feld Hell on shortwave amateur radio frequencies is a niche activity and schedules are often arranged by operators in advance. The signal is very distinctive in tone, and can ‘spread out’ across the available radio spectrum, making it a little anti-social in the eyes (or ears) of amateur morse code and radio teletype operators. However, good reception of signals from stations with very modest antennas and low power transmitters is very possible, and gives hope to those licensed operators on limited budgets or with no space for big aerials.
The author transmits Feld Hell signals from his home in Leicestershire, mainly on 7Mhz with transmission powers generally below 20w to a very simple dipole aerial. The Hell signals come from an old laptop running software called FLDigi on the back of Linux Mint. Contacts have been made with other Feld Hell stations all over Europe.
- The main resource for those interested in all things Hell related is the web page at www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/hellschreiber.htm
- Other background information is at en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellschreiber and en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Hell
- The history of Telex and Radio Teletype can be seen at en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telex and en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioteletype
- The fascinating history of Fax is at en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fax
- The Feld Hell Club website is at sites.google.com/site/feldhellclub/
- The Radio Society of Great Britain is the national organisation for radio amateurs at rsgb.org/
- Rudolf Hell obituary | The Independent (2002)
- Inventor of the Fax Machine Turns 100 – DW – 12/19/2001


Skype sex for free
When you place or answer a call via Skype for Business phone service to/from a traditional telephone number, the call is routed to the public telephone network via the KU data network or the Internet.
Skype for Business is not designed to be used with shared accounts for the purpose of instant messaging and presence.With that being said, Skype for Business audio and video can work well over wireless networks given sufficient signal strength and available capacity.Check our Knowledge Base article for more information on optimizing your wireless configuration.You will, however, need to unlock your computer to see a caller’s ID before answering calls.To set your secondary ringer to ring your computer’s internal/external speakers, see instructions for PC or Mac. Your computer must be awake to hear notifications/ringer for incoming calls.
Search for Skype sex for free:
Please see our Knowledge Base article for more information. KU has implemented "open federation," which means you can connect with other Skype for Business users at more than 800 institutions around the world that also have open federation.


In a microwave system, one channel of microwave power is often divided into several channels in proportion, which is a problem of power distribution. The components that realize this function are called power distribution components or couplers, which mainly include: directional couplers, power distributors, and various microwave branch devices. The coupler is a radio frequency device that extracts a small part of the signal from the wireless signal trunk channel. It is a power distribution device like the power divider. The difference is that the coupler is an unequal power distribution device. The use of the coupler and the power divider is mainly to achieve a goal-to make the transmission power of the signal source evenly distributed to the antenna ports of the indoor distribution system as much as possible, so that the transmission power of each antenna port is basically the same. Waveguide high directivity directional coupler
Covering the full waveguide bandwidth, the coupling degree can be selected from 3-60dB, the flatness is optimal, and the cost is higher than the cross coupler.
Waveguide Cross Directional Coupler
Covering 20% of the waveguide bandwidth, the selectable range of coupling is 20-60dB, and the directivity of 23-15dB is better than that of a waveguide ring coupler.
Waveguide ring coupler
Covers 20% of the waveguide bandwidth, with a selectable range of 20-60dB, directivity of 20-15dB, and small size. Mostly used for system detection below 10G.
3dB directional coupler
Covers 20% of the waveguide bandwidth, 3dB coupling, and the two outputs are 90 degrees out of phase
Covering 20% of the waveguide bandwidth, the selectable range of coupling is 10-60dB, non-directional, large standing wave and smallest volume.


Digi International Inc. was formed in 1985 as a Minnesota corporation and reorganized as a Delaware corporation in 1989 in conjunction with its initial public offering. Our common stock is traded on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol DGII. Our global headquarters is in Minnetonka, Minnesota, and we have regional sales offices throughout North America, Europe and Asia. We also have engineering locations in North America, Europe and India.
Digi International is the leader in commercial grade device networking and is an innovator of wireless machine-to-machine (M2M) device networking products. Our embedded and non-embedded products are marketed under the Digi® and Rabbit® brands.
Our embedded products include modules, microprocessors, single-board computers, satellite communications products, development kits, software, and design services through our subsidiarySpectrum Design Solutions. Non-embedded products include cellular routers, gateways, wireless communication adapters (ZigBee, Wi-Fi, proprietary RF), serial servers, intelligent console servers, USB connected products, remote display products, cameras, sensors and the #1 selling serial card line in the world.
Making Wireless M2M Easy
While the initial wave of Internet growth was focused on connecting people, first with personal computers and then with cell phones, PDAs and other related consumer devices, today’s focus is on M2M communications, or connecting devices and machines and automating the processes between them.
Our Drop-In Networking solutions are designed to provide end-to-end wireless access to electronic devices in places where wires will not work or cannot be used, making it easy for customers to effectively “drop-in” a wireless M2M solution. When combined with our iDigi™ solution bundles and services, M2M deployments are easier, faster and more economical than ever for smart energy applications (smart metering, demand response, alternative energy, distribution automation), fleet management, remote device management and many more leading edge wireless M2M applications.


What are smart home hubs, and do you need one?
A smart home hub or a smart home bridge is a device that links home automation gadgets on a network and manages communications between them.
Are you planning to utilize the internet of things (IoT) devices with a smart home hub connected to the internet either regionally or via the cloud? In that case, you should look for hubs that use the Z-Wave or Zigbee Bluetooth instead of Wi-Fi.
The scenario outlined above demonstrates that if two devices that utilize different technology but yet require each other to work may successfully interact, they employ a translator known as a smart home hub to link the two.
Therefore, the home hub is the core of a smart home interface, serving as a central coordinating device that connects numerous smart home gadgets and systems. It also streamlines the interface for users, simplifying the collection of their different systems and apps into a single application. Set up a unit that turns on all lights and broadcasting in the house as soon as your smartphone approaches.
A smart home hub is also an excellent gateway for diverting Wi-Fi and Bluetooth traffic away from your router, which reduces the amount of traffic that flows through your network.
Smart home users may control and access numerous systems using their smart home apps even when they are away from home.
Related post: Your Beginners Guide To a Smart Home
How a Smart Hub Works
In general, hubs are interface means that help many devices communicate and act as channels for sending data in multiple directions.
When building a smart home hub, you need to provide the system with information to keep track of where and how data is transmitted. In addition, other devices offer processing resources for activities to be performed before data forwarding.
With the Smart Home apps, you can control the many parts of the Smart Home network and set tasks to automate, schedule, and otherwise control the smart home.
Home hubs, especially smart hubs, are capable of controlling all of your home’s smart sensors, such as light bulbs, door locks, outlets, smart thermostats, and switches, and energy monitors, sensors, garage door openers, doorbells, and window covers.
Do You Need a Smart Home Hub?
A debate exists around the idea that a smart home hub is unnecessary for each smart home network.
It is possible to replace a smart home hub with an Amazon Echo or an Apple HomePod, becoming the command center of a smart home system. This smart speaker capability is available via companion applications and speech interfaces, such as Siri or Alexa. Unfortunately, essential voice command options are not offered in dedicated hubs, although unifications are available.
The benefits of a Wi-Fi-based linked home may be unnecessary if all connected devices use Wi-Fi.
There is, however, a potential issue with utilizing a smart mouthpiece in place of a smart home hub’s built-in speakers since not all standards and protocols will be supported.
Although Alexa skills are available, consumers will not notice a change when linking their smart home gadgets with Alexa. Additionally, as dedicated hubs are necessary for complete device functioning, the Echo Plus demands exclusive hubs to stay in place. For example, the Hue gadgets can link to an Echo, but just for controlling the lights and their brightness levels.
The most well-known smart home hub commodities available in the market include:
- Useful for automation, Home Automation
- a wink project
- It’s an Insteon Hub
- Harmony Hub from Logitech
- a Hue Bridge from Philips
- Alexa-enabled smart speaker
- You’ve got Google’s Nest Hub
- 4K Apple TV
Considerations for smart home hubs
Keep these factors in mind while selecting a smart home hub:
Voice control: Try using a voice assistant that works with your smart speaker to check whether the gadget integrates with it.
System compatibility: Before purchasing a new system, search to see whether it will work with android and iOS.
Make that your smart home devices’ standards are compatible with the hub you have selected.
The main benefit of a smart home hub is that it lets you access all your smart home devices through an app on your smartphone. But, of course, you may also do it using a PC.


