Mn touch screen spec data
MicroNet Touch Screen
The I/A Series MicroNet Touch Screen Display (Touch Screen) is a graphical LCD display that allows a user to view and configure parameters, and view parameter values, for multiple controllers on a network. There are models designed to work on L
Topology, NCP, or ARCNET communications networks, and wall-mount and panel-mount versions are available for each network type. A Touch Screen is cable-connected directly to a compatible network. Controller parameters can
be configured to cause alarm indications on the Touch Screen. The Touch Screen contains a built-in RTC (Real Time Clock) that can be configured to be the master timekeeper for a network. A lithium battery provides backup power for the RTC. The touch-sensitive keypad works easily with the screen’s intuitive graphical representation of common control
parameters. The display, whose parameters are configured from the MicroNet Tech Tool, shows the user 16 menu items,
Back-lighted graphic LCD display.
with each giving access to 16 controller parameters.
Panel-mounted and wall-mounted models available, with
cable-connection to a compatible network.
Intuitive, graphics-based menu system.
The Touch Screen is fully programmable and provides the
Built-in RTC with battery backup.
following functionality to a MicroNet Network:
Secure password protection.
Configuration of Scheduling and Parameters in Networked
Parameters are configured in MicroNet Tech Tool.
Screen configuration is saved on EEPROM, providing
parameter protection from power outage.
Parameter Polling of devices on NCP networks
View of Logging in Networked Controllers
The Touch Screen is connected directly to a LONWORKS, NCP, or ARCNET network. It connects to a PC running the MicroNet Tech Tool, via the MicroNet Interface.
Table-1 Model Chart
I/A Series MicroNet ARCNET Touch Screen Display
I/A Series MicroNet LONWORKS Touch Screen Display
I/A Series MicroNet NCP Touch Screen Display
Approx. 4.25" high x 9.6" wide x 0.5" deep
The Touch Screen displays, and allows configuration of,
controller parameters. Table 2 lists some of these parameters and details their use.
Molded ABS plastic case. Fire resistant to UL94.
Table-2 Touch Screen Menu Options.
Power Supply Input
(350 days life at continuous discharge).
Maximum Power Consumption
Surge Immunity Compliance
ANSI C62.41 (IEEE-587, Category A & B).
UL-916 (File #E189143 Category PAZX).
UL Listed to Canadian Safety Standard (CAN/CSA C22.2).
European Community – EMC Directive (CE)
Shipping and Storage Temperature
connect to the MicroNet View and MicroNet Tech Tool software platforms via the MicroNet Interface. An optional
A LONWORKS communications network
Touch Screen Display (MNN-TSP or MNN-TSW) may be
uses an FTT-10 Free Topology configuration and can host up
connected directly to the NCP network, to interface with
to 62 LONWORKS devices. Controllers on a LONWORKS
connected MicroNet controllers. An NCP network has a
network can communicate with each other in a peer-to-peer
fashion, and connect to the MicroNet View and MicroNet Tech Tool software platforms via the MicroNet Interface. The
If an open protocol is not necessary, but
MicroNet Interface supports an ENM (Embedded Network
peer-to-peer communications and high performance are
Management) database with a complete listing of all devices
desired, the ARCNET network option may be implemented.
on the network and the connections (bindings) between
An ARCNET communications network can host up to 127
them. MicroNet View provides alarm management, and
devices. Controllers on an ARCNET network can
dynamic and historical logging for the network. An optional
communicate with other controllers in a peer-to-peer
Touch Screen Display (MNL-TSP or MNL-TSW) may be
fashion, and connect to the MicroNet View and MicroNet
cable-connected directly to the LONWORKS network, to
Tech Tool software platforms via the MicroNet Interface. An
interface with connected MicroNet controllers. A LONWORKS
optional Touch Screen Display (MNA-TSP or MNA-TSW) may
network has a communications speed of 78.8k baud, using
be connected directly to the ARCNET network, to interface
with connected MicroNet controllers. An ARCNET network has a communications speed of 156k baud.
When neither open protocol nor peer-to-peer
communications are required, an NCP network may be a
cost-effective solution. An NCP network communicates in a
polled-response fashion. Controllers on an NCP network
Desktop PC with MicroNetView*, or Notebook PC withMicroNet Tech Tool
optionally be installed on the desktop PC, together with MicroNet View.
Figure-1 I/A Series MicroNet Touch Screen Display Connectivity.
All specifications are nominal and may change as design improvements are introduced. Siebe Environmental Controls shall not be liable for damages resulting from misapplication or misuse of its products.
I/A Series is a registered trademark of A Siebe Group Company.
LonWorks is a registered trademark of Echelon Corporation.
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for Security Sector Transformation “G.S. Rakovski” Defence and Staff College, Sofia, Bulgaria ABSTRACT: Advanced approaches towards defence management, and the process of the ongoing force transformation in particular, rely to a great extent on Capabilities-Based Planning (CBP) to provide for robust response to a broad spectrum of threats and challenges. Our assumption is that CBP has


"Wavescan" is a weekly program for long distance radio hobbyists produced by Dr. Adrian M. Peterson, Coordinator of International Relations for Adventist World Radio. AWR carries the program over many of its stations (including shortwave). Adrian Peterson is a highly regarded DXer and radio historian, and often includes features on radio history in his program. We are reproducing those features below, with Dr. Peterson's permission and assistance.
Wavescan, February 3, 2013
100 Years of Wireless & Radio in Bulgaria - Pt. 3: The Early Shortwave Scene
Thus far, in our continuing story about the 100 years of wireless & radio in the European nation of Bulgaria, we have presented the early wireless scene, and the story of early radio broadcasting on longwave & mediumwave. In this episode, the 3rd, we now present the interesting story of early shortwave broadcasting, and we pick up this story in the year 1926. That's when the Bulgarian government began to give attention to the need for new radio equipment.
During the following year, a contract for this new radio equipment was awarded to the Marconi company in England; and 2 years later, that is in 1929, 3 new radio transmitters were installed at a location near the Sofia railway station, and activated. These units were listed as:
|Morse & Speech
However, as time went by, these 3 transmitters fell into disuse, and were seldom activated, and by 1935, only one was usable. Towards the end of that year, the transmitter engineers upgraded the usable shortwave transmitter at the radio site near the railway station. They made a power increase to 1-1/2 kW and adapted it for the broadcast of speech & music.
On November 12, 1935, the 1st test transmissions were made from this modified equipment, with emissions on 14970 kHz during the day and 7460 kHz at night. Then a few weeks later regular programming was inaugurated, with the relay of broadcasts from the Sofia mediumwave station each Sunday. This new series of program broadcasts began on Sunday January 19, 1936.
The broadcast of programming for an international audience began from this renovated shortwave transmitter LZA on Tuesday May 24, 1936, with a regular daily relay in the Bulgarian language from mediumwave Radio Sofia for the benefit of Bulgarians abroad. In addition, a regular bulletin of news in the international auxiliary language, Esperanto, was introduced at the same time.
Then, on May 1 of the following year, Radio Sofia went truly international, with the introduction of programming in 4 more European languages; English, French, German & Italian. Turkish was added in early 1938.
