VoIP and Call Security. The step-by-step-guide3 March 2023
VoIP and Call security is an especially important issue for business and residential users, as the technology is vulnerable to various attacks that can lead to disruptions or data loss. In this blog post, we will provide a step-by-step guide on how to ensure secure communications through your VoIP system. We'll go over the security protocols you should be aware of, how to choose a secure VoIP service provider, and the most common risks that this technology faces.
The importance of Call Security for VoIP
When you think about traditional telephony, the security features that come to mind are standardized. But when you’re talking about VoIP and Call Security, businesses need to understand what to do in terms of protecting their communications, since overlooking the basic security steps can expose their data and systems to increased vulnerability.
While it's true that VoIP technology has revolutionized the way we communicate offering a wide range of advantages over traditional telephony services, we can't overlook the fact that these advantages come with certain risks. VoIP is susceptible to several security issues and that’s why you need to implement good practices for maintaining Security.
One of the biggest risks of using VoIP is that it's relatively easy for someone to eavesdrop on your conversations. That's because VoIP transmits data over the internet, which means it can be intercepted, just like any other data being sent over the internet. There are a few ways to protect against this: encrypting your conversations with a VPN or using an encrypted VoIP service.
Another risk is that since VoIP uses the internet, it's vulnerable to denial-of-service (DoS) attacks. A DoS attack is when someone tries to take down a system by flooding it with traffic, preventing legitimate users from being able to access it.
Finally, there's the risk of user error. Unlike traditional phone systems, VoIP systems are often controlled via a web interface or softphone apps. This means that if someone were to accidentally delete or change a setting, they could disrupt service for everyone on the system. You can prevent this by taking some actions: ensure that all user accounts are password protected, and only give the appropriate permissions to those who need them. You may also want to consider locking down certain settings so they can't be changed by regular users.
How to protect yourself from other common VoIP Security Risks
There are a few common VoIP security risks that businesses need to be aware of. One of the most common is toll fraud, which is when an unauthorized user accesses your VoIP system and makes long-distance or international calls that rack up a large bill. Other risks include denial-of-service attacks, in which an attacker tries to overload your system with traffic so that legitimate calls can't get through. And eavesdropping, in which an attacker can listen in on conversations.
To protect against these risks, you need to make sure that your VoIP system is properly secured. That means using strong authentication methods. Some examples are two-factor authentication for users, encrypting all communications end-to-end, and having a robust firewall in place. By taking these steps, you can help ensure that your business's VoIP system is safe from attack.
The most important thing to remember when securing your VoIP system is that it's not just the hardware or software you need to worry about. You also have to consider the people who use it. For example, you can use strong passwords and two-factor authentication for administrative access. But if a user shares those credentials with someone else or writes them down where someone can find them, then all of that security goes out the window.
What is Call Encryption?
In basic terms, call encryption is the process of encoding voice data as it travels from one VoIP phone to another. This ensures that only the intended recipient can decode and listen to the conversation – anyone else who intercepts the data will only hear gibberish.
There are a few different ways to encrypt VoIP calls, but the most common is Transport Layer Security (TLS). TLS uses public key cryptography to encrypt voice data as it travels across the internet. Each VoIP phone has its own unique public and private key pair. The public key can be shared with anyone, but the private key must be kept secret.
When two phones want to establish an encrypted call, they first exchange their public keys. Once each phone has the other's public key, they can generate a shared secret key that only they know. This shared secret key is used to encrypt all future communication between the two phones.
Why does Call Encryption matter?
Call encryption is an important part of VoIP security because it protects your calls from eavesdropping. It helps to ensure that only authorized people can listen in on your conversations.
If someone were to intercept your call, they would only be able to listen in on the conversation if they had the shared secret key. This means that even if someone broke into your phone, they wouldn’t be able to decrypt any of your calls unless they also obtained the private keys from both phones involved in the call.
In this way, call encryption is similar to the way you protect your passwords using two-factor authentication. You can’t log into your email without entering both your password and a verification code sent to your phone. This ensures that anyone who tries to break into your account has both pieces of information necessary to do so.
Choosing a Secure VoIP Provider
There are a few things to consider when choosing a VoIP provider for your business:
- The size of your company and call volume: You'll want to make sure the provider can accommodate your needs in terms of the number of users and call volume.
- Your budget: VoIP can be more cost-effective than traditional phone systems, but you'll still want to compare pricing and features to find the best fit for your business.
- Security: With VoIP, your calls are transmitted over the internet, so it's important to choose a provider that offers secure calling features. Look for a provider that offers encryption, authentication, and authorization to help protect your calls from being intercepted or hacked.
- Customer support: Make sure the provider you choose offers 24/7 customer support in case you have any issues with your service.
- Support for multiple locations: If you have multiple offices or remote workers, look for a provider that offers either an on-premises solution or a cloud-based service to help manage all of your locations.
Common Types of VoIP Hacking
If you want to keep your VoIP system secure, it is important to be aware of the different types of attacks that can be launched against it. Here are some of the most common types of VoIP hacking:
- Brute force attacks: These are typically initiated by automated tools that try to guess login credentials by trying out different combinations of usernames and passwords. This type of attack can be prevented by using strong passwords and two-factor authentication.
- Man-in-the-middle attacks: In this type of attack, the attacker intercepts communication between two parties and eavesdrops on their conversation. This type of attack can be prevented by using encryption methods such as Transport Layer Security (TLS).
- Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks: A DoS attack is designed to overload a system with traffic so that it becomes unavailable to legitimate users. This type of attack can be prevented by rate limiting or filtering incoming traffic.
- Session hijacking: In this type of attack, an attacker takes over an active session and uses it to gain access to sensitive information or perform unauthorized actions. This type of attack can be prevented by using session timeouts and encryption methods such as TLS.
VoIP and call security are essential parts of staying safe in the digital age. With this guide, you now have a step-by-step process for implementing proper VoIP and call security measures on your own. From understanding what VoIP is to setting up encryption protocols, this guide should help set you on the path toward making sure all of your calls remain secure. Letting behind against malicious actors.
You should always remember that VoIP security really needs to be taken seriously by everyone who communicates via Voice over IP networks. You never know when someone might try to intercept your calls. So it's best to take pre-emptive measures and implement some simple steps now before something worse happens down the road. With the right knowledge and savvy approach, you'll be able to stay safe while talking online without fear of interception or manipulation from third parties.
VoIP.ms offers several security features like Call Encryption, Foreign IP Guard, email notifications, and more to help you in keeping your calls and information secure, to learn more about this visit our wiki article.
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Dr. Catherine Rosenberg is examining how the next generation of cellular networks can reduce digital dividesFaculty of Engineering
If you’ve walked through a shopping mall or watched a big game on TV lately, you’re sure to have seen an ad touting the benefits of 5G cellular networks. While the ads make claims about having the fastest network or making our lives better, most of us still have a lingering question - what, exactly, is 5G anyway?
Even before telecommunication providers began deploying the necessary hardware for 5G networks, the hype cycle was already moving full speed ahead. 5G was promoted as the gateway technology enabling next-generation experiences, from immersive virtual reality to life-saving remote surgeries.
Dr. Catherine Rosenberg is one of the world’s leading researchers in 5G and internet technologies and a professor in the Faculty of Engineering at the University of Waterloo. She says that while many of these experiences are still a few years away, the global rollout of 5G networks is starting to change many of the ways we live, work and play.
"5G lets you deliver much better capacity, but the problem is that when you deliver that much capacity, it becomes extremely complex to operate," Rosenburg says. "The quest is to find the sweet spot for operating it efficiently and securely, and that’s what we’re working to help providers manage."
What is 5G?
5G is the 5th generation mobile network designed to augment and eventually replace the 4G network technologies that most of us use today. It was introduced as a new set of standards in 2016, and the first deployment of a 5G network was in 2019. But 5G is more than simply a faster network - it has introduced significant improvements in how data is transmitted while creating room for the data needed for new experiences.
Like adding lanes to a highway, 5G adds bandwidth for additional devices and data on a carrier’s network. Unlike those new lanes, which only seem to add more cars, 5G networks intelligently prioritize traffic based on a specified user, device or service. There’s more room for everyone - and no one is stuck waiting in traffic.
The primary advantage of 5G, however, is what’s called low latency. This feature allows 5G networks to send a massive amount of data in a short amount of time. If you have a gamer in your household, you’ve probably heard them complain that they’re "lagging." The lag comes from the network’s inability to handle the amount of data being transmitted. 5G’s low latency will eventually allow for data-intensive experiences like remote surgeries, where lagging could mean the difference between life and death.
How 5G can bring connectivity to everyone
So what does a 5G-enabled world look like? Rosenberg’s research looks at how the next generation of cellular networks impacts society. She says she is particularly interested in how they can be used to reduce the digital divides between communities with internet access and those without it.
The first divide relates to remote communities. Rosenberg says that the remote divide is difficult to solve because there is no business case for telecommunication providers to build the required infrastructure. "If it gets solved, it’s only because we want to do it as a society. The other digital divide is the rural digital divide, where there is some density, but much less than cities like Toronto, Kitchener or Montreal," Rosenberg says. "People in rural areas get much less fixed broadband capacity than if they were in a big city - and we believe that 5G can help solve this problem."
Fixed broadband refers to cable and fibre optic internet services. While they are available in major population centres, they are expensive to bring to rural communities. Using 5G networks, cellular providers are offering fixed wireless services to bridge this digital divide. These fixed wireless home internet services are on par with traditional fixed broadband services.
"Canada is extremely well covered in terms of cellular networks, but cellular towers in rural areas are often spread quite far from each other," Rosenberg says. "The good news is that the infrastructure is there. We can deploy 5G equipment and not only offer mobile 5G to your phone but also fixed wireless access to homes to reduce the digital divide for everyone."


