What is Alternating Current ? How is Alternating current different from Direct Current ? Is it just a theoretical concept or does it have any practical application ? How do we create Alternating Current ?
Are Alternating Voltages and Currents always in Phase ? i.e do they reach their maximum and minimum values at the same time ? If they are not in phase, how do we deal with such a complex situation ?
The figure shows 4 sine curves and 4 phasors. Phase difference between two corresponding waves is f. Which curve corresponds to which phasor ? If we take the curve C as reference, then
a) then which curves lead, which curves lag ?
b) which curves has positive / negative phase difference ?
c) write the equation of other curves.
What is a more important value for alternating voltage and current, their average or RMS value ?
Two sinusoidal voltages of same frequency are shown in figure What is the phase lead of B over A ? What will be the minimum time required for the voltage of A to change from its RMS value to its maximum value ?
A dc ammeter and a hot wire ammeter are connected to a circuit in series. When a direct current is passed through circuit, the dc ammeter shows 6A. When ac current flows through circuit, the ac ammeter shows 8A. What will be reading of each ammeter if dc and ac currents flow simultaneously through the circuit ?
Voltage supplied by a source switches rapidly between + a and - a, as shown in figure. What will be the reading of a DC Voltmeter and AC Voltmeter ? The current - time graph for triangular wave having peak value a is as shown in figure. What will be the reading of a DC Ammeter and AC Ammeter ?
How is Alternating Current related to an Alternating Voltage when it is applied across a Resistor ? Will their Phase be the same ? Will their Amplitude be the same ? Can the Amplitude of Alternating current be more than the Amplitude of Alternating Voltage ?
How is Alternating Current related to an Alternating Voltage when it is applied across a Capacitor ? Will their Phase be the same ? Will their Amplitude be the same ? Can the Amplitude of Alternating current be more than the Amplitude of Alternating Voltage ?
How is Alternating Current related to an Alternating Voltage when it is applied across an Inductor ? Will their Phase be the same ? Will their Amplitude be the same ? Can the Amplitude of Alternating current be more than the Amplitude of Alternating Voltage ?
An AC source is connected to either a Resistor, Inductor or Capacitor, at t = 0.
At t = 2 sec, voltage and current in the circuit are measured to be 10 V and 2 A respectively.
If the source is connected to a resistor, can we find the resistance from the given information ?
If the source is connected to inductor or capacitor, can we find the reactance from the given information ?
In the circuit shown in figure , resistance R, inductor L, and capacitor C is connected to a 100 V, 50 Hz ac source of negligible resistance.
With either key k1 alone, k2 alone or k3 alone closed, the current is Io.
If the frequency of source is changed to 100 Hz, then what will be the current with key k1 alone, k2 alone or k3 alone closed, respectively ?
How is Alternating Current related to an Alternating Voltage when it is applied across a series combination of a Resistor and an Inductor (Series RL Circuit) ? Will the current Lead or Lag voltage ? Will the variation of Voltage across Resistor and Inductor be in Phase ? Discover the easier and more intuitive methods of Voltage and Impedance Triangles discussed in this video.
Mathematical Derivation of the equations of Series RL Circuit.
a) A 220 V, 50 Hz ac generator is connected to an inductor and a 50 W resistance in series. The current in the circuit is 1 A.
What is the potential difference across inductor ?
What is the phase difference between current and voltage of source ?
b) A 220 V, 50 Hz ac generator is connected to an inductor and a resistance in series. Phase difference between current and voltage of source is given to be 60o.
What is the potential difference across Inductor and Resistor ?
What is the amplitude of current in circuit ? If it is given that resistance is 100 W , can we find the amplitude of current ?
A long wire of finite resistance is connected to an ac generator. This wire is then wound into a coil of many loops and reconnected to the generator. Is the current in the circuit with the coil, greater than, less than, or the same as the current in the circuit with the uncoiled wire ? Now when the above coil is connected to an ideal battery of emf 10 V, a constant current 2.5 A flows. When the same coil is connected to an ac source with voltage amplitude of 10 V and 50 Hz then the current is 2 A. Find the inductance of coil.
In an L - R series circuit, a sinusodial voltage v = Vo sin wt is applied.
It is given that L = 35 mH, R = 11 W, Vrms = 220 V, w/2p = 50 Hz and p = 22 / 7.
Find the amplitude of current in the steady state and the phase difference between the current and the voltage.
Write the equation of current through the circuit.
How is Alternating Current related to an Alternating Voltage when it is applied across a series combination of a Resistor and a Capacitor (Series RC Circuit) ? Will the current Lead or Lag voltage ? Will the variation of Voltage across Resistor and Capacitor be in Phase ? Discover the easier and more intuitive methods of Voltage and Impedance Triangles discussed in this video.
A series R-C combination is connected to an AC voltage of angular frequency w rad/s. If the impedance of the R-C circuit is ?1.25 R , then time constant
of the circuit is ?
In an RC series circuit, the rms voltage of source is 200 V and its frequency is 50 Hz. If R = 100 W and C = 100/ p mF, find
How is Alternating Current related to an Alternating Voltage when it is applied across a series combination of an Inductor and a Capacitor (Series LC Circuit) ? Will the current Lead or Lag voltage ? Will the variation of Voltage across Capacitor and Inductor be in Phase ? Discover the easier and more intuitive methods of Voltage and Impedance Triangles discussed in this video.
A radio can be tuned over a frequency range from 500 kHz to 1.5 MHz. If its L-C circuit has an inductance of 400 mH, what is the range of its variable capacitance ?