Words Matter Industry nomenclature is of utmost importance so that all individuals in said…
What Every Commercial Contractor Needs To Know About Mast Cable Assemblies
Every industry has tools and materials that are very particular to the type of business they do day in and day out. When it comes to the industries that utilize mast cable assemblies, however, you might find that the number of industries using this tool is nearly overwhelming. Given the high volume and variety of clientele that employ mast cable assemblies, it leads one to ask an important question — what is so special about mast cable assemblies?
It might be best to define what a mast cable assembly is. In essence, a cable assembly is coiled around a mast that is able to be extended up to specified heights. In order to protect the cable assembly, a jacket of sorts surrounds the cable assembly for protection from the elements. As the mast is lowered, the coiled cable assembly comes down in a well-managed form into a basket that holds the cable assembly until its next use. In fact, if you’ve ever seen a news truck or a local utility crew working, you’ve most certainly seen a mast cable assembly in action.
If you’re a commercial contractor who is trying to find the right mast cable assembly manufacturer, there are a few things you should know:
Power and Signal Conduction — Industrial controls doesn’t leave a lot of room for error. As such, being able to get a working signal to difficult areas becomes less so with the use of a mast cable assembly. Moreover, having the ability to get power to an area that isn’t easy to reach is key in making sure delays don’t take place.
Adaptable Tool for Public Utilities — While most public utility companies might find it easy to handle tasks at certain heights with heavy-duty machinery, mast cable assemblies provide the form and function to cast light on projects when utilities are interrupted. Perfect examples include severe storms that knock out electricity or flash flooding that require rigging for service personnel to get things back on track.
Communication and Signal Strength — Mast cable assemblies work by getting communication equipment in the air. Doing so allows for less interference to a signal being used. A variety of industries depend on telecommunications to do their job effectively, including homeland security and public safety. By being able to maintain radio and video feeds, these industries are better able to remotely carry out procedures that keep personnel and the public out of harm’s way.
As it turns out, while mast cable assemblies are a fairly simple tool of the trade, the industries who depend on them do so with a high degree of conviction. As such, manufacturers must have years of experience to make a dependable product. They must also be capable of acquiring, and maintaining, industry certifications and licensing to be able to produce materials for a wide spectrum of industries at, or beyond, standard. Perhaps the one defining characteristic of the best manufacturers is their direct work with customers to provide the exact product they need for a specific application.
Mast cable assemblies are just one of the ways Lodan Electronics, Inc. has been able to meet the needs of its customers since 1967. Check them out today to see what else they have to offer.


The Sonaflex-Mini is a wireless, powerful, compact, and portable system that's designed for multiple field applications.
The device consists of a low-profile, battery-operated, compact electronics module and a tablet PC. This system is fully wireless, using Bluetooth and Wi-Fi communication. The full system is portable with a convenient and customized "go-bag" to quickly answer needs in any field inspection requirement. The tablet PC is equipped with our sophisticated UT and positioning software and a convenient and easy-to-use HMI interface.


Fusion energy device sets a record by running for 20 seconds – Engadget
Most technology creators would consider a seconds-long test a bitter disappointment, but it’s a rousing success in the world of fusion energy. According to Phys.org, the Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research (KSTAR) device recently set a world record by maintaining its plasma at a super-hot 180 million degrees Fahrenheit for 20 seconds. That may not sound like much, but no previous fusion machine lasted for more than 10 seconds in those conditions — even KSTAR held out for just eight seconds in 2019.
The key was to improve the Internal Transport Barrier that helps with plasma confinement and stability.
The technical storage or access is strictly necessary for the legitimate purpose of enabling the use of a specific service explicitly requested by the subscriber or user, or for the sole purpose of carrying out the transmission of a communication over an electronic communications network.
The technical storage or access is necessary for the legitimate purpose of storing preferences that are not requested by the subscriber or user.
The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for statistical purposes.The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for anonymous statistical purposes. Without a subpoena, voluntary compliance on the part of your Internet Service Provider, or additional records from a third party, information stored or retrieved for this purpose alone cannot usually be used to identify you.
The technical storage or access is required to create user profiles to send advertising, or to track the user on a website or across several websites for similar marketing purposes.


Secure IP is a leading provider of premium telecommunications services including prepaid pinless, wholesale international long distance, mobile top-ups, and international egift cards. The company’s commitment to provide the highest quality services through the use of advanced engineering techniques, high-grade network facilities, and leading edge technology, consistently draws top marks for Secure IP from its industry peers and customers alike.
Since its inception in 2006, Secure IP has been a company dedicated to providing high quality telecommunications services. Through its America Voice brand, the company provides its services at over 5,000 retail locations throughout the US. Secure IP’s wholesale division provides premium international long distance to carriers globally.
We provide innovative solutions to our customers through multiple products and services.


■■■スペック■■■ Frequency Response: Main Output, no load, –0.2 dB @ 10 Hz –3 dB @ 160 kHz
Noise: Measured at Main Output, unweighted, 22Hz-22kHz, Terminated 150 Ohms. With gain at unity better than –100 dBu With gain at 66 dB better than –62 dBu Equivalent Input Noise better than –128 dBu
High Pass Filters: Continuously variable swept frequency from 20 Hz to 250 Hz. Slope: 12 dB/Octave
Gain: Unity to +66dB in 6 dB steps, Trim continuously adjustable from –6dB to +6dB
Buss Output: Output is designed to feed a Buss-mix Amplifier (ie. Buss inputs on 5043) at the internal system level of -2.5 dBu.
Maximum Output Level: Maximum output from 20 Hz to 40 kHz is +25 dBu.
Mute: Mutes Main Output only.
Total Harmonic Distortion and Noise: @ 1kHz, +20 dBu output: Main Output: Better than 0.001% @ 20Hz, +20 dBu output: Main Output: Better than 0.002% Silk Engaged: Better than 0.2% Second harmonic
Equalization: Low Shelving EQ: +/- 15dB boost or cut. Corner frequency 160Hz High Shelving EQ: +/- 15dB boost or cut. Corner frequency 8kHz 16kHz switch selectable Mid Peak EQ: +/- 15dB boost or cut. Continously variable frequency, 80 to 800Hz or 800Hz to 8000Hz switchable
Phantom Power: +48 Volts DC +/- 1%
Power requirements: Voltage range: 9 to 18 Volts DC