B.S., Mathematics & Applied Mathematics, China Agricultural University, 2008
M.S., Computer Science & Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 2011
Ph.D., Computer Science, George Washington University, 2016
Secure and privacy-aware computing, secure and truthful auctions in dynamic spectrum access, game theory, algorithm design and analysis, resource management in cognitive radio networks and WiFi-based wireless access networks
Dr. Wei Li joined the Department of Computer Science at Georgia State University in August, 2016. She received a Ph.D. in computer science from The George Washington University in 2016, an M.S. in computer science & technology from the Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications in 2011, and a B.S. in mathematics & applied mathematics from China Agricultural University in 2008.
Dr. Li’s current research mainly spans the areas of secure and privacy-aware computing, secure and truthful auction in spectrum access, game theory, algorithm design and analysis, and resource management in cognitive radio networks and WiFi-based wireless access networks. Dr. Li has authored or coauthored more than 20 papers; most have been published or accepted for publication in premier journals and conferences, including IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, IEEE JSAC, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, ACM MobiHoc, and IEEE INFOCOM. Dr. Li has received three best paper awards at international conferences.
Wei Li, Maya Larson, Chunqiang Hu, Ruinian Li, Xiuzhen Cheng, and Rongfang Bie, Secure multi-unit sealed first-price auction mechanisms, to appear in Security and Communication Networks (special issue on cyber security, crime, and forensics of wireless networks and applications).
Wei Li, Shengling Wang, Yong Cui, Xiuzhen Cheng, Ran Xin, Mznah A. Al-Rodhaan, and Abdullah Al-Dhelaan, AP association for proportional fairness in multi-rate WLANs, IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, vol. 22, no. 1, February 2014, pp. 191–202.
Wei Li, Shengling Wang, Xiuzhen Cheng, and Rongfang Bie, Truthful multi-attribute auction with discriminatory pricing in cognitive radio networks, ACM SIGMOBILE Mobile Computing and Communications Review, vol. 18, no. 1, January 2014, pp. 3–13.
Wei Li, Xiuzhen Cheng, Tao Jing, Yong Cui, Kai Xing, and Wendong Wang, Spectrum assignment and sharing for delay minimization in multi-hop multi-flow CRNs, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 31, no. 11, November 2013, pp. 2483–2493.
Wei Li, Yong Cui, Xiuzhen Cheng, Mznah A. Al-Rodhaan, and Abdullah Al-Dhelaan, Achieving proportional fairness via AP power control in multi-rate WLANs, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol. 10, no. 11, November 2011, pp. 3784–3792.
Chunqiang Hu, Ruinian Li, Wei Li, Jiguo Yu, and Xiuzhen Cheng, Efficient privacy-preserving dot-product computation in mobile computing, Proceedings of the 1st ACM Workshop on Privacy-Aware Mobile Computing (PAMCO 2016), July 2016, pp. 51–59. (Best Paper Award)
Wei Li, Xiuzhen Cheng, Rongfang Bie, and Feng Zhao, An extensible and flexible truthful auction framework for heterogeneous spectrum markets, Proceedings of the 15th ACM International Symposium on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking and Computing (MobiHoc 2014), August 2014, pp. 175–184.
Wei Li, Shengling Wang, and Xiuzhen Cheng, Truthful multi-attribute auction with discriminatory pricing in cognitive radio networks, Proceedings of the 1st ACM Workshop on Cognitive Radio Architectures for Broadband (CRAB), October 2013, pp. 21–30. (Best Paper Award)
Wei Li, Xiuzhen Cheng, Tao Jing, and Xiaoshuang Xing, Cooperative multi-hop relaying via network formation games in cognitive radio networks, Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM, April 2013, pp. 995–1003.


What are EIPs
Apache Camel’s Enterprise Integration Patterns (EIP) are an essential part of its routing and mediation engine, providing a set of common patterns for connecting and integrating different systems and applications. EIPs are pre-defined solutions for common integration problems and are designed to be used as building blocks to create complex integration scenarios. See here for a list of the support EIPs in camel.
Typical use cases of EIP
1. Content-Based Routing
Here is a picture of content based routing. It is the same semantic like a a „if, else if else“ in java
The router decides, where to route. The input could be a XML-file and the router chooses based on an XPath, where to route the message. The destinations are either Widget Inventory or Gadget Inventory
2. Message Translator – Mapping
The Message Translator pattern is used to convert messages from one format to another. This pattern is commonly used in scenarios where systems or applications have different message formats that need to be converted before being processed. Apache Camel provides a number of built-in translators, including the Format Translator, which converts messages between different formats such as XML and JSON, and the Content Enricher, which adds information to messages before they are sent to their destination.
3. Message Filter
Similar to the content-based-router the message filters the message. But here you only route if the message fulfills the message. You can easily implement your own predicates in a java bean, or just via the fluent API of camel methods like XPath, or JSON path to easily translate your logic to the route
As you can see, you get three incoming messages, but only one message fulfills the predicate of the content-filter
4. Message Splitter
The Message Splitter pattern is used to split a single message into multiple messages. This pattern is commonly used in scenarios where a single message needs to be processed as multiple messages. Apache Camel provides a number of built-in splitters, including the Tokenizer Splitter, which splits messages based on a delimiter, and the Xml Tokenizer Splitter, which splits messages based on an XML element.
Here you split the incoming message into multiple messages.
5. Message Aggregator
The Message Aggregator is the opposite of the Message Splitter. This pattern is commonly used in scenarios where multiple messages need to be combined into a single message for processing. Apache Camel provides a number of built-in aggregators, including the Timeout Aggregator, which aggregates messages based on a timeout, and the Correlation Aggregator, which aggregates messages based on a correlation key.
For the aggregator, you need to Implement an aggregation strategy. In the Strategy, you will merge always two exchanges into one. For example to just aggregate both messages into one you could implement this strategy:
Apache Camel’s EIP patterns provide a powerful and flexible way to connect and integrate different systems and applications. Whether you’re looking to route messages based on their content, convert messages between different formats, filter messages based on certain criteria, aggregate multiple messages, or split a single message into multiple messages, Apache Camel’s EIP patterns provide a set of pre-defined solutions that can be used as building blocks to create complex integration scenarios. Whether you’re a seasoned integration developer or just getting started, Apache Camel’s EIP patterns are an essential part of your integration toolkit. See here for a complete list of the EIP implemented in Camel


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Nokia is finalizing on unveiling 5G enabled handsets across the world as the technology is increasingly being embraced by more countries.
In Kenya, reports indicate that some mobile phone users are already enjoying the 5G services after installation of the network in base stations in some areas.
Officials from HMD Global which manufacturers Nokia phones, say they have been working closely with the Kenyan government on the new network.
Last year, Huawei technologies announced the rollout of 5G network with several handset makers among them Huawei, Samsung and LG unveiling 5G enabled handsets to the market.
Reports indicate that in Kenya, 5G network has been installed in some base stations enabling those with 5G enabled phones to enjoy the services.
Even though service providers in Kenya are yet to officially announce the roll-out of the 5G network, HMD Global is making appropriate plans.
HMD Global CEO Florien Seiche is in Kenya to among others meet government officials about the firm’s investment in the country.
Kenyan officials are concerned about security in the communication industry in the phase of growing cybercrime.
The firm is concerned about contraband phones and taxes on handsets which they estimate at 23 per cent of the total cost of mobile phones.


