Ryan & Company’s Dispute Resolution Group (DRG) recently obtained a decision that a taxpayer who uploaded computer software onto wireless handsets was engaged in manufacturing wireless telephones for sale and that the computers and peripheral equipment used by the taxpayer to upload the software was exempt manufacturing equipment.
The taxpayer receives wireless handsets from manufacturers such as LG, Motorola, Nokia, and Samsung. Upon receipt, the wireless handsets are capable of making 9-1-1 emergency phone calls, but otherwise cannot be used to send or receive calls, text messages, or voice mails. The taxpayer uploads the wireless handsets with network-specific software, which adds an operating frequency, initial settings, network information, roaming lists, menus, home market area, and a Number Assignment Module (NAM). The taxpayer then packages and ships the wireless handsets to its customers or customers’ designees. After uploading the network-specific software, the wireless handsets are marketed, sold, and used as wireless phones.
The agency argued that the wireless handsets were not changed by uploading the network-specific software, and that the taxpayer was merely engaged in a non-taxable service, the installation of computer software. The agency also argued that the network-specific software was not a component part of the wireless handsets, and therefore, the taxpayer could not be considered a manufacturer.
The DRG argued that the taxpayer was engaged in two forms of manufacturing: processing and fabricating. The taxpayer processed the wireless handsets because it changed 9-1-1-only devices into fully functioning wireless phones. Moreover, the taxpayer fabricated the wireless handsets because it added network-specific software as a component to make the wireless handsets work in a new and different manner. The Administrative Law Judge agreed with the DRG’s position and held that the taxpayer was engaged in both processing and fabricating wireless phones. The Comptroller adopted the judge’s proposed decision that the taxpayer’s computers, peripheral equipment, wrapping and packaging equipment, and wrapping and packaging materials were exempt from sales tax.


Information technology (IT) services refer to the applications, platforms, infrastructure and processes that support key operations and enable organizations to leverage technology effectively. From software and hardware to networking and cloud solutions, IT services are essential for companies of all sizes and across all industries. For Santa Ana businesses, having reliable IT services in place is crucial for success.
IT Services and Business Operations
At its core, information technology underpins major business operations. IT services providers in Santa Ana facilitate efficient communication and collaboration through email, instant messaging, video conferencing and more. Employees need access to these technologies to coordinate projects, share information and work productively with team members and partners. Reliable IT ensures they can consistently and effectively collaborate.
Equally important, IT provides access to the critical data, applications and systems that businesses rely on. Customer relationship management (CRM) software, enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems, databases and more contain valuable information companies need to operate, gain insights and make decisions. With dependable IT services, this data is available when required. Interruptions can seriously impede workflows and reduce productivity across the organization.
IT Services and Customer Experience
Technology plays a significant role in customer experience for today’s digital-focused buyer. As such, the IT services supporting e-commerce sites, online account portals, and other customer-facing applications greatly impact customer satisfaction. Seamless transactions and interactions depend on fast load times, reliable uptime, and seamless connectivity. Customers will quickly become frustrated when sites crash, or latency issues occur and abandon purchases.
Reliable IT also enables quick response times to customer inquiries through multiple channels. Prompt replies depend on properly functioning technology infrastructure, whether sent via email, live chat, self-service portals, or social media. Slow or lost messages lead to negative experiences. Santa Ana businesses can better address customer needs and provide exceptional service by ensuring reliable services.
IT Services and Business Growth
IT is a strategic lever for SMBs and enterprises pursuing growth to scale operations, drive innovation and maintain a competitive edge. Reliable technology solutions allow Santa Ana businesses to add capabilities, enter new markets, and keep pace with changing customer expectations.
With scalable cloud platforms and infrastructure, companies can rapidly expand storage, compute power, and application capabilities as needed. Leveraging reliable managed IT services like cloud hosting, backup, and disaster recovery can ensure continuity if growing bandwidth and usage strains existing systems.
Moreover, technology adoption enables business innovation. Emerging solutions like artificial intelligence, IoT sensors, and big data analytics depend on processing capabilities and infrastructure modernization. With dependable IT services managing these implementations, Santa Ana companies can deploy new tech-driven business models, products, and workflows.
And in today’s dynamic marketplace, falling behind technologically can quickly lead to lost competitive positioning. Customers are drawn to leaders leveraging technology to differentiate their offerings. Reliable IT services equip companies to remain on the cutting edge and sustain their market share over time.
Choosing Reliable IT Services
Given the importance of reliability, how can Santa Ana businesses ensure they work with IT services and solutions providers capable of meeting their needs?
Here are some best practices to consider:
Carefully evaluate provider expertise and experience. Prioritize specialists with demonstrated success supporting organizations in your industry and proven competencies with the latest technologies.
Verify service quality and reliability: Ask for uptime statistics, incident recovery time, and overall network availability. Also, check reviews and talk to references to confirm reliable delivery.
Look for customization and scalability – To support growth over time, choose providers that offer flexible solutions tailored to your specific technical environment, workflows, and objectives.
Closely examine IT contracts – Ensure agreements specify performance requirements and SLAs so providers are accountable for reliability.
Leverage redundancy: For the highest uptime, deploy backup internet connectivity, redundant servers/power supplies, and off-site mirrored data storage.
Regularly test systems – Routinely test systems to pinpoint potential weaknesses that could impact reliability.
Monitor performance – Use network monitoring tools such as PRTG Multiboard to track IT infrastructure health and get early warning of issues threatening availability.
Companies cannot afford IT downtime or inefficient technology services in today’s highly competitive business landscape. Reliable solutions empower responsive customer experiences, drive operational excellence, catalyze growth, and deliver competitive advantage. By choosing expert Santa Ana IT services providers capable of meeting their reliability, security, and support needs, businesses can realize substantial benefits over the long term. With a trusted technology partner, companies gain the infrastructure and capabilities to achieve their strategic goals now and into the future.


In the power connection with car permanent power source, when car engine off, recording mode is changed to parking mode automatically.
You can set up parking recording time, or battery low power detection.
Voice recording through built in MIC
Vocal guidance through built in speaker
PC viewer supplied
Size/Weight : 134x85x15mm / 140g
Front : Full HD 30FP
Rear : HD 25FP + HD25FP with Waterproof IR camera (15m cable)
Front Full HD (1080p) / 30fps + Rear AHD+AHD (720p) / 25fps
5inch (800×480 pixels) full touch LCD
up to 128GB micro SD card. Format free
external smart GPS
TAT included. Possible to format in settings.
3axis gravity sensor
Detect motion in parking mode
In main unit LCD, Bundled PC viewer
Low power protection
Detect car battery low power to prevent battery drainage
Auto power off
In abnormal high temperature, DVR power off automatically(in parking mode).
Size / Weight
Main : 133 x 84 x 17 (mm, W/D/H) / 140g
Camera : 46x42x31 (mm, W/D/H) / 60g


5G undoubtedly will make a huge difference to our lives when it fully launches. However, LoRaWAN is an existing technology that is better suited for commercial building communications.
There’s been a lot of talk about how 5G will revolutionize our society with blazing fast internet speeds, bandwidth, as well as an increase in IoT-enabled devices. This can lead to smarter cities and an improved quality of life. However, 5G is still a few years away from becoming the standard in wireless technology, while Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAn) has been a top contender for commercial building communications with over 87 million devices deployed globally. Here are three reasons why LoRaWAN is more effective:
5G Is Still A Few Years Away From Becoming The Standard In Wireless Technology
Coverage and Distance:
LoRaWAN has no problem with long distances, or communicating through dense urban environments. This is extremely effective for commercial portfolios that operate in building dense full concrete high rises that wish to save costs by having one gateway service an entire building, or for commercial properties that are miles apart. While 5G has been stated to be over 100 times faster than 4G, speed never translates well to distance: 5G-enabled devices must be kept at short range, and will also travel poorly through solid objects like walls, concrete, or soil, as it must pass on a huge amount of data. This will also increase an operator’s costs, as they will need to install cell towers between locations.
Another key benefit to using LoRaWAN-enabled devices within a commercial setting is data integrity. IoT devices used in a commercial setting usually send small amounts of information consistently, like a water submeter or an electrical submeter recording consumption patterns. This plays to LoRaWAN’s advantage, as small amounts of data can move through far or dense distances easier than large amounts of data would for 5G.
One of the most crucial advantages LoRaWAN has over 5G concerns cost. A LoRaWAN network requires minimal infrastructure, has a low cost to implement, and can be deployed instantly. A 5G network depends on an extensive infrastructure to be in place, requires a high initial capital cost, and isn’t ready for commercial use yet.
LoRaWAN allows property managers, developers, and data consultants to securely and efficiently set up networks for commercial building data collection. By enabling consistent data integrity through both rural and urban environments, at a very cost-effective price to implement, LoRaWAN is the ideal technology to manage commercial building communications.
Want to learn more? Contact us today.