I’ve worked in comms for nearly 20 years gathering knowledge, experience and a wonderful network of trusted professionals along the way. That network has grown and flourished in recent years. We often join forces to deliver projects and ideas, to help and support each other and develop ourselves and our businesses. There is real power in the network that clients can tap into through working with independent consultants.
My clients have access to a huge pool of brain and human power through my network, that would otherwise be difficult to source.
I often work in agile project focussed teams to deliver work to a range of clients. From HR consultants to digital experts, designers and tech companies, we come together to solve client problems and create the best solutions.
I’m wholly independent and recommend the best solutions for my clients and their people.
Within my network, I’ve worked with a range of suppliers, and I now provide communication consultancy to selected service providers to help their clients.
I’m a communication partner with the Employee Benefits Collective supporting their clients with communication expertise and guidance to promote the new schemes in the businesses.
Emplo is an Enterprise Social Network which provides a newsfeed and group based network for collaborative working, employee development and performance management. I’m their UK communication partner, supporting their clients with implementations.
Poppulo helps make organisations great by unlocking the power of their people. Poppulo provides a range of services to help internal communicators help their organisations communicate better, more collaboratively and understand where communication is successful. I support their clients with internal communication consultancy services.


HDMI to MIPI Board kit. Compatible with 5.5″ 2K LCD displays – LS055R1SX03.
Compatible with KLD LCD12xx.
Content of kit
- HDMI MIPI board
- Flat cable to connect HDMI MIPI Board with Bridge board
- Bridge board
This kit is used to connect LS055R1SX03 LCD display to HDMI. Great starting point for DIY projects or repairs.
NOTES AND WARNINGS:
- This board has no backlight driver.
- Electronic components are checked before shipping.
- Electronic components can not be returned.


Local, Long-Distance, Intenet
Dial-Up, DSL, webmail, Web Hosting
Start -2 - Finish Communication Solutions
National Broadband Plan Goals
- Goal 1: At least 100 million U.S. homes should have affordable access to actual download speeds of at least 100 megabits per second and actual upload speeds of at least 50 megabits per second.
- Goal 2: The United States should lead the world in mobile innovation, with the fastest and most extensive wireless networks of any nation.
- Goal 3: Every American should have affordable access to robust broadband service, and the means and skills to subscribe if they so choose.
- Goal 4: Every community should have affordable access to at least 1 Gbps broadband service to anchor institutions such as schools, hospitals and government buildings.
- Goal 5: To ensure the safety of Americans, every first responder should have access to a nationwide public safety wireless network.
- Goal 6: To ensure that America leads in the clean energy economy, every American should be able to use broadband to track and manage their real-time energy consumption.
MATI Information & Profile
Mescalero Apache Telecom, Inc. (MATI) is a full service, state-of-the-art
Telecommunication Company specializing in telecommunications equipment
planning/designing, installation, maintenance as well as central office
design and management.


In addition to preassembled probes, EME offers parts to construct probes. The difficulty is that the sensor element must be attached to the end of the cable along with two resistors in a manner that is rugged and will withstand both mechanical abuse and immersion in water and exposure to the elements.
The solution we have come up with is a three dimensional circuit board that has an "X" cross section. The leads of the sensor go into the arms of the "X" and the 3 or 4 leads of the cable attach at the other end, with the surface mount resistors and capacitor in the grooves. The whole assembly is then encapsulated in a Raychem heat shrink tubing lined with adhesive.
@ 1k ,--------, + 4-18 volts ---------------/\/\------| | @ | LM34 | signal 10mV/degF -----------/\/\------| CAH | @ 3k | | common -,----------------------------| | | @ '--------' '----------shield-----------
The resistor in series with the power supply protects the sensor against ESD and against polarity reversals. The resistor in the signal line serves those same purpose, and also isolates the sensor output from the capacitance of the cable to prevent instability. Observe that the output resistance of the sensor is 3000 ohms. This may need to be taken into account in low-impedence systems. Click here for contsruction details.
The shield may be necessary only in noisy environments and for long runs of cable. The sensor only draws about 70 microamps of current. Therefore ground current errors are minimal. For example, it takes more than 1000 feet of #22 gage wire to give a ground current error equivalent to 0.1 degree Farenheit.
The Raychem MVT1 or ES2000 tubing has an adhesive liner that melts and flows over all the components and fills in the gaps. It also bonds firmly to PVC cable. It can be pinched shut at the open end to form a waterproof seal. A standard heat-shrink gun is required. The tubing then withstands temperatures up to 110 degrees Celsius without melting.
Once the probe is assembled it can be calibrated. The highest grade of sensors direct from National Semiconductor have an accuracy of +/- 1 degree Fahrenheit, or +/- 0.5 degree Celsius. Lower grades of sensor may allow +/- 4 degrees F (D grade). The sensor can be calibrated after assembly at one or two or multiple points. The sensor is quite linear, and most of the error tends to be in the zero point, not in the slope. So for <1 degree F error over the range of -17 to +212 Fahrenheit, a single point calibration is all that is required. We also offer the preassembled probes.
These same parts in the X3D kit can also be used to mount other types of sensor to a cable, or to join two cables together with or without resistors/capacitors/diodes in series with the individual lines.


SolidWorks Composer, documentation software leverages existing 3D CAD data to create and share dynamic technical communications like training materials, assembly instructions, and sales presentations. Show your product before manufacture with 3D illustrations and animations.
You can quickly capture and re-use CAD data, no-engineering experience required. Design changes can update automatically, and you can share your content with anyone using the free viewer application.
FIRST LOOK: SolidWorks Composer Documentation Tools
- See how 3D makes dynamic documentation
SolidWorks Composer software quickly and cost-effectively creates dynamic 3D technical communications using your existing product design data. LEARN MORE


Joined: 25 Jun 2004
Location: South Bend, Indiana USA
|Posted: Mon Jul 23, 2012 10:52 am Post subject: Isolation vs. Surge Suppression for Serial Communications
|Isolation vs. Surge Suppression for Serial Communications
Serial data communications lines can carry damaging electrical transients caused by anything from ground loops to lightning strikes. So where do you deploy isolation, and where do you use surge suppression?
A surge suppressor directs high voltage transients safely to ground. Examples would include the power surges created by lightning strikes. But if the ground line rises, as it does in ground loop situations, you need isolation. Isolators stop transients by converting data signals to either pulses of light or an electrical field, then back again. Data passes through; transients donít. But a sufficiently powerful transient can damage the isolator.
So youíll probably find yourself using both approaches. Where you deploy surge suppression and where you deploy isolation will be a function of the specific application.
Isolated Serial Converter for Power Utility Communications
Isolation: Your Best Investment for Reliability


