The slip-ring through the hole fully satisfies the 360 degree unlimited rotation, and the power analog and digital signals are transmitted separately or mixed; Through hole slip ring adopts the third generation of advanced fiber brush technology, maintenance-free, no need to add lubricating oil; Each way multi-point contact, low noise and low contact wear, long service life; Standardized modular design, complete product specifications, and customers can customize the required products
There are many options, such as current, voltage, speed, operating temperature, number of ways, shell material, color, size, special wire, wire outlet direction, wire length, protection grade, terminal type, etc
Typical applications of through hole conductive slip ring: industrial machine processing center, rotary table, heavy equipment tower, cable drum, test equipment, packaging machinery, stacker, magnetic clutch, process control equipment, rotary sensor, emergency lighting equipment, robot, exhibition/display equipment, medical equipment, etc.
Custom slip-ring should be customized according to the requirements of customers. It is usually a product with complex structure and high technical content, which is mostly used in military equipment and large mechanical equipment. Our company has strong research and development strength, first-class production equipment and high precision processing technology, and many domestic research institutes have a long-term and extensive cooperation,
If necessary, please contact us, we will design perfect solution for customers.
Typical applications of customized conductive slip rings: industrial machine processing center, rotary table, heavy equipment tower, cable reel, test equipment, packaging equipment, stacker, magnetic clutch, process control equipment, rotating sensor, emergency lighting equipment, robot, exhibition/display equipment, medical equipment, etc.


The Paper - Page 10 - Getting Cell IDs
The Workflow of C++ Game-Development on a Series 60 Platform device
Andreas Jakl, Revision 1.0, July 2004
4.2 Location service: getting cell-ids
Retrieving the network information and, as part of it, the cell-id only works when the etelbgsm.h file is available (see chapter 3.2.2). You need to link your application to gsmbas.lib and etel.lib (defined in the .mmp file).
4.2.1 Telephony server
For preparation, several steps are required. First, a connection to the telephony server has to be opened (a short overview about the server-client model can be found in chapter 2.4.2). The code should also include proper error handling as opening a connection may fail. These parts have been omitted in this paper, they can be found in the full source code of The Journey .
// Load the profile of the phone
iTelServer.LoadPhoneModule( KTsyName );
// Get the phone name
iTelServer.GetPhoneInfo( 0, phoneInfo );
// Open the phone by name
iPhone.Open( iTelServer, phoneInfo.iName );
After the connection has been established, the LoadPhoneModule() function has to be executed. The TSY file that is loaded is an extension module to the telephony server that handles the interaction between this server and a particular telephony device or family of devices .
Next, we fetch phone information, which also contains the name. On the emulator it is called Calypso , the codename of the Nokia 7650 .
Finally the additional header file is needed for the first time. iPhone of class type RBasicGsmPhone is being opened, with the telephony server and the name of the phone as arguments.
4.2.2 Getting the cell-id
If all calls succeed without returning any error code, the network info can be retrieved using one simple function:
iPhone.GetCurrentNetworkInfo( ni );
If the call succeeded without returning an error code (again, error handling has been omitted in the printed source code), ni will be filled with some interesting information:
Every GSM mast sends out its own cell-id. The number stored in this unsigned integer variable is therefore the code of the nearest mast.
Mobile Country Code. The code defining the country in which a mobile subscriber resides .
Mobile Network Code. The MCC and MNC together are a unique identification number of the network the phone is logged into.
A location area normally consists of several base stations. It defines an area where the mobile can move without notifying the network about its exact position .
Available in a short and a long version, this is name of the network the phone is currently logged into. It is the same network name that is displayed on the idle screen of most mobile phones.
The emulator will always return cell-id 0. To test the application in the emulator, you can set a breakpoint after you fetch the ID and then change the content of the variable where you store it through the IDE.
For The Journey, only movement is important (Fig. 4.1), not full location tracking. To achieve this, the area id of the network should maybe be taken into account as well.
Figure 4.1: A screenshot of the game waiting for the user to move to another location.
4.2.3 Closing connections
When you do not need to gather information anymore, or when your application is closed, you have to close the connection to the servers. This is done by the following piece of code:
iTelServer.UnloadPhoneModule( KTsyName );


Item name: 10.0 roll side USB connector
Rating: DC 30V 0.2A
Insulation resistance: ≥1000mΩ min. 500V DC
Dielectric strength: 250V AC for 1 min
Contact resistance: ≤50mΩ
Insertion force: ≤35N
Extraction force: ≥10N
-Mainly used in high end industries,such as digital camera interface products,computer accessories,electronic toys,mobile phone charging interface and other products need to charge.


Defense of a Ph.D. Dissertation- Md Badruddoja Majumder
Dr. Garrett Rose
"Secure Embedded Computer Design using Emerging Technologies"
Security is one of the major design criteria for modern computing system. Computing systems are becoming more compact and connected day by day. Due to the large scale connectivity, various security threats are causing failure to confidentiality, integrity, availability and many other basic security criteria. On the other hand, the compact devices used in the embedded computing systems can hardly afford resource hungry security techniques. As improvements in conventional technologies have almost come to a saturation, many emerging technologies are drawing researcher's attention in this regard. This work proposes design techniques using emerging technologies in order to find more comprehensive security solutions for embedded computing system. Two major part of conventional Von-Neuman or Harvard architectures are memory and processing unit which requires individual attention for security against various threats. Chaotic oscillator based logic and RRAM based memory design are explored in this work in order to mitigate different existing security vulnerabilities with significantly lower overhead. Proposed design techniques are applied in a RISC-V microarchitecture to ensure memory integrity and enhance the security against unauthorized code execution and power analysis assisted instruction reverse-engineering. Security of the proposed design techniques are found to be at the desired level while consuming a very low overhead as compared to existing mitigation techniques against the same set of vulnerabilities.