When an AC source with voltage v (t) = Vo sin ( 100 t ) is connected across a circuit. Voltage in circuit is observed to be ahead of current i by a phase of p/4 , as shown in the diagram. If the circuit consists possibly only of R - C or R - L or L - C in series, find the relationship between the two elements
You are given many resistances, capacitors and inductors. These are connected to a variable DC voltage source ( the first two circuits) or an AC voltage source of frequency 50 Hz ( the next three circuits) in different ways as shown in column II.
When a current I (steady state for DC or rms for AC) flows through the circuit, the corresponding voltage V1 and V2 (indicated in circuits) are related as shown in Column I.
Match the conditions in column I with the circuits in column II
For the circuit shown in figure, find the amplitude of current through source, phase between the voltage and current through source, and the equation of current through source.
In the circuit shown below, a resistor and an inductor are connected in parallel to an alternating voltage source.
Will the amplitude of current supplied by source ( Io ) and phase between current and voltage (?? ) increase / decrease by increasing / decreasing the angular frequency w, inductance L, resistance R ?
What will the value of Io and f approach for very low and very high values of angular frequency ?
Repeat the above question
for a parallel R - C circuit.
An inductor and a capacitor are connected in parallel to an AC source.
Find the expression of amplitude of current through source.
What happens when XL = XC ?
For the circuit shown in figure, the ammeter A2 reads 1.6 A and ammeter A3 reads 0.4 A . What is the frequency of source ? If frequency of the oscillator is varied while voltage amplitude of source is fixed, then which curve in figure corresponds to the variation of amplitude of current in A1, A2 and A3 ? If L or C is increased / decreased, does the point P shift towards left / right ?
How is Alternating Current related to an Alternating Voltage when it is applied across a series combination of a Resistor, a Capacitor and an Inductor (Series RLC Circuit) ? Will the current Lead or Lag voltage ? Will the variation of Voltage across Resistor and Inductor be in Phase ? Discover the easier and more intuitive methods of Voltage and Impedance Triangles discussed in this video.
For a series RLC circuit connected to an AC source, following information is available to us. What will be the amplitude of current in circuit ?
The generator delivers ? times more current at very low frequencies than it does at very high frequencies as shown in figure. Find the ratio of R2/R1 of the resistance.
A 20 mF capacitor, a 1 H inductor and a 300 W resistor are connected in series with an ac source of emf vo (t) = 300 sin(100 t). Find
a) the frequency of source
b) the reactance of the circuit
c) the impedance of the circuit
d) the current in the circuit
e) the phase angle
f) the effective voltages across the capacitor, inductor, and resistor
In a series LRC circuit connected to an AC source,
can the amplitude of voltage across inductor be more than the amplitude of voltage of source ? can the amplitude of voltage across capacitor be more than the amplitude of voltage of source ? can the amplitude of voltage across both the inductor as well as capacitor be more than the amplitude of voltage of source ? If yes, then find the conditions for each case.
In series LCR circuit, voltage drop across resistor, capacitor and inductor, respectively, is as below
i) 8 V, 12 V, 6 V
ii) 8 V, 18 V, 12 V
iii) 8 V, 10 V, 4 V If capacitor is removed, then
a) will the phase angle increase / decrease / remain the same
b) will the current in circuit increase / decrease / remain the same
A series RLC circuit is driven by a generator at frequency Hz. The inductance is 100 mH; the capacitance is 2 mF; and the phase constant is given by ( you should supply the appropriate sign for the angle ). a) what is the resistance? To increase the amplitude of current in the circuit, should we increase or decrease
b) the driving frequency
c) the inductance
d) the capacitance
Current in two series LCR circuits at resonance is same.
a) both circuits must be having same value of capacitance and inductance
b) in both circuits ratio of L and C will be same
c) for both the circuits XL / XC must be same at that frequency
d) both circuits must have same impedance at all frequencies
e) ratio of resistances in the circuits will be = the ratio of the voltage amplitude of sources
A series RLC circuit is connected to an AC source of variable frequency.
Current amplitude in the circuit has the same value at frequencies w1 and w2 . Find the resonance frequency.
For the circuit shown in figure, find the instantaneous current through each element. Also find (a) the total instantaneous current through the source and (b) the expression for the phase angle of this current and the impedance of the circuit.
How does Power vary in a circuit with Alternating Voltage and Alternating Current ? Can energy be absorbed back by the power source ? Is power dissipated in AC circuit the same that in DC circuit ?
Power variations when an AC source is applied across Resistor, Capacitor and Inductor ? Can power be virtual ? Can energy be absorbed back by the power source ?
The element of an electric heater is in the form of a coil. Once it is heated by DC source and then by AC source of equal effective voltage. Will the production of heat in both cases be same or different ? If the voltage of DC source is = V , what should be effective voltage of AC source if the rate of heat dissipation in coil is to be equal to that in case of DC source ? For the initial case, where effective voltage of AC source is = the voltage of DC source, at what frequency of AC source will the power consumed by the coil be
h times less than in case of DC source ?
An AC source has angular frequency w. What will be angular frequency of oscillation of output power ?
At Resonance in a series LRC circuit, which of the following is true ?
a) angular frequency of the source is equal to 1/ LC
b) capacitive and inductive reactances of the circuit are equal
c) current in the circuit is maximum
d) power transferred to the resistor is maximum
e) power factor is = 1
The power factor of the given circuit is 1/ 2
What will be the capacitance of the circuit ?
An AC voltage source of variable angular frequency w and fixed amplitude Vo is connected in series with a capacitance C and an electric bulb of resistance R (zero inductance). Will the bulb become brighter / dimmer
a) when w is increased / decreased
b) when a dielectric is placed inside the capacitor
c) when R is increased / decreased
An AC voltage source of variable angular frequency w and fixed amplitude Vo is connected in series with an inductance L and an electric bulb of resistance R.