What is Bond Conduction Technology? How does it work?
Bone conduction is a technology that was developed many years ago. Bone conduction devices are often used in hearing aids and other medical applications to help people who suffer from hearing loss. Bone conduction devices have also been studied for use with military personnel, as well as athletes.
Bone Conduction Technology has the potential to be used by everyone! In this article, we will discuss what bone conduction technology is, how it works, and some of the benefits associated with its use. If you are looking to read Best Bone Conduction Glasses. You can definitly checkout that.
What is Bone Conduction Technology:
Bone Conduction Technology is a method of transmitting sound to the user via vibrations that are transferred by means of skeletal bones. Bone conduction devices can be worn in many different ways, such as over the ear or inside the mouth
How Bone Conduction Works: Bone conduction technology works by sending an electrical signal to a transducer that converts it into an acoustic wave. The sound waves travel through tiny channels within your jawbone and transmit sounds directly to your inner ears without entering through your outer ear canal or eardrum.
Basically, Bone-conduction devices are often used by deaf or hard of hearing people. They send sound vibrations to the inner ear through bone conduction, bypassing the ear canal and middle ear and stimulating the inner ear via sound vibrations that are transmitted against it through a skull.
For patients with any number of hearing difficulties, bone-conduction devices are a one of several good alternatives.
Bone-conduction devices have three parts: an external audio processor (containing the battery, microphone, and digital signal processor), which can either be worn behind the ear or applied to a tooth like a retainer.
There are two types of bone-conducting hearing amplifiers, but the most common is one that is surgically implanted.
The other type can be worn as a headset and requires no surgical operation.
Using Bone Conduction Technology, sound is missed up skin by the titanium implant and converted to bone vibrations with transmission to the inner ear.
Other types of bone-conduction technology rely on an implanted magnet to serve a sound attachment. The magnet attaches to the head behind one ear, and provides a magnetic connection that connects sound processors to your scalp.
Bond Conduction Technology: How it Works?
How we Hear
Sound waves actually consist of tiny vibrations in the air. The vibrations propagate through the air to our ear drums. With enough vibration, the ear drums vibrate and decode these sound waves into a different type of vibration that are received by the Cochlea, also known as the cochlea, which is connected to our auditory nerve. When this occurs there is a transmission of signals that get sent along from nerve cells in our brain to neurons on-site at Grand Central Station – aka your ears!
Protecting the Ear Drum
Sound waves are converted to neural impulses that are sent through the auditory canal and into the eardrum. The fluid in the middle ear vibrates, which causes a pressure membrane in the cochlea of our inner ear to move back and forth. This movement triggers pulses of electrical current that travel from inside your head down long, slender nerve fibres known as axons.
How we Hear with Bone Conduction
Bone Conduction bypasses the eardrums in a way that sound can be decoded and received by the Cochlea directly, without involving your ear drums. It works with Audio Bone headphones which are equipped with new technology that helps to decode high fidelity stereo sound waves.
The main benefit of bone conduction over conventional listening is that it doesn’t place as much stress on your ears.
Many scientists and universities have studied the benefits of bone conduction, and research shows that it’s safer than conventional ways of listening.
For People with Hearing Aids
Much of hearing loss is the result of damage to the eardrum, which Bone Conduction does not rely on. Thus those with hearing impairment may still experience music as if they had no problem listening – without a hearing aid. Many people report being able to hear high notes that disappeared after exposure through conventional methods.
Advantages of Bone Conduction Technology:
Bone phones offer an advantage of not plugging in to your ears. This can be beneficial because you can wear headphones, while still being able to gauge what’s going on outside. It also means that bone phones may work for people who have a hearing impairment such as a pre-lingual deafness or high frequency sound loss
Bonephones, also called bone conducting headphones are especially beneficial for deaf or hearing-impaired users as they bypass the ears and transmit sound waves through bones in your head. As a result, they can listen to audio with more clarity than standard earbuds allow.
Bonephones are a type of headphone that is less likely to do damage to your ears when they are heavily used. They work by directing sound waves into the middle ear through bone vibration, not through the folds in our eardrums as most other headphones do.
One company, AfterShokz, designed bonephones for use with military personnel because of their thin and secure design. Bone conduction headphones are appealing to physically active users, who enjoy the convenience of not having a cord that can get in the way during exercise or other strenuous activity. Some bone conduction headphones also have memory and allow you to upload songs directly onto them for listening on-the-go without needing WiFi or mobile data.
Disadvantages of Bone Conduction Technology:
Despite being considered novel and not overly useful, bonephones have only been met with mixed reviews.
A significant issue with the sound quality of bonephones is that they are generally quieter or have a weaker bass frequency.
While there are benefits to this design, there are also downsides. Some users have noted that playing music at higher volumes causes an unpleasant or strange vibrating sensation in their face.
This design can cause a certain amount of sound leakage, which may be troublesome for those who want to listen privately or in a quiet setting without disturbing anyone else. Other people complain about the fit of these headphones, which depending on your model can either be a comfortable or a true issues.
Earbuds and iPods are a mainstay for modern music entertainment. They, however, have one major disadvantage- you can’t hear anything when wearing them. Bone conduction technology offers solutions to this ubiquitous problem. These headphones provide several advantages over earbuds in both sound quality and comfort levels for the wearer.
The price is also dependent on which model is purchased; most models range from $130-$200 depending on features offered while some cheaper models are available at about half that cost if not more competitively priced than traditional earbuds without compromising sound quality or functionality of the headphone.
Bone conduction is a technology that allows sound to be transmitted through the bones in your skull. There are many advantages and disadvantages of this type of technology, but here we’ll just go over how it operates. The process starts with an acoustic wave being sent from one end (cavity) of the bone near your cochlea, which vibrates the tympanic membrane on the other side of your head until you hear it as normal sounds without any air pressure coming out.
It can also transmit vibrations all throughout your body when you’re wearing headphones or earbuds and listening to music! If you have any queries or suggestions please let us know in the comments below 🙂