All-Inclusive Marine Maintenance System Tracks Diagnostics in Real-Time
Beaufort, North Carolina, USA (July 25, 2017) – gplink is pleased to announce a partnership with WheelHouse Technologies, creating a comprehensive perspective on vessel upkeep through seamless integration to the WheelHouse marine maintenance system. Pleasure craft, commercial vessel, and fleet owners can now enjoy the benefits of real-time vessel monitoring, tracking and support, from gplink along with a simple and easy-to-use interface; charting the course to proper vessel maintenance, spare parts management, and document tracking.
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The gplink system inherits its reliable monitoring and tracking through utilizing dual band technology with GSM communications, as well as the Iridium satellite system for location tracking, monitoring, and emergency notification. By using both of these extensive networks, gplink can provide worldwide coverage, and ensure that connections are not only reliable but affordable too.
With the reliability and breadth of information captured by the gplink system and the robust infrastructure of WheelHouse’s Marine Maintenance Systems, pleasure craft, commercial vessels, and fleets throughout the world now have seamless access to the most comprehensive remote monitoring and tracking system available. The gplink system and monitoring service can easily pay for itself in the first year through fuel savings and early detection of engine operating abnormalities.
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WheelHouse provides an easy-to-use interface to manage maintenance related activities on a single vessel or fleet. This powerful vessel maintenance system enables the owner, captain, and crew to maintain the material condition of their vessel using comprehensive “Planned Maintenance Tasks” and “One-time Maintenance Tasks” in linking documents, special tools, and required parts to the reminder. WheelHouse is a Software as a Service (Saas) application on cloud technology with off-line syncing operation through WheelHouse Underway™.
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In Ireland researchers at the Walton Institute have identified higher frequency ranges that are being considered for 6G communication which are absorbed by specific gases in the atmosphere. This makes it possible that greenhouse gas emissions from individual dairy farms could soon be measured using artificial intelligence technology which works by using the next generation mobile phone network. The researchers have designed machine-learning algorithms that could be integrated into wireless communication infrastructure to measure gas concentrations in the atmosphere on the basic principle that higher concentrations of certain gases lead to higher absorption of wireless signals at specific wireless frequencies. Each gas has its own absorption profile that is unique. This means that individual gases could be monitored in real time.


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Fire Detection for Agriculture Areas with Drones
The project presents a forest fire detection system based on swarm of quadcopters and neural networks. 3 quadcopters are designed to fly in a triangular-shaped over a specific forest area. Then, they are responsible to send video stream data to a ground station that will be processed via Neural Networks to detect fires and smokes in a frame.
Surveillance Drone Swarm Control (Presentation pptx)
Fire Detection by drones with neural network - presentation (pptx)
Forest Fire Detection System using Swarm of Quadcopters and AI


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Web services are most useful tool nowadays. It is very useful to communicate with third-party services in a secure and smooth way. The web services can be searched for over the network and can also be invoked accordingly.
When invoked, the web service would be able to provide the functionality to the client, which invokes that web service.
A web service facilitates the following areas
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· A Standardized Protocol which everybody understands.
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Signal Redundancy L-Band
Two (2) automatic A/B switches
The RSS-2L switching station incorporates two (2) automatic A/B switches, which can be operated for independent or tandem switching. The RSS-2L is designed to provide redundancy to Horizontal & Vertical LNB feeds received from a satellite dish. For other applications requiring switching of a large number of L-Band feeds at the same site, such as the backup of LNB feeds of a dish farm by feeds from a SimulSat multi-feed dish antenna, or from an L-Band Fiber transport, the highly integrated RSS-6L housing six (6) switches is recommended.
(3) Automatic A/B switches
The RSS-3L station incorporates six (6) Automatic A/B switches that monitor independently the LNB feeds (950-1450 MHz) to satellite receivers, with automatic switchover to their respective backup LNB feeds. The threshold level at which the unit switches to the backup feed can be separately adjusted for each automatic switch module in the chassis.
Six (6) automatic A/B switches
The RSS-6L station incorporates eight Automatic switching modules that monitor independently the L-Band feeds (950-1450 MHz) received over a Fiber Link or from satellite, with automatic switchover to their respective backup feed. The Threshold level below which the output will switch to the backup feed input is front panel adjustable for each automatic switch module in the chassis.


Q: What is Electrical Engineering?
A: Electrical Engineering can be classified into two broad areas:
1- Energy – the transfer of energy from one point to another. This could be over large distances from a hydro-power dam to a power user or it could be from a central transformer to a facility.
2- Information – the transfer of information from one point to another. The information could be sound, data or images. This transfer of information could take place in satellites, televisions, computer systems, telephone networks, portable radios or sound systems.
Q: What is Computer Engineering?
A: Computer Engineering is the integration of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science in the design, analysis and use of computer technology – hardware and software – to develop applications and solutions for every possible use.
Q: What does an Electrical Engineer do?
A: Electrical Engineers design and implement transmission models for the high-speed transmission of information and energy. They develop and program control systems to automate manual and repetitive tasks. They plan, supervise or manage the distribution of energy, signals and information from central or remote sources to end-users. Examples include the transmission of images from TV stations to remote devices like TVs, computers and hand-held instruments. They manage the creation and distribution of energy from one source to another.
Electrical Engineering Areas:
- Communications and Signal Processing – includes the fundamental communications methods, systems, signal processing
- Power and Energy Systems and Controls – includes the study of and management of electric machines, electromechanical devices, transmission and distribution of electric power and Energy
- Electronic Materials and Devices – includes the processing of semiconductor materials, alloys, and
Q: What does a Computer Engineer do?
A: Computer Engineers (CEs) design the control systems for production lines. They create software for managing digital switching systems. CEs plan and supervise the installation of computer networks or develop new operating systems for client specific needs. They also engage in research to find methods of creating smaller, more powerful computer chips or systems that can be applied to varied applications.
Computer Engineering Areas:
- Communications – the application of computers to all types of communications systems
- Control Systems – the use of computers and computer software to control a specific process
- Electronic Devices and Circuits – fabrication of the basic elements of a computer as well as the design of circuits using these devices
- Microwaves, Antennas, Satellites and Fiber Optics – involves transmitting and receiving information through high speed communications networks around the world
- Software Engineering – involves the specifications, design, implementation, testing and maintenance of all software systems.
Q: What kind of job opportunities are there?
A: Electrical Engineers (EEs) can work in product development, product testing, systems management, sales and provide consulting in industries including power, transportation, manufacturing, automotive, chemical pharmaceuticals, defense and more. They also can apply their skills in administration, management, law, education and medicine.
See what’s in store for Electrical Engineering careers in the 21st Century.
New applications for computers will only continue to grow in the future. The CE has the opportunity to explore both hardware and software in the design, development and testing of systems that are used in every industry, in every country and in water, air and space exploration.
See what’s in store for Computer Engineering careers in the 21st Century.For more information about Electrical and Computer Engineering at North Carolina A&T State University, contact us at firstname.lastname@example.org.
For more information about the Electrical Engineering or Computer Engineering programs at NC A&T, you may contact any of the following individuals:
Dr. John Kelly Jr., Chair and Associate Professor
Mr. Trevor Taylor, Manager Student Services


