I spent most of week trying to figure out what was wrong with my original code. Like I was talking about in my last post, whenever I strike one of the drum pads, the light will either stay on, or flash on and off at the rate that my void loop() takes to cycle. What the heck!
So, I busted out the old oscilloscope. To read the piezoelectric sensors, one lead is connected to a Teensy pin, and the other lead is connected to ground. The two leads are then connected with a 1M resistor which serves as a pull-down resistor. If you’re not familiar, a pull-down resistor just makes sure that after the piezoelectric sensor generates a voltage, the signal returns to low (it pulls the signal “down”).
This makes the issue even more confusing! If each sensor has a pull-down resistor, how is it that the pins are getting stuck HIGH? In the code, each pin is also set as an AnalogRead, which means that they should be low no matter what. Hmm……
I’ve checked some instructables posts about some similar projects, and no such issues seems to exist, however none of these projects are using a Teensy. I could use the RedBoard, but the Teensy is so compact!!
After a couple of hours of tinkering, I was finally turned on to a possible solution. The piezoelectric sensors that I’m using could be outputting too much voltage for the Teensy to handle, and causing the pins I’m using to flip (thanks Tom!).
So, to solve this issue, I’ve built a voltage divider for each of the sensors that cuts voltage out of each sensor in half. And……it works! I no longer get any weird pin flipping, and the signal is pretty steady.
I finally learned how to use the serial monitor in Arduino (thought I had to use TeraTerm) so that I can monitor the sensor reading, and set a threshold for sending a signal after reading a sensor. This threshold is going to end up being pretty important since there’s a high possibility of noise from different drum pads being struck (I don’t want the vibrations from one pad being hit to set off another sensor).
After I got this working (took way too long) I figured out how to use Teensy’s midi library to send signals to Ableton. Teensy has native midi support (link here: https://www.pjrc.com/teensy/td_midi.html) which opens up a lot of possibilities for using weird sensors and interfaces as midi controllers. I’m going to have to come up with a less conventional project after this!
After a while tinkering, I got the Teensy to communicate directly with Ableton using two of the drum pads. the next step will be to hook up each of the sensor (I think I’m going to do 4-6 in total) and design a better enclosure. I’m also not sure what material I want to use for the top of the drum pads, so I’m going to have to do some searching at McGuckins for something appropriate.


2021. 10. 4. · There are plenty of interesting Arduino projects that use IR communication too. With a simple IR transmitter and receiver, you can make remote controlled robots, distance sensors, heart rate monitors, DSLR camera. 2015. 1. 14. · In the RF section we use a receiving module by Aurel, at 433,92 MHz, capable of receiving transmissions in OOK (On Off Key) amplitude modulation. In particular, we use AC-RX2 (U3), an hybrid and very cheap.
2020. 12. 16. · A 433MHz RF Transmitter (FS1000A) and Receiver (XY-MK-5V) module is a simple low-cost RF module that is very useful for short-distance wireless communication, remote controls, etc. It can transmit up to a range of around 100 meters with proper transmitter and receiver antennas. The FS1000A / XY-MK-5V RF module works by Amplitude shift keying.
SKU: EL50041. Quote Now. 4 Channel RF remote built using PT2262 and PT2272-M4 IC from Princeton technology. PT2262 used as Encoder (Transmitter) and PT2272-M4 Decoder (Receiver) ICs are heart of the project. The receiver. 2020. 1. 6. · An IR transmitter and receiver pair form a simple circuit. This project explains the principle of IR communication. The 555 Timer IC operates in an astable mode. It generates the continuous pulses of the frequency. As the.
Anntem Wireless Remote Control Switch 433mhz rf Transmitter and Receiver kit dc3 5v 3 7v 9v 12v Universal Battery Power Strip Mini Small Switch Energy Saving mos Circuit Micro Controller Module - - outstanding service an easy way to order. Best Quality.
Here is my channel subscription link: https://goo.gl/egJ2ksIn this Tutorial I explain what it takes to set up a wireless connection through RF Links for yo. Connect a 2m wire loop to its ends and extend it on a tabletop. Sliding the RF sniffer over one of the wires you will detect the nodes ( 0 crossing points) as dark led spots. The distance between 2 adjacent nodes is 1/2 wavelength of oscillator frequency.
4CH 27MHZ REMOTE control circuit board pcb transmitter receives antenna to Nq - $5.06. FOR SALE! Frequency: 27MHZ. Receiver board: 4.2 2.7cm/1.65" 1.06". Emission plate: 5.7 3.7cm/2.24" 1.46". 374195075132. 4CH 27MHZ REMOTE control circuit board pcb transmitter receives antenna to Nq - $5.06.
What he asked for was a 1KHz IR transmitter circuit for some remote control application. I think this circuit may satisfy him. Any way this circuit can be used where ever a low power IR transmitter of 1 KHz operating frequency is needed. This transmitter can transmit up to a distance of about 10 meters. The circuit is based on a NE555 timer IC.
Shop on Alibaba.com to enjoy convenience with rf transmitter and receiver circuit. Redefine entertainment experience with the easy-to-use rf transmitter and receiver circuit's elegant design. ... Taidacent 5 Volts Rf Transmitter And receiver Remote Control Kit PT2272-M4 Fixed Code 433mhz 315mhz Receiver. Ready to Ship. $1.08-$1.28 / Piece. 2. 54178. - Advertisement -. Make any battery-operated toy car remote controlled using this circuit. This remote controlled toy car circuit, consisting of an infrared transmitter-receiver pair, uses IR beam transmission to switch the toy car 'on' or 'off '. To operate the toy car, you need to hold the transmitter in your hand, keeping it.
2017. 8. 25. · As you can see the RF Transmitter Circuit consists of the Encoder IC and RF Receiver circuit consists of the Decoder IC. Since the transmitter.
2022. 5. 16. · A couple of RF remote control chips, the TWS-434 and the RWS-434 both complement each other, the first one being the transmitter and the later one the receiver. The chip TWS-434 is basically a tiny 4-bit transmitter module,. Printed Circuit Board Assembly for sale, Quality Customized Remote Control Transmitter And Receiver PCBA Circuit on sale of MOKO Technology co Ltd from China.
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Arduino is a convenient, flexible and easy-to-use open source hardware product with rich interfaces, digital I/O ports, analog I/O ports, and support for SPI, IIC, and UART serial communication. It can sense the environment through a variety of sensors, and control and control the lighting, motors and other devices to feedback and influence the environment. It has no complicated underlying code of the microcontroller, no incomprehensible assembly, just a simple and practical function. And with a simple programming environment IDE, great freedom, scalability can be very high! The standardized interface model provides a solid foundation for its sustainability.


What is Building Integration?
