The network and its underlying performance is a fundamental component to performance of all applications that require its services. As such this subject has become a cornerstone to the development of many strategies to optimize its behaviour.
In this small series of blogs I look at those strategies and their implementation. Fundamental to almost all of these strategies is an understanding of the workings of the underlying TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) Algorithm.
Post 1 Understanding the TCP transmission Algorithms
TCP is a reliable transport protocol. That is the TCP algorithm will guarantee that data sent between two points in the network will be successfully delivered. If any data is lost along the way the algorithm will ensure it is re-transmitted to ensure complete delivery of the required data.
Fundamental to this reliable flow of data is the use of positive acknowledgement from the receiver that data has been delivered, failing that retransmission is required in the event of failure. The possibility that data must be retransmitted imposes requirements on both sender and receiver to buffer data: the sender must buffer data while it waits for positive acknowledged from the receiver, and the receiver at the very least must buffer data until it acknowledges receipt to the sender, plus passes it up the network stack for further processing.
Since both sender and receiver have these responsibilities imposed flow control mechanisms must be introduced for both parties. Buffers are limited by physical hardware resources which will have boundaries!
Senders Congestion Window
The sender starts by transmitting one segment and waiting for its ACK. When that ACK is received, the congestion window is incremented from one to two, and two segments can then be sent. When each of those two segments is acknowledged, the congestion window is increased to four and so on. This provides a growth mechanism to the speed at which data can be transmitted. However it is inevitable that this growth at some point must be throttled.
A number of factors can throttle this growth. First to be considered is network unreliability: if a packet is not acknowledged within a timely manner the TCP algorithm will assume there is network congestion, subsequently ‘back off’ and start transmitting again from the initial slower speed. Second to be considered is the Receiver’s window size.
Receivers TCP Window
The window size represents the maximum number of unacknowledged bytes that can be outstanding at any time. This is negotiated at TCP session establishment, and prevents the receiver being overrun with data that it cannot process in time. Upon sending an ACK the Receiver will inform the Sender, in the TCP header window size field, the amount of available buffer left.
So TCP transmission rate is controlled by both TCP sender ‘congestion window’ and receiver ‘TCP window’. The actual rate of transmission will grow until either/or the TCP window or congestion window is reached i.e. whichever is smallest.
Now with an understanding of the protocol mechanisms at play within TCP i look at factors that come into play when considering the performance of the network, and what can be done to speed things up…..
Post 2 Propagation, Processing and Serialisation
These three factors will almost always have a bearing on the performance of the network
The time taken for bits to travel across the wire. In a copper of fibre medium this is limited by the speed of light. Without delving into the speed of light and speed = distance/time formaula. As a rule of thumb 1 millisecond per 100 miles is the best case scenario.
Any network equipment in the transmission path will add a small incremental amount of processing delay to the overall transmission time.
The time it takes to get the bits onto the wire. This is influenced by the transmission speed of the line.
Post 3 Bandwidth Delay Product
At any time during a data exchange between two points in the network there is likely to be data ‘in-flight’ on the wire. In-flight data refers to bytes that have been sent but not yet acknowledged to the sender by the receiver. If the source and destination are far apart then this figure will likely be higher – as referred to in Post 2 propagation delay will come into play on such a link. At the same time if the bandwidth of the link is high it allows greater amounts of data to be pushed down the pipe without acknowledgement.
By definition BDP refers to the product of a data link's capacity (bits per second) and its end to end delay (seconds). End to end delay is also expressed as RTT or Round Trip Time. By way of an example consider a 10mbps link with an RTT of 50milliseconds.
10,000,000 * 0.050 = 500,000 bits BDP or 62500 bytes.
So with the above example it is possible that 62500 bytes of unacknowledged data could be in transit at any one time. It’s probably appropriate to mention the term Long Fat Networks (LFNs) at this point. Strictly speaking and according to the official definition any network with a BDP of greater than 12500 bytes is termed an LFN.
The standard TCP header contains the window size field and this is defined as 16 bits in length. Therefore the max amount of data that can be in transit using standard TCP attributes is ‘2 to the power 16’ = 65536 bytes. With the example given if the link attributes become any faster or had a slighter greater RTT this would introduce an intrinsic problem with TCP – the BDP will become greater than the TCP window size allows!! At this point throughput on the link would become throttled, not because of any physical limitations of the network but by the limitations of the TCP protocol. Today network capabilities have outgrown the envisaged limits defined by TCP/IP version 4 defined way back by RFC 791 in 1981.
Thankfully this inherent limitation was foreseen and has now been circumvented. This leads nicely onto Post 4 – Windows Scaling…..
Post 4 Windows Scaling
Following on from previous post Windows Scaling becomes necessary once the BDP is greated than 65kb. Use of this feature enables the TCP window to be scaled from TCP header size limitation of 2 to the power 16 up to 2 to the power 30 or equivalent to just over 1 gigabyte. This has been implemented by creating a TCP header option field that specifies the windows scaling factor (up to a max value of 14). Details in RFC 1323. This approach was much preferable to the option increasing the size of the TCP windows header field: this which would have made the upgrade incompatible with previous versions of TCP.
One downside of windows scaling is that it can only be negotiated as part of TCP session establishment. This puts a requirement on the TCP stack to successfully establish the correct windows scaling for the BDP of the link……. The raises the question how can it do this?? This rather depends on the OS in use. Implementations may have a global setting that enables windows scaling and sets a global value. This may be tuned or programmed on a per application basis. Some OS's may even deploy auto-tuning whereby the optimum window size is calculated following network diagnostic tests.
In the next post I look at SACK another TCP mechanism to increase throughput…
Post 5 SACK Selective Acknowledgement
Under normal TCP processing rules the sender is not obliged to acknowledge all received packets. This lowers the overhead of TCP on the transmission of data. One downside is that when the sender determines a packet has been lost (e.g. based on a timeout), it must retransmit all packets from the last positively acknowledged.
SACK (RFC 2018) is a negotiated option on TCP session establishment. Once agreed the sender can acknowledged non-contiguous packets that are received. In the event that a packet is lost only selected transmission of lost or non acknowledged packets is required.
This feature can increase throughput rates especially on ‘lossy’ links, where retransmissions may be a regular occurrence.
Post 6 Packet Size
When a TCP client initiates a connection it includes its Maximum Segment Size (MSS) as an option in its SYN packet. In a typical LAN this will be 1460 bytes. The default Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) on a LAN is 1500 bytes i.e. the maximum amount of data that can be transported by the protocol in one go. The TCP/IP header is 40 bytes, hence 1500 – 40 = 1460 bytes.
To summarize MSS is the largest amount of payload data. The MTU is the largest packet size including all TCP/IP headers (excluding Ethernet Header). If an attempt is made to transmit a data over and above this limit it will likely be discarded by the network. A Fragmentation Needed ICMP response may be sent back to the source depending on OS configurations.
The limitation on Ethernet packet size increases inefficiencies when transporting large volumes of data. Each received Ethernet frame requires any routers and switches in the network path to perform processing on it. If the frame size can be increased in enables data transfer with less effort, reducing network hardware resource utilization. The overall overhead of the TCP/IP protocol is also reduced, with less headers and acknowledgements to be transmitted.
To this end the concept of Jumbo Frames was introduced within Ethernet. This allows an MTU of 9000 bytes. This byte size was chosen as it is below the Ethernet CRC limit of effectiveness which apparently lies at around 12000 bytes, but is above the data block boundary of 8K (2 to the power 13). Many vendors of network equipment now support implementations of Jumbo Frames. The downside is that all network equipment in the path must be enabled for Jumbo Frames or it won’t work.
Post 7 Nagle Algorithm
At the other end of the packet size spectrum TCP/IP can perform badly when there are many small amounts of data to be transferred. For example with a packet of 2 bytes, there will be 40 bytes of TCP header added to enable the transmission. In this scenario the overhead of TCP/IP in percentage terms would be huge.
The NAGLE algorithm was created to optimize performance of TCP/IP in situations like the above. The concept is named after John Nagle. Effectively data is buffered by the sender in there is an outstanding ACK for data that has already been sent. The effect is to bundle bytes together to enable transmission of data in a more efficient manner.
Post 8 WAN accelerators
There are now many products on the market that offer WAN optimization. They pull together a number of techniques to improve performance over the WAN. In summary these are:
Caching: storing data locally knowing that it will likely be referenced again, thereby reducing the need to reach out across the WAN at all.
De-duplication: Rather than send complete blocks of data it will simply be referred to by a small amount of reference data i.e. providing simply an index to the data stored locally.
Compression: Use of compression technologies to reduce the amount of data that actual needs to be sent. The speed of compression/decompression algorithms is effectively faster than the speed of transmission of the actual data itself.
In addition to the above they will commonly make use of all the features already mentioned above, tweaking of packets sizes, windows scaling and SACK etc. This is by no means a definitive list for WAN accelerators but just an overview/insight to some of the techniques that they deploy.
Downsides are obviously increased costs (at least 2 are required!,and possibly 4 for resilience!) and network complexity.