The OSI reference model:
Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model refers to connecting open systems i.e. systems are open for communication with other systems. Their principles are as follows:
A layer should be created where a different level of abstraction is needed.
- Each layer should perform a well defined function.
- The function of each layer should be defined by internationally standardized protocols.
- The layer boundaries should be chosen to reduce the information flow across the interfaces.
- The number of layers should be large enough that some distinct functions not be thrown together in the same layer of necessity and small enough that the architecture does not become unwieldy.
It should be noted that the OSI model itself is not network architecture, since it does not specify the exact services and protocols to be used in each layer. It only tells what each layer should do. It has also produced standards for all the layers, although these are not part of the reference model itself.
- The Physical Layer: It is concerned with transmitting raw bits over a communication channel. The basic objective during the design process is when one side sends a 1-bit; it is received by the other side as a 1-bitm not as 0-bit. Here, the design issues largely deal with mechanical, electrical and procedural interfaces and the physical transmission medium, which lies below the physical layer.
- The Data-link Layer: The main function of the data-link layer is to take a raw transmission facility and transform it into a line that appears free of undetected transmission errors to the network layer. It is done by breaking the input data into data frames (typically a few hundred or a few thousand bytes), transmit the frames subsequently and process the acknowledgement frames sent back by the receiver.
The physical layer merely accepts and transmits a stream of bits without any concern with meaning or structure. It is up to the data-link layer to create and recognize frame boundaries. This can be done by attaching special bit patterns the beginning and end of the frame.
A noise burst on the line can destroy a frame completely. In such cases, the data link layer software on the source machine can retransmit the frame. A duplicate frame could be sent if the acknowledgement frame from the receiver back to the sender were lost. It is up to this layer to solve the problems caused by damaged, lost and duplicate frames.
Another issue that arises in the data link layer is how to keep a fast transmitter from drawing a slow receiver in data. Some traffic regulation mechanism must be employed to let the transmitter known how much buffer space the receiver has at the moment.
3. The Network Layer: It is related with controlling the operation of the subnet. A key design issue is to determine how packets are routed from source to destination. If too many packets are present in the subnet at the time, they will get in each other’s way similar to bottlenecks. It is the duty of the network layer to control such congestion.
Many problems arise when a packets travel form one network to another up to its destination. The addressing used by the second network may differ from the first one; the packet size may be large enough for the second network, protocols may differ and so on. Hence network layer has to overcome all these problems to allow heterogeneous networks to be interconnected.
4. The Transport Layer: Its basic function is to accept data from the session layer, split it up into smaller units if need be, pass these to the network layer and ensure that the pieces all arrive correctly at the other end. Under normal conditions, the transport layer creates a distinct network connection for each transport connection required by the session layer. If the transport connection requires a high throughput, the transport layer might create multiple network connections, dividing the data among the network connections to improve throughput. But if it sounds expensive, the transport layer might multiplex several transport connections on the same network to reduce cost. Overall, the transport layer is required to make the multiplexing transparent to the session layer.
The transport layer also determines what type of service to be provided to the session layer, and ultimately the users of the network. The most popular type of transport connections is an error-free-point-to-point channels that delivers message or bytes in the order in which they were sent.
The transport layer is a true end-to-end layer. Because a program on the source machine carries on a conversation with a similar program on the destination machine, carries on a conversation with a similar program on the destination machine. While in case of lower layer, the protocols are between each machine and its adjacent neighbors; not by the ultimate source and destination machines, which may be separated by any routes. The layers from 1 to 3 are chained, while the layers fro 4 to 7 are end-to-end.
In addition to multiplexing several message streams onto one channel, the transport layer should also establish and delete connections across the network. Thus same kind of naming mechanism is required that describe whom a process on one machine wishes to converse. In the same way there has to be another mechanism to regulate the flow of information so that fast host cannot overrun a slow one. Such mechanism is known as flow control. [Note: it is distinct from flow control between routers]
5. The Session Layer: It allows users on different machines tot establish sessions between them. A session allows ordinary data transport like transport layer do, but also provides enhanced services useful in some applications. A session might be sued to allow a user to log into remote timesharing system or to transfer a file between two machines.
One of the services of the session layer is to manage dialogue control. Session can either allow traffic to go in both directions at the same time, or only in one direction at a time. Such service is known as token management. For same protocols, it is not possible to have same operation at a time. In order to manage these activities, the session layer provides tokens that can be exchanged.
Another session service is synchronization. It avoids the whole transfer process to start again in case of the transfer being aborted in the middle. The session layer provides a way to insert a checkpoint into the data stream, so that after a crash, only the data transfer after the last checkpoint will have to be repeated.
6. The Presentation Layer: It performs certain functions that are requested sufficiently often to warrant t finding a general solution for them, rather than letting each user solve the problems. The lower layers just only move bits reliably from here to there, while the presentation layer is concerned with the syntax and semantics of the information transmitted.
One of a typical instance of presentation service is encoding data in standard way. Most user programs do not exchange random binary bit strings,; instead they exchange things like people’s name, dates, amounts of money, invoices, etc. these items are represented as character strings, integers, floating-point numbers, data structures, etc. since different computers have different codes for representing character strings (ASCII and Unicode), integers and so on, in order to make it possible for computers with different representations to communicate, the data structures are to be defined in an abstract way along with a standard encoding to be used “on the wire”. The presentation layer manages these abstract data structure and converts from the representations used inside the computer to the network standard representation and back.
7. The Application Layer: The application layer contains a variety of protocols that are commonly needed. Let there be hundred types of incompatible terminals in the world with different terminal types, each with different screen layouts, etc. For such environments, “Network Virtual Terminal” is to be defined which deals with different editors and programs. In order to handle each terminal type, a piece of software must be written to map the functions of the network virtual terminal on to real terminal. All the virtual terminal software is in the application layer.
The next function of this layer is file transfer. Different file systems have different file naming conventions, different ways of representing text lines and so on. Transferring a file between two different systems requires handling these and other incompatibilities. Thus electronic mail, remote job entry, directory look up, etc belongs to the application layer.
Numerous networks are currently operating around the world. Networks differ in their history, administration, facilities offered, technical design and user communities.
In mid 1960s, during the height of cold war, the Department of Defense wanted a command and control network that could survive a nuclear war. Traditional circuit-switched telephone networks were proved to be too vulnerable, since the loss of one line or switch would terminate all the conversations. In order to solve this problem, DoD started its research as ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency).
Initially ARPA had no scientists or laboratories; in fact, it had nothing more than an office and a small budget. It did its work by issuing grants and contracts to universities and companies whose ideas looked promising to it. Then after some discussions, with various experts, ARPA decided that it should have a packet-switched network, consisting of a subnet and host computers. The subnet would consist of minicomputers called IMPs (Interface Message Processors) connected by transmission lines. For high reliability, each IMP would be connected to at least two other IMPs so that if one IMP is destroyed, messages can be automatically routed along alternative paths. Here, each node of the network had an IMP and a host. A host could send messages up to 8063 bits to its IMP, which would then break up into packets of 1008 bits and forward them independently toward the destination.
Then ARPA started emphasis on the subnet. It selected BBN (a consulting firm) for it. BBN used specially modified Honeywell DDP-316 minicomputers with 12k 16-bits words of core memory as the IMPs. The IMPs were further interconnected by 56kbps leased telephone lines. The software was split into tow parts: subnet and host. The subnet software consisted of the IMP end of the host-IMP connection, IMP-IMP protocol and as source to IMP protocol designed to improve reliability.
Similarly, outside the subnet also required the application software for host-IMP connection and host-host protocol. Later IMP software was changed to allow terminals to connect directly to a special IMP called TIP (Terminal Interface Processor), without having to go through a host. ARPA also funded research on satellite networks and mobile packet radio networks. It was found ARPANET protocols were not suitable for running over multiple networks. This caused the invention of TP/IP model and protocols (1974)/ TCP/IP was specifically designed to handle communication over internetwork, since more and more networks were being hooked up to the ARPANET. ARPA asked to develop a convenient program interface to the network (sockets) and many applications, utilities and management program to make networking easier. (FOR Berkeley UNIX). Previously most universities had 2nd or 3rd VAX computer and a LAN to connect them, but had no networking software, where 4.2 BSD introduced along with TCP/IP sockets and many network utilities, it was adopted immediately. With TCP/IP, it was easy for LAN to connect to the ARPANET. By 1983, the ARPANET was stable and successful with over 200 IMPs and hundreds of hosts. Then DCS (Defense Communication Agency) separated the military portion into a separate subnet, MILNET. During 1980s, additional networks, especially LANs were connected to the ARPANET. As the scale increased, finding hosts became increasingly expensive, so DNS (Domain Name Service) was created to organize machines into domains and map host names onto IP addresses. By 1990, the ARPANET was overtaken by newer networks and so it was shutdown and dismantled. But MILNET continues to operate, however.
As RCP/IP became only the official protocol in January 1983, the number of networks, machines and users connected to the ARPANET grew rapidly. When NSFNET & ARPANET were interconnected, the growth became exponential. In mid 1980s, people began viewing the collection of networks as an internet and later as the Internet. Growth continued, by 1990s, the Internet had grown to 3000 networks and 200,000 computers. In 1992, one millionth was attached, by 1995, there were multiple backbones, hundreds of mid-level networks, tens of thousands of LANs, millions of hosts and tens of millions of users. The most popular reason of the Internet is the TCP/IP reference model and TCP/IP protocol stack.
What does it actually mean to be on the Internet?
A machine is said to be on the Internet if it runs the TCP/IP protocol stack, has an IP address, and has the ability to send IP packets to all the other machines on the Internet. Traditionally, the Internet has four main applications: i) email ii) news iii) remote login iv) file transfer
i) Email: Since the early days of the ARPANET, electronic mail has been popular due to its ability to compose, send and receive. It is almost used by everyone in the Internet and email programs are available on virtually every kind of computer these days.
ii) News: News groups are specialized forums in which users with a common interest can exchange messages. Thousands of news groups exist on technical and non-technical topics.
iii) Remote Login: Using the telnet, rlogin and other programs, users anywhere on the Internet can log into any other machine on which they have an account.
iv) File Transfer: Using FTP programs, it is possible to copy files from one machine on the Internet to another. Vast number of articles, databases and other information are available this way.
World Wide Web:
By early 1990s, the Internet was largely populated by academic government and industries. One new application WWW changed all that and brought millions of new, non-academic users to the Internet. WWW made it possible for a site to setup a number of pages of information containing text, pictures, sound and even video with embedded links to other pages. By clicking a link, the user is suddenly transported to the page pointed by that link.
The Internet backbones operate at megabit speeds. With each increase in network bandwidth, new applications became possible and so the gigabit networks. Gigabit networks provide better bandwidth than megabit networks. Applications of such networks are in the field of tele-medicine and video conferencing or virtual meeting.