Integration involves connecting the various building systems through a common control interface. This ensures that separate systems do not conflict with each other, but inform each other and work cooperatively. In a typical building, heating and cooling, lighting and security all operate independently, wasting energy and increasing maintenance. An integrated system can continuously monitor the building’s systems to identify areas of concern, identify opportunities for improvement and system optimization and ensure that savings attained through investment are sustained.
How do we use it?
We use Building Integration to improve how our systems work together. For example, the first arriving occupant can disarm the alarm, which will wake the lighting and mechanical systems from their standby (night time) modes. The connected energy metering system then tracks that consumption change, and notifies us if consumption is higher than expected.
How does it make us more sustainable?
Integration allows us to operate our building at peak efficiency by engaging only what systems are necessary at any given time. This can have a dramatic effect on energy and maintenance costs. For example, our heat pump can be controlled based on what time of day it is, how expensive electricity is, if there are people in the building as well as if heat is needed in occupied spaces.


Internet is very close to our lives these days that we cannot spend a day without internet. We need it to do our personal work and at the same time we need access to the internet to do our professional work too. This means having access to the internet is quite important.
Since you have to be limited to one location when you have a landline based internet connection, people are now a lot interested in mobile broadband connections. These connections come in both prepaid and contract forms. If you are interested in acquiring such a connection and cannot decide between the two options you can compare what they have to offer.
Thinking about the cost of the whole offer can make it easier for you to understand what you should have if you are greatly concerned about the cost. Usually, a contract offer is more costly or expensive than a prepaid one. You can find why there is such a difference in the expenses if you look at the other common features of these two offers.
Different Options Available
Contract offers as well as prepaid offers have their own different wireless modem here. You see that when you are looking at a contract deal you can have one at a lower price while there is another which comes at a higher price with more facilities such as the data amount you get to use. The same kinds of differentiations exist between different prepaid internet offers.
Whether you are using a landline or a mobile connection to connect to the internet, speed matters a lot. If you are using a really cheap internet connection using your smart phone with a lot of data and yet the speed is really slow, there is no use of all those other features. You cannot access the internet without a connection with a decent speed. If the connection you are using is taking forever to load even a page with only text that is of no use. Usually, the contract internet connections have more speed than the prepaid internet connections.
With the landline internet connection you know the area you are in already has the necessary coverage. However, when you have a mobile internet connection not all areas have the coverage. Usually, a contract connection can have more coverage than a prepaid one.
These are the basic features of contract and prepaid internet connections. Now, you can make your decision based on what kind of features you are looking at. Take your time and make a good decision.


In this post I would like to give you some information about HDMI today. More and more devices these days have a so-called HDMI connection. The abbreviation HDMI stands for High Definition Multimedia Interface. Today I would like to explain all the terms and versions to you in more detail.
With just one HDMI cable, HDMI transmits not only image material but also the sound signal to the device to be received. The sound can be transmitted to up to 32 channels. However, with HDMI 2.0 you have the option of transmitting the sound to several channels. Some of you are probably familiar with videos that are played in 4k (Ultra HD). This has only been possible since HDMI version 2.0. HDMI also supports the so-called HDCP (High Definition Content Protection) copy protection, with which content from Blu-ray and other 4k material can be transmitted without any problems.
HDMI Version 2.1, which supports HDR in addition to 8K resolution, recently became official. In other words, a color format that allows a particularly wide range of colors. The end devices for HDMI 2.1 are still a long time coming, but a special HDMI 2.1 cable will certainly be necessary for the transmission of this enormous amount of data.
Chapter in this post:
HDMI splitter and HDMI switch - the difference
Now many people face the problem that they want to drive a signal from one source to two or more output devices. A so-called HDMI splitter can be used for this. The same image then arrives at all devices. The purpose of this is that if, for example, you want to watch in two rooms at the same time, but only have a DVD player, you can still transfer the film to two monitors with just one device. This is why the HDMI splitter has one input and two outputs. With this it is also possible to output sound and image on two different devices. Many of you have probably already heard that HDMI splitters are supposed to worsen the quality of the transmission. However, this was only the case earlier - most HDMI splitters transmit at least Full HD.
But now the question arises whether an HDMI splitter and HDMI switch are not exactly the same. No, because an HDMI splitter has the task of splitting the input signal to two receivers. The HDMI switch does exactly the opposite - with it you can alternately switch between several devices that are connected to the screen without having to swap the cables.
That is why the choice depends on whether a signal is to be reproduced or several devices are to be connected to one receiver. This is also the most important reason why an HDMI splitter and HDMI switch must not be mixed up. However, there are so-called universal devices in which an HDMI splitter and switch are built into one device. These are often an ideal solution because they are cheaper on their own than buying a splitter and a switch individually.
Wireless HDMI and HDMI Grabber
However, you can also refer to a so-called "Wireless HDMI" To fall back on. The signals are transmitted wirelessly, just like in a WLAN network. However, it must be ensured that the signal is not disturbed or has only a limited range. If, for example, recordings are to be made, you can use an “HDMI grabber”. This draws easily with a frame rate of 60 FPS and 1080p on. It is important to ensure that this is attached to a USB 3.0 interface.
Some outdated devices do not have a normal HDMI interface. However, this can be remedied with an HDMI adapter, which enables the use of an HDMI cable. This improves the image quality and you don't need a new device.
HDMI-ARC - heard already?
Some HDMI users have also probably heard of a so-called "HDMI ARC" (Audio Return Channel). I would like to go into this briefly in this article. With the so-called HDMI ARC, for example, you can connect a game console such as a Playstation 4 or XBOX ONE directly to the television via HDMI and, if necessary, return the sound to an A / V receiver. Now the television receives additional signals, for example, an HD TV program with HD sound via an integrated receiver or via antenna cable.
But if you want to output the sound of the TV program via the external speakers, the sound of the TV program has to come to the AV receiver somehow. Until now, you had to connect an additional cable to the audio-out port of the television for this purpose. Thanks to HDMI ARC, the television is now able to send the sound of the TV program directly to the A / V receiver via the HDMI cable, so that the second cabling is no longer necessary.
The HDMI stick saves cable clutter
Many have written to me: The problem that an HDMI cable is required, which is longer, is omnipresent. Now you may come across the fact that there may not be a cable available that is long enough. The so-called HDMI extension is available for this area. The length of the cable can be adjusted accordingly.
If you want to connect several devices, an HDMI distributor is required, which carries on the picture and sound signal. However, you can save yourself the wiring if you use an HDMI stick. This is connected directly to the existing HDMI interface and is mostly used for WiFi streaming of media in the home network.
The following terms will bring you to corresponding lists of bestsellers, which will allow you to easily select good products.