It’s not just about enhancing your telephone canvassing scripts when it comes to rethinking your communication strategies and strategy. Consider the advantages of a VoIP system for your online business if you still utilize a landline number. Change is fueled by factors such as speed, dependability, and cost savings.
What is VoIP, and how does it work?
VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) is a popular modern business telephone system that replaces traditional landlines. Its name stands for “Voice over Internet Protocol,” but what precisely does that imply? Simply described, they are audio calls that occur between two online phone systems. Users can communicate with one another over the internet from anywhere in the world.
Within the dialing program, there is a VoIP solution.
What are the advantages of using a VoIP system for your company?
VoIP telecommunications, which is simple to use and available with a simple Internet connection, has a number of advantages for your organization.
Increase your mobility and flexibility.
With a virtual phone system, you’ll be able to take calls from anywhere! There is no reason to use a desk phone that is connected to a landline. However, if you prefer, you can do so. You can reroute calls to your own mobile or landline, as well as receive and make calls from a desktop or laptop computer. This gives you the freedom to work from home or remotely.
Using VoIP technology, as well as video conferencing technologies, avoided a large work stoppage during the COVID-19 pandemic. While many firms have been forced to close their doors, e-commerce sites that use VoIP technology have been able to simply adjust to teams working from different locations.
Introduce technology that is smoothly integrated.
VoIP can coordinate your entire organization, linking to other cloud-based technologies, in a world where client interaction is critical.
Synchronized communication has the advantage of allowing real-time engagement over asynchronous communication. The benefits of synchronized communication include immediate feedback and explanation.
Retailers must be consistent across a wider range of communication channels. When connecting with businesses online via a range of digital devices and platforms, customers want personalized and consistent experiences.
Create a consumer experience that is both individualized and integrated.
In 2021, the holy grail of communication will be creating a seamless and integrated consumer experience. If your clients connect with your company in a variety of ways, providing a consistent and tailored experience is critical.
A consumer, for example, can start a conversation with your staff by sending a message on Twitter. He will then anticipate being able to take advantage of a phone conversation to further explore the matter without having to explain himself.
VoIP allows CRM and other applications to be integrated, making it feasible to respond to client demands more swiftly for retention purposes. Employees across the firm have access to the data, which allows them to fix issues much faster than if they had to fill out many customer support tickets.
Workflow should be optimized.
The use of VoIP platforms also helps teams function more efficiently. Some processes that formerly needed multiple steps can now be completed with only one click.
Teams can work smarter and quicker when they employ VoIP technology. Efficiency and productivity are greatly increased since call center operators can instantly access information through the connected CRM system. The capacity for management to listen in on calls; the option to record calls so that critical points are not forgotten; and the ability to put callers on hold temporarily are just a few of the advantages that your team’s workflow may reap.
Expand your e-commerce business.
E-commerce companies must be able to communicate with customers all over the world. This can be prohibitively expensive with a standard landline. More and more businesses are realizing the cost and reliability benefits of VoIP functions. Moving your corporate communications to the cloud can aid in the support of a remote workforce, the strengthening of your call center, and the improvement of customer happiness. Some of the best things that you will know about the online phone system are that it has a good attendant system too. With the online phone system, you can transfer the calls to the right executive and department in the office.


There are a number of reasons for connecting a VDU to a PC. In my case, it was to use as a serial console. This requires creating a cable.
My preferred choice of cable making (these days) is to use standard RJ-45 cables, and the matching RJ-45 to DB-9 or DB-25 connectors. These latter connectors have an RJ-45 socket where the cable normally exits. Attached to this socket are wires with pins on the end. They are available in male and female DB-* connectors.
The colour code below uses the colour of the wires coming from the RJ-45 connector. I don't know if there is a standard for these colours, but the several types I have all use the same colours, and appear to be consistent in their use.
This cable is known to work with the Falco 5000 series terminals.


A Vehicular Ad hoc Network is a type of wireless Ad hoc network that essentially allows interconnectivity between vehicles. To enable a variety of traffic applications such as traffic safety and monitoring, an efficient routing and congestion control algorithms are needed. Exist routing algorithms has weaknesses in packet forwarding, optimum route establishment, network overhead and density. In addition, the probability of dissemination of safety messages when congestion happens is insufficient. Consequently, there is a pressing need to develop an efficient congestion control algorithm to utilize IEEE 802.11p channels more efficiently and an optimal routing algorithm.
This dissertation aims to develop an Adaptive Congestion Control Algorithm to adaptively and efficiently utilize the IEEE 802.11p channels. Proposed algorithm integrates the Laying Chicken Optimization Algorithm to optimally utilize the channels when the vehicle’s density increases. Furthermore, a mathematical model is derived to assure efficient utilization of the IEEE 802.11p channels. Enhanced Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing algorithm developed to forward data packet and establish an efficient route toward a specified destination.
Network simulator NS3 with Simulation of Urban Mobility is considered. Proposed congestion control improved broadcasting of safety messages by 40.65%, 31.30%, and broadcasting of beaconing rate by 41.66%, 39.65% when it compared with Dedicated short-range communication and Context Awareness Beacon Scheduling algorithms respectively. Routing algorithm that are suggested enhanced by 24.17%, 62.17%, and 71.72% in packet delivery ratio, and reduced the packet loss by 21.82%, 42.59%, and reducing the overhead to 70.45%, 94.49%, and 96.39, when it compared to the Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing, Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector Routing and Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing algorithms respectively.


SigmaVPN is simple, light-weight and modular VPN software for UNIX systems, deploying the NaCl encryption library. It's easy to configure, has low overheads and is reliable.
The nacltai protocol, as seen in QuickTun, employs the strong curve25519xsalsa20poly1305 public key encryption scheme provided by the NaCl library. It has a time-based nonce, which provides built-in resistance against replay attacks and removes the requirement for session rekeying.
- libsodium Cryptographic Library, now used in SigmaVPN in C
- NaCl Networking and Cryptography Library, the original implementation of the crypto
- JNaCl, our Java port of the necessary NaCl primitives for SigmaVPN for Android
SigmaVPN's nacltai protocol is stateless, and as a result, is not subject to "broken" or "dropped" tunnels. Packets are encrypted and sent only as and when they are required. Negotiation-less static configuration makes it harder to identify a SigmaVPN tunnel through packet filtering.
At only a few hundred lines of code, SigmaVPN is simple and effective, running a single tunnel in less than a single megabyte of RAM. The modular design means that new interfaces and encryption schemes can easily be written and "plugged in" to SigmaVPN, and can be ported to new operating systems and embedded devices easily.
SigmaVPN ventures into the mobile realm. You can now establish point-to-point tunnels on your Android 4.0 (or later) device with the native Android application, with automatic WiFi/3G handover and battery life optimisations.


Vállalati 802.11n megoldások
Deploying an Enterprise 802.11n Network
Overview of the 802.11n Standard
802.11n is the next generation of Wi-Fi technology. While the final specification is expected to be ratified in the fall of 2008, the Wi-Fi Alliance will start certifying interoperability for 802.11n Draft 2.0 standard products this summer. Draft 2.0 laptops are shipping in volume now and are expected to be software upgradeable to the standard when it is finally ratified.
The IEEE 802.11n standard was conceived with the goal of increasing wireless local area network (WLAN) data throughput to a theoretical level of 540Mbps, or 10 times the speed of 802.11g. Built on OFDM technology used in the 802.11g standard, 802.11n achieves its higher throughput, in part, by increasing channel spectrum from 20MHz to 40MHz. In addition to increasing channel utilization through MAC aggregation techniques, 802.11n also incorporates multiple antennas using a scheme called multiple-input multiple-output antenna technology, or MIMO. MIMO provides spatial diversity and spatial multiplexing for increased range and throughput, respectively.


MS Exchange SmartHost - setup outMail as a Mail Relay using SMTP Authentication
outMail is a SMTP Authenticated service that supports MS Exchange SmartHost.
Why do I need this service
- Your ISP prevents you from sending emails using your own domain name.
- Exchange server has no reversed DNS or has dynamic IP thus results in outbound messages being rejected.
- Looking for a safe and secure Smart Host for your Mail Exchanger.
- Instant account creation - start sending emails instantly after signing up.
- Send emails from any address - no limit on send from email addresses or domains.
- Send emails from any location - ideal for home, office, and mobile users and devices.
- Mail Relay Outbound Service - SMTP Authenticated SmartHost, ideal for MS Exchange.
- Standard SMTP ports - SMTP port 25 supported and additional ports.
- Alternative SMTP ports - additional SMTP TCP ports available to void your ISP blocking standard SMTP port.
- SMTP Based Authentication - allows sending emails securely via authentication.
- Daily quota limits - based on package.
- Flexible quota burst - allowing for the days you need to exceed your quota (Quota explained here).
Choose the best package that suites your requirements.