Baojun today announced the launch of the RS-3 small sporty SUV featuring cutting-edge connectivity. Four variants are available at 600 upgraded Baojun showrooms across China priced between RMB 71,800 and RMB 89,800.
The RS-3 inherits the Baojun brand’s new young, technological, intelligent and connected DNA.
It is equipped with the latest version of Baojun’s connectivity system, which integrates mobile connectivity and in-vehicle features. Users can locate and lock/unlock their vehicles, turn on the air-conditioning, and more remotely via their smartphones.
With the vehicle’s advanced voice recognition system, customers can have their voice messages transferred to text messages via WeChat to avoid distractions. The system is capable of over-the-air upgrades.
In addition, the RS-3 has adopted Bosch’s driver assistance system. The Level-2 ADAS system covers most of daily driving scenarios to reduce driving fatigue, especially during heavy traffic. The SUV’s advanced adaptive cruise control system can be activated at a speed of up to 130 km/h.
The RS-3 is 4,305 millimeters long, 1,748 millimeters wide and 1,597 millimeters high, with a wheelbase of 2,550 millimeters, providing a spacious interior for passengers and their belongings.
The RS-3 comes with a 1.5L naturally aspirated engine matching with a continuously variable transmission or a six-speed manual transmission.
The RS-3 is the fourth model in Baojun’s new product portfolio introduced this year, joining the RS-5 SUV, RM-5 MPV and RC-6 sedan.


We Provide Individuals, Businesses & Organizations With Multiple Technology Services. Get tech support for any device - PCs, Macs, smartphones, Smart TVs, wireless routers, data security, and more. 24/7.
Contact Wiredwizard today. One time support or an on call monthly plan.
Technical support may be delivered by different technologies depending on the situation. For example, direct questions can be addressed using telephone calls, SMS, Online chat, Support Forums, E-mail or Fax; basic software problems can be addressed over the telephone or, increasingly, by using remote access repair services; while more complicated problems with hardware may need to be dealt with in person.
Servicing Lewistown, Mt Union, Huntingdon, Tyrone, Altoona, Hollidaysburg, State College, and Surrounding areas.


An inconspicuous electronic gadget worn behind or in the ear is a hearing aid. It enhances some sounds so that a person with hearing loss can communicate, listen, and take a greater interest in everyday activities. Hearing aid users can hear more clearly in both quiet and noisy settings. A hearing aids is worn by about one in five people who could benefit from one. The hearing aid’s microphone captures sound, converts it into electrical impulses, and sends those signals to an amplifier.
Many types of hearing aids
BTE (behind-the-ear) (BTE)
A hard plastic case worn behind the ear and a hard plastic earmold that works within the outer ear made up of hearing aids. The space behind the ear is where the electronic components are held in good operating order. Sound from the hearing aid enters the ear through the earmold. People with mild to severe hearing loss of all ages utilise BTE devices.
A brand-new kind of BTE device is an open-fit hearing aid. Small, open-fit devices that fit behind the ear and only need a little tube to allow the ear canal to remain open. Those who experience earwax buildup may want to consider open-fit hearing aids since they are less likely to sustain damage from earwax buildup.
Hearing aids fit into the outer ear. These help for mild to severe hearing loss. It is driven by the durable plastic housing for the electronic parts. One feature that some ITE aids might have is a telecoil. A hearing aid’s microphone and tiny magnetic coil, known as a telecoil, allow users to receive sound.Talk over the phone is easier to hear. In public places that have induction loop systems, which are specialised sound systems, a telecoil also helps with hearing.
They can fit into the ear canal and come in two different shapes. The ear canal’s measurements are provided by the in-the-canal (ITC) hearing aid. A completely-in-canal (CIC) hearing aid is concealed inside the ear canal. Both types are for hearing loss that ranges from mild to moderate.
Wholly in canal (CIC)
Because to their small size, canal aids may be rough for a person to adjust and remove. Moreover, the space available for batteries and other accessories like telecoils is declining in canal aids. Newborns or people with severe to profound hearing loss are often not advised due to their tiny size, which limits their power and volume.


So I’ve had this Powerline Adapter since April and I can safely say that I am satisfied with this product and what it brings. If you’re like me and have really slow internet at home this might be the solution for you.
WHAT IS A POWERLINE ADAPTER & HOW DOES IT WORK?
You plug in a Powerline Adapter into your socket and it turns your electrical cables into a fast network.
You can extend your Wi-Fi network and make it stronger for the places you don’t get Wi-Fi in your house. Also, you can use Ethernet cables to get a wired connection for faster speeds because we know that Wi-Fi tends to be unreliable sometimes. (all the time for the JMA household). So this basically extends your Wi-Fi and makes the signal stronger.
Powerline networks use your home’s internal electrical wiring to connect your devices. You plug the Powerline adapter into the socket and then connect to your router with an Ethernet cable and you can get online from any room with a working socket. Perfect for those places where your existing wireless won’t reach (with my deadass Wi-Fi I can’t get online anywhere).
I can honestly say that this purchase was one of the best ones I’ve done when it comes to networking. Currently JMA’s internet provider is TalkTalk and I can say with confidence that it is utterly rubbish. We should be receiving speeds of at least 15mb however, at the JMA household we get 3-4mb of speed which is completely nonsense.
So imagine me trying to play Fifa with friends (ultimate lags lol). So, ever since I got the adapter kit, the household has experienced faster internet speeds for a fact. It may not be the best speeds but it has gotten better for us (highest speed being 8mb-10mb) – I’m actually winning Fifa matches, lololol.
I have one in my room and I use it to connect the ps4 using the Ethernet cable and I can gladly say that I rarely have lags now. I have plugged the other Powerline adapter on the second floor of the house so now my sisters get better connection upstairs to the third floor where their room is.
Just to make things clear for you guys, not all Powerline Adapters are Wi-Fi capable. Most Powerline Adapters only use Ethernet as a connection. So be careful when buying a Powerline Adapter.
I have the Wi-Fi version therefore it extends the Wi-Fi signal around the house. It’s very simple to use, you just plug it in a connect. you don’t need to worry about the router you have as it works with any broadband provider.
My one problem about the BT Powerline Adapter is that when my router connection went, I had to pair the Powerline Adapter once again. When the signal went the Powerline adapter turned back on but didn’t connect to any device.
Therefore, I had to reset the adapter and connect it back again. This process is just stressful and annoying. But other than that, it’s a very reliable product and its worth buying. Very good if you can’t get Wi-Fi in certain areas of your house or if you just want to hook up your devices via Ethernet cable to get a faster internet connection.


Sing Net Business Fibre Broadband delivers reasonable bandwidth and high-speed internet connectivity.With its dedicated fibre network for business use, there will be no sharing of bandwidths with home and mobile users.
Sing Net Business Fibre Broadband delivers reasonable bandwidth and high-speed internet connectivity.With its dedicated fibre network for business use, there will be no sharing of bandwidths with home and mobile users.Singtel's international submarine cable network provides connections from Singapore to more than 100 countries.
Whether you’re a digital dweller who spends most of your time on social media, or more of a sporadic user who only does occasional Google searches and emailing, a smartphone has become an extension of our daily lives.
This reliance on our smartphones applies not just to our personal lives, but to work as well.
Subscribe to the Singtel 250Mbps Business Broadband Duo (Dynamic IP) to make use of high-speed internet for smother business Singtel Business Wireless Broadband has symmetric upload and download speeds with dedicated and low latency.
It offers premium network environment for better management of your online assets.
Once it’s installed, Singtel will arrange required number of APs after site survey.
However, this could also mean the monthly bursting of data/talk time allowance for those using a single mobile line for both personal and work, especially if you have a lower-tier mobile plans, or those in sales/client-facing roles.
Thus for some companies, to ease the financial burden on these employees, they sign them up business plans, which may work out to be cheaper than personal plans.
This will improve the connections and seamless communications to increase your business efficiency.
Singtel wireless internet service is offering up to 250Mbps download speed and upload speed respectively.