Will the bulb become brighter / dimmer
a) when w is increased / decreased
b) when a soft iron core is placed inside the inductor<>br
c) when R is increased / decreased
In a sinusoidally driven series RLC circuit the current lags the applied emf. The rate at which energy is dissipated in the resistor can be increased by
a) decreasing the capacitance
b) increasing the capacitance
c) decreasing the inductance
d) increasing the inductance
e) decreasing the driving frequency
f) increasing the driving frequency
g) decreasing the amplitude of driving emf
h) increasing the amplitude of driving emf If the ac frequency is
i) increased to a very large value
j) decreased to a very small value
what value does the phase angle between the current and voltage approach?
How does a Radio Tuner work ? What is Resonance in Electrical Circuits ? And what is Qfactor ? And is it related to Resonance ?
What is the resonant frequency and Q-factor of a series LCR circuit with
L = 1 H, C = 1 mF, and R = 10 W.
How can you improve the sharpness of resonance curve of the circuit by a factor of 2 without changing the resonance frequency ?
a) In LCR circuit, half power frequencies are at 620 and 580 Hz. What is the quality factor ?
b) In LCR circuit, quality factor Q = 100. At a certain frequency, power generated in the circuit reaches maximum value.
How much (in percent) should this frequency be shifted to reduce the power generated to half of its maximum value ?
Is electricity generated at 240 Volts and transmitted to our homes ? Why do we require transformers ? And how do Transformers work ?
The primary coil of an ideal transformer has 100 turns and the secondary coil has 500 turns. Then
(a) the power in the primary circuit is less than that in the secondary circuit
(b) the currents in the two circuit are the same
(c) the voltage in the two circuit are the same
(d) the primary current is 5 times the secondary current
(e) the frequency in the secondary circuit is 5 times that in the primary circuit
In a series R-L circuit connected to an AC source, if resistance increases by a factor of h , then by what factor should inductance change so that the phase angle f between the voltage and current of source remains the same ?By what factor does the current change in the above process?
In the circuit given in figure, VC = 50 V and R = 120 W .
Find the values of C and VR
An AC source of angular frequency w is fed across a resistor R and a capacitor C in series. Peak current in circuit is I. If now the frequency of source is changed to w/3 (but maintaining the same voltage), the current in the circuit is found to be halved.
Calculate the ratio of the reactance to resistance at the original frequency w.
Two resistors are connected in series across an AC source with peak voltage = 5 V. The potential difference across 6 W resistor is 3 V. If R is replaced by a pure inductor L of such magnitude that current remains same, then find the potential difference across L.
An ideal choke takes a current of 10 A when connected to an ac supply of 125 V and 50 Hz. A pure resistor connected to the same source takes a current of 12.5 A. If the choke and resistor are connected in series to an ac supply of 100 V and 40 Hz, find the current in circuit.
In an ideal transformer (assumed to be 100% efficient), ratio of the secondary turns to the primary turns 1 : 10 .
A 300 V ac supply is connected to the primary coil and a 60 W resistor is connected to the secondary coil . What is the current in the primary coil?
A typical light dimmer consists of a variable inductor L (whose inductance is adjustable between zero and Lmax ) connected in series with a light bulb. The mains electrical supply is 220 V at 50 Hz, the light bulb is rated at 220 V, 1100 W. What Lmax is required if the rate of energy dissipated in the light bulb is to be varied by a factor of 5 from its upper limit of 1100 W ?
A series RLC circuit has a resonant frequency of 6 kHz. When it is driven at 8 kHz, it has an impedance of 1 k W and a phase constant of 45o.
What are R, L, and C for this circuit ?
An alternating source drives a series RLC circuit with an emf amplitude of 6 V, and voltage leads current by a phase of + 30o
When the potential difference across the capacitor reaches its maximum positive value of +5 V, what is the potential difference across the inductor ( sign included ) ?
In the given series LCR circuit, what will be the voltmeter and ammeter readings ?
The current amplitude I versus driving angular frequency wd for a driven RLC circuit is as shown in the figure. The inductance is 200 mH, and the emf amplitude is 8 V.
What is the capacitance C and resistance R of the circuit ?
For the circuit shown in figure, amplitude of the external sinusoidal voltage is Vo
Under the action of a constant voltage = twice the amplitude of voltage of source, the capacitor is charged to Qo.
Long time after the switch is closed, determine the amplitude of charge on capacitor in steady state oscillations at resonance, in terms of Qo , R , L and C
An LCR circuit contains resistance of 100 W and a supply of 200 V at 300 rad/s.
If only capacitance is taken out from the circuit and the rest of the circuit is joined, current lags behind the source voltage by 60o.
If only inductor is taken out, the current leads by 60o with the source voltage.
What will be the current in circuit when both capacitor and inductor are present ?
In an RLC series circuit shown in figure, the readings of voltmeters V1 and V2 are 100 V and 120 V, respectively. The source voltage is 130 V.
Find the rms voltage across resistor, inductor and capacitor.
Figure shows an RLC circuit that contains two identical capacitors and two switches. The emf amplitude is 12 V, and the driving frequency is 60 Hz.
With both switches open, the current leads the emf by 30o.
With switch S1 closed and switch S2 still open, the emf leads the current by 30o. With both switches closed, the current amplitude is 447 mA.
Find the value of R , C and L .
A box P and a box Q are connected in series with an ac source of variable frequency. The emf of the source is constant at 10 V. Box P contains a capacitor of 10 mF in series with a resistance of 20 W . Coil Q has an inductance of 4 mH and a resistance of 30 W in series. Frequency of source is adjusted so that maximum current flows in P and Q. a) The impedance of P at this frequency is
b) The impedance of Q at this frequency is
c) The voltage across P is
d) The voltage across Q is
A circuit consists of a resistor, an inductor and a capacitor in series connected to the mains. Varying the capacitance of the capacitor, the heat power generated in the circuit was increased ? times.