- HDMI splitter
- HDMI adapter
- HDMI switch
- HDMI ARC
- HDMI distributor
- Wireless HDMI
- HDMI stick
- HDMI grabber / recorder
- HDMI cable
- micro HDMI cable
- mini HDMI cable
- micro HDMI cable
- HDMI cable 5m
- HDMI cable 10m
- HDMI extension
- HDMI 3D cable
- HDMI to VGA adapter
- Scart to HDMI adapter
- USB HDMI adapter
- Micro HDMI adapter
- Micro USB to HDMI adapter
- HDMI to cinch adapter
- Scart HDMI adapter
- HDMI USB adapter
- DVI HDMI adapter


Shotgun microphones are one of the most popular options for recording sounds of videos, interviews, and broadcasting. Finding a good shotgun microphone guarantees a clear and detailed sound of your recorded material.
We would like to help decide on which microphone to buy and tell you more about what a good microphone is all about. Therefore, we made a list of the best shotgun microphones currently for sale.
1. RØDE NTG2 Condenser Shotgun Microphone
- Comes with a high-pass filter
- Comes with a windshield
- Output impedance of 250 ohms
- Has a metal body
If you want to film something with a great sound, the RØDE NTG2 might be the right microphone for you. This condenser shotgun microphone is very tiny and lightweight, which means that it’s very portable. It’s designed with a sturdy body made of metal and you can use it in different situations and weather conditions.
The RØDE NTG2 condenser shotgun is a microphone with great features. Don’t worry about recording nearby air conditioners or louder environments. Noise is not allowed when it comes to this microphone. The microphone comes with a high-pass filter to prevent any low-frequency noise from ‘polluting’ the sound of your video. It has a supercardioid polar pickup pattern, so all of the unnecessary noise will not be picked up. The microphone also does well in eliminating any handling noise.
RØDE NTG2 also has an output impedance of 250 ohms and it sounds terrific. The frequency response range of the microphone extends from 20Hz to 20kHz, so it’ll pick up all the sounds from the human hearing range. Use the windshield and the furry that come with this microphone to prevent any wind noises in the sound projection.
The sound that you’ll get with the help of the RØDE NTG2 shotgun condenser microphone will be natural and detailed. Its super cardioid polar pickup pattern will allow you to record at a closer distance from the microphone or further away. Just get an AA battery or a P48 phantom power, and your NTG2 will be powered and ready to record.
2. RØDE NTG4 Microphone
- Supercardioid polar pickup pattern
- uilt-in high pass filter
- Can be mounted on a boom or on a camera
- Persistent settings
- Metal body pad, boost, digital switching, rm5 mic clip, foam windshield, ZP1 pouch,
The RØDE NTG4 is a very versatile shotgun microphone. Its design features a durable metal body that you can mount on a boom or on your camera. Being made of metal, you can use this boom microphone in different weather conditions without it losing its broadcast sound quality.
This microphone comes with a set of interesting features. There is a high-pass filter that is built in the microphone to prevent the interference of any lower-frequency sounds. RØDE NTG4 also has a boost to help you emphasize the higher frequencies. The microphone also comes with a pad to help you get the best sound possible. To control its settings, use the digital switches that are located on the microphone’s body. The microphone also allows the settings to stay persistent even when it’s turned off.
The RØDE NTG4 produces an accurate and noise-free sound. It has a supercardioid polar pickup pattern that is great for picking up the sound from the sound source, while at the same time eliminating any unwanted noises. Therefore, the RODE NTG4 is all about a good noise reduction.
This microphone comes with an RM5 microphone clip to mount it on your camera. In case there is a lot of wind, you can use the foam windshield that comes with the RØDE NTG4. In order to power this microphone, you’ll need to use a phantom power.
3. Sennheiser MKE600 Camcorder Shotgun Microphone
- Comes with a high-pass filter
- Has a foam windshield
- Has a shock mount
- Works with AA batteries or phantom power
- Has a metal body 40-20
The Sennheiser MKE600 camcorder shotgun microphone is a great choice for both amateurs and professionals. This shotgun mic is sturdy and very reliable. It design makes sure that the microphone performs very well both indoor and outdoor and in different weather conditions. The microphone has a durable metal body that is highly damage-resistant. The metal body will keep the internal components of the microphone protected and in a good state.
The microphone has a frequency response that ranges from 40Hz to 20kHz. As you may notice, the lower frequency response of the Sennheiser MKE600 starts 20Hz from the lowest frequency that we, humans, can hear. Of course, this enables the microphone to be less sensitive to unwanted noises coming from the environment. On the other hand, the microphone is highly sensitive to the source of sound and it picks the sound accurately.
To reduce noise to levels barely noticeable, the Sennheiser MKE600 furthermore has a high-pass filter and a windshield. The high pass filter prevents sounds from stumping, machines, and other noises to creep into your audio recording. On the other hand, the windshield will not allow and wind noise to be picked up by the microphone. This microphone also has a shock mount, and it can also deal with any handling noises.
To power your Sennheiser MKE600, you can use AA batries or a phantom power. Having these two options can be really important for recording in different situations. However, no matter how you power it, this shotgun microphone will deliver a natural and detailed sound.
4. Shure VP83F LensHopper Camera-Mounted Microphone
- Supercardioid polar pickup pattern
- Has an integrated Rycote Lyre shock mount
- Can record for up to 10 hours
- Allows you to monitor yourself with headphones
- Offers gain control
If you really want to take control over your recorded sound, you should check out the Shure VP83F LensHopper microphone. This shotgun microphone has a design that features an integrated Rycote Lyre shock mounting and a metal body. It is very durable, and it can be mounted on your camera very easily. The microphone furthermore has a LCD screen that is easy to understand, and you can control the microphone through it.
The Shure VP83F LensHopper offers a wide variety of features when it comes to noise control and quality of sound. The microphone has a supercardioid polar pickup pattern that greatly eliminates any unwanted sounds from the environment. On the other hand, this polar pattern is highly sensitive to the sounds you want to record.
The Shure VP83F LensHopper gives you the option for a real-time monitoring with headphones. With a feature like this, you will know what your recorded material sounds like. Furthermore, to adjust the gain on this microphone, use its gain control feature. This way, your microphone will pick up even the quietest of sounds. There is also a windshield that you can use in windy recording scenarios, and rely on the integrated shock mount for mechanical noise reduction. With features like this, you’re guaranteed to get clear and accurate sounds when you use the Shure VP83 LensHopper.
The Shure VP83F can record for up to 10 hours if it’s powered by AA batteries. To connect it to your camera you can use its 3.5 mm jack.