However, on April 15, 1938, the usage of shortwave for the dissemination of their radio programming was terminated in favor of the powerful new 100 kW mediumwave transmitter located at Vakarel, 15 miles south east of Sofia. The shortwave transmitter was then employed only for communication usage.
However, with the political scene heating up in continental Europe, usage of the shortwave transmitter was re-activated in November 1938 and the broadcast of radio programming on shortwave was resumed. Hostilities broke out in September 1939, and soon afterwards the shortwave service via the 1-1/2 kW transmitter LZA in Sofia was terminated.
Interestingly though, an international radio monitor in the United States logged a shortwave station that was located in Sistova, Bulgaria in June 1939. According to the report at the time, this station was carrying radio programming on 9420 kHz. At this stage, the main shortwave station in Sofia, LZA, was not on the air with program broadcasting.
We would suggest that this shortwave station at Sistova must have been a low powered unit, probably a communication station at around 1 kW. The programming at the time must have been either a relay link for one of the mediumwave stations in Bulgaria, or a test transmission to observe whether this station could be taken over in an emergency as a regular broadcasting station.
The 1st known printed logging for shortwave station LZA in Sofia, Bulgaria was by an Australian listener who heard the station on 14970 kHz in September 1936. The identification announcement was given as Radio Garata. The last known logging, just 3 years later, was also in Australia soon after the war started when the station was logged on 8500 kHz.
At the end of the year 1939, the following list of mediumwave & shortwave stations were on the air in Bulgaria:


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This is a simple AVG VPN review. It is just a free VPN service, which is often used for connecting online via the broadband connection. It offers an program similar to that of the normal Ie browser, with many extra features just like the Google Alexa plugin and Security password Manager. In addition , you can use it to connect to the Internet via a mobile phone or mobile device. A large number of people realize its convenient since it works in both internet browsers. Some people will find that this merchandise falls brief in one feature: privacy.
AVG VPN was created by Avast Software ersus. r. to. While Avast uses the industry-standard Internet Explorer version, this system also uses a lot of its own features and includes a large number of add-ons which aren’t available in the standard type. Avast utilizes a peer-to-peer (P2P) technology to provide its fast Internet access. In addition, it works tightly with the Nutch security collection, which has been ranked as industry-standard and trusted by millions of users. Avast also utilizes Secure Plug Layer (SSL) with regards to the connection swiftness to be as quickly as possible.
However , AVG’s VPN support does have a flaw. The way in which how P2P applications and programs function when they are distributed between customers cryptofit.co could cause some leakages in the system. These leakages are caused by relationships made from a single IP address, which can be a country, an area, or even a metropolis. These leakages can potentially expose your information and system data files to hackers. If you use AVG VPN, you need to take preventative measure to avoid these leaks.


IZB 2022 Recap!
As part of the International Supplier Exchange (IZB) in Wolfsburg, Eurotech was able to welcome numerous friends and customers of the company, including those from the international environment.
Two processing systems for BluSeal, developed by the Eurotech Group, were presented for the first time worldwide. BluSeal is the perfect anti-capillary solution for securely sealing cable connections and splices.
Eurotech currently supplies this system solution to international vehicle manufacturers.
Furthermore, Eurotech was also able to present its new partner ESCUBEDO from Spain with its extensive product range for the first time. ESCUBEDO manufactures high-quality contacts and housings for the automotive industry and white goods market. ESCUBEDO provides it’s projects with quick delivery times and a high level of expertise in the development of new and custom connector systems.
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Asked by: Emily Varma
Why do I hear background noise on my phone?
It is very common for a tapped phone to experience background noise while you are on a call. Static and clicking are frequent sounds, but may also be due to a faulty connection. However, if you hear an oscillating static from your phone while it’s not in use, chances are the security of your mobile device is at risk.
What is background audio called?
Ambient sound (AKA ambient audio, ambience, atmosphere, atmos or background noise) means the background sounds which are present in a scene or location. Common ambient sounds include wind, water, birds, crowds, office noises, traffic, etc. Ambient sound is very important in video and film work.
What does it mean when you hear your own voice on the phone?
In many cases echo is a symptom of acoustic feedback from the phone of the party you are talking to. Your voice travels across the phone system to the other party, their phone’s speaker plays the sound, then their phone microphone picks up on that sound and it is transmitted back to your phone as an echo.
How do I stop background noise on my phone?
Select effects. And then scroll down to find the noise reduction option tap on it and in the following screen tap on apply to add the effect to your audio.
What are the signs of your phone being tapped?
How to Tell If Your Phone Is Tapped?
- Battery Issues. One of the main signs of phone tapping is that the battery drains frequently. …
- Mobile Data Usage. …
- Unwanted Ads and Apps. …
- Performance Issues. …
- Strange Messages. …
- Websites Look Weird.
How do you know if your phone is being tapped?
Here’s how to tell if your cell phone is tapped.
- Battery Problems. …
- Increased Mobile Data Usage. …
- Unwanted Ads and Apps. …
- General Performance Issues. …
- Strange Messages Can Indicate Phone Tapping. …
- Websites Look Different. …
- Use Android Forwarding Codes Like *#21#
What is ambient voice?
Ambient sound refers to the background or surrounding noise present. You can hear the ambient noise through the earbud microphone while listening to the music. Example: You can listen to the train announcement, rain, birds, etc. while you are listening to the music.
What is background noise on Iphone?
15 you can choose to play a background sound such as bright noise or rain to mask unwanted noise and help you concentrate while you use your iphone.
Why does my Iphone make background noise?
You can play calming sounds—such as ocean or rain—to mask unwanted environmental noise and help minimize distractions so you can focus or rest. Go to Settings > Accessibility > Audio/Visual > Background Sounds, then turn on Background Sounds.
How do you deal with background noise?
6 Ways to Reduce Noise While Recording Dialog
- Eliminate Background Noise Sources. …
- Use Directional Microphones. …
- Use a Low-Cut Filter at the Microphone or First Stage of Amplification. …
- Reduce the Number of Open Microphones. …
- Use Real-Time Noise Suppression. …
How do you isolate background noise?
So to select you just go up to the selector tool here. And then just click and drag. And then you're going to want to select the background. Noise. Once you have it selected go up to effect.
How do I get rid of background noise on Android?
Select an aspect ratio and tap Next to open Media Browser. Then, select the video you want background noise removed. Tap on the video’s timeline to open a menu on the right. Tap on the loudspeaker icon on the right and slide the volume to zero.
What does suppress background noise mean?
Description. You can limit the background noise in your environment using Zoom’s background noise suppression settings. The high suppression feature gives you distraction-free audio for important meetings and presentations so you can sound your best.
How do I turn off background noise on Samsung?
Open the Galaxy Wearable app and then tap the SETTINGS tab. From here, you can turn Ambient sound on or off. Then, touch and hold the touchpad until you hear “Turn on ambient sound.” Next, you will hear “Ambient sound turned on” and the feature will be activated.
How do I remove background noise from audio free?
How to Remove Background Noise From Audio
- Upload Audio. Upload your audio files to VEED – it’s all online & works right in your browser.