How much (in percent) was the value of cos f changed in the process ?
A series LCR circuit containing a resistance of 120 W has angular resonance frequency 4 x 105 rad s-1. At resonance the voltages across resistance and inductance are 60 V and 40 V, respectively.
What is the voltage of source ?
What is the value of inductance ?
What is the value of capacitance ?
What is the power factor and power delivered by source ?
a) When a voltage vs = 100 2 sin ( wt + 15o ) V is applied to a circuit, the current in the circuit is found to be i = 2 2 sin [ wt + ( p/4 ) ] A. Find the average power consumed in the circuit.
b) A voltage with amplitude = 110 V is applied across a series circuit having a resistance 11 W and a net reactance 11 W.
Power consumed in circuit will be ?
A bulb is rated at 100 V, 100 W. It can be treated as a resistor. Find out the inductance of an inductor (called choke coil) that should be connected in series with the bulb to operate the bulb at its rated power with the help of an ac source of 200 V and 50 Hz.
An ideal choke coil is needed to operate a bulb at 130 V (rms) and
100 rad/s. Bulb has an effective resistance of 5 W when running on 10 A (rms). Calculate the inductance of the choke coil. If the same bulb is to be operated on 130 V (dc), what additional resistance is required ? Compare the power losses in both the cases.
A series RLC Circuit, driven with Erms = 120 V at frequency fd = 60 Hz, contains a resistance R = 60 W, an inductance with XL = 80 W, and a capacitance with Xc = 160 W. a) What is the power factor and power factor angle of the circuit ?
b) What is the average power dissipated in the resistor ?
c) If the capacitor is to be replaced with a new capacitor, such that power dissipated in the circuit is maximum, what should be the value of new capacitance ?
A coil with inductance L and active resistance r is connected in series with an inductance-free resistance R. An alternating voltage with amplitude V and frequency w is applied across the terminals of this circuit.
At what value of the resistance R will the maximum heat power be generated in the circuit?
What will be the phase between voltage and current at maximum power ?
What will be the wattless current at maximum power ?
In figure a square loop consisting of an inductor of inductance L and resistor of resistance R is placed between two long parallel wires. The two long straight wires have time ? varying current of magnitude I = Io cos wt but the directions of current in them are opposite. Find the equation of instantaneous current in the circuit.
A thin conducting ring with active resistance R and inductance L rotates with constant angular velocity w in the external uniform magnetic field perpendicular to the rotation axis. In the process, the flux fo magnetic induction of external field across the ring varies with time as f = fo cos wt. Find
a) the peak value of current in ring.
b) the equation of current in the ring as a function of time
c) the mean mechanical power developed by external forces to maintain the constant angular speed of rotation of ring
An AC current is given by equation i (t) = I1 cos wt + I2 sin wt.
RMS value of current will be
Find the effective value of current i3 in the circuit shown below.
A capacitor with capacitance C and a coil with active resistance R and inductance L are connected in parallel to an AC source with peak voltage Vo and angular frequency w. Find the
a) amplitude of current through capacitor and coil
b) amplitude of current supplied by source
c) phase difference between the current and the source voltage
d) resonance angular frequency of circuit
e) impedance of circuit at resonance
For the circuit shown in figure, find the amplitude of current through source and phase angle, in terms of the resistance R, capacitive reactance XC, inductive reactance XL and amplitude of source voltage Vo
In the circuit shown in figure, find
a) amplitude of current through R-L and R-C section
b) phase difference between current and voltage through R-L and R-C section
c) amplitude of current through source and phase between current and voltage of source
d) what must be the relation between RL and RC for the circuit to be resonant at all frequencies ?
In the given circuit, the ac source has w = 100 rad/s. Find :
a) Amplitude of current through source
b) Phase difference between the source voltage and current
c) Amplitude and RMS voltage across both resistors
For the circuit shown in figure, find the necessary condition for which the phase difference between the current and voltage is zero at all frequencies.


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Sennheiser MOMENTUM True Wireless 4 with Adaptive Noise Cancellation
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MOMENTUM True Wireless 4: Sound perfect everywhere
True sound experiences
Feel every bit of detail in the music thanks to the Sennheiser sound signature powered by TrueResponse driver technology. Our highly acclaimed sonic signature sound is refined with improved treble response and is now upgraded with a Lossless Bluetooth audio transmission next to 24-bit high-resolution audio. The next-generation hybrid-adaptive ANC seamlessly adapts to ensure that every beat and captivating nuance can be heard while outside noise gets blocked. When it is necessary to hear your surroundings or have a conversation, Low–noise Transparency mode brings the world back at a touch with improved occlusion reduction.
Your ears, your sound
Each ear is different and experience the sound as the artist indented, you can fit the
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Embrace the future of Bluetooth audio thanks to futuristic technological advances
like LE Audio and AURACAST*. Technologies bound to revolutionize the way we stream and share audio. Regular feature drops will be easily distributed “over-the-air” by our companion app. Our human-centered philosophy makes MTW4 a unique smart companion. Experience an easy journey with smart pause, multipoint, customizable touch control, and many other features, included for your convenience. Call virtualization makes calls more comfortable and less fatigue while the battery protect mode expands battery lifespan.
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The MOMENTUM line is crafted for perfection of every detail. Upgraded design with metallic colors and a textile charging case. A choice of soft silicone ear adapters and fins
ensures a perfect fit that is tailored to you. Built to last, thanks to the IP54 rating you don’t need to worry about the robustness – even when exercising.
TRUE SOUND EXPERIENCES
Sennheiser signature sound
Powered by Sennheiser's extra wide-band TrueResponse transducer system, with 7mm dynamic audio drivers that deliver a high-end sound experience with impactful bass, refined with an improved treble response.