Mr. Zhang, who lives in Beijing, was distressed by a 5G mobile phone card that “had to be used. Recently, Mr. Zhang complained to reporters in Beijing Business Today that he had handled a “5G broadband” integration package of Beijing Unicom and paid the monthly rent of the package in full and on schedule, however, because he did not use the 5G mobile phone card in the package, he was cut off by Beijing Unicom. For Mr. Zhang’s experience, Beijing Unicom believes that it is strictly in accordance with the agreement and has no fault.
Visit the purchase page:
however, some lawyers believe that Beijing Unicom’s agreement may be suspected of the Overlord clause. Experts also believe that the integration package designed by Mr. Zhang is not reasonable, the user experience is not good, and it cannot bring much substantial benefits to the operators.
“Unicom broadband products for consumers (5G mobile phone card), consumers must use. If not, Unicom will cut off the Unicom broadband that consumers are using to force consumers to use Unicom’s 5G mobile phone card.” Mr. Zhang told the Beijing Business Today reporter.
According to Mr. Zhang’s description, at the beginning of this year, he handled a Fusion package called “5G version of smart wo family family” in Beijing Unicom’s online business hall, which was rented at 166 yuan per month, it includes a broadband with a network speed of 500 m and a Unicom 5G mobile phone card (including 40GB of traffic per month). Since Mr. Zhang already has two 4G mobile phone cards, and because of the epidemic, Unicom 5G mobile phone cards were not mailed to the goods in the first place, so Mr. Zhang did not intend to use this 5G mobile phone card.
On June 4, Mr. Zhang received a phone call from Beijing Unicom, telling him that he needs to activate and use the 5G mobile phone card included in the package, otherwise the package will be downgraded to ordinary monthly broadband. At that time, Mr. Zhang, who was in a meeting, refused the request to activate the 5G mobile phone card and hung up the phone.
On the morning of June 5, Mr. Zhang found that his 500 m broadband was stopped and he could not access the internet normally. Subsequently, Mr. Zhang, who thought he was in arrears, recharged 200 yuan to the broadband account, but the broadband still failed to recover. Then, Mr. Zhang dialed the customer service phone of Beijing Unicom. The customer service staff told him that if Mr. Zhang does not use this Unicom 5G mobile phone card, the broadband will be stopped and will not be restored.
In Mr. Zhang’s view, Beijing Unicom’s approach belongs to “robber logic”. On June 11, Mr. Zhang said, “Unicom has quietly restored broadband, but did not give me any explanation, and there is no compensation for the broken network in the past week”.
For Mr. Zhang’s experience, the relevant person in charge of Beijing Unicom told the Beijing Business Daily reporter that Mr. Zhang’s experience should not be attributed to Beijing Unicom. Beijing Unicom strictly follows the package agreement and is completely legal and reasonable. If Mr. Zhang only wants Beijing Unicom to change his package to a single broadband package, he can try to help him, but in addition, he cannot meet his other unreasonable demands.
in the online business hall of Beijing Unicom, the reporter of Beijing Business Today found the Fusion package handled by Mr. Zhang. There is a rule at the bottom of the Fusion package page: “The main 5G number in the package will not be activated for 25 days, the convergence package must be canceled. The broadband fee in the package is changed to the standard single broadband monthly fee of the corresponding rate, and the one-year contract of the package is automatically canceled.”
in response, Mr. Zhang said, “If I don’t use this mobile phone number, I will automatically change to a separate broadband package, which I can understand, but I don’t say here that I will directly cut off the broadband, especially on the premise that my balance is completely sufficient”.
Although there is no “stop broadband without activating 5G card” clause on the above introduction page, is there any relevant clause in the formal package agreement? On this issue, Xu Wenting, a lawyer from Beijing Jingshi (Shanghai) law firm, told the Beijing Business Daily reporter, if some clauses in the package agreement support Beijing Unicom to do this to Mr. Zhang (stop broadband without activating 5G card), then these clauses are suspected of Overlord clauses. The content of these terms themselves is to exclude the consumer’s right to use broadband services when consumers do not use 5G cards, which is a typical format clause.
According to the public information, the format clause is also called standard clause, which refers to the clause that the parties have drawn up in advance for reuse and have not negotiated with the other party when concluding the contract, for example, the agreement signed by the mobile user when handling the mobile phone package belongs to the contract using the format clause. Since consumers can only express their full consent or rejection to the standard terms, consumers are in a position of obedience in the contract, rather than in a position of equal consultation with the provider of the standard terms.
“When using the format clause, the consumer must be highlighted on the contract or informed in detail in advance. In this matter, the consumer obviously does not know about this clause, therefore, this format clause of Unicom cannot be established.” Xu Wenting said that if he could not negotiate with Beijing Unicom, Mr. Zhang could complain to the consumer association on the one hand and the local communications administration on the other. If both channels are not satisfied, it can also be brought to court.
Intended to develop users
in fact, the reason why Beijing Unicom launched the above-mentioned “broadband 5G” Fusion package is not difficult to understand. Fu Liang, an independent telecommunications analyst, said that Beijing Unicom hopes to develop more 5G users by bundling sales because it may face KPI assessment pressure on the number of 5G users.
At present, the relevant departments have not yet given a standard definition of “5G users. However, according china Mobile and China Telecom’s caliber when disclosing monthly operating data, 5G users refer to mobile users who order 5g packages. According to this standard, once Mr. Zhang activates the 5G mobile phone card issued to him by Beijing Unicom, he will become a 5G user of China Unicom from the perspective of user statistics.
Unlike China Mobile and China Telecom, China Unicom has not yet announced the number of 5G users. On April 23, Wen Ku, a spokesman for the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, said that as of the end of March, there were more than 50 million 5G package users nationwide. According to official data, by the end of March, China Mobile and China Telecom had 31.72 million and 16.61 million 5G users respectively, totaling 48.33 million. From this point of view, China Unicom’s 5G users in the same period are likely to be no more than 11.67 million, significantly behind the other two.
The scale of 5G users is the basic indicator reflecting the speed of 5G development, and accelerating the development of 5G is the established policy of China’s telecommunications industry. On March this year, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology clearly stated in the notice on promoting the accelerated development of 5G that “basic telecom enterprises are encouraged to promote 5G terminal consumption through package upgrade concessions and credit purchase, accelerate user migration to 5G”.
The reporter of Beijing Business Today noticed that it is not uncommon in the domestic telecommunications market to help certain types of businesses develop users by bundling sales. In order to attract more users to use their own broadband, China Mobile is also using similar means. In Beijing, as long as China Mobile users promise to reduce the monthly mobile phone package to 58 yuan, they can get a broadband of 100 m network speed, which is also equivalent to a “traffic broadband” convergence package.
Compared with China Mobile’s above-mentioned integration package, Mr. Zhang’s integration package “forced” means more, which is also an important reason for his dissatisfaction. “China Mobile meets the policy of low-cost broadband delivery. First, it gives users the freedom to choose whether to broadband or not. Secondly, even if they choose not to broadband, users will not be affected.” Fu Liang said.
Or will bind their hands and feet
it is worth noting that even if Beijing Unicom successfully attracts more 5G users with this kind of “broadband 5G” convergence package, it may not bring too many practical benefits to its own performance.
At the income level, take the 166 fusion package rented by Mr. Zhang in lunar January as an example. If the flow products included in the package are purchased separately, they need to pay 159 in lunar January, if the 500 m broadband products included in the package are purchased separately, 148 will be required. 33 rent in lunar January, the total monthly rent of the two is more than 300 yuan, which means that the income of this kind of integration package launched by Beijing Unicom is lower than that of selling traffic products and broadband products separately.
Fu Liang said that such packages of Beijing Unicom are not reasonable and there are some problems in the design ideas. From the marketing point of view, Beijing Unicom has no way to rely on this means to get a reasonable income, can only be said to increase some of the illusory 5G users. On the other hand, this kind of package does not implement the “user-centered” design idea. Although it helps to bundle non -5G users into 5G users, the user experience is not good.
According to the policies of the three major operators, only users who meet the two conditions of using 5G mobile phones and 5G network coverage can enjoy a 5G experience rate of up to 300Mbps. Since Mr. Zhang does not intend to buy 5G mobile phones for the time being, even if he activates and uses the 5G mobile phone card provided by Beijing Unicom, he cannot enjoy 5G network speed.
In addition, “forcing” Mr. Zhang, a user who only uses 4G mobile phones, to handle 5g packages may also bring other trouble to operators. It is understood that the 5G package contains more traffic, but when the 4G mobile phone is matched with the 5G package, these traffic can only be used in the form of 4G traffic, which may increase the burden on the 4G network.
“The promotion of 5G users by operators should be done in a down-to-earth manner, and users should not be forced to use 5G packages in disguised form.” Industry insiders believe that under the current situation that 5G networks are not perfect and 5G applications are extremely short, it is better to find ways to promote the maturity of 5G services than to develop too many unworthy 5G users. At that time, even if operators do nothing, more users will actively choose to handle 5g packages.
At present, there is no killer 5G application on the market. Most of the 5G experiences users can get are faster network speeds for downloading movies and music, but there is no subversive difference compared with 4G experience. However, the “5G message” service of the three major operators, which has been hotly discussed by public opinion, has not yet come to fruition.