- Remove Background Noise. Click on the audio track, open Settings, then click ‘Clean Audio’. Background noise will disappear in seconds, automatically.
- Download. That’s it, you’re done.
How do you listen to background voices?
On accessibility. Inside of accessibility. We're going to scroll down again until we see audio and visual. Once we tap into that we have an option for background.
How do I isolate voice noise in the background on my Iphone?
So let's go. So if you are on ios 15 go to voice memos start recording any voice this recording is for test only thank you for watching.
Does iPhone cancel out background noise?
Phone Noise Cancellation: Uses air pressure to reduce ambient background noise to help you hear better when you’re holding the receiver to your ear on phone calls in certain noisy environments. Phone noise cancellation is available and on by default on iPhone 12 and earlier, and can be turned off for your comfort.
What is phone noise cancellation?
Phone noise cancellation, first introduced in iOS 7, monitors levels of ambient background noise and produces an inverse audio signal to cancel that background noise out, so you don’t hear it on a phone call. The technology works best with continuous low-level background noise, and it typically works very well.
Where is iPhone noise cancellation?
Apple iPhone – Turn Noise Cancellation On / Off
- Settings. Accessibility. . If unavailable, swipe left to access the App Library. If unavailable, navigate: Settings. General. Accessibility. .
- Tap. Audio/Visual. then tap the. Phone Noise Cancellation switch. to turn on or off .
How do I reduce background noise on my mic?
To reduce ambient sounds while you’re using a standard microphone, do a quick sweep of your area. Turn off any fans, televisions, radios, or audio output systems that may be picked up by your microphone. Make sure that any nearby devices aren’t causing interference as well.
What is audio ducking on iPhone?
Audio Ducking: Temporarily reduce media playback volume when VoiceOver speaks. Auto-select Speaker in Call: Automatically switch to the speaker during a call when you’re not holding iPhone to your ear. Send to HDMI: Route audio to externally connected devices, such as an instrument amplifier or a DJ mixer.


The Factory Interface Module is an optional component that provides digital and analog (4-20mA) input and output (I/O) to allow interfacing the EMS-10 to a factory data system and/or to acquire additional sensor signals. Analog inputs can be used to acquire data from an external sensor (flow, temp, etc.). Analog outputs can be used to transmit concentration data to a factory data system. Digital outputs can be used to indicate health, state or gas alarm status.
The 8/6/6 Module has 8 Digital relay outputs, 6 analog inputs and 6 analog outputs.
The 8/2/2 Module includes 8 digital relay outputs, 2 analog inputs and 2 analog outputs.


What is Starlink?
In the Elon Musk project, Starlink is a system of 42,000 satellites that are located about 500 km from the Earth's surface. These satellites communicate quickly, creating one large network. In fact, this is a data transmission system in which the signal from the Earth is transmitted to a network of satellites in orbit, relayed within this network, and then the data is read anywhere on Earth.
At the moment, 1919/42000 satellites have already been put into operation. Falcon 9 rockets can significantly reduce the cost of delivering satellites into orbit, since the first stages of this rocket are “reusable” - after the satellite is put into orbit, the rocket returns to earth and can be reused. Also in the future it is planned to use the BFR rocket, which will reduce the cost relative to the Falcon 9 by as much as 5 times! It is planned to put all 42,000 satellites into operation before the end of 2027.
How it works
At this stage, Starlink works on the principle of a repeater. The signal from the user terminal goes to the satellite, and from it to the nearest ground station. As of March 2022, the signal between the satellites is not transmitted. Therefore, the coverage area is within a radius of approximately 900 km around the ground stations. Although the acceptance of applications from those who wish from all over the world has already begun, users who have submitted an application and made an advance payment of $99 are not given any guarantees and are only given an approximate connection time. The technology is currently in test mode.
Why is Starlink needed?
First of all, satellite Internet can provide access to the network in the most remote places on the planet. The traditional type of Internet connection uses terrestrial wired channels, while Starlink is satellite. To connect to Starlink, you will need to buy the antenna (terminal) itself, install it in a place where there will be the fewest obstacles to the sky and download an application from the market to set it up. After a subscription fee of $99, you will have access to the network. At the moment, the service is not available in all countries of the world, but it is already actively used in the USA, Canada and Australia. Naturally, it does not have visible advantages compared to conventional Internet providers, there are several disadvantages:
- High cost of terminals
- Expensive subscription fee
- Dependence on the location of the satellite in orbit
- Unstable connection due to incomplete coverage
- Not available in all countries
However, despite all these disadvantages, the service is gaining its popularity, since wired Internet is not everywhere.
Space Debris Problem
Many scientists expressed their concern, since such a number of satellites is fraught with pollution of orbital and outer space. However, Elon Musk assured that all satellites are equipped with maneuvering drives, which will allow them to “evade” space debris, and at the end of operation go down and burn in the atmosphere without leaving debris behind. Several satellites have already been decommissioned manually in this way. Elon Musk, as the owner of the private space company SpaceX, is well aware of how important the problem with space debris is and even offered his own options on how to clean up low Earth orbit.
Astronomers also expressed their concern, because such a number of satellites will create obstacles for the study of the night sky. Elon Musk and his team, in turn, developed a special coating for the satellites “DarkSat”, which made it possible to reduce the albedo by 55%, but this is still not enough.
The main advantage of Starlink is speed. Unlike other types of satellite Internet, Elon Musk's company will provide users with download speeds from "150 to 500 Mbps" (depending on the service package). The average download speed of a 4G mobile network under normal load conditions is about 20 Mbps. Satellite Internet is good for covering very large areas. In fact, it gives guaranteed coverage of the entire planet to those places where there are no cell towers. Although it also depends on the weather and may not work, for example, during a thunderstorm or heavy rain. Now the system is working in test mode and gradually becoming available in different countries, so it is likely that this technology will become more popular in the future if the subscription fee becomes a little lower. Perhaps the future lies with satellite Internet, since in theory this will allow you to connect to the network anywhere in the world. This opens up huge opportunities for users who, for one reason or another, do not have access to mobile or wired Internet. Many companies have announced their own developments of Starlink analogues, and satellite Internet already existed before it, but so far only Elon Musk's company has been able to provide such a data transfer rate.
More recently, Starlink has also been launched in Ukraine! Perhaps it will help to keep in touch and give access to the Internet in regions where it will be impossible to connect via wired Internet due to hostilities.
At the end of 2022, when the power is unstable, many work centers switched to generators and Starlinks, which allows website developers and startups to work stably even during the war with orcs!


