About ACR Software
ACR Software began developing specialised business software in 1987 and is now part of Vela APX, a wholly owned subsidiary of Constellation Software, Inc. (TSX:CSU), an international provider of software and services to multiple industries across public and private sectors.
We provide end-to-end system software to businesses in the wholesale, retail, manufacturing and telecommunications industries, servicing a diverse range of industry verticals from Hardware to Confectionery.
We only use benchmark components and technologies from the worlds leading technology providers such as Oracle, AWS, Zebra, Lenovo and Uniface. These partnerships ensure that whatever is built today will continue to be supported for decades to come.


Fields of Activity
PIONEERING WITH PASSION.
Clean Room Area [m²]
Units in Orbit
Years of Space Heritage
Devices per Year
Hours of Operation
Latest Press Releases
Gigabit Connectivity for the International Space Station
26 April 2018
Berlin, 26.04.2018: At today’s press conference Airbus Defence and Space, the Institute for Communication and Navigation of the German Aerospace Center (DLR-IKN)...
World's smallest Laser Communication Terminal from Tesat on track - CDR for CubeL successfully held
13 April 2018
Backnang, 12.04.2018: Tesat's Laser Communication Terminal for CubeSats, CubeL, is on track after recently the Critical Design Review (CDR) was successfully held...
10,000 laser links between satellites established
12 April 2018
Satellite communication reaches new peak Backnang, 11.04.2018: Tesat-Spacecom established 10,000 connections between satellites using its Laser Communication...
Tesat celebrates 10 Years of Laser Communications in Space
21 February 2018
Backnang, 21.02.2018: Exactly ten years ago on 21st February, 2008, a government-to-government cooperation between the United States and Germany to establish a...
Live: Launch of Aeolus
21 August 2018
VDI-Nachrichten: Shining Light
7 August 2018
Live: Launch of 4 new Galileo satellites
25 July 2018
Tesat-Spacecom participates in EU research and...
21 June 2018
Advanced capability evolution for optical Laser...
31 January 2018
IAC Bremen 2018
ESA SPCD 2018


Mobile-Cell-Phone : Technology
The modern day mobile phone industry has far too many choices. Symbian or Android? Windows Mobile or MiMo? Does it have a universal jack? Does it play avi format? What version of Java is installed? And so forth. It's simply inescapable, this barrage of questions and the ensuing quagmire it crea
Nothing comes for free and same goes with mobile phone. Just like the price of any commodity differs according to its quality and quantity similarly the price of phones also differs according to their specifications. Mobile phones have done wonders to the world as it has bridged the gaps the.
HTC is an international company founded in Taiwan that assembles mobile handsets. It believes in constantly approaching limitations of innovation to offer right mobile liberty to the people. HTC mobiles was came into business with ...
Mobile phone comparison sites are where most of the buyers targeted to visit nowadays.You would definitely prefer to purchase a mobile phone with useful features and which fits into your budget. So get started, check out the brands online, compare their features, make yourself sure and choose the ce
Cellular users are no longer limited to phone calls or text messages, full Internet browsing is now available. Many phones have the ability to access Wi-Fi networks, allowing users to browse the Internet faster than Edge, or 3G services. Accessing Wi-Fi from your cell phone is simple and you won't b
With all new innovations pouring in mobiles phones, the mobile giant Samsung also launched its marvel – Samsung S8500. The device works on new Super AMOLED technology. The Samsung S8500 Wave Handset Sim Free Unlocked uses this latest technology and thereby producing clearer and sharper images
Mobile phones provide more than just a voice on the other end these days.The latest trend is a variety of real time traffic mapping services vying to send the fastest route around rush hour congestion to your small LCD screen.
Are you looking for a more affordable version of Samsung's current flagship the S2? To date, this is the Korean tech giant's most popular smartphone. It comes with features and hardware that has made it the most desired handset in the market.
The Palm Treo 750 smart phone features compatibility with 3G wireless networks for faster data speeds where available. Some Treo 750 users, however, may live in an area where 3G service is not offered or may be using an unlocked Treo 750 on a wireless network that uses 3G frequency bands that are no
Do you want to know how to find peoples information? If so, we are going to share with you an easy way to do it.
Sprint SERO (Sprint Employee Referral Offer) plan is an employee savings plan offered to Sprint employees and their family and friends. You must have the employee's email address and the last three digits of the employee's identification number before you can enter the website. This plan...
Most cell phones come in a solid color such as black, white or silver. Buying a new faceplate is an easy way to add a personal touch and even match your phone's design to what you're wearing or how you're feeling. Buying a new faceplate is inexpensive, and it can be installed in moments.
The Sony Ericsson K800i is one of those highly efficient gadgets. Moreover, the Sony Ericsson K800i is the very first Cyber-shot phone, which supports 3G technology.
The Razr cellular phone is a manufactured by Motorola and is available for use by most carriers. The slim design of the Razr allows it to be easily carried in a pocket or handbag. The Razr is Internet-capable, and certain models allow for video conferencing via the 2.0 megapixel VGA camera. This pho
Carbon fiber iPhone 4 cases are one of the latest additions to the Apple iPhone 4 protective case market; therefore if you are already a carbon fiber enthusiast like many people are, then this may be a natural selection for you. Carbon fiber might be one amongst the foremost expensive styles of prot
The Kindle reader gives consumers a non-traditional method to reading books. Instead of carrying around a hardback book, you can download the book onto your Kindle and read it on the screen. Some schools are using the Kindle as a teaching tool, giving students an alternative to traditional books and
Using your smartphone as a modem allows you to access the Internet on your laptop or desktop via the mobile broadband connection on your phone. Most smartphones support this feature, although it is not widely-advertised by cell phone companies. This is because most carriers also offer mobile broadba
If you opt for the cheap Motorola DEXT MB220 you will surely enjoy hassle free mobile phone interaction with your friends and family and that at very pocket soothing rates.
The Canadian communications company Fido Solutions offers its cell phone customers a paid subscription to a call forwarding service. This allows users to have a call placed to the cell ring on a home phone instead, or vice versa.
Blackberry Bold 9900 White, the mid-segment device of RIM is creating ripples in the market and can be availed at pocket-friendly prices via plenty of mobile phone deals.


For businesses that cannot afford the delays and risks of shipping physical media across the world, or the slow, unreliable and insecure FTP transfers, Aspera transfer servers offer a solution that guarantees results regardless of transfer distances, file sizes or network conditions. Combining patented FASP® technology, optimized cloud I/O for cloud deployments, and comprehensive transfer and user management, our transfer servers move large data sets over the WAN with unrivaled speed (100X faster than FTP or HTTP), flexible bandwidth control, 100% reliability and bullet-proof security.
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Aspera Enterprise Server is a versatile server application that accommodates an unlimited number of concurrent users who can upload files of any size using Aspera’s desktop or mobile clients, or custom applications that use Aspera’s embedded client. Server administrators can view and control transfer queue in real time, adjust aggregate or per-transfer bandwidth on the fly, and configure per-user access and transfer settings.
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Connect Server extends Enterprise Server functionality with web enablement technology, giving any web application the ability to facilitate high-speed FASP transfers. Users initiate transfers through Connect Server’s web-based directory, mobile devices, or custom web applications that use Aspera Connect API.
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Point-to-Point is the entry level transfer software with the ability to connect to other Point-to-Point, Enterprise, or Connect Servers, with support for remote control by Aspera Console. The interface provides easy navigation and drag-and-drop transfer initiation. The transfer job queue shows real-time progress and allows on-the-fly reordering and bandwidth control.
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Aspera FASP® Proxy protects your organization’s network while enabling secure, high-speed transfers within highly restrictive network environments. Designed for FASP-powered performance, it allows transparent pass-through of FASP transfer sessions across secure DMZs without impeding transfer speeds or compromising the security of your internal network. With support for FASP Proxy built into all Aspera desktop and browser-based transfer clients, it is simple to configure, making it easy to use by all users within an organization.
“With our growing production volume, and global nature of our business, we needed to increase capacity and strengthen our infrastructure, which we now have with our high-availability Aspera server configuration. The expanded cluster is available in our Aspera Console for management and visibility across the entire configuration.“ Rick Moser, Manager of Worldwide Transmissions at Deluxe
“When we first launched MSG Varsity, it took us around 5-7 days to turn around content for broadcast. With Aspera, our turn around time is 24-48 hours. That’s a radical improvement.” Bill McGlone, Director of Technology Operations for MSG Varsity


