The Information Technology Department is made up of three areas: Information Services, Technical Services and Telecom Services.
Business Intelligence and Information Services
Responsible for supporting the university’s ERP (enterprise resource planning), CRM (customer relationship management) and LMS (learning management) systems and other purchased systems and for developing software applications that supplement these systems. BIIS also provides centralized reporting services.
- Application development and custom programming
- Banner (ERP) system support
- Mobile Applications
- Third-party software implementation and support
- Mass e-mail for targeted audiences
- Database administration
- System interfacing
- Test scoring services
- Document imaging
- Customer Relationship Management
Responsible for supporting the university’s telephone and voice mail systems and their related peripheral equipment.
- Data networking and operations
- Network security
- Campus and beyond wireless network implementation and support
- Network connectivity and services
- Telecommunications infrastructure
- Systems programming and operations
- Data center hardware infrastructure and support
- Data center operations
- E-mail services
- Software system technical support
Responsible for supporting the university’s hardware and wired and wireless network infrastructure and for operating the university’s Help Desk and Micro Repair operations.
- STARS (telecom billing)
- Telecom help desk (ext. 1995)
- Installation and repair of telephones
- Local and long-distance phone service
- Network port installation and repair
- Voicemail services
- Automated Attendants, Call Centers, Telecom consulting


WHY ARE THERE SO MANY?!
There are so many ways to send a message these days. Google Voice recently added texts, group messaging, and transcribed voicemail after not updating their app for *five years,* bringing the number of Google’s messaging apps to four (including Hangouts, Allo, and Duo). Facebook’s got two apps (WhatsApp and Messenger). Microsoft’s got two apps (GroupMe and Skype). Apple also kind of has two apps (iMessage and FaceTime).
That doesn’t include all of the other, independent messaging apps out there like Viber, WeChat, LINE, Telegram, and Kakaotalk, to name a few.
It’s true. We live in a time of TOO MANY messaging apps. So if you’re feeling lost in this ~brave new world~ of online communication, here’s a guide to the best platforms.
Christopher Furlong / Getty Images
The ~*ultimate*~ cross-platform messaging app is WhatsApp.
WhatsApp (free, iOS, Android, Windows phone and web) is the Ultimate Messaging App. It has a giant user base, is super fast, works on many different devices (even Blackberry!), has an easy-to-understand interface, and provides end-to-end encryption.
Plus, the Facebook-owned app has over one billion users on its platform, so it’s likely that some of your friends already using it.
WhatsApp offers free text messaging, group messaging, voice, and video calls over cellular data or Wi-Fi. It has a simple, easy-to-understand interface, without the overwhelming bells and whistles of the Viber and Line apps. The app is also fast. Multimedia (like photos, videos, audio messages and files up to 100MB) are compressed automatically by the app, so they send quickly even when connection is poor.
One of my favorite features is the ability to “star” messages with important reference information and access all of those starred messages in one, convenient place.
You can send and receive WhatsApp text messages from your mobile phone or the web. There is, unfortunately, no native desktop app and you can’t voice or video call from the web.
Nicole Nguyen / BuzzFeed News
If you – and most of your contacts – have iPhones, it’s a no brainer: use iMessage.
For iPhone users, iMessage ticks all the boxes.
You don’t have to sign up for anything. It’s the default messaging app on all iPhones, unlike on some Android devices, where there can be up to four messaging apps to choose from (Hangouts? Allo? Duo? The cell carrier’s own messaging app?).
It works seamlessly with FaceTime video and audio calling over data or a cell connection. It’s encrypted end-to-end (although, only when you message other iPhone users). It works on your phone, it works on your Mac, and it works on your iPad. It lets you send lasers to your friends. It automatically sends texts via iMessage when it’s appropriate, and regular SMS to those outside the “blue bubble.” It can handle all kinds of media: GIFs, contacts, location, links, photos, videos, and voice memos.
You can use Siri to check messages or send new messages, and install integrations from the new iMessage app store. You can also access Yelp, Venmo, and Dropbox without ever leaving the Messages app.
Sure, there’s still room for improvement. Namely, lack of compatibility with ANY OTHER PLATFORMS (ugh). Apple can also collect some metadata, like the numbers you enter into iMessage, which are sent to Apple servers to determine whether or not the message should be sent through iMessage or SMS. Apple retains that data for up to 30 days, and can be compelled to hand it over to law enforcement with a subpoena or court order.
If iMessage were cross-platform, it might be the Perfect Messaging App. But until then, it’s the best option for those with iPhones to communicate with other peeps with iPhones.
Nicole Nguyen / BuzzFeed News


If docker, upon ones host, has a user defined network, 172.18.0.0/16, with a default gateway, 172.18.0.1 (Which I understand to be the host itself), hosts ones upstream services. Surely it routes all of it's traffic via the host ? If so then how can one direct the packets from the docker network to NginX, which acts as a reverse-proxy (c.f. Nginx:IP transparency) ?
Previously I had asked which method was the best for proxying Docker via the host. I've settled upon the method described here under Method 1: IP transparency but steps 3 and 4 in the subsection, Configuring NGINX Plus and Your Upstreams for IP Transparency confuse me somewhat. I'm trying to adapt this example for my use case which is a docker network operating within a host machine rather then a set of machines operating alongside one another within the same network.
Step 3 : Describes how the default gateway of some upstream servers on the same local network as the proxy, facing the internet, should use the proxy as the gateway instead of the default one assigned by the router. Docker, however, is run within the host and the default gateway for a user network must surely be the host itself. I get the impression I can simply skip this step.
Step 4 : Provides the instructions to redirect the packets arriving on a given interface (The network with all the machines) to NginX by configuring both IPTables and IPRoute2. Again I'm not sure how to implement this. I have gone through the commands they use and it appears that they use IPTables to mark the packets coming from the local network, where the upstream servers reside.
iptables -t mangle -A PREROUTING -p tcp -s 172.16.0.0/28 --sport 80 -j MARK --set-xmark 0x1/0xffffffff
Then they use IPRoute2 to direct any packets with a mark to table 100
ip rule add fwmark 1 lookup 100
100 then, it seems, redirect all traffic to the loop back device.
ip route add local 0.0.0.0/0 dev lo table 100
Again is I'm not sure if this necessary for a docker network within a host machine. My understanding is that all the packets already seem to arrive on the loopback device since this is where docker itself is hosting the network. Why is it necessary to send this traffic back through the loopback device
lo anyhows ?


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Cisco doesn’t want to be left out from the blockchain race. The networking giant has been exploring the “whole decentralized computing space” and has even started filing for related patents. This article will talk about two of those patents; so without further ado, here’s what we’ve got…
Group messaging in a blockchain
Cisco envisions secure group messaging in a decentralized manner. The company’s patent, filed with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO), describes how blockchain could enable people to form groups to exchange information and files, while keeping track of membership.
According to Cisco, the blockchain-based system would be able to solve such common problems as “how group membership is established, communicated, updated, and secured from unauthorized tampering” in “dynamic, decentralized, and self-organizing groups.”
The company proposes using cryptographic keys shared among group participants to establish a peer-to-peer network, with only authorized members being able to join in.
The genesis block for the ledger is created by the first participant’s device, and that block could also define the initial set of group members. From there, subsequent communications would generate their own blocks as each member of the conversation adds on.
From the patent filing, describing applications of this technology:
One such application is enabling end-to-end encryption of instant messaging, content sharing, and streamed media. This is useful in developing a protocol or application designed to enable confidential group communications.
IoT device tracking with blockchain
Another Cisco patent proposes a blockchain system to track Internet of Things (IoT) devices.
In a filing, the company describes a blockchain platform that can identify and automatically register different devices, monitor their activity, and evaluate/assess how trustworthy the device is when connected to a network.
The filing refers to “low-power and lossy networks” (LLNs), which typically run smart grid-type systems that may include some sensors and are increasingly connected to the internet. So Cisco’s platform aims to streamline and automate this process.
From the filing:
Particularly in the context of the IoT and similar networks, device identity and management is a key building block for a viable end-to-end solution. Depending on the particular use case, a ‘thing’ may have to register or authenticate its identity with different service enablers that may use various service-specific procedures.
For what it matters, Cisco was also one of several companies to announce an IoT protocol that registers devices using a blockchain-compatible API. And chances are it is just getting started.
On our end, we will be getting back to you as soon as we catch something newsworthy from Cisco or any other important player. Stay tuned in the meantime…


FortiVoice Compatibility Guide
Please be aware that not all Fortivoice phones are compatible with all Fortivoice phone systems. To be more specific, the FON-H25, FON-175, and FON-375 are not compatible with the older D-Series 5.0 systems. All phone are however compatible with the new Enterprise FVE systems running 5.3.4 software. We should not be quoting the D-Series systems today and instead should only be quoting FVE system.