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Easy to install, no configuration required; includes ceiling/wall mount bracket, cable sold separately. Step 3: Gently adjust the antennas to the desired angles. Perfect for cellular antennas and amplifier cable. Page 15: Position The Active Antennas Nighthawk X8 AC5300 Tri-Band WiFi Router The router receives a much cleaner and less noisy signal for amplification, significantly improving the received signal and providing a clean, powerful signal that extends WiFi coverage and performance. The NETGEAR high-quality dual-band antennas operate in the 2.4 and 5GHz bands with 2dBi omni-directional operation to provide best-in-class balanced coverage throughout the home when used with supported NETGEAR routers. Nighthawk is ideal for bandwidth-hungry activities such as online gaming and video streaming, powered by a dual core 1 GHz processor. Think of signal strength like a doughnut shape. Position the antennas as shown. However all the windows in my home are double pane windows and when we open the windows or go outside we get a 6-10 dB increase in signal, so maybe sticking that netgear antenna on the outside of the window would help? Note that if you move an antenna to the left, the connection may loosen, in which case you can simply hold the antenna in place in the position desired and tighten the knurled end to hold it in place. Even though your NETGEAR WiFi extender has an antenna, the best way to transmit data is through wired connections. When choosing placement for your Nighthawk router, there are several factors to consider in order to increase the range of your Nighthawk router: Note that if you move an antenna to the left, the connection may loosen, in which case you can simply hold the antenna in place in the position desired and tighten the knurled end to hold it in place. Plug In Your Modem Router 4. Align the antennas with the antenna posts on the router. I purchased the Netgear 6000450 Antenna for use with my Netgear Nighthawk LTE Hotspot Router. Why is it that Netgear doesn't have this available? Connects external antennas to your mobile device. This is usually near a window or outside wall - outdoors, away from under the building structure is almost always better. Great hardware--but come on. High Performance The HyperGain Model HGV-2404U is and economical yet high performance omnidirectional Wi-Fi antenna designed for the 2.4GHz ISM band. Page 15: Position The Active Antennas Nighthawk X8 AC5300 Tri-Band WiFi Router The router receives a much cleaner and less noisy signal for amplification, significantly improving the received signal and providing a clean, powerful signal that extends WiFi coverage and performance. I started this almost 8 minutes ago the modem dropped. With its considerable power, the Home MultiRoom delivers reliable cellular connectivity throughout a coverage area of three large rooms; up to 5,000 square feet. Attenuates... 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Coupled with three high-gain omni-directional external antennas, Nighthawk WiFi Range Extender transmits the extended signal in a 360-degree radius to blanket your entire home with strong WiFi coverage. Netgear challenged Enlisted to reinterpret and evolve Nighthawk’s existing industrial design language with the creation of two new routers intended to further push the boundaries of what’s possible. Connecting 2 Antennas (1 to … Part Number: ACC-10314-01 ACC-10314-02 ACC-10314-03 ACC-10314-04 Cable Length: 1.5 m 3 m 5 m 10 m It leaves all the installation work to a nationwide network of... Target Your Home's Weak Signal Areas
Nighthawk AX8 Image: Netgear. 10 foot RG-58 with N Male Connector on one end and SMA Male connector on the other. Attach the Antennas. You probably purchased the Netgear Nighthawk M1 from Telstra because you heard that it was the world's fastest mobile hotspot. The Nighthawk X8 AC5300 Tri-Band WiFi Router is the next wave in WiFi with Tri-Band Quad Stream performance, Nighthawk delivers combined WiFi speeds of up to 5.3 Gbps . Nighthawk® Mobile Hotspot Router Data Sheet The Panorama Ultra Wideband MiMo Antenna supports high speed 4G and 5G LTE so you can... Wilson Wide Band Log Periodic Directional Antenna - 50 ohm. NETGEAR recommends that the center antenna be vertical and that you aim the others outward at 45 degree angles, as shown. The 700mW high-powered amplifiers provide extreme range, while the dual core 800MHz processor enables maximum WiFi performance. Thank you for selecting NETGEAR products. ... market acceptance, market growth, specific uses, user feedback and market position of Netgear 's products and technology are forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Safe Harbor. High speed. NETGEAR Nighthawk WiFi Router (R7000P) - AC2300 Wireless Speed (up to 2300 Mbps) | Up to 2000 sq ft Coverage & 35 Devices | 4 x 1G Ethernet and 2 USB ports | NETGEAR Armor Cybersecurity, Black 4.3 … Nighthawk~~®~~ Dual-band WiFi Mesh Extender, 1.9Gbps. Add to cart Find in store ★★★★★ ★★★★★ (447) Add Netgear Nighthawk AC1900 WiFi USB Adapter to Compare; Add Netgear Nighthawk AC1900 WiFi USB Adapter to Wishlist $ 279. Nighthawk~~®~~ X4S Tri-band WiFi Mesh Extender, 2.2Gbps, Wall-plug, Internal Antenna. b) Attach the four antennas. Nighthawk~~®~~ 12-Stream Dual-Band WiFi 6 Router (up to 6Gbps) with NETGEAR Armor~~™~~, MU-MIMO, USB 3.0 ports. 3. 50 + years exp. Position the antennas for the best WiFi performance. The router comes with three antennas. If you have an issue getting a good cellular signal to the Netgear Nighthawk, we can help. Package Contents Modem router Antennas (3) Ethernet cable 3. If tightened correctly in step 2, they will stay firmly in place. ANT224D10 10 DBI Antenna. NETGEAR ProSupport Extended warranty and support ... Internal Antenna. It will move independently from the antennas thus letting you adjust the antennas as desired. Expert in current Telstra Go repeaters & smart antennas. Information is subject to change without notice. Manual will be automatically added to "My Manuals", Wireless Router NETGEAR Nighthawk X8 AC5300 Tri-Band User Manual, Wireless Router NETGEAR Nighthawk X6 R8000 Quick Start Manual, Wireless Router NETGEAR Nighthawk X6 AC3200 User Manual, Wireless Router NETGEAR R8000 Nighthawk X6 AC3200 User Manual, Wireless Router Netgear Nighthawk X4 R7500 Installation Manual, Wireless Router NETGEAR Nighthawk X4S R7800 User Manual, Wireless Router NETGEAR Nighthawk X4S User Manual, Wireless Router NETGEAR Nighthawk X4S Quick Start Manual, Wireless Router NETGEAR Nighthawk X6 Reviewer's Manual, Wireless Router NETGEAR Nighthawk X10 R9000 User Manual, Wireless Router NETGEAR Nighthawk X6S User Manual, Wireless Router NETGEAR Nighthawk R7000 User Manual, Wireless Router Netgear Nighthawk R7000 Installation Manual, Wireless Router Netgear Nighthawk R6700 Installation Manual, Wireless Router NETGEAR Nighthawk R6700 User Manual, Wireless Router Netgear Orbi RBR50 User Manual, Page 8: The Nighthawk X8 Ac5300 Tri-Band Wifi Router Is The Next Wave In Wifi With Tri-Band Quad Stream Performance, Page 14: How Active Antennas Improve Wifi Performance, Page 19: Use A Web Browser To Access The Router, Page 21: Access The Router With Netgear Genie Apps, Page 24: Specify An Internet Connection Without A Login, Page 25: Specify An Internet Connection That Uses A Login, Page 27: Specify Ipv6 Internet Connections, Page 28: Requirements For Entering Ipv6 