Bt group plc (trading as bt and been shared by british telecommunications and mercury communications in the uk since november 1983 and the build-up to privatisation the new policy enabled customers to acquire telecommunications services from competing providers using a variety of technologies independent retail. From the 'lectric law library's stacks privatization of latin american telecommunications firms - by sandra reed fabian ponce o & asociados c ltda. 45 the privatisation of british telecom (1984) starting point privatisation became one the defining policies of the conservative party’s eighteen years in power. Penetration of telecom industry 2 to determine the impact of deregulation on private sector investment in telecommunication industry 3 to examine the impact of deregulation and privatisation policies on number of players and participants in the telecommunication industry 4 to ascertain the effect of privatisation and deregulation. Does sequencing matter regulation and privatization in telecommunications reforms scott wallsten february, 2002 abstract the question of the most effective order of reforming state-owned industries has been hotly. Telecommunication reforms in developing countries by ajamob in types magazines/newspapers, regulation, and privatization. Privatisation most important political issue abstract privatisation is gradually becoming the most important political issue of all time,it has been adopted and practised by most countries in the world, privatisation was practised before it gained its world recognition, in ancient greece the government contracted out, most of its government owned. la trobe university school of business sri lankas's telecommunications industry: from privatisation to anti-competition discussion papers sisira jayasuriya and malathy knight-john series a 0012 2000 the copyright associated with this discussion paper resides with the author(s) opinions expressed in this discussion paper are those of the.
Of the korea telecommunications industry: a case study of korea telecom, 1987–2003 dal yong jin department of communication, the university of illinois at chicago, 1904 nancy court #10, champaign, il 61822, usa abstract the korean government completed its privatization of korea telecom (kt) in may 2002 privatization was undertaken at a. However, it does not mean that privatisation of the telecommunication industry is necessarily beneficial, either economically or socially telstra, as a state-owned telecommunication company in australia, has been engaged in privatization ever since so far it is still more than half-owned by australia government. China's sweeping economic reforms, which have lifted the country to a starring role in the global economy in only a quarter-century, are marked by a more gradual transition from state control to pri. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, much of the it&t (information technologies and telecommunications) industry's focus was on how to reengineer the likes of financial institutions, manufacturing, retail, service, and government these technology deployments were largely pursued and justified on the grounds of reducing costs and.
How important is telecommunications as an industry, and how important is telecommunications research to the overall health of that industry underlying these questions are several others how important is telecommunications to the us economy and society to what extent are us consumers likely to. This paper is a component of the apec project entitled “the impact of liberalisation: communicating with apec communities” this paper focuses on the telecommunications industry in the philippines. The worldwide collapse of state socialism has created a new inevitability—the rise of free economic institutions the question facing nations around the world is no longer whether to introduce or expand the practice of capitalism but only how to do it while there is no blueprint for transforming a command economy into a free one, [.
Indian telecom industry underwent a high pace of market liberalisation and growth since the 1990s and now has become the world's most competitive and one of the fastest growing telecom markets the industry has grown over twenty times in just ten years, from under 37 million subscribers in the year 2001 to over 846 million subscribers in. In this paper, we offer and discuss new evidence on the performance of british telecom (bt) before and after privatisation we use a unique data-set based on company accounts over 40 years (1960–99) and original additional company data on several variables we focus particularly on output, prices.
7he effects oj privatisation and deregulation policies on nigerian telecommunication industry 1 the fixed wire/wireless service providers such as the government-owned nigeria telecommunication limited (nitel), the.
The “outlook book of transportation and telecommunications policy” indicates that the local telephone, domestic long-distance phone, and international phone services are the main services for the fixed communications network service while the mobile phone, the internet, and broadband are the main services for the non-fixed communications. The telecommunications industry has entered a phase driven by fast-changing technology, which in turn, is stimulated by the demands of increasingly sophisticated end-users to meet these demands, there has been a worldwide trend towards privatisation, liberalisation and deregulation in the telecommunications industry this trend has.
Analysis of economic liberalization and telecommunication sector performance in nigeria authors: bosede esther akanbi sectors including telecommunication industry during the mid-1990 the decision to reform nigeria telecommunications sector was based on the goal to improve its quality and quantity of services by way of strategic. View this only the literature review chapter on challenges of telecommunication privatization in nigeria privatization is the process by which an entity is. “wallsten, scott 2002 does sequencing matter regulation and privatization in telecommunications reforms policy research working paperno2817.


Communication Technician #74718
Assembles, installs, and repairs, and maintains telecommunications structured cabling systems, fiber optic backbone and campus cabling, cabling for wireless access points. Structured cabling will consist of cabling for commercial buildings, industrial applications and temporary facilities. Fiber optic installation and maintenance includes but is not limited to installation of cable inside buildings and in an outside plant environment. Installing field connectors, splicing cables using a fusion splicer, and testing utilizing OTDR and Power Meters.
- Read, interpret and maintain drawings and specifications.
- Install structured cable components. (Cat 5E, Cat 6, Cat 6A, Fiber Optic)
- Installation and testing of communication circuits via available communications cabling network.
- Service, maintenance and trouble shooting on commercial and/or industrial communication circuits and/or cabling networks.
- Repair, replace faulty components if necessary
- Repair and adjust valves, piping connections, fittings, and couplings.
- Able to read and interpret telecommunication drawings and specifications.
- Supervise and coordinate activities of assigned apprentices and new workers.
- Represent the company face to face with the customer directly requesting the work when needed.
- Good customer service skills.
- Interpret company policies to workers and enforces safety regulations.
Education and Experience
- High School degree, diploma, or a GED equivalent qualification from a certified college.
- A current Alberta driver's license with good driving record.
- Post Secondary education is an asset. Communication Electrician apprentice program or other training is an asset.
- TE Connectivity certification training is an asset.
- Commscope Systimax certification training is an asset.
- Belden certification training is an asset.
- Corning certification training is an asset.
- Knowledge and skill of tools, equipment, and materials and practices of the trade.
- Knowledge of applicable telecommunication codes, standards, and regulations.
- Knowledge of the hazards and safety precautions of the trade.
- Skill in both verbal and written communication.


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How do I use Chromecast in a hotel? – You can use a Chromecast device in a hotel by connecting it to the room’s TV via an HDMI cable and connecting your streaming devices to the hotel’s Wi-Fi network or your travel router.
Can I cast my phone to hotel TV?
The Different Ways To Connect Your Phone To A Tv – It is simple to mirror your mobile device’s display to your TV; all you need is a compatible Miracast-compatible device and an open network connection. If you’re traveling and want to keep up with your favorite shows or simply want to share a photo or video with the entire family, using DLNA or UPnP is an excellent way to do so.
If your device is connected to the Internet via a wired connection, you can connect it to your TV via an HDMI cable. You can mirror your mobile device’s display to your TV via the Hotel Cast app for iOS or Android, as well as stream other Cast-enabled apps. However, because many hotel chains do not allow direct connections to streaming devices, you should check in advance.
If you’re traveling with an iPhone, you can make it work by connecting it to the hotel’s Wi-Fi and having it connect.
Can you use Chromecast without Wi-Fi?
1. Connecting Devices to Chromecast without Internet – Google certainly improved things when they added Guest Mode, which allows Chromecast to connect to any Google casting capable device that doesn’t have Wi-Fi internet. However, the Chromecast still requires an internet source through a host (hotspot, router, or ethernet), as shown in the Google image below. So, can you use Chromecast without Wi-Fi in Guest Mode? The answer is yes, and no. You can use Chromecast on devices without Wi-Fi to mirror the device’s screen. However, you can’t utilize Chromecast’s full functionality without an internet connection from a host, as shown in the Google image below. If you have not realized the functionality of Chromecast’s Guest Mode Wi-Fi beacon yet, it lets your Android tablet or smartphone’s 4G and 5G streaming apps work directly on your TV. Users with iOS 11.0+ can use Guest Mode with certain restrictions, as shown in the Google image below. If the above information on using Chromecast without Wi-Fi sounds confusing, you’re not alone. In different terms, you can connect a device to your Chromecast without using the internet, so that part is true. However, an internet connection is still required for Chromecast to offer Guest Mode. You can also mirror devices to Chromecast, which gets mentioned below.
Is Chromecast not working in Europe?
Does Chromecast Work Anywhere in the World? – Yes, Chromecast works anywhere in the world. Chromecasts will work anywhere you take them as long as there’s an HDMI-compatible TV (or you have the appropriate converter), Wi-Fi, and a power source. This means you can use it whether you’re in rural Missouri or South Korea. We recommend calling your hotel or Airbnb ahead of time and asking them if the TV has a working HDMI port if you’re worried about the Chromecast not working upon arrival.
Can you take a Google Chromecast on vacation?
You should be able to connect your Chromecast device to any current TV. All it needs is an open HDMI port to plug it into. Then set the TV to use that port for input. The host may not like you messing around behind their TV. You will then need to connect your Chromecast to their WiFi network (Chromecast requires a network, there is no way to use it otherwise).
Can hotels see your internet?
Do hotels monitor their hotel Wi-Fi? – It’s difficult to say whether or not hotels monitor their networks, but one thing is clear – it is possible to do so. You see, hotel servers aren’t unique – like other servers, they keep a log file of data transactions made by their users.
Your browsing data (the IP addresses you contact, login/logout times, time spent on a website), as well as some of your personal details (name, surname, room number), is on that file, and therefore, available to access. While your hotel’s management usually won’t be able to see the contents of your communications, they can easily find out what websites you visit and how much time you spend browsing the Internet.
Doesn’t sound like private browsing, does it? Check out our video on hotel Wi-Fi below.
How do I bypass streaming block?
Here’s how to bypass VPN blocks on Netflix and other platforms – Ironically, all you have to do in order to bypass VPN blocks is to use a better VPN. Below, we’ll walk you through the process step-by-step. Here’s how to get around VPN blocks on Netflix and all your favorite streaming services:
First, sign up for a VPN that can unblock a wide range of streaming services. We particularly recommend NordVPN, but Surfshark and ExpressVPN are both strong alternatives to bypass VPN blocks. Download the appropriate version of the app for your device, then log in. Connect to a VPN server in the required country. For instance, you’d use an American server to access Netflix US or a British server for BBC iPlayer. Finally, play a video on your chosen service. It should begin right away, but if not, clear your browser’s cookies and cache, then reload the page. If problems persist, contact your VPN’s customer support team to see if there’s a specific server you should use.
Why can’t Chromecast connect to hotel Wi-Fi?
Get the Wifi Credentials – While checking into your hotel room, you will also be given the username and password for Hotel’s WiFi. Well, if the wifi at the hotel that you are staying at has a login portal, then Google Chromecast will not be able to connect to such wifi networks. But if you are simply given the password, then Chromecast will be able to connect to your Hotel wifi.


September 17, 2023
Behringer Ultragain Pro
Location: sioux falls
The Behringer Ultragain Preamp is a dual channel microphone and line preamp. You can run any type of microphone into it. Once you have your microphone connected you use this unit to set the input and output level of the microphone as you send the signal to a soundcard or mixer. This is a low noise preamp. It allows you to keep the gain down on your audio interface. By using the Ultragain Pro as a preamp you can take the “load off” the audio interface. The Ultragain Pro is for musicians, voice-over actors, podcasters.
|Date Posted||September 17, 2023|
|Last Modified||November 9, 2023|
|Date Expires||December 8, 2023|


This can happen if you have another router within your network that is not UDP compatible.
Also check to make sure the wireless adapter on the computer is primary.
In windows vista:
Open Network & Sharing by clicking once on the network icon in the right corner down by the clock.
Now click on Manage Network Connections from the Links on the left menu.
Go to the Advanced Menu, and select advanced settings.
From the connections area, move your wireless network adapter to the top of the list.
Press ok, and ok again.
Since you are using wireless network on the laptop you want wireless to be primary.
Most program will send/receive from which ever adapter is first and then try each adapter from there.


Our Snippets Of Knowledge Weekly Blog Series
In a world where everything is becoming “smart” and subsequently connected to external services, the Azure IoT Hub offers an endpoint for physical devices and services to send messages; maybe in the form of sensor readings as a JSON payload sent to the cloud for processing.
It also supports the ability to send content back to devices as part of two way communications. For example, prompting a device to update its firmware from a central location. The bi direction abilities and device level management makes the IoT Hub a better tool for device-based use cases compared to an Azure Event Hub, although both can handle message transmissions from data sources.
The IoT capabilities can also be deployed at the edge, as well as in Azure allowing for low latency and decentralised communications where required, or in environments with a constant network connection.
See MS Learn for more information on this Resource here.
We hope you found this knowledge snippet helpful.
Check out all our posts in this series here.