The process of mounting a CB antenna in your truck bed is really difficult. However, this is a bit tricky rather to be difficult. If you get right kind of instructions, then it will become easy for you.So, lets find out in this article how to mount a CB antenna in a truck bed.
There are a lot of options available in the market as far as various models of CB radio and antenna are concerned. But when you want to mount the antenna properly, the rules can be generalised. In this article, we have tried to give a brief idea about how to mount the CB antenna in your truck bed. We have also discussed about the right places where you can install the CB antenna to have hassle free service.
Some Recommended Places for Installation of CB Antenna
You can install the CB antenna in the following places to get the best results:
- On the front bumper
- On the rear bumper
- On your truck’s roof using a magnetic installation clamp; this will help you to uninstall it when you do not need it.
- A magnetic clamp on top of your hood; this will help you to keep it out of your field of vision.
- On the front fender
- On the rear windshield guard
Steps to mount the CB antenna
Step 1 – First choose the place of installation
Before going to the installation process, make sure that you have decided the place where you want to install your CB antenna. For beginners, it will work as a reference as to buy the best CB antenna for the truck bed.
For example, if you want to mount the CB antenna on the roof of your truck, then you need to buy the magnet mount, base loaded antenna. The magnetic base will get fixed on the metal and you do not need to fix the antenna with any hardware. However, this kind of antenna will not work for you if you want to mount it on the bumper or truck bed.
You can mount your CB antenna on the roof of your truck, which will be an ideal location. Here, your antenna will get the best ground plane coverage; the ground plane will function as a horizontal surface that helps reflect the radio waves from other radio elements.
Another popular location can be your stake-holes lining the truck bed. This can be very much helpful as this does not involve any drilling of holes to fix the mount. Antenna mounts that are specifically designed to fit these holes are known as the stake-hole CB antenna mount.
In the truck bed, you can mount the CB antenna in both ways; you can mount your antenna in the stake holes or you can choose the tool boxes. However, this choice can lead to a hassle of drilling holes.
Step 2 – Secondly, fix the Antenna Mount to the Truck bed
As we have mentioned earlier, antenna mounts, specifically designed for stake holes are easily available in the market. So, you need to mount the antenna on the driver’s side and as close as possible, to the cab in order to get the best signal. Make sure to keep the antenna length at least a foot above the cab, keeping the length shorter will give you a high SWR reading, which may be damaging for your radio.
Remember, you can keep your antenna as tall as you want but it should not hit overhead passes. Make sure you have all the required instruments that you need to mount the CB antenna. Attach the antenna mount to the coax after fixing. However, this process can be done in various ways.
Some antennas come with studs which require the ring terminal connector on your coax wires, while others will require the PL259 connector.
Step 3 – The next step is R outing the Coaxial Cables
This step involves getting the cable from the radio to the antenna. Make sure you have kept cable in such a manner that it is less visible to others. Remember to keep minimum slack in the coax cable and at the end, properly store the excess coax. Then tie it at the centre. Do not store the coax in a coil as it may lead to a rise in the SWR reading.
Step 4 – Fourth step is to Tune the Antenna
This is the final step of installing your CB antenna after which you can start using your radio. You are required to tune your radio antenna before the antenna is able to pick up signals and allow an SWR reading.
You need to keep checking the reading that the SWR meter gives in between the adjustments. Then compare the reading at channel 1 and at channel 40. The two readings are required to be more or less, equal or below 2.0. Remember that high SWR readings may damage your CB radio. This can also act as a guide when you actually want to adjust the length of the antenna.
If you find that the SWR reading in channel 40 is higher than that of in channel 1, then your antenna is too long and vice versa. You may need to park your vehicle in an open space keeping it away from trees or buildings. You should keep your antenna at a distance of 10 to 20 meters from the trees and the buildings.
Keep the space clear of any obstruction and stay inside your vehicle with the door and windows closed to minimize any interference. This will ensure that the reading of SWR meter is accurate. The next step would be to learn the codes and yes, you are ready to go.
Buying the best CB antenna does not solve your purpose. You have to mount the CB antenna properly to your truck bed; else it will create problems later on. So, the mounting must be done. However, the steps may be simple or tricky depending on the type of antenna you have. If you have any confusion, then you can consult your radio manuals. You can follow the instructions that is written on the user guide to install the antenna properly. With these instructions that we have written done for you, and with the help of your manual, we hope that you will get your CB radio and antenna set up in no time at all. Best of luck, and hope you have an amazing experience with it. You can visit amazon.com to buy CB antenna for your truck bed.


• Supports Intel® Core 2 Quad/Core 2 Duo based processors in LGA775 package.
• Supports Intel® Yorkfield, Wolfdale in the LGA775 package.
• Supports Intel® next generation 45nm multi-core processors
• Supports FSB 1333/1066/800 MHz.
• Supports VRD 11.1 standard.
• Supports FMB 05a@95W
Please refer to CPU Support for compatible CPU; the above description is for reference only.
• Intel® G41 Chipset
- Supports FSB 800/1066/1333 MHz.
- Integrated Intel Graphics Media Accelerator (Intel® GMA X4500)
- Supports Microsoft® DirectX 10
• Intel® ICH7 Chipset
- Hi-Speed USB (USB2.0) controller, 480Mb/sec, up to 8 ports.
- 4 SATAII ports with transfer rate up to 3Gb/s.
- 1 channel Ultra ATA 100 bus master IDE controller.
- PCI Master v2.3, I/O APIC.
• Supports two unbuffered DIMM of 1.8 Volt DDR2 667/800 DRAM, 8GB Max
• One PCI Express x16 slot (PCI Express Bus SPEC V1.0 compliant).
• Two 32-bit v2.3 master PCI bus slots.
- Support 3.3v/5v PCI bus interface.
• One Ultra DMA 66/100 IDE controller integrated in Intel® ICH7
- Supports PIO, Bus Master operation modes.
- Can connect up to two Ultra ATA drives.
• SATAII controller integrated in ICH7 chipset
- Up to 3Gb/s transfer speed.
- Supports four SATAII ports by ICH7
• Chipset integrated by VIA® VT1828S
- Flexible 6-channel audio with jack sensing
- Meet Microsoft Vista Premium spec
• Supports PCI Express LAN 10/100/1000 Fast Ethernet by Atheros AR8131M
Internal I/O Connectors
- ATX 24-Pin power connector
- 4-pin ATX 12V power connector
- CPU x1/ System x2 FAN connectors
- CD-in connector
- Front panel audio connector
- Front panel connector
- 1 x chasis intrusion connector
- 2 x USB 2.0 connectors
- 1 x Floppy disk drive connector
- 4 x Serial ATAII connectors
- 1 x ATA100 connector
- 1 x SPDIF-Out connector
- Clear CMOS Jumper
- 1 x Serial port connector
- 1 x TPM module connector
Back Panel I/O Ports - 1 x PS/2 keyboard
- 1 x PS/2 mouse
- 1 x Serial port (COM 1)
- 1 x Graphics Card port
- 1 x 6 in 1 audio jack
- 4 x USB 2.0 ports
- 1 x RJ45 LAN jack
• 24.3cm(L) x 19.3cm(W) mATX Form Factor


Months ago Zenda Telephone Company announced that it was going to embark on a fiber construction project in order to continue to provide its customers with excellent telecommunications offerings. Today, Zenda Telephone Company is very pleased to announce that phase one of the project is set to begin.
Phase 1 of the project will include a detailed measurement and staking of all of the fiber cable routes in the exchange. This will begin in late April. Zenda Telephone Company has engaged the services of RVW Engineering to assist in the design and construction of the project. During Phase 1, you will see employees of RVW Engineering working through the exchange. Once the measurements are completed, the cable and associated equipment will be ordered. It is anticipated that cable installation will begin in the Fall of 2012.
Zenda Telephone Company will contact each of its customers in the coming weeks to schedule a meeting in May or early June to discuss fiber line and equipment placement on their property. Should you have any questions or concerns about the project, please contact the Zenda Telephone Company at 620-243-5531
ZTC is proud to be bringing this state-of-art communications network to the customers in the Zenda area.


The following case studies illustrate the types of relationships we can build with clients and the way we serve many of them.
Case Study #1: IT/DATA/TELCO requirement
CHALLENGE: A major international financial institution was faced with rebuilding their primary North American DATA/Communications center after losing their previous facility to a disaster.
H&H’s PRIMARY OBJECTIVE: Provide scalable, modular rack enclosure infrastructure for the new facility’s high density MDF & IDF fiber optic and copper backbone. This had to be accomplished with allowing a minimum of cooling air to escape from the pressurized floor through the densely packed enclosure rows.
SECONDARY OBJECTIVE: Provide scalable, modular Open Frame solution for a high density fiber optic infrastructure that satisfied both large trunk runs and individual fiber strand connectivity.
SOLUTION: H&H’s enclosure solution included close cooperation between H&H’s engineering/design team and the Site Architect & Infrastructure Engineers to ensure the very important issue of maintaining cooling air pressure was appropriately addressed from the very beginning of the process. Our solution included an additional plenum base designed to fit inside the 24” floor tile, while allowing for a larger depth enclosure to be used to accommodate the significant quantity of Category 6 cabling required by the application. An additional important element was the use of a brush system in both the plenum & enclosure base to maintain cooling air in the pressurized floor, yet allow for a large quantity of Cat 6 cables to enter the enclosure from the very same floor.
The Open Frame solution provided a different opportunity for H&H engineering & design experience to be brought to bear. The initial request for the Open Frame elements consisted of a very standard form factor. In concert with the systems engineers on the ground, H&H was able to make major modifications to the Open Frame elements based upon changing circumstances to make that solution exactly what the requirement had become. We were able to add specific troughs and fiber drapes to assist the end-user in most efficiently routing the large quantity of fiber needed to make the many connections required by the application.
Case Study #2: Automated Test Equipment
CHALLENGE: A major Tier-1 Defense/Aerospace contractor was faced with replacing a sole-source vendor for a multi-bay ATE system that would not degrade functionality of the enclosure system, and would improve modularity while being cost conscious.
PRIMARY OBJECTIVE: Replace a no longer existing vendor, with no disruption to customer’s production capability, functionality or quality.
SECONDARY OBJECTIVE: Make the overall system more modular, efficient & cost effective.
SOLUTION: H&H engineers worked directly with contractor’s design group to completely redesign the system, while maintaining key elements that the contractor’s Production/Integration crews had come to expect. H&H’s redesign was ultimately integrated into the contractor’s build-to-print drawing. Additional features were added to improve overall functionality of the multi-bay system, while significant manufacturing improvements were presented that simplified the process and showed considerable value-added return to both time in Production/Integration and budget.
Case Study #3: Networking Vendor
PRIMARY OBJECTIVE: Design an acceptable form factor to house the patching system; allow significant cable access to the enclosure for patching; facilitate simplified use of the patching system; guarantee security within open Data Center environment; ensure compatibility with size restrictions inherent to Data Center space limitations.
SOLUTION: H&H Engineers provided a detailed 3D model, with full dimensions, to end user to determine feasibility. After discussions over the model, and using the actual physical location parameters as a metric, a prototype was fabricated. Prototype was proved out in application, is currently in quantity production, and in use in a number of customer’s Data Center locations.