5. TAKSTAR SGC-598 Microphone
- Cardioid pickup pattern
- Has a 200Hz low-frequency attenuation
- Comes with a windscreen
- Comes with a shock mount
- 10dB gain adjustment
The TAKSTAR SGC-598 microphone is ideal for everyone who will be pleased with a decent sound quality. You can use the microphone with cameras and camcorders, and you can mount it on them pretty easily. It is also easy to connect the microphone to your recording device by plugging its connector to your device’s port.
With the TAKSTAR SGC-598 microphone, noise is a thing of the past. This microphone comes with a nice windscreen that will help you trap all the noises produced by the air. Also, SGC-598’s shock mounts will handle all the mechanical ‘shocks’ leaving the sound free from any noise of the kind.
The microphone also lets you control its gain with the 10dB gain adjustment. This way, your microphone will be able to ‘hear’ some hard to hear sounds and pick them up with ease. The frequency response of the TAKSTAR SGC-598 ranges from 50Hz to 16kHz. This is a great frequency response since it doesn’t let the microphone be sensitive to some unwanted low-frequency sounds.
The cardioid polar pickup pattern of the microphone will pick up only what you want it to pick up. Furthermore, you can also use the SGC-598’s 200Hz low-frequency attenuation to get the sound you desire.
The TAKSTAR SGC-598 comes at a very affordable price, so we can’t really complain much about the way it sounds. However, it does sound decent if the barely noticeable static noise doesn’t bother you. To get the decent sound from this microphone, you’ll have to power it with a single AA battery.
6. Tascam TM-2X Stereo X-Y Microphone for DSLR Cameras
- An SPL of 120dB
- Built-in cable connector
- Has a switchable low-cut filter
- Comes with two capsules
- Has a noise isolation arm
If you’re interested in a microphone that drastically eliminates noise from the camera, Tascam TM-2X could be what you need. This DSLR shotgun microphone is designed with a very sturdy structure that features many strategies on how to eliminate mechanical camera noise. You will not have a hard time mounting it to your camera, but you will enjoy the sound that it will produce.
The Tascam TM-2X stereo microphone can be mounted to your camera with the help of a noise isolation arm. This arm will position the shotgun at a significant distance from the camera where the noise won’t be able to reach it. Furthermore, the microphone’s floating structure will make sure that its two capsules don’t get exposed to mechanical noise. This way, handling the camera will not make an impact to your shotgun microphone.
For better sound quality, the Tascam TM-2X comes equipped with two capsules and a SPL level of 120dB. The two capsules allow your microphone to pick up more from the environment and optimize your recording. On the other hand, the SPL level helps the shotgun handle loud noises with ease. The microphone also has a windshield to keep all the wind noise away from its capsules. You can also use the low-cut filter to make the microphone less sensitive to low-frequency sounds.
The Tascam TM-2X can rotate at an angle of 180 degrees and it is powered by the battery in your camera. The sound that it produces is pretty nice and clear, and you’ll be able to hear a lot of details in it.
What to look for in a shotgun microphone
Make sure that the shotgun microphone you buy is very durable. This will enable you to use it in different weather conditions and both indoors and outdoors. Also, if your shotgun microphone is durable, you will get to use it for a longer period of time.
Pick a microphone that will greatly reduce the outside noise. If your microphone doesn’t have the equipment necessary for proper noise reduction, you’ll end up with bad sound. Therefore, look for a microphone that comes with a windshield, shock mount, and other noise reduction accessories.
Check if the microphone has a high-pass filter. A filter like this will keep away noises like those from working air conditioners, walking, or some rumbling. If your microphone doesn’t have a high-pass filter, noises of this kind will easily become part of your recorded material.
A microphone’s sensitivity should be one of your greatest concerns when you’re buying a shotgun. In order to pick up a sensitive microphone, you should mind its frequency response and polar pickup pattern. The frequency response of your shotgun should be wide enough to cover the sounds that humans can hear. Also, the response can be shorter in the lower frequency spectrum so that the microphone doesn’t pick up any unwanted low-frequency sounds.
As for the pickup pattern of your microphone, make sure that it is a cardioid or a supercardioid. These polar pickup patterns make the microphone sensitive to your sound source of preference, and less sensitive to unwanted noise.
Buying the right shotgun microphone is crucial for producing a good recorded material. Now that you have a list of the best shotgun microphones currently available, your search for one might have ended. However, if you would like to do some more research, we recommend you follow our guidelines on what to look for in a shotgun microphone. You may also want to check out our dynamic mics guide.


Caller location is the key information for a rapid emergency response. Many technologies, such as emergency apps and eCall, were created to help citizens and PSAPs automatically identify the emergency coordinates.
There is however another option, the Advanced Mobile Location (AML), which allows you to send the geographical coordinates to the PSAP via SMS.
Improve data exchange for emergencies: optimize geolocation
In 2014 a small revolution occurred in the world of emergency services: British Telecom, amongst other companies, created the "AML" Advanced Mobile Location service.
The system allows British Telecom-enabled smartphones to automatically send an SMS to the single emergency number 999 (EU 112) with the coordinates of their position, without having to perform additional actions. Since 2016, Google has also joined the AML working group, with two great advantages: bringing the service to every Android smartphone in circulation and improving data exchange, adding the HTTPS protocol to the traditional SMS for sending the position
AML: the advantages of sending the position via SMS and HTTP
AML technology activates (if necessary) Wi-Fi and GPS location services on the phone, collects and calculates location data, then sends an SMS or HTTPS request containing the location to the emergency number, before disabling the location and Wi-Fi services. The most accurate system is identified among those available with a "best-effort" mechanism.
The European Telecommunication Standards Institute ETSI standardized the technical specifications in 2019.
2020: implementation year
Many European countries have conducted AML tests to implement the technology by 2020, as per European directive. Starting in March 2022, all smartphones sold in the European Union will be equipped with AML.
Advance Mobile Location, the role of BETA 80
Beta 80 Group is an active part of the AML community: in 2016 we took part in the European HELP 112 project to test the quality of AML localization in member states, with excellent results. For this project, we partnered with AREU – the agency managing the 112 services in Lombardy,
Thanks to the AML implementation, the eCall components, and the smartphone app, Beta 80 PSAPs and EOC product suite is the most complete in Europe for caller location services.


Viewers have witnessed a rapid spread in cable, video streaming services, and satellite which has resulted in a variety of high-quality content to choose from, but prices to enjoy such programs are beyond the budgets of most consumers.
Notwithstanding, there are countless other entertainment and news programs that can be enjoyed without spending a penny.
Each viewer has a preference and not everyone is interested in the content available on cable networks, online video streaming services, and satellites that are known to attract a monthly subscription fee.
Many are unaware of the free television contents offered daily by major broadcasters such as PBS, NBC, CBS, and ABC.
Since many broadcasting networks offer free television content on a daily, it is only right that you get yourself an antenna to gain access to these programs without spending a penny.