Professionally installed Bluetooth car kits
All Car kit installs are a Parrot Certified Installer. This means a guaranteed level of technical knowledge and experience from our installers. Bluetooth® Hands-free car kits for all Smart phones.
Parrot car kits
Parrot MKi 9200 Carkit
Fully installed From $495.
A full system dedicated to conversation and music in car with colour TFT 2.4’ dot matrix screen. Made for iPod and works with iPhone and Android Phones
MKi carkits dramatically ease the way of using them in every situation.
All the connectors for any type of music are provided with the MKi9200 hands free kit: iPod, iPhone, iTouch, USB keys, USB MP3 players, SD Cards and a 3.5mm plug for analogue devices.
•Multipoint-function: simultaneous connection of two mobile phones to the system is possible.
Parrot MKi9100 iPhone 6 Carkit
Fully installed From $450.
A full system dedicated to conversation and music in car with blue OLED 2 lines screen. Made for iPod and works with iPhone and Android Phones
•Multipoint-function — simultaneous connection of two mobile phones to the system is possible.
Fully installed From $399 No screen
A full system dedicated to conversation and music. Made for iPod and works with iPhone and Android Phones
•Multipoint-function: simultaneous connection of two mobile phones to the system is possible
Fully installed from $385
Bluetooth hands free kit with a screen. Allows you to see who’s calling and dial from your mobile’s phonebook without touching your mobile.
Fully installed from $330.
Bluetooth hands free kit with telephone audio routed through the vehicles radio loudspeaker
Iso Kram cables
$50 Dollars Extra for Iso Kram Cables
Parrot hands free kits are designed to use the car's speakers for its output, using standard ISO connections which plug into the car's factory stereo. This cable is for use with the Parrot range.
Optional extras include Radio (audio) Mute facility to route the mobile call audio via your vehicle’s own stereo speakers.
Whilst many vehicles support a Radio Mute facility, there are many others that require an Advanced Radio Mute interface kit. Its function is to mute the radio upon the mobile phone receiving a call and then to re-direct the mobile phone’s audio via the vehicles’ sound system. This is to improve the quality of the call and to prevent the driver from being distracted by having to turn off or turn down the radio in order to take the call whilst driving.
Bury Car kits
Bury CC9048 Bluetooth Car Kit with Remote Control - lluminated 3-Key Cable Remote Control, Multipoint Function, Battery Charging Function For Your Mobile, Voice Tags Music streaming.Works with Iphone and Android Phones.
- Bury cc 9068
- Direct connection with Apple iPod or iPhone.
- DialogPlus voice control -–fast & accurate word recognition, no voice training needed, visual & audio prompts
- Multipoint — function-simultaneous connection of two mobile phones to the system is possible
- Magic word — activation of the voice control with a single voice command
- Direct connection with Apple iPod or iPhone + 3.5mm cable for mp3 players
- Built-In Amplifier — Sound quality is independent of your vehicles radio unit
- A2DP — Phones with Bluetooth A2DP option can play music through this unit
- Transfer music files —all A2DP enabled phones allow you to transfer music phone to hands-free data box
- Integrated switch box — enables output of callers voice and music to your vehicles speakers
- Voice memo function — record telephone calls and leave behind instructions for other drivers
- Text-to-speech — reads out text messages, e-mails and phone book entries aloud
- Fully installed from$550
MBU-3000,MB-4 Mercedes Bluetooth Handsfree Upgrade Adapter
Integrates Mercedes car kit to bluetooth which can be paired up to any bluetooth phone.
Allows your phone contacts and phone book to connect with Mercedes Benz car kit on your dash and steering wheel.
Bluetooth Grom 3 &Dension Gateway
Control iPod/iPhone,Bluetooth browse playlists, change tracks with car stereo buttons or steering wheel controls.
• Have full control over your iPhone click wheel.
• Charges iPod & iPhone while connected..
Add Bluetooth with music Streaming
•Converts your smartphone into a virtual CD changer.•
• Plug-into the factory stereo
• Change tracks with stereo or wheel controls
For most model cars
Phone cradles Holders from $145
Apple ,Samsung, Htc ,Sony and STRIKE Cradles, Installation is simpler hard wired or to your vehicle accessory socket. Once this base unit is installed, you can instantly battery charge your phoneand have ANTENNA Gain. Cradles are available to suit different mobile phones.
No Hole Brackets
Install Phone cradles with out drilling any holes in your vehicles dash.No Hole Installations special brackets for all types of cars.
GSM and 4G & Next g Antennas Tri band
Multi Band Cellular Antennas.
The RFI range contains perhaps the most versatile Cellular antennas in the world with the Duet™ and Quadrant® antennas. Also Hi Gain 9db gain Antennas.
A wide choice available including internal tax disc or strip type or the traditional external glass mounted antenna all of which can be removed without leaving any markings.


The fast wireless charger can work perfectly with phone, iWatch and AirPods at a time. Four devices are used at the same time without affecting each other.
Shenzhen Tianwo Technology Co., Ltd. was established in 2021. It is a technology company focusing on R&D and production of mobile phone accessories, tablet computer accessories, mobile phone holders and other products. The founder of the company, Mr. Gordon, is a very rigorous, serious, and persevering person for product quality. In order to let more people come into contact with Shenzhen Tianwo Technology Co., Ltd.
In the current era, when our lives are getting busier and working hours are getting shorter and shorter, we are unlikely to spend hours waiting for trivial things such as charging mobile phones. However, when our entire lives revolve around our smartphone
According to a study by the portal Grand View Research, in 2019 the power bank market was valued at almost $7 billion. After that, there was a noticeable decline, and now there is a strong rise, which is growing every day.


Thursday, March 15 | 8 am CET & 4 pm CET
This session continues the Application & Infrastructure Security series, focusing on securing your inter-process data communication. We will introduce the new TLS network driver and the associated configuration settings that enable you to securely encrypt data communication in your Uniface business solution.
- What is TLS
- Uniface TLS support
- TLS configuration and demonstration
- And more...
To accommodate different geographies, we have 2 sessions available:
8 a.m. Central European Time
4 p.m. Central European Time


The development of the prototype of LightWave intelligent lighting proceeds
NOA Engineering is involved in the development of a prototype system for lighting management designed primarily for public spaces. Lightwave will allow energy savings and a reduction in maintenance costs.
Almost halfway through the development process, after the analysis of the state of the art of the devices on the market, the definition of the technology and the selection of the microprocessor and communication module were achieved.
Hardware and Software architecture
STmicroelectronics Microprocessor module series STM32F4
Communication module 6LoWPAN – WiFi Bridge
The activity is financed by the project of the Puglia Region “PIN pugliesi innovativi”


<Error> <Cluster> <BEA-000170> <Server managedServer1 did not receive the multicast packets that were sent by itself>
<Critical> <Health> <BEA-310006> <Critical Subsystem Cluster has failed. Setting server state to FAILED.
Its most likely an issue of IP of servers. I don't know if there would be other causes to it but this is what happened in my case:
I had configured a domain for a specific IP originally, however when I changed the IP the above error logged on console.
Solution: Connected laptop to a network and provided a static IP(which was originally assigned) to it.
(Note : I tried to update the IP of servers to a new IP of assigned by new network however it didn't work.)


Security Lab researchers reveal how smart devices can be turned into surveillance devices with music
Researchers from the Allen School’s Networks & Mobile Systems Lab and Security and Privacy Research Lab teamed up on a new project, CovertBand, to demonstrate how smart devices can be converted into surveillance tools capable of secretly tracking the body movements and activities of users and their companions. CovertBand turns off-the-shelf devices into active sonar systems with the help of acoustic pulses concealed in music. The team’s findings reveal how increasingly popular smart home assistants and other connected devices could be used to compromise users’ privacy in their own homes — even from half a world away.
“Most of today’s smart devices including smart TVs, Google Home, Amazon Echo and smartphones come with built-in microphones and speaker systems — which lets us use them to play music, record video and audio tracks, have phone conversations or participate in videoconferencing,” Allen School Ph.D. student and co-lead author Rajalakshmi Nandakumar told UW News. “But that also means that these devices have the basic components in place to make them vulnerable to attack.”
As fellow author and Ph.D. student Alex Takakuwa points out, “Other surveillance approaches require specialized hardware. CovertBand shows for the first time that through-barrier surveillance is possible using no hardware beyond what smart devices already have.”
CovertBand relies on repetitive acoustic pulses in the range of 18 to 20 kHz. While that is typically low enough that most adults are unlikely to pick up on the signals, young people and pets might — and an audible volume is required for more distant surveillance or to pick up activity through walls. To get around this, the team found that they could disguise the pulses under a layer of music, with repetitive, percussive beats the most effective at hiding the additional sound.
“To our knowledge, this is the first time anyone has demonstrated that it is possible to convert smart commodity devices into active sonar systems using music,” said Allen School professor and co-author Shyam Gollakota.
By connecting a smartphone to a portable speaker or flat-screen TV, the researchers discovered they could use the data collected through CovertBand to accurately identify repetitive movements such as walking, jumping, and exercising up to a distance of six meters within line of sight, and up to three meters through walls. Having proven the concept, researchers believe a combination of more data and the use of machine learning tools would enable rapid classification of a greater variety of movements — and perhaps enable the identification of the individual making them.
With CovertBand, Allen School researchers have identified a plausible threat, given the increasing ubiquity of these devices in our pockets and in our living rooms. But our embrace of emerging technologies needn’t end on a sour note. As professor and co-author Tadayoshi Kohno points out, when it comes to cybersecurity, knowledge is power.
“We’re providing education about what is possible and what capabilities the general public might not know about, so that people can be aware and can build defenses against this,” he said.
Read the full UW News release here. Learn more and listen to samples of the CovertBand attack music on the project web page here. Check out articles on CovertBand in Fast Company, Digital Trends, New Atlas, and The Register.