365 days of SL, day 348:
(Click for larger — 1920x1033 PNG, 2511 KiB)
Nothing happened last night. I couldn't connect to SL (or stay connected, if I managed to get through) for several hours, apparently due to issues that one of my ISP's peering partners was experiencing. Packets seemed to reach one of their routers at a large IXP, but after that, nothing got through. (Fortunately, SL was the only destination that seemed to be routed through this particular network, so everything else kept working).
I eventually got on, but it was too late to do anything other than lounge about on the beach for a couple more minutes. But hey, a quiet day every now and then is nice, too, isn't it?
Location: Lordshore (47, 124, 23) (Jeogeot Gulf, Lordshore Cove)


The DAC HD is a plug-and-play USB soundcard, and compatible with virtually everything. The advanced internal architecture features the Streamlength™ asynchronous USB technology, allowing for playback of high-resolution audio files with ultra-low jitter.
- Power – supplied from USB connection. Filtered and regulated; separate power rails for digital circuitry and master clock.
- Drivers – Plug and Play, using Streamlength™.
- Supported rates – 44.1, 48, 88.2, and 96 kHz (user selectable), at 24 bit resolution.
- Length – 2 meters standard, other lengths available.
- RCA - LOK Silver RCA connectors provide a crystal clear reference grade sound and robust mechanical connection.
- Sample rates: 44.1, 48, 88.2, 96 kHz
- Bit Depth: 24 bit
- Digital Interpolation: Slow-roll Filter
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Northland was founded in 1981 as Northland Cable Television® with the single mission of providing the highest quality cable television services to our customers. Over the years that mission has expanded to include providing high speed Internet service and digital home phone service. In 2010, we transitioned to Northland Communications in order to embrace our vision to become a recognized leader in the communications industry, providing a complete range of communications services tailored to meet the needs of both residential and business customers.
900 S. Mt. Shasta Blvd, Mount Shasta, CA 96067


The nrComm Lib is set of Delphi VCL components, classes and routines for serial communication tasks.
Library helps to get access to various devices: serial port, data and voice modems,
barcode scanners, Human Interface Devices (HID), Bluetooth, USB, LPT, GSM, GPS and others.
It provides solution for quick implementation almost any packet data protocol.
It can work with sound and speech.
Library allows send SMS messages over connected mobile phone (GSM terminal) and much more.
nrComm Lib evolving since 1999 year. Latest release supports most oldest and newest Delphi/CBuilder versions. Our project is always in progress and our team will include into product new features for support modern device interfaces and system API.
See most valuable features of nrComm Lib below.
|Generic Features of nrComm Lib||
|Serial port (RS232) and barcode scan features (... details)|
|Access to serial port settings and I/O (read/write) operations with it.||Yes||Yes|
|Allows to monitor incoming data and states of control signal lines (RTS, CTS etc.)||Yes||Yes|
|Includes ready solution for Barcode scanner device||Yes||Yes|
Enumerates all available serial ports in the system: native and virtual IrDA, USB,|
bluetooth COM ports)
|USB (... details)|
Enumerates and gets detail information about existing USB objects (hosts, hubs, ports,|
|Provides I/O operations and monitors incoming data for USB pipes||No||Yes|
|Includes signed kernel USB driver that works on all platforms: x86/i32, x64, ia64.||No||Yes|
|Includes solution for easy WinUSB driver installation for all platforms: x86/i32, x64, ia64.||No||Yes|
|"Eject", "Enable", "Disable", "Restart" functions||Yes||Yes|
|GSM and SMS (... details)|
|Sends and reads SMS, monitors notification about new incoming messages||Yes||Yes|
|Access to GSM device phone books. Adds, gets, deletes records||Yes||Yes|
|Gets various information about GSM device (model, IMEI, memory, battery and signal states)||Yes||Yes|
|Supports connections over serial (native or virtual) port and over Bluetooth||Yes||Yes|
|Human Interface Devices (HID) (... details)|
|Enumerates and gets detail information about installed HID||No||Yes|
|Writes input, output, feature HID reports. Monitors incoming reports.||No||Yes|
|Global Positioning System (GPS)||No||Yes|
|Bluetooth (... details)|
|I/O operations with bluetooth device. Monitors incoming data.||Yes||Yes|
|Enumeration bluetooth adapters, devices, and services||Yes||Yes|
|Flexible solution data packet protocol implementation (... details)|
|Detects a data packet by fixed "END", "HEADER", "LENGTH" or timeout.||Yes||Yes|
|Various data packet types can be united into data protocol.||Yes||Yes|
|Telephone API (TAPI) component (... details)|
|Supports data TAPI modem devices, can call and answer||Yes||Yes|
|Supports voice TAPI modems, can call and answer||Yes||Yes|
|Provides extended sound operations (playback, record) for voice TAPI devices||Yes||Yes|
Speech API support for Text-To-Speech conversion and output over TAPI device|
|VT100/ANSI Terminal support||Yes||Yes|
|Zmodem File Transfer protocol||Yes||Yes|
|Kermit File Transfer protocol||No||Yes|
|Modbus protocol (... details)||No||Yes|
Full support 32bit and 64bit platforms (in delphi xe2 and later)
Correct support WOW64 mode when 32bit application starts on 64bit Windows
Loggings with wide options for all events and errors
Handling all exceptions and fatal errors an all levels for multi threading|
Simple Install/Uninstall program
The various and useful demo projects are included
Delphi 3-7,2005-2011/XE/XE2-XE11 C++Builder 3,4,5,6,2007-2011/XE-XE11 support
You can download the trial version of nrComm Lib, and try it before buy. There are some demo projects which show the nrComm Lib possibilities.
|nrComm Lib (Trial)
||nrComm Lib Pro VCL for all Delphi from 3 to XE11, C++Builder 3-XE11 trial version with nag screen||
||nrComm Lib Pro Special for TRIAL version of Embarcadero RAD/Delphi/CBuilder XE8||
||nrComm Lib Standard VCL for all Delphi from 3-2011, XE-XE11, C++Builder 3-2011,|
XE-XE11 trial version with nag screen
Also you can download the demo projects and enjoy the various features of nrComm Lib. The source codes of these and other sample projects are available after installation nrComm Lib.
||USB device Demo shows details
of connected USB devices
||770K||GSM Demo works with mobile or
GSM terminal. It allows send/receive
SMS, gets device info and etc.
||1.3M||HID Demo enums available HID devices
and makes I/O operations
||1.1M||Codes Demo shows HEX/DEC codes of
incoming data for connected serial port
USB OSR Learn Kit Demo is based on nrUsb sys driver.||
USB OSR Learn Kit Demo is based on WinUSB API.||
USB Pipe Demo. Demonstrates access to USB pipes||
The demo works with TAPI data modems and ZModem protocol.
||The Serial Port Info Demo: shows serial ports with extended information.||
The demo reads bar codes from the connected serial port barcode reader.||
Demo monitors and changes states of serial port (RS232) control lines|
(DTS, CTS etc.).
The Speech Demo works with voice modem.||
The LPT port demo. Get and set LPT pins states.||
The Kermit file transfer protocol demo. You can test our Kermit solution|
with other clients HyperTerminal, C Kermit etc.
The Modbus industrial protocol demo.|