IT Webster Limited
© Copyright 2002 - 2020 IT Webster Limited.
SecurAccess uses your mobile device to authenticate.
Mobile phone based tokenless® Two Factor Authentication
for VPN, SSL, Remote Desktop, WiFi, Web Portals, Laptop
Encryption and Other Solutions. The modern alternative to
100% Successful SMS Passcode Delivery
The key strategy for successful use of SMS for delivering
passcodes is resolving intermittent network coverage and
SMS delivery delays.
Choice is key. SecurAccess’ patented methods resolve these
issues by utilising:
- Pre-loaded one time passcodes
- Three pre-loaded one time passcodes within each
- Reusable passcodes that change each day or multiple
Other Delivery Options
- Real Time SMS Passcodes sent on-demand and
- Passcodes can be sent via secure email
- Soft Token Apps
- Voice Call with passcodes entered in the phones
keypad to session lock the voice network with the
Self Help Desk
A self help web interface is included to allow users to request
temporary passcodes should they lose their phone
End user experience
Good security shouldn’t add complexity, SecurAccess is
designed to keep authentication as easy as possible by:
- Reusing the existing Microsoft (or other directory)
- Dynamically updating the previous SMS message; no
need to delete old text messages (pre_loaded and day
- Flashing the message directly to the main screen (real
Soft Token Apps
- Ideal for smart device users.
- Complimentary to SMS based authentication
- Allow the end use the freedom to choose between
SMS based authentication or a Soft Token application
and switch between them.
SecurPassword uses your mobile device to authenticate.
Tokenless two factor authentication to enable self-service
With our growing reliance on IT, the number and complexity
of passwords per user becomes a serious overhead.
Typically when the password is required to be changed, your
IT helpdesk is overwhelmed with confused users, who may
have locked themselves out of the network. Here is a whole
new revolutionary approach to password security.
Two-Factor Authentication meets Self Help Password
Expecatations on the user to regularly change their password
to something complex is giving rise to an already busy
When a user forgets a password the helpdesk must not only
assist in its change but also in identifying the user is who
they say they are!
Allowing the user to take control is providing the end user to
reset their own password with a two factor authentication
experience, making the problem easily resolved and fast to
For more information about SecurEnvoy, please
browse the information at www.securenvoy.com


...designed specifically for retail, leisure, restaurants and business. Dramatically improved communication reduces queues at checkout, solves customer queries quicker and improves customer service considerably.
Quail Digital Retail Headset system comprises lightweight wireless digital headsets for up to 12 supervisors, integrated with checkout and store keypads, POS systems, customer help-points and passive alarm systems.
Designed and manufactured by Quail Digital, the system operates on the high quality 1.88-1.90 GHz frequency band with a coverage of up to 60,000 sqft with wireless repeaters.
Complete an enquiry form so we can help you make your business more efficient and profitable.
• improved team communication
• reduced queues at checkout
• queries solved quicker
• staff allocated where needed
• reduced stock loss
• improved staff security
• better customer service


•Li-fi is a light based wireless communication
• It is more secure than Wi-Fi
•However,it has its potential downsides
Could Li-fi be replacing Wi-fi in the near future?Well,after reports of dangers associated with prolonged exposure to The RF and Wi-fi low level radiation effect on Patients suffering from EHS ,Li-fi could replacing Wi-fi very soon.But what exactly is Li-fi?
Light-based wireless communication, coined as Li-Fi by Harald Haas at a TED talk , is a method of internet connectivity that uses flickering the light from a special LED to transmit data . The technology is still being developed by researchers at the University of Edinburgh in the UK, but it already looks like it will be more effective and more secure health wise than
Frequently used Wi-Fi.
Li-fi spews light out to connect to your smartphone and laptop.
As compared to Wi-Fi which spews out radio waves in all directions around your home from a wireless router. When your wireless
device detects the LED light, it connects to your Light bulb( wireless router) which then connects you to
However,Li-fi has some potential downsides;
•It operates withing a short range just like you've seen in the photo illustration
•High installation costs.You'll need LED light bulbs
All in all the Li-fi is a perfect plan for the house or office.


GTE Technology is a telecommunications company that provides traditional telephone, broadband, and cable services to consumers and businesses in the United States. GTE Technology has been around since 1884, and its services have been used by people all over the world.
One of the things that make GTE Technology so special is its technology portfolio. GTE Technology has a wide range of technologies that it uses to provide its services, including fiber-optic cable, wireless networks, and satellite systems. These technologies allow GTE Technology to provide a variety of services to its customers, from phone service to high-speed Internet access.
In this article, we will learn more about GTE Technology’s technology portfolio and how it works. We will also explore some of the ways in which GTE Technology is changing the way we live and work.
What is GTE Technology?
GTE technology is a widely used telecommunication technology that was originally developed by GTE Corporation. It is a broadband communication technology that transmit date by using digital signals. This data transfer over telephone lines. GTE technology is commonly used to connect offices and businesses within large metropolitan areas.
How GTE Technology Works
GTE technology is a telecommunications technology that uses fiber optic cables to transmit data. GTE technology is used to connect large businesses and organizations in the United States. This technology is also used to provide internet and phone service to customers.
Benefits of GTE Technology
GTE technology is a telecommunications technology that allows for broadband internet access over fixed and mobile networks. GTE technology uses the Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) radio spectrum, which is more efficient than other available wavelengths. This technology has many benefits, including:
-Reliable: GTE technology can handle large amounts of data, making it a good option for businesses and homes with high-bandwidth needs.
-Accessible: This technology reaches a wide range of people, making it an ideal option for those who live in rural or hard-to-reach areas.
– It is Affordable: Because GTE technology uses the GSM radio spectrum, it is cheaper than other broadband technologies. It is also used to provide internet and phone service to customers. Also, see Unblocked games 66 EZ.
So, GTE widely used telecommunication technology that was originally developed by GTE Corporation. GTE technology uses digital signals to transmit data over telephone lines which is very fast. It is commonly used to connect offices and businesses within large metropolitan areas.
For more information, visit our wesbite.


Diploma Of Information Technology Networking is designed to provide the knowledge and skills required to install and manager network. The course would teach you the tactics of installing and administrating the Microsoft and Linux operating system. You would be able to explore new technologies and gain with the learning of new technique related to the cloud and IOT (internet of thing). It would also enhance the theoretical knowledge among the individuals. This qualification is all about preparing you for exciting challenges and opportunities that comes with technological advancements. Main advantage of this course is that you would gain the communication and management skills which are also crucial for managing the small scale projects successful manner. The qualification would also provide you with the knowledge of administrating a network in the manner as required.. You can gain the knowledge of hardware installation, its maintenance and operation. After completing this course, you will be able to work in roles such as help desk professional, network and system administrator, system and network security professional, system and network technician, and demonstrate.
Diploma Of Information Technology Networking (1 Courses)
Undergoing the learning of the course, you would gain with the knowledge of varied essentials. All of the essential topics are covered in the units of the course. Hence the learning from the course are like:
Contributing to the copyright, privacy and the ethics based needs in the ICT environs.
Matching the IT based needs in respect to the strategic directions of the business empire.
Undergoing the installation and the managing of the ICT based networks.
Having the implementation of the server virtualization for the ICT based systems in a sort of sustainable manner.
Producing the architectural design of the various ICT networks.
Designing and implementing the unified server solutions in the networks.
Planning, testing and implementing the communication solutions in the business enterprise.
Verifying and configuring with the varied WAN links and the IP services.
Properly installing and operating the routers in the medium enterprise.
Effectively managing the system securities.
Configuring with the virtual computing environments in an enterprise.
Tactics for effectively planning about the wireless mesh networks.
Individuals would gain with huge number of career opportunities after gaining with the proper learning of the course. Hence, the diploma of Information technology networking online course would open the below mentioned areas for grooming up your career in the corporate world.
If you want to enter in the computer networking industry and gain the utmost networking based knowledge, then this course would be your perfect choice for career enhancement. With this course, you can make your career in computer networking industry and achieve your desired goal. The course would also provide you with the industry based skills and knowledge which tends to be crucial for working in the complex networks as network manager or network technician. After completing Diploma Of Information Technology Networking course, you would be enough capable of working in different organizations. You may be employed in a number of roles such as IT network operations technician, IT network operations support, IT network support technician, IT network support, IT network technician, IT network support technician, IT network administrator, IT network technician. It is all done by covering varied essential topics such as e-business integration, network infrastructure, network programming, security, enterprise virtualization and server administration.
Study abroad, live abroad, work abroad!
Enquire now to make your international dreams a reality


Zenith ZTG Series ATS
The ZTG is designed for standard applications. The ZTG series builds on ZTS technology while providing a pre-engineered project solution.
The series uses the MX150 microprocessor control system, which includes as standard many of the most common features specified on a transfer switch. It also provides an intuitive user interface, communications capability and self diagnostics.
The ZTG is available in a full range of ampere, voltage, and pole configurations, along with many commonly requested options and enclosure types.
Product Specifications: ZTG Series Brochure (pdf)


Eduroam (education roaming) is the secure, world-wide roaming access service developed for the international research and education community. Users can visit other organisation and use their network without the need to setup a new wi-fi connection.
Policies and Guidelines
Before using the eduroam service, please read the following policies.
All internet traffic will be logged and filtered, due to operational as well as legal reasons.
Eduroam Cat - The link contains various executable files for different hardware platforms. By running the specified installer for your own device, it will configure all the setting needed to connect you to the eduroam network.