2.4GHz AX: 4x4 (Tx/Rx) 1024 QAM 40MHz, up to 1.2Gbps. What are WiFi streams? Le Wi-Fi est partout : des ordinateurs aux montres connectées en passant par les smartphones et les tablettes, mais tous les réseaux sans-fil ne se valent pas. If you’re ready to jump on the Wi-Fi 6 bandwagon, the Orbi WiFi 6 is your best bet when it comes to getting the best Wi-Fi 6 routers. Until we see 6GHz i don't think I am interested in WiFi 6. Wifi 6 : qu’est-ce que c’est ? You can buy routers, smartphones, and laptops that support the latest generation of Wi-Fi today. You might actually get some Wi Orbi Tri-Band WiFi 6 Mesh System with Advanced Cyber Threat Protection, 4.2Gbps, Router + 2 Satellites Sign up for news, tips and offers and receive 10% off* your favorite product Thanks! AX4200 WiFi Mesh System. It’s like upgrading your WiFi to first class. With WiFi 6, you get the fastest speeds available, and up to 4X more device capacity than WiFi 5. There is only one model so far, and it’s currently sold out in the early access store. WiFi-5 operates at 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz frequency bands. If … I have a lot of LAN traffic (windows remote desktop, home fileserver, etc) and I need multiple access points that talk over wireless (can't run cables). That's right, despite what you read on t… If your router doesn’t support Wi-Fi 6, you won’t see any benefits, no matter how many Wi-Fi 6 devices you bring home. That effort has been hampered by the fact that all the consumer Wi-Fi 6 products on the market to date have not had either OFDMA or AX MU-MIMO enabled. However, it’s a good investment right now, since the Snapdragon 865 phones come with WiFi 6. The goal of /r/hardware is a place for quality hardware news, reviews, and intelligent discussion. Orbi Tri-Band WiFi 6 Mesh System with Advanced Cyber Threat Protection, 4.2Gbps, Router + 2 Satellites; Sign up for news, tips and offers and receive 10% off* your favorite product . Because it is the sixth generation of the wireless networking standard. That’s the main difference. Depends on how large your home is. It's been a long, slow slog for the engineers developing Wi-Fi 6 chipsets and products. While there's truth to this I do have a NAS that can saturate 10Gbe at times. But the advantage with WiFi 6 here is that it’s fully backward and forward compatible with older Wifi standards WiFi 1-5 or 802.11 a/b/g/n/ac. If your existing single router provides good enough coverage for all the rooms you want to play in. WiFi 6 offers higher speed and greater coverage range compare to legacy wifi networks wifi-5, wifi-4, wifi-3 etc. Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts. 99. OKN WiFi 6 AX200 PCIE WiFi Card 2974Mbps with Bluetooth 5.0, Techkey Wireless USB WiFi Adapter, 1200Mbps Dual Band; EDUP WiFi 6 Card AX 3000Mbps PCIe Network Card; Ziyituod WiFi 6 Bluetooth5.0 AX 2974Mbps PCIe Wireless WiFi Network Card; AC1200 TP-Link PCIe Wireless Wifi PCIe Card; TL-WN881ND TP-Link N300 PCI-E Wireless WiFi network Adapter card for pc ; Images Name Check Price; … Plenty of improvements that don't seem to produce massively tangible performance benefits where what we really need is less contention and short range high bandwidth frequencies alongside the longer and less capable 5 and 2.4 bands. I would like to upgrade my router for better VD experience. ft., from the front door to the backyard and everywhere in between. WiFi 5 only works in 5Ghz band. I see no reason to prefer AX. Create a New Discussion. Press J to jump to the feed. The Wi-Fi 6 vs. Wi-Fi 5 debate may not affect enterprises or larger organizations until the mid-2020s, but organizations should know what each generation offers and how these capabilities could affect their operations. We're currently working on a Wi-Fi 6 Mesh roundup for more details on individual systems but for now, and for the purpose of comparing Wi-Fi 6 vs. Wi-Fi 5… There is a lot to catch up from ISP part. Learn more about Wifi 6 features & routers. Also, does your nas have the option of 2.5g or 5g ethernet? 4.4 out of 5 stars 4,637. La IEEE 802.11ax, également appelée Wi-Fi 6, est une future norme utilisable dans les réseaux sans fil locaux ou Wi-Fi , , .La normalisation est en cours à l'IEEE ; la publication de la version finale de cette norme est prévue pour fin 2020 . OKN WiFi 6 AX200 PCIE WiFi Card 2974Mbps with Bluetooth 5.0, Techkey Wireless USB WiFi Adapter, 1200Mbps Dual Band EDUP WiFi 6 Card AX 3000Mbps PCIe Network Card Ziyituod WiFi 6 Bluetooth5.0 AX 2974Mbps Upgrading to a fancy, new Wi-Fi 6 router is an awesome feeling but only having a few Wi-Fi 6 compatible devices is not.That’s why we tracked down the best Wi-Fi 6 … As people buy more and more connected devices it will make a difference. Wifi 5 is a new name of 802.11ac. WiFi 6: The Fastest WiFi Ever. We don’t have many details yet, but here’s what we know so far. Instead, the 802.11ax standard will more simply be labeled as Wi-Fi 6. Mainly, more data is packed into the same radio waves. Btw the deco m4 should have a lower max speed than a wifi 6 router. Stream in ultra HD 4K/8K, video call, and more without getting interrupted or slowed down, even as you connect more devices to your network. Wi-Fi 6 vs. Wi-Fi 5 frequency bands differ, which affects the available throughput each Wi-Fi generation can offer. I was looking for an wifi 6 router but my internet provider recommended to get a wifi 5 mesh system (tp-link deco m4). It's limited improvements for most people do make it very uninteresting though. I still use my existing single router in spite of having 2 m4s. Especially since I'm in a large apartment in densely populated area so the wifi6 mesh backlink cuts through the signal noise. Dustin_V. When we look at specs for new WiFi routers, in the interest of buying the fastest router, generally what is touted on the packaging and marketing messages are the maximum theoretical speeds like AC1900 or AC2600. More widely known as 802.11ac, Wi-Fi 5 is the fifth generation of Wi-Fi and directly precedes Wi-Fi 6. Buy WiFi 6 AX200 WiFi Adapter for Windows 10 64bit Chrome OS and Linux Laptop or Desktop PCs-802.11AX 2.4GHz 574Mbps or 5GHz 2.4Gbps(160MHz) with Bluetooth 5.1-Intel WiFi 6 AX200 NGW: Network Cards - Amazon.com FREE DELIVERY possible on eligible purchases As usual, the latest Wi-Fi standard offers faster data transfer speeds. (test it on speedtest net) So if you are paying for 1000mbps+ speed, you would not reach it with the deco m4 over wifi. At CES 2020, we saw many more Wi-Fi 6 devices announced. WiFi 6 Frequently Asked Questions Dustin_V. In dit artikel leggen we uit wat Wifi 6 is en wat de voordelen hiervan zijn. If your network is below 500 Mbps, the traditional WiFi 5 router will be the best for you. Thanks! 802.11ax Dual Band WiFi (AX6000). AC2200 Mesh WiFi System . so you put that your main goal is best speed over link aggregation for your NAS. WiFi 6 is the newest WiFi standard, providing 4x faster speeds & capacity for your smart home & connected devices. If this is not a post related to an issue with Virtual Desktop, please disregard this comment. WiFi Streams – Why do they matter…? Orbi Tri-band Mesh WiFi System, 2.2Gbps, Router + 1 Satellite. Between $100 and $200. It is not just faster either with the . Basically it works out like this: For the same price, I can either get the Gen 4 with an i7 and WiFi 5 or the Gen 5 with an i5 and WiFi 6. Easy Setup and Use with the Nighthawk App. Wi-Fi 6 routers will support Wi-Fi 5 devices just fine, though the latter will run at their rated 802.11ac speeds. Please contact the moderators of this subreddit if you have any questions or concerns. It can be placed on a desktop or mounted on a pole, wall, or ceiling*. If you don’t have an AX router, you’ll need to wait until new WiFi 6 compatible phones are released to the market. Hiermee haal je hogere snelheden. … L’opérateur Bouygues commercialise 3 offres internet Bbox en promotion. Buying a Wi-Fi 6 router now makes more sense than waiting for the new devices. Backwards compatible with 802.11a/b/g/n/ac WiFi: 11ax Dual Band WiFi (AX5400) WIFI RANGE. Connect more than 40 devices, from your laptop and TV to your thermostat and baby monitor. WiFi 6 vs WiFi 5 WiFi 6 comes with a number of improvements over WiFi 5 such as higher data rates. Wi-Fi 6 hardware is here. Si vous vivez dans une région avec de nombreux réseaux wifi sur les canaux 1 et 6, passer au canal 3 ou 6 ne vous aidera probablement pas. Parmi-elles, la Bbox Ultym est l’offre haut de gamme de l’opérateur. WiFi 6 or 802.11 ax is the latest standard that is beginning to gain mainstream attention. ***DISCLAIMER***When this video was made I knew much less about cable testing than I currently know. Wifi 6 is more focused on the amount of connected devices rather than pure speed. I tried changing wifi channels Should I buy a Dual Band Wi-Fi 6 for e.g. WIFI TECHNOLOGY. Yes I know that WiFi 6 is another name for AX. The AX is going to be more "efficient" just because it handles concurrent broadcasting better than wifi 5. Defining Wi-Fi 5 and Wi-Fi 6. It is a successor to 802.11 ac or WiFi 5. Businesses use wifi too it's not a technology just for your home. $79.99 $ 79. As the Wi-Fi Alliance puts it, Wi-Fi 6E allows for “14 additional 80 MHz channels and 7 additional 160 MHz channels.” Depends on what sort of home networking needs you have. Cette évolution qui succède au Wifi 802.11 ac (ou le Wifi 5) permettra d’augmenter le débit de 40% en comparaison de la norme Wifi 5 disponible depuis 2014. Wi-Fi 5. Uhhh. WiFi 6 is technically called 802.11ax, but in addition to new wireless technology, it’s also bringing with it a new naming scheme: it’ll be known simply as WiFi 6, while 802.11ac will be referred to as WiFi 5. Wi-Fi 5 uses the 5 GHz frequency band for data transmission, while Wi-Fi 6 can use both the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands and, in turn, support better throughput than Wi-Fi 5. A wired connection is always preferable if Ethernet wiring is present in the area that the 804Mesh Wi-Fi is intended to cover. More posts from the OculusQuest community, Press J to jump to the feed. Powerful, Seamless Mesh Coverage Mesh WiFi delivers a strong connection for up to 5,000 sq. TP-Link AX1800 Dual-Band Wi-Fi 6 Smart Router Archer AX21, Works with Alexa – A Certified for Humans Device . Unlike WiFi 5, the next generation of WiFi, 802.11ax or WiFi 6 operates in both 2.4Ghz and 5 Ghz band. Gigabit fiber and I get 200mbps max from Wifi. And it should be backwards compatible. If you’re using a Wi-Fi router with a single device, maximum potential speeds should be up to 40% higher with Wi-Fi 6 compared to Wi-Fi 5.Wi-Fi 6 accomplishes this through more efficient data encoding, resulting in higher throughput. So you are still not at a loss if you bought Wifi 6 router except for their hefty prices right now. In comparison to WiFi 5’s maximum data rate of 3.5 GBps, WiFi 6 maxes out at 9.6 Gbps. Netgear Nighthawk X6S (Model R8000P) Costs are not too different Assumptions La norme 802.11a (baptisé WiFi 5) permet d'obtenir un haut débit (54 Mbps théoriques, 30 Mbps réels). It is kinda a promotion where they bundle in 2/3 deco m4s at additional cost to cover your house. Get 200mbps max from WiFi traditional WiFi 5 0.0000005 milliseconds ) does n't need all that anymore! Ultym est l ’ année 2019 for up to wifi 5 vs wifi 6 reddit come with WiFi 6 router for.... In my experience, it has no problem even with streaming PCVR from my (! For most people do make it very uninteresting though je netwerk minder bij grote drukte hardware configuration is limited! Generation of WiFi, 802.11ax or WiFi 5 ’ s like upgrading WiFi. 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The Reasons Why You Need To Use A Cell Phone Jammer
Communication is a basic need in our lives. There are different ways of communications, there is the media, the magazines and also there are cell phones. In today’s life it is difficult for one to run their lives without the cell phones. This is the major means of communication. A cell phone works in many ways especially if one does not interference; there is the cell phone jammer. A cell phone jammer is helpful in taking away signal of certain places. Others have no idea of the advantages of a cell phone jammer.
A cell phone jammer protects people who are surrounding it at a certain place. Terrorist do most of their operation with the use of cell phones. The terrorist use the phones for communication with those sent for destruction. With the help of a cell a cell phone jammer, it will take away the signal of that particular area hence saving the lives of many. The cell phone jammer is not only used for the tourist, but it is also used for any one or group of people trying to cause trouble.
A cell phone jammer make one concentrate on something at a particular time. Some people do not care about where they are and what they are doing instead they just continue using their phones. It is so disturbing when talking to someone who is giving all the attention to his or her phone. A cell phone jammer will make them attend or listen to you. The employees concentrate on their phones than official duties. Many of the employees use most of their times in the office on their phones. A cell phone jammer will help you in keeping them on toes with their office work. Everyone will be able to work without disruption from their phones. Several tasks can be completed. One’s character will be different on how he or she carries their lives.
A cell phone jammer will help controlling signal from where you are. It is of much importance to the organization with many customers. Disruption can come from the incoming calls from customers or customers who are within the organization. People who like taking photos of places will not have time for that. Through This, both you and your customers will have time each other than disturbance from the phones.
Majority are not aware of the cell phone jammer. One needs to try it to see its importance. You may come to know that it is of a lot of importance to your general life. For you to know its importance you need to give it a try.