Jeanne Ellen wrote:I don't think it's doing updates. It's got a Bluetooth connection that transmits information from the machine to a phone app and to the DME. Maybe it's a problem with that. I unplugged it and plugged it back in to reboot it. I remember a few days ago I noticed that the power light was flashing off and on. I wonder if my machine is on the fritz? I bought it just six months ago!
It doesn't use bluetooth to send data to your DME. It uses either a cellular modem (default), or a wifi modem (optional). The bluetooth connection to your phone app is just for your own use with the online tracking application.
The power light flashing means there's a message for you...probably filter change reminder. Tap the front panel button to turn the screen on and you'll see some message there. On the chime noisy... can't say I've ever heard that. It does beep for some things (see page 16 of the manual for when), but I've never had any of those conditions so I've never heard mine to hear if it's chime-like.


Tinklo terminų ir trumpinių žodynėlis
AC – Alternating current. A signal which alternates its polarity between positive and negative with respect to an earth ground. Dynamic signals such as audio, radio waves and utility power are typically AC.
ACK – Abbreviation for the Acknowledge response in data communications.
ADC – Analog to Digital Converter.
ACR – Attenuation to Crosstalk Ratio. ACR is a comparison of signal strength to noise interference and is used as a “bandwidth” indicator. The ratio is not a test but a comparison between two previous test results. I compares signal loss (attenuation) to noise interference (NEXT). The larger the ACR, the better the transmission will be.
ADDRESS – The destination of a message sent through a data communications system. A series of digits identifying a component or device attached to a network.
AI – Artificial Intelligence. The basis behind current Expert or Knowledge based systems, it is the ability to update stored reference material and adapt to new information automatically.
ANALOG – An electrical signal comprised of many different and constantly changing voltage levels.
ANALOG/DIGITAL CONVERTER – A device which converts analog signals to a digital representation. Also called “A to D converter” or ADC (see above).
ANSI – American National Standards Institute. An organization which develops standards for voluntary use in the United States.
API – Applications Programming Interface. A software interface provided by network operating system vendors to promote the development of third-party applications which function under direct control of the operating system.
APPLETALK – A proprietary network designed for Apple Computer Corp. Macintosh computers and peripherals. (See Topologies Section)
APPLICATIONS LAYER – The highest layer of the OSI network model. This is the level that user interaction with the network occurs.
ARCNET – Attached Resources Computing Network. Developed by Datapoint, San Antonio, Texas, it is a 2.5 Mbps (soon to be optionally 20 Mbps) logical token-bus network configured in either a physical star or daisy chain. (See Topologies Section)
ARPANET – A network developed by the Advanced Research Projects Agency of the Department of Defense which connects many defense oriented research sites. The forerunner of several of today’s packet switching technologies.
ASCII – American Standard Code for Information Interchange. Developed by ANSI, it is a seven data bit code representing 128 different characters. Widely used as a common data exchange format between like and unlike computer systems.
ASIC – Application Specific Integrated Circuit.
ASYNCHRONOUS BALANCED MODE – Used in IBM’s Token Ring Logical Link Control, it allows access to the data link by network attached devices.
ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSMISSION – Also called “start-stop transmission”, it is a non-continuous data stream with each data element framed by tags called start and stop bits. This eliminates the need for precise clocking at both ends. Speed and bandwidth are sacrificed, however, due the excess information required. A seven bit data element will typically have one start bit, one parity bit and one or two stop bits needing a maximum of 11 bits to get the original seven transmitted and properly received. This is the type of communication that personal computers most often use when they communicate via telephone lines.
ATM – Asynchronous Transfer Mode. A high speed form of packet switching being developed for the commercial sector and now used in LAN’s. High speed (155 Mbps)
throughput can be achieved on Category 5 UTP. Most designers use ATM as a backbone technology connecting the switches and hubs with either Category 5 UTP (limited to 100 meters maximum) or fiber optic cable (up to 2000 meters distance).
ATTENUATION – Degradation of signal level along the cable due to losses in the cable. Attenuation is typically measured in decibels (dB) and represents the overall signal loss in the link. Excessive attenuation may cause a receiver to misinterpret electrical pulses and the larger the loss, the greater the attenuation. The dB values are expressed in negative numbers and by industry convention, the negative sign is omitted.
Attenuation is the measured loss of signal strength from one end of a cable to the other. A “Swept Frequency” measurement is taken to insure the cable’s integrity. This measurement starts at a low frequency and incrementally steps, making measurements, up to the maximum frequency for the selected cable type.
AUI – Attachment Unit Interface. Most often used with 10BASE-5 networks, this is the name for the 15 pin cable which connects a transceiver to the network interface card (NIC) in the node. 10 BASE-T networks use hubs and switches that have AUI ports on the back and they are directly connected to the network bus.
AVERAGE IMPEDANCE – Testing that can be performed to identify physical damage to the cable (much like a capacitance test), connector defects, or cable segments with incorrect characteristic impedance.
AVERAGE NOISE – Detects rms. voltage on each pair of wires using a broadband detector. Available only on the PRO-XL model.
AWG – American Wire Gauge. A method for measuring the thickness of the conductive portion of a piece of metallic cable. The numbers assigned are inversely proportional to the cable’s size. A cable with a rating of 24 AWG will be much thinner than one rated 18 AWG.
B-ISDN – Broadband ISDN.
BACKBONE – A term used to describe the main segment connecting several smaller subnetworks. This main segment is usually designed for maximum data throughput, sometimes at significantly higher speeds than the subnets.
BALUN – Balanced/Unbalanced. A passive line matching transformer designed to match the impedance of the transmission medium with that of the communicating device. Frequently used to implement communications on twisted pair media that would normally require coaxial cable.
BANDWIDTH – The range of electrical frequencies that an electronic device or transmission system can effectively handle. For LAN’s, it describes the maximum data rate for a given topology. The best bandwidth indicator of a cabling system is ACR, and one should strive for 7-10 dB ACR at the highest frequency level of transmission. The higher the ACR, the stronger the signal. (see ACR)
BASEBAND – The use of the entire bandwidth of the network cable to transmit a single digital signal. The frames are applied directly to the cable in digital form without modulation or multiplexing. Ethernet and Token Ring are Baseband transmissions because they use only one protocol.
BAUD – The most basic unit of data transmission speed, one baud represents one signal state change per second. It is often confused with bits per second (bps) because they were at one time very similar. Using current data compression and modulation techniques, however, many times the baud rate in bits per second can be achieved.
BENDING RADIUS – The minimum allowed curvature of any piece of cable (fiber or metallic). Absolutely critical that this be maintained so as to not affect a cable’s impedance (metallic) or refractive index (fiber optic).
BER – Bit Error Rate. The ratio of errored bits of data to the total number of bits transmitted.
BINARY – Information contained in one of two states, either 0 (zero) or 1 (one). A numbering system based on 2’s. Digital computers a designed to respond to streams or groups of binary information. By combining and manipulating this information, these machines can be instructed to perform useful tasks. All information, whether alpha or numeric, must be converted into a binary equivalent to be processed by these systems. It forms the basis of the Binary digIT or BIT. Eight bits together form a BYTE. (Four bits form a NIBBLE, really).
BINARY SYNCHRONOUS COMMUNICATIONS – BCS or BISYNC. Developed by IBM as a form of communications between their mainframes and other devices, this protocol depends on synchronization between transmitter and receiver via timing signals.
BIT – Binary Digit. The smallest unit of data and most basic for data communications. It can have a value of a one (mark) or a zero (space).
BIT RATE – The number of bits passing a given point in a measured period of time. Usually expressed as bits per second (bps), thousands of bits per second (kbps), or millions of bits per second (Mbps).
BLOCK – A group of transmitted data, typically framed with control characters and having a fixed size, such as 256, 512, 4096, etc.
BNC – The Bayonet-Neill-Concelman connector. Widely used in 10BASE2 and other thin coaxial applications.
BPS – Bits Per Second. (see also BIT RATE)
BRAID – The stranded shield found on most types of axial metallic media and some types of twisted pair, such as IBM type 1.
BRIDGE – In the LAN arena, it is a device used to connect two physically separate networks. They may or may not have the same topology.
BROADCAST – To send a message to two or more receiving devices at the same time.
BROADCAST STORM – In a NETBIOS based network, devices broadcast their addresses when queried. When several or all devices broadcast their addresses, the network slows down with the excess traffic.
BROUTER – A combination bridge and router, performing the functions of both in a single device. See also BRIDGE and ROUTER.
BUS – An electrical connection tying two or more points together. A bus can be serial or parallel and can carry dynamic signals or DC voltage.
BUS NETWORK – A topology based on all communicating devices being attached to a common medium. Various access methods are used including CSMA/CD and Token Passing. Typically bus networks carry data in the millions of bits per second speed range.
BYTE – Eight data bits or two nibbles.
BYTE COUNT – The number of bytes in a given message or block of data.
c – Symbol representing the Speed of Light (See Propagation Rate and NVP).
CABLE – Metallic or fiber optic transmission medium used to interconnect electrical and data communications devices. Common metallic types used in LAN interconnects are axial (coaxial, twinaxial, triaxial, quadraxial), shielded twisted-pair (STP) and unshielded twisted-pair (UTP). Cable comes in many varieties and ratings for particular applications. See text for additional information.
CABLE EXPERT – Runs the Autotest, but automatically diverts to assistance screens with advice to help you troubleshoot the problem found. Cable Expert should be used when Autotest indicates a failure.
CABLE RISER – Vertically installed cable connecting floors of a building. Cable tested to UL 1666 is “riser” rated. Typically multi-pair copper and fiber.
CABLE RUN – A horizontal installed cable segment with its unique path. The “Star Wired” cable run is the cable that is “home-run” from work outlet to cross-connect or patch panel.
CABLE SHIELD – A conductive layer of material located just under the cable’s outer sheath which is designed to increase the cable’s immunity to outside interference. It may be constructed of metal foil or braided strands.
CAMPUS ENVIRONMENT – A relatively large geographical area encompassing multiple buildings and involving the interconnections between all devices therein.
CAPACITANCE – The measured ability of an electronic component to store an electrical charge. Capacitance is rated in units called FARADS. Common divisions of farads include microfarads (mF = X 106), nanofarads (nF = X 109) and picofarads (pF = X 1012).
CARRIER SENSE MULTIPLE ACCESS/COLLISION DETECTION – CSMA/CD. The most common form of access control found in an ethernet environment. It is used to avoid data collisions in a logical bus topology, like Ethernet.
CARRIER SIGNAL – A continuous signal, upon which is modulated the data or other signal that is to be transmitted.
CAT 3 – “category three” 4 Pair UTP cable and associated connecting hardware whose transmission characteristics are specified up to 16 MHz. (EXISTING TIA/EIA; SEE ISO 11801 CLASSES A, B, C)
CAT 4 – “category four” 4 Pair UTP cable and associated connecting hardware whose transmission characteristics are specified up to 20 MHz. (EXISTING TIA/EIA; SEE ISO 11801 CLASSES A,B,C)
CAT 5 – “category five” 4 Pair UTP cable and associated connecting hardware whose transmission characteristics are specified up to 100 MHz. (EXISTING TIA/EIA; SEE ISO 11801 CLASS D)
CAT 5E – “category five e” 4 Pair UTP cable and associated connecting hardware whose transmission characteristics are specified up to 100 MHz (FUTURE PROPOSED TIA/EIA) Has approximately 3dB stronger signal strength than standard CAT 5.
CAT 6 – “category six” 4 Pair UTP cable and associated connecting hardware whose transmission characteristics are specified up to 200 MHz.(FUTURE PROPOSED TIA/EIA; SEE ISO 11801 CLASS E)
CAT 7 – “category seven” 4 Pair STP cable and associated connecting hardware whose transmission characteristics are specified up to 600 MHz.(FUTURE PROPOSED TIA/EIA; SEE ISO 11801 CLASS F)
CATV – Community Antenna TeleVision or Cable TeleVision. CATV is Broadband transmission effected by multiplexing multiple channels on one medium.
CAU – Controlled Access Unit. A type of semi-intelligent central wiring concentrator for the Token Ring environment. Used in conjunction with LAM’s.
CCITT – International Telephone and Telegraph Consultative Committee. An international standards setting body for the telecommunications industry. In 1985, the CCITT chartered the TIA/EIA with drafting the 568 Standards we use today.
CDDI – Copper Distributed Data Interface. A standard describing 100 Mbps data transmission on metallic cable.
CPU – Central Processing Unit. The portion of a computer which performs all arithmetic and logic manipulation in addition to instruction interpretation and processing.
CGA – Color Graphics Adapter.
CHARACTER – A combination of binary digits representing an alphanumeric value.
CHARACTERISTIC IMPEDANCE – 1. The measure of a transmission medium’s impedance throughout its length and over a swept frequency spectrum. Often conversion is done to the frequency data to put it in the time domain. 2. A resistive termination matching that of the transmission medium being used to effectively minimize reflections due to structural variations in the medium.
CHARACTER ORIENTED PROTOCOL – A communications protocol which responds to special control characters as opposed to individual bit values for function control.
CHEAPERNET – Slang for 10BASE-2, also Thinnet, Thinwire Ethernet using a 50 ohm coax cable. (see Thin Ethernet)
CICS – Customer Interface Control System. An IBM user interface designed for mainframe interaction and job processing.
CMIP – Common Management Information Protocol. One of many network management information exchange protocols. The current favorite is SNMP.
COAXIAL CABLE – A cable constructed of an insulated center conductor surrounded by a shield. 10 BASE-5 and 10 BASE-2 require different types of 50 ohm coax cables.
COLLISION – When data from two devices attached to a common bus is placed on the bus at the same time. In Ethernet this typically generates a re-transmission.
COMMUNICATIONS PROTOCOL – Rules governing the behavior and attributes of both hardware and software as they apply to data communications.
COMMUNICATIONS SERVER – A device which acts as a gateway to communications lines outside normal building boundaries or to a different communicating device. The server may allow access to several lines by any number of users on a network. Sometimes called a modem pool.
CONCENTRATOR – A device used in LAN applications to attach several nodes to one AUI or bus attachment point. Often this term is used mistakenly in place of hub.
CONNECTING BLOCK – An interconnecting device used in telecommunications and LAN applications consisting of multiple points for wire attachment. Some common connecting blocks are the 66 block, 110 block, the BIX block and the Krone block.
CPS – Characters Per Second.
CPU – Central Processing Unit
CRC – Cyclic Redundancy Check. A common form of error checking for data communications and other situations where blocks of data are moved from one location to another. All bits in a block are divided by a predetermined binary number and the result is compared with what the actual number should be.
CROSS-CONNECTION – Linking two physically different connections together.
CROSS-CONNECT – A block or patch panel used to cross-connect or patch (make changes) to a network backbone or a user’s horizontal cable run.
CROSSTALK – Crosstalk is the measure of noise induced to one pair by another pair of conductors. Crosstalk measured from the near end is “NEXT” and crosstalk measured from the far end is “FEXT”. Crosstalk is expressed in dB and the smaller the number, the greater the inductive noise effect. TSB-67 requires bi-directional NEXT measurements to verify performance in both directions.
CSMA/CD – Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection (an Ethernet Media Access Mechanism).
CTS – Clear To Send.
D CHANNEL – A sort of status line in the ISDN arena. A 16 kbps line carrying control signals and call data in the BRI interface. A 64 kbps line in the PRI interface.
D TYPE – A description for the 9, 15 and 25 pin connectors widely used for data communications and microcomputer peripherals. It looks very loosely like a “D” when viewed vertically.
DASD – Directly Accessible Storage Device. IBM’s term for local hard disk.
DATA GRADE CIRCUIT – A telephone line capable of carrying high speed data. The line is specially conditioned to accommodate this.
DATA SERVICE UNIT – DSU. A device for transmitting data on digital transmission facilities. Sometimes incorporated with a CSU.
DATA SET – Another term for modem.
DB – Actually, dB or decibel. A unit of measurement to compare an output signal to an input signal. A relative term. (see also text on ATTENUATION for more information)
DC – Direct Current. A steady state voltage, either positive or negative with respect to ground, but not both. Batteries are a source of DC.
DC RESISTANCE – Provides an effective check on cable and connector integrity. Both cabling and connectors have inherent DC resistance. Loop resistance is the combined resistance of each individual wire in a two-wire pair. It is tested for each pair by placing a known DC voltage on one wire in the pair, shorting the Remote Handset and reading the voltage loss at the Display Handset. DC loop resistance testing is essential to isolating poor connector punch downs, cable damage and shorts.