Beware! The ‘invisible’ eye is watching you
For years, enterprises have installed closed circuit TV (CCTV) almost exclusively for security monitoring despite its many shortcomings. For one, it is expensive and disruptive to install and its capabilities are limited. CCTV records images on videocassettes, so police and other emergency personnel can’t view the event live. However, in the wake of terrorist threats escalating worldwide, the need for a successor system—one that delivers secure, real-time images of an emergency as well as the flexibility to show both full-motion and still images—is increasingly being felt by enterprises and security establishment alike.
Enter internet-based video surveillance, a far superior alternative to CCTV. For, this technology offers real-time delivery of video and still images from a crime or emergency scene via a LAN or the internet. Do not be surprised but riding on this technology, countries are fast logging into the age of networked, highly computerised surveillance. Whether it is your private home, office, a retail store, or public areas and institutions, various types of surveillance technology—panning and tilting cameras, digital video recorders, hidden spy cameras, full-fledged motion-activated networked surveillance systems and IP technology-based surveillance systems—that keep an eye on all suspicious movements, are catching up globally.
Consider this. Almost two-thirds of New York residential and business premises are said to use surveillance products. In Britain, there are over four million digital video cameras scanning streets, parks, and government buildings. The older CCTV networks are fast giving way to smarter digital cameras and DVR-based surveillance gadgets, which provide clearer images and wider visual fields with automatic panning, tilting, and zooming. These smart digital cameras can be easily installed and networked with televisions, desktops and the internet. For those keeping a watchful eye, this gives greater ease and control. Typically, it is possible for a homeowner or shopkeeper to remote control the cameras and keep a check on suspicious moving objects with clear visual images, zooming and recording facilities. The trend is catching up in India as well. It is already on the radar of leading manufacturers of security and surveillance systems. Be it the Select Citywalk mall or Oberoi Hotel in New Delhi, or various corporate offices, it is IP-based CCTV doing the job of keeping a watchful eye on suspicious activities.
On the growing acceptance for internet-based IP surveillance, security analysts inform that the system uses a company’s existing network to transmit images from analogue cameras and/or IP cameras over public networks. These systems allow live streaming video and still image transfer (both one-way and two-way) at an average of 30 frames per second into a standard, easy-to-use web browser, so video can be viewed in real-time from police cars and other emergency vehicles.
IP-based systems deliver a great deal of additional functionality. For instance, they provide motion detection, auto time and date stamps, easy transfer of visuals, and pre- and post-alarm messaging. Business owners are notified immediately if any event occurs; they can then log on to the system remotely to see what’s happening in their offices and businesses.
Frost & Sullivan analysts inform that the traditional CCTV systems have witnessed an increase in demand due to technological improvements and advanced features in terms of integration with other access control technologies like biometrics and digital video software. Additionally, smart cameras that provide intelligent analysis of captured video images are also driving the market. While traditional CCTV solutions still account for majority of the market, analysts point to IP technology as the next step forward for surveillance systems. Moving from analogue to digital is heating up the security surveillance and monitoring market.
Analysts say that the trend from analogue CCTV to fully digital, network video surveillance is in its infancy and will ensure that the video surveillance market grows at a healthy pace for many years to come. Currently, Swedish manufacturer Axis dominates the market for network cameras. Other players in analogue cameras—Panasonic and Sony—are fast catching up. They are paying more attention to IP surveillance and are expected to launch a large number of IP-based surveillance products in the next year or two.
UK-based Dedicated Micros, a provider of digital video multiplex recorders and IP CCTV products for security applications, is launching its operations in India soon. The company’s security and surveillance products are already deployed in select locations like shopping malls, hotels and corporate offices. Globally, it boasts of deployment for public safety monitoring at London’s fashion district and Heathrow airport, Sydney Opera House, Qatar TV. In the Middle East, Sharjah Police uses the system for traffic monitoring and the Dubai Police for monitoring Gold Souk visitors.
Dedicated Micros’ country manager for India, Anwar J Hashmi, says, “Through our unique NetVu connected core architecture, we offer a diverse, innovative, seamlessly interoperable proposition for the Indian market to enhance public safety and security.” Recently, the company introduced its HighVu Excel Enterprise range. This is a modular, expandable, high performance CCTV recording and IP transmission solution with embedded analytics and scalable video wall capability. Company officials say that it represents a generational shift in the capability of systems in the enterprise field.
Even otherwise, technology has moved on dramatically in recent times with the flexibility of the latest, scalable, networked video over IP solutions coming under the spotlight in the ongoing battle against vandalism, criminal activity and global terrorism. Video over IP for surveillance really comes into its own on sites where video servers can be readily integrated into the existing computer infrastructure. This could be done by distributing video images on demand across a LAN or WAN to as many viewing terminals as required.
Security experts inform that when it comes to video over IP, there is a great deal of hype in the market. Much of this is created by those who only have IP products to sell, and IP infrastructure providers who want to stimulate traffic growth so that they can sell more routers and other networking products and services.
Germany-based Mobotix too is sounding the death knell for CCTV. Its country manager for India operations, Graham Wheeler, says a hunt was on for partners to help tackle the exploding IP video market. The company develops and manufactures professional network cameras for security systems, production monitoring and internet applications. In India, it is looking for systems integrators from the IT sector, communications integrators and dealers with a focus on security or process automation.
Insisting that IP video offers advantages over traditional analogue video technology as well as conventional webcams, Wheeler predicts a huge opportunity for the company’s products in the education and mining areas. In a nutshell, IP technology is the next step forward for surveillance systems.


CTP20 is a collaboration touch panel that can be paired with Yealink’s new generation video conference solutions. Its 13.3-inch touch screen and user-centered interactive design allow users to join or control a meeting quickly and effortlessly. It greatly reduces the difficulty of using video conferencing system and creates a better meeting experience.
When CTP20 works with Yealink Wireless Presentation Pod WPP20, you can annotate or control the shared content on CTP20 directly. In addition, equipped with a new active capacitive pen that affords you a real writing experience, the CTP20 facilitate participants to focus more on the topics of discussions.
- Zaslon osjetljiv na dodir 13.3 inča IPS FHD 1080P (kapacitivni)
- Podrška za aktivnu olovku s prepoznavanjem razine pritiska
- Podrška za whiteboard
- Podrška za crtanje bilješki na dijeljenom sadržaju
- Spajanje na VCS putem kabla ili bežične mreže (Wi-Fi)
- Napajanje putem računalne mreže (Power over Ethernet IEEE 802.3af)
Compatible with Yealink video conferencing endpoints, including VC880/VC800/VC500/VC200
Connect to VCS endpoint via cable or via Wi-Fi
Up to 4 CTP20 units in one system *
13.3-inch IPS FHD capacitive touch screen
10 points multi-touch
Built-in Omni-directional microphone for voice pickup **
2.4G/5G Wi-Fi, IEEE 802.11n/ac
1 x USB 2.0 Type-A for connecting the USB flash drive to save recording files
1 x USB 2.0 Type-C for content sharing when connecting with PC **
1 x RJ45 Ethernet for power and data connection
1 x Security lock slot
1 x Reset slot
Other Physical Features
Power input PoE 48V 0.27A
Power consumption 7W
USB Output 5V 500mA
Stand with adjustable angle (15°~70°)
Dimension (W*D*H): 321.5mm x 118mm x 196mm
1 x Active Pen with 1024 pressure levels
* VC880/VC800/VC500 supports up to 4 CTP20 simultaneously, VC200 only supports one CTP20 at one time.
** Content sharing and microphone functions will be supported through software updates.


AdVoice introduces ringer-tone ad into Nigerian market
AdVoice, a Nigerian-based mobile phone advertising provider, has introduced audio mobile advertising platform for Nigerian network operators. The new system allows network operators that keyed into the plan to replace ring tones, especially on the caller’s part with various companies’ advertisements. This new advertising method principally monetises ring tones and subsequently generates revenues; rewards subscribers…
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Corporate mobile phones are expensive. They’re also essential. The fact is that the corporate mobile phone really is becoming “an office in a box”, and the needs of business for better quality are increasing. The need for better economics and bottom line-based costing is also becoming more obvious, if that’s possible. Fortunately for business, the highly competitive phone industry is getting the message.
There’s no doubt that the communications industry is getting on the better business bandwagon as fast as it can. Corporations need to look at their phone plans on the most practical basis:
• Better deals
• Good private/business functions
• Value for money
• Well organized plans
• Good rates
• Simplified, no-nonsense, no-bureaucracy plans
• Built in business functions
Corporations can thank the mobile phone brokers for putting an end to the bureaucracy. The future of the corporate phone plans isn’t in doubt. The days of having to tolerate phone plans that simply create more work for accountants than deliver functions are over.