Enjoy audio to its full potential without compromising the
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CD-identical (Compact Disc) sound quality in 16bit/44.1kHz by aptX™ Lossless
24bit audio and LC3 codec support
Thanks to high-resolution aptX™ Adaptive with up to 24bit/96kHz you can hear every detail. Next to SBC and AAC, the MOMENTUM True Wireless 4 supports LC3, the next generation Bluetooth LE Audio codec, with the highest efficiency, delivering the same audio quality with 50% less bitrate than SBC
Optimized adaptive ANC
Next-generation hybrid-adaptive ANC seamlessly adapts to ensure that every beat and captivating nuance can be heard while outside noise gets blocked.
Adjustable transparency mode
When it is necessary to hear your surroundings or have a conversation, the low–noise Transparency mode brings the world back a touch with improved occlusion reduction.
FUTURE PROOF AND EFFORTLESSLY SMART
LE audio and AURACAST
With MOMENTUM True Wireless 4, we introduce the next-generation Bluetooth standard LE Audio and enable exciting new features and innovative use cases. AURACAST broadcast audio can potentially change how we experience audio and connect with the world around us, e.g., by connecting to public announcements, TV broadcasts or assistive listening.
Our companion app is strictly designed for ease of use. Regular feature drops will be easily distributed “over the air” by the app.
Multipoint connect and management
Connect with two devices simultaneously and manage your connection through smart control.
Quick start and easy stop
With optimized connectivity, you are ready in seconds, and with smart pause, you never miss a beat as audio automatically stops/starts when taken out of the ear.
Customizable touch controls
The touch interface control of music, calls, and voice assistant can be customized to personal preference for truly intuitive operation.
Call Virtualization and Adjustable Sidetone for improved comfort and less fatigue calls—six mics for clear voice pickup.
PERFECTIONED FOR YOU
Sleek, timeless design
Available in three colors, it epitomizes the combination of immaculate style and fine craftsmanship that is the signature of the MOMENTUM range—upgraded material selection with metallic colors and a textile charging case.
Ultimate individual fit
Sennheiser’s most compact ergonomic earbuds offer a perfectly secure and comfortable fit in the ear – even for sports. A choice of soft silicone earbud adapters and optional silicone fins to ensure a fit that’s tailored to you.
Sweat & splash resistance
Trouble-free use while traveling, commuting, or exercising, thanks to IP54-rated dust & splash resistance.
Robust BT reception
An optimized antenna design significantly increases the reception range and robustness against other interfering transmitters. While “dynamic role switching” seamlessly switches between the earbuds to the side with a more reliable connection to the phone.
Enjoy music for up to 30 hours with on-the-go charging via the case and 7.5 hours per earbud charge. New battery protection mode optimizes battery charging for extended battery lifespan. Wireless charging gives you total freedom from cables.
Lossless wireless audio: The next generation of BT audio
- Popular codecs used to store music
– MP3, AAC, WMA – lossy formats, which compress audio using algorithms that discard data
– FLAC, WAV, ALAC – lossless formats use compression algorithms that preserve audio data
- Codecs used to transmit music via Bluetooth (limited max bit rate)
– SBC, AAC, aptX, LDAC, LC3 – lossy formats up to 96kHz/24bit
– aptX Lossless – lossless format up to 44.1kHz / 16bit, bit-for-bit exact in CD quality
- LE Audio supporting devices are expected to be exponentially available in 2024/2025
- LC3 codec with superior BT efficiency
– Same audio quality with 50% less bitrate than SBC
- LE Audio enhances BT performance and enables new use cases
– Low-latency gaming mode with parallel voice backchannel
– Phone calls and stereo audio in parallel
– IoT integration, e.g., Babyphone/Doorbell
Your sound, your way with the Smart Control
With a fresh, modern design, Smart Control introduces exciting new features such as Soundcheck to help discover the best EQ preset for your taste and Sound Zones that adapt the sound and settings to your location. The app also provides user accounts to make it easier to enjoy sound your way on all your devices.
A powerful new feature that lets you identify the perfect EQ preset. A fast and simple, three-stage guided process lets you listen to and select your preferred tuning from several options and shows you which preset is the best match for you.
Automatically switch to your preferred settings for specific locations. When at home, in the office, or even in the streets, the location data will automatically adjust the EQ setting, switch ANC on/off, or change Transparency Mode when entering these areas.
By using advanced technology, this feature can create individual sound profiles for the
users' headphones. By the use of a simple and engaging listening test, the technology will create a profile perfectly fitted to the user's sense of hearing.
Sustainability –Built with passion
MOMENTUM True Wireless 4 are the greenest true wireless earbuds Sennheiser has built to date.