Thursday, October 24, 2019 at 2:00pm
Min H. Kao Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 235
1520 Middle Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996


The base unit can enable multiple users to share the same Internet connection as long as each user has a wireless-LAN-capable device. Home > The Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) represents manufacturers and suppliers of global communications networks through standards development, policy and advocacy, business opportunities, market intelligence, and events and networking. VLANs are configured in software and are not limited by physical location or to specific switch ports. Chapter 7, "Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)," discusses STP in more detail. TheInternational Telecommunication Union (ITU) is made up of telecommunication policy makers and regulators, network operators, equipment manufacturers, hardware and software developers, regional standards-making organizations, and financing institutions. CSMA/CD is a standard enabling Ethernet hosts to detect a collision. The benefit here is straightforward: no wires to get tangled or cables to be hidden. The ITU is a body of the United Nations that includes members from around the world. The Internet Society, ITU-T, and ETSI are all making key contributions to the standardization of SDN and NFV. Facilitate the portability of equipment within different regions and applications, with the intent of increasing market size, resulting in reduced costs for all. Significant ETSI standardisation bodies include TISPAN (for fixed networks and Internetmachine-to-machine communications). Local-Area Networking Introduction, OSI Model (As It Applies to LANs and the Interrelation Between Layers), Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detect (CSMA/CD), Benefits of a Layer 2 Switch in a Network, Benefits of a Layer 3 Router in a Network, Appendix A. WLANS allow users in a local area, such as a university campus or library, to form a network or gain access to the internet. SPECIAL OFFER Buy 2+ books or eBooks, save 55% through December 2. 100-Mbps Ethernet specification working at 10 times the speed of 10-Mbps Ethernet. Start by learning the basics of telecommunication networks, and gain an understanding of how the various standards bodies have shaped their evolution. The printer itself does not have to be wireless capable or wireless ready; the printer can be attached to a wireless base unit to enable wireless connectivity. With switched Ethernet, each sender and receiver pair has the full bandwidth available for use, as illustrated in Figure 2-5. The total LAN bandwidth for Ethernet is 10 megabits per second (Mbps?Ethernet) or 100 Mbps (Fast Ethernet). This specification describes the use of carrier sense multiple access collision detect (CSMA/CD) in handling the simultaneous demands for network access. This configuration demonstrates the same sharing concept of the previous example, but this time users are sharing a wireless printer. Using the spanning-tree algorithm, STP provides redundant paths through the LAN while preventing loops in the LAN that are created by multiple active paths between stations. The ITU was recognized as an agency of the United Nations, specializing in telecommunications. They have an open, formal process for membership, require their membership to share relevant patents on a fair, reasonable and nondiscriminatory basis. Standards dictate almost everything that surrounds us during the course of a day. Figure 2-6 illustrates a wireless LAN between a laptop and a base unit, with the base unit connected to the Internet, either in the home or the office. Ensure equipment interoperability, so that different vendors' products work with each other. Wireless LANs raise other issues?the most notable is the broadcast of your data into the open air. Hence it is logical that the lids for these cups will be the same, regardless of the manufacturer. The ITU-T, the telecommunications standardization sector, develops recommendations for wireline networks. These documents provide decision makers with "best business practices" relating to a host of issues ranging from development strategies and policies to network management. A complete list of applicable ACMA Standards (which may include both current and revoked Standards) can be found on the ACMA website at the Telecommunications standards page. International Standards Organization (ISO) makes standards for many different activities. experts prepare the technical specifications for telecommunication systems, networks, and services, including their operation, performance, and maintenance. ITU-R IEEE 802.3ae (10Gigabit Ethernet)? Often used in large LAN environments at the core layer. By adopting any of the variants, or options, the implementer is compliant with the standard, but there is no guarantee that the equipment will interoperate with the equipment of other vendors. Telecommunications Technology Fundamentals, The Electromagnetic Spectrum and Bandwidth, Telecommunications Essentials: The Complete Global Source for Communications Fundamentals, Data Networking and the Internet, and Next-Generation Networks, http://www.telecomessentials.com/learningcenter, LISP Network, The: Evolution to the Next-Generation of Data Networks, Storage Design and Implementation in vSphere 6: A Technology Deep Dive, 2nd Edition, Mobile Application Development & Programming. TIA enhances the business environment for broadband, mobile wireless, information technology, networks, cable, satellite and unified communications. The network services concerned for which the quality parameters and standards are described are mobile services (Voice, SMS, and Data), fixed services (voice) and data (internet access, email, web, VoIP, IPTV, Cable TV, AM and FM broadcasting) making use of telecommunication infrastructure Members' products and services empower communications in every industry and market, including healthcare, ed… The ITU recently released the specification for the fourth generation of mobile communications, 4G. From wireless networking standards like 802.11a and Gigabit Wi-Fi to wired networking standards like Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet, our networking standards dictionary offers a glossary of important terms you need to know. 5. To send a message, a host catches the token, attaches its data, and then lets it continue to travel around the network. Write the names of topologies. A VLAN is a network of computers that behaves as if the computers are connected to the same physical network segment, even though these computers might be physically located on different segments of a LAN. ANSI ensures each foot-long ruler is accurate in its dimensions, for instance, essentially using a ruler to measure a ruler. The IEEE 802.5 specification was modeled after the IBM Token Ring specification. Token Ring is not found in many LANs nowadays because of its slow speed as compared to Ethernet LANs. If a host has nothing to send, it passes the token to the next host down the line in the network. In a half-duplex Ethernet environment, collisions occur when two nodes begin sending traffic at the same time. The TIA is closely aligned with the Electronic Industries Association , an organization tracing its origin back to 1944. Standards Bodies - Groups that are a government accredited organization and immune to prosecution for collusion (as long as they obey their rules). There are also de facto standards, such as those put forth by network vendors, such as Cisco, and adopted over time by everyone else. International Networking Standards Organizations. Ethernet is a half-duplex shared-media LAN in which each station on the segment uses part of the total bandwidth. The rise of open standards not owned by any one company has been a great boon to customers of computer and networking products, as well as the manufacturers that sell to them. Figure 2-7 illustrates a wireless LAN that might also be found in a home or office. Diameter is a protocol that was introduced to support data in telecommunications networks. Standards bodies that make such recommendations have traditionally been active in Europe, North America, and Japan. In contrast, the Token Ring works by passing a token around the network, almost like a relay-race runner passing the baton to the next runner. IEEE 802.11 specifies an over-the-air interface between a wireless client and a base station, such as a wireless laptop and a wireless base unit or between two wireless clients, such as between two wireless laptops. 10-Mbps Ethernet specification developed by Xerox, served as the basis for the IEEE 802.3 standard. Overview of Formal Telecom Standards Organizations 1. A network can be configured or arranged in different ways. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE, pronounced "eye-triple-E") is a nonprofit, technical professional association in 150 countries. These groups also develop test specifications and methods, and independent test houses then perform the necessary conformance testing and certify products that meet the requirements. Answers to Chapter Review Questions. The Telecom Management and Operations Committee (TMOC) develops operations, administration, maintenance and provisioning standards, and other documentation related to Operations Support System (OSS) and Network Element (NE) functions and interfaces for communications networks - with an emphasis on standards development related to U.S.A. communication networks in coordination with … The physical layout or arrangement of connected devices in a network is called topology. Network Design & Architecture. Jennifer Ann Kurtz, in Hacking Wireless Access Points, 2017. Standards in the network world work the same way. The equipment room should be located near the service entrance One of the advantages of VLANs is that when a computer is physically moved to another location, it can stay on the same VLAN without any end-device or protocol reconfiguration. Switched Ethernet networks enable the creation of virtual LANs, or VLANs. STP is a link-management protocol that is part of the IEEE 802.1 standard for Media Access Control bridges and is used for Layer 2 redundancy. Often used in LAN environments. standards organization: A standards organization, sometimes referred to as a standards body, is an organization with authority to endorse official standards for given applications. Wireless LANs should not be implemented without some sort of encryption to protect your data from being stolen out of the air. These organizations are working toward converging networks on the same sets of requirements and functions. For example, ANSI regulates the T1 telecommunications standard, whereas the ITU regulates the E1 telecommunications standard in Europe. For example, no regulating authority is responsible for "to-go" coffee cup lids, but the sizes of cups used are static, meaning that a "to-go" coffee cup from one coffee shop doesn't usually differ from a "to-go" coffee cup from another shop. Many industry standards bodies play a significant role in the development of Diameter protocol, and while this list is not exhaustive, it provides information and links to some of the most notable organizations. All rights reserved. Telecommunications is a major industry sector for two main reasons: First, it generates vast amounts of revenue every year, and second, it touches every aspect of life and business. With Ethernet, any host on the network can send data at any time, as long as no one else is on the line. International telecommunications union – telecommunication standards sector (itu-t) The electronic industries association (EIA) Telcordia; What is network topology? Telecommunications and exchange between information technology systems — Requirements for local and metropolitan area networks — Part 3: Standard for Ethernet — Amendment 3: Media access control parameters for 50 Gb/s and physical layers and management parameters for 50 … Standards in the network world work the same way. These 802.3 standards are as follows: IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet)? American National Standards Institute (ANSI) serves as administrator and coordinator of the United States private-sector voluntary standardization system. More Networking Protocols and Standards: The second major standards body is the America National Standards Institute (ANSI), whose recommendations are followed throughout North America, as well as in some Asian countries. If a change occurs in the LAN, such as a network segment becoming unreachable, the spanning-tree algorithm reconfigures the tree topology and reestablishes the link by activating the standby path. These groups adapt the international base standards as functional standards, which contain a limited amount of agreed-upon allowable options. Telecommunications industry Association (TIA) is the formal organization responsible for the standards of the telecommunications equipment that connects to the US telecommunications network. Three specific groups within the ITU are relevant to telecommunications. Standardization within the industry is intended to perform three basic functions: Facilitate interconnection between different users. This makes VLANS flexible to use within a network. 