DIGITIZE – The conversion of an analog or continuous signal into a data stream of binary digits.
DISOSS – Distributed Office Support System by IBM.
DISTRIBUTED PROCESSING – A system or network whereby the processing is done at each individual workstation and not at a central device. A LAN is an example of distributed processing.
DMA – Direct Memory Access.
DNA – Digital Equipment Corporation’s Network Architecture.
DOMAIN – An area including all peripherals and nodes under control of a single computer or server in a network.
DOWNLINE IMPEDANCE – The PRO-XL performs this function using a TDR that samples and analyzes the impedance of a link. Relative impedance is measured as a function of length and each cable can be viewed in graphical format along its length to ascertain where the anomalies are located. Characteristic impedance is usually measured in a laboratory with complex test equipment such as an expensive network analyzer. The TDR measures relative impedance in the field to find crimps, kinks and/or stretched cable that would show up as a blips, peaks or valleys on the otherwise flat line graph of a good link. This TDR is a powerful diagnostic tool that not only gives you a pass/fail criteria required by TSB-67, but it tells you where the problem is and saves you a great amount of time that would be spent troubleshooting cables and connectors to determine where the problem could be found. (see FAULT FIND)
DRAIN WIRE – In a cable, it is an uninsulated wire included in the sheath with the insulated wires. Typically used for grounding.
DROP CABLE -A cable connecting a workstation or peripheral to the main network cable.
DS-0 – Digital Service Level 0, a 64 kbps digitized voice line.
DS-1 – Digital Service Level 1, a 1.544 Mbps line carrying 24 DS-0 lines.
DS-1C – Digital Service Level 1C, a 3.152 Mbps line also called T-1.
DS-2 – Digital Service Level 2, a 6.312 Mbps line also called T-2.
DS-3 – Digital Service Level 3, a 44.736 Mbps line also called T-3.
DS-4 – Digital Service Level 4, a 273 Mbps line also called T-4.
DUAL NEAR END CROSSTALK – Near end crosstalk (NEXT) is the amount of transmitted signal on one pair that is induced electro-magnetically onto adjacent pairs. High levels can cause excessive retransmission rates. An Autotest generates swept signals for NEXT from 1 to 100 MHz and it measures the induced noise on adjacent pairs at precise intervals. The Autotest performs Dual NEXT tests from both ends.
EBCDIC – Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code. An 8 bit code developed by IBM for data transfer between their computers.
EIA – Electronic Industry Associates. A trade organization of manufacturers which sets and defines standards for its members. This group works with the TIA on standards pertaining to both industries. The originator of the “RS” series of interfaces (RS-232C, RS-449, etc.)
EISA – Extended Industry Standard Architecture. An independent alternative to IBM’s Micro-channel for 32 bit computers.
ELFEXT – Equal Level Far End Crosstalk, is a measure of crosstalk noise between pairs at the receive end of the transmission line, adjusted for attenuation. This noise measurement is important to the performance of newer applications which will transmit on multiple pairs (Gigabit Ethernet).
EMI – Electro-Magnetic Interference.
EPROM – Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory.
ESDI – Enhanced Small Device Interface.
ETHERNET – 1. A LAN operating under the guidelines of the IEEE 802.3 document defining physical and data link layer behavior. 2. What you use to catch the Ether Bunny.
FANOUT – A device similar to a concentrator in that it provides multiple access to a single backbone tap.
FARAD – A unit for measuring capacitance. One farad is a one coulomb charge with one volt potential difference between the plates. A 50 volt, one farad capacitor is roughly the size of a quart milk container. (see also CAPACITANCE)
FAR-END CROSSTALK – A less accurate measurement of the amount of a signal which is induced into an adjacent pair of wires. (see also CROSSTALK)
FAT – File Allocation Table. The location of all names and addresses of data files stored on a disk.
FAULT FIND – A diagnostics feature on the LT8155/8600 that allows you to determine where in a link a fault is located. (see DOWNLINE IMPEDANCE)
FCC – Federal Communications Commission.
FCS – Frame Check Sequence. An error checking field found in bit oriented protocols.
FDDI – Fiber Distributed Data Interface. A dual counter-rotating ring topology based on fiber optics operating at 100 Mbps.
FDM – Frequency Division Multiplexing. A technique in which several signals are transmitted on the same cable simultaneously at different frequencies. Used in Broadband.
FDX – An abbreviation for Full Duplex transmission. Gigabit Ethernet will use full duplex transmission on all four pairs. This is analogous to being on a 16 lane highway and any car can go any direction, at any time!
FEP – Front End Processor. A pre-processor for devices attached to a larger, faster computer.
FILE SERVER – A device found on local area networks which sends requested files and programs to requesting nodes and stores files sent from nodes.
FIRMWARE – Devices such as EPROM’s, and ROM’s which are hardware, but permanently store operating instructions for a processing device.
FOUR-WIRE CIRCUIT – A transmission circuit using a transmit pair and a receive pair, or four wires altogether.
FREQUENCY – The rate at which an electrical current alternates, usually measured in Hertz, or cycles per second, which are the same.
FTP – File Transfer Protocol. A file sharing protocol often used in conjunction with TCP/IP. It operates in layers 5 through 7 of the OSI network model.
FULL DUPLEX – The ability of a circuit to carry signals in two directions simultaneously.
(see FDX & GIGABIT ETHERNET)
GATEWAY – For LAN’s, a connection between two dissimilar network topologies, i.e., Token-Ring and Ethernet.
GIGA – A prefix for one billion.
GROUND LOOP – This occurs when a segment is grounded at more than one point. It creates a situation for a potential voltage difference between the grounds, causing the network cable to conduct unwanted electricity. A bad thing.
GUI – Pronounced “gooey”, it’s the abbreviation for Graphical User Interface.
HALF DUPLEX – The ability of a circuit to carry signal in one direction at a time.
Ethernet and Fast Ethernet uses half duplex with one pair transmitting and the other pair receives.
HARDWARE – A generic term describing all computing and peripheral machinery.
HARDWIRE – A permanent connection between two devices, usually not easily disconnected.
HARMONICA – A cable adapter used to change an Amphenol type 50 pin Telco connector into multiple RJ-45’s or RJ-11’s.
HDLC – High Level Data Link Control. A bit oriented protocol developed by the International Standards Organization (ISO).
HEADROOM – Headroom is the sum of the natural margin, or ACR, of the cabling and the additional margin between the worst case NEXT and the limit for NEXT. Headroom is calculated using a power sum ACR on the worst pair after the attenuation for that pair has been normalized to 100 meters (328 ft).
HERTZ – An equivalent to cycles per second for defining frequency.
HIT – Slang for an induced electrical impulse. (see IMPULSE NOISE section)
HOME RUN – A cable run going from a workstation or office directly back to a wiring closet with no other connections. Physical star topologies consist exclusively of home runs.
HOST – Term describing a Host computer. A central computer responsible for the control of time share terminals and other peripherals. Usually associated with minicomputers and mainframes.
HUB – 1. A central point of connection for several circuits. 2. A device which electrically converts a logical topology to a different physical topology. An ARCNET hub enables physically star-wired nodes to be seen as a logical, token-passing bus. Hubs can be active (powered), or passive (non-powered). Active hubs sometimes are capable of allowing longer cabling lengths than passive units.
HUB ACTIVATION – Hub activation tests transmit a signal to a 10 BASE-T hub to verify it is operational.
I/O – Input/Output.
I/O CHANNEL – A high speed bus used to interconnect peripherals with the CPU.
I/O CONTROLLER – A device which arbitrates the I/O channel and controls data transfer between devices attached to the channel.
IBM TOKEN RING – A token passing network topology which conforms to the IEEE 802.5 definition and documents. Operating at 4 Mbps or 16 Mbps, it is the chief topology used to interconnect small and mid-size equipment from IBM and other vendors. See also TOPOLOGIES section for specifications.
IDC – Insulation Displacement Connector. A type of connector in which the insulated wire is pushed down between two sharp bladelike pieces of metal so that the conductor touches the connector and there is no exposed bare wire. Modular telephone plugs (RJ series) are examples of insulation displacement connectors.
IDF – Intermediate Distribution Frame as it was called previous to being changed to “IC” or intermediate cross-connect in TIA/EIA 568-A. Also known as a wiring closet, the IDF is a cross connection point for horizontally attached devices to riser media. Provides the wiring interface between the end-user and the Main Distribution Frame. The MDF was change to “MC”, which stands for main cross-connect.
IEEE – Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers. A standards setting and publishing body responsible for such guidelines as the 802 series for LAN’s.
IEEE 802.X – Guidelines describing the physical and data link layers of the OSI network model for various topologies. See TOPOLOGIES Section for a description of each.
IMPEDANCE – The complex opposition to current flow dynamically in a transmission medium. Including components of resistance, capacitance and inductance. (See IMPEDANCE for more detailed information)
IMPEDANCE MATCHING – The verification that all elements of a transmission system exhibit very similar impedance characteristics at operating frequency. A properly impedance matched system introduces very little signal distortion.
IMPULSE NOISE – Intermittent, high frequency (short), high amplitude pulses that are induced into a transmission line. Can cause data corruption and in some cases hardware damage. (see also ELECTRICAL NOISE TESTING Section)
INDUCTANCE – The tendency for an electrical current to build a magnetic field around a conductor and cause a portion of that current to be induced or generated on an adjacent conductor. (see also ELECTRICAL NOISE TESTING and NEAR-END CROSSTALK TESTING Sections)
INSULATION – A non-conductive material used to separate conductors to prevent electrical short circuits. Cables are insulated and rated for different applications. Plenum rated cables can be used anywhere inside a building and riser rated cables are only used between floors.
INTELLIGENT TERMINAL – A computer terminal or personal computer/workstation having the ability to process data independently from the host computer.
INTERFACE – The point at which two different items come together. They might be mechanical, electronic or software.
INTERNET PROTOCOL – IP. Used at OSI Level 3 and above to connect networks through gateways.
INTERNETWORKING – The connection of multiple networks for data interchange. This is normally accomplished with interface devices such as bridges, brouters and gateways.
IPL – Initial Program Load. A fancy term for “booting” a large computer.
IRQ – Interrupt ReQuest. A form of peripheral prioritization for microcomputers.
ISO – International Standards Organization. Based in Paris, this body develops open industry standards for the world. A key standard is the Open Systems Interconnection Network Model (OSI model) which forms a general definition for all LAN’s. ISO 11801 is similar to TIA/568-A but uses different terms and values. (see NETWORK TROUBLESHOOTING TOOLS for a copy of the OSI model)
JABBERING, JABBER – The continuous transmission of meaningless data, usually due to a failure of some sort. The network slows tremendously when burdened with this excess traffic.
JACK – A receptacle for a modular device. Mates with a plug.
JACKET – The outer protective sheath of a cable.
JITTER – The skewing of a transmitted pulse so as to cause its edge to become poorly defined and its width to be variable, causing data errors.
k – A short form for the metric “kilo” or 1000. Often appended to measurements of things like frequency (kHz), storage (kBytes), and bit rate (kbps).
LAN – Local Area Network. A distributed processing environment usually located within the confines of a single building.
LAY – From cable manufacturing. A term describing the length of one conductor in a twisted pair in making one complete turn.
LAYER – A subdivision of a complete model comprising software and/or hardware elements to complete a specific and related set of tasks.
LCD – Liquid Crystal Display.
LENGTH – The distance of a communications link measured by a tester with a TDR. For TIA/EIA 568-A, the basic link is limited to 90 meters of horizontal cabling embedded in the walls and ceiling plenum, plus 2 meters of test equipment cords on each end. Length is one of the TSB-67 required tests for a Category 5 UTP cable limited to a total distance of 100 meters including the basic link of 90 meters + 10 meters allowance of line cords, patch cords and up to two cross-connects in a link. (see NOMINAL VELOCITY OF PROPAGATION)
LINE – A term used loosely to describe a connection between two communicating devices.
LINEMAP – A term referring to the termination pinout pairs of cable. (see CONTINUITY & WIREMAP)
LINE SPEED – The maximum rate of data transfer for a given line.
LLC – Logical Link Control. A protocol developed by the IEEE for end-system addressing and error checking. Operates in Layer 2 of the OSI model.
LOCAL DISTRIBUTION FRAME – LDF. Another name for an Intermediate Distribution Frame or “IC” as the
TIA/EIA 568-A standard specifies.
LRC – Longitudinal Redundancy Check. Another term for parity checking.
M – Short form of the metric “mega” or 1,000,000. Used as a prefix for frequency (MHz), storage (Mbytes) and line speed (Mbps).
m – Representation of the metric “milli” or 1/1000th.
MAC – Media Access Control. A control protocol designed for specific media with variations for different media. Works in conjunction with LLC.
MACHINE LANGUAGE – The binary digits that the computer hardware processes without interpretation. Also called machine code.
MAIN DISTRIBUTION FRAME – the MDF has been changed to “MC” (main cross-connect) in the TIA/EIA 568-A 1995 revision. The MC is the point at which outside service lines interface to inside service and then to IC’s or to TC’s.
MAINFRAME – A large computer system.
MAN – Metropolitan Area Network. A Network operating within the confines of a single city or community.
MANCHESTER ENCODING – An encoding method which involves a digital state change (0 to 1 or vice versa) for every bit representation occurring in the middle of the transmitted bit. Useful in local area networks because it is self-clocking. The receiver can develop the data clock from the transmitted data stream. Used in Token Ring and Ethernet systems. Standard Ethernet uses Manchester encoding which results in 10 Mbps throughput at 10 MHz frequency (one-for-one).
MAPPING – The act of associating logical representations with their physical counterparts.
MAU – Media Access Unit. Another name for an Ethernet transceiver. Was also the abbreviation for a Token Ring Multi-station Access Unit. This has been changed recently to MSAU to avoid confusion.
MCA – Micro-Channel Architecture. IBM’s 32 bit peripheral bus for microcomputers.
MDF – Main Distribution Frame, which has been changed to “MC” (main cross-connect) by the
TIA/EIA 568-A Standard. The connecting point in a building where outside services interface to internal services. All networking components are “star-wired” back to the MC.
MEDIUM – Material used for the transmission of signals.
MIB – Management Information Base. An information database used in conjunction with the Simple Network Management Protocol.
MICRO – Prefix for one millionth. Used as a prefix for capacitance.
MICROFARAD – One millionth of a farad.
MIPS – Millions of Instructions per Second. A speed rating for computers and workstations.
MJ – Modular Jack. A term describing plug-in IDC connectors used in telephone and data communications. The connectors usually are configured with 4, 6 or 8 pins.
MMJ – Modified Modular Jack. Developed by Digital Equipment Corp. (DEC), it is an RJ-12 (6 pin) modular jack with the bottom locking tab offset to one side.
MODEM – MOdulator DEModulator. A device which converts digital data to a modulated form which can be transmitted over telephone lines and reverses the process when receiving.
MODULAR PLUG – A series of connectors designed for ease of use and flexibility. They are characterized by locking plastic tabs on the bottom and typically appear in three configurations: RJ-11 (4 conductor), RJ-12 (6 conductor) and RJ-45 (8 conductor).
MSAU – Multi-Station Access Unit. The new abbreviation for a Token Ring wiring center. The units can be active or passive. They typically have eight ports for device (or lobe) attachment and a RI (ring-in) and RO (ring-out) port for network attachment.
MS-NET – MicroSoft NETworks. The predecessor to LAN Manager. First introduced in MS-DOS version 3.1.
MTBF – Mean Time Between Failures. The average operational time of a device.
MULTI-PROCESSING – The ability of a system to run two or more processors simultaneously.
MULTIPLEXER – A device which causes two or more signals to use the same communications medium. Multiplexing can occur in either the frequency or the time domain.
MUTUAL CAPACITANCE – The capacitance between two conductors with all other conductors shorted to ground.
MUX – A short form slang of multiplex. Also MUXED, MUXING.
NAK – No Acknowledgment. A data communications negative response.
NEAR-END CROSSTALK – The induction of transmitted signal onto the receive pair at the transmitting end of the medium (NEXT). (see also NEAR-END CROSSTALK TESTING)
NETBIOS – Network Basic Input/Output System.
NETVIEW – A network management offering from IBM.
NETWARE – A popular network operating system from Novel Inc., Provo, Utah.
NETWORK ADDRESS – A number giving a specific identification to a network attached device.
NETWORK INTERFACE CARD – NIC. A circuit card providing the hardware interface between a network device and the transmission medium.
NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM – NOS. The software component of a network. The NOS contains all instructions pertinent to data transfer, file manipulation and services and interfacing routines.
NETWORK TOPOLOGY – The physical layout and interconnection of a network. See TOPOLOGIES Section for examples.
NODE – A connection point into a network. The node may perform several functions (i.e., file server, workstation, print server, bridge, etc.).