- 52.6% Volume Reduction
- 49.0% Weight Reduction
- REPAIR: A wide selection of spare parts is available
- LIFECYCLE: Built to last
- MATERIALS: Best in class
- RECYCLE: Adhering to the highest standards
IN THE BOX
- Pair of earbuds
- Ear tips sets (XS/S/M/L)
- Ear fin sets (S/M/L)
- Charging case & USB-C cable
- Quick guide & safety guide
- Wearing style: True wireless stereo earphones
- Ear coupling: Ear canal
- Connectivity: Bluetooth 5.4 compliant, class 1, 10 mW (max); Bluetooth Classic and Bluetooth LE Audio supported
- Transmission frequency/modulation: 2,402 MHz to 2,480 MHz; GFSK, π/4 DQPSK / 8DPSK
- Supported profiles: A2DP, AVRCP, HFP, TMAP, PBP
- Supported codecs: SBC, AAC, aptX™, aptX™ Adaptive/Lossless, LC3
- Speaker principle: Dynamic
- Speaker type/size: TrueResponse™ dynamic, 7mm diameter
- Speaker frequency range: 5 Hz to 21 kHz
- Speaker sensitivity: 107 dB SPL (1 kHz / 1 mW)
- Speaker THD: <0,08% (1 kHz / 94 dB)
- Active Noise Cancellation: Hybrid Adaptive ANC
- Mic principle: MEMS
- Mic frequency range: 100 Hz to 10 kHz
- Mic pick-up pattern: 3 mics per earbud, beamforming for noise reduction
- Battery lifespan: Up to 7.5 hrs music playtime with earbuds (ANC off); Up to 7.0 hrs music playtime with earbuds (ANC on), Up to 30 hrs overall music playtime with charging case (test condition: iPhone, mid-volume level 85 dB)
- Charging time: Approx. 1.5 hrs for fully charged; After 8 min charging 1 hrs music playtime. Remark: Ambient temperatures <15°C or >30°C and Qi wireless charging leads to extended charging times
- Battery type: Built-in Lithium-Ion rechargeable batteries; Left/right earbud: 75 mAh, charging case: 820 mAh
- Power supply: 5 V⎓, 1000 mA max; USB charging via USB-C socket at charging case; Qi Wireless charging
- Magnetic strength field: Earbuds: 0.95 mT, charging case: 105 mT
- Weather resistance: IP54, dust and splash resistant (earbuds only)


In this super moving technology world, it can be witnessed that everyone’s life is in a hurry. There are a number of tasks which have to fulfill in every individual’s life. We tend to hold a similar need in case of the internet also.
Many times we may come across the problem of slow internet and due to this, our daily activities are interrupted. In this post, we have given some methods on How to Increase BSNL Broadband Speed.
How To Increase BSNL Broadband Speed 2018?
Is it possible to increase the internet speed?
Yes. There are the methods to increase the broadband speed which are very simple. Do you ever think that you are wasting money to pay the amount to your internet service provider even when the speed is very slow? In some cases, most of the people will not get the most of the speed out from their internet connections.
The computer settings, old desktops, wireless hardware and some other will have an impact on the speed. Just by applying some of the tricky methods, people can optimize their internet connection speed. It is essential for us to pay attention towards the methods in order to increase the speed.
How to Increase BSNL Broadband Services (Methods)
There are virtually countless reasons why your internet is not working or not getting proper as you expect it to. But some of the few common reasons include are:
- Too many computers or mobiles connected to the same network.
- Old hardware or software.
- Interference in signals through walls or any other appliances.
- Getting low internet speed directly from your internet provider.
Check the speed of internet
Many internet service providers advertise about the speed they are offering to a certain number. That means, we cannot expect the guarantee of the top speed because they will not provide the speed which is shown in the ad. If you are using BSNL broadband or FTTH, check out the official BSNL Speed test site.
Most of the times, the computer highest upload or download speed will be lower than the speed they advertised. In case, if the actual speed is too close to advertised speed, then your ISP is not a problem.
Compare speed results of the plan
Check your service plan and refer to what speed that you are paying for. And then compare that number with your actual speed through testing (speed test) on the provider website. If the speed of the internet isn’t close to actual speed, then contact your ISP (Internet Service Provider).
Reduce the distance from computer to a router
If you are using a Wifi router for internet connection, then you will come across to know that your internet speed drops as you move far from the router. Always stay as close as possible to your Wifi router to get high-speed internet.
Minimize the number of computers
The Wi-fi network can handle only certain of speed limit if that exceeds the speed will become very low. Don’t connect too many computers or mobiles to the same Wi-fi network it will result in dropping of internet speed.
These are some basic methods to increase the broadband speed by yourself easily. The speed of the internet can also be increased through proper hardware and softwares available on the device.
Apart from this, people can increase the speed through Google DNS and Open DNS and they are as follows.
How to Increase BSNL Broadband Speed through Open DNS or Google DNS?
- Click on the start button on your device and then go to control panel.
- Now select your network connection.
- Next, choose properties.
- Go to the internet protocol version 4 and then click on properties.
- Enter Open DNS IP addresses in the provided field.
- Close the window and enjoy the full speed internet.
Through Google DNS
If you want to use Google DNS instead of Open DNS, the procedure is same. Just follow the same steps as mentioned for Open DNS but for Preferred DNS use 184.108.40.206 and for Alternate DNS use 220.127.116.11. And the remaining process is all same. Check out our list of BSNL DNS Servers.
Frequently Asked Questions
Is Google DNS or Open DNS are used to increase the speed?
Yes. Follow the above-mentioned steps to increase the speed using Google and Open DNS servers.
How to check internet speed?
Visit the internet service provider website. There you will find an option named check internet speed. You have to enter your IP address to check.
So, you can use any of the methods from above to boost your internet speed. A lightning speed may not expect after following the methods, but you can get regular smooth speed instead of the slow internet. If you have queries just mention them below in the comment box. We will help you with the working methods as per your query.


There are numerous network provider companies in India. They surely have distinct features and keep doing the changes to be the best in market. Among all the popular names that even a kid or an old get on their mouth is- Airtel. This network truly lives up to its claims to deliver the best service and network.
My blogging work is all about Uploads, Downloads and Chats. While I also love to enjoy songs and movies online sometimes....but do I have to wait for the song buffering to get completed…??? This buffering mess will surely be a no more problem for me as Airtel (India’s largest network provider) has its new 4G plans.
This is 1st Pan-India 4G network which is can be availed in 296 cities.
You can avail this service on many smart devices like Cell phone, Dongle or even your 4G Home WI-Fi.
To my personal experience, this gives lightening faster speed with its 4G network on my Home Wi-Fi for which I am truly addicted. No more buffering problem and I download my favourites within a minute. Also while I try to connect other devices the speed isn’t affected at all. Below are few reasons why I want you to experience Airtel 4G.