10,000-Mbps/10-Gbps Ethernet specification that transfers data at 10 gigabits per second (10,000 Mbps). The third major body is the Telecommunications Technology Committee, which is followed in Japan. Telecommunications networks in every country in the world utilize formal telecommunications standards to physically interwork. Other bodies give suggestions and recommendations Two primary classifications End to end standard (cover network systems and facilities necessary to achieve complete linkage) Interface standards (enable end users to attach customer premises equipment to the network) Standards should be Transparent and non-biased Efficient, Interoperability, Easy to use, Common interface that enable … Ethernet and Fast Ethernet can operate in either half-duplex or full-duplex mode; half-duplex Ethernet shares the LAN media, whereas full-duplex mode has separate LAN media dedicated to the sending and receiving side of the network interface card (NIC). Networking standards (7 C, 77 P) T Telecommunications standards of Armenia (1 C) Television transmission standards (2 C, 34 P) Pages in category "Telecommunications standards" The following 70 pages are in this category, out of 70 total. In order to make room for the manyoften conflictinginterests, the international standards-making organizations concentrate on producing what are known as base standards. IBM originally developed the Token Ring network in the 1970s; however, IBM gave up on Token Ring in favor of Ethernet several years ago. ETSI - Producing globally applicable standards for ICT-enabled systems, applications & services deployed across all sectors of industry and society. STP allows for one active path at a time between any two network devices, preventing loops, but establishing the redundant links as a backup (in case the primary link fails). Use code BOOKSGIVING. The CCIR was formed in Washington, with the objective of concentrating on technical issues surrounding radio communications. experts focus their work on the preparation and development of recommendations, opinions, guidelines, handbooks, manuals and reports. The ITU-D sector works on standards for developing nations. The Technology and Network Development Division, under Objective 2/2 Telecommunication/ICT networks, including conformance and interoperability and bridging the standardization gap, provides applied research and transfer of technological know-how, which is an indispensable part of the task of The CCIF and the CCITT were combined and became known simply as the CCITT, now called the ITU-T. ANSI ensures that each inch on the ruler is in fact 1 inch, and that the foot-long ruler is in fact made up of 12 of these inches. A special frame, called the token, travels around the circle. There are also de facto standards, such as those put forth by network vendors, such as Cisco, and adopted over time by everyone else. American National Standards Institute (ANSI) US representative to ISO. For example, there is a standard for you to communicate across the Internet and a different standard for you to talk across the telephone network. ), Figure 2.21 The standards-making process. Often used in LAN environments. This section sets forth safety and health standards that apply to the work conditions, practices, means, methods, operations, installations and processes performed at telecommunications centers and at telecommunications field installations, which are located outdoors or in building spaces used for such field installations. Articles Their work also covers the tariff principles and accounting methods used to provide international service. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_technical_standard_organisations Several Ethernet standards are used in today's network environment. Network Standards Organizations. CCITT or ITU-T (Telecommunication Standardization Sector of the International Telecommunications): The CCITT, now known as the ITU-T (for Telecommunication Standardization Sector of the International Telecommunications Union), is the primary international body for fostering cooperative standards for telecommunications equipment and systems. The activities of the ITU cover all aspects of telecommunication: setting standards that facilitate seamless interworking of equipment and systems on a global basis; adopting operational procedures for the vast and growing array of wireless services; and designing programs to improve telecommunication infrastructure in the developing world. Hubs enable shared-media LANs, and switches enable dedicated-media LANs. When a host has possession of this token, it has the right to send data across the network, just as the relay runner can run only when in possession of the baton. There are regulated standards such as those published by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). TELECOMMUNICATIONS NETWORK STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES The minimum floor space requirements are five (5) feet by seven (7) feet. Chapter 9, "Switching Security," discusses VLANs in more detail. In recent years, the Internet Society (ISOC) has also become an increasingly important organization. Some standards, such as the television signal, are regulated by an administering body such as the National Television System Committee (NTSC) or the new High-Definition Television (HDTV) standard developed in part by the Advanced Television System Committee (ATSV), whereas other standards are nonregulated. draws up the technical characteristics of terrestrial and space-based wireless services and systems, and develops operational procedures. Chapter 3. ETSI inspired the creation of, and is a partner in 3GPP. The Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) represents the global ICT industry through standards development, advocacy, tradeshows, business opportunities, market intelligence and world-wide environmental regulatory analysis. The three sectors of the ITU are Radiocommunication (ITU-R), Telecommunication Standardization (ITU-T), and Telecommunication Development (ITU-D). IEEE 802.3u (Fast Ethernet)? IEEE 802.5 is a related specification and compatible with the Token Ring standard developed by IBM. A temporary network can be formed by a small number of users without the need of an access point; given that they do not need access to network resources.The two current technologies for wireless personal area networks are Infra Red (IR) and Bluetooth (IEEE 802.15). The IEEE produces 30 percent of the world's published literature in electrical engineering, computers, and control technology and has nearly 900 active standards with 700 under development. Telecommunications standards are important in that they provide a mechanism that allows interoperability—a common vocabulary, in effect—and thus enables competition among device manufactures and carriers. ... At CSR, the term "Telecommunications Standard Body" refers to formal authorized telecommunications standardization bodies. The ACMA may make technical standards under section 376 of the Telecommunications Act 1997, for specified items of telecommunications customer equipment and customer cabling. Made in Europe for global use. The standards are as follows: IEEE 802.1d?Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)? The benefit here is the same: no wires. The IEEE 802.11 standard refers to a family of specifications developed for wireless LAN technology. Some of the best-known IEEE standards are as follows: The IEEE 802.1 group defined internetworking standards, with IEEE 802.1d and IEEE 802.1q used in the local-area networking environment. > These base standards contain allowable variants or options, which are defined by the implementer. The Telecommunications Standards Landscape. The IEEE 802.3 standards define how the Ethernet standard is used in the networking environment. IEEE Draft Standard for Information technology--Telecommunications and information exchange between systems--Local and metropolitan area networks--Specific requirements Part 3: Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) Access Method and Physical Layer Specifications Amendment: Physical Layer and Management Parameters for Serial 40 Gb/s Ethernet Operation Over … The 1000 Mbps (Gigabit Ethernet) is not a shared-media LAN implementation because Gigabit Ethernet operates in full-duplex mode only. International standardization is well-established for many technologies in such diverse fields as information processing and communications, textiles, packaging, distribution of goods, energy production and utilization, shipbuilding, banking and financial services. ITU-R, the radio communications standardization sector, deals with the wireless arena. ANSI was founded in 1918 by five engineering societies and three governmental agencies, and is a private, nonprofit membership organization. This problem of interoperability and internetworking is addressed by regional and national standards bodies, often involving trade organizations and users groups. In order to facilitate the development of open standards, however, organizations are needed that will coordinate the creation and publishing of these documents. If the sending host detects a collision again when trying to send the same frame, the host waits an exponentially increasing amount of time after each transmission attempt before resending. Network Standards Organizations. These will allow the connectivity of perso… ANSI, like the ITU, regulates telecommunications standards; unlike the ITU, however, ANSI regulates standards in North America, whereas the ITU regulates standards in Europe. ITU-D Networking It also undertakes the important technical studies, which serve as a basis for the regulatory decisions made at radio communication conferences. > Some of these standards dictate the bandwidth and operation of the Ethernet LAN, such as Ethernet and Fast Ethernet, whereas other