Bridging the Digital Divide in the Daxing’anling Mountains of Inner Mongolia
China is making arguably the biggest effort in the world to bridge the digital divide between rural and urban residents, with mobile operators and telecom tower builders spending tons of resources to ensure more people can access fast and affordable mobile communication and broadband network services.
This decision is part of broader efforts launched by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology and the Ministry of Finance, to promote inclusive telecommunications services. From the end of 2015, the central government, local governments and telecom operators have allocated billions of dollars to overcome geographical barriers to expand network construction and allow more people to benefit from services. Internet improved.
One of the goals is to expand telecommunications signal coverage in the Daxing’anling Mountains in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. The Daxing’anling Mountains are a famous mountain range in northeast China. They are located at the highest latitude in China and are known as “nature’s treasure”.
Last year, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology approved the plan to build 121 4G telecommunications base stations in the Daxing’anling mountains, and most of the construction work has already been completed. carried out.
After the project is completed, the public network coverage rate of forest farms, scenic spots, fire watchtowers, important roads and major fire danger areas in the Daxing’anling Mountains can be increased. around 50%, compared to less than 10%.
E Liye, a forest investigator for the Daxing’anling Mountains, is one of the local people who have benefited from the extended telecommunications services. From April to November each year, E and his colleagues go deep into the mountains to conduct field surveys. However, this year is a little different. Data collected by team members in the forest can be transmitted to technicians in real time via the 4G network for analysis. In the past, they had to ride motorcycles to bring the data to the technicians.
The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology said more efforts will be made to increase support to key rural counties, border areas and key forest and grassland fire prevention areas, and to support broadband network coverage in villages, tree farms, pastures and along major transportation. routes. At the same time, support for building 5G networks in rural areas will also be increased year by year.


Vishnu is a visual and haptic feedback based navigation system which provides only the necessary information to the
rider while on road. It connects to the user’s mobile phone and is operated via an application.
It provides directions in real time, with the haptic units vibrating on the waist and the Visual Unit on the vehicle.
This project was taken up in my fifth semester (Third year) as a semester long engineering design project, with a keen focus on problem solving and functional prototyping.
We worked in a team of 6 people (5 engineering students with different specialisations and 1 design student). I was the sole designer and the project lead.


Vidyo is a powerful yet easy-to-use video conferencing platform that enables people to connect with each other from anywhere in the world. With Vidyo, high-quality video meetings, webinars, and conferences can be easily set up without the need for complex equipment or software. The platform's user-friendly interface and reliable performance make it an ideal solution for businesses of all sizes and individuals looking to connect with others remotely.
Vidyo offers a range of features that enable real-time collaboration, including screen sharing, recording, and annotation tools. These features allow participants to work together seamlessly, share ideas, and increase productivity. Moreover, Vidyo's robust security features, including end-to-end encryption and multi-factor authentication, ensure that all video meetings and webinars are secure and private.
One of the standout features of Vidyo is its scalability. The platform is designed to meet the needs of businesses of all sizes, from small startups to large corporations. Vidyo's flexible pricing model and pay-as-you-go option make it easy for businesses to scale up or down as needed. This means that businesses can easily add new participants to meetings, webinars, or conferences without worrying about capacity limits or additional costs.
Vidyo's seamless integration with other platforms and tools, including Microsoft Teams, Slack, and Salesforce, also makes it a popular choice for businesses looking to streamline their communication and collaboration processes. With Vidyo's API, businesses can easily integrate video conferencing into their own apps, websites, and workflows.
In summary, Vidyo is a powerful and reliable video conferencing platform that offers a range of features to help businesses connect and collaborate with others from anywhere in the world. Its scalability, flexibility, and integration capabilities make it an ideal choice for businesses of all sizes looking to streamline their communication and collaboration processes.
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Satark Punekar Mobile Alert, is an android based application for smart phones. This application is used for sending emergency alert to Pune CCTV Command Center. The application has facility to capture a photograph or video clip. There is also facility to type description of the incident. The application automatically captures the current location of the camera. All this information along with the photo / video is uploaded to the server, which is alerted in the Pune CCTV Command Center within 30 seconds.
Steps To Install:-
- Before installing application, please enable the GPS / Location Setting on your phone.
- Install the android application with name “Satark Punekar”
- After installing the application, one time user registration window will be shown.
- Enter the mobile number
- Enter full name
- Enter the Aadhaar number (Optional)
- Select the gender
- Click on Register button
- After one time registration, you will see the home screen of an application.
- On home screen, you will see the registered mobile number, full name, directions according to location i.e. Latitude & Longitude.
How to Use:-
- The user profile button will show user’s information.
- The alert history button will show information about previous incident/s sent by the user.
- The user has to write information about the incident in the “Describe incident” text box which will help police to get information about the incident.
- Using “Take Photo” button, the user will be able to capture the image of an incident. By clicking on “Send” button, the user can send the captured photo to Pune CCTV Command Center as an investigation proof after accepting “Disclaimer”.
- Using “Capture Video” button, the user will be able to capture small clip of an incident taking place. By clicking on “Send” button, user can send the video clip to the Pune CCTV Command Center as an investigation proof accepting “Disclaimer”.
- Based on user’s current location which is received along with the video or image, police can also locate the information sender as well as the place where the incident has taken place.