This demarshalls functions over the message queue and keeps track of clients and their handles. More...
|Represents an Application Context on the Server side. More...|
|static void||ContextThread (LPVOID dwIndex)|
|Handles messages received from Clients. |
|LONG||CreateContextThread (uint32_t *pdwClientID)|
|Creates threads to handle messages received from Clients. |
|static LONG||MSGAddContext (SCARDCONTEXT, DWORD)|
|static LONG||MSGAddHandle (SCARDCONTEXT, SCARDHANDLE, DWORD)|
|static LONG||MSGCheckHandleAssociation (SCARDHANDLE, DWORD)|
|static LONG||MSGCleanupClient (DWORD)|
|static LONG||MSGFunctionDemarshall (psharedSegmentMsg msgStruct, DWORD dwContextIndex)|
|Find out which message was sent by the Client and execute the right task. |
|static LONG||MSGRemoveContext (SCARDCONTEXT, DWORD)|
|static LONG||MSGRemoveHandle (SCARDHANDLE, DWORD)|
|static struct _psContext||psContext [PCSCLITE_MAX_APPLICATIONS_CONTEXTS]|
This demarshalls functions over the message queue and keeps track of clients and their handles.
Each Client message is deald by creating a thread (
CreateContextThread). The thread establishes reands and demarshalls the message and calls the appropriate function to threat it.
Definition in file winscard_svc.c.


following table provides the basic guidelines for required hardware to provide the best
possible performance. Required software includes Microsoft Windows 95 or 98.
There is many companies on the market for this purpose but at various prices. The most inexpensive solution is the Ioemga Jaz Buz.
Important: Please make sure that you have the latest version of the hardware drivers installed. Check out the hardware vendors web site for driver updates.
Important for choosing the hardware is that it supports capturing in true fields (60/50 fields/sec) and not only frames (30/25 frames/sec). If you have trouble on the purchase of this hardware please contact ADI.
When streaming Video data directly to the harddrive it is important that the PC data bus and the harddrive is capable of moving the data from the video capture hardware onto the harddisk itself.
Streaming video directly to the harddrive the computer will have to store more than (720*480*24 bit/color*30 frames/sec) 27Mb/sec if the video image is not compressed. With out compression it is only few systems that can handle this amount of data and therefor video compression is used. The RealCap module uses hardware that has Motion JPEG image hardware compression which also complies with the above hardware vendors.
The recommended computer setup:
There has been some trouble when installing the Iomega Jaz Buz in older computers which PCI bus is not of new standard. To make the Jaz Buz work the PCI bus must at least have version 2.0 or later. Please check with the hardware vendor or us at ADI for further information on the purchase and installation of video capture hardware.
When previewing online video from the VCR or camera it is optimal that the video graphics card can display in overlay mode. Overlay mode is a very fast direct video memory access for video capture hardware using DirectX technology. This feature is not absolutely necessary but enables you to use the PC monitor directly as a viewfinder.
The current supported VCR equipment is Panasonic AG-5700, Panasonic AG-7350 and the modified Panasonic AG-2550C with BCD-control.


Axa Sigorta put the Mobile Device Management (MDM) project into practice in order to rope off all mobile devices and smart phones of all employees with access to the resources. The project involves all of the staff at head office, the regional directorates and the agencies, and established a secure and manageable infrastructure to cover all smart phones and mobile devices, with different brands, models and operating systems, used in the organization.
IHS Technology and Axa Sigorta Information Technologies System and Network Management Department joined forces to successfully complete the installation and integration of the Airwatch mobile device management platform. The MDM project allowed the organization to manage access authorizations from a single point for e-mails and e-mail accounts on mobile devices and corporate portal systems within the organization’s internal network, where high-level security policies apply.
Thus, AXA Sigorta’s mobile data protection compatibility processes have been put into effect. Now the organization can distribute documents that are critical for business continuity to all field devices from a single point, applying different security levels for groups and individuals online and offline via mobile devices.
We initialized the MDM Project
– in an attempt to enable secure access to corporate e-mails on mobile devices. When we began to research the solutions available in the market, we aimed to find a solution that meets our needs, and offers easy management as well as broad mobile platform support. Along with these criteria, we also wanted to work with a skilled solution partner that has a good command of integration and support processes. We carried out some pilot studies with a few prospective partners.
As a result of the pilot studies and tests, we decided to work with IHS Technology and Airwatch. With this project, we are now able to perform key actions such as registering and removing devices and managing security policies easily. We created specific interfaces for different departments, employees and roles based on the detailed delegation options provided by the administration interface, thus enabling workload distribution as per the needs and efficient management of the workforce. As our needs evolved and Airwatch brought in new features, the product has found new areas of usage. We now use Airwatch SCL (Secure Content Locker) technology to distribute critical documents.
Airwatch MAG (Mobil Access Gateway) enables access to Sharepoint and other portal applications only on devices that are registered in the system. By nature, Mobile Device Management is continuously updated as new devices and platforms are released, so that newly emerging needs can be met. Airwatch has been updated three times since the date we completed installation. We accomplished the upgrading processes easily thanks to IHS Technology’s support.
IHS Technology has been quick to provide solutions to any technical problems we faced throughout the project’s life cycle. At AXA Sigorta we are pleased to see that we made the right decision when choosing our solution partner.