The major challenge here is signal quality, some areas send out weak signals or other natural hindrances which could leave viewers frustrated trying to catch a glimpse of your favorite TV show.
Why not get yourself an outdoor antenna today to ease all that stress?
1. Channel Master CM-4228HD EXTREMEtenna Outdoor TV Antenna
This is a popular feature on this list due to eight Bowtie designs which is a classic build that receives from over 70 miles away.
You get uncompressed 1080l HDTV broadcast as well as high-quality audio and video content which is one of the best on this list.
Users enjoy free over-the-air digital, HD channels as well as main DTV frequencies all at no extra charge.
Viewers can enjoy HD channels broadcasted by local channels as well as major television networks such as PBS, NBC, FOX, CBS, and ABC.
This could come in handy when you run out of a subscription with the help of the 180°, multidirectional coverage.
Those living in suburban and rural areas are often faced with getting a suitable outdoor antenna, this antenna operates perfectly in such regions.
The installation only takes a few minutes and users get durable U-bolts, clamps as well as other tools necessary for effectively mounting this antenna.
- Over 70 miles of coverage
- Can pick up VHF, FM, HD, and UHF signals
- Can withstand harsh weather conditions
- Multi-directional reception
- Areas with too many trees have lower receptions
- There needs to be an improvement in tech support
2. Direct Clearstream 4TV Antennae
Viewers can enjoy coverage of over 70 miles away as this antenna is ideal for rural regions with heavy foliage as well as thick roofing is known to reduce and hinder incoming signals.
The beam angle of this antenna erases any need to constantly turn or rotate the antenna and the patent loop design has been carefully engineered to receive signals from a wider range of frequencies.
This antenna is suited for both indoor and outdoor use and comes with additional mounting hardware and instructions to make installation a stroll in the park.
- Multi-directional antenna
- Ideal for indoor and outdoor use
- Equipped with both UHF/VHF.
- Over 70-mile range
- There are additional sealing pads and clamps
- The mast comes with a pivoting base
- There is no lock washer included
- You may be irritated by the constant loosening of the wingnuts post-mounting
- The bus bars are tightened to the wingnuts
3. Mohu ReLeaf HDTV Antenna
There are not many better-priced antennas that cost below $40, the sleek design of this 30-mile antenna makes it blend well into any home decor.
Installation of this antenna is stress-free as the antenna flap both have different weights. Also, this is one of the most eco-friendly models out there and is made from crushed cables and recycled packaging.
The instructions are printed on the box in place of a booklet, and a great reason to have this antenna is the combination of great design and high performance all in one.
- Simple design
- Eco-friendly build
- Great reception
- Looks bland
4. 1byone Indoor/Outdoor Amplified Digital TV Antenna
This antenna is capable of broadcasting uncompressed digital 4k Ultra-HD picture quality to get the best out of your entertainment content.
Also, this antenna can obtain signals from broadcasting towers from 80-120 miles away.
There’s an additional triple coated high-quality coax cable consisting of a PVC jacket, solid center dielectric conductor as well as triple layers of aluminum shielding for protection against electromagnetic interference.
You can get years out of this antenna due to its durable build and the unique paper thing design ensure users can choose to mount it outdoor.
- Lightweight category
- Delivers high-quality 4k pictures
- High-quality coax cable
- Efficient amplifier and clean filtering technology
- Up to 120 miles of range
- Terrain could be a challenge
5. Mediasonic HDTV Antenna
Some viewers want extra channels to watch their favorite sports programs and news and for just $20+, you could own the Mediasonic HDTV Antenna.
Viewers enjoy a range of about 60 miles, just ensure there is no interference with the signal to get the best out of this antenna.
This model doesn’t come readily mounted but users can mount multiple Mediasonic HDTV Antennas in different directions on a pole to connect to different televisions in the home.
Residents of rural areas may want to consider an antenna with a higher frequency range, but if you reside in the city, this antenna is capable of picking up multiple HD and 4k networks within the advertised regions.
- Lightweight category
- Compact design
- Works great in extreme outdoor conditions
- Not ideal for rural regions
- No antenna pole included
6. Antennas Direct DB8e
This company has been around for over three decades and this antenna is fully equipped with the eight-element bowtie HDTV antenna to deliver a durable and powerful signal.
The Antennas Direct DB8e has a 70-mile range frequency capable of capturing basic network channels such as NBC, CBS, and equipment installation can be carried out in the attic or on the roof.
There is also a special bracket for turning silver panels individually which gives the user access to point this antenna from different angles at the same time.
This antenna also comes with 4K picture quality and has a reliable build. The metal wiring also ensures a limit to windy disturbances and you get all-weathering mounting hardware on this model.
- Quick and easy installation
- Great performance both in the attic and outdoors
- You get Full HD over-the-air broadcast
- Zero interruptions that may occur from service dropouts
- You may need to get additional equipment for multiple televisions
- Not ideal for rural regions
7. Tree New Bee Amplified HD Digital Outdoor HDTV Antenna
The signal quality on this antenna is commendable, having a 120-mile range and a 360 degrees rotational capability via the cordless remote controller to deliver one of the best picture quality on this list.
One would expect an antenna of such quality would attract a high price, well, this is far from the case as you can get this at a budget-friendly price.
You get DHF, UHF, and FM reception at the best price, there’s also a built-in super low noise amplifier.
- A variety of amazing channels
- 120-mile range
- Can withstand extreme weather conditions
- Great picture quality
- Inconsistency in the FM reception
- The rotator doesn’t offer much
8. Mohu Sky 60 TV Antenna
You enjoy a totally new rooftop experience with the Mohu Sky 60 TV Antenna, with a 75-mile range which means you can stay as far away as possible from the broadcast tower without compromising on the signal quality.
This antenna is on the smaller size and a multidirectional feature means you never have to constantly adjust to obtain the best signal quality.
There’s also a 15dB amplifier tightly integrated to deliver the best quality performance and users also get 30ft long cable as well as a mounting bracket for easy installation.
You may also choose to connect this antenna to your cable network at home as it delivers the best signal quality and performance.
There are over-the-air broadcasts with less compression than satellite and cable in use. Connected to the antennae is the coaxial end while the other end is connected to the television.
You also enjoy a clean peak filter technology used in filtering cellular and FM signals. This delivers a noiseless performance and picture clear HD channels.
Also, it’s important to state that the reception majorly relies on the signal transmission in the locale.
- Designed using high-quality materials
- 75-mile range
- Could work in the attic but is an ideal outdoor antenna
- Includes a 30ft detachable cable
- There is a noticeable absence of some cable channels on free broadcasts
- Signal quality is heavily dependent on the terrain or environment.