The right way to Install Wi-Fi Boosters
If your wireless internet connection is struggling, installing a Wi fi signal booster could possibly be the solution. Nevertheless , before you do so , make sure http://lunchboxguitars.com/to-be-a-good-christian to consider the type of raise you need and exactly how much insurance coverage you require.
The very best WiFi Booster devices
A Wi-Fi signal booster is a gadget that stretches the range of the existing wifi network. It does this by increasing your current transmission and rebroadcasting it a greater distance out with your home or office. It is just a simple, cheap option lets you get the most out of your existing router and expand its range.
How Do They will Work?
A WiFi sign booster is normally a small, plug-in system that links to your router wirelessly. The product then rebroadcasts the original WiFi signal, it will also replicate the signal to protect more parts of your home.
Perform They Increase My Internet Speed?
Usually, boosters tend not to increase your total internet tempo. Rather, they give your products with a better signal, that may result in faster downloads and submissions, especially for gaming, using a VPN, or perhaps transferring huge files.
How to Install a Wi fi Booster
To be able to install a Wi-Fi signal enhancer, you will need a router and an outlet. Most products are small , and plug into the home’s stores, so you can quickly improve your signal and increase your home’s network range.
For anybody who is looking to update your cellular transmission, look for a mobile phone signal enhancer that supports multiple units and amplifies a variety of cellular signals for a lot of major ALL OF US carriers. In case you have a large residence, or are now living an extremely weak signal region, you may want to decide on a more powerful, professional-grade unit just like weBoost’s Residence Complete.


Our superior and robust fibre infrastructure delivers an unparalleled Internet experience to businesses looking for a solution with speeds of up to 100Mbps. Unlike heavily contended ADSL service, we provide a fast and efficient Internet service with very little contention.
Note: No orders can be processed if we have not completed a site survey.
|Max Download Speed||Monthly||Setup (once-off)|
|1 Mbit/s||R 1 824.00||R 1 710.00|
|2 Mbit/s||R 3 477.00||R 1 710.00|
|5 Mbit/s||R 5 814.00||R 1 710.00|
|10 Mbit/s||R 9 348.00||R 1 710.00|
|15 Mbit/s||R 12 825.00||R 1 710.00|
|30 Mbit/s||R 19 237.50||R 1 710.00|
|50 Mbit/s||R 27 445.50||R 1 710.00|
|100 Mbit/s||R 42 835.50||R 1 710.00|
|Speed||Max Capable Traffic (GB)||50% Of Max Download (GB) - Soft Cap||Rate Limit|
|1 Mbit/s||300||150||512 Kbps|
|2 Mbit/s||600||300||1 Mbps|
|5 Mbit/s||1500||750||2.5 Mbps|
|10 Mbit/s||3000||1500||5 Mpbs|
|15 Mbit/s||4500||2250||7.5 Mbps|
|30 Mbit/s||9000||4500||15 Mbps|
|50 Mbit/s||15 000||7500||25 Mbps|
|100 Mbit/s||30 000||15000||50 Mbps|
Upon reaching your Soft Cap limit for the month, your line speed will be halved for the remainder of the month. No further restrictions or limitations will be placed on your line while it is rate limited and your connection will remain uncapped and unshaped for this period.
At the beginning of a new month of service, your line speed will revert to its base profile.
This means that your upload and download speeds are equally fast! Most currently available broadband services are asymmetrical, which frequently results in poor upload speeds. Our fibre solution provides equal upload and download speeds, ensuring that important emails with large attachments or urgent work documents that you need to upload will always go through at high speeds.
Contention Ratio refers to the number of users sharing, or contending for, the same data capacity. The lower the contention ratio, the higher the quality of service. A 10:1 contention ratio means that up to 10 broadband customers are sharing the same capacity at any one time. Our service has a substantially lower contention ratio than most competitive broadband offerings.
Our fibre network suffers from no congestion, resulting in superior speeds and low latencies. It is also unaffected by copper theft which all too frequently leaves your business stranded without connectivity for days on end – severely impacting your ability to trade, lowering productivity and putting pressure on your bottom line.
Your Snowball service is entirely flexible and can be shaped to meet your connectivity needs – upgrade to a higher line speed (or downgrade) in mere minutes.
Snowball provides you with a fully-configured router at no extra cost.
Snowball's Fibre Internet services are available in Stellenbosch, Cape Town, Johannesburg, Pretoria and Durban. All services are coverage-dependent.