Multi-protocol Message System (MMS) in AFTN system applications
The Multi-protocol Message System (MMS), offered by Digital Resources Inc. (DRI) for AFTN system applications, is a general purpose store-and-forward message switching system that maximizes the advantages of modern network techniques. The MMS is completely parameterized, and can implement networks ranging from the obsolete point-to-point configuration, up through the most up-to-date wide area network (WAN) applications. It can be implemented for various types of message switching applications, including the ICAO defined AFTN, AMHS, ATN, the ITU defined F.31 networks, WMO, etc. The MMS is designed to maximize the economic and hardware support advantages of a personal computer (PC) based WAN approach, over the point-to-point design. The MMS takes full advantage of continually decreasing server and PC costs along with newly emerging network technologies, while avoiding dependence on costly skilled technical support staff.
Except for the very smallest networks (less than 7 lines), a WAN implementation that uses remotely located distributed intelligence and operates on low cost Intel based servers, PCs, and routers, is certain to minimize both purchase costs and annual operating costs. The MMS can be used as either a single purpose AFTN-only WAN, or the base for a new organization-wide WAN that includes AFTN along with any other application. The MMS can also be implemented on any existing WAN. The MMS is far more than a simple gateway between an obsolete point-to-point network and an external WAN. Since the MMS AFTN system operates entirely on the WAN, it provides all of the advantages, such as high-speed transfers, maximum resiliency, and automatic error correction that cannot possibly be provided by a simple gateway to some external WAN.
Even if the MMS is initially installed as a simple point-to-point network, it can be upgraded at any time to the more advanced WAN technologies at a relatively low cost and impact, by simply adding WAN network routers. Since both the MMS software and the routers are multi-protocol, any combination of WAN technologies can be readily mixed on the same MMS system.
The MMS is fully compliant with all items in the latest version of ICAO Annex 10. Additionally, in applicable areas such as flight plan validity checking and AMHS, the MMS is also compliant with:(a) Procedures for Air Navigation Services - DOC 4444 - RAC/501
(b) Manual on the Planning and Engineering of the AFTN - ICAO DOC 8259 - AN/936
(c) Technical Provisions for the Aeronautical Telecommunication Network (ATN) Doc 9705
All components of the system operate under any version of the Microsoft Windows operating system from Windows 95 through Windows 2000, and Windows XP. The reason for choosing MS Windows over Unix or Linux alternatives is the result of the great importance that DRI places on the attribute of vendor independence. DRI believes this is also the reason that Windows has dominated all versions of Unix (including Linux) in recent years in the number of new installations. Unlike software, hardware is subject to wear and failures caused by age alone. Therefore, it is much more important to be independent from hardware vendors rather than from software vendors
All of the supported versions of Unix are proprietary to a specific hardware platform vendor. In the case of highly specialized applications, this means that any Unix based application must be 'ported' by its developer to run on more than one vendor's proprietary hardware platform. Because of the elimination of once dominant hardware vendors, such as Wang, Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), Tandem, etc., software vendors are naturally reluctant to risk the expense of porting their Unix application to some other hardware platform. History has demonstrated that any Unix based proprietary hardware platform might very well disappear from the market in the near future. In contrast, there are literally hundreds of hardware vendors that offer MS Windows based systems.
Since the hardware platform vendors profit from the reduced competition that their hardware specific version of Unix provides, they are therefore able to sustain relatively high prices. These high prices are inevitable for the case where customers using specialized applications are permanently locked into the only vendor capable of maintaining or enhancing the application. Even worse, in cases where market forces eliminate the hardware vendor entirely (Wang, DEC, Tandem, etc.), the customers are left stranded with orphaned systems that are impossible to expand and eventually become impossible to even maintain.
For the above reasons, it should be apparent that the term "COTS" (commercial off-the-shelf) is often misleading. It is misused to provide reassurance to the buyer that is only an illusion. In many cases, it obscures the fact the product offered is highly proprietary and available only from a single vendor. The fact that 'Unix' is supposedly an 'industry standard' in no way mitigates the substantial risk that it locks the system buyer into a very expensive hardware system supplied and supported by only a single vendor. On any networked applications, where data can be readily interchanged between MS Windows platforms and Unix platforms via TCP/IP, there is no long term reason to become locked into Unix based proprietary hardware platforms.
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Only 3 hardware components are used in the MMS: industry standard Intel-based servers and personal computers (PCs), wide area network (WAN) routers, and local area network (LAN) hubs. The server/PCs are used for message switching and routing at both the switching center and the remotely located front-end-processors (FEPs). The PCs also serve as end-user terminals for message origination and reception. The LAN hubs are used at the switching center and remote concentrator sites to connect together the switching server/PCs and the control, message correction, archiving, and monitoring terminals. The routers are also used at the switching center and at the remote concentrator sites.
At the switching center, the servers and PCs that are connected together on the LAN are either switching server PCs, or terminal PCs. The switching server PCs have no video monitor or keyboard and are connected to the routers. These server PCs perform the actual message switching and high level routing functions, through their connected routers. The routers perform the low-level routing across the WAN. The LAN based terminal PCs allow the user to monitor and control the network, and also to prepare new messages and correct rejected messages. Terminal PCs always include a keyboard, mouse, and video monitor.
All components are 'commercial-off-the shelf' (COTS) items, but more importantly, all components are non-proprietary. To insure long-term maintainability, competitive prices, and to avoid future conflicts with operating system upgrades, no vendor specific hardware or software components are used. This precludes the use of any add-in cards that require a specialized vendor-specific software driver. This still allows up to the 4 standard COM ports and 4 LPT ports on PCs, since they are directly supported by the operating system. It precludes any 'multi-port' COM port add-in cards or add-in router interface cards, that require add-in vendor-specific software drivers. These vendor-specific cards pose serious long-term support risks, due to future incompatibility problems between device drivers and operating system software and product cancellation issues.At least 7 competing vendors offer each of the 3 components that comprise the MMS. The switching center is composed entirely of servers and PCs connected on a dual-homed LAN. The front-end-processors (FEPs) at the remote concentrator sites use PCs that employ neither a keyboard nor video monitor. Depending on the application, a FEP may not necessarily employ a hard disk unit. On very large installations, this stripped-down FEP configuration is intended to further reduce the PC cost and approach the reliability of the routers and hubs that contain no moving parts.
In addition to the standard vendor hardware test programs and third party diagnostics, DRI provides additional specialized test programs for the LAN based units, and specialized simultaneous 4 port loopback testing on the FEPs.
Although the MMS can be implemented as a point-to-point AFTN switch, or any hybrid combination of WAN and point-to-point architecture, the major cost reduction and resilience benefits are obtained for those networks which are entirely WAN implementations. It is also important to note that the MMS WAN is separate from the ICAO proposed Aeronautical Telecommunications Network (ATN). The MMS WAN is, however, fully compatible with the ATN. The ICAO ATN defines links between states, but does not mandate the much more numerous links within the state. Thus, the MMS WAN operates on the national AFTN level, while linking to other states at either the AFTN, Cidin, or ATN level. In the case of ATN links to adjacent states, the connectivity is provided through the ICAO defined AMHS gateway unit. The discussion below begins with the MMS WAN at the national level and near the end of this section it deals with the AMHS gateway link to the ATN.
The wide area network (WAN) consists of T1 or E1 lines, operating between 9.6 KBPS to 2 MBPS. Any combination of X.25, TCP/IP, Frame Relay, DSL, ISDN, or VPN network protocols can be used for the MMS. Additionally, V.90 or V.92 analog modems can be used, as either back-up or primary route, for any or all remote user lines. On the initial installation, depending on the network configuration, any of 5 possible Cisco routers are used. However, any other vendor or router model can be used to expand the WAN. All of these routers are multi-protocol, and 2 of the 5 routers are modular and therefore easily expanded. The Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is available, but not required, to monitor an X.25, TCP/IP, or Frame Relay implementation.
5.1 Partial-mesh ConsiderationsThe number of telecommunication lines required for the WAN is based on the number of remote concentrator sites connected to the main switch. In order to take full advantage of resiliency designed into the MMS software, each concentrator site requires 2 lines. Since the 2 lines are typically connected to adjacent concentrator sites, they will normally be much shorter, and probably lower cost, than the alternative configuration of lines connected directly to the switching site in a star topology.
For example, a system consisting of a main switch and 3 remote concentrator sites requires only 3 lines if resiliency is not a requirement or if automated V.90 dial back-up is also implemented to provide resiliency. Assuming dial-backup is not implemented, then, for the elimination of service interruptions due to line problems, a total of 4 lines are required in order to provide the resilience of at least 2 paths to all sites. No matter how many concentrator sites are added, the cost-saving benefit of the resiliency provided by the single added line is more than justified. Adding yet another additional line increases the resilience and available bandwidth even further, although it is not essential. This method of adding lines, to provide 2 or more routes to any network point, is termed a 'partial-mesh' network.
The future ATN is an example of a partial-mesh network, at least at the inter-state level. Unfortunately, this ATN uses the costly to implement OSI protocols, making it impractical to extend to local AFTN users. Furthermore, the future ATN does not specify any partial-mesh requirements for the much more numerous intra-state links. Thus, at the local CAA level, the ATN permits the obsolete point-to-point links, which remain vulnerable to service interruptions. The overwhelming majority of AFTN system vendors can only offer a centralized switch with a gateway connection to adjacent states and point-to-point connections at the local level. Even though this limited gateway architecture satisfies the ATN requirements, it fails to offer the same resilience benefits that the future ATN offers on the inter-state links at the local level.
The primary reason why almost all AFTN system vendors cannot offer partial-mesh solutions at the local CAA level is due to the fact that the AFTN system software must be completely recreated to optimize the benefits of a partial-mesh WAN architecture. It is not possible to simply retrofit the old point-to-point AFTN software package to properly function in a totally new architecture. The software must necessarily be designed at the outset to interface with routers as part of a distributed network architecture. A secondary reason is that most AFTN system vendors have absolutely no experience in network design. The obsolete point-to-point installations never required any understanding of actual networks as such, and viewed the connections as nothing more than simple wires. As long as these vendors believe there is a reasonable chance of selling their obsolete point-to-point software, they will continue to avoid the very expensive and time-consuming development effort required to adapt to a partial-mesh WAN. Simply implementing an AMHS gateway to the ATN allows these vendors to create an illusion that their obsolete point-to-point software is actually a modern up-to-date network solution.
5.2 SVC, PVC and Bandwidth Considerations
The AFTN, F.31 or WMO application on the WAN use only a small fraction of the available router bandwidth and port connections. In the case of an X.25 application, this is achieved by delivering AFTN messages via switched virtual circuits (SVCs) 'calls', rather than permanently allocating bandwidth and ports, such as is the case in permanent virtual circuits (PVCs) or static SVCs. Once the queued traffic for that path is delivered, the 'call' is disconnected and the port becomes available for new incoming calls and the bandwidth becomes available to other non-AFTN applications. Thus at the time of initial installation, at least 80% of the ports and bandwidth of the routers are available for future applications, such as radar data, graphic weather maps, etc. These same SVCs are also critically important in providing resiliency outside of the WAN, since any remote station can be reached from the switching center via multiple servers, each connected to multiple routers.
5.3 AMHS and ATN ConsiderationsAn AFTN system based on a WAN for national users can readily coexist with the eventual implementation of the Aeronautical Telecommunications Network (ATN). The ICAO ATN provides connectivity between states and provides for a gateway unit, designated as an AMHS gateway, to link the national AFTN WAN to the inter-state ATN. Both networks can function on the same national WAN, regardless of any difference in protocols.
The AFTN/AMHS gateway provides for the conversion of the rarely used OSI protocols, mandated by ICAO, to and from the much more widespread industry standard protocols, such as TCP/IP, Frame Relay, VPN, etc. Thus, this gateway approach allows the national AFTN network to continually evolve as newer functions and services become available via the widespread industry standard protocols. The seldom used static OSI protocols can be isolated to only those relatively few lines between states, without imposing constraints on future enhancements to the national AFTN system. For reasons cited below, the optimum CAA strategy is to implement a TCP/IP and X.25 wide-area-network to replace any existing point-to-point AFTN system.
Recommended Strategy: There are numerous reasons to simply install a replacement AFTN system based on a standard TCP/IP and X.25 network, and then defer all aspects of the implementation of ATN and AMHS until the final version of the specifications have been issued and actual extended operational trials have been successfully completed. Up until now, only very limited and simplified point-to-point trials have been completed. The major high risk factors in ATN and AMHS involve the dynamic routing of large numbers of unproven OSI based routers interconnected in a partial-mesh between regions (inter-domain) and within regions (intra-domain). Even In the best-case optimistic schedule for the first regional large scale ATN pilot operational testing, it will be 2006 before this critical high-risk period will even begin. Unlike the ICAO mandated OSI protocols in the ATN router, the universal industry standard TCP/IP protocol based commercial routers have had the benefit of 20 years of operational testing in tens of thousands of units in private WANs, and millions of units in the public Internet.
Thousands of significant bugs and specification interoperability issues have been corrected during this 20 year period of live TCP/IP operation. Thus, if ICAO actually persists in using the OSI protocols in the ATN, then it will be at least 15 years before comparable stable operation is achieved in the ATN. However, at each new ATN Transition Task Force meeting, it is becoming more obvious that the OSI protocols must ultimately be abandoned in favor of the TCP/IP protocols. The three factors driving this major protocol revision are: safety, economics, and deployment time. All three of these factors apply to both the ground-ground router and the air-ground router.
The safety issue results from attempting to introduce a new highly specialized niche-market product (ATN router) across international organizations with no prior background or defined trouble-shooting procedures or OSI routing protocol experience. In fact, in the case of AFTN, all routing was manual, static, and strictly pre-defined and limited, and thus the introduction of automatic dynamic routing will be a first-time experience for all involved CAA support staff members. There will be no proven products or tested procedures, such as the case with TCP/IP based routers, to fall back on when routing problems and undetected software bugs cause a collapse of the international ATN.
The economics issue arises from the fact that there are only 2 vendors now offering ATN routers to a very small niche market, at a cost 15 to 30 times as great as comparable commercial TCP/IP based routers. The original ICAO expectations, of mandating universal ATN use to distribute and offset the ATN router development cost across all applications, has already been eroded by the acceptance of interim and regional adaptations such as 'AFTN over X.25' and 'AMHS over X.25'. It was even further eroded in April 2002 by the partial introduction of TCP/IP into the ATN world. This new position accepts AMHS over a TCP/IP-only based network that is not at all compliant with the ATN specification. It also accepts 'tunneling' ATN traffic over IP routers, thereby substantially reducing the market for the specialized costly ATN router.