This post is also available in: 日本語 (Japanese)
Web-based consoles are widely adopted by management software and smart devices to provide interactive data visualization and user-friendly configuration. This is gaining momentum as enterprises' computer systems become more complex and more modern internet of things (IoT) devices are used at home. These web applications are usually located in internal environments or private networks protected by firewalls. Therefore, they usually have a high trust level for visitors. They typically assume all visitors are authorized and thus expose sensitive information or provide administrator privileges without strong application-level protection.
Although the web services in private networks are supposed to be isolated from the internet and the same-origin policy prevents arbitrary websites from interacting with internal servers, hackers can still take advantage of web-based consoles to exploit internal networks by abusing the domain name system (DNS) through a technique called DNS rebinding. This technique can expose the attack surfaces of internal web applications to malicious websites once they launch on victims' browsers.
In this blog, we present the mechanism and severity of the DNS rebinding attack with penetration examples. After that, we introduce the mainstream mitigations against this attack and their limitations.
Palo Alto Networks has launched a detector to capture DNS rebinding attacks from our DNS Security and passive DNS data. Our system provides scalable detection for various DNS rebinding payloads and reduces the false discovery rate by 85.09% compared to the traditional IP filtering solution. It ingests the DNS data in real time to identify penetration activities as soon as possible.
Allowing arbitrary cross-origin requests is known to be extremely dangerous. Therefore most modern browsers block these requests. However, DNS rebinding provides a way to bypass this restriction. This section introduces the importance of the same-origin policy and how the DNS rebinding technique works.
Modern browsers enforce the same-origin policy to mitigate this threat. This policy forbids a script from reaching web resources from different origins. Under this policy, a web page can still load cross-origin resources in its HTML tags. For example, it can embed an iframe showing third-party advertisements. However, malicious websites can't read the response content of cross-origin requests through scripts.
The same-origin policy identifies different origins with the combination of URI scheme, hostname and port. Among these components, browsers rely on hostnames to recognize different servers on the internet. However, hostnames are not directly bound to network devices. Instead, they are resolved to IP addresses by DNS. Then, IP addresses bind to devices statically or dynamically. Since domain owners have complete control of their DNS records, they can resolve their hostnames to arbitrary IP addresses. The DNS rebinding attack abuses this privilege. After the victims' browsers load the attacking payloads from the hacker's server, attackers can rebind their hostnames to internal IP addresses pointing to the target servers. This allows attackers’ scripts to access private resources through malicious hostnames without violating the same-origin policy.
Figure 1 demonstrates the mechanism of a DNS rebinding attack with a hypothetical example. In this example, the victim, Alex, has a private web service in his internal network with IP address 192[.]0.0.1. This server contains confidential data and is supposed to be accessed by Alex's computer only. On the attack side, Bob controls two servers: a DNS resolver (1[.]2.3.4) and a web server (5[.]6.7.8) hosting the malicious website. In addition, Bob registers a domain, attack[.]com, with its nameserver (NS) record pointing to 1[.]2.3.4.
When Alex opens attack[.]com in his browser, it sends a DNS request to Bob's resolver and retrieves the address of the malicious server, 5[.]6.7.8. Once loaded in Alex's browser, the malicious script in Bob's website attempts to trigger another DNS resolution for its own domain. However, this time the resolver will return 192[.]0.0.1 instead. So attack[.]com is rebound to the target IP address. After that, the malicious script can keep sending requests to attack[.]com, which eventually reach the private server. Since Alex's browser won't recognize these requests as cross-origin, the malicious website can read the returned secrets and exfiltrate stolen data as long as it's open on the victim's browser.
Using DNS rebinding, attackers can abuse victims' browsers as their proxy to extend the attack surface to private networks. This technique significantly increases the potential vulnerabilities exposed to hackers as more web applications launch on enterprise and home networks. In addition, the default trust level of internal service is high. Therefore, DNS rebinding can play a pivotal role in real-world attacks combining various penetration techniques and vulnerability exploits. This section demonstrates how it's involved in practical penetration with Singularity, an open-source DNS rebinding platform.
The initial step of the DNS rebinding attack is the same as other web-based attacks: tricking victims into opening malicious websites through various social engineering techniques such as sending phishing emails and cybersquatting.
After launching malicious websites on victims' browsers, hackers need to identify the private IP addresses and ports that host vulnerable services before executing the DNS rebinding attack. The attacking websites can scan the open web services in local networks with the WebRTC technique. Singularity implements a more straightforward strategy: directly send out cross-origin requests and measure how long it takes to receive error messages. If the requested server exists, the exception will be raised more quickly. Figure 2 shows how Singularity performs when scanning our experimental environment. It recognizes the internal services hosted on 10[.]0.0.6:80 and 10[.]0.0.6:8080 in seconds. This step exposes the available targets for DNS rebinding. Through the open ports, attackers can also infer what web applications are behind these IP addresses and whether they are vulnerable.
After locating the target services, the attacker's website can perform the DNS rebinding attack in its iframe. The first request retrieves the rebinding payload from the malicious hostname. This attacking script will keep triggering repeated resolution for its hostname until it rebinds to the target IP address. Then the iframe can keep communicating with the internal service without the victim's awareness.
In real-world attacks, one of the potential targets of DNS rebinding is network infrastructure devices with HTTP-based consoles. For example, personal routers could be vulnerable to the attack. Many of them are set up with default configuration and weak passwords. This means that would-be penetrators can easily guess their IP addresses and rebind malicious hostnames to them. After the attackers enter the network configuration panels, they could sniff the network packages in the victim's network, perform denial of service (DOS) attacks and hijack the traffic.
Another kind of threat comes from smart devices, which are all around many homes and offices nowadays. Besides web-based consoles, DNS rebinding can target other Restful APIs and Universal Plug and Play protocols (UPnP) servers exposed to internal networks by modern IoT devices. These APIs are reserved for function implementation or maintenance. However, some of them lack enough protection against DNS rebinding. Once attackers compromise victims' browsers and rebind their hostnames to the target IP address, these services provide them certain privileges such as network scanning, exfiltrating sensor data and remote control without any authentication. DNS rebinding vulnerabilities have been found on multiple smart devices of high-profile companies including Google Home, Sono WiFi Speaker and Roku. As shown in Figure 3, there has been at least one CVE record related to DNS rebinding each year since 2015. The number of related CVEs has increased significantly since 2018.
For enterprises, internal management web applications are critical. They host confidential information and provide system management capabilities to administrators. Therefore, it's extremely dangerous having a DNS rebinding website running on a machine within company networks.
Here, we launch a DNS rebinding attack on our simulated environment to illustrate the risk. The target internal web application is an internal Hadoop web interface. As shown in Figure 4a, the victim can visit this UI with URL 10[.]0.0.6:8088/cluster and check the cluster status while it's not available externally. Figure 4b shows the rebinding request triggered by the attacker's website on the victim's browser. In this experiment, the malicious hostname is s-18.104.22.168-10.0.0.6-1609933722-fs-e.dynamic.dns-rebinding-attack[.]com. The HTTP request to the hostname was actually sent to 10[.]0.0.6, and it received the successful status code. After this, the attacker can use the victim's browser as a tunnel and directly interact with the target service. As shown in figure 4c, the attacker can obtain the same information that the victim can access from the Hadoop cluster through the malicious domain. Besides stealing information, the attacker also has the privilege to kill running jobs on the management page. As we saw in this example with Hadoop, many widely used development and management platforms could be exposed to threat actors equipped with DNS rebinding if not protected correctly.
Besides simply tunneling traffic for attackers, malicious websites can use the DNS rebinding technique to bypass token-based CSRF protection. While DNS rebinding hides the cross-origin traffic, CSRF directly sends cross-origin requests to take advantage of the target server's trust for the victim. CSRF is a well-known threat, and many web applications have implemented defenses against it. One mainstream protection strategy embeds a unique token to the initial response page. All the following requests need to be sent with this token to be accepted by the server. This solution is based on the same-origin restriction, which prevents malicious websites from reading the response content of cross-origin requests. Since attackers can't obtain the token from the response, they have no chance of sending out valid cross-site requests.
However, browsers won't notice any cross-origin request under the DNS rebinding attack. This means they will allow malicious scripts to obtain the CSRF token from the initial responses and use it for follow-up request forgery.
We launched the remote command execution (RCE) payload of Singularity in our simulation environment to demonstrate this threat. This attack targets Rails, a web development framework written in Ruby. One of its reserved PUT APIs allows the requester to run arbitrary system commands on the server. Similar to the CSRF token, this API requires the visitor to generate the request URL with a dynamic session ID (the string marked in red in Figure 5), which is embedded on the main page. The web application will generate a new token on the fly and map one to each session. It's impossible to predict the valid API endpoint without reading responses from the server. However, the Singularity RCE payload can obtain the token from the index page after executing DNS rebinding. In the demo, we let the malicious site print the stolen session ID to the browser console. Then it successfully constructed the desired URL and used the vulnerable API to execute an arbitrary command on the server-side, which displays a "Hello from rebinding test" message on the server terminals. After the Singularity team published this exploit, Rails enforced server-side mitigation to validate the host field of all incoming requests.
Various strategies attempt to mitigate the DNS rebinding attack in each related network component. In this section, we introduce different defense mechanisms and their limitations. After that, we will present the basic idea of our DNS rebinding detector and its advantages.
Modern browsers such as Chrome and Firefox have implemented the DNS pinning technique to defend against the DNS rebinding attack. This strategy forces the browser to cache the DNS resolution results for a fixed period regardless of the DNS records' time-to-live (TTL) value. Consequently, malicious websites can't rebind their hostnames by making repeated DNS requests within this period. This protection is convenient because it can be implemented in browsers without changing any other network infrastructure. However, it can only effectively block the time-varying attack, which is a traditional implementation of the DNS rebinding attack. In this implementation, the attackers assign an extremely low TTL to the DNS record of malicious hostnames. After being loaded in the victim's browser, the rebinding script waits for the record expiration and then sends a request to its hostname, expecting the browser to resolve it again and get the target IP address back. In this scenario, the DNS pinning technique ignores the low TTL and still uses the same result for the second request.
However, there are multiple ways to bypass DNS pinning protection. A simple way is to design the malicious script to send requests repeatedly until the browser cache expires. Then the malicious hostname will rebind to the target IP address. Then, the attacker's website can receive the expected response from the target service.
A more sophisticated implementation called multiple A-records attacks can achieve DNS rebinding more stably and efficiently even with DNS pinning protection. Figure 6 presents the attacking procedures. In this case, the DNS behavior is different from the traditional attack: The victim's browser only resolves the malicious hostname once. But both the attacker's and the target's IP address are returned. When the malicious script sends the second request, the browser will try the public IP address first. But the attacker's web server remembers the victim's IP address and blocks the incoming traffic by firewall. This request failure forces the victim's browser to communicate to the private IP address and complete the DNS rebinding procedure.
Another type of mitigation focuses on the DNS resolution stage. The secure DNS service, OpenDNS, drops the DNS responses pointing to RFC 1918 and loopback IP addresses. DNS caching software such as Dnsmasq and Unbound also implement similar filtering policies for private IP addresses.
This strategy is also a centralized protection solution, but it still has limitations. First of all, not all the secured DNS services have blocked the complete list of IP addresses pointing to private services. For example, the non-routable IP address 0[.]0.0.0 can represent the IP addresses of the local machine and can be targeted by a DNS rebinding attack. However, multiple filtering policies have missed it. Besides the private IP addresses, attackers can rebind their hostnames to internal hostnames with CNAME records. The victims' internal resolvers or their machines will finish the resolution to private IP addresses for the attackers. For example, a malicious hostname can be rebound to localhost. Then all following traffic will reach the local service. In summary, IP-based filtering fails to protect against all types of DNS rebinding attacks.
Furthermore, filtering out all private IP addresses could cause many cases of blocking false positives. We observed that some legitimate services present similar DNS resolution behaviors as DNS rebinding. For example, some IoT services rely on hostnames to direct traffic within private networks. This means their hostnames are resolved to internal IP addresses only and can be mistakenly blocked by this solution. Besides, some benign hostnames also resolve to both public and private IP addresses that violate this protection policy. For example, public services could have mirror servers in the maintainers' networks for continuous development and traffic optimization. Their hostnames have public A records pointing to public and private IP addresses. In these cases, the maintainers will talk to the internal server while the public server handles other traffic.
We measure the hostnames resolved to internal IP addresses in passive DNS data to quantify the impact of false blocking. In June 2021, 8.99% of total active hostnames pointed to private IP addresses. DNS-based mitigation would block all of their traffic. However, 99.84% of these hostnames never point to any public IP, which means they don't present the complete DNS rebinding behavior and shouldn't be blocked. The false discovery rate for DNS traffic of this mitigation is 85.09%.
Defenses on the web applications side can block DNS rebinding effectively. One of the solutions is implementing HTTPS communication on all private services. The HTTPS handshake stage requires the correct domain to validate the SSL certificate. During a DNS rebinding attack, browsers think they are communicating to the malicious domains while the SSL certificates from the internal servers are for different domains. Therefore, the attacking scripts can't establish SSL connections to the target services. Alternatively, implementing authentication with strong credentials on all private services is also effective. With this application-level protection, even if attackers launch DNS rebinding successfully, they can't access confidential information.
However, this kind of mitigation depends on the developer of internal services. This means it is not scalable. As third-party web applications populate in both home and enterprise environments, it's more difficult for the network owners to enforce protection to all potentially vulnerable servers. Meanwhile, threat hunters keep digging DNS rebinding vulnerabilities from third-party web applications – such as the Rails console RCE exploit mentioned in the previous section.
As our DNS Security service monitors our customers' DNS traffic to provide real-time protection, we have the opportunity to enforce sophisticated signatures to recognize the abnormal DNS query pattern of the DNS rebinding attack. We launched a detection system consuming DNS Security and passive DNS data to capture the indicators of compromise (IOCs) of ongoing rebinding attacks. The detector tracking DNS Security traffic can identify and deliver malicious hostnames in real time.
Our system aims to capture the sequential DNS resolution pattern instead of relying on isolated DNS responses. Its detection logic can identify DNS rebinding with high confidence while allowing hostnames that resolve to internal IP addresses only for legitimate usage. Besides the high detection accuracy, our system can cover all the varieties of DNS rebinding attacks mentioned previously, including time-varying, multiple A-records and CNAME-based attacks. Apart from attacks targeting internal IP addresses and localhost, it also recognizes malicious hostname rebinding to the internal hostnames of our customers.
Behind the detection module, we aggregate multiple layers of legitimate usage filters to prevent false positive detection. As mentioned above, many innocent hostnames could present similar resolution behavior as the DNS rebinding attack. It's hard to differentiate them from malicious hostnames without additional information. Our filters combine external knowledge such as passive DNS traffic, WHOIS records and customer feedback to exclude customers' internal hostnames and other benign services.
The DNS rebinding attack can compromise victims' browsers as traffic tunnels to exploit private services. With this technique, attackers can steal confidential information and send forged requests to victims' servers. Browsers, resolvers and web applications have applied various protection strategies to defend against it. However, there are advanced exploits that can bypass traditional defenses. In addition, it's harder to enforce complete protection as the internal network environment becomes more complex.
At Palo Alto Networks, we have launched a DNS rebinding detection system to protect our customers. It can effectively identify various implementations of DNS rebinding that leverage multiple types of DNS records and present different resolution behaviors. The system's filtering module can identify legitimate usage of internal IP resolution to prevent false blocking. After capturing potential penetration activities, our system will release the attacking hostname with the command and control category to Palo Alto Networks Next-Generation Firewall security subscriptions in real time.
Special thanks to Laura Novak and Daiping Liu for their help with improving the blog.