Choosing the best outdoor tv antenna
Ensure to carry out in-depth research into the best outdoor tv antenna before making a purchase. For anyone residing in or near a city, you could get a smaller antenna since there are available channels nearby.
You should consider an amplified antenna if you stay about 30 miles away and those models with up to 50 miles or more are suitable units for outdoors or often come with an additional amplifier to strengthen the signal.
Your choice of an antenna is also dependent on the terrain, trees and buildings could hinder signal performance especially for an indoor antenna.
Amplified antennas generally offer a better performance so are more expensive, often ranging between $30-$100 while non-amplified antennas usually cost between $20-$40.
There are other high-performance antennas that cost over $100.
There is the future-proofing for ATSC 3.0 that may be of concern, well, your existing antenna will still function and could pull in more channels due to the new standards
You may only need to purchase a new ATSC 3.0-equipped television or tuner to enjoy this.
Ways to use the best outdoor tv antenna
After installation and getting the desired signal quality, ensure to get the screws on your antenna and mounting poles.
There are fastening hardware and clamps that come with these antennas for fastening coax cables, and for those placing the antenna on rooftops, get a roof sealant on the screws for long-lasting performance.
Ensure to go through this list to help you make the right choice, you don’t want to get to your nearby store and get confused about which product is best for your home.


Silicon Power 10,000mAh Slim QP60
- Features three fast charging ports, that includes two Quick Charge ports and an 18W Power Delivery port
- Can be recharged Quick Charge or Power Delivery speeds
- Enough power capacity to charge most smartphones about two times and can fit into a pocket along with your phone
- Does not come with a QC or PD wall charger
Power banks come in all sorts of shapes and sizes. One of the most versatile types of power banks are ones that have 10,000mAh power capacities. Power banks that have 10,000mAh power capacities now have form factors of a 3,000mAh power bank, and at this point, it makes more sense getting a 10,000mAh because they’re able to charge a smartphone to at least full power or more.
Whereas a 3,000mAh mini power bank won’t be able to charge most phones to full power.
This new Silicon Power 10,000mAh QP60 power bank is an example of just how great mid-range portable chargers can be. It has enough power capacity, fast charging, and a form factor that makes it easy for daily use.
The power capacity of this Silicon Power portable charger is 10,000mAh. This much power is perfect for charging smartphones, and at the same time, it can be limiting when it comes to charging phones, too.
Newer smartphones are now using larger batteries, the new Samsung Galaxy S20 series is a great example of that. The base GalaxyS20 has a 4,000mAh battery, the S20+ has a 4,500mAh battery and the S20 Ultra has a 5,000mAh battery. When you combine these larger battery sizes along with the power usage of these phones and the fast charging that this Silicon Power portable charger can offer, then you’re only able to get a single full charge from this power bank.
You may have some power left over to charge your phone to half power, though.
Overall, that’s what you can expect from basically any other 10,000mAh power bank because phones are using larger batteries in general. That said, a single charge for a phone isn’t a bad thing, because you’re looking at about another day’s use of your phone without needing to recharge it.
The charging that you get from this power bank is the more impressive part, and that’s because this Silicon Power portable charger has a total of three fast charging ports.
There are two USB-A Quick Charge ports and a single USB-C Power Delivery port. So you can fast charge most Android smartphones that are compatible with Quick Charge with either one of the USB-A ports. Two ports using Quick Charge are rare because most power banks tend to have just a single port using Quick Charge. Not two.
The USB-C Power Delivery port has an 18W charging speed, which is perfect for fast charging smartphones, and most Android smartphones that have a USB-C port can fast charge with a Power Delivery port. Another benefit of the PD port is that you’re also able to fast charge iPhones with a Lightning to USB-C charging cable.
Even though there are three ports to fast charge from, you can only fast charge from a single port at a time. This is because when you’re charging from two ports or three ports at the same time, the charging speed is split.
We tested this out by connecting an LG G7 to a USB-A Quick Charge port, and it was fast charging. Then we connected a Samsung Galaxy Note 9 to the PD port, and the LG G7 changed to standard charging and so did the Note 9.
There are two ports that you can use to recharge the power bank, but they can only be used once at a time. There is a Micro-USB input port and the USB-C PD port can also be used as an input port to recharge the power bank, too.
The best part is that both of the input ports can recharge the power bank at 18W, however, to do so you will need a Quick Charge wall charger to recharge from.
Size and Weight:
What is even be better than the fast charging is the form factor of this power bank. The charger has a length of 5.3 inches, a width of 2.6 inches, and a thickness of 0.5 inches. The weight of this Silicon Power QP60 power bank is 7.9 ounces.
It’s smaller than most phones on the market except for its thickness measurement. We found that we can easily place this power bank in the same pocket that we placed a phone in and charge it while it’s in a pocket.
Using the power bank is simple, it’s so simple that this charger does not even use a power button. This is because charging automatically starts when you plug a device in.
All the ports are on the same side, and there are four power indicators. When you’re fast charging a smartphone there is a green light that turns on to indicate that you’re fast charging your device.
Structure and Material:
The build of this power bank is great because it’s made of Aluminum, while most other power banks are made of plastic. That said, this does make the charger heavier.
Since this power bank does use three fast charging ports and you’re able to charge three devices at the same time, you might be concerned that it can overheat. Well, we can confirm that there is no overheating. This is because you can only fast charge a single device at a time, and even if you’re charging three devices at the same time, the max output of the power banks is set to 15W only.
This QP60 power bank is meant for charging smartphones that are compatible with Quick Charge or Power Delivery. This is due to the power bank having a 10,000mAh power capacity, and because Quick Charge is mainly used for smartphones and an 18W Power Delivery port is mainly useful for charging smartphones.
There are plenty of Power Delivery compatible laptops, but many of them are not able to charge with only 18W of charging power.
There is enough power capacity to charge most phones to full power once and then have a little bit of capacity left over. The charger uses Quick Charge and Power Delivery, but you can only fast charge a single device at a time.
The form factor of this power bank is great because it’s about the same size as a phone and therefore can fit into the same pocket that you place your phone in.
The build quality of this power bank is better than most others because it’s made of Aluminum. It doesn’t overheat either because it has a lower max output of power.
This QP60 portable charger is going to be most reliable for those that own smartphones that are compatible with either Quick Charge or Power Delivery. It’s not a power bank that is meant for charging laptops, even with its use of Power Delivery.
|Silicon Power 10,000mAh Slim QP60 Specs|
|USB-A Ports||5V/2.0A | 9V/2.0A | 12V/1.5A (18W)|
|USB-C Power Delivery Port||5V/2.5A | 9V/2.0A | 12V/1.5A (18W)|
|Max Output when Charging Three Devices||15W|
|Micro-USB input||5V/2.0A | 9V/2.0A|
|USB-C input||5V/2.0A | 9V/2.0A|
|Power Indicator||Four Power Indicators|
|Size||5.3 x 2.6 x 0.5 inches|
Silicon Power’s QP60 10,000mAh PD power bank is a must if you own a Quick Charge Android phone or a Power Delivery Android phone or iPhone. It has the perfect amount of power capacity and charging from its three ports.