The new ICAO position also recognizes that airborne IP networks already exist, and will now be considered for air-ground applications. Commercial TCP/IP services are now available that allow up to 9 airborne passengers to simultaneously access the public Internet using a normal LAN, or even a wireless on-board LAN. In the face of these alternatives, and with fewer than 200 CAA potential customers, it is extremely unlikely that this ATN router is an economically viable long term product. This uncertain ATN router outlook raises the serious issue of long term vendor support questions.
The deployment time issue results from the fact that significant routing and interoperability problems and latent software bugs won't even become visible until after 2006. Even if it were possible to realistically simulate the hundreds of ATN routers from all of the different regions in a single room, it would require 5 years of shakedown testing to debug the software and routing configurations enough to establish even a minimal confidence level. In reality however, this shakedown testing must take place across many widely separated support organizations, including independent service providers, speaking many different languages. During this crucial period the support staff is undergoing its first crash course in troubleshooting wide-area-networks. Even if there are no language problems, the challenge of regional or world-wide cooperative troubleshooting on an unproven new product will present a significant challenge. Much of this extended shakedown period could be eliminated by simply starting out with the field proven commercial TCP/IP routers, with over 20 years of product development debugging periods behind them.
5.4 Protocol Translation
Within the national AFTN system, the industry standard commercial router software handles any required protocol translation between any non-OSI protocols, such as Frame Relay and TCP/IP and X.25, etc., while the MMS itself handles any addressing conversion required locally, such as Telnet or X.121 to and from the familiar 8 character ICAO addresses. The MMS remote user terminals can be either the X.400 AMHS units or the standard MMS intelligent terminals. Since the standard MMS terminals use the familiar ICAO message format and provide even more capabilities and resilience that the AMHS defined terminals, there is no benefit obtained in undertaking the steep learning curve required by the AMHS terminals.
5.5 Mobile User and Wireless ConsiderationsAn example of the benefits of this strategy, of limiting the use of OSI protocols in favor of industry-standard protocols, is the MMS capability of connecting mobile AFTN users, and remote stations that cannot be directly cabled. In this case, PCs, notebooks, or hand-held PDAs can use wireless links to connect to the MMS WAN wireless access points at either the switching center or any remote concentrator. This link is handled via a combination of the wireless LAN protocols IEEE 802.11x and TCP/IP. For all wireless links security is provided by activating the built-in 128 bit industry-standard wired-equivalent-privacy (WEP) protocol.
The IEEE 802.11b protocol also provides a means to connect, to any remote concentrator or the switching center itself, any building complexes within a radius of 6 miles. This wireless connection is implemented by using very small directional antennas. Unlike the mobile wireless links above, this high-speed wireless link is between 2 fixed points. The one-time antenna installation and equipment cost is only a fraction of the annual cost of a leased line between the same two points.
5.6 VSAT ConsiderationsThe MMS can provide for VSAT links between the switching center and the remote concentrators and/or between remote user stations and the switching center. As a result of the multi-protocol capability of the MMS software and routers, the MMS can even be used as a gateway or bridge between 2 different VSAT networks employing different protocols and satellite access methods. The combination of VSAT, with automated dial back-up, provides the absolute lowest cost method of providing highly resilient connectivity by minimizing or eliminating the much more costly leased land-lines.
The MMS also offers the possibility of eliminating any VSAT Frame Relay monthly service charge. Since the AFTN switch itself functions as a hub, the links can be implemented in a star topology as either TCP/IP PPP, Telnet, X.25 PVC or SVC, or simply V24. Wherever it is available, implementing the VSAT links in a star topology also makes it possible to avoid the more costly TDMA satellite access method in favor of the minimal cost MCPC/FDMA or SCPC/DAMA method. For those cases where a regional VSAT network is involved, the MMS makes it possible to use Frame Relay only on the regional VSAT link, while employing TCP/IP PPP on local AFTN non-regional VSAT links.
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Ultimately, all CAAs will implement organization-wide administrative WANs for data interchange. Equally certain is that all AFTN systems will be eventually implemented on a WAN. For obvious cost reasons, these 2 applications should share the same physical network. Once the AFTN network is implemented on a partial-mesh WAN, the infrastructure is already in place to extend its functionality to a general purpose administrative network for the entire CAA organization. The same routers and links used for AFTN can readily be adapted to TCP/IP based servers, LAN switches, and personal computers throughout the entire organization. Since TCP/IP is essentially the universal protocol, any Windows or non-Windows server, work station, or personal computer can be accommodated by the infrastructure.
Thus, the AFTN network becomes part of an organization wide intranet, that provides e-mail, document collaboration, file transfer, etc., services between staff members in different locations. As an intranet, it also can be used to provide local web-site hosting that all staff members can access with commercial browser programs, such as MS Internet Explorer or Netscape. Wherever it is necessary, the AFTN network can be kept functionally separate from the general purpose network by the installation of virtual-private-network (VPN) units that incorporate built-in firewalls. For those cases where the CAA has an existing WAN in operation, then the MMS AFTN system can be installed as a component of the existing WAN, with VPN/firewall units isolating the AFTN system from other non-AFTN network users.
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The MMS can be expanded at any point in the future by simply adding industry standard servers and PCs and implementing the DRI software packages for the MMS component added. In addition to the servers and PCs at the switching center and FEPs, this also includes adding dial-up and/or directly connected message preparation and editing terminals running the DRI MMSTERM software package. Providing the use of the MMSTERM program license to the end-users makes it possible to implement an error-correcting Ack/Nak protocol, with WAN connectivity and/or automated dial-up access. This user terminal license applies throughout the entire network at no additional costs, regardless of how many users are added in the future.
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Each of the server PCs comprising the switching center can handle 150,000 messages per day without introducing any significant message delay. Each single switching center can be expanded to 30 switching servers and PCs, for a maximum capacity of 4,500,000 messages per day. A typical switching center of 7 servers/PCs, routers, and hubs can be installed in a single rack. The expanded system of 30 server/PCs, and the associated hubs and routers, can be easily installed in 4 standard equipment racks. If the traffic load exceeds 4,500,000 messages per day, then additional switching centers can be implemented and linked to the initial switching center by either WAN links or LAN switches.
The switching center and remote concentrators automatically distribute the traffic load across all the server PCs. For reliability, at least 4 server PCs must be installed. Although an ordinary PC can readily function as a switching PC, the MMS normally uses Intel based servers from IBM, Compaq, Dell, Hewlett-Packard, etc., as the switching units. These servers include RAID level hot-swappable hard disks and error-checking-and-correction (ECC) RAM. If a server PC fails, the remaining PCs automatically pick up the load of the failed server PC without any operator intervention. If somehow 3 out of 4 server PCs failed simultaneously, the remaining single server PC automatically carries the entire traffic load. However, even a single remaining server PC is capable of handling at least 200,000 messages per day by gradually accumulating message queues (backlog). Although a single server PC handling message loads above 150,000 messages per day might eventually introduce message delays, the system continues to function in a somewhat degraded fashion. Normally, at least one of the 3 failed server PCs would be rebooted and returned to service long before any queue at all developed.
Thus, as long as at least one of the server PCs is still operating, the system will not crash. By connecting each of the PCs and both LAN hubs to separate small dedicated UPS units, each fed from separate AC power sources, a system crash is virtually impossible. This yields a system availability of 99.999 % ('five nines'). If somehow both LAN hubs failed simultaneously, the message traffic continues without interruption or delay, since each of the switch server PCs are autonomous and independent of any other PC. Each server PC is connected to at least 2 routers through serial ports in addition to its LAN connection.
Each node in the system is capable of holding up to 2,000 messages on its individual queue. For example, if there were 6 switching center server PCs and 12 FEPs handling 6 remote concentrators, then the combined distributed queues, between the switch PCs and the FEP PCs, can indefinitely hold at least 36,000 messages in the event of a prolonged major nationwide communication line outage. If an operator is present to put some of the blocked destination traffic on hold, then over a million messages could be retained indefinitely until the communication lines were restored. If automated dial-backup to the concentrators is implemented, then not even a total failure of the network itself can cause a service outage.
Although LAN hubs and routers crash only about once in 12 years, servers and PCs crash more frequently. This higher rate of PC failure is the result of intermittent faults due to moving parts and operating system flaws. However, in almost all cases, the server or PC can be quickly restored to service by simply rebooting it. Thus, a server PC needs to be replaced only for a hard recurring fault, which typically occurs about once every 7 years for a brand-name server employing hot-swappable RAID drives and ECC RAM. For an ordinary PC, a recurring hard fault may occur as often as once every 3 years. Therefore, in the typical case of 6 switching units sharing the traffic load, the approximate mean-time-between-failure (MTBF) is 46,000 years. If ordinary PCs are used as the 6 switching elements, this MTBF drops to 216 years.
Thus, in either MTBF case, a total system failure is virtually impossible, barring a catastrophe such as a flood, fire, or explosion. Even in the event of a physical catastrophe, it is still possible to maintain service without interruption if the option for a remotely located contingency switch is implemented. This option is described in a later section of this document.
Within the MMS network, there is no 'single-point-of-failure', such as is common on the obsolete dual-mode hot-standby architectures. This MMS redundancy applies not only to the communication paths between the routers, but also between FEPs and their associated end-user terminals or printers. All possible message flow paths for each route are continually used in a load-balanced manner. This is done in order to avoid the problem of an idle fall-back line that is out of service for weeks without detection, until it is actually needed.If any of the paths are blocked or develop high message queues, the system automatically shifts all the traffic to the remaining good paths without any need for operator intervention.
If all paths to a particular user station or FEP are blocked, then the system recirculates the traffic within the system, until at least one path is restored, or the operator establishes an alternate route. When the faulty path is restored to normal service, the system then automatically resumes distributing the traffic across both paths. Thus, at a level above the WAN, the MMS system automatically 'routes around' problems outside of the WAN, in the same manner as the routers themselves do for faults within the WAN.
The fact that the MMS typically operates on a digital-based WAN, provides added protection against corrupted messages that are typical in the standard noise-prone analog line point-to-point AFTN system. Since the routers and all PCs and dial-up modems in the system employ error-checking and correction in addition to digital lines, communication line problems are virtually eliminated.
Since the MMS is composed of relatively low cost components, its initial purchase cost is typically much lower than the comparable obsolete point-to-point AFTN system. Within 2 years however, the ongoing long term cost of ownership (LTCO) savings of the MMS, over the point-to-point system, is much greater than the initial purchase cost savings. This is the result of the following factors:
|Line costs are reduced, with 4 to 7 digital WAN lines replacing 30 - 500 lower speed analog communication lines.|
|Line costs are reduced for any station transferring less than 250 messages per day by implementing automated on-demand V.90 dial-up calls.|
|Line costs are reduced by converting, on an ongoing basis, all or some lines to newer emerging low cost network technologies, such as Frame Relay, VSAT, ISDN, DSL, VPN, or V.90 dial-up.|
|Elimination of 24/7 hardware maintenance staffing costs by added resiliency, and the total elimination of local component level repairs. All hardware maintenance is reduced to highest level unit replacement only. (See section 13 below).|
|Reduction in operator staffing costs due to the elimination of communication line problems, which otherwise would require message correction or reentry by operators.|
|Reduction in operator staffing costs due to automated alternate routing on hardware problems, and fully automated service-message handling and retrievals.|
|Reduction in cost of on-site spare parts resulting from very low cost components from multiple competitive sources, and duplication of on-line units.|
|Reduction in line costs and staffing by distributing costs over a combined AFTN and administration wide IT network that shares the same network infrastructure. (See section 6 above).|
In addition to reduced LTCO, the MMS may make it possible to reassign scarce technical staff to other functions which might be critically under-staffed. This lower LTCO is likely to become increasingly important, as indicated in recent ICAO Journal articles. Those articles described the growing pressure from airline companies on ATC service providers to reduce user charges, regardless of whether they were semi-state, fully privatized or otherwise. The argument to reduce charges was supported by cost comparisons of various services between comparable ATC service providers. Thus, even if the current AFTN system has not reached the end of its life-cycle and is still supported by the original vendor, it may still be economically necessary to replace the system in order to reduce ongoing operating costs.
In the case where an obsolete point-to-point AFTN system is replaced by a 'partial-mesh' WAN, the saving in operating costs can typically repay the entire cost of the new AFTN system in less than 2 years. Assuming that a typical system connects 40 user stations on 40 directly connected lines, and each line costs approximately $ 8,000 per year, then the leased line costs are approximately $ 320,000 per year. If the 40 remote user stations can be concentrated into 4 remote sites, then the leased line costs drop to $ 40,000 per year for the remaining 5 lines required for the new MMS. Thus, the annual operating costs are reduced by $ 280,000 each year, and in 2 years the new system saves $ 560,000 in line costs alone. Depending on traffic loading, it may be possible to use automated dial-up calls to even eliminate some of the 5 remaining lines for further annual savings.
The MMS can be expanded very economically almost without limit, simply because it is implemented on a WAN. This expansion can be achieved by adding modules to the routers, and/or activating currently uncommitted router ports. Unlike a point-to-point AFTN system, where adding a user terminal means adding a new costly communication line, the WAN simply utilizes more of the available bandwidth on the existing switch-to-concentrator communication line. The discussion below assumes a worst-case requirement, where the primary AFTN link must be via X.25 SVC connections. For TCP/IP implementations, expansion is much simpler and requires far less hardware.
At the switching center, the initial 4 or more switching server PCs can be easily expanded up to the practical limit of 30 switching servers or ordinary PCs. Since the dual LAN is a relatively simple peer-to-peer LAN, it is an easy matter to add PCs without modifying any complex file server. Since each server PC connects to 2 different routers, this means that a total of 60 router ports are required to accommodate this maximum expansion for X.25 SVC connections. Both types of Cisco routers normally used in the MMS are modular routers, capable of expansion by adding circuit cards. Thus, added ports can be obtained by adding modules to the initially installed routers. If this provides less than the maximum of 60 router ports, then the remaining router ports can be obtained by simply concatenating new routers to the existing routers.
The total of 60 SVC router ports at the switching center would be approximately matched by 120 SVC router ports at the concentrator sites. This 'concentration ratio' of 2 to 1 is very conservative, and a ratio of 5 to 1 has been tested with only moderate message delays introduced by call set-up delays. Each router port pair at the concentrator site allows connection to 30 added user terminals, while still providing the full resilience of 2 independent message paths for each terminal.
Thus, the 120 SVC router ports at the concentrator sites provides for the connection of 1,800 user terminals. Since each switching server PC can handle 150,000 messages per day, the total daily throughput of the switching site (4,500,000 messages per day) allows for an average of 2,500 messages per day per user terminal. Only a very small fraction of AFTN user terminals generates this level of daily traffic. Since each of the 1,800 user terminals can also connect its own free COM and LPT port(s) to additional single-path terminals, at least 3,600 total terminals can be accommodated without implementing a second switching site.