January 1, 2002 is "E-Day," the date when 300 million people embark on what's been described as "the greatest peacetime logistical effort in Europe's history." That's the date when -- for 10 points -- what currency unit officially replaces 12 national currencies? ANSWER: EUROS © 2001 , COLLEGE BOWL CO., INC. -- ALL RIGHTS RESERVED [MPDR-55GRQE] CB CP 01-02 #04; T-01 TEA
Cse.msstate.eduCSE 4153 / 6153, Fall 2008, Assignment 7 Solutions
1. A satellite serving 100 stations can receive a maximum of 10,000 packets per second. If the channel is being utilized optimally I. What is the average number of packets sent by every station? (for plain and slotted ALOHA) II. How many packets (per second) suffer collisions? (for plain and slotted ALOHA) Plain ALOHAThe efficiency is 18% when total traffic rate in the channel is optimal Or 1800 packets / sec will reach the satellite without collisionsTo operate at the optimal rate all station should (together) send 5000 packets per sec Each station should send (on an average) 50 packets per secAbout 3200 packets suffer collisions Peak efficiency is 32% when the traffic rate is optimalOr 3600 packets / per sec will reach the satellite without collisions To operate at the optimal rate all station should (together) send 10,000 packets per secEach station should send (on an average) 100 packets per sec About 6,400 packets / sec suffer collisions 2. Assume that you are designing a CSMA-CD protocol which permits maximum distance of 100 m between any two stations The velocity of propagation of electromagnetic waves in the medium is 250 million m/s. Specify other parameters of the system. What is the efficiency? (There was an error in this question – the maximum distance was given as 1000 m which would mean the minimum packet size is greater than the maximum packet size. I have provided the solution for a length 1 billion bits per second is the max bit rate2400 bits will take 2.4 micro seconds RTTMaximum distance between stations is 100 m Propagation delay is 0.4 micro secRTT is 0.8 micro seconds 3. Explain the hidden station and the exposed station problems in CSMA-CA. Is exposed station problem handled in 802.11? Why? A is transmitting to B. C cannot hear A. If C transmits (say to D, or any other station), B will receive garbled transmissions.
802.11 uses MACAW. Both MACA and MACAW address this problem.
Before A transmits to B it will send a RTS packet. B will respond with a CTS packet. C which can hear the CTS will not transmit for some duration.
C is transmitting to D. B is in range of C desires to transmit to A. It can as A cannot hear C. But it will not as B thinks the channel is not free.
In this case B heard the RTS from C but did not hear the CTS from D. So B knows that D is out of its range and can transmit. 802.11 does not address exposed station problem as D needs to send an ACK after C completes transmission. If B transmits then the ACK from D may suffer collision at C. So when MACAW is used if a station hears a RTC or CTS it will not transmit for some time. On the other hand, if MACA is used stations which hear an RTS will wait for a small duration to see if they can hear the CTS. If not they are free to transmit. 4. Briefly explain the concept of backward learning in bridges.
Bridges inspect the from address in MAC packets they forward to deduce which MAC addresses arrive on which lines of the bridge and construct a table. Whenever a packet is received bridges inspect the table to see if the destination MAC address has an entry in the table. If not the packet is flooded.
LUCAS MATTHYSSE MEDIA ROUNDTABLE QUOTES "WE'RE GOING TO BEAT EACH OTHER UP" SATURDAY, SEPT. 14 AT MGM GRAND ON SHOWTIME PPV® One of the Most Devastating Punchers in the History of the Sport, Matthysse Challenges Unbeaten, Unified Super Lightweight World Champion Danny Garcia On Record-Breaking "The ONE: Mayweather vs. Canelo'' Mega-Event LOS ANGELES (


Auto reply to voice messages
Your business should let your customers communicate in the way that they want and if they communicate with your business by sending a voice message your business should be able to respond automatically.
Some channels like Messenger, WhatsApp, Instagram, and Telegram allow your customers to send voice messages to your bot. In this article, you will learn how to allow your bot to reply to voice messages.
BotBuilders integrated with Google Speech to Text to allow your bot to convert audio messages to text messages. You will need to create an account on the Google Cloud Platform (GCP). You can use a single GCP account for all your bots.
Follow the below steps to create your Google Cloud Project and enable Google Speech to Text API.
1 – Got to Google Cloud Platform.
2 – Go to Google Speech to Text API and enable it.
3 – Go to the API Credentials page and Create your API key
Connect BotBuilders to Google Speech to Text
After you create your API key, go to Settings > Integrations > Google Speech to Text.
Your bot will start to automatically reply to voice messages after you complete all the above steps.
Google Cloud Platform allows you to process 60 minutes of audio a month for free. After that, you pay 0.006 USD per 15 seconds. Please check the Google Speech-to-Text pricing for more information.