The direct gauge adaptors are designed to connect to an M16x2 pressure test nipple safe, effortless, and spill-free. The female swivel end of the direct gauge adapter is an M16x2 connection. The opposite end comes in a variety of connections – Pipe, ORB, Metric, and BSPP. The direct gauge can be used to connect a pressure gauge, pressure transducer, or any other sensor to a test point up to 5800 PSI (400 bar).
Use in conjunction with the M16x2 test connector (Test Point).
Available in straight or 90˚ versions
Maximum Working Pressure: 9137 PSI (630 bar)
Connect Under Pressure: 5800 PSI (400 bar)
Temperature Rating: -4 to +212˚F (-20 to +100˚C)
Media: Suitable for hydraulic oils and other mineral-based fluids
Made in Europe
Male JIC x female swivel JIC gauge port adapter.
Direct Gauge adaptors allow the user to install a pressure gauge, diagnostic nipple, or sensor inline in a hydraulic system. All units are made from zinc/nickel-plated carbon steel which offers reliability and a long life span. The fittings are rated up to 6000 PSI (414 Bar) depending on configuration and size.
Gauge port adapters offer the user unique advantages over conventional connectors:
• No more drilling and tapping standard fittings
• Safety – Connectors have the proper wall thickness to facilitate solid, safe connections
• Easy to install
• Aesthetic – Blends into your system without the bulk of multiple connectors.
To provide the best experiences, we use technologies like cookies to store and/or access device information. Consenting to these technologies will allow us to process data such as browsing behavior or unique IDs on this site. Not consenting or withdrawing consent, may adversely affect certain features and functions.
The technical storage or access is strictly necessary for the legitimate purpose of enabling the use of a specific service explicitly requested by the subscriber or user, or for the sole purpose of carrying out the transmission of a communication over an electronic communications network.
The technical storage or access is necessary for the legitimate purpose of storing preferences that are not requested by the subscriber or user.
The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for statistical purposes.The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for anonymous statistical purposes. Without a subpoena, voluntary compliance on the part of your Internet Service Provider, or additional records from a third party, information stored or retrieved for this purpose alone cannot usually be used to identify you.
The technical storage or access is required to create user profiles to send advertising, or to track the user on a website or across several websites for similar marketing purposes.


Based on X-Ryl669 blog KDE Connect over Bluetooth
On the computer
- A computer with a working Bluetooth hardware and software
- BlueZ installed on the computer and also bluez-utils (required for debugging, you can remove it afterward)
- KDE desktop (sorry Windows and Mac user)
- Linux system (I’m using Manjaro here for the examples and screenshots)
- AUR (en) - kdeconnect-bluetooth package
On the smartphone
- KDE connect app (download version from F-Droid since it doesn’t have the Google’s Play store limitation of not dealing with SMS)
- if that doesn’t work you may need to download this 3rd party version with bluetooth enabled 4.86 MB file on MEGA
- Bluetooth (obviously)
Step 1: Prepare KDE connect on your phone
Install KDE connect from F-Droid (or step 0: Install F-Droid). Before launching KDE connect, you’ll need to provide some authorizations (depending on your phone, it might ask you by itself, but it didn’t on mine). So you’ll need to navigate to your Android’s Settings screen and type “Authorization” in the search box. Then select the KDE connect application and allow it to access the phone (sorry no screenshot here)
Step 2: Allow bluetooth connection sharing
Go to your phone’s settings and type “share” in the search box. Then select “Via Bluetooth” page to allow sharing your connection via Bluetooth.
Step 3: Pair your phone to your computer
In your notification tray, click on the Bluetooth icon, and select “Connect”
Then accept the connection on the phone (you might need to go to the Bluetooth setting page first).
Step 4: Set up the network connection over bluetooth
In your notification tray, click on the network icon, then the Bluetooth icon and select “Connect”
Once it’s connected, use the right rectangle to display the details of the connection (you need the IPv4 address):
Step 5: Start KDE connect link on your phone
Start KDE connect on your phone, and click the submenu button on the top right, and “Add a device by IP”. You’ll need to enter the IP address you’ve seen on the network page.
If all goes well, your computer name will appear on the device list on your phone. Click on the icon, and select “Associate”. Click “Accept” on the computer and you’re done.
Step 6: Give all authorizations
In the smartphone, you’ll need to authorize all the features once it has correctly connected. Just follow the instructions displayed on your phone and you’re done!


Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (DNP) signal-enhancement capability is now available in combination with innovative Phoenix Solid-State NMR (SSNMR) probe technology to expand the scope and sensitivity of biomolecular and materials SSNMR research at 400-600 MHz. The new Phoenix MAS-DNP NMR probe system utilizes the same robust, professional design strategy that scientists have come to expect in all Phoenix SSNMR probes and accessories.
Overview of the Phoenix DNP Innovation
Add a new Phoenix DNP probe to expand capability on an existing DNP SSNMR instrument; or
Add a Turn-key DNP System, including gyrotron, to an existing 9.4 – 14.1 T, Wide-Bore SSNMR instrument, pairing the robust Phoenix NMR probe technology with Bridge12 Technologies components to complete the DNP package;
Combine DNP with HFXY and HFX probe configurations;
*Probe Performance Specifications are quoted for a Phoenix NMR 395 GHz/600 MHz DNP HFXY probe fitted with a 2.5 mm spinning module, utilizing a Bridge12 Technologies gyrotron, waveguide, and counter-flow heat exchanger. Other hardware configurations may result in different probe performance specifications. Request a quote for detailed specifications.


- Transport – this defines what protocol is being used like HTTP, Named Pipes, TCP, and MSMQ are some type of protocols.
- Encoding (This is Optional) – There are basically three types of encoding are available- namely: Text, Binary, or Message Transmission Optimization Mechanism (MTOM). MTOM is an interoperable message format that allows the effective transmission of attachments or large messages (greater than 64K).
- Protocol (This is also Optional) - It defines what information to be used in the binding such as Security, transaction or reliable messaging capability etc.
Basic Web service communication. No security by default
Web services with WS-* support. Supports transactions
Web services with duplex contract and transaction support
Web services with federated security. Supports transactions
Communication directly with MSMQ applications. Supports transactions
Communication between WCF applications by using queuing. Supports transactions
Communication between WCF applications on same computer. Supports duplex contracts and transactions
Communication between computers across peer-to-peer services. Supports duplex contracts
Communication between WCF applications across computers. Supports duplex contracts and transactions
<serviceDebug includeExceptionDetailInFaults="true" />
Types of Contracts:
Service contracts describe the operation that service can provide. For E.g., a Service provide to know the temperature of the city based on the zip code, this service is called as Service contract. It will be created using Service and Operational Contract attribute.
Attribute that implement these contracts are:


Network monitoring is a complex procedure involving systems analysts and engineers specialized in the analysis of complex networks. It is also involved in the process of network design. Network monitoring is a key element of all types of network systems. It enables proper monitoring of all components of a computer network like modems, printers, scanners and enclosures, without taking the extra time, and without any additional budget.
Network monitoring performance
Because of its objective of monitoring and analysis, Network Monitoring is constantly gaining its popularity and generating a lot of sales for its providers. As the number of companies implementing the software is increasing at higher pace, many companies are looking for the best NPM software that contributes to the betterment of their business. To know the best NPM software, one has to spend some time in reading the reviews and visiting the websites available on the internet. Elastic is one of these companies. These reviews mainly talk about the advantages and disadvantages of the software. They are helpful in giving the right information about the software.
The buyers can buy the software either from the online stores or from the authors themselves. In most of the cases, the authors themselves sell the software at a very reasonable rate. Therefore, the buyer can certainly pay the price and get the desired software installed in INDEX IT! Apart from this, the software also comes with a maintenance package that is designed to help the user in easy installation and configuration. The basic service that the software provides is an analysis of the current state of the network and an alerting system that warns about the failures.
The good thing about the Network Monitoring is that it is effective and also saves a lot of time in the highly dynamic, fast paced and busy working environment of the organization. It is very effective and requires minimum administration and administration work. It also reduces the network costs by effectively optimizing the network infrastructure. With the software, organizations can build a comprehensive maintenance into the system, thus significantly increasing productivity and alleviating the stress on the networks.
Types of Network Monitoring
The network monitoring process is classified into different types, like:
The purpose of the software is to keep a constant watch on the network devices for possible failures, so that the network performance remains up to the mishaps. However, the maintenance can be classified into:
Free system monitor – This type of network monitor manages the hardware and software resources to provide a quality system performance. Its limitations are same as the inbound system monitoring, which analyzes only the device’s availability, health and load, as opposed to the overall system health.
Custom system monitor – This network monitoring method involves custom designing and setting of the monitoring system to suit the organization’s needs. This is a popular choice and also allows applying various unique features like load balancing and gateway systems.
Internet service monitoring – This type of monitoring sends stress test messages to a server group, analyzing their response time, errors and variability. This also helps to detect Issues relating to general network performance.
How does it work?
The server monitoring process works in the system as a service, always maintaining the monitoring session on real time basis. It sends the server test results to the network performance monitor, which further analyzes the results and sends a message to the system administrator. The Internet service monitoring enables sending the very high quality test data and helps determining the technical details of the network performance.
The network performance monitor’s job is to watch over the server and Its functioning, sending the instant messages to the system administrator. This instant notification removes the reason of getting lost from the system.
Importance of server monitoring
Server monitoring helps administrators keep a check on the network performance, reliable and valid data to send to the network performance monitor results ensure the optimizing of the network performance, in a timely manner. The monitoring results serve as the inputs to the network performance monitor software, which in turn suggests the conditions to upgrade the network performance. The network performance software processor gives the best possible data to the network monitoring system, by analyzing the input with the current performance results.
It is a mandatory task to use the right performance monitoring software for monitoring the system performance. The performance software should be able to send instant notifications to the system administrator, when the servers get busy. This helps him to find the fault and troubleshoot the connection problem, urgently. The server monitor software should be able to deliver accurate and timely results, thus all the time it helps to improve the system performance.
Monitoring your network traffic is important for gaining visibility and protecting your environment, as well as maintaining high performance and protection.
Have a look into this Kibana Dashboards to see how it could look like.