Smart Infrastructure News
Broadband operators urged to use existing infrastructure to connect flats after new UK law passed
27th January, 2023
Broadband operators have been advised to use existing infrastructure when installing ultra-fast broadband to flats following a change to UK Law. According to InCoax Networks, this is a crucial opportunity to use existing coaxial infrastructure when responding to a tenant’s request to upgrade their broadband connection.
Smart Infrastructure Feature
Grid capacity – the bottleneck on net zero?
25th January, 2023
Electrification is surging throughout the UK, but grid capacity limits threaten to slow down the transition to net zero.
Smart Building Conference returns to ISE
5th January, 2023
The Smart Building Conference returns to ISE on 31 January 2022 with a packed agenda discussing the major issues affecting a sector that’s going through massive change.


Knowledge is power. For a stranded motorist, it’s also peace of mind. That’s why our proprietary Roadside Connect™ capability provides motorists with real-time en route status updates of a service provider’s progress to their location. Motorists are reassured through the whole process through confirmations, ETAs, and tow destination details.
Our service providers also enjoy more information – and greater efficiency – thanks to seamless communication between Agero and the service provider’s towing software. We’ve even created a mobile app that allows providers to quickly receive accurate dispatch information.


Configuring SQL Server to Use Multiple Ports
Recently I came across a situation where an existing production SQL Server default instance was configured to use static TCP/IP port 48030 and the default 1433 port was disabled. A number of database applications are hosted on the same default SQL instance and these applications are connecting to SQL Server through port 48030. As per a new business requirement we need to host a new application database on the same SQL instance, but the application is unable to connect to the SQL instance because it us hard corded to use the default port 1433. In this tip we walk through how to configure a SQL instance to listen on multiple TCP/IP ports.
If there is a need to have SQL Server listen on multiple ports this can be done using SQL Server Configuration Manager.
In my case a third party application needs to connect to SQL Server using the default port 1433, but I already have port 48030 configured. Below is an easy solution without changing the configuration for the other applications.
Go to SQL Server Configuration Manager
--> Click on SQL Server Network Configuration
--> Click on protocols for MSSQLServer (For named instance click on the Protocols for Instance Name)
--> Right Click on TCP/IP protocol select properties
--> Go to IP Addresses tab
--> Under IP All section TCP Port, you can add multiple ports using comma separators as shown below
Step 2: Restart the SQL Server Service using the below commands or do this from with SQL Server Configuration Manager.
-- You can start/stop SQL Services from command prompt as below net stop mssqlserver net start mssqlserver
Step 3: If a firewall is enabled add the new port number as an exception in the firewall.
Step 4: Check the connectivity using TELNET.
-- To check the IP Address, execute the below command from dos prompt ipconfig -- Place the IP Address and desired port number in TelNet Telnet <IP Address > <Port Number>
Step 5: You can also verify the connectivity by creating an alias on the client following the below steps.
On a client machine, open the SQL Server Client Network Utility tool by typing the cliconfg command in the run window.
Enable the TCP/IP protocol from the General tab.
Click on the Alias tab and configure the alias as shown below, you can use the alias name while connecting to SQL Server.
- When configuring SQL Server as per best security practices, add a firewall between the database server and the internet and block TCP port 1433 and UDP port 1434 on your perimeter firewall. If named SQL instances are listening on additional dynamic ports, block these too and disable the SQL browser service. Also, assign static TCP/IP ports for SQL Server.
- Document the connectivity method and port details for disaster recovery
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Why just write code for a processor that can only execute one instruction at a time and takes microseconds to milliseconds to do anything useful, when you can design your very own chip that can do numerous operations in parallel on a nanosecond timescale?
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The complete board specifications and user manual, along with some getting started video tutorials are available at DIYchips.com. An FTDI VNC2 16 bit dual USB microcontroller with built-in RTOS is configured with one USB device port and one USB host port. The FPGA board is very flexible, and contains only those components necessary to power, initialize and communicated with the FPGA, plus two 50 pin 0.1" dual row connectors on the FPGA I/O pins so that the boards can be stacked or connected to other boards, including the optional I/O board. The I/O pins are paired so that it is possible to use the high speed controlled impedance differential signalling capability of the FPGA. An optional adapter is also available to allow the FPGA board to be plugged into a standard solder-less breadboard for your own prototyping interface circuitry.
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CAPÍTULO 2: TEORÍA Y DISEÑO DE ANTENAS PARÁSITAS. 6. = +. 0 = +. Ecuación5. Antena de Yagi-Uda. Un tipo de antena muy común en la. 2 Antena Yagi DISEÑO DE UNA ANTENA YAGI La antena Yagi es la más utilizada en recepción de TV. Está formada por un dipolo (elemento activo) y varios. Tabla Diseño de Antena Yagi (frecuencia en MHz) Longitudes: Reflector: ] [ 2 m f Directores: m: ] [ 2 0 m f Dipolo: ] [ 4. 2
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Curves Re and Im are the resistive and reactive parts of the mutual impedance. Illustration of forward gain of a two element Yagi—Uda array using only a driven element left and a director right. One must take into account an additional phase delay due to the finite distance between the elements which further delays disso phase of the currents in both the directors and reflector s.
The solution of the system then is as follows. There are no simple formulas for designing Hagi antennas due to the complex relationships between physical parameters such as.
All this and many more contents. Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan: This appears to have been due to Yagi filing a patent on the idea in Japan without Uda’s name in it, and later transferring the patent to the Marconi Company in the UK.
However the “Yagi” name has become more familiar with the name of Uda often omitted. antenad
Popular Mechanicspp. Yagi demonstrated a proof of conceptbut the engineering problems proved to be more onerous than conventional systems. A Yagi—Uda antennacommonly known as a Yagi antennais a directional antenna consisting of multiple parallel elements in a line, ygi usually half-wave dipoles made of metal rods.
The waves in the reverse direction interfere destructivelycancelling out, so the signal strength radiated in the reverse direction is small. Boletines disponibles english versions below them. The wave generated by the driven element green propagates in both the forward and reverse natenas as well as other directions, not shown.
The gain increases with the number of parasitic elements used.
At the lower antennas, the entire element including the remaining inductance due to the trap is close to half-wave resonance, implementing a different Yagi—Uda antenna. Due to the differences in the elements’ lengths Z 11 and Z 22 have a substantially different reactive component. We can also solve for the voltage V 1 at the feedpoint of the driven element using the earlier equation:.