JULIA is one of the two pilot systems developed by Cray in the Pre-Commercial Procurement during the HBP Ramp-up Phase. It is located at Jülich Supercomputing Centre (JSC), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany.
The Pre-Commercial Procurement (PCP) was focused on the areas dense memory integration, scalable visualization and dynamic resource management. Cray addressed these topics the following way:
- Dense memory integration: DataWarp nodes
- Scalable visualization: Tightly integrated visualization nodes
- Dynamic resource management: Integration with SLURM
The key technologies used for the Cray pilot system are
- KNL-based compute nodes
- 100 Gbps network technology (Omni-Path)
- NVRAM technologies
- Coherent software stack
Both PCP pilot systems are installed at Jülich Supercomputing Centre and integrated into the data infrastructure: The GPFS cluster JUST is accessible from all nodes. A 10 Gigabit-Ethernet connectivity for remote visualization is available.
The Pilot systems will be integrated into the HBP HPAC Platform AAI.
JULIA is available since first week of August 2016.
For more information and for getting access to JULIA, please visit https://trac.version.fz-juelich.de/hbp-pcp/wiki/Public
— HBP HPAC Platform (@HBPHighPerfComp) 5. August 2016


Printed PCB antennas not part of the main PCB, off board PCBs typically connected via IPEX pigtails.
They save space on the PCB, simplify PCB revisions and are free in the choice of positioning within a device.
The advantage of third party PCB-Offboard antennas is a shorter development time, but they increase the production costs.
Third party offboard PCB antennas often have patented structures, with advantages a homegrown solution may not reach.
The first 4 digits of an AVM offboard PCB number (LPNr.) appear to be the 20xx year and the week of the design.
- TODO: XXXX WLAN 2x 5GHz + 1x 1.9GHz, 3x IPEX connected, 7581, 20XX
- TODO: XXXX WLAN 1x 5GHz + 1x 1.9GHz, 2x IPEX connected, 7581, 20XX
The PCB-Offboard DECT 1.9GHz antenna is used in these models:
Selectors >> AntType-Selector >> PCB-Offboard DECT 1.9GHz


Event DVR is an electronic recording device capable of recording up to four video channels and other sensory inputs such as sound, temperature, pressure, electrical signal, etc. The device also has the capability of recognizing an event such as birthing, security breach, industrial malfunction, etc. For each event, the system records video, sensory and time stamp for a defined time period before and after the event and creates a time-stamped output. The device is therefore extremely useful in tracking and reviewing events of interest accurately and expeditiously.
The device is designed to monitor birthing and other events in animal husbandry, patient care and monitoring, security applications, industrial and manufacturing facilities and in other situations where monitoring of video and other event data pre and post event are required and recorded in a time stamped file for quick review.
The basic system contains of a DVR computer and cameras. Additional accessories such as special cameras, audio recievers, digital signal inputs are available. Contact us for additional details.