Digital connections have outgrown cables and cords with the rise of wireless connectivity expanding demand for things like automotive electronics, cellular communications, and the Internet of Things. These applications are being run on RF signals, their components, and subsystems. However, there are times where the signals need to be directed to more than one application at a time or an application depends on a combination of multiple signals.
Splitting the Signal
When splitting or combining an RF signal, there can be challenges with the accuracy of delivery. The designers have to establish a signal routing quality that prevents the degradation which occurs from loading difficulties or mismatches. These adaptors must stay within the budget constraints and maintain critical size. To ensure the signal (when split or combined) for both input or output is accurate and strong, designers turn to RF power dividers. These devices, also known as RF combiners when used in reverse, are useful for maintaining the full load impedance to all of the different applications or sources, in addition to meeting isolation needs.
Understanding RF Combiners
There are three commonly used types of RF power combiners: Wilkinson, hybrid, and resistive. Designers make their choice in accordance with the needs and specifications of applications, following important implementation considerations.
A power divider has one input signal but two or more output signals. A designer may try to use a “tee” connection to divide a signal into two separate but reduced amplitude components. Though this may work, it is subject to several limitations. The primary concern is impedance mismatch. The second problem is with isolation, as when one of the outputs short-circuits, the other port is also shorted.
The need for consistent signal delivery, particularly when running multiple applications, can be met when the right products are selected for the job. Knowing the characteristics of the different RF divider types can aid designers in choosing the method.


Our end-to-end IoT platform is a complete real-time monitoring system that provides you with instant access to live data.
Stay informed and receive automated data alerts on your mobile phone whenever our sensors detect data levels that exceed customizable thresholds set by you.
Our platform easily integrates with numerous device and sensor types to provide a secure and scalable IOT pipeline. It utilizes big data to perform meaningful data analytics, providing you with important data insights to make more informed business decisions.
Our focus on using open standards and protocols enables us to integrate a wide range of devices. We build our own hardware and provide an extensive catalog of sensors for you to choose from to customize your monitoring needs.
All of our devices are part of the IOT and are wirelessly connected to our cloud so that your data is securely stored and always available.
Get access to live data at your fingertips on our Mobile App.
Our web based dashboard is where you can fully manage your IoT monitoring system – no programming required. Display intuitive visualizations of your live and historic data in the form of charts, graphs, and maps; download your data as a spreadsheet; customize your monitoring system settings; create and receive written data reports using our reporting template system, and much more, all in one place.
Combining our sensor information with customer data and open source data, we build predictive models using cutting edge machine learning techniques that are unique to you and your IOT needs.
Our unique algorithm identifies devices and protects the data generated by client’s devices and masters. It enables smart management and sharing of your data on a restricted network, ensuring data integrity.


The thematic area "Networking Science & Technology" is mainly focused on all aspects relevant to networks and new networking technologies. It includes three main research activities, strictly related among them: wireless networks, domotics, and internet services.
Wireless networks studies all aspects of modern wireless communications, such as digital satellite communications, terrestrial wireless ad hoc networks, and sensor networks.
Mobile, wireless ad-hoc networks are the ultimate response to the needs of self-adapting, rapidly deployable networks, to cope with situations where wired networks or base stations to support mobile terminals are unavailable or unfeasible. Ad-hoc and sensor networks implement a distributed cooperation environment, by using a peer-to-peer paradigm. Given the limited range of wireless communication and mobility of nodes, the network connectivity is variable and, to some extent, unpredictable.
Major issues are how to implement communication in such a dynamic context and how to guarantee consistency and integrity of the global information. Wireless sensor networks are a key technology in the implementation of the context information acquisition layer in context aware systems.
Domotics constitute a special applicative scenario for wireless networks, exploiting several home automation technologies to increase quality of life for elderly and disabled persons. At the core of the domotic system, artificial intelligence provides a whole innovative approach to home automation, moving from simple command and control to an active/proactive behavior by the environment itself. Research on this topic is being conducted to achieve further enhancements to users' comfort and security.
Through context aware systems, new scenarios arise where automatic learning and adaptive processes can be exploited to provide a responsive domotic system, able to gather knowledge and experience both on current context.
Although Internet services are now based on widely adopted versions of protocols and stable products, a distinctive feature of this field is its rapid development. Updates are constantly released, and new protocols, products, and services are introduced. In such an environment that requires high reliability of services, it is not easy to propose innovations if they are not effective and dependable.
It is frequently commissioned, by public and private organizations, to evaluate and test new solutions and products, often being involved in network projects, starting from the development of the underlying network infrastructure, all the way to Internet application services, as well as important projects on Public Key Infrastructures (PKI), for large, public organizations.
Activities of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) -the international organization for the development and promotion of Internet standards and protocols- as well as involvement in the development and dissemination of innovative network technologies in the research and academic communities are normally carried out.


Riseley Power and Automation Ltd are expert in the delivery of integrated solutions for industrial control applications utilising the latest PLC (Programmable Logic Controller), HMI (Human Machine Interface) and networking technologies.
RPA Ltd have extensive experience of a broad range of proprietary PLC / HMI equipment and software.
A typical PLC / HMI Control System engineering process would include User Requirement Specification (URS) review, Functional Design Specification (FDS), System Development, Software Coding, Integration Testing, System Simulation, Factory Acceptance Test (FAT), System Installation, Commissioning, Site acceptance Test (SAT), Handover, System Support / Training.
- Allen Bradley
Typical PLC Manufacturers include: -
Typical Control Networks include: -
- Rockwell DeviceNet
- Rockwell ControlNet
- CC Link
- ASI Bus


PROception PROPSU11F Masthead Power Supply 12V, 100mA
12V 100mA PROPSU11F PSU Power supply unit for Masthead Amplifier.
Discontinued last few in Stock
- High-quality 12V F-type in-line power unit for use with PROception masthead amplifiers and similar applications.
- Fully-screened RF modules, compliant with EMC standards (BS EN 55013 and BS EN 50083-2).
- Low RF insertion loss and excellent 75ohm impedance matching.
- Passes return path signals, allowing use in IR eye systems (PROPSU11F MK2 only).
- Electronic long-term short-circuit protection with two-colour LED indication.
- Utilises an efficient cooling-running mains transformer, fitted with an approved thermal fuse for overheat protection.
- The two-colour power indicator LED gives immediate warning of an output short-circuit condition.
- Regulation is maintained over the full 207-253 V AC supply voltage range, for any output current up to the maximum of 100mA.
- Designs independently certified to relevant safety standard BS EN 60065.
- Supplied with an approved fitted 12A plug to BS 1363.


The 2015 Corporate Accountability Index reviews eight publicly listed Internet companies and eight publicly listed telecommunications companies. These companies were selected based on several factors, including geographic reach and the diversity of markets in which the companies are headquartered and operating.
Internet companies: The Index examines company-wide policies and disclosure related to 2-3 selected services, as specified below.
- Facebook (USA) – Facebook, WhatsApp, Instagram
- Google (USA) – Search, Gmail, YouTube
- Daum Kakao (South Korea) – Daum Search, Daum Mail, KakaoTalk
- Mail.ru (Russia) – VKontakte, Mail.ru, Mail.ru Agent
- Microsoft (USA) – Bing, Outlook.com, Skype
- Tencent (China) – Qzone, QQ, WeChat
- Twitter (USA) – Twitter, Vine
- Yahoo (USA) – Mail, Flickr, Tumblr
Telecommunications companies: The Index examines disclosure at the parent-company level and for 1-2 selected services in each company’s home jurisdiction, as specified below.
- América Móvil (Mexico) – Telcel’s mobile service
- AT&T (USA) – mobile and fixed broadband service
- Axiata (Malaysia) – Celcom’s mobile service
- Bharti Airtel (India) – mobile and fixed broadband service
- Etisalat (United Arab Emirates) – mobile and fixed broadband service
- MTN (South Africa) – mobile service
- Orange (France) – mobile and fixed broadband service
- Vodafone (United Kingdom) – mobile service