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3 mic Intelligent ANC( up to 47dB): The intelligent dynamic ANC will switch your earbuds to the optimal noise cancellation mode in real time, with its ability to detect your ear canal structure, wearing status, and environmental noise, so that each note rings true.
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6 edition of Radio Waves found in the catalog.
March 15, 2005
by Enitharmon Press
Written in English
|The Physical Object|
|Number of Pages||96|
Open Library is an initiative of the Internet Archive, a (c)(3) non-profit, building a digital library of Internet sites and other cultural artifacts in digital projects include the Wayback Machine, and “Chen-Pang Yeang’s book is the major contribution to our knowledge of how physical theory and electrical experimentation worked together to explain the movement of radio waves beyond the horizon—a compelling question in the years following Marconi’s famous experiment of Yeang clearly explains how ‘direct evidence’ for the.
But radio waves are electrical waves already! Long ago this fact was buried within Maxwell’s EM theory, but then was discovered by Oliver Heaviside and Fitzgerald, and explored experimentally by Lodge, then deeply analyzed by Heaviside in his vast. waves. Radio waves are not sound waves. Radio waves are a type of light which is pure energy and is able to move through the vacuum of space. What radio stations do is to convert sound waves into radio waves which move through the air at roughly the speed of light. These waves reflect off of hills, are absorbed into the atmosphere, bounce off.
Ian Sinclair, in Electronics Simplified (Third Edition), Publisher Summary. Radio waves refer to the electromagnetic waves that are transmitted across space (not just through air), as distinct from waves conducted along wires or in tubes (waveguides). The frequency of a wave is the number of oscillations per second, and this causes a wave to have a wavelength, which is . The electromagnetic spectrum is separated into many categories and subcategories, based on the frequency and wavelength, source, and uses of the electromagnetic waves. Any electromagnetic wave produced by currents in wires is classified as a radio wave, the lowest frequency electromagnetic : OpenStaxCollege.
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Radio Waves: Life and Rev has been added to your Cart Add to Cart. Buy Now Buy Used. $ FREE Shipping Get free shipping Free day shipping within the U.S.
when you order $ of eligible items sold or fulfilled by Amazon. Or get /5(19). "Radio Waves to Love" by Deborah McClatchey is a story that reads like a movie or TV special: it's fast, full of intercuts, amusing, and intelligently plotted. The story revolves around an amateur radio set meant to be used in emergencies only, but Frannie's brother trows the story into gear by convincing her she can use the ham radio to find Mr/5.
First published inthis book gives the full mathematical theory of the propagation of radio waves in the ionosphere and their reflection from it. The book will serve as a textbook for those comparatively new to the subject and as a reference book for practising engineers and research workers in the field of radio by: I make the case in the book that the Spanish influenza epidemic was caused by the sudden change in the earth's electromagnetic environment by the worldwide use of radio for the first time.
Spanish influenza began in American bases in this country, where soldiers were trained in the use of radio waves. Radio Waves book.
Read 12 reviews from the world's largest community for readers. An explosive, unforgettable look at the FM radio business through the e /5.
Book:Radio Waves. Jump to navigation Jump to search. WARNING. The in-house PDF rendering Download as PDF.
This is a Wikipedia book, a collection of Wikipedia articles that can be easily saved, imported by an Radio Waves book electronic rendering service, and ordered as a printed book.
Edit this book: Order a. Book talk:Radio Waves. Jump to navigation Jump to search. WikiProject Wikipedia-Books (Rated Book-class) This is a Wikipedia Book, a collection of articles which can be downloaded electronically or ordered in print. Wikipedia Books are maintained by.
Radio Waves. likes 25 talking about this. A weekly radio podcast covering radio news, business, history and innovation - hosted LA radio veteran Mike Stark and LA radio columnist Richard ers: Radio Wave, Blackpool, United Kingdom.
37K likes. Playing the Best Music Mix across Blackpool, Wyre and Fylde on FM and online at wavecom. Radio Wave is part of WirelessFollowers: 37K.
Radio waves are a type of electromagnetic radiation, a kind of energy that also includes visible light. Radio waves are not harmful but are in fact extremely useful for communicating across long. Radio Wave Propagation: Consolidated Summary Technical Report of the Committee on Propagation of the National Defense Research Committee presents all the scientific information and report of experiments.
This book discusses the. He is mentioned in a new book, “Radio: My Love, My Passion,” by Marlin R. Taylor, a pioneer of the format.
Taylor, 83, felt compelled to tell the story of his year career in the industry and of a form of music not often chronicled in books. Radio man Marlin R. Taylor was a pioneer of the “easy listening” format.
Photo is from Radio waves are just another form of light that travels at the same speed;miles per second. Radio waves can get to the Moon and back in 2 ½ seconds or circle the Earth in 1/7 second. The energy in a radio wave is partly electric and partly magnetic, appearing as an electric field and a magnetic field wherever the wave travels.
(A field is just energy stored in space in. Arts-Waves: Gene Wolfe ().Science fiction Grandmaster, author of The Book of the New Sun and other novels and short stories, who died on Ap Recorded Thanksgiving weekend, in San Jose, California.
INTRODUCTION The term Radio waves arbitrarily applied to electromagnetic waves in the frequency range of hertz to hertz and the wavelength ranging from 3× m to 3× m. Radio waves comprises of both Electric and Magnetic fields.
The two fields are at right-angles to each other and the direction of propagation is at right-angles to both fields. LINE-OF-SITE PORTABLE RADIO COMMUNICATIONS Radio Theory The Basics. UHF - Ultra High Frequency Ł MHz - 3, MHz Ł Government and public safety operate primarily at MHz to MHz for incidents Radio Theory The Basics.
UHF - Ultra High FrequencyFile Size: KB. The electromagnetic spectrum is comprised of all frequencies of electromagnetic radiation that propagate energy and travel through space in the form of waves. Longer wavelengths with lower frequencies make up the radio spectrum.
Shorter wavelengths with higher frequencies make up the optical spectrum. The portion of the spectrum that we can see. item 2 Radio Waves: Poems Celebrating the Wireless Paperback Book The Fast Free - Radio Waves: Poems Celebrating the Wireless Paperback Book The Fast Free. $ Free shipping.
No ratings or reviews yet. Be the first to write a review. Best Selling in Fiction & Literature. See all. OHM ROOM Stereo Film or TV Mix Podcast Recording for up to 2 people (Host and Guest) Sound Therapy Sessions. This comprehensive resource covers a wide range of essential topics, from the classification of radio waves, electromagnetic wave theory, and antennas for RF radio links, to the impact of the earth surface on the propagation of ground waves, atmospheric affects in radio wave propagation, and radio wave reception.
Radio Waves: KFOG horns into local Radio Hall of Fame Ben Fong-Torres Febru Updated: Augpm The KFOG morning show at its height, with producer “Irish” Greg McQuaid (left), anchor Dave Morey, news anchor Peter Finch and traffic and entertainment reporter Renee Richardson.Product Information.
Radio waves are widely used in communication networks and broadcasting. This book is a compilation of chapters that elucidate the most significant concepts related to this field like radio wave propagation, signal transmission and processing, radio wave frequency, emerging applications of radio waves and radio communications, etc.
Students and .A Practical Introduction to Radio Physics Wireless communications make use of electromagnetic waves to send sig-nals across long distances. From a user s perspective, wireless connections are not particularly different from any other network connection: your web browser, email, and other applications all work as you would expect.
ButFile Size: KB.