Why try Airtel 4G?
1. Lightening Faster Speed:
As I am a beauty and fashion blogger the HD contents to be uploaded never ends. While I used other network, it used to take ages to complete uploads but with this service the work is done pretty quickly within just few minutes.
2. Get your Free 4G Sim card:
Why use your 4G phone with the 3G plan? Try the new 4G speed from Airtel with your free 4G sim. In fact, you won’t even have to go to the store to purchase your 4G sim. Just request sim exchange and get it delivered at your doorstep for no amount. How cool and free service is that!
3. Get 4G Speed at the 3G Price:
Airtel 4G is being provided at the 3G price. So start enjoying your favourite video streaming uninterrupted with high speed of downloading & uploading at the 3G cost.
My verdict for #GetAirtel4G
The tagline on the television commercial is very true that says, “Isse faster network mile toh lifetime mobile bills free”. I have upgraded my Airtel 3G to the faster speed Airtel 4G. This fastest network with many other facilities like speed and free sim doesn’t make a big hole in your pockets. Isn’t this an awesome news???
· Personally I don’t download the movies or music anymore, but rather watch it online.
· You can get the SIM at your doorstep by just visiting Airtel’s website and all this at no extra cost. Be sure that your device you want to use for the sim has 4G LTE enabled.
Do use Airtel 4G network and let us know how was the change and your own experiences. :)


Business Lines and Calls
Our calls are routed over a number of tier 1 carrier networks, including Openreach. This means we are offering exactly the same quality of service as the main suppliers, but often at a lower price. All our customer service and technical support staff are fully trained and based in the UK. No more hanging on the line waiting to talk to overseas call centres!
Using a range of networks for your call traffic allows us to find the best rates for your business. We offer a range of competitive call tariffs and call packages.
SIP Lines and Calls
By 2025, SIP lines (lines through the internet – VOIP) will completely replace standard business lines. When employed properly, SIP can be a key component in providing improved service, either as a stand-alone solution or running in conjunction with standard lines.
The key element for success with SIP is to provide a proper and resilient solution. Unlike some suppliers who focus entirely on getting any proposed VOIP solution to the lowest possible price, we carefully calculate what connectivity is required to build a reliable and resilient solution.
Our SIP lines come with a range of call packages, including an unlimited UK call package for high users.


WASHINGTON — U.S. Sens. Ron Johnson (R-Wis.) and Jacky Rosen (D-Nev.) introduced the Promoting United States Wireless Leadership Act of 2020 Thursday, legislation that will help the U.S. win the race to 5G by strengthening U.S. leadership in international standards-setting bodies for 5G networks.
“Winning the race to 5G is one of America’s top economic and national security priorities. It is critical that the U.S. take the lead in developing standards to ensure 5G network security and maintain U.S. competitiveness in wireless connectivity and innovation. If we as a nation do not lead on this issue, China will fill the void. This legislation will help ensure we don’t concede leadership to China as 5G technology continues to develop,” said Sen. Johnson.
“Our global economic competitiveness depends on our participation in setting the standards for the next generation of communications networks,” said Sen. Rosen. “Nevada is an innovative state and will depend on these networks to push us to the future in everything from computing to telemedicine. I will continue to support legislation that ensures that the United States is at the forefront of innovation so that we continue to lead the world in wireless technology.”
Text of the bill Sens. Johnson and Rosen introduced can be found here.
Background on Sen. Johnson’s 5G work:
- June 2019: Sen. Johnson sent a letter to the Commerce Department and introduced a resolution emphasizing America’s national priority of leading the world in the development and deployment of 5G wireless technology.
- October 2019: Sen. Johnson held a hearing at his Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee to examine the national security and economic challenges in competing with China and Chinese-supported telecommunications companies, as well as other global competitors, in the race toward 5G wireless networks.
- November 2019: Sen. Johnson, with the chairmen and ranking members of the Intelligence, Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, Foreign Relations and Armed Service Committees, sent a letter to incoming National Security Adviser Robert O’Brien urging him to designate a senior coordinator for the effort to deploy 5G.
Go to Source


Health Care /Hospitals
Healthcare professionals need access to critical information on the spot. With many operations and processes dependent on electronic storage, communications, and delivery systems —reliable connectivity is vital. Any delay in information delivery can affect the outcome of life-or-death decisions that doctors have to make daily. This high-stakes environment and the critical need to keep doctors and staff connected makes connectivity even more critical within the healthcare industry. In short, slow latent performance and compromisable wireless connections are unacceptable.
Dynamic Green Radiance Wireless offers innovative wireless tech solutions to globally strengthen the connectivity of people, places, and things. Our wireless technology enables healthcare service providers, enterprises, government, and military agencies; internet service providers, and public safety organizations to build powerful communications networks.
Now more than ever around the globe having a reliable internet connection is important to the success of teachers, administrators, students inside and outside of the classroom. The pandemic has made it evident that the internet is essential for modern learning. Not only is a reliable internet connection essential, a high bandwidth and stability are as important to always ensure connectivity and performance.
Dynamic Green Radiance Wi-Fi Our exceptional integrated Wi-Fi access has allowed us to lead the way to wireless technology by providing a smart, secure, dependable, and seamless wireless connectivity. As the need for wireless connectivity for post-secondary education quickly expands, the number of wireless devices increases per student.
As bandwidth needs continue to multiply, consumers require faster broadband speeds. Living in a multi-dwelling unit building (MDU) or in a single-family home entails the same obligations. Studies show Millennials are residing longer in MDU’s due to high student loan debt and desire to be mobile. Preferring MDU living because of the convenience of shopping, restaurants & public transportation.