LeFun™ Wireless WiFi IP Surveillance Camera Pan Tilt 720P HD Night Vision Baby Video Monitor Nanny Cam with Two-Way Audio Remote Security System (Pack of 2)
- Wider angle with Pan 350 degrees (Horizontal) and Tilt 100 degrees (Vertical) and digital zoom through APP remote control.
- See more details with HD 720P clarity up to 1280 * 720 even in darkness with video recording on micro SD card up to 32GB.
- Two Way Audio: The built-in speaker and microphone allow voice communicating between the APP and camera sides.
- Night Vision: Built-in IR LEDs allow you viewing and recording live video even in complete darkness with motion detection alert.
- Super easy install and setup this wireless surveillance wifi camera connected with your phone, tablet or computer device in minutes with the plug and play.
LeFun wireless surveillance camera
To leverage the WPS setup feature please make sure you have a wifi router with the WPS function ,otherwise you must go for the Ethernet cable way for WiFi connection setup instead.
IP/WiFi Network, Wireless Camera, Video Monitoring/Recording, live streaming, Plug and Play, Pan/Tilt with Two Way Audio, Night Vision,
Motion detection with automatically picture capture or video recording, admin/guest password for different privileges.
Super Easy setup with Play and Plug:
1. Connect the WiFi camera with your router using the WPS function in just one button press.
2. Search the keyword ¡°MIPC¡± in the App store or Android marketplace to download the remote control APP.
3. Launch the MIPC and scan the QR code at the bottom of the camera to log in using the default password and start viewing.
Easy access to camera via Android,IOS,IE,Chrome etc. If you have more than one cameras you¡¯re able to add subsequent ones following the same steps.
Note: For security reason, we highly recommend you to change the default password at the first use. If you have any further WiFi question, please feel free to contact/email us.
* Sensor: 1/4 "color CMOS sensor
* Resolution: 1280*720(720P), 640*360, 320*180, 160*90 (selectable)
* Lens: 3.6mm
* Video/Audio Compression: H.264/AAC
* Frame rate: Real-time 25FPS
* Night vision: 12 infrared LEDs
* IR distance: 30ft
* Wireless networks: WiFi (IEEE802.11b/g/n) by External antenna
* Ethernet: 10/100Mbps RJ-45 interface
* Alarm notification: Real-time App push notifications
* Video storage: Micro SD card up to 32 GB storage (Not included in the package)
- Product Dimensions: 5.12 x 4.92 x 5.31 inches; 0.77 pounds
- Shipping Weight: 0.77 pounds
- ASIN: B00ZZ3V9ZW
- Item model number: C2*2
- Average Customer Review: Customer Reviews


The input voltage range of this solution is 2.9V ~ 4.8V to support lithium ion/lithium polymer battery power. The VO1 output voltage is 4.6V ~ 5.0V supporting 320mA output current ; the VO2 output voltage is - 1.4V ~ -5.4V (SET=H) or -0.8V ~ -4.8V (SET=L), supporting 320mA output current; the VO3 output voltage is 6.8V ~ 7.8V, supporting 150mA output current.
The EN is the enable control of VO3, and the CTRL is the enable control of both VO1 and VO2. The CTRL is also programmed by SWIRE pulses for voltage adjustment of VO1, VO2 and VO3, switch mode control, slew rate and more.
This power solution is housed in a CSP or a QFN package to optimise small space designs. It operates at a fixed operating frequency in PWM mode, also supporting the energy-saving operation mode. Featuring excellent transient response, adjustable output voltage levels, and high efficiency, it is ideal for AMOLED portable devices.


Applied Intuition, Inc., a software solutions provider for autonomous vehicle (AV) development, announced today that it was awarded a contract by AFWERX Prime, the innovation arm of the Department of the Air Force, to deliver a virtual sensor optimization solution to enable faster sensor selection, configuration, and experimentation during aerial system design and acquisition. The contract embodies the collaborative development of autonomy technologies set forth in AFWERX Autonomy Prime’s mission and will enable Applied Intuition to transition these completed milestones into larger scale work with the Air Force and the commercial Advanced Air Mobility sector.
Under the contract, Applied Intuition will provide a virtual sensor optimization solution in Spectral, the company’s sensor simulation product. The software will allow AFWERX Prime to quickly evaluate the performance of various sensor types and combinations, optimize sensor placement, accelerate development timelines, and reduce costs for aerial systems under development by the Air Force and commercial partners.
“Purchasing multiple sensor arrays to evaluate sensor performance through real-world tests is costly and time-consuming,” said Peter Ludwig, Co-Founder and CTO of Applied Intuition. “Deterministic, virtual sensor evaluations accelerate development timelines and reduce costs by allowing development teams to model multiple sensor types, vendors, and configurations to optimize for the specific use case and platform.”
“Understanding sensor performance is a critical step early on in the development process for aerial systems,” said Major Victor “Salsa” Lopez, Chief of Autonomy Operations, AFWERX. “Commercial autonomy companies like Applied have deep experience developing solutions to understand how sensor types and arrays from various vendors perform in different environments and use cases, and how placement impacts that performance. We’re excited to work with the team at Applied.”
“AFWERX is leading the charge in delivering cutting-edge dual-use capabilities to the warfighter,” said Qasar Younis, Co-Founder and CEO of Applied Intuition. “We are excited to work with AFWERX and the Air Force to demonstrate how virtual sensor simulations can integrate seamlessly into their workflows, accelerate program timelines, and improve outcomes. As our work in the national security space expands, we look forward to identifying new use cases across domains for our commercially-proven autonomy development toolchain.”
“AFWERX is excited to work with one of the top leaders in sensor simulation environments,” said Lt Col Bryan Ralston, AFWERX’s Autonomy Prime Lead. “Leveraging the vast experience Applied Intuition has in the commercial industry is just one of the ways AFWERX is continuing to transform advanced autonomy operations in the Department of the Air Force.”
The contract is evidence of Applied’s rapidly-accelerating work in the aerial domain and the applicability of Applied’s end-to-end autonomy development toolchain to a variety of national security use cases.
Contact us to learn more about our sensor evaluation and optimization solution.