NOMINAL VELOCITY OF PROPAGATION – “NVP” is the relative speed that a signal travels on a conductor which is proportionate to the speed of light in a vacuum. Length measurements are determined by sending a signal down a line and measuring the reflected signal that comes back and factoring in the amount of time it took to make the return trip. (see “c” and LENGTH)
OCTOPUS – A cable adapter that transforms a 25-pair feeder into individual modular plugs.
ODD PARITY – An error checking method in which binary 1’s or zeroes are added to a character so that the number of 1’s is always odd.
OHMS – A measure of resistance. One ohm ( ) allows one ampere of current to flow across a one volt potential.
OPEN CIRCUIT – An incomplete circuit. A cable connected at one end only is an example of an open circuit. The opposite of a short circuit.
OPERATING SYSTEM – A software program or collection of programs which m manage the computer’s hardware and provide an interface to that hardware for the end-user.
OS – Abbreviation for Operating System.
OSI – Open Systems Interconnect. A seven layer model defining the different levels of data communications in a network environment. Developed by the International Standards Organization. Cables comprise the Physical Layer of the OSI model.
PACKET – A group of data in an organized form with a distinct header, control information and a destination address.
PACKET SWITCHING – The transmission of packetized data through a network. Each packet has information linking it to the rest of the total message or file as well as the destination address. This form of communication is efficient because each packet can take a different route if necessary to maximize throughput.
PACKET SWITCHING NETWORK – A network constructed to move data packets. An X.25 network is an example of a packet switching network.
PAIR – Two wires, usually twisted around each other.
PAIRED CABLE – Cable in which all conductors are arranged in color-coded pairs usually twisted around each other and then surrounded by a sheath.
PARALLEL DATA – Multiple bits of data transmitted each on its own line simultaneously.
PARITY CHECK – The addition of a bit to a character to aid in error checking.
PATCH PANEL – A board with multiple jacks installed for the purpose of connecting devices with modular jacks and cables.
PDN – Public Data Network.
PDS – Premise Distribution system.
PEER-TO-PEER NETWORK – A network in which all devices have equal status and abilities for file transfer, printer sharing, etc.
PHYSICAL LAYER – The bottom layer of the OSI model, concerning physical interconnect hardware and electrical interface between devices.
PICO – 1 X 10-12. Used as a prefix for capacitance (pF).
PICOFARAD – One trillionth of a farad. A common unit used in measuring mutual capacitance in cable.
PLENUM CABLE – Cable that can meet the UL 910 (Steiner Tunnel) test by using fire retardant insulation that inhibits fire propagation and toxic fumes. These cables can be used in horizontal runs in open air ceiling returns and will be clearly indicated with a “P” suffix (such as CMP) as certified by UL, ETL or other third party testing firms. It is typically coated with Teflon.
POLL – In LAN applications, it is a query to a node looking for information to be transferred on the network.
POLYVINYL CHLORIDE – PVC. A common insulation material sheathing many types of paired and axial cable. Emits very toxic gases when burned so it may not be used in free-air plenums or risers in premises applications. (see also PLENUM CABLE)
POTS – Plain Old Telephone Service. Slang term to describe unknown, older, generic telephone wire.
POWER SUM – Pair-to-Pair measurements are used to measure one pair against another. Power Sum measurements select a pair and then measures the disturbing pairs within the same sheath. This can be used in a 4-Pair or other high pair count (25, 50, 100 and up) to determine the effects of all the cables (of course testers only test 4-Pair at a time). Power Sum ACR, ELFEXT (equal level FEXT), and bi-directional NEXT measurements are made with the PRO-XL. In general, this results in an approximately 3 dB loss limit when compared to pair-to-pair test values.
PREMISES DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM – A multifunction wiring system designed by AT&T for integration of voice, data, video and graphics. It includes cables, adapters, electronic modules, wall jacks and protective covers. It is scaleable from a single floor to a campus environment.
PRIMARY RATE INTERFACE – PRI. An ISDN service consisting of either
23 B-channels + 1 D-channel (1.544 Mbps) or 30 B-channel + 1 D-channel (2.048 Mbps). (see B-CHANNEL and D-CHANNEL)
PROPAGATION RATE – The speed at which electricity travels in a transmission medium. Expressed as a percentage of the speed of light which is represented as a lowercase “c”. (see also CABLE
LENGTH TESTING Section)
PROTCOL – A set of rules governing all aspects of communicated data.
PROTOCOL ANALYZER – A device capable of capturing, monitoring, decoding and analyzing various communications protocols. A high level troubleshooting and analysis tool.
PUNCH-DOWN BLOCK – A device used to terminate and cross-connect premises wiring. (see also CONNECTING BLOCK)
PVC – Abbreviation for PolyVinyl Chloride.
RACEWAY – A metal or plastic trough used to guide and carry installed cabling.
RECEIVER – Any device which receives communications. The opposite of a transmitter.
RESISTANCE – The blockage or obstruction of current flow. A property of all conductors, it is measured in ohms.
RETURN LOSS – A measure of impedance mismatch indicated by a return echo signal reflection. It is often referred to as “RL” and it measures the ratio between the transmitted signal strength and the signal reflected back to the transmitting end. Like attenuation, excessive return loss indicates reduced signal strength at the receiver end and it can indicate a mismatched impedance at some point along the cable link. Return Loss is reported as a dB value for each pair, from each end. A value of 20 dB or higher for UTP is very good and a value below 10 dB causes a large reflection of signal back to the source and is not good. The Wavetek LT8155/8600 will provide this measurement.
RISER – The path between floors of a building carrying cables which interconnect the floors.
ROUTER – A device used to connect LAN’s utilizing the same communications protocol. It directs traffic within networks and offers security by restricting access to those that don’t belong. Routers require intensive programming instructions and are used mostly for WAN (wide area network) interface to outside services.
RS-232-C – A standard developed by the EIA defining signal levels and pin assignments for serial data communications. Misused and modified, it no longer represents a standard, but a general guideline to follow when interfacing DTE ad DCE.
SAA – Systems Application Architecture. Specifications designed by IBM to insure compatibility at the application (highest) level between all newly developed software packages.
SAG – The downward curvature of a wire or cable due to its weight. The TIA/EIA 569 Pathways and Spaces Standard requires Category 5 cable to be supported at 48″ to 60″ intervals and the sag cannot exceed 12″ between supports.
SCSI – Small Computer Systems Interface. A high speed semi-intelligent peripheral interface for microcomputers.
SDLC – Synchronous Data Link Control. A bit oriented synchronous communications protocol developed by IBM for use within SNA.
SEGMENT – A cable run. Its maximum length is determined by the topology. A 10BASE2 segment may be up to 605 feet long. A 10BASET segment may be up to 328 feet long.
SERIAL TRANSMISSION – The sending of multiple data bits down a single line in a stream.
SERVER – A network device which provides a service to other network devices. Services include file, printer, communications or gateway.
SESSION LAYER – The fifth layer of the OSI model dealing with network processing, linking and unlinking users from their chosen service.
SHARED LOGIC – The simultaneous use of resources in a computer by several users.
SHEATH – The outermost covering of a cable, usually an insulating material applied to protect the cable from environmental effects.
SHIELD – A conductive material installed between the insulated center conductor(s) and the sheath. Designed to provide increased immunity to interference caused by outside electrical noise. Usually constructed of metal foil or braided, stranded wire.
SHIELDED PAIR – A pair of wires, twisted together and covered with a conductive material to provide any potentially induced noise a quick path to ground.
SHORT CIRCUIT – A condition that exists when two conductors are connected ahead of where they normally should be in a circuit. This causes reduced resistance and sometimes the undesirable side effects.
SIGNAL GROUND – A common point of reference for all other signals in a communications interface.
SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO – (SNR) The ratio of received signal to existing system noise. In LAN applications it is the attenuation to NEXT ratio. Both are expressed in decibels.
SILVER SATIN – Flat, untwisted cable used typically as a telephone extension cord. It should never be used in a Local Area Network.
SIMPLEX – Transmission in one direction only.
SNA – Systems Network Architecture. Developed by IBM as a path to interconnect all of its computer products. Very common and very successful.
SNMP – Simple Network Management Protocol. A popular network management protocol being incorporated into many intelligent hubs and concentrators. Originally designed for TCP/IP, it now functions independently and with most topologies and NOS’s.
SONET – Synchronous Optical NETwork.
SPACE – Another name for a binary “0” in data communications.
SPLIT PAIR – A situation that occurs when a twisted pair is misconnected so that it becomes ½ of two separate pairs. The noise immunity of the twists is lost and an impedance mismatch is created. This wiring error will not show up as an error on wiremap, but will be indicated by very high NEXT.
STAR TOPOLOGY – A physical layout in which each device is wired back to a central point. (see also TOPOLOGIES Section)
START BIT – In asynchronous communications, each character is delimited by a start bit and a stop bit to indicate to the receiver the character’s location.
START/STOP TRANSMISSION – Another term for Asynchronous Communication.
STOP BIT – The trailing bit in an asynchronous character sequence.
STP – Shielded Twisted Pair. Cable constructed of pairs of insulated wire twisted around each other surrounded by shielding material made of foil or braid or both. The entire group of wires may have a common shield or each pair may be shielded individually with another shield around the entire group just under the sheath.
STRANDED CONDUCTOR – A wire or cable constructed of several small strands of conductor instead of one larger solid piece. This configuration provides for more flexibility in certain applications. Patch cords are made out of stranded conductors and the NEXT values are degraded up to 20% to allow for them in a link.
SWITCH – Multi-port device used to connect a quasi-exclusive 10/100/1000 Mbps connection between any two end systems using the source and destination addresses of the packet via the internal bus. Switches work at the MAC (Media Access Control) Layer and above and use either “store and forward” or “cut-through” technology. Switches are “plug-and-play ” devices that can be used to segment a network when it starts to slow down. Each port can function at the rated speed of the switch and some are auto-sensing for 10/100 Mbps. Ethernet switches are offered as standalone systems or as modules for existing hubs.
SYNCHRONOUS TRANSMISSION – Transmission between devices with a common clock. Data can be sent at a much higher speed because there is no need to frame each character.
T CONNECTION – A connector fanning three directions and looking like a “T”. Commonly used is a BNC T connector for 10BASE2 applications.
TAP – An electrical connection to a bus to enable access. A tap may be invasive (requiring a cable splice), or non-invasive (a “vampire” tap).
TCP/IP – Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. A suite of protocols designed by the Department of Defense to enable communications between dissimilar computer systems. Now widely used by the commercial and academic sectors.
TDR – Time Domain Reflectometer. A piece of test equipment used to measure metallic cable length and impedance. (see also CABLE LENGTH TESTING and IMPEDANCE TESTING Sections)
TERMINAL SERVER – A device that allows connection of several terminals and multiplexes them onto a LAN cable.
TERMINATE – To connect a wire or wires to a device or a matching impedance connection.
THICKNET – Another term for IEEE 802.3 10BASE-5 systems.
THIN ETHERNET – Normally describes a 10BASE-2 system. Also called Cheapernet. (see also
TOPOLOGIES Section for specifications)
TIA – Telecommunications Industry Associates.
TOKEN – A unique combination of bits that passes from station to station in a token passing network. When a station has the token, it may communicate with the network.
TOKEN BUS – A bus topology which uses token passing as its contention method.
TOKEN PASSING – Moving a special combination of bits from station to station in a ring or bus when there is no traffic. When a workstation has the token, it may then use the network channel for communications.
TOKEN RING – A logical ring topology which passes a token in one direction around the ring. A given device must possess the token to communicate with any other device. If it does not gain control of the token as it passes, it must wait until the token goes around the ring.
TOPOLOGY – The geometric form describing a network’s logical and physical layout.
TRAFFIC – A measure of the activity on a network at a given time. Network analyzers can monitor traffic and when Ethernet segments start to exceed 30% to 40% utilization, they run much slower and need to be segmented with switches.
TRANSCEIVER – A device which can transmit and receive information, typically to a workstation from a network connection.
TRANSPORT LAYER – Level 4 of the OSI model, this layer deals with end-to-end control of the transmitted information and provides results to the session layer.
TSB – 67 – Technical Service Bulletin released by TIA/EIA 568-A. It is entitled “Transmission Performance Specifications for Field Testing of Unshielded Twisted-Pair Cabling Systems.” TSB-67 specifies the electrical characteristics of field testers, test methods and minimum transmission requirements for UTP cabling. It describes the different categories of cable, four basic test requirements: wiremap, length, attenuation, and bi-directional crosstalk. In addition, tester accuracy limits are specified with Level II being the most accurate.
TSB – 95 – Technical Service Bulletin coming from TIA (draft 8A, June 22, 1998) “Additional Transmission Performance Specifications for 100 ohm 4-Pair Category 5 Cabling”. This TSB will govern the pass/fail requirements for Gigabit Ethernet over installed Category 5. It is expected to be released in late 1998 and defines additional parameters — return loss, ELFEXT, delay and delay skew — for installed Category 5 cabling. It is expected that every cable link will need to be tested to TSB-67 and TSB 95 to guarantee that it will support Gigabit Ethernet. TSB-95 also specifies Level II-E field tester requirements to measure these new parameters. Field re-certification using a Level II-E instrument will insure proper operation of 1000 BASE-T.
TWINAXIAL CABLE – Cable constructed of two insulated center conductors surrounded by a braided shield. Widely used in midrange IBM systems (AS 400’s).
TWISTED PAIR – Two insulated wires twisted around each other at regular intervals. May be shielded or unshielded. The number of twists per foot directly relates to the relative noise immunity of the pair.
UART – Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter. A common integrated circuit used in many personal computer serial data ports.
UL – Underwriter’s Laboratories. A testing body formed primarily to certify fire safety of electrical equipment dealing with voltages greater than 48 VAC or DC. UL has the most recently assumed the responsibility for certification of data grade unshielded twisted pair media for conformance to EIA/TIA and NEMA specifications. The cable categories III through V from the EIA/TIA TSB 36 document serve as the basis for UL cable LEVELS 2 through 5. Cable certified by the UL to meet these standards will bear a marking indicating such.
UNIVERSAL SERVICE ORDERING CODE – USOC. A wiring standard for telephone service to an individual phone. In a modular plug, the two center conductors are the primary pair, and supplementary pairs radiate out concentrically. For example, in an RJ-45 (eight pin) plug, pins 4,5 are the primary pair with pins 3,6 – 2,7 – 1,8 forming the supplementary pairs. Note that this is not compatible with TIA/EIA 568-A’s recommendation of T-568A or T-568B.
USART – Universal Synchronous/Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter.
UTP – Unshielded Twisted Pair. Cable constructed of typically multiple twisted pairs of wires, unshielded in a PVC or plenum rated sheath.
uV – Microvolt. One millionth of a volt.
µm – A “micro-meter” equals one millionth of a meter. 70 um is the approximate width of a human hair and the most common multi-mode fiber uses 62.5/125 µm core/cladding.
VAMPIRE TAP – A tap system for 10BASE5 systems which does not require cutting and splicing the cable. This system uses a sharp pin which pierces the insulator and contacts the center conductor of the thick 10BASE5 cable.
VOICE GRADE – A designation for a facility capable of carrying signals with a frequency range of 200 – 4000 Hertz.
VOLTAGE – The potential difference in energy between two points.
VTAM – Virtual Telecommunications Access Method. A software suite designed by IBM for their 370 line to manage remote communications for the host and users.
WAN – Wide Area Network. A network typically spanning a continent or the globe and connected by routers.
WATS – Wide Area Telecommunications Service.
WIRING CLOSET – Typically called a telecommunications closet (TC). It is a central point for horizontal floor wiring to connect to vertical riser cable or to backbones running to an IC or MC.
WIREMAP – A test performed in the suite of TSB-67 requirements that determines the pinout configuration of the wiring pairs. This is the first test a Category 5 tester runs and it looks for opens, shorts, reversals, split pairs and any other miswires. TIA/EIA 568-A specifies that all four pairs be terminated for Category 5 UTP. Each respective protocol has different pinouts as shown by the WIREMAP test results. Ethernet uses pins 1,2 and 3,6 and Token Ring uses 3,6 and 4,5. (see LINEMAP)
WORD – A collection of related data bits whose length is dependent upon the bus width of the computer doing the processing. For example, an 8-bit computer would use an 8-bit word, a 32-bit computer would use 4X8 bits or a 32 bit word.
X-ON/X-OFF – A basic form of information flow control for data communications, the receiving device would issue an X-OFF to the transmitter while it emptied its buffer to disk or performed another operation. When the receiver was ready for more data, it would then issue an X-ON.
XC – Abbreviation for cross-connect.