In our latest Tech Brief, 7 Reasons You’re Paying Too Much for Your Spectrum Analyzer, we write about how a company may be spending too much money on test and measurement equipment for features they may be able to find in RF test devices that cost much less.
Accuracy is key
Many devices, subsystems, and systems require accurate phase noise measurements. Spectrum analyzers are commonly used for this measurement. However, the spectrum analyzer itself must have low enough phase noise so as not to contribute to the device measurement. While many test equipment vendors charge for phase noise measurement personalities, Signal Hound’s spectrum analysis software, Spike, includes phase noise measurement capability.
The Signal Hound SM200A uses a low IF architecture design that enables exceptional phase noise performance, comparable to the performance of a more expensive spectrum analyzer. The Signal Hound SA44 and BB60 use a more traditional superheterodyne architecture to achieve a more modest phase noise performance, but at an even more affordable price. Note that for the SA44, the results listed are typical as it does not have a hard spec for phase noise.
|Offset||SA44B (Typ.)||BB60C (Spec.)||SM200A (Spec.)||Keysight N9020B (Spec.)||Keysight N9020B (Typ.)|
The low IF architecture of the SM200A enables phase noise performance with a lower cost design, but it does come with a trade-off of higher image response spurs. While the residual response spurs are comparable to the MXA, the image response spurs are not as good as the MXA (<-74 dBc).The SM200A Spike software provides a Signal ID feature to be activated and deactivated to allow low level mixer spurs to be differentiated from RF Input signals. In many cases the spurs can be identified as coming from the spectrum analyzer and not the device-under-test (DUT), allowing them to be ignored during the actual measurement. The more traditional superheterodyne architecture of the BB60C typically has -70 dBc image rejection. The BB60C spurs are generally not from the image response.
|Signal Hound SM200A|
|Frequency||Image Reject Off||Image Reject On|
|100 kHz to 6 GHz||-58 dBc||-75 (typ)|
|6 GHz to 10 GHz||-55 dBc||-75 (typ)|
|10 GHz to 20 GHz||-44 dBc||-75 (typ)|
Want to see all 7 reasons?
Listen, we understand that it’s hard to believe that a lower-cost spectrum analyzer can provide high-quality RF analysis data – it sounds almost too good to be true. There are a few things that make sense, though, when you understand the reasons why our devices cost less. This tech brief helps clarify these reasons.


You may have heard this before, but Bluetooth is a way that your smartphone can connect to other electronic devices, such as speakers, keyboards, phones, printers, headsets, and much more. The Bluetooth protocol uses an electromagnetic wave to transmit data. This is a bit different from radio waves, which are sent using electromagnetic waves. Bluetooth is just an example of wireless communication and is not limited to phones.
Bluetooth speakers are a great way to listen to music in a quiet environment. But how does it work? Inside the speaker, a small module handles the Bluetooth connection. It includes a digital radio tuner and a small microprocessor to control the volume and bass, and a Bluetooth radio transceiver to connect with speakers or devices.
In this day and age, every electronic device needs a way to connect to another electronic device. The most popular method used to connect devices is via Bluetooth. Most Bluetooth devices are small and lightweight but offer an incredibly loud output. In this article, we are going to learn about the different parts of a Bluetooth speaker. We will discover how a Bluetooth speaker works and how it is able to connect to other devices and transmit sound.. Read more about bluetooth speaker working principle and let us know what you think.Bluetooth is a standard short-range wireless technology for receiving and sending multimedia and other types of files. In recent years, Bluetooth technology has become one of the most popular connectivity options, being used for both music playback and data transfer. With this amazing technology, the Bluetooth speaker wirelessly receives a digital audio file through the Bluetooth protocol. It then converts the files to analog audio and performs the conversion like a normal speaker. Pair the devices, play the music and you’re done.
1. What is Bluetooth technology?
Bluetooth is a wireless technology designed to exchange data from one device to another over a short distance. It uses an ultra-high-frequency shortwave radio protocol for data transmission. The microwave radio spectrum between 2.402 GHz and 2.480 GHz can be used for digital data transmission. Let’s look at the list of applications that use Bluetooth technology in their applications.
- Controls the communication system via mobile and Bluetooth equipped vehicles.
- Contact between the mobile phone and the Smart Lock to unlock the door.
- Establish a connection between the Bluetooth devices.
- Data flow between Bluetooth fitness devices and smartphones.
- Enables the connection of two industrial Ethernet networks.
2. How does the Bluetooth speaker work?
The Bluetooth speaker works in the same way as a conventional speaker. The only difference is that it works without cables, while normal speakers work with fixed cables. On the other hand, Bluetooth speakers use radio signals to receive audio files. There is a built-in amplifier that receives the audio signal. The Bluetooth speaker must be paired with the devices to function properly. When the devices are connected, the digital audio device forms a piconet to transfer audio signals efficiently. However, the smart Bluetooth speaker can be controlled with voice commands. When a digital audio signal is received, it must pass through two important components. First, the received audio signal must be converted into an analog audio signal. There is a built-in function to convert the digital signal into an audio signal. The converted signal then passes through a power amplifier. Once the signal passes through the speaker, it is up to the speaker to produce sound waves. This way we can hear the sound through the Bluetooth speakers.
3. Best Bluetooth speaker
Many brands have released different types of Bluetooth speakers, but according to Nerdknowbetter, the Tikitunes Bluetooth speaker is the best. Since its market launch, user feedback has been consistently positive. Its features and design are exceptional and set it apart from other wireless speakers. It resembles a tiki torch with a soft and diffused light. A 2000 mAh battery is integrated, allowing an autonomy of 6 to 10 hours. Tikitunes is waterproof and dustproof, which makes it unique from other speakers.
4. How Tikitune works
It is a portable speaker compatible with all Android, Apple and Windows devices. Function keys are located on the top of the speaker to control the speaker. Here are the steps to follow to use the tiki tunes? speaker
- Place the speaker within 30 meters.
- Press the center button on the top of the speaker.
- Pair the speaker with your smartphone.
- Once the connection is established, you can listen to music.
5. Tiki Tunes best features
Tiki tunes is an award winning stereo music player with some unusual features. It is the perfect speaker for indoor and outdoor use. To know the specifics of tiki tunes, let’s look at their characteristics.
a. Clear sound quality
Despite its small size, the speaker is surprisingly capable of producing as transparent and audible a sound as possible. The assertive bass line creates a dance music environment that changes modes. It offers high sound quality that can only be achieved with high-end speakers.
b. Ambient light
Ambient light is an unusual and unique feature that no other wireless speaker system offers. Tiki tunes, however, contain a diffused light that creates a festive atmosphere in the home or garden. It has a soft light that changes to different colors, which is perfect for night music.
It is small in size and weighs only 14 ounces, making it easy to carry in pockets. Tikitunes is protected against water and dust. This means you can also use it in the pool. And the music goes on, no matter if it falls in the water.
d. Ease of use
It works through your phone’s Bluetooth connection. Just plug in your device and listen to your music. Ttikitunes supports Android, Apple and Windows devices within 30 meters. You can leave your phone at home, take the speaker into the garden and control your playlists with the buttons on the speaker.
Tikitunes has multi-speaker features that allow you to connect multiple speakers at once. This means you can connect five speakers to host a house party. This feature is not available on most wireless speakers.
f. Where can I buy Tiki Tunes?
If you decide to buy one of these speakers, you can do so at gettikitunes.io.com. If you buy it from the Tiki Tune website, you can return the product if you are not satisfied. The company offers a one-year warranty and a 30-day money-back guarantee. Includes charger, speaker and instructions for use. But you can also buy on eBay and Amazon wherever you want.
6. Is Tiki Tunes a scam?
In my experience, this is not a scam. I have been using the speaker for a year now and it still works fine. He does what he says he does. I preferred it in bad weather because it is waterproof. I already have two and they work well. The device can be used up to 30 meters away. I recommend you to try any of them and you will be satisfied with the speaker. I don’t think it’s a scam. The best way to check is to try one. Moreover, it has excellent user reviews.
Tikitunes is the most casual wireless speaker that will charm you. The crystal clear sound and ambient light are of exceptional quality. Excellent battery life and fast charging make it the most cost-effective and convenient device. Although the unit is waterproof and weatherproof, do not use it near an electric field, in direct sunlight or under water.If you’re an avid user of Bluetooth speakers, you probably own a few to choose from. But, by now, you know they can only be paired to one device at a time, which means you’re limited to your choice of speaker or headphones. But, is there a way to pair more than one device at the same time?. Read more about how to connect bluetooth speaker to phone and let us know what you think.
Frequently Asked Questions
How do you use a Bluetooth speaker?
While some people like to listen to music with their car stereos, others prefer taking their music with them on the go using Bluetooth. Get 40% while you are learning how to get the most out of your Bluetooth speaker with this free guide. There are several ways to use Bluetooth speakers, but how do they all work? First, the player must be setup to play music via Bluetooth. This is usually done through the speaker’s built-in Bluetooth menu, or by phone. Once the speaker is connected to your phone, you can continue to use it as a Bluetooth speaker. You can use it from virtually anywhere within range of your phone, from the kitchen counter to the beach.
Does a Bluetooth speaker need wifi?
Bluetooth speakers have become a popular way of listening to music wirelessly within many homes. While many of them are small, portable speakers that can be placed anywhere in the house, Bluetooth speakers with WiFi connectivity have also become popular. These speakers can be connected to a Wi-Fi network and used for streaming music wirelessly to a large number of devices, or they can also be used to stream music directly from a computer or laptop. Bluetooth speakers are basically small devices that you can connect to your phone or tablet to play music wirelessly. When connected, they can either be used as a speakerphone or to play music through the built-in speakers of your phone. Bluetooth also allows you to stream music from your smartphone, tablet, or computer.
How do wireless Bluetooth speakers work?
The concept of wireless speakers is as old as radio itself, but it is only recently that companies have developed wireless speakers with all the features needed for a modern home entertainment system. These include a range of audio and power output that supports video streaming and gaming over a wireless network. Ordinarily, speakers work by projecting sound directly into your ears, but the problem with this method is that it can be uncomfortable. A better way to hear sound is through speakers that transmit the sound through air, which is more effective at creating a wider, more accurate sound field. That’s exactly what wireless Bluetooth speakers do.
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Installing a commercial network can be a daunting task for many business owners. From choosing the right hardware and software to configuring the network for optimal performance, there are a lot of decisions to make. It is important to make sure that you understand the scope of the project before beginning a commercial network installation and that the installer you hire is experienced and qualified. This article will provide an overview of some of the important things to consider when undertaking this process.
What is a commercial network installation?
A commercial network installation is a setup of a computer network designed specifically for a business or other large organisation. It is a comprehensive solution that provides the necessary hardware and software components, as well as the infrastructure and support services needed to ensure that the network is secure, reliable and efficient. Commercial network installations typically include the setup of local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs) and wireless networks. The installation may also include the integration of existing legacy systems into the network, as well as the configuration of security protocols, such as firewalls, intrusion detection systems and virtual private networks (VPNs). If you live in the United Kingdom and have decided to install a commercial network, companies like IT Support UK provide this type of service.
What are the most important things to consider before a commercial network installation?
1. Type of Network
Before beginning a commercial network installation, you should decide what type of network you require. Depending on your business needs, you may consider an Ethernet network, a Wi-Fi network or a combination of both.
2. Network Devices
You will need to purchase or lease the necessary network devices such as routers, switches and access points. It’s important to select devices that are compatible with your existing equipment and can handle the expected load.
3. Network Security
Network security should be a priority for any business. Make sure all devices are properly configured to protect your network from outside threats and potential intrusions.
4. Network Cabling
Cabling is a critical part of any network installation. You should plan your cabling carefully and make sure it meets the necessary industry standards.
5. Network Management
Once the network is installed, you need to make sure it’s managed, monitored and maintained together with its associated components, such as routers, switches, firewalls and other devices. This is important to ensure optimal performance and security. Network management includes tasks such as configuring, troubleshooting and monitoring the network and its components.
Commercial network installations are a great way to maximise the efficiency of your business and can help to streamline communication, increase productivity, and reduce costs. With the right guidance and expertise, these installations can bring a business to the next level and improve customer service, as well as create a more secure environment for business operations.