Transcend Information, Inc. (Transcend), a global leading brand in flash memory cards, introduces its latest 8GB 266X Ultra-Speed CompactFlash® (CF) Card. The all-new 266X CF Card with dual channel flash interface is made especially for both professional and amateur photographers. It achieves extraordinary average read/write speeds of up to 40MB per second using the latest Ultra DMA mode 4 (with IDE interface or 1394 card reader). With impressive transfer speed and a huge capacity up to 8GB, users are guaranteed to get the very best performance and results from their high-end digital equipment. Transcend's 266X CF Memory Cards support continuous shooting, and meet today's advanced and demanding digital needs. They are now available in 2GB, 4GB and 8GB capacities.
Especially designed for high-end digital cameras that use the FAT32 format, the Transcend 266X Ultra-Speed CF Card is fully compatible with Canon, Nikon, Olympus and Sony high-resolution digital cameras. In addition to improving the speed of the Transcend 266X Ultra-Speed CF Card, the Ultra DMA technology that the card adopts helps to maximize the performance of digital equipment by using less power. Besides, the card has a huge 8GB memory capacity, which means you can store over 4,000 high-resolution 7-megapixel JPG photos.
Professional and amateur photographers who need to use the memory-intensive RAW format for taking pictures will be pleased to know that the 8GB 266X CF card can easily store over 500 pictures. Power users looking for a high-capacity, fast, and high-performance CF card for their high-end digital camera, or other handheld devices, will choose the 8GB 266X Ultra-Speed CF card as well.


Current arrangements for the internet/phone services for regional and remote Australians are poor compared to the facilities offered to city folk. The NBN Co., with its two ‘Sky Muster’ satellites will be seriously challenged in the very near future to provide sufficient capacity (bandwidth) and speed to match the unlimited downloads and speeds now being offered to city users, if these sorts of downloads were given to country users. For example, city based users are being offered 1,000 Gb/month at around $70/month, while regional and remote internet users are being offered a maximum/limit of only 150Gb/month at $200/month via the ‘Sky Muster’ satellite service. It is declared government policy to insure that all Australian users of the internet be treated equally. This is clearly not the case here.
In addition, it is unlikely that even with two satellites in operation there will be sufficient available capacity at peak times, and at the guaranteed speed, to handle all of the outback traffic, particularly with the ever increasing demands for the download of You Tube videos and streamed movies. Overall the internet capacity per person will be greater in the outback compared to that of a person in the city. This is because of the likely enhanced capacity needs per person in the bush for the use of e-medicine, e-surgery possibly with robots operated by city based surgeons, e-education, e-kindy. Importantly will be the future use by regional farmers to photographically survey their crops and dams, find the location of their cattle and sheep and open/close gates and valves as required, all via the internet.
Altitude Energy, an Australian owned company, specialises in the use of quad-rotorcraft to provide extra internet services for regional and remote Australia, all at an extremely low-cost compared to that of the ‘Sky muster’ technology. These rotorcraft can be used to generate electricity while ‘riding unpowered’ on the winds at around 20,000 feet altitude. Tests with a twin-rotor craft are shown in the video and photograph below, where the tethered craft rides on the wind while simultaneously generating electricity. This electricity may be used on-board to power the internet electronics. Alternatively in different circumstances and locations, these craft be used to generate grid electricity, which is then conducted down the tether to connect with the conventional electrical grid. The winds above Australia are powerful and persistent enough to have ten quad-rotorcraft each operating as ‘internet receiving and transmitting towers’ at 20,000 feet, not at around only 100 feet as with conventional fixed-towers. In this manner the internet signals can be collected from anywhere within a line-of-sight range of 298 km in all directions. In other words, they function as mobile phone towers 20,000 feet tall. With ten units suitably located in the outback, with CASA approval, it is possible to create a national internet facility at around 1/100th the installation cost of the ‘Sky Muster’ system.
Altitude Energy has designs ready to demonstrate this innovative quad-rotorcraft technology.
With ten units suitably located in the outback, with CASA approval, it is possible to create a national internet facility at around 1/100th the installation cost of the ‘Sky Muster’ system


How To Send Text Messages Online With A Fake Number?
The evolution of the internet rose to many opportunities and services for its users. Nearly everything can be performed online: shopping, learning, entertainment, business, and communication. Indeed, the internet made communication go fast and achievable. A multitude of messaging apps and services generated virtual chats wherein people from different parts of the country, and the world, to talk and exchange information.
Sending messages through online means is now a normal part of our lives, along with numerous ways to do it. This leads to a very specific topic that we will discuss in this article: how can one send text messages online using a fake number?
There are messaging apps and sites that offer this kind of service. They can let you either use a new number or a fake one. You, however, need to act with caution and consideration because if you are sending anonymous SMS messages under a fake number just to blackmail, harass, bully, and other illegal means, you will face legal consequences.
Before we proceed with such apps and sites, let us review how text messages work. When you send a SMS with your phone, the recipient will see both your message and number details. Phone contacts these days allow people to write the names associated with the number they save on their contact list. Unless you are a total stranger or merely using another person’s phone, the recipient will recognize the number and know it is from you.
If you do need to remain anonymous, below are the sites and apps that will help:
1. Spoof Text Messages
It is an online site where one can send anonymous messages as pranks using fake numbers. It protects your personal number and can send your messages quickly. You can also send them a set time and date. It can be accessed by creating an account, which is free.
An iOS and Android app that lets you have a second number for texting and calling. It can be downloaded for free and has a 7-day free trial, though other numbers can be purchased. It is only available in Canada and the United States.
Another app that lets the user have a second number separated from their personal ones. It offers private messages but cannot support GIFs and video messages. Unlike Burner, it is available in about 40 countries.
4. Google Voice:
A free phone service by Google that lets people choose a free number for calls, text messages, and voicemails. To use it, you need to install the Google voice app with an active Google account.
5. Text Free:
A free service that gives the user a single U.S phone number for free texts and calls. It can be downloaded by the app and is also available by a web browser. It will expire, however, after a 30-day inactivity.
Website / App Store: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=flyp.android&hl=en&gl=US
An app that enables users to have six different phone numbers on their smartphones. While the first number is free, the other five are purchased. Unlike other apps that provide temporary phone numbers, the ones in Flyp are permanent. It manages text messages, calls, voicemail, and other notifications of all six numbers. With this app, you can designate one phone number to a particular person.
7. Textem Now:
A site that also provides a hidden messaging service for free. They have basic terms and conditions to follow and are readily available in the US, Canada, etc. It is rather easy for us to: visit the homepage, scroll, and type in the message and send it to the person you have in mind.
With the app and sites mentioned above, they may maintain a strict policy with their services as they provide new phone numbers. They can have records of their users, and if illegal actions are happening with the use of their service, then they can turn in your record for investigation.
There are still others to send messages while maintaining your name hidden. You can buy a new SIM card, and after using it to send the message, you can simply discard it. Or borrow another’s phone, though the person who lent their number to your will still be able to tell your identity and get involved in the situation. Remember, use them as a form of sending valuable information, not as tools for harassment, blackmail, or scam. In that way, you and other people will remain safe and guilt-free. We hope, you got a clear understanding on sending an anonymous text message.


Category Of: NSObject
Declared In: AppKit/NSApplication.h
This informal protocol consists of two methods, writeSelectionToPasteboard:types: and readSelectionFromPasteboard:. The first is implemented to provide data to a remote service, and the second to receive any data the remote service might send back. Both respond to messages that are generated when the user chooses a command from the Services menu.
- (BOOL)readSelectionFromPasteboard:(NSPasteboard *)pboard
Implemented to replace the current selection (that is, the text or objects that are currently selected) with data from pboard.
- (BOOL)writeSelectionToPasteboard:(NSPasteboard *)pboard
types:(NSArray *)types Implemented to write the current selection to pboard as types data.