Automation of medical transcription is driving growth in speech recognition
26 June 2008 | Published by Datamonitor
London – A new report by independent market analyst Datamonitor discusses speech recognition and its use in the medical industry for transcription and dictation. It reveals that healthcare automation is driving growth in speech technology and the leading vendors, Nuance and Philips, are providing specialized solutions. The report, “Automating and Enhancing Processes through Voice in Desktop and Back Office Environments”, explains that although adoption of PC-based speech recognition is not widespread, the technology has found its niche in the healthcare market, where automation and cost savings are key drivers.
Tight budgets and the need for accurate patient records are forcing healthcare providers to automate processes with speech recognition
Changes are taking place in the healthcare industry as issues over budgets and the accuracy of patient information arise. In order to reduce the error rate in diagnosis and ensure information is recorded efficiently, healthcare providers are adopting electronic health records (EHRs). Using speech recognition with digital dictation systems, to dictate notes directly into EHRs, means that doctors can update information faster and with lower error rates. “Patient information is gradually becoming digitized in order to address issues with delivering records and test results faster,” said Aphrodite Brinsmead, analyst at Datamonitor and author of the report. “By reducing the number of illegible handwritten documents and simplifying processes, providers can eradicate errors in diagnosis.”
Speech recognition is also being used for medical transcription, easing pressure on transcriptionists and allowing healthcare providers to save on staffing costs. Medical transcription is estimated to be a multi-billion dollar market and speech recognition vendors are taking advantage of this.
The market for speech recognition within healthcare will double in the next five years
Healthcare currently represents 85% of the PC- and server-based speech recognition market. Datamonitor estimates that the market for speech recognition in healthcare globally is worth an estimated $170 million in 2008. Between 2008 and 2013 the market will more than double in size.
One area where speech recognition has seen a significant uptake is for imaging where a number of radiologists are using the technology to dictate reports. Radiologists work in controlled environments using specialized vocabularies to dictate reports that often use repeated language and are therefore an ideal target for speech recognition vendors.
Healthcare is not the only industry where speech recognition is thriving. Two other industries where investments in speech technology are expected to grow are in professional services for legal transcription and in education for assistance with language learning. However, healthcare will remain the largest market for speech recognition through 2013.
“The introduction of digital dictation and EHRs has given speech recognition new channels to market. Speech technology adoption will increase as it becomes more tightly integrated with these solutions to provide a seamless document production process.”
- Ends -
Notes to editors
Datamonitor’s report “Automating and Enhancing Processes through Voice in Desktop and Back Office Environments,” outlines the changes in this market and explains the current drivers and challenges faced by customers. The report gives an overview of the key industries where speech recognition is being used and provides a sizing forecast for PC-based speech recognition services and licenses.
Aphrodite Brinsmead is a technology analyst with Datamonitor and author of the report.
More information is available from the Datamonitor Group Media Team. Please contact Krishna Rao on +44 20 7675 7271 or firstname.lastname@example.org.
Datamonitor is a leading provider of online database and analysis services for key industry sectors. We help our clients, 5000 of the world's leading companies, to address complex strategic issues. Through our proprietary databases and wealth of expertise, we provide clients with unbiased expert analysis and in-depth forecasts for seven industry sectors: Automotive, Consumer Packaged Goods, Energy, Financial Services, Pharmaceuticals and Healthcare, Technology, Transport and Logistics.


Serial number scanning and reading for packages, pallets and labels
With evolution in AI and computer vision, now it is possible to directly scan serial numbers, read texts, scan bar-codes and other information with usual IP cameras or mobile phones. That too in real time. Automate your package tracking and save on manual effort to improve efficiency and hence profits.
- Read from distance
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- Supports smart phone cameras
- Also scan bar-codes and QR codes
- Cloud based reporting
- Over 90% success rate


The Trango Giga LongHaul 1.5 Gpbs – Amazing indoor microwave backhaul solution for 6-11 GHz licensed bands. This high quality Giga Longhaul system contains an indoor modem unit and an indoor RF unit that enables high capacity communication for long distances.
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On the 3rd of July 1990, an unusually long obituary appeared in The New York Times, with the title “Joseph C.R. Licklider Dies at 75; Foresaw New Uses for Computers”. A computer scientist from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Lick – as he was commonly referred to by his colleagues – had taken up the position of director at the Information Processing Techniques Office of the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), established under the US Department of Defense in 1958. Whilst working there, Lick had had the outrageous idea that perhaps computers, which had up until that point been used primarily to process mathematical computations, could be used as key components in a new communications system.
During the Cold War, as Russia pulled ahead in the Space Race with the successful launch of Sputnik 1, the US became increasingly concerned that the USSR’s scientific prowess would provide it with a dangerous advantage as the conflict between the two nations escalated and the threat of nuclear war mounted. In response to this threat, ARPA was established primarily to develop new technologies for military use. It became, however, a hub of academic and military collaboration that led to many important developments in computer science, for both military and commercial use. These significant breakthroughs included the development of computer graphics, parallel processing, computer flight simulation and, perhaps most importantly, the internet.
A great deal of the Agency’s work stemmed from the concern that in the event of nuclear war, Russia might be able to destroy America’s long-distance communication network, which relied on telephone lines and wires that could be physically damaged. The military therefore sought to develop a communications system that had no physical headquarters or core that could be attacked. In 1962, Lick suggested connecting computers together in a network, in such a way that there would be no need for a dedicated telephone connection between each computer and so that any terminal could communicate with another terminal, using a common computer-language protocol. Not only would this provide an alternate communications system in the event of an attack by the USSR, but it would also facilitate the sharing of information in academic circles, dramatically increasing the advancement of the US’s scientific aspirations. Such a system would enable scientists in different physical locations to work collaboratively, building on each other’s work and reducing the duplication of effort through access to each other’s data.
Based on Lick’s idea, an early version of the internet – known as the ARPANET – was developed in 1969. This evolved rapidly over the following twenty years, eventually becoming what we know as the internet. Lick, however, never saw the next important development in communications technology that had been facilitated by his creation as he died the same year ARPANET was replaced by the internet.


If you are running a tiny to tool workplace, and also are making use of a switchboard, opportunities are you require a PABX system or are currently making use of one. What does PABX represent? Exclusive Branch Exchange is a personal telephone network made use of within a business. The individuals of a PABX system will certainly share a variety of outside lines for making exterior telephone call. A PABX system would certainly likewise attach the net telephones within a service, in addition to linking them to the general public switched over telephone network, or PSTN. A current advancement in PABX systems is the VolP PBX, additionally referred to as IP PBX, which makes use of the net method to transfer telephone calls. Nowadays, there are 4 various PABX systems offered to pick from, particularly the
As companies tiny as well as large alike start to an increasing number of rely upon Voice over Web Procedure, the digital PABX choice is expanding in appeal. A digital PBX system, which makes use of a telephone system which is supplied by a net download and also is after that provided by an outside solution, uses an affordable choice to organizations with a very easy to establish ways for a service to make use of the VolP solutions. Solutions such as these help firms as well as people to place established a much more specialist tone to their organization. Until currently for services looking for a digital PABX supplier, the choices have actually been off placing and also discouraging. Some PABX solutions do exceptionally well in providing companies with a different selection of calling functions yet do deficient very easy to incorporate those fantastic attributes without increasing the fees of their phone expenses significantly. Various other service providers provide an even more fundamental solution strategy at an inexpensive to business, yet are incapable to keep satisfying business’ requirement for improved calling functions because of its fundamental solution offering.
Basically, prior to having the ability to make an educated choice concerning the ideal PABX system for your organization, you will certainly require to do research study in order to understand what solutions are offered, and also just how they will certainly collaborate to assist you take advantage of your company. Speak with numerous firms concentrating on PABX systems as well as explore the numerous remedies on the marketplace offered to you. A PABX system is the regularly utilized term made use of to define an exclusive branch exchange, a telephone exchange that offers one organization. At first the PBAX system was planned to permit companies to be in control of their very own phone systems using in residence drivers. Currently, rather than simply attaching voice phone calls, these systems additionally attach various other sorts of innovation such as facsimile machine as well as computer system modems that path with phone lines.
as well as the Held/ Online IP PBX.
It is a good idea to look for expert assistance when thinking about the very best option for your firm as well as executing a PABX system for your service. Buying a sophisticated PABX system will certainly profit your business in maintaining it as much as day and also completing in an ever before changing globe of technical development.