FiberFAST ™ Internet is coming to Wahpeton and Breckenridge in 2021!
Services Available with Fiber
FiberFAST Internet Pricing and Speeds
100Mbps Download/100Mbps Upload
Perfect for those who just need the internet to check email and general browse websites.
500Mbps Download/500Mbps Upload
1000Mbps Download/1000Mbps Upload
Most recommended For streaming
This is the perfect speed for those families who are always connected!
Prices are for residential internet service in non-cooperative areas served by fiber.
What You Can Expect in your fiberhood
Areas highlighted in pink will have access to fiber in 2021. As the year progresses, we will release maps showing when other parts of the Twin Towns can expect to get fiber.
How will this affect existing 702 Communications customers in Wahpeton and Breckenridge?
You will not see any disruption in your service. Existing customers in the fiber built out areas will have the opportunity to have their homes connected to fiber service. Other locations may be eligible to receive upgraded service until fiber is available.
What will fiber mean for me?
Fiber often beats what is available in many large cities, enabling residents unparalleled ability to work, learn, and play online at speeds exceeding many gigabits per second.
In Progress – April 2021
Engineering for the project is completed. Residents are given the option to sign up for service.
Beginning June 2021
Fiber will be installed throughout town. Service drops will be extended to those who signed up.
Beginning August 2021
Technicians get homes ready for fiber. Those signed up will have an appointment scheduled for prewiring.
Beginning – Fall 2021
An installation technician will visit your home to finish connecting you to fiber.
Service will be ready to use!
Why Red River Communications?
We have been a part of the communities we serve since 1951. From the first phone lines that were installed in Kent to the high speed fiber upgrades in Hankinson and Lidgerwood, we have continued to push our communities to the technological forefront.
We are local. It means that our dollars stay local and that our profits stay in the communities that we serve.
Contact Us Today
Questions? Ready to get connected? Drop us a note below and we’ll get back to you!