Addresses, Page 30: Use Auto Detect For An Ipv6 Internet Connection, Page 31: Set Up An Ipv6 6To4 Tunnel Internet Connection, Page 33: Set Up An Ipv6 Dhcp Internet Connection, Page 34: Set Up An Ipv6 Fixed Internet Connection, Page 36: Set Up An Ipv6 Pass Through Internet Connection, Page 38: Set Up An Ipv6 6Rd Internet Connection, Page 44: Allow Or Block Access To Your Network, Page 46: Use Keywords To Block Internet Sites, Page 47: Block Services From The Internet, Page 48: Delete Keywords From The Blocked List, Page 49: Avoid Blocking On A Trusted Computer, Page 50: Manage Network Access Control Lists, Page 51: Schedule When To Block Internet Sites And Services, Page 52: Set Up Security Event Email Notifications, Page 66: Set Up Ethernet Port Aggregation, Page 71: Disable The Dhcp Server Feature In The Router, Page 73: Delete A Reserved Ip Address Entry, Page 78: Set Up A Bridge For A Vlan Tag Group, Page 80: Use The Wps Wizard For Wifi Connections, Page 82: Change The Wifi Password Or Security Level, Page 89: Use The Router As A Wifi Access Point, Page 95: Use Dynamic Qos To Optimize Internet Traffic Management, Page 96: Enable Or Disable The Automatic Qos Database Update, Page 97: Manually Update The Dynamic Qos Database, Page 98: Participate In Dynamic Qos Analytics, Page 99: Wi-Fi Multimedia Quality Of Service, Page 106: Display Internet Port Statistics, Page 107: Check The Internet Connection Status, Page 108: View And Manage Logs Of Router Activity, Page 109: View Devices Currently On The Network, Page 110: Monitor Internet Traffictraffic Metering, Page 112: Manage The Router Configuration File, Page 113: Erase The Current Configuration Settings, Page 119: Access A Usb Storage Device Connected To The Router From A Windows Computer, Page 120: Access A Usb Storage Device That Is Connected To The Router From A Mac, Page 121: Back Up Windows Computers With Readyshare Vault, Page 122: Prepare To Back Up A Large Amount Of Data, Page 126: Add A Network Folder On A Usb Storage Device, Page 127: Edit A Network Folder On A Usb Storage Device, Page 135: Specify A Dns Account That You Already Created, Page 136: Change The Dynamic Dns Settings, Page 137: Set Up Your Personal Ftp Server, Page 138: Access Usb Storage Devices Through The Internet, Page 139: Chapter 11 Use The Router As A Media Server, Page 140: Specify Readydlna Media Server Settings, Page 141: Set Up The Router's Itunes Server With Itunes, Page 142: Set Up The Router's Itunes Server With The Remote App, Page 144: Play Media From A Usb Device On Tivo, Page 147: Install The Printer Driver And Cable The Printer, Page 148: Install The Readyshare Printer Utility, Page 149: Print Using The Netgear Usb Control Center, Page 150: View Or Change The Status Of A Printer, Page 151: Change Netgear Usb Control Center Settings, Page 152: Specify The Usb Control Center Time-Out, Page 155: Install Openvpn Software On Your Computer, Page 159: Use Vpn To Access The Router's Usb Device And Media, Page 160: Block Vpn Client Internet Access In The Router, Page 161: Use A Vpn Tunnel To Access Your Internet Service At Home, Page 162: Chapter 14 Customize Internet Traffic Rules For Ports, Page 163: Port Forwarding To A Local Server, Page 164: Add A Custom Port Forwarding Service, Page 167: How The Router Implements The Port Forwarding Rule, Page 175: 2.4 Ghz, 5 Ghz-1, And 5 Ghz-2 Wifi Leds Are Off, Page 179: Troubleshoot Your Network Using The Ping Utility, Page 180: Test The Path From Your Computer To A Remote Device, Page 181: Chapter 16 Supplemental Information. AX4200 WiFi Router • *NEW weBoost Affordable Voice & 4G, 3G Internet Mobile System• Outside Antenna Has Adhesive Disk For Aluminum Vehicle Bodies• Ideal Mobile Companion in Cars, Trucks, RVs, Boats• Boost Signals For... RG-58 Coaxial Cable with N-Male and SMA Male Connectors. High gain and flexible in … 3 dBi Indoor Dual band antenna ANT2511AC for 2.4 GHz and 5G band. 2. Fits devices like Hotspots and Home Phone Connects with TS-9 Ports. The NETGEAR Nighthawk X6S – R7900P Wi-Fi Router is one of the most powerful and reliable routers you can get your hands on. Wireless HD streaming can be enjoyed at its best thanks to Nighthawk features such as downstream Quality of Service, Beamforming+ and built-in iTunes® server compatibility. A good, inexpensive option to improving the signal to the is to attach an external antenna. "Screw" the antenna into the connector as if you were using a screwdriver to drive a screw. After installing your device, locate the serial number on the label of your product and use it to register your product at WiFi router antenna position plays a crucial role in the speed off the and the range of the WiFi signal. AC1900 AC1900 WiFi Mesh Extender. Information is subject to change without notice. . Four external active antennas combined with f our internal antennas amplify and maximiz e WiFi r ange . To determine where to attach the antennas, match the labels on the antennas with the labels on the router. Get latest updates on new products and special offers. FREE Shipping by Amazon. Package contents . This kit combines a Wilson Wide Band Directional Antenna PLUS a 20 Foot RG-58 Cable Plus TS-9... 18 inch cable with right angle TS-9 connector on one end and FME Male connector on the other. AC2200 WiFi Mesh Extender. Enjoy better cellcoverage at home. Connect to the Internet You can either use an Ethernet cable or connect with WiFi to the modem router. Has SMA Male connector on one end an N-Male connector on the other. Overview This article will help you fix the antenna of your R7000 that won't stay on position. Turn on your extender. The AT&T Nighthawk® M1 MR1100 Mobile Hotspot Router by NETGEAR is a mobile hotspot achieves maximum download speeds of 1 Gbps, bringing our mobile broadband experience to unparalleled new heights. ANT2409 9 DBI Antenna. Nightha wk X10 AD7200 Smar t WiFi Router User Manual Model R9000 June 2017 202-11653-04 350 E. Plumeria Drive San Jose, CA 95134 USA Step 3: Gently adjust the antennas to the desired angles. Wilson RG-58 Coaxial Cable
NETGEAR, Inc., 350 E. Plumeria Drive, San Jose, CA, 95014 USA. Hold the antenna parallel to the router housing. 2. Attach the antennas. You can connect an antenna to one or both ports. The package contains 1 wide band MIMO Antenna with 2 x 30ft cable, mounting bracket and 2 Antenna adapter cables for Netgear NIGHTHAWK M1 MR1100 mobile WiFi LTE Hotspot router 700MHz-2700MHz MIMO Antenna * Frequency Range (MHz): 698-960/1710-2700 mHz * Input Impedance (Ω) 50 * Gain(dBi) dB 4/7 * VSWR: <= 2/2.5 It is not the most practical way, though — you couldn't go very far with your phone if it was connected to a line in the wall. And this is true! Nighthawk AC1900 WiFi VDSL/ADSL Modem Router Model D7000v2 To attach the antennas: Align the antennas with the antenna posts on the back panel of the modem router. 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This is KB3OGQ representing the American Red Cross as net control station for the Allegheny County Public Service Net. This Net meets every Wednesday night at 9:00 PM local time on the North Hills Amateur Radio Club Repeater, the W3EXW repeater on 147.09 MHz. The back up repeater is the Gateway FM Association repeater, the WA3PBD repeater on 146.73 MHz. In the event this repeater should fail, wait 2 minutes. If this repeater does not return to operation, switch to the back up. Is there any emergency or priority traffic - if so call KB3OGQ.