Top Abu Dhabi Commercial and Residential Address Using Meru Wi-Fi for Internet, Voice and SMS
DUBAI, UNITED ARAB EMIRATES–( Marketwired – Oct 22, 2013) – GITEX 2013 — Meru Networks® (NASDAQ: MERU), a leader in Wi-Fi networking, today announced that Etihad Towers in Abu Dhabi has selected Wi-Fi from Meru networks for high-performance connectivity to more than 90 percent of its retail and corporate space, as well as common areas in its three residential towers. Near-term plans also call for deployment of Ascom voice-over-Wi-Fi to support communications among more than 350 staff members across the development.
“The seamless handoff between access points with the Meru single-channel, virtual-cell deployment option was a major factor in our selection of a Wi-Fi solution,” said Mohamed Ghorab, ELV and controls engineer for Etihad Towers. “The other was the ability that the architecture gives us to add access points whenever and wherever they are needed, expanding coverage at will, without the need to conduct site surveys or channel reconfiguration. It simply and effectively meets our and our tenants’ very high expectations.”
Meru Wi-Fi is deployed in four of the five towers and four additional retail and administration podiums. These structures contain more than 45,000 square meters of leasable retail and commercial office space, common areas supporting 879 residential apartments and seven luxury penthouses, as well as 14 conference rooms, an 1,800 square meter ballroom and 38 high-end retail units (http://www.avenueatetihadtowers.ae/). They also house a ‘Waitrose’ supermarket, along with 3,000 underground parking spaces on four levels. Even with such expansive facilities, space in the towers is in short supply. The retail area is 100 percent occupied, the residential towers are at 99 percent occupancy and the commercial towers are 80 percent leased with detailed discussions underway on an additional 10 percent.
A 360 tour, which clearly shows how the development sits within the surrounding area, and how the commercial tower sits within the Etihad Towers development, has been produced by the management at Etihad Towers. The tour can be viewed here: http://www.charlesverghesephotography.com/assets_d/23527/client_ftp/etvt_res_v3/
“Etihad Towers is the premier location for commercial offices in Abu Dhabi, and among the top residential addresses in the Emirate,” said Zakir Lokare, director of the Middle East and Africa region at Meru. “We are very pleased to have been selected to meet their needs, and look forward to working closely with Etihad Towers for Real Estate (ETRE) to ensure their tenants’ experiences with wireless networking are exceeded in every way.”
For more information about Meru Hospitality Wi-Fi Solutions, see: http://www.merunetworks.com/collateral/solution-briefs/hospitality_wi-fi_solution_brief.pdf
About Meru Networks
Meru Networks (NASDAQ: MERU) is a market leader in the development of mobile access and virtualized Wi-Fi solutions. Meru’s MobileFLEX wireless architecture addresses the ever-growing need for higher bandwidth and higher client densities. The Meru Identity Manager solution greatly simplifies secure device on-boarding and the company’s unique Context-aware Application Layers enable dedicated channel assignments for specific applications, devices and usage scenarios. Meru customers include Fortune 500 businesses as well as leaders in education, healthcare and hospitality. Founded in 2002, Meru is headquartered in Sunnyvale, Calif., with operations in North America, Europe, the Middle East, Asia Pacific and Japan. Visit www.merunetworks.com or call (408) 215-5300 for more information.
© 2013 Meru Networks, Inc. Meru Networks and Meru are registered trademarks of Meru Networks, Inc. in the United States. All other trademarks mentioned in this document are the property of their respective owners.
Director of Public Relations
+1 408 516 6182


The Axtel One is a headset perfect for the office, home,
and anywhere you need to quiet down and listen to music
or focus on a meeting with a client.
The Axtel One is a headset perfect for the office, home, and anywhere you need to quiet down and listen to music or focus on a meeting with a client.
Meet Axtel One – a new generation of smart headsets with noise-canceling microphones, compatible with leading communication platforms.
A moment of privacy? No need to touch your computer, with a single tap you will mute the microphone, change the volume and answer calls on the integrated in-line module.
With One you’ll hear your caller clearly, just as well as all the tones of your favorite song. We’ve placed the powerful 40mm drivers in a specially designed housing that reduces acoustic distortion, while the One’s built-in audio microprocessor constantly monitors and fine-tunes audio parameters for the best sound.
In addition, One is fitted with a dual microphone unit with advanced ambient noise reduction algorithms, so your caller will always hear no one but you.
We know that a favorite headset is a comfortable headset. We’ve designed every element of the One with all-day comfortable wear in mind. The combination of soft-touch materials, vegan leather, ultra-lightweight design and matte black rubber finishes makes a recipe for ultimate comfort.
Enjoy crystal-clear conversations in any environment with the high performance noise-cancelling dual microphone. The dual microphone unit filters out background noise and enhances your voice quality.
Control your calls with ease with the integrated inline module. The inline module has buttons for mute, volume, and answer/end calls. Its built-in smart microphone captures ambient noise and supports noise reduction during conversations.
Experience the best sound with the advanced digital sound processing. The built-in audio processor monitors and fine-tunes the sound parameters to optimize the audio quality. You’ll hear every detail of your caller and your music.
Immerse yourself in the sound of the powerful 40 mm audio drivers. The specially designed housing reduces acoustic distortion and enhances the bass. You’ll get rich and balanced sound from your headset.
Use the headset all day in any environment thanks to its thoughtful design. Axtel has been providing headsets to business customers for almost 20 years, we know that all-day comfort is key – the Axtel One is the embodiment of this. You will feel the impressive comfort from the first moment
Forget you’re wearing a headset with the ultra-lightweight design. While the earcups and headband are made of memory foam and vegan leather, the rubber matte black casing gives a usage experience previously reserved only for high-end headsets.
Seamlessly connect the headset to leading communication platforms. Effortlessly answer a call or mute the microphone directly from the remote control.
Plug and play via USB connection. The Axtel One works right out of the box. No drivers or software are needed. Just plug the headset into any device.
Trust the European quality and innovation of your headset. It’s designed and manufactured in the EU, with high standards of craftsmanship and reliability. You’ll get the best performance from your headset.


The future IoT will put much higher demands on data rates, reliability and latency of wireless connections. If many future IoT devices communicate in a small space, the need for transmission frequencies will increase much faster than previously thought. With LiFi, ELIoT introduces a new, networked wireless communication technology that works in the previously unused spectrum of light, in addition to WiFi and mobile radio.
LiFi allows many applications for commercial, industrial or outdoor applications. It could be used successfully in environments where radio frequencies can not or should not be used. For outdoor use, it could enable high-bandwidth, direct-from-roof to roof-to-roof connections, between street lights or to consumers' homes in the next-generation network. Higher demands on wireless networks are likely to be due to software-controlled production (Industry 4.0), virtual and augmented reality, and autonomous driving. Also for LiFi could be used.
ELIoT started in 2019 as part of the EU's largest research and innovation program, Horizon 2020. This program is designed to deliver groundbreaking results by bringing good ideas from the lab to market. ELIoT receives EUR 6 million in funding from the public-private partnership "Photonics21". Partners include Signify (formerly Philips Lighting), Nokia, MaxLinear, Deutsche Telekom, KPN, Weidmüller, LightBee, Oxford University, Eindhoven University of Technology and the two Fraunhofer Institutes Heinrich Hertz Institute HHI and FOKUS. Other companies will soon follow as associated partners.
"With ELIoT, we have established an extremely efficient consortium of companies and organizations in the European lighting and communications industries. ELIoT is building a closed value chain with partners working with research facilities on components, chipsets, systems, and applications to make LiFi technology commercially viable for the IoT of the future, "says Project Coordinator Dr. Ing. Volker Jungnickel (Fraunhofer HHI).
Prof. Jean-Paul Linnartz, co-initiator of ELIoT and head of LiFi research at Signify, highlights the potential of ELIoT: "LiFi offers interference-free high-speed, high-reliability communication. The available bandwidth can be fully reused in each room. The lighting infrastructure provides a great way to wirelessly network the rapidly growing number of devices. "


New IT self-service solution Smart Link presented at the SITS
USU AG is presenting innovative solutions for optimising IT service desk processes and costs at Stand 203 at the IT Service Management Show 2015 (SITS) from 3-4 June in London. The focus will be on the new knowledge-based self-service system, USU Smart Link, that pools all services and information for end users in a single channel.Not least, the results of a case study “The Self-Service Channel for Providing Information from IT” were taken into account in developing USU Smart Link. As part of the study, 40 IT organisations were asked about their objectives, current successes and future initiatives. Anyone interested can pick up a free copy at the stand.
Intelligent assistance systems automate the processes for obtaining and distributing information, while new forms of communication such as chats and news optimize the dialogue. That not only slashes the cost and work required in handling tickets at the IT service desk, but also ensures high user satisfaction. The costs of purchasing the software are usually recouped within 6-12 months. The application flexibly complements all common IT service management (ITSM) systems and is simple to integrate.
Other core USU products focus on key challenges service desks now face: The widely established solution database USU KnowledgeCenter enables rapid access to up-to-date, quality-assured IT solution knowledge. It ensures a higher first call resolution rate and minimises ticket processing times or the time required to train new personnel, for example. USU offers the integrated ticketing system Valuemation for service requests involving tickets that require a lot of effort and have to be handled in a transparent manner. The product line supports all operational IT service processes and so complements USU’s ITIL-compliant portfolio for IT service management. Volkswagen, O2, Allianz, Nestle, Audi, IAV, Jungheinrich and many other companies leverage USU’s technology and expertise in this field.


Active Ultrasound Electrical Recharging (USer) uses ultrasonic pressure waves to transfer energy through tissue to a receiver and then to a rechargeable battery or capacitor. Power can also be provided to an application for direct use. This project was originally funded by Phase I and Phase II SBIR grants from the National Institutes of Health.
The method can be applied to batteries for implanted medical devices such as drug pumps, sensors, and neurostimulators.
Active USer is similar to the Pitch-Catch Method of Non-Destructive Testing via transmission of ultrasound. A frequency-matched, impedance-matched, transmitter-receiver pair are placed at opposite ends of the medium. The transmitter is activated via a frequency-generator and power source. The receiver converts pressure pulses to electrical power. A charging chip appropriate to the battery determines the charging protocol. Alternatively, the electrical power can be delivered to a mechanical device or sensor.
An important element of an ultrasound power delivery system is a transmitter unit that can orient the piezoelectric transducer providing lateral and angular alignment to optimize transmitter-receiver power transfer.
A key aspect of the implementation is the design of a convenient way to deliver power and also communicate with the implanted medical device (IMD). The design of an external unit must consider, among other things, that some applications require its use on patients for long periods of time (several hours), a time that in turn depends on the power transfer efficiency. The resulting design must be simple to apply and align, user friendly and comfortable.
The functions of a complete external unit are: power transmission, transducer (piezo) positioning and orientation, duplex data transmission with the IMD and an external controller. Telemetry with the IMD can consist of activation and reading of sensors measuring for example: state of charge of a battery or supercapacitor, charging current, temperature, pH, force, and pressure.