The FPCI-DIO32 card is a digital input/output card for PCI bus computer platforms. The card is suitable for high-speed, dynamic I/O applications where data transfer operations are performed via DMA operations to and from on board local memory. A unique feature of the card is its ability to control, on-the-fly, the signal lines' data direction and tri-state drive thus allowing applications to simulate complex uP bus structures. Useful in circuit card assembly and semiconductor device characterization in the R&D lab as well as manufacturing test environments.
• 32 digital input/output signals with 4 handshake signals.
• Independent data direction control on each nibble (4 bit) lane. On-the-fly changes.
• Capability to emulate bi-directional and tri-state signal busses.
• Allows simultaneous pattern generation and data capture operations on signal lines.
• DDS clock synthesizer with milli-hertz frequency resolution.
• Expansion connector allows locking multiple cards together for wider data words.
• 68 Pin AMPLIMITE .050 Series connector for customer I/O.
• 4.25" X 7" card fully compliant with PCI Revision 2.2.
• Universal card operates in 3.3V/5V PCI signalling environments.
• On-board 32 MBytes of pattern memory.
• LV-TTL logic levels (32mA drive) on all user I/O signal lines (5V TTL Tolerant).
• Includes driver software and complete manual with example application software.
• One year warranty.
• Coming soon! Call for pricing and availability.


Few specialist manufactures have ever stepped up to the plate where development of video playback is concerned. The technological know-how required for the successful design of high performance video sources is vast. With more than ten years of digital video experience, not to mention global recognition of its efforts, Arcam is proud to announce the arrival of it’s newest disc player, the UDP411.
The UDP411 embraces movie and music playback, offering outstanding performance in both disciplines. Unlike most Blu-Ray machines music from SACD & CD is delivered with outstanding quality while movie performance with either 2D or 3D films is to the very highest standards currently available. Using Arcam’s unique and hard won engineering expertise the UDP411 delivers a truly emotional portrayal of your favourite discs, delivering blockbuster experiences straight to your arm chair.
The UDP411 uses a very simple, almost direct video path from the disc or network video with upscaling of all video sources up to 4k to its ultra-high precision outputs. This short path approach allows pictures to be presented without unintentional artefacts and delivers the kind of pristine picture quality that will truly captivate any viewer. Using broadcast quality digital video clocks during processing means the resulting picture quality is simply stunning.
To ensure the UDP411’s music performance meets the same “reference” standards the class leading TI/Burr Brown PCM1794 digital to analogue converter (DAC) is used. This device, coupled with a linear phase Bessel output filter and high precision re-clocking system results in audio quality comparable to a dedicated audiophile CD player. Even the UDP411’s power supply has been specially designed for outright performance. Discrete sub-regulated power supplies on the drive, audio and DAC boards deliver significant benefits to the overall performance of each element and thus allow each section to work truly independently and without interference.


Ghostbusters PKE Meter Wireless Router/Wi-Fi Hub
The Ghostbusters’ PKE Meter would make for a very cool wireless router. The two “ears” would double as antennae, and the array of LED lights would display the current signal strength. Plus the screen would display helpful network information. I think LinkSys, D-Link, Cisco, and the other router manufacturers could exercise some imagination and issue a device like this.
Posted on February 13, 2011, in Computers, Electronics, Gadgets and tagged Dave's Ghostbusters, Design, Electronics, Gadgets, Geeky Gadget Wish List, Ghostbusters, Technology. Bookmark the permalink. 3 Comments.


Welcome to our cutting-edge network of cell phone charging stations, strategically placed nationwide at events, festivals, and venues! We take pride in creating a convenient, reliable, and customer-centric charging solution to keep you connected on the go.
Our Vision: At our core, we envision a world where everyone can stay powered up and connected effortlessly. Our mission is to build a seamless network of charging stations, empowering you to enjoy every moment without worrying about your device’s battery life.
Reliable Charging Solutions: Gone are the days of hunting for power outlets or carrying bulky power banks. Our charging stations are equipped with cutting-edge technology to ensure a reliable and speedy charging experience. You can trust our stations to deliver the power you need, whenever you need it.


Content The IBM tape and medium changer device drivers are designed specifically to take advantage of the features provided by the IBM tape drives and medium changer devices. Fibre channel support is new. None of the above, continue with my search. Select Tape device drivers and software for the Product Type. Install and commit the Atape driver. Version 2 of Atape.
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Document information More insttall for: A massive amount of digital data is continuously generated, collected The Installation and User’s Guide provides user information and installation assistance for IBM tape drive, medium changer, and library device drivers. The FC SAN physical components such as network cables network adapters and hubs or switches can be used to design a Fibre channel Storage Below are some of the frequently asked Commvault Backup Interview questions and Answers.
Select Tape device drivers and software for the Product Type. United States English English. Go to the ftp site ftp: Storage Area Networks SAN has huge requirements and the popularity and importance of this technology lnstall increasing every year.
Re: Install ATape driver
These drivers are feature code off of any supported device. Tape device drivers and software. Content The IBM tape and medium changer device drivers are designed specifically to take advantage of the features provided by the IBM tape drives and medium changer devices. Feature codes are hardware components which may be ordered.
Instalo off all Atape devices. Contact and feedback Need support?
How to upgrade Atape V2 to the current level Complete the following steps to upgrade Atape Version 2 to the current level. Not Applicable Operating system s: Check here to start a new keyword search. SAN interview question and answers.
Re: ATAPE/ATLDD device driver install question
Below are some of the frequently asked Storage SAN basic interview question and answers. The driver must be configured before using the Tivoli Storage Manager server with tape devices.
Please note that some independent software vendor ISV applications have certain device driver requirements. Whenever possible, the driver is designed to take advantage of the device features transparent to the application. To activate them, knstall cfgmgr. Comment or submit more interview questions if you Install the old drivers.
Go to the Fix Central website: Download in binary mode.
This document discusses important information with regards to Atape. Select Tape Systems for the Product Family.
Install the new drivers. Manual Abstract The Installation and User’s Guide provides user information and installation assistance for IBM tape drive, medium changer, and library device drivers.
The error occurs when an Atape device is brought out of the available state, resulting in a system crash with Atape being the active process. Complete the atap steps.
Follow these steps to install and configure Atape device drivers on AIX server
Obtain an updated copy of the driver. We live in a digital world which is created and defined by software. To access device drivers click on the appropriate web link.


VDRM is the repetitive peak off-state voltage rating of the device (also known as stand-off voltage) and is the continuous peak combination of AC and DC voltage that may be applied to the SIDACtor device in its off-state condition.
IDRM is the maximum value of leakage current that results from the application of VDRM.
Switching voltage (VS) is the maximum voltage that subsequent components may be subjected to during a fast-rising (100 V / µs) overvoltage condition.
Maximum current required to switch to on state
On-state voltage (VT) is the maximum voltage across the device during full conduction
Maximum rated continuous on-state current
Holding current (IH) is the minimum current required to maintain the device in the on state.
capacitance measured in off state @ 1 MHz
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