Hearing None. This is a directed net, alerted for the purpose of a training drill. When I call the roll please give your call and state if you have any comments for the net.
I will now take additional check ins. You do not have to be a member of ARES or RACES, or be from Allegheny County to check in. Please give your call, name and location.
(take check ins)
Are there any additional check ins.
I would like to thank the North Hills Amateur Radio Club for use of the repeater. I will now close the net and return the repeater to general amateur radio use.
And so went my first experience as net control. Thanks to everyone for being nice :-)


Apple wants you to follow the rules, and they are offering assistance for any one who need help doing so.
Apple is currently working on technology that disables your phones from recording it taking pictures where it is not permitted using an infrared signal, a newly approved patent is showing.
This new technology has the potential to stop people from recording illegally at concerts and in theaters. In the patent, it is described how an infrared signal will go off in places where recording is prohibited. The phone will then detect a signal and either alter what’s shown on the screen or shutting down it’s video features completely. The video capabilities will be shut down of pointed in a certain direction like toward a stage or a movie screen.
Something else you might find cool is that the infrared signal can also be used to find out more about something. Say you are at a museum, if you point it at a piece of art, it will be able to give you more details about it.
Are you worried about the possible new technology? Tweet us and let us know how you feel.
Source: CNN Money


The Human-Computer Communications Laboratory (HCCL) was established in 1999. Our vision is to leverage the powerful confluence of massive of computing, communication and content to derive intelligence in a form that is amenable to effective access, visualization and utilization for humans. Our mission is to foster interdisciplinary research and education in human-centric information systems. The scope of our study includes how interactive and intelligent human-computer interfaces to information should be designed and realized, in order to enable users to accomplish their desired tasks in smart, effective and efficient ways.
Guided by our mission, HCCL supports research areas including but not limited to: speech recognition, spoken language understanding, speech generation and synthesis, conversational systems development, audio information processing, multimodal and multimedia interface development, multi-biometric authentication, intelligent agents, mobile computing and e-learning.
Guided by our mission, HCCL is intended to support research areas including but not limited to: speech recognition, spoken language understanding, speech generation, conversational systems development, audio information processing, multimodal and multimedia interface development, intelligent agents, mobile computing, and computer-supported collaborative work.
Systems and Demos
- Enunciate: An online computer aided pronunciation training (CAPT) system (2017)
The growing number of second language (L2) learners creates a large demand of language learning resources. It is estimated that the number of English learners in China and India is over 500 million, which is greater than the combined population of English speaking countries. This creates a serious shortage of professional English teachers. A computer-aided pronunciation training (CAPT) system is one of the best approaches to fulfill the demands. The aim of CAPT is to provide an automatic system together with automatic speech recognition and diagnosis technology to help learner learning language around-the-clock.
- Voice Conversion (2017)
Voice Conversion (VC) aims to modify a source speaker’s speech in such a way that it will resemble the target speaker’s speech. Real-time VC has wide applicability, e.g. in customized feedback of computer-aided pronunciation trimming systems, development of personalized speaking aids for speech-impaired subjects, moving dubbing with various actors’ voices, etc.
- CU CRYSTAL: Highly Natural Chinese Speech Synthesis with a Talking Head (2009)
We have developed Crystal, a text-to-audiovisual-speech synthesizer that can automatically generate a cartoontalking head based on textual input. This avatar can speak in Cantonese or Putonghua. We are working on improving the naturalness of the avatar, both in terms of its spoken expressions, as well as facial expressions and articulatory gestures. This exciting project has many applications, e.g. electronic books, reading aids for the visually impaired, language learning, etc.
- CU VOCAL: A Corpus-based Approach for Highly Natural Cantonese Text-to-Speech Synthesis (2006)
Our original objective is to develop a domain-optimized speech generation engine across Chinese dialects (focusing on Cantonese and Putonghua) as a component technology in Spoken Dialog Systems. We have successfully designed and implemented a novel approach for this task, and applied it to application domains such as foreign exchange, stocks and finanical news. The latest development of the CU Vocal project is that we are now able to synthesize speech for domain-independent text for Cantonese. The naturalness of the synthesized speech is our main concern.
- HCCL’s CU FOREX system — Live Demonstration!
CU FOREX is a bilingual conversational hotline for foreign exchange enquiries. You can try talking your way to our real-time Reuters satellite feed!
- HCCL’s Natural Language Interface
This is a natural language interface to demonstrate language understanding of Air Travel Information Queries
- HCCL’s Speech Generation System
Listen to our speech generation for Putonghua and Cantonese! It speaks out the most uptodate foreign exchange rates!
- Trilingual Audio Search Engine
ASE is a multilingual audio search engine on the web that supports Cantonese, English and Putonghua speech retrieval. Users can use a textual query to retrieve audio and video documents.
- Semantic Processing
The semantic processing system can perform bilingual natural language understanding(NLU) for user queries in the financial domain. It uses a unified approach to handle both English and Chinese natural language queries. The system’s intelligence can derive complete interpretations of queries. It can automatically retrieve real-time stock quote from REUTERS. The system can be integrated with speech recognition and synthesis technologies.
- High-end PCs and Workstations
- Audio Equipment
- Quiet, recording room
- Special-purpose software tools
- Prof. MENG, Mei Ling Helen (Lab Coordinator)
- Prof. LAM, Wai


Yuan On December 11, Xiaomi launched a new product named Xiaomi Noise Canceling Headphones priced at 299 yuan ($35). As the manufacturer claims, it provides a CD-level sound quality. Today these amazing headphones have gone on sale. So, we decided to get our hands on and recall its selling points.
First, the Xiaomi Noise Canceling Headphones come with an ergonomic earplugs design. They are too soft and skin-friendly. Thanks to them the earplugs are closer to the ear canal. The headphone noise reduction box, the metal clip, and the headphones are molded from 6 Series aluminum alloy. The dual-material wire is coated with TPE skin material, which can effectively reduce the stethoscope effect.
These headphones come with a dual-dynamic + an acoustic architecture that provides an original noise reduction. So regardless the fact whether this feature is turned or not background sounds will not interfere with the sound quality due to the music separation acoustic system.
The Xiaomi Noise Canceling Headphones provide two levels of noise reduction switch (supporting 50-1500Hz broadband active noise reduction and maximum 20dB noise suppression). All the operations can be implemented remotely as well. This is quite suitable for a noisy environment such as aircraft and subway and railway stations.
At last, these headphones have the certification of the Japanese Hi-Res Audio Standard, and they come with an in-built 55mAh battery, which provides up to 12 hours music playback on a single charge. It can be charged using a Micro USB port.