Executive Vice-President, Secure Communications and Information Systems
Marc Darmon holds degrees from Ecole Polytechnique and Telecom ParisTech. He began his career in 1988 with Alcatel and worked as a research engineer, engineering project manager and product line manager before being appointed to head the company’s Networks department. In 1998 he joined the Thales Group as Director of the Infrastructure Networks Department of Thales Communications. In 2000, he was appointed Managing Director of the Networks business unit of Thales Communications.
In 2002, he became Vice President, Strategy & Advanced Systems at Thales Communications, From 2004 to 2006, he headed the Joint Systems business, combining Thales’s communication networks and broadcasting systems activities with its command systems, intelligence and security systems operations. From 2006 to 2008, Marc Darmon was Managing Director of Thales Communications. In 2009, he was appointed Thales Senior Vice President, Naval Division and in 2010, he became Thales Senior Vice President, Audit & Internal Control. In September 2012, Marc Darmon was appointed Senior Vice President, Defence and Security C4I Systems, becoming a member of the Executive Committee of Thales in this capacity. Since 2013, he is Executive Vice President and member of the Executive Committee of Thales, in charge of Secure Communications and Information Systems.
Marc Darmon was elected in September 2014 President of the Conseil des Industries de la Confiance et de la Sécurité (CICS).