Retrieved from ” https: Given the associated costs of erecting an antenna and rotor system above a tower, the combination of antennas for three amateur bands in one unit is a very practical solution. Retrieved 4 July From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Retrieved 15 April Modern Dictionary of Electronics 7 ed. In other words, the crest of the forward wave from the reflector element reaches the driven element just as the crest of the wave is emitted from that element. En el caso de trabajar en half duplex solo podremos saber si lo estamos haciendo bien cuando alguien nos conteste Such a complete exact analysis considering all of the interactions mentioned is rather overwhelming, and approximations are inevitable on the path to finding a usable antenna.
Por tanto, esta es la frecuencia de referencia que debemos considerar. Retrieved 18 September Revista Radioaficionadosoctubrepor Luis A. The current distribution along a real antenna element is only approximately given by the usual assumption of a classical standing wave, requiring a solution of Hallen’s integral equation taking into account the other conductors. After World War 2, the advent of television broadcasting motivated extensive development of the Yagi—Uda antenna as a rooftop television reception antenna in the VHF and UHF bands, and to a lesser extent an FM radio antenna.
Until the development of the log-periodic antenna in the s, it was the only type of antenna that could give adequate fringe reception in areas far from the television transmitter. Since the so-called reflector, the longer parasitic element, has a current whose phase lags that of the driven element, one would expect the directivity to be in the direction of the reflector, opposite of the actual directional pattern of the Yagi—Uda antenna.
Otros contenidos other contents: Electronics industry in Japan. Commons category link is on Wikidata. Thus the antenna radiates a unidirectional beam of radio waves from the front director end of the antenna. Utilizamos cookies para nuestro servicio.
So one could as well model the operation of the parasitic element as the superposition of a dipole element receiving power and sending it down a transmission line to a matched load, and a transmitter sending the same amount of power up the transmission line back toward the antenna element. In fact, that would be the case were we to construct a phased array with rather closely spaced elements all driven by voltages in phase, as we posited.
However, Yagi always acknowledged Uda’s principal contribution to the design, and the proper name for the antenna is, as above, the Yagi—Uda antenna or array. Consequently, these antennas are often empirical designs using an element of trial and erroroften starting with an existing design modified according to one’s hunch.
Antenas Yagi Uda y Bocina by Daniel Barragan on Prezi
Please, contact us about any issues. Using a second set of traps, a “triband” antenna can be resonant at three different bands.
English versions of the newsletters. Consider a Yagi—Uda consisting of a reflector, driven element and a single director as shown here. Now the difficult computation is in determining that mutual impedance Z 21 which requires sntenas numerical solution.


Mobile Originate (MO) refers to SMS messages that are sent from a handset as opposed to those sent to a handset (MT). The term is often used in billing to indicate that a message is charged to an account when the handset sends the message.
Mobile Originate (MO) Print
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Tumblr has been down for 13 hours and counting. Let’s hope Twitter and Foursquare, whose status pages are both Tumblr-hosted, don’t also have problems today. (Also, congratulations to Tumblr — a major outage is a positive sign for growth. ;))
San Francisco – AT&T’s wireless data networks in the Southeast and Midwest U.S. were down for several hours on Thursday, causing BlackBerry and iPhone users to be without data services.
The EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution) and UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) services in those regions began having problems around 6:30 a.m. EST, said Mark Siegel, an AT&T spokesman. Voice calling was not affected, but people trying to use wireless data services may have had difficulty, he said.
Can’t say I saw any symptoms of this outage…the BlackBerry was churning right along this morning and all through the day. Odd.
I think Comcast just had a brief interruption on the entire East coast. At least, it was a concurrent service interruption here and in Boston, according to a friend of mine who’s up there for college. LOL. Hey, at least it wasn’t just me…


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My phone provider, AT&T, is soon going to retire their older 3G-based network in my area.
But their bold march to newer, better technologies has hit a minor snag. A few troublesome subscribers are still hanging on to their old phones.
It turns out I am one of those cheapskates. My five-year-old Android phone is plenty powerful for my needs, and I see no reason to pay another ransom for a new phone.
So, AT&T sent me a letter saying they would upgrade me for free to a newer phone. They are mailing me the new phone.
Is my phone really so outdated that it can't use the new network? Read on if you want to know the full story.
In the olden days, when dinosaurs roamed the earth, phones didn't need batteries. They were fixed to the wall. A wire connected them to the telephone exchange.
When you called anyone's number, an operator physically made connections to create a complete end-to-end circuit from your phone to their phone. When you hung up, the operator disconnected this circuit.
This kind of circuit-switched network, whether operated manually or with automated equipment, enabled high-quality conversations by giving you predictably low delays (see Can You Hear Me Now?).
For the duration of the call, your conversation got the exclusive right to use the circuit, whether you sent words, screams, or silence to the other person.
In a modern smartphone, a powerful computer running Android or iOS operates your screen, your WiFi, and other hardware, as I mentioned earlier in A Brain In A Jar.
But this computer, called an application processor, does not communicate with the ground stations. Cellular radio communication is handled by a different, more primitive computer called a baseband processor.
This second computer in your phone is not accessible to you. It runs specialized software that operates the cellular radio, a completely different device from the WiFi radio.
This means that a smartphone is two devices in one: a computer part that runs apps and uses WiFi to surf the Internet, and a phone part that sets up and tears down voice calls using the cellular network.
The baseband processor also provides data communication over the cellular network to the other computer, so that your phone can be on the Internet even when you're out of WiFi range.
This data communication over the cellular network works quite differently from voice calls.
To send a data message, whether over WiFi or over the cellular network, a computer breaks it up into "packets" of numbers, marking each packet individually with the address of the destination computer. The destination computer reassembles the message when it receives the packets. This method is called packet-switched communication.
As mobile phone carriers deployed higher-capacity network equipment based on packet switching, customers' apps got better Internet connectivity on this faster data network.
But the carriers always had to make sure their customers could continue to make calls to circuit-switched land-line phones, and that their calls would get guaranteed quality without delays. So, the carriers continued to offer their voice service using a separate network, and mobile phones used this network to make calls.
The new 4G networks (and their close cousins, Long-Term Evolution or LTE networks) carry both data and voice on the same network. The new LTE-capable baseband processors are capable of making voice calls directly over the packet-switched network.
But older handsets still use the separate voice network for making calls, and hence they require the older, pre-LTE base stations.
This is the reason why AT&T, which wants to get rid of the old equipment, needs to give me a free phone. It's not that the old phone isn't powerful enough. It's just that it relies on a dedicated voice network in an increasingly packet-switched world.


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