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Born on April 24, 1874, Guglielmo Marconi was known for his pioneering work on long distance radio transmission. Like many physicists of his day, Marconi thought that electromagnetic waves traveled like light, in a straight line. He wondered what would happen when sending a signal thousands of miles beyond the horizon- would the curvature of the earth affect transmission? Marconi’s tremendous discoveries in the field of radiotelegraphy lead to the development of valuable technology around the world in the early 1900’s. Because of this, he is widely regarded as the grandfather of modern radio. Marconi’s fascination lead him to start experimenting with transmitting radio waves across the Atlantic Ocean. His experiments eventually lead to an increased understanding of the behavior of radio waves for which he went on to receive a Nobel Prize. This work laid the foundation for invaluable radio technology during the early 20th century.
In July of 1900, Marconi began a rather large experiment: he attempted to send a radio wave across the Atlantic Ocean. In Poldhu Cornwall, at the lower tip of England, Marconi constructed a ring of masts, 200 feet in diameter with transmitting aerials. He then designed a receiver station in South Wellfleet at Cape Cod. Before he could successfully conduct the experiment, a series of rather large windstorms ripped the masts out of the ground in Poldhu. A similar situation happened at the receiver station at Cape Cod. The high winds destroyed the site just one short month before Marconi was scheduled to deliver his first transatlantic transmission.
Refusing to be discouraged, Marconi erected a fan shaped antenna in Poldhu. On the North American side, he found a hill top plateau on Signal Hill overlooking St. Johns Port in Newfoundland. There, with his two assistants, he attached the antenna to a kite and sent it soaring 400 feet above the stormy Atlantic. On December 12, 1901, Marconi and his team took turns listening through a pair of earphones for signals from Cornwall. At noon, they heard three sharp clicks; a Morse code signal for the letter “S.” To Marconi’s excitement, the radio signal was successfully carried 2,137 miles across the Atlantic Ocean, and it was uninterrupted by the curvature of the earth. This remarkable discovery marked the dawn of the age of radio.
Throughout his life, Marconi continued experimenting in radiotelegraphy. The Italian inventor eventually became known for Marconi’s Law, which focuses on the relation between the height of antennas and the maximum signaling distance radio transmissions can travel. He postulated that the potential distance of radio transmission is directly proportional to the height of the transmitters and receivers. The formula reads, H=C√D, and was used to successfully establish that the transmitter/receiver height divided by the square of the potential broadcast distance would be a constant. That constant is what allowed for predictable outcomes of broadcast distances.
In 1909, Marconi and Karl Ferdinand Braun won the Nobel Prize in recognition of their contributions of the development of wireless telegraphy. At the time, wireless telegraphs aboard ships were considered a costly luxury. This idea altered in 1912 when the Titanic sank in less than three hours. It was during this historical catastrophe, that people truly benefited from Marconi’s work- S.O.S. wireless messages brought a rescue ship to save over seven hundred passengers. The efficiency of the Titanic’s wireless message demonstrated a compelling need for ships to be outfitted with wireless equipment.
The authentic 1912 telegraph equipment you’ll see in the Marconi Room is identical to that installed in Titanic’s wireless room. This primitive system was the ship’s only link to the world and a popular means for passengers to send messages home. Two men employed by the Marconi Company worked in this small windowless room near the bridge. Their main job was to receive and send messages by radio waves using Morse code. Little did they know they would soon be tapping out one of the first S.O.S signals from a ship in distress.
Also, here is a simulated radio transmission from the RMS Titanic. This recording is in all likelihood a simulation, but its exact origin is not known.
In later years, Marconi’s interest turned to transmitting the voice by radio, and in 1920, he began a regular news broadcast in Britain. Radio was marketed to large institutions seeking point-to-point communications. Newspaper articles about the advancements of radio fueled the public’s fascination. The invention of inexpensive crystal radio sets opened up the airwaves to people who were not inventors and their institutional clients in 1920. By 1912, several hundred thousand amateur radio enthusiasts, known as “hams,” were using Marconi’s findings on their “ham radios.” Ham radio used designated frequency spectra for purposes of private recreation, non-commercial exchange of messages, wireless experimentation, self-training, and emergency communication. Hams did not just listen to radio messages; The beauty was that they could also transmit them.
Here is a vintage Crystal Radio set
The 1912 Radio Act required the licensing of all radio operators, and partitioned the airwaves into separate sections for different types of uses. According to the act, amateurs were only allowed to broadcast via shortwave radio. By the time WWI commenced, radio became restricted for wartime communication due to the need for protection and national security efforts. It wasn’t until after the war ended that radio became rather profitable throughout multiple avenues. Radio became a retail sales opportunity, which included department store sales, commercials, and programming.
In many ways, the broadcasting system has changed very little in the last seventy-five years. Marconi’s mission was to create a wireless version of the telegraph and the telephone, and that he did. Thanks to Marconi, hundreds of programs filled the airwaves, and the world’s love affair with radio was born. The most incredible aspect of the story is that the radio phenomenon occurred a mere twenty years after Marconi received the first transatlantic radio signal. Radio, as an information-spreading medium became an essential part of day-to-day culture. By all means, Guglielmo Marconi changed how the world spread and received information to masses of people.


Zetlight A200 Wifi Switch Controller
Brand : Zetlight
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Horizon Aqua APP (available on iOS and Android)
Zetlight Shieldo Series
Zetlight DC Return Pumps
Zetlight Dosing Pumps
Zetlight CAM2 Camera
You can connect to the wifi signal of the A200 device.
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RADA has added Text Messaging to it communication media with farmers. The text messaging facility is intended to relay important alerts and bulletins to farmers’ cellular phone. Over 75% of the farmers in the ABIS registration database have contact numbers. Short text messages are sent to these farmers informing them of adverse weather conditions, pests and disease outbreaks as well as urgent developments in the agricultural sector. The use of this medium will become most critical during the current hurricane season in the event of severe weather conditions.
Benefits to be derived are:
1. Quick communication with farmers and stakeholder groups
2. Increased communication with farmers and stakeholder groups
3. Reduced communication cost to RADA
4. Reduced travelling cost to RADA
The Authority is mindful of the challenges some farmers may have in using text messages and is therefore encouraging family members to assist older farmers’ in accessing text messages on their cell phones. To this effect a sensitization drive is taking place.


What is a Dedicated IP Address?
IP stands for Internet Protocol and is defined as a unique address assigned to each computer that is connected to a certain network. Internet Protocol address plays the role of a unique identifier that is used to provide valid location of a machine or a website in a given network.
What is the difference between a Shared and Dedicated IP address?
The difference between shared and dedicated IP addresses is quite simple. A shared IP address is a single address used by multiple websites within one web server. In this case, the web server should do some extra work, parsing the user’s request to the correct website. Having a Dedicated IP address means that the website has its very own address, and you can use either this IP address or the domain name of your website to access it from the web.


Are you looking for good headphones? When you start comparing specs, you will likely come across many technical terms.
Among these is frequency response, which is the range of bass, mids, and treble measured in Hertz (Hz).