I’ve had this over a year now and use it alot. Not a single sign of wear or malfunction. NOT a paid promotion. This was bought with my own money, but thought I’d share my experiences with you.
43800mAh super large capacity. Four high-conversion solar panels can continuously charge the device in the sun. The solar charging power is 16W and the input current is 1.68A. The conversion rate of solar charging can reach 118% of the charging speed of a 1A plug.As long as there is sunshine It can charging,Let you get rid of the anxiety about battery electricity anytime, anywhere.
Built-in USB-A input cable, Type-C and light inig output cable, equipped with 15W Qi wireless fast charging. There is no need to bring an additional charging cable at all, making it more convenient to use. In addition, it is equipped with a USB output port and Type-C output/input port. You can charge up to five devices at the same time. Power bank supports QC3.0 and 2.0 protocols fast charging,supports input fast charging. It can greatly shortening your charging time.
A bright flashlight with a brightness of 680 lumens and a range of 200M can send out an SOS distress signal. The mobile power bank has a waterproof rating of up to ip67, and is drop and dust resistant. Can still work normally in extreme environments..It is a great choice for outdoor activities or daily use.
Get yours HERE: https://amzn.to/3LKErQK


Worker Safety Management System Notice Master
By interlocking with safety sensors and measurement equipment, the danger signal of safety sensors and the alarm output of measurement equipment are transmitted wirelessly, and alarms are sent directly to the wristwatch-type receiver worn by operators and workers, or to the helmet-type receiver. It is a system that can communicate.
The wristwatch type receiver can be linked with various sensors such as "sound", "vibration", and "text" to notify the alarm, and the helmet type receiver can notify the alarm by "vibration" and "sound". Therefore, it is possible to use it according to the needs of the site and improve the safety of workers.


Tenda F9 600M 600Mbps Whole-Home Coverage Wi-Fi Router
F9 / Router / 600M Whole-Home Coverage Wi-Fi Router
Tenda F9 600Mbps High Speed and whole-home coverage Wi-Fi router,Compared to 450Mbps and 300Mbps products, it’s transmission is more efficient and smooth,It support Smartphone APP remote management, you can manage your device at anytime and anywhere. 4*6dBi High-gain omnidirectional antennas, incredible Wi-Fi coverage and reliability
600Mbps High Speed whole-home coverage Wi-Fi router
Compared to 450Mbps and 300Mbps products,it’s transmission is more efficient and smooth.Support more devices connection at the same time
Support more devices connection at the same time
4*6dBi High-Gain Omnidirectional Antennas, Incredible Wi-Fi Coverage and Reliability.
high-gain omnidirectional antenna x 4
Better performance than 5 dBi antennas
Beamforming+ Enhances the Wi-Fi Range and Stability
Router with Beamforming+Locks on to your Wi-Fi receiving devices Stable and strong
Router without Beamforming+simply blast Wi-Fi in all directions. Unstable and weak.
Easy Setup, Easy Life
When you forget the broadband account and password, you can use the Broadband Account & Password Migration Function to copy the old router’s broadband account and password directly to the F9
Tenda F9 Support Smartphone APP Remote Management, You Can Manage Your Device at Anytime and Anywhere.
◎ You will be reminded when unidentified devices connect to the network.
◎ You can add unknown user to blacklist through the phone APP with one touch.
Brand – Tenda, Model – Tenda F9 600M, Router Type – Wireless & Ethernet, WiFi Network Standards – IEEE802.11b,g,n, LAN Network Standard – 10/100/1000, WAN Newtork Standard – 10/100/1000, Data Transfer Rates (WiFi) – 600 Mbps, Interface – 1 x 10/100/100Mbps WAN port, 3 x 10/100/100Mbps LAN ports, Data Transfer Rate (Lan) – 1000 Mbps, Number of WAN Port – 1, Number of LAN Port – 3, USB Interface – No, USB Interface Application – No, Antena (Type & Qty) – 4 x 6dBi external non-detachable, Operating Frequency – 2.4 GHz, Security Protocols – WPA-PSK/WPA2-PSK, WPA, WPA2, Band – Single, RAM – 16 MB, Storage – 2 MB, OS – Windows 2000, IE 5.0 or Firefox1.0 or higher, WiFi Coverage (Approximate) – Up to 2000 sq. ft., 3G/4G – No, Mesh Technology – No, MIMO Technology – No, VPN Support – No, Built in Antivirus – No, Print Compatible – No, Button – WPS/Reset, WIFI, Dimension( Wx Dx H mm) – 171.3 x 171.3 x 36.4 mm, Speciality – 600Mbps Whole-Home Coverage Wi-Fi Router, its transmission is more efficient and smooth, It support Smartphone APP remote management, can manage device at anytime and anywhere, 4x6dBi High-gain omni directional antennas, incredible Wi-Fi coverage and reliability, Others – Button: 1 x WPS/RST,1 x WIFI, Indicator: SYS, WiFi, 1, 2, 3, WAN, WPS, Chipset: Realtek, Flash: 2MB, Memory: 16MB, Frequency: 2.4-2.4835GHz, Working Mode: Router, WISP, Universal Reader, AP, DHCP Server: Support, Dimension: 171.3 x 171.3 x 36.4mm, Warranty – 1 year, Part/Model Number – F9


Write assembly instructions to clear Bit 5 of variable bar without changing other bits.
Write a C program for the 68HCS12 microcontroller to send the pattern 0x55 to byte-sized Memory Location OUT1 and then call a delay function. The delay function should generate a delay of two milliseconds. Then, send the pattern 0xAA to byte-sized memory location OUT2 and call the delay function one more time. Repeat this operation 10 times, using a for loop. Assume that the bus clock frequency is 24MHz. Write the delay using inline assembly language.


Anaeko’s customers include some of the most innovative Managed Service Providers and a string of leading-edge software companies. Managed Service Providers Eircom NI Anaeko delivered a Service Level Agreement (SLA) Reporting solution to Eircom NI to improve and optimise…
Anaeko’s customers include some of the most innovative Managed Service Providers and a string of leading-edge software companies.
Managed Service Providers
Anaeko delivered a Service Level Agreement (SLA) Reporting solution to Eircom NI to improve and optimise reporting on Network NI service the company provides to the Northern Irish Civil Service. The solution was built on Anaeko’s A-DAS product which provides real-time access to key incident management , service performance and service rollout information.
Anaeko provided BT with architectural design services on the “Right First Time” project – optimising customer support through efficient device diagnostics. Our architects defined a pro-active service monitoring solution built on federated services.
Anaeko provides support and maintenance for Orange Austria’s third party partner management. Anaeko’s in-depth Telecoms expertise ensures that the system continues to operate efficiently 24-7.
Anaeko provided expert technical systems analysis to the Irish mobile operator on Meteor’s IN replacement programme and introduction of a new billing system. Our consultants helped plan and manage service rollout and verification.
Independent Software Vendors
Aepona is a major telecoms software vendor specialising in Network-as-a-Service. Anaeko provides outsourced product development on Aepona’s Universal Services Platform and helps deliver customisations to Aepona’s customers
Kana is a world leader in multi-channel customer service solutions for both commercial and government sectors. Anaeko delivers a range of outsourced product development and solution delivery services to KANA around Lagan’s Enterprise Case Management product, the Open311 standard for location-based issue tracking and the Lagan Mobile application.
ChangingWorlds ( now Amdocs Interactive )
ChangingWorlds is an Amdocs company specialising in personalisation of mobile portals. Anaeko provided software development on the ChangingWorlds smart portal product suite.
mFormations provides a suite of mobile device management products. Anaeko provided on-site software development services to the company.
Accuris is a telecoms software vendor specialising in roaming products. We worked with the company on a range of product customisations demonstrating our deep understanding of SS7 network technology.
Mobile Advertising Alliance
The Mobile Advertising Alliance (MAA) is a collaboration of software vendors marketing a multi-channel advertising platform to mobile and fixed line operators. Anaeko architected and integrated the MAA platform, deploying the Anaeko Data Agility Server (A-DAS) as the real-time profile and context server.
The SDP Alliance is an international consortium of companies that work together to deliver best in class service delivery platforms to international telecoms operators. Anaeko architected and integrated the SDP Alliance platform – deploying the Anaeko Data Agility Server technology as common subscriber profile.


AIA Course #: HAW 591, LU
IDCEC Course #: CC-106845, HSW
Subject Code: 5. Technical Knowledge / 1. Acoustics
Speech privacy is among the greatest concern for people working in open office environments. However, organizations continue to strive to create workspaces that enable both collaborative work and focus work. This course will review the principles of acoustics as a science, how to use key design tools for office interiors, and will describe the key factors which define the user experience of speech privacy.
• Learners will be able to identify the primary factors which govern speech privacy between closed rooms.
• Learners will be able to name the three design tools which can be used to ensure speech privacy.
• Learners will be able to describe Confidential Speech Privacy in subjective terms and objective terms.
• Learners will be able to identify the performance properties of the key construction elements required to ensure confidential privacy in private offices.
2. Acoustics 101 – The Basics
3. Speech Privacy – What Is It?
4. Case Studies
5. Design Tips
6. Questions & Discussion/p>