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RF Test Equipment, TSCM and Counter Surveillance Equipment
Wireless Camera Detectors
The Optoelectronics, Inc. Video Sweepers are fast scanning receivers that detect wireless video cameras from 900MHz-6GHz. The Video Sweepers work with a full range of video protocols including NTSC, PAL, CCIR or EIA systems. The Video Sweepers have both an automatic and manual scan mode. The Video Sweeper and VS5800 are portable and battery operated and very easy to operate.
900MHz-6GHz VS5800 Wireless Camera Detector
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Before 2015 the access and internet connection to Cuba was really difficult, if not almost impossible. Today, although with some restrictions, you can access the wifi network quickly thanks to the Cuban phone company ETECSA which has installed numerous repeaters in many cities of the island.
In order to connect you to Internet you will need a prepaid navigation card “Nauta” or “Etecsa” which you will find at the airport or at the hotels (where the cost is higher).
The Internet access is very simple: once enabled wifi on your mobile phone or PC select the available network “Wifi Etecsa”. A page will open and you will be asked to insert User Id and Password which you can find on the card.
Once you have entered the required fields, you will be ready to surf the internet! Always remember to disconnect from the wireless network once you have finished browsing so you can use the remaining credit for another session.
In Cuba you can choose from three different types of internet cards:
- 30 minute card at 0.5 CUC
- 1 hour card at 1 CUC
- 5 hour card at 5 CUC
We remind you that no matter where you find the hotspot wi-fi, the internet connection in Cuba is never free and if you stay in a hotel you will need a prepaid card in any case.
Be careful, because hotels often give the possibility to purchase the card directly at check-in with a price higher than the Etecsa points.
There are about 700 wifi points in the Cuban territory and mainly within parks and public places. Below you will find a list of some public hotspots of Etecsa:
If you want to discover all the internet connection points in Cuba, you can find the full list on Etecsa website .
Thanks to these helpful tips you can always stay connected with the people you love. If you need information about phone calls to and from Cuba, read our article on communications and phone calls in Cuba!


Wireless technology has made great strides together with different improvements around the globe. The invention of Bluetooth speakers has transformed how we listen to music. Getting available in varied designs, Bluetooth speakers are easily priced compared to the usual stereo systems or even the powerful boom boxes. There can be some pointers that prove why investing in a Bluetooth speaker can be very advantageous to anyone. To start off, these wireless speakers are regarded as portable enough allowing them to be easily carried around.
There aren’t a lot of speakers in the exact same price range that can conquer the SoundLink Mini 2 in sound performance or quality of audio. One of the main characteristics of Bose SoundLink Mini two is its impressive sound quality. The speaker delivers deep bass and clear vocals all due to the proprietary technologies and technical driver setup. The speaker also offers up to 10hours playtime on one charge.
Hence, the purchaser should choose the planned use before deciding on which one to buy Additionally, the volume or the power of the speaker may be an additional element that can influence the buying decision, The sound quality offered by the speaker can be another of the primary factors when purchasing a bluetooth lautsprecher that provide the best audio quality could be discovered by using their frequency response. A few of the portable speakers are also designed to be multifunctional.
Last, the system comes with a one-year warranty also. One characteristic that misses out quite distinctly is that the durability. The speaker isn’t water-resistant, dust-resistant, or impact-resistant. Besides its battery life might have been better too. However, these are just minor drawbacks, and there are many positive points that can support the view that the Bose SoundLink Mini 2 is indeed among the best portable speakers around.


Encore Lab is developing in cooperation with another company, Eficen, a novelty low cost air pollution monitoring system. This new system will be able to measure air pollution both in fixed and mobile points, according to the needs of the customer.
The aim of the project is the creation of the architecture needed to develop a wireless sensor network for urban environments. The proposed network will, using low cost devices (Open Hardware), provide full assurance of both efficiently and usefulness. The project is being carried out in cooperation with Eficen (http://www.eficen.es/) a company specialized in offering advanced services in the field of Electrical Engineering. The information gathered by the different sensors will be visualized using a software focused to the intelligent management of SMART CITIES which Eficen already has.
TECHNOLOGIES TO BE USED
Currently the project, which is framed within the subject IoT (Internet of Things) is in its development stage. Following the policy of support of free hardware the development of the electronic boards will be done using ARDUINO.


This a group assigment. Its a business propsal for a Cloud Comptuting business. My section is 3.2 Electronic Business and Commerce components in the attachment. Here is our interduction;
Our group is going to be presenting our cloud computing product, â€œCotton Ballâ€ to a local financial accounting business that is currently using very outdated technology and seeking a full system upgrade. Our product offers unlimited virtual storage space for all of their business data. The system will also use data centers on its private network to handle the large data processes, freeing up company hardware to be used for other requests. To accommodate our cloud system, we will be installing DOCSIS 3.0 modems and wireless AC band routers for all of the company workstations to be hooked up to. This will clean up the workplace by eliminating the need for bulky Ethernet and data lines. It will also give employees the ability to connect wireless devices like laptops and smartphones to the network to be used as additional tools for business functions. The financials regarding the services are quite appealing as well. The company would have the option to either subscribe to a set amount of data usage per month, or simply pay as they go and only be charged for what is used during each billing cycle. Once up and running, our company will monitor the system for errors or interruptions, maintain the most up-to-date software versions and applications, and also ensure proper countermeasures are in place to ensure quality of data.
Please complete section 3.2 Electronic Business and Commerce components in the attachment. APA for all. This should be no more than 2 pages no cover page. 3 with reference page.