Different models have varying specs, but typically, the best frequency response for headphones is within the range of 20 Hz and 20,000 Hz.
To give you a better understanding of this, this guide will dig deeper into frequency response, why it matters, and how it’s measured.
Understanding Frequency Response
Headphones work by converting electrical signals into audio signals, which is the actual sound we hear from the device.
However, during the conversion process, the reproduction of certain frequencies may vary slightly.
It’s either the headphones boost or de-emphasize some frequencies, altering the intended sound in the process.
This is where frequency response comes in.
In a nutshell, it refers to the range of frequencies that headphones are capable of producing.
Also, frequency response describes how accurately your headphones reproduce each frequency of your audio content.
Why It Matters
Your starting point to finding the best headphones is learning about frequency response. There’s just no getting around this.
Whether you’re looking into understanding how speakers and headphones work, the concept of bass management, and everything about audio, you have to learn about frequency response.
Do note that headphones and other audio devices have to be as close to the perfect frequency response, or they won’t sound right. It’s as simple as that.
To fully understand how frequency response works and why it matters, you need to learn a little about the physics of sound.
As you may already know, sound travels in waves.
The distance between the crests or top points of a wave and the next is called the wavelength.
Waves with higher frequencies have crests closer to each other and so have shorter wavelengths.
On the other hand, waves with lower frequencies come further apart, which means they have longer wavelengths.
Headphones and speakers convert electrical signals into sound through vibrations.
The vibrations then create the sound waves that we hear from our devices.
The vibrations that produce sound at 20 Hz are very low, almost like a bass rumble.
Here’s how it is supposed to sound or feel since bass frequencies are felt more so than heard.
Take note that the lower the Hz, the more bass you can get. Although, typically, bass frequencies range from 20 to 300 Hz.
That said, if you’re looking for headphones for listening to bass music, you should be looking at those with the lowest possible starting frequency response range.
On the other side of the spectrum is the treble.
It refers to sounds with a frequency or range at the higher end of human hearing and corresponds to “high tones.”
The generally accepted frequencies for treble are between 8,000 and 15,000 Hertz.
Best Frequency Response for Headphones
Frequency response relies on humans’ perception of sound.
People with perfect hearing can hear from approximately 20 Hz in the bass to about 20,000 Hz in the treble.
Therefore, the ideal frequency response for headphones should cover the audible sound range of 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz.
Some models have frequency responses that go lower and higher than this range.
Normally, the better range for your headphones, the wider the spectrum of audible sound they can produce.
However, unless your hearing is exceptionally good, it doesn’t really matter.
If you are 18 or above, you can’t probably hear over 18,000 Hz.
Meanwhile, those in the middle (40 to 60 years old) won’t be able to hear past 13,000 to 14,000 Hz.
Lastly, and needless to say, frequency response is worse for older people, as they can’t hear past 3 Hz.
What does this all mean for you?
Basically, if your ears can’t hear the lowest and highest audible frequencies, you won’t be able to tell the difference between a headphone with the standard frequency response and one with higher frequency response.
Comparing Frequency Responses of Headphones
Having a good frequency response is important for all headphones, regardless of their type or design.
It has the largest effect on the perceived sound quality of the audio device.
Therefore, choosing headphones with the ideal number will guarantee the best listening experience.
Fortunately, comparing headphones based on their frequency response is easy, as this indicator has a theoretical value.
However, unless the product specs include a dB tolerance alongside the value, the advertised frequency response doesn’t mean anything.
For example, a pair of headphones could have a frequency response of 16 Hz to 22K Hz.
By simply considering its face value, it’s easy to assume that these headphones sound great because they exceed the audible range of 20K Hz for the treble.
Unfortunately, there is no way to figure out if there is wide variability within this range.
Thus, a better and more helpful way of detailing this spec is by adding the tolerance value of the frequency, which is measured in dB.
For example, it should be written as 16 Hz-22K Hz ±3 dB.
Ideal Frequency Response Deviation
The dB rating tells us the maximum deviation (boost or cuts) in the frequency response range.
For most people, 3 dB is considered the lower limit of what you can hear.
This means that small deviations of 1 dB or 2 dB are very subtle and nothing to be concerned about.
Meanwhile, multiple variations of 3 dB or above suggest some perceivable alteration to the sound you hear from your headphones.
It suggests that the sound deviates farther from a neutral or “flat” response.
This can be particularly problematic for some users, especially those who use headphones for producing music.
That’s because a higher dB rating usually means that certain musical notes and tones will likely sound exaggerated or masked.
With all things considered, you want to look for headphones with good frequency response and lower deviation, not exceeding ±6 dB.
Unfortunately, very few manufacturers include the tolerance value in their specs.
This makes it difficult for many buyers to determine the best headphones for their audio needs.
How Headphone Frequency Response Is Measured
The way frequency response is measured in audio devices like headphones is quite complex.
This is probably why most frequency response ratings are provided by third parties rather than the manufacturers themselves.
These companies conduct frequency response tests on varying headphone brands and models.
These are then used by headphone reviewers and buyers when comparing products.
Unlike loudspeakers, headphones are not easy to measure and would often require the use of a dummy head.
This equipment simulates the human head and ears.
Frequency response measurements are then translated into graphs so that they are easily interpreted by reviewers or users.
Typically, a headphone with an excellent frequency response has a pretty “flat” curve.
Yes, we call it a curve because the frequency response will curve or roll off in the low bass and high treble, no matter how subtle the deviation is.
The absence of serious peaks, dips, or up-and-down variations suggests that the headphones produce accurate, almost neutral, or close to natural sound.
Do Infrasound and Ultrasound Frequencies Matter?
At this point, we can say that the best frequency response for headphones is 20 Hz to 2K Hz.
It is the only audible range that human ears can perceive, considering the listener has perfect hearing.
However, earlier, we mentioned that higher-end headphones tend to have frequency responses that extend well below or above this ideal range.
They are called infrasound and ultrasound frequencies.
An example is the Sony WH-CH710N, which has a frequency response of 7 Hz to 20K Hz.
Although the end bass frequency is inaudible to human ears, it can certainly be felt.
That said, they can significantly enhance your listening experience.
Additionally, headphones with larger frequency responses will generally be higher-quality than those with lower ranges.
The reason? To capture such wide frequencies, these devices need to have solid engineering and are typically made with better components.
However, do note that this range we’re talking about concerns the tone or pitch of the sound you hear from your headphones, not the volume.
That said, better frequency response does not always mean better sound quality.
The latter is affected by some other factors, such as the signal-to-noise ratio and distortion ratio, among others.
Understanding frequency response in headphones is your starting point to finding the best product for your audio needs.
To recap, here are some of the most important things you should know about it:
- 20 to 20,000 Hz is the standard for most headphones, as this is the generally accepted audible frequency range.
- Some headphones offer wider ranges, but it doesn’t always mean better sound quality. However, it could mean fewer distortions and a better listening experience.
In the end, it will be for the best if you look for headphones that include the tolerance value in their frequency response spec.
Basically, it determines how far the sound deviates from the “neutral” response.