The terms hearing Impaired device or assistive device or even assistive technology can refer to any device that helps a person with hearing loss or a voice, speech, or language disorder to communicate. These terms often refer to devices that help a person to hear and understand what is being said more clearly or to express thoughts more easily. With the development of digital and wireless technologies, more and more devices are becoming available to help people with hearing, voice, speech, and language disorders communicate more meaningfully and participate more fully in their daily lives.
Hoping to make daily routine – simple things such as watching TV, talking on the phone, hearing the doorbell – a bit less complicated for seniors with hearing loss, we created a list of some of the most interesting hearing impaired devices for the elderly available on the market right now. We hope it helps!
Great Hearing Impaired Assistive Devices for the Elderly
1. For TV Watching: ChairSpeaker Voice Enhancing TV Speaker System
The ChairSpeakers are wireless speakers for TV listening that are designed with “Near-Ear”, a TV speaker system that keeps sound focused directly in front of where they’re facing by using sound reflectors. Perfect for hard of hearing, hearing impaired.
ChairSpeaker’s wireless transmitter features Extreme IR (Infrared) technology that uses direct line of sight up to 33 feet away and reduces any interference that is caused by wireless connections, cordless phones, microwaves, or radio transmissions. Also includes voice clarifying speaker technology.
Moreover, the ChairSpeaker has an speedy set up and comes with both RCA and Digital Optical Audio cables to be compatible with any kind of TV. The ChairSpeaker is compatible with any Smart TV apps including Netflix, Amazon Prime Video, Hulu, and more.
This TV Listening System features ball flex joints that allow it to grip and adjust to almost any type of recliner or other type of furniture. This device turns your chair into a wireless TV speaker.
Check this item on Amazon for around $250.
2. For TV Watching: Avantree HT5006 Wireless Headphones Earbuds for TV Watching
With the Avantree HT5006 Wireless Headphones Earbuds all you need to do is to turn on both headphones and transmitter and they will automatically connect for an ultimate user-friendly experience. There is no need to deal with pairing with this wireless in-ear headphones transmitter set.
Featuring FastStream technology, this set allows you to reduce Bluetooth audio delay – delivering high quality sound in perfect synchronization. Ideal for watching TV and movies, the HT5006 transmitter set can also support two pairs of headphones simultaneously.
Designed for versatility, our TV set can be used together or independently. Use the headphones with your phone, PC or other Bluetooth-enabled devices.
Check this Amazon Choice item on Amazon for around $100.
3. For overall Communication: Williams Sound PKT D1 EH Pocketalker Ultra Duo Pack Amplifier with Single Mini Earbud and Folding Headphone
The Williams Sound PKT D1 EH Pocketalker features a 1 pock talker Ultra W/ microphone, 12 ft. TV listening cord, one listening headset and single Mini earbud. External volume & tone controls, removable microphone with extension cord, Removable integrated belt clip. 20-40 dB acoustic Gain, 2 ft. Tv listening cord up to 100-hours of battery life.
Check this Amazon Choice item on Amazon for $140.
4. For Phone Calling: Hamilton CapTel 2400i Captioned Telephone Large Touch-Screen Captioned Telephone
The Hamilton CapTel 2400i Captioned Telephone Large Touch-Screen Captioned Telephone works just like a standard phone When it rings, you answer it. lf you need to make a call, you just dial – but with this phone, you see captions of what’s being said in large, easy-to-read print on an integrated screen. Captioning service is provided at no-cost anywhere intheU.S.,24/7. People with hearing loss can now easily connect with family, friends, colleagues and medical professionals again – without missing a word.
Large buttons, easy-to-read backlit display for people with low vision, and an integrated answering machine captions your messages.
Supports Caller lD and includes a built-in personal directory, allowing you to easily store and dial more than 95 names and phone numbers; Dial-By-Photo capable. Bluetooth and Wi-Fi compatible.
Adjustable volume control (up to 40dB gain) ensures comfortable listening levels.
Check this item on Amazon for just $75.
5. For Phone Calling: Clarity XLC3.4+ DECT 6.0 Extra Loud Big Button Speakerphone with Talking Caller ID
The Clarity XLC3.4+ DECT 6.0 Extra Loud Big Button Speakerphone with Talking Caller ID features 4 tone settings for a customized listening experience & 95dB extra-loud ringer with adjustable tones. It amplifies incoming sound up to 50+dB & outgoing speech up to 15dB for others to hear better. It has a High-contrast Caller ID screen with large font & talking Caller ID. And works with a DECT 6. 0 technology for interference-free communication.
Check this item on Amazon for around $100.
6. For Phone Ringing: Cell Phone Ringer-Flasher with Built-in USB Port
The Cell Phone Ringer-Flasher features a unique flash patterns and ring ring tones for landline, cell calls & Skype. Moreover, you can connect the bed shaker for vibrating alert (bed shaker not included).The Bright indicator lights alert to missed calls and texts.
Check this item on Amazon for just $75.
7. Sonic Bomb Dual Extra Loud Alarm Clock with Bed Shaker
Since 1980 the Sonic Alert Sonic Bomb Alarm clock has been the strongest alarm shaker on the market for heavy sleepers and deaf individuals. The super loud alarm clock of 113 dB (with adjustable tone & volume control), flashing lights and a powerful 12 volt bed shaker, along with battery backup, provide assurance that you will wake on-time.
Set multiple alarms with a duration of your desire from 1-59 mins and a snooze feature from 1-30 minutes. The super loud alarm clock sound will flash lights. You can also choose either the 12 or 24-hour time format.
It’s very easy to use with simple clearly labeled alarm settings. Turn knobs to set volume and tone. Easy switches and button to control multiple alarms, dimmer, snooze, and clock. Place on desk or night table for easy access.
Award winning globally recognized leader in the international electronics field, helping the deaf, hard to wake, and elderly communities across the world. A trusted brand for over 40 years, we strive to provide cutting-edge products that support our mission to alert & notify users through electronic communications.
Check this Amazon Choice item on Amazon for just $30.
8. Wireless Doorbell JSIEEM Waterproof Door Bell Operating at 1000 feet with Flash LED Light
The Wireless Doorbell JSIEEM comes with two receivers, It can be safely applied to various scenarios, such as apartments, houses (this wireless doorbells offer IP44 waterproof and dustproof). It supports four-level volume adjustment: Off-Low-Middle-High. The door bells & chimes wireless volume is up to 110db. Besides, the colorful flashing light makes the door bells for homes not only a doorbell with flashlight, but also a decoration. It also facilitates hearing impaired people.
The installation method of this door bells & chimes wireless is very simple, just plug the receiver into a power source, remove the insulation sheet of the transmitter and attach it to the wall with the double-sided tape that comes with it, or install it by screws.
Check this Amazon Choice item on Amazon for less than $30.
9. Kidde P4010ACLEDS-2 Hardwired 2-in-1 LED Strobe Hearing Impaired Smoke Detector
The Kidde P4010ACLEDS-2 Hardwired 2-in-1 LED Strobe Hearing Impaired Smoke Detector is an integrated photoelectric smoke alarm and LED strobe light. Low profile bright 177 candela strobe light. Ambient light sensing. Multi-function one button strobe dome includes hush and test.
Check this item on Amazon for around $75.
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If you were shooting astrophotography over the past couple of nights and noticed a strange line of bright dots traveling across the sky, you might have spotted SpaceX’s Starlink satellites. That’s what Marco Langbroek caught on camera yesterday in the video above.
SpaceX’s Starlink is a project to put a constellation of 12,000 satellites in three orbital shells around Earth by the mid-2020s. The low-cost, high-performance satellite bus would be used for a new space-based Internet system.
Yesterday SpaceX launched the first 60 operational satellites, and Langbroek caught the “train” of satellites passing over the city of Leiden in The Netherlands about 22.5 hours after they were launched on a Falcon 9 rocket from Cape Canaveral in Florida. Langbroek was shooting with a WATEC 902H camera and a Canon FD 50mm f/1.8 lens.
SpaceX shared a photo of the satellites in their stacked configuration after they reached orbit and before they were deployed:
The satellite train is so bright that they can easily be seen with the naked eye from the ground and captured with an unaided camera, as this video by Marcin Łoboz of Poland shows:
— Marcin Łoboz (@Marcin_Loboz) May 24, 2019
We’ll know soon enough if or how Starlink satellites will affect our views of the night sky and astrophotography. It’s estimated that there are roughly 5,000 satellites in orbit around Earth right now, but SpaceX is working to more than triple that number over just the next year.