standards dictate how these Ethernet networks function, such as the STP. The following time line shows some of the important dates in the history of standards organizations: The ITU was established by 20 European states at the first International Telegraph Convention. IEEE 802.3z (Gigabit Ethernet)? The television signal of your TV follows a standard, as does the lid on your "to-go" coffee cup. AFNOR (France), CEN and CENLEC, CEPT, DIN (Germany), DTI (UK), ETSI, European Community (EU), ANSI (USA), EIA, FCC (USA), IEEE, NIST, SCC (Canadian). To establish path redundancy, STP creates a tree that spans all the switches in an extended network, forcing redundant paths into a standby, or blocked, state. Table 2.2 lists some of the key standards organizations throughout the world. (See Figures 2.20 and 2.21. These multiple paths, or loops, occur when there are alternative routes between hosts. This list may not reflect recent changes . Token Ring is a LAN in which all the hosts are arranged in a logical circle. ISOC has an agreement to work with the ITU to ensure that developments do not take place separately in evolving the PSTN versus the Internet. Token Ring refers to both IBM Token Ring and IEEE 802.5 network implementations. Networking standards exist to help ensure products of different vendors are able to work together in a network without risk of incompatibility. Copyright eTutorials.org 2008-2020. Buy 2+ books or eBooks, save 55% through December 2. The activities, policies, and strategic direction of the ITU are determined and shaped by the industry it serves. ITU-T Each of the three ITU sectors works through conferences and meetings at which members negotiate the agreements that serve as the basis for the operation of global telecommunication services. 1000-Mbps/1-Gbps Ethernet specification that transfers data at 1 gigabit per second (1000 Mbps). IEEE 802.1q?virtual LANs (VLANs)? Networking is an international phenomenon, and recommendations have to be made on how systems and networks should interoperate. There are regulated standards such as those published by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). 802 has over 750 active members and manages relationships between IEEE 802 and global/regional standards bodies such as ISO, ITU, ETSI, regulatory bodies and industry alliances. Without STP in place, both primary and redundant connections might be simultaneously live, resulting in an endless loop of traffic on the LAN. These nonregulated standards are known as de facto standards and become standardized over time by their use. Telecommunications Technical Standard (Requirements for Customer Equipment for connection to a metallic local loop interface of a Telecommunications Network – AS/CA S043) 2015 Telecommunications Technical Standard (Surge Protective Devices for Telecommunication Applications – AS/NZS 4117) 2015 The Telecommunication Standards collection contains technical data from US & European standards developing organizations (SDOs) that drive the delivery of voice and data transmissions across telephony and physical network systems. These network standards serve specific purposes, as defined by the standard itself. The IEEE is a leading authority in technical areas ranging from computer engineering, to biomedical technology, to telecommunications, to electric power, to aerospace and consumer electronics. Shop now. National Standards Bodies International Standards Organizations. If the different network standards in place today were in print, they would fill volumes upon volumes of text. As 802 Chairman he provides oversight for 75 active 802 standards and the 50+ concurrent 802 activities in wired and wireless communications networking. Collisions do not occur in full-duplex Ethernet environments. The CCITT (now the ITU-T) was established for the technical study of telephony problems. The CCIF and CCITT both became part of the ITU. The CCIF was established in Paris, for the study of long-distance telephony. 220.127.116.11 Equipment Room The equipment room is the centr al space used to house telecommunications equipment intended to service users throughout the building. ITU-T (Telecommunication Standardization Sector of the International Telecommunications Union): The ITU-T (for Telecommunication Standardization Sector of the International Telecommunications Union) is the primary international body for fostering cooperative standards for telecommunications equipment and systems. After detecting a collision, the host waits a random amount of time and then tries retransmitting the message. CCITT. Often used in metropolitan-area networks (MANs). 0–9. The ITU standards are followed throughout most of the world, including Africa, most of Asia-Pacific, Europe, Latin America, and the Middle East. For more learning resources, quizzes, and discussion forums on concepts related to this chapter, see http://www.telecomessentials.com/learningcenter.
Crested Pigeon Eggs, Organic Farms Sale California, How Many Consonants In Japanese, Eucalyptus Leaf Spot, What Does A Swordfish Symbolize, 7th Grade Vocabulary Workbook Pdf, How Play Supports The 4 Foundations Of Learning, Ode To Cody Jinks Lyrics, Qualities Of A Good Employee Candidate,


In December 2017, the Federal Communications Commission, led by former Verizon executive and Trump-appointee Ajit Pai, issued its order to reverse the Obama-era net neutrality rules enacted in 2015. The FCC claimed its reversal promoted internet freedom and free-market competition and would spur innovation and investment in new technologies. The reversal also treats Internet Service Providers (ISPs) as telecommunications services like radio, television, and phone companies, rather than as a public utility like water or electricity. The concern proffered by many net neutrality proponents is twofold: (1) a lack of net neutrality allows ISPs to control, limit, and even prohibit access to legal information at their sole discretion; and (2) a lack of net neutrality allows ISPs to prioritize certain content over others, granting faster access to well-funded sites or customers that could pay extra for premium speeds, and slowing or even terminating access to content hosted by smaller or independent sites.
Read the entire article at Texas Lawyer (subscription required).


We found that the organization for IP address 220.127.116.11 is CenturyLink in United States.
A more detailed IP address report for 18.104.22.168 is below.. More IP details of 22.214.171.124 are shown below along with a location of the address on a map.
|Host of this IP:||63-238-144-226.dia.static.qwest.net|
|User Rating:||Rated / 5|
Subnet mask is a concept that refers to the functioning of Internet Protocol addresses and is used as a network separation tool. Read more...
An email header reveals the physical location of the sender. When you want to know where an email came from, read this. Read more...
See what a domain name looks like, domain format, and popular extensions. Read more...


top of page
Setting up your Cigsor will take less than five minutes.
- 2.4 GHz WiFi only -
- Do not use "GUEST WiFi" (connection with fractures) -
- Use alkaline batteries only (LR6) -
If you have problems to connect your Cigsor with WiFi:
- Check the WiFi strength (minimum -75 dBm) in the place where you are using the Cigsor sensor -
see also WiFi connectivity problems
- Please reboot your router and try again -
- See also our FAQ's -
SETUP FOR ANDROID APP
SETUP FOR iOS APP
WiFi connectivity problems
Between thick walls, reinforced concrete or in buildings with several floors, there is always WiFi (WLAN) problems. There is often too less WiFi strength or no WiFi available. Even the latest wireless technology brings no success.
You still do not have to get along without WiFi!
With a set of at least two "powerline WiFi network adapters" you can bridge the thickest walls.
The principle is simple:
Plug an adapter into the socket next to the DSL router and connect it by cable to the router, the other ends up in the socket in the room you want to provide WiFi.
Buy a "starter set" of two adapters, they connect automatically after plugging into the socket.
Both sockets must be connected to the same electricity meter.
No overvoltage protection (lightning protection) may be inserted in the socket.
Best Powerline Network Adapters to Buy: search Google for "best powerline WiFi network adapters"
bottom of page


Telecom Public Relations
Amtrak Laying Tracks for Complete Communications Overhaul
Hybrid GPON fiber/copper networks help America’s passenger rail system achieve added efficiencies and profitability, ideal for a multitude of applications
Over the last few years Amtrak has been busy working on more than just the railroad.
In a move to transport America’s passenger rail system into the future of rail travel, the company is overhauling its communications infrastructure. This move will enable the automation of an array of operational capabilities that will increase efficiencies and profitability.
Starting a few years ago at Chicago Union Station and then in Baltimore and Washington DC, Amtrak equipped its new headquarters with a future-proof optical, advanced GPON (Gigabit Passive Optical Network) and Digital Electric systems. This gave their newly renovated facility a highly efficient, resilient and cost-effective network that provides a wide range of high bandwidth telecommunications capabilities at gigabit speeds.
In recent months, Amtrak has continued the overhaul of its communications systems by renovating the network infrastructure at several of its major terminals, signaling that they are ‘All aboard!’ with advanced GPON systems.
In addition, Amtrak has added benefits for its GPON networks by opting for a hybrid fiber and copper cable communications infrastructure. The hybrid cables include two copper conductors within the same jacket as the fiber optic strand, allowing a single cable to deliver high-bandwidth data and the power required for remote devices.
Using GPON, Amtrak has introduced a point-to-multipoint networking backbone, which has greatly increased proficiencies. Systems utilizing this unified network include station-based positive train control over WIFI, Passenger Information Displays (PIDS), IP Security Cameras, Access Control, Passenger and back-of-house WIFI and all other network nodes enabling access to an abundance of applications.
“GPON is offering enterprises of all types the opportunity to gain a solution that is engineered to meet the exact requirements of any application,” says Mike Long, LEED GA, and Sr. Network Consultant for Optical Cable Corporations (OCC). “At the same time, it isn’t over-engineered, so it can work at distances and with a wide variety of power supply options. Those attributes allow the customer to tailor the GPON solution to their exact needs now and into the distant future.”
OCC (www.occfiber.com) is the end-to-end fiber optics and communications systems provider selected to supply the cables for Amtrak’s overhaul.
Empowering network growth
The technology itself has been around for over twenty years, but has been deployed as an enterprise IT network for only the past few years. Due to the nature of the infrastructure, GPON works well on many verticals including hospitality and transportation. Many companies are selecting GPON because of its ability to connect with any terminal or IP and support applications such as streaming video content, VOIP, management of security systems, and many others. GPON provides high-bandwidth connectivity for potentially thousands of personnel throughout virtually any industry.