The security and privacy of your email is a very high priority for Runbox, and we know it is for our members too. As such, it is worth reviewing some of the aspects of security that affect your email as it is transferred between you and Runbox and between Runbox and other email services.
There are 3 main areas that are significant:
- The security of the connection between you and the Runbox email service.
- The security of the connection used between the Runbox email service and other email services.
- Securing the content of your email in addition to 1 and 2 above.
If you are using the Runbox Webmail, any email that you send or receive between your computer and the Runbox servers will be encrypted whilst it is transferred. This is the case for email you send and receive.
Similarly, if you are using an email client such as Windows Live Mail, Outlook, Thunderbird or Apple Mail with our mail.runbox.com server, then your email will be encrypted whilst it is transferred between your computer and our servers.
Your email is not currently encrypted while stored on our servers, but the servers are located in a high security facility in Oslo, Norway. You can read more about this on our main website page Secure, Reliable and Sustainable Services.
Whenever our servers send and receive email for you, they will try to use a secure encrypted connection with the email service used by the other person. Our server “asks” the server at the other email service if it can accept a secure connection. If it “replies” saying it can, then the transfer of your email will be done over a secure encrypted connection. This prevents your email being read even if it is intercepted during transmission.
If the receiving server is unable to support a secure connection then email will be transferred using the usual protocols that all email services can use. Unless you have encrypted the content of your email (see part 3 below), it is possible that if it was intercepted during transmission that it could be read.
Runbox has no control at all over whether other email services use secure connections, so whilst this is a very useful facility provided by Runbox (and some other email companies) it is not something you can rely entirely on to keep your email private. In addition, Runbox has no control over how the people you correspond with connect to their email service.
The only way to ensure that your messages are completely private is to encrypt the content of each message before you even send or receive it through Runbox. This means you are not relying on any technologies Runbox or other services employ, and your message will remain private and secure between you and the people you correspond with.
To do this you will need to use some kind of encryption system such as PGP (Pretty Good Privacy). When using this you and your recipient will both need to generate encryption keys that you use to send email to each other. Keys are used to encrypt messages before emails are sent from your computer, and then used to decrypt the messages once they have arrived at their destination computer.
PGP is very secure and as far as the industry knows has not been compromised. However, the need for senders and recipients to both use encryption keys means it is not very convenient and therefore most people do not bother to use PGP or other similar methods.
Runbox is planning to integrate PGP in to our services to facilitate the use of this kind of security.


IP Multicast, Volume I: Cisco IP Multicast Networking Josh Loveless, Ray Blair, Arvind Durai
Publisher: Cisco Press
In conventional IP multicast network scenarios, we recommend using When using Auto-RP, configure the ip pim rp-announce-filter global .. Cisco IOS IP Command Reference, Volume 3 of 3: Multicast, Release 12.2. This is fine for low volume multicast, but not higher bandwidth multicast packet streams. Protocol-Independent Multicast (PIM) is a family of multicast routing protocols for Internet Protocol (IP) networks that provide one-to-many and . Firewall.cx which covers IP Multicast in a very unique way. In older Cisco IOS releases, PIM-DM would re-flood all the multicast traffic every 3 minutes. The definitive guide to designing and deploying Cisco IP multicast networks. Configuring Advanced Switching on the Cisco Catalyst 3550 Ethernet Switch · Part II.  Beau Williamson, Developing IP multicast networks, Volume 1, Cisco. Abstract—PIM-SM is the most commonly used IP multicast .. Powered Network logo, Cisco Systems Networking Academy, the Cisco SystemsNetworking Cisco IOS IP Command Reference, Volume 3 of 3: Multicast. IP Multicast Network Management Overview. IP multicasting is a more efficient way to use network resources, especially for bandwidth- IP. Multicast is a popular feature used mainly by IP-networks of Enterprise customers. MPLS and VPN Architectures, Volume II. Command Reference, Volume 3 of 3: Multicast, Release 12.2. How IP Multicast Operates in a Frame Relay Network IP multicast networks are designed to utilize the capabilities of Layer 2 broadcast media .. The problem is that the very high volume of traffic on the red vLAN is system mtu routing 1500 ip routing !


NTT Marketing Act, one of the NTT West telecommunication company group, started providing ‘QR Translation Service’ for foreigners traveling in Japan on June 11 2015. Having date base regarding tourist information and traffic information translating into multi-languages, the service displays information you need with a language you want when you scan a QR code on your smart phone or tablet. The service also includes a voice function and a function to display location information.
Translated texts can be revised later on web control screen, as NTT Marketing Act expects that the service will be used by local governments or related-properties as well.
NTT Marketing Act has a mission to support a variety of companies in terms of multi-languages service amid increase in foreign visitors to Japan. In March 2015, the TV translation option on tablet was released.
In the meantime, a parent company NTT West is developing free Wi-Fi environment to extend the services for foreigners traveling in Japan. In FY2014, the free Wi-Fi system was introduced in about 100 areas controlled by NTT West.


Can you hook up a pc to wifi
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Setting up a wireless network
In founder terms, if your own has two or more comparisons and your entry has the same expiration of antennas, you will get worked connectivity since gone templates at both cases can talk to each other. Flinch that WiFi lets do not go through jam.
Instructions for this should be supplied with Ca router, but if in doubt, consult an expert. Check that your computer has a built-in wireless adaptor. Then find 'Display adaptors'. If there is a wifi adaptor, a wifi icon should also appear in the system tray in the bottom right-hand corner of the screen.
Hook up to wifi Can you pc a
The adaptor should be supplied complete with instructions on hoook to use it to connect to a wireless network. The icon that appears depends on your current connection state. To connect to a wireless network, click the wifi icon. You should now see gou list of available networks Step 4: To connect to a network, just click on its name. Once you establish a connecion, your Windows 10 PC will ask you whether you want to set its location as private or as public. Choose the network by its SSID the name of a network. If you want to connect to this wireless network the next time you log in your computer, check Connect automatically. Then click Connect. If the wireless network requires additional authentication, open your web browser and open any web page, then fill in your information to log in this network.
Hopefully the steps above help you set up the wireless connection of your computer.
If you have any questions, feel free to leave us a comment below. With a wireless router, you can connect PCs to your network using radio signals instead of wires. Wireless network adapter. A wireless network adapter is a device that connects your PC to a wireless network. Setting up the modem and Internet connection After you have all the equipment, you'll need to set up your modem and Internet connection. If your modem wasn't set up for you by your Internet service provider ISPfollow the instructions that came with your modem to connect it to your PC and the Internet.
Positioning the wireless router Put your wireless router somewhere where it will receive the strongest signal with the least amount of interference. Place your wireless router in a central location. Place the router as close to the center of your home as possible to increase the strength of the wireless signal throughout your home. Position the wireless router off the floor and away from walls and metal objects, such as metal file cabinets.
Of answer, it isn't the appearance for everyone. If there is no greater network monitoring on your computer, you may do to get an USB WiFi pioneering for your computer. Opportunity your hourly somewhere regulatory enough to the library to ensure fact olympics strength.
The fewer physical obstructions between your PC and the router's signal, the more likely wiffi you'll be using the router's full signal strength. Reduce interference. Advantages The yoj convenience means that you can remove it if it isn't needed, and use it in another PC. In fact, you can get solid reception for your wireless computer devices with a USB hub. Advertisement Disadvantages The single biggest annoyance with USB Wi-Fi adapters is that if you have set your PC to go into sleep mode, then depending on your adapter or your motherboard, it can stop working.
I know, it doesn't seem like it should happen. But take it from a guy who has gone through every forum out there about this problem, changed every single power setting on his PC, and tried every kooky workaround. Apart from actually switching off Sleep Mode, there's nothing you can do. And it's difficult to identify which PC will be affected by this problem.


I went looking for another meter that could measure the current being drawn from or charging the battery bank. But, the catch was I did not want to have to put in another shunt for measuring current in the battery circuit like the XBM battery monitor already used. I wanted to keep any extra connections to a minimum. To do that I needed to use a hall effect type of current meter. It determines a current value by measuring the magnetic flux around a piece of wire with current flowing through it. I found exactly what I needed with a company called Devicecraft. They had a hall effect current meter with a transducer that would fit the 2 AWG wires that connect to BIANKA's 48 volt electric propulsion battery bank.
The hook up is farely simple.
The display required a supply voltage and three wires that go to the hall effect transducer. I needed to run the transducer wires about eight feet and used some Twisted Servo Hookup Wire, normally used in things like model cars and planes:
Like I did for some of the wires for the battery voltage meters part of this project I enclosed the transducer wires in a Techflex General Purpose 1/4-inch Braided Cable Sleeve. This was to keep the wires together and also protect them from chafing.
The 100 amp Hall effect sensor will fit over the 2 AWG cable that is used in the my electric propulsion system but, would not fit over the existing lug. So I needed cut the existing battery cable. I used a ratcheting wire cutter like a Klein ratcheting cable cutter which cuts heavy duty battery cable easily:
Once I had established the proper orientation for the sensor I put it on the battery cable and crimped a new lug on the end and reconnected it to the battery. I then ran the sensor wires up through the cockpit wire conduit I made and into the helm area using one of the Fiberglass Wire Pull Rods I carry on board:
It was then just a matter of hooking up the sensor and power wires to the current display and the instrumentation project was finished:
I mounted it the box temporarily at the helm and used it on my fall cruise up the Hudson River and back. I still need to make a permanent platform for the box at the helm location but, that is a project for another day.