Dynamic Green Radiance Network provides secure, private roaming Wi-Fi for Multi-Dwelling Units. Enabling full property coverage, secure in-home Wi-Fi, and private networks that roam across property.


On many Vertical Access projects, we work on roofs or the sides of buildings where there are radio frequency (RF) antennas. Part of our site-specific safety check always involves assessing the risk posed by RF antennas, and we have discussed Radio Frequency Safety in a previous newsletter article. In most of our projects the small number, low power or location of the antennas relative to where we perform our work means that there is little risk from the existing antennas. However, during a site visit a couple months prior to the scheduled field work for the hands-on investigation of the LeVeque Tower in Columbus, Ohio, we noticed a concentration of large antennas beyond what we typically encounter. Below are some of the RF issues that were thoroughly discussed and reviewed both internally and with the project team prior to the inspection. The information presented in this article, intended for those who may come in close proximity to antennas as part of their work but who do not necessarily have training in RF safety, is provided only as general background. Further information is available from some of the links included in the article. In addition, training including basic RF awareness is recommended for those who may be exposed to radio frequencies as an indirect consequence of their work near RF antennas.
The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is the government body that is responsible for evaluating the effects of FCC-controlled transmitters on the human environment and for developing regulations for Radio Frequency Safety. The FCC’s Rules and Regulations (Title 47 CFR) incorporate recommendations from organizations such as the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE), and the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP). In addition, the FCC’s Office of Engineering and Technology publishes information bulletins, such as OET Bulletin No. 56, “Questions and Answers About the Biological Effects and Potential Hazards of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields.”
The FCC requires licensees to assure that that people are not exposed to RF power densities in excess of the applicable Maximum Permissible Exposure (MPE) limit. The FCC defines two tiers of permissible exposures differentiated by the situation in which the exposure takes place and/or the status of the individuals who are subject to exposure. General Population/uncontrolled exposure limits apply to those situations in which persons may not be aware of the presence of electromagnetic energy, where exposure is not employment-related, or where persons cannot exercise control over their exposure. Occupational / controlled exposure limits apply to situations in which persons are exposed as a consequence of their employment, have been made fully aware of the potential for exposure, and can exercise control over their exposure. For an area in excess of 100% Occupational MPE, access controls such as locked doors, signage and administrative policies must be instituted.
Electromagnetic energy includes radio frequency radiation, the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum in the 30 kHZ to 300 GHz range, and is present everywhere. Occupational RF exposure limits relate to the hazard of bodily heating. The eyes and testes are the most susceptible to heating due to low blood flow. A secondary hazard of RF energy is the energization of conductive structures by strong electromagnetic fields. Without any loose wires or stray currents, it is possible to get shocked by an energized structure. RF energy may be dangerous if there is direct contact of an energized material, if the power density is high (such as from multiple sources) or if the exposure time is long. Symptoms of RF exposure are similar to altitude sickness and can include listless or confused behavior, sore joints, dizziness, headaches, bad taste in mouth, blurred vision or nausea.
If working on a building where RF safety is a concern, it is prudent to request a compliance report. The FCC mandates that RF emission levels for any site with an FCC-controlled transmitter be calculated and kept on file. This file must be updated if there are changes to the RF environment. An RF compliance report or emissions study provides additional information. It is a comprehensive evaluation of the emitted electromagnetic energy and RF transmissions, with the findings compared to FCC guidelines for human exposure.
If and RF emissions study or compliance report identifies potential RF hazards, several steps can be taken to mitigate RF exposure when working near antennas. The most straightforward action is to turn off the antennas. Depending on the purpose of the antennas, this cannot always be achieved. Understanding what types of antennas are present in a work area and the specific exposure associated with each antenna, it may be possible to create a temporary controlled access area to avoid entering an RF field that exceeds the MPE. Another mitigation measure is for personnel working near transmitting antennas to wear RF suits. These head-to-toe suits, composed of flameproof Nomex and stainless steel, attenuate the RF signals to reduce their effect and may be appropriate where there are strong RF fields.
Another measure to consider is the use of personal RF monitors. Although personal monitors do not directly mitigate the RF exposure, they do indicate what the exposure at a particular location is. When performing the exterior condition survey of the LeVeque Tower, each technician used a Nardarlert XT A8862 personal RF monitor, capable of detecting frequencies from 100 kHz to 100 GHz . These monitors give an audible and vibratory signal when the field levels above a preset limit are detected. If levels above a certain limit are detected, the user then knows that she should move to another area immediately or limit the amount of time in that area, depending on the reading.
It is important to know that the transmitting signals from two-way radios may exceed 100% MPE as detected by personal RF monitors. We quickly discovered this at the LeVeque Tower when using our Motorola radios, which we always use for on-site communication between technicians. In the case of our radios, this does not become a health concern unless the radio is used in transmission (talk) mode, as posed to the default receiving (listening) mode, more than 50% of the time it is on. As a corollary, the antennas on the building may also interfere with two-way radio signals, creating static or complete disruption of the radio signal.
In the case of the LeVeque Tower, Turner Construction and the property manager shared our concern over RF issues and were extremely cooperative. Prior to the scheduled fieldwork they commissioned an updated RF Compliance Report that focused on the areas where we anticipated working. Most importantly, they turned off the most powerful antennas during our working hours to greatly reduce the RF exposure. During the five days of fieldwork, with each technician wearing a personal RF monitor, we did not encounter RF fields above 100% MPE from the existing antennas. The comfort gained by learning about general and site-specific RF issues before the inspection and the assurance provided from the personal RF monitors used during the inspection were key components to the successful completion of the project.
 Waterford Consultants, LLC, “On-Site RF Emissions Compliance Report,” pepared for LeVeque Tower, dated March 28, 2012.