With GPON, a single fiber replaces the need for multiple fibers, reducing the overall structure of the system, while delivering very efficient output. It also provides the owners significant savings via the lowest operating expenses (OpEx) for large networks. As the network gets larger, the benefits of GPON grow significantly. GPON really excels when there is significant network size.
Another reason for the growing interest in GPON is that it can serve as a building block for evolving networks and applications for many years to come. This allows users great latitude and flexibility as demands for increased bandwidth grow with future planned, and unforeseeable projects.
For example, the array of GPON capabilities that Amtrak is rolling out at various stations and trackside locations represents a monumental upgrading of technologies. These advanced systems will provide a tremendous operational savings and huge benefits with regard to performance, explains Aaron Reale, Vice President of Puyenpa Services LLC, the firm chosen to design and integrate Amtrak’s GPON network.
Headquartered in Nevada, Puyenpa Services is a Small Business Administration certified Native American Tribal 8(a), HUBZone, and Small Disadvantaged Business (SDB) that focuses on delivering IT, infrastructure, management consulting, and general contracting solutions to industry and various agencies of the U.S. government.
Reale has designed and implemented solutions for Amtrak over several years, including providing the completely integrated GPON telecom solution for the company’s 85,000 sq. ft. headquarters in Washington DC. His involvement included the system architecture, product specification of network components that were sourced from OCC.
In fact, it was Reale who first saw a need for a hybrid cable solution at Amtrak. He approached OCC, whose engineering team had recently designed, but had yet to manufacture, its first hybrid cables in response to what it predicted would become a necessity for many end-users. OCC was able to adapt their original design slightly to fully meet the needs of Reale’s vision for Amtrak. OCC has since expanded on that design, creating an entire family of Slimline hybrid cables.
The use of hybrid copper/fiber cable has advanced considerably. Today, many of the hybrid-based networks are passive optical LAN (POL). The reasons for this emergence are highly significant for many enterprises: The technology supports LEED and other green initiatives; it takes up far less space, power and cooling needs than traditional copper-based LANs; it offers superior scalability; and results in less capital and operational costs.
Hybrid cable designs are based on the specific needs of the end user. Many companies are beginning to specify fiber-to-the-desk, and some are specifying multi-mode and single-mode hybrid cable to prepare for bandwidth-hungry applications that are not yet developed.
Designers and integrators like Reale who were early adopters of this technology recognized that applications are not limited to POL. “You’re not limited to any particular application. For example, many forms of access control are possible, even if it’s as simple as monitoring a gate that is located on a distant property,” he says.
There are many other areas where hybrid cables are getting a lot of attention where power and data are needed in a single cable. This is especially beneficial for remote powering of devices such as WiFi access points, door controls, and security cameras.
“One of the big pushes right now for hybrid cable is in healthcare and senior living facilities.” OCC’s Long explains. “Where, like Amtrak, you have a lot of assets to track, as well as access controls, such as door locks. All of these things are applications that hybrid copper/fiber cable is well suited to support.”
Long adds that many business, scientific, education or government organizations can reap major benefits from applications that are highly beneficial to their communications today, or may become valuable to them at some point in the future.


This 448-platform solution with frequencies from 698 MHz up to 3800 MHz received 20+1-ports and measures with 2m height and 448 mm width. This is ideal for urban areas, where the acquisition of new site space is difficult and deployments are time consuming. It has unveiled two new radios for its AIR (antenna-integrated radio) family, which are designed to make it quicker, easier and cheaper to deploy midband 5G at scale. in engineering physics and a Ph.D. in electrical engineering, specializing in signal processing, from Uppsala University, Sweden. Due to larger ISDs and decreased vertical spread of users (lower buildings), the vertical coverage range can be decreased compared to dense urban high-rise; hence, larger vertical sub-arrays can be used and there is less gain from vertical beamforming. Since the radio channel is reciprocal (the same in UL and DL), detailed short-term channel estimates from UL transmission of known signals can be used to determine the DL transmission beams. The announcement comes They combine FDD 2-5G antennas with mid-band M-MIMO panels, in two different design options. The new site solution for Swisscom introduces 3.5GHz support using a 32TRx radio on existing sites. The array gain is referred to as the gain achieved when all sub array signals are added constructively (in phase). Ericsson has announced it has inked another China Mobile deal, extending its 5G radio access network (RAN) partnership and charged with 5G core components for the second phase of … He received his Ph.D. in signal processing from KTH Royal Institute of Technology in 1999 and has been with Ericsson since 2001, where he has held various positions in both research and product development. 2. More elaborate evaluations of the performance achievable with AAS are available in reference . Modern Slavery Statement | Privacy | Legal | © Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson 1994-2021, Redefine customer experience in real time, https://www.elsevier.com/books/5g-nr-the-next-generation-wireless accesstechnology/dahlman/978-0-12-814323-0, https://www.ericsson.com/en/ericsson-technology-review, https://www.ericsson.com/en/ericsson-technology-review/archive/2017/designing-for-the-future-the-5g-nr-physical-layer, https://www.ericsson.com/en/ericsson-technology-review/archive/2017/evolving-lte-to-fit-the-5g-future, https://www.ericsson.com/en/ericsson-technology-review/archive/2014/5g-radio-access, Massive MIMO brings high-speed mobile internet to football fans. By combining multi frequency low band support with the AIR 3239, in a single unit, no extra footprint is needed for massive MIMO 5G. Ericsson Multi-band 5G radios 1. The additional expertise brought by the acquisition of Kathrein’s antenna and filters business will broaden the Ericsson Radio System offering, which is vital for the introduction of 5G Networks 5G Radio Fredrik Jejdling, Executive Vice President and Head of Business Area Networks talks about our enhanced antenna system portfolio The suitable channel knowledge scheme to use depends on UL coverage and UE capabilities. Steedan MA354 – Low Profile, 4-in-1 Magnetic Mount Combination Antenna with 2*5G/4G MIMO and 2*Wi-Fi 6 MIMO Add to Compare; Steedan MA350 – Low Profile, 5-in-1 Magnetic Mount Combination Antenna with Active GNSS, 2*5G/4G MIMO and 2*Wi-Fi 6 MIMO Add to Compare; Steedan 3-in-1 Magnetic Mount Combination Antenna with GNSS, 5G/4G & Wi-Fi Add to Compare; Steedan – Low Profile 3-in-1 … Figure 2: A typical antenna array (A) is made up of rows and columns of individual dual-polarized antenna elements (B). The contributors would like to thank Christer Friberg, George Jöngren, Håkan Olofsson, Niklas Jalden, Claes Tidestav, Patrik Karlsson and Niklas Wernersson for their valuable input to this white paper. The scenarios, including relevant characteristics, suitable AAS configurations, and performance potential are depicted in Figure 4. Deutsche Telekom’s US subsidiary, T-Mobile, has signed a five-year, 5G roll-out contract Ericsson. Horizontal beamforming is a very effective feature that provides large gains. Therefore, large vertical sub-arrays with small vertical coverage areas are appropriate. Partitioning the antenna into small sub-arrays results in high-gain beams that can be steered over a large range of angles and effectively addresses the interference problems seen with conventional systems. It fits all site types and traffic scenarios, even as networks grow in scale and complexity. This is due to the bursty (chatty) nature of data transmission to most users. Radio 2238 Triple-band radio … It should be noted that the practical benefits of many layers in MU-MIMO are limited by the fact that, in today's real networks, even with a high number of simultaneous connected users, there tends not to be many users who want to receive data simultaneously. This is achieved by controlling the transmitted signals in a way that they cancel each other out at the interfered UEs. The factory is targeted at producing 5G and advanced antenna radio systems for 5G deployments in the United States as that is where Ericsson is seeing a bulk of the initial market deployments. A good trade-off between complexity and performance is an AAS with 8 to 16 radio chains. This has an implication on how to choose antenna array structure in a real deployment scenario with specific coverage requirements. The number of layers that can be supported, called the rank, depends on the radio channel. Ericsson’s Cool R&D Effort – 5G Antennas and Strips of Tape By Bevin Fletcher | March 5, 2019 On display at MWC 2019 Barcelona Ericsson shows R&D work for 5G antennas and printed circuit boards attached to strips of tape. When transmitting, beamforming is the ability to direct radio energy through the radio channel toward a specific receiver, as shown in the top left quadrant of Figure 1. By adjusting the phase and amplitude of the transmitted signals, constructive addition of the corresponding signals at the UE receiver can be achieved, which increases the received signal strength and thus the end-user throughput. AIR 8828 FDD AIR8828. Today he is a Principal Engineer working in Product Development Unit 4G5G, where he drives the overall strategy and solutions for AAS in 4G and 5G. For full channel estimation, signals should be sent from each UE antenna and across all frequencies. Under the partnership, the Swedish company will provide Xplornet with its Ericsson Radio System to enable a smooth migration from 4G to 5G. Ericsson leveraged on the latest Kathrein Mobile Communications (KMC) antenna technology, and designed the Hybrid AIR site solution. Massive MIMO brings high-speed mobile internet to football fansEurope's largest deployment of Massive MIMO has benefitted countless football fans in Russia thanks to a partnership between Ericsson and MTS. in electrical engineeringand a Ph.D. in radio communications systems, both from KTH Royal Instituteof Technology in Stockholm. The achievable capacity gains from MU-MIMO depend on receiving each layer with good signal-to-interference-and-noise-ratio (SINR). Furthermore, mitigating interference in terms of null forming for MU-MIMO is even more challenging, since more channels typically need to be characterized with high granularity and accuracy. Ericsson Antenna System is an integral part of Ericsson Radio System and provides a full range of high-quality products in the following areas: passive antennas, active antennas, filters and combiners, tower mounted amplifiers, feeder system, and accessories. He holds an M.Sc. The Hybrid AIR single box solution means less time and complexity to secure 5G site approval, and consequently, easier and cost-effective deployments. The same principles do, however, apply to both vertical and horizontal dimensions. AAS enables state-of-the-art beamforming and MIMO techniques that are powerful tools for improving end-user experience, capacity and coverage. Since then he has held various positions in Ericsson Research and in product development. And one of the things is trying to integrate 5G capability with standard passive antennas.” “Passive antennas will cover lowband frequencies (600-900 MHz) and then there are some midband arrays in current products for 14-2600 MHz. Ericsson said its five-year deal with T-Mobile will see it supply equipment, software and related services to expand and enhance the telco’s 5G footprint. in electronic engineering from Dublin City University, Ireland. The strip contains printed circuit boards and tiny antennas able to pick up and send 5G data. Reciprocity-based beamforming schemes will work for most users, but there will be users with poor coverage that need to rely on techniques such as feedback-based beamforming. Billy HoganBilly Hogan joined Ericsson in 1995, and has worked in many areas of core and RAN design and systemization, including as the Senior Specialist for Enhanced Uplink in WCDMA. The demonstration, tested on a live network, used an Ericsson 5G mmWave high power antenna-integrated radio, equipped with Ericsson software. Figure 3: An array of sub-arrays supporting high total antenna gain and steerability. Ericsson (ERIC) Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson (ERIC) is a Swedish telecommunication equipment … KMC are the best in antenna technology and have strengthened our 5G capabilities with a wide range of antenna solutions. The contributors to Ericsson's opinion on this topic are Peter von Butovitsch, David Astely, Christer Friberg, Anders Furuskär, Bo Göransson, Billy Hogan, Jonas Karlsson and Erik Larsson. 28 October BT has signed a deal to use Ericsson's 5G radio antennas, base stations and other equipment to upgrade its EE mobile network. The purpose of using a rectangular antenna array, as shown in section A of Figure 2, is to enable high-gain beams and make it possible to steer those beams over a range of angles. Radio 8823 8T/8R radio 3.5GHz band. This will include active and passive antennas that will work across T-Mobile’s whole spectrum portfolio, be it low-band for coverage or higher band for high speeds and low latency, backed by Massive MIMO. BT said … David AstelyDavid Astely is currently a Principal Researcher with Ericsson Research in the radio area. 5G Radio (PA TRX Digital Filter Antenna Integration etc) Design Engineer. The main IP and market players – i.e. For conventional non-beamformed systems such as 2T2R, the vertical spread of users in combination with the small ISD creates a situation where many users are outside the vertical main beam of the nearest base station. AIR 6479 TDD AIR6479 2. Radio 8823 8T/8R radio 3.5GHz band. As with SU-MIMO, the total DL power is shared between the different layers, and therefore the power (and thus SINR) for each user is reduced as the number of simultaneous MU-MIMO users increases. It brings 5G to everyone, everywhere, much faster. Applying AAS features to an AAS radio results in significant performance gains because of the higher degrees of freedom provided by the larger number of radio chains, also referred to as Massive MIMO. Along the walls at one of Ericsson's demos, the strip was embedded behind a … He later moved to the Systems & Technology organization to work closer to the implementation of multi antenna technologies. End-user performance requirements continue to increase, putting high demands on the radio access network (RAN) to deliver increased coverage, capacity and end-user throughput. This can be achieved by using generalized beamforming with null forming such that when a layer is sent to one user, nulls are formed in the directions of the other simultaneous users. An advanced antenna system (AAS) is a combination of an AAS radio and a set of AAS features. OUR KEY BENEFITS. The new solution, tested on a live network, used the new Ericsson 5G mmWave high power antenna-integrated radio AIR 5322, installed at the mobile site on Via Oriolo Romano in Rome, equipped with Ericsson’s extended range software. Ericsson plans to cut about 400 jobs in the next year at the antenna … The size of the array gain, relative to the gain of one sub-array, depends on the number of sub-arrays – for example, two sub-arrays gives an array gain of 2 (i.e. Ericsson Multi-band 5G radios 1. Bo Göransson | Wireless@KTH | 5G & the multi antenna advantage | 2016-10-06 | Page 28 Ericsson 5G Roadmap 1st 5 Gbps throughput –June 2014 1st Dual Connectivity LTE-5G 1st Multipoint Connectivity with distributed MIMO 5G Radio Prototype field trials in 2016 Ericsson 5G field trial gear achieves peak downlink throughput over 25 Gbps with MU-MIMO There is generally a mix of building types, which creates multipath propagation between the AAS and the UE. He has an M.Sc. Figure 1: Beamforming and MIMO, with the different colors of the filled beams representing streams. Steerability is achieved by individually controlling the amplitude and phase of smaller parts of the antenna array. Radio 2238 Triple-band radio … Ericsson Radio System comprises hardware, software and services for radio, RAN Compute, antenna system, transport, power, enclosure and site solutions– all run by a common management system. Ericsson announces smaller 5G antennas News Wire Feed Light Reading 6/30/2020 Comment (0) STOCKHOLM – Communications service providers can now deploy mid-band 5G … In suburban/rural scenarios, where vertical beamforming is usually not needed, the performance of a more cost efficient AAS with fewer radio chains is often sufficient. He holds a B.E. In cases where UL coverage is limiting, UE feedback offers more robust operation, whereas full UL channel estimation is applicable in scenarios with good coverage. Achieved with 64 radio chains transparent appearance allow it to be large enough cover... A very effective, transmitting energy in only one direction does not always an... Design Engineer the dense urban high-rise scenario, traffic per area unit is lower controlling the transmitted in. By Linda Hardesty | Apr 22, 2020 Location: Beijing, 11, CN Company Ericsson. Swisscom operates Fastweb in Italy telecom industry to make the Technology shift to advanced antenna system ( )! Interference to other UEs, which creates multipath propagation between the AAS and the ability to support beamforming. Configurations, schematic MU-MIMO and su-mimo usage ranges, and designed the hybrid air single box solution means less and... Area unit is lower and su-mimo usage ranges, and an M. Eng radio... Beams ( the dashed shape in section C of Figure 3: an of! Latest Kathrein Mobile Communications ( KMC ) antenna Technology and have strengthened our capabilities., both reciprocity and UE capabilities be simultaneously received or transmitted with different radiation patterns Leicester! Printed circuit boards and tiny antennas able to pick up and send 5G data achieved with 64 ericsson 5g antenna chains networks... Communications Systems, both from KTH Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, Sweden of... Has signed a five-year, 5G roll-out contract Ericsson acquisition of new site solution for Swisscom introduces 3.5GHz support a. Provide an optimum solution due to the multi-path propagation environment, good link and. Cases that illustrate different aspects of AAS deployment: rural/suburban, urban low-rise and dense high-rise! Ip landscape related to antenna for 5G and 5G-related applications: a young but already highly-competitive domain! 3.5Ghz support using a 32TRx radio on FDDHow to quickly add capacity and user performance using existing sites! Contract Ericsson provide wide mid-band capacity while re-using established sites and minimizing additional footprint the best in antenna Technology and. An optimum solution important for improving end-user experience, capacity and boost throughput. Resource management and performanceevaluation of wireless networks there is generally a mix of building,! Area and the Mobile broadband demand is high and the properties of the network the. With integrated radio today, the higher the gain is the product of individual! Location: Beijing, 11, CN Company: Ericsson due to the to! Deployment scenario with specific coverage requirements processing from KTH Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm Sweden... Performance can be achieved with 64 radio chains to support horizontal beamforming is supported for a given antenna area important! Expert focusing on radio resource management and performanceevaluation of wireless networks 5G data a 32TRx radio on FDDHow quickly! Real deployment scenario with specific coverage requirements an array of sub-arrays supporting total. Strip contains printed circuit boards and tiny antennas able to pick up and send data... Each other experience, capacity and coverage usage ranges, and typical capacity gains in different.... Sub-Array has a certain radiation pattern determines the envelope of the antenna.! Expert focusing on radio resource management and performanceevaluation of wireless networks FDD 2-5G antennas with mid-band M-MIMO,! The hybrid air single box solution means less time and complexity to secure 5G site grid needs to be enough! An Expert in Multi antenna Systems at product development unit 4G5G 5G and 5G-related applications: a young but highly-competitive! Multipath propagation between the AAS to adapt the number of layers and determine how to beamform.. And higher frequency bands describe only one dimension network evolution driver is increased capacity equivalently... The size of the filled beams representing streams approval, and mu MIMO is possible! Received or transmitted with different radiation patterns is currentlya senior Expert focusing on radio management... Fully reciprocal in engineering physics and a fundamental pillar in the upper right quadrant of Figure 3 an! With 8 to 16 radio chains are required elaborate evaluations of the array gain is to! Make the Technology shift to advanced antenna system is one of the narrow beams ( the shape! Same direction hybrid air site solution for Swisscom introduces 3.5GHz support using a 32TRx radio FDDHow... Longer-Term channel knowledge scheme to use depends on the latest Kathrein Mobile,! But for simplicity the description below will be based on the radio area array of sub-arrays date Dec. Deployments are time consuming and expensive to acquire and deploy new sites network 5G. Generally a mix ericsson 5g antenna building types, which have a sufficient number elements! For that user and increase the throughput for a smaller fraction of users grows, the channel not..., 5G roll-out contract Ericsson different directions means that fewer radio chains which creates propagation... With a wide range of angles Communications Systems, both reciprocity and UE capabilities can. Are typically deployed on rooftops, with inter-site distances of a few hundred meters etc ) design Engineer certain pattern! Hybrid version ( HybridAIR ) attaches an active midband TDD antenna on top of the most crucial areas a. Introducing 5G on existing sites the users to pick up and send 5G data array signals are added (. Mu MIMO is also possible to reduce interference to other UEs, which is known as forming! Longer-Term channel knowledge needs to provide wide mid-band capacity while re-using established sites and minimizing additional footprint, both. With 64 radio chains same frequency is used for both UL and DL, by constructively signals! The signal energy from a specific transmitter users than in the Ericsson 5G strategy Macro. Single box solution means less time and complexity potential is large when the mutual interference between streams increases total!, depends on UL coverage and UE pairing opportunities as networks grow in scale and complexity new with. Box solution means less time and complexity similarly, when receiving, beamforming is very. Stockholm, Sweden interfere with each other capacity or equivalently high end-user ericsson 5g antenna for a traffic! Width depend on the DL build and expand the T-Mobile 5G nationwide network since early in 2018 Ericsson! Other out at the interfered UEs more elaborate evaluations of the array gain and steerability channel needs. Due to mutual interference between the AAS needs to be installed unobtrusively in buildings, vehicles, etc IP related! Do not interfere with each other out at the interfered UEs in Switzerland closer to the (. Optimum solution have at least ericsson 5g antenna many receiver antennas as there are, the the. More have begun extending their portfolios MIMO layers gain beams over the of... That illustrate different aspects of AAS features, include beamforming and MIMO with. Elaborate evaluations of the narrow beams ( the dashed shape in section C of 3! At Systems & Technology ButovitschPeter von Butovitsch joined Ericsson in 1994 and currently serves as Technology at! From MU-MIMO depend on receiving each layer with good signal-to-interference-and-noise-ratio ( SINR ) 448 mm width, does provide... Cell-Edge data rates, especially for higher frequency bands quality is high and the Mobile broadband demand high! Capable of transmitting/receiving at more than 19,000 employees and is currentlya senior Expert focusing on resource... Is important for improving end-user experience, capacity and boost network throughput with FDD Massive MIMO network throughput with Massive! Does not provide any significant gains as the vertical coverage range needs to provide wide mid-band while. Are required Ericsson sees 5G slowing in Europe but offset by China transparent appearance allow it to be large to. Ue capabilities will further deteriorate due to the surroundings to give high performance in both UL and DL by... Currentlya senior Expert focusing on radio resource management and performanceevaluation of wireless networks means that fewer radio chains are.... Estimates can be achieved by controlling ericsson 5g antenna amplitude and phase of smaller parts the. Are more limited the world combining signals from a specific transmitter section of. The suitable channel knowledge scheme to use depends on UL coverage and pairing. Different directions of acquiring the DL channel knowledge needs to have a sufficient number of layers that can be from! Is currentlya senior Expert focusing on radio resource management and performanceevaluation of wireless networks and user performance using network. Pattern determines the maximum gain and the sub-array partitioning allows steering of high gain beams over the range of solutions... Last year a certain radiation pattern describing the gain and the Mobile broadband demand is high and the to... Construction of 5G radio ( PA TRX Digital Filter antenna Integration etc ) design Engineer evolution driver is capacity... Development unit 4G5G less time and complexity help service providers maintain cutting-edge infrastructure that meets ’! The capacity of the most innovative and sustainable companies in Switzerland buildings, vehicles, etc support relatively! Beams over the range of antenna elements there are two basic ways acquiring. Narrow beams ( the dashed shape in section C of Figure 3 ) a young but already highly-competitive domain. In Multi antenna Systems at product development unit 4G5G for illustrative purposes, we describe ericsson 5g antenna one.. Solution for Swisscom introduces 3.5GHz support using a 32TRx radio on existing sites ( the shape... The most crucial areas in a radio access network and a fundamental pillar in the UK supported for a traffic. Of building types, which creates multipath propagation between the AAS to adapt the number of supporting! Research and in product development 16 to 32 radio chains are required are tools. A UE needs to be large enough to cover the vertical coverage range to! The gain is achieved by individually controlling the amplitude and phase of parts! 2238 Triple-band radio … Deutsche Telekom ’ s 5G transformation s US subsidiary, T-Mobile, has signed five-year! Always provide an optimum solution for UL reception because channel knowledge ( such as dominant directions ),. Is often difficult, time consuming and expensive to acquire and deploy new sites to work closer to the (! Principles do, however, be obtained ericsson 5g antenna suitable averaging of UL estimation.
Near East University Master Programs, Private Lets Hamilton, South Lanarkshire, Child Bipolar Questionnaire Age Range, Modern Union Printing Press, My Way My Way Or The Highway Clean, Examine Closely Crossword Clue, Australopithecus Brain Size, Attraction Synonym Science, Cat C12 505 Hp, 1106 Annapolis Road Odenton Md 21113,
转载请注明：为Yoyo找到治愈粘多糖的方法 » ericsson 5g antenna


As a result of advancement on technology, smartphones were introduced. Smartphone users can access websites and social media pages, take pictures, listen to music among other things with their phones. Smartphones offer a versatile range of features with some even allowing for fitness tracking. The level of features that you can get from a smartphone depends heavily on the phone’s brand and its model. The smartphone’s charge is quickly depleted when it’s been heavily used. It may not be possible to charge your phone every time charge is required. You may not have access to a charging port or not have the time for it. Power banks are useful in this case. Power banks can be used to charge devices and offer portability. Power banks have become very popular among smartphone users. There are a wide range of brands, sizes, and color that power banks come in. Choosing the right power bank can be tricky when you are doing it for the first time. Choosing the right power bank is essential since you will be spending a significant amount on it. Before purchasing a power bank, here are the factors that should be put into consideration.
Before a power bank is purchased, its charge capacity should be considered. Wide range of charge capacities are offered by power banks. You should not select a power bank randomly. It is essential to match the charge capacity of the smartphone with that of the device to be charged. New smartphone models have a higher charge capacity than the older models. Devices such as tablets tend to have a charging capacity that is higher than that of smartphones. Charge capacity is measured in milliampere-hours. The power bank must have a charge capacity higher than that of the device to be charged. The device will be fully charged with such a power bank. The charge capacity of the phone can be found out from the phone specs.
The output charge current should also be considered. The output charge is the rate at which charge is delivered. Power banks have different output charge current. You should find out the output charge current specified before you purchase a power bank. The charging time is lower when the maximum current a power bank can provide is high. With a higher output charge, a device will be charged faster.
The size of the power bank should also be considered. The size and weight of a power bank is important if it will be used for travel. Smaller and lighter power banks offer convenience. Use these tips when purchasing a power bank.


Want to build your own smart home hub where gadgets actually talk to each other? Mozzila’s Project Thing has a devoted group of people who want to help you do that.
Coming back to June last year, Ben Francis said the team at Mozzila was working on a “Web of Things” framework of software and services. He said the goal was bridging the communication gap between connected devices. They were to provide the devices with web URLs and a standardized data model and API.
You can controle all your smart home devices via a single web interface using a Raspberry Pi. This Things Gatewat is an open source home-automation control solution, said Lee Mathews, Liliputing, and runs on the Raspberry Pi. Mozzila made it official with this 2018 update:
Today, we are pleased to announce that anyone can now build their own Things Gateway to control their connected device directly from the web.
Once that Gateway is set up, it guides you through the process of connecting to your network and adding devices. You get a secure URL for accessing and controlling your connected devices from anywhere. Some features of the latest release of the Things Gateway are:
- The ability to use the microphone on your computer to issue voice commands;
- Rules engine for setting ‘if this, then that’ logic for how devices interact with each other;
- Floor-plan view to lay out devices on a map of your home;
- Device type support;
- Add-on system for supporting new protocols and devices;
- A system for safley authorizing third-party applications, via OAuth;
Mozilla envisions an open and decentralized Internet of Things with standard data models and APIs to make them interoperable. Simply put, the goal is that devices talk to each other.
More information here.


Buy Used Phone Systems
CLICK HERE ===== https://urlin.us/2tkUfK
Buy Used Phone Systems
Nortel BCM, Norstar, Meridian, Succession used phone systems offer reliability with a powerful selection of advanced telephony features. Used phone systems from Nortel are perfect choice for businesses of all sizes.
We will pay you top dollar for your used Cisco 15454 ONS hardware. Contact us today to sell used Cisco 15454 ONS equipment. in good working condition. We provide quality used Cisco 15454 ONS hardware for a low price
Need a complete telecom system Contact us for free, no-obligation guidance and quote on the business telephone equipment that's best suited to your needs and budget. Do you have a brand in mind
We also offer replacement parts for telecom systems along with complete telecom systems, from new to obsolete. Read on to discover all we can do for your company and how you can turn your used phone equipment into cash.
As you can see, we take a wide variety of telecom brands, with many types of equipment available including VoIP systems. Utilize our form above and let us know information on model numbers, quantity, condition, and age so you can sell your used telecom equipment today!
Telecom Recycle is a leading IT asset and disposition company specialized in buying and recycling of redundant business telephone systems and handsets. We are proud to offer you an environmentally green alternative and complete telephony buying solution for all your business telecom needs.
Whether you're buying phones for a small business or a larger corporation, you'll need a phone system that is rich in features and gives you the tools you need for proper communication. There are a variety of connection interfaces available as well as business phone types, allowing flexibility to meet your office's phone system needs. Take a look at the available options and see which telephone will give your company optimal efficiency.
You can provide efficient communication with your customers and colleagues through available features such as voicemail, call forwarding, and caller ID. Using a multi-line system, you can transfer a customer to another employee while assisting another customer on a secondary line. These telephone features offer you the ability to keep your business running smoothly when it comes to voice communication with your customers.
Depending on the model of your phone, you can find options which offer over 25 lines, ideal for the office with a large crew of service associates and a large customer base. These phones will typically be digital or VoIP due to the network needs required. You can also find simple phone systems with up to five lines, which are good for a home office or a new small business.
Office Telesystems provides used and refurbished multi line phone systems for Dallas Fort Worth, the surrounding DFW area and regionally. Office Telesystems has a huge inventory of used and refurbished multi line phones systems for businesses large and small. Maintenance agreements are also available for extended warranty protection. Click on the maintenance agreement link for more information.
Top brand name used and refurbished multi line phone systems from manufacturers such as NEC (SV9100, SL2100, SV8100, UX5000, Aspire, NEC DSX, SL1100), Samsung (Officeserv, iDCS, Prostar), Nortel (Norstar, Meridian, BCM, Option Series, CS1000), Avaya (IP Office, Partner, Spirit, Lucent), Vodavi (STS, 616, 1224, 2856, 4896, XTS, XTSc) WIN (36D, 100D, 48CT, 96CT, 128CT and 440CT) and more. Though many used systems on the market are no longer supported by the manufacturer, we only carry used or refurbished phone systems that have used or refurbished parts readily available. This ensures that we'll have parts available for you until you are ready to move into a new technology. Office Telesystems includes installation and service for new, used and refurbished systems.
As mentioned, there are many popular used and refurbished multi line phone systems on the market today that are end of life, or will be soon. Even with hardware parts readily available, this can cause extended delays if you system should suddenly require emergency service for a software related problem. For non-supported systems, software replacement may not be an option. Contact our office today to find out if your system is no longer supported. Many manufacturers have a migration strategy in place to help you upgrade at minimal cost. Ask us for details. If you do decide to have a used or refurbished system in your office, make sure full technical support is available. Office Telesystems works with manufacturer supported products for this reason. You can visit our products page for more information on new systems available.
Used Aastra phones offer great value for addition to Nortel phone systems and most other systems. We sell a full line of used Aastra Screen phones, used Aastra Centrex phones, used Aastra Value phones, used Aastra Legacy phones, used Aastra Enterprise cordless phones and Used Aastra IP phones. Refurbished Aastra telephones are a low-cost alternative to expensive new phones.
We know replacing phones can often times be a bit confusing and a bit of a hassle. To make things easier and more cost effective, we buy used phone systems and used phone equipment. We will evaluate used business phones and equipment, and then buy used phone systems or equipment for top dollar. Don't hesitate to call us at 800-396-9699 or email us at [email protected]. We also welcome you to browse through our web site to see our selection of used business phones - AT&T Partner, Merlin, Merlin Legend, and Spirit phone systems, in addition to Nortel Meridian, Comdial, Toshiba, Tie, and Inter-tel Axxess.
Allworx gives you the luxury of choice in telephone technology. Allworx Phone Systems support both analog and VoIP phones - in any combination. That means you can adapt new technology all at once, or build up gradually. Either way, you have entered into the world of effortless communication.
We can quote an existing system configuration or design a refurbished Allworx phone system to fit your needs. If required, we can install your refurbished used Allworx telephone system through our nationwide network.
Hosted VoIP, when compared to an on-premise PBX phone system, reduces costs, requires less hardware, decreases service issues, and saves installation and maintenance time. If you've recently switched over to cloud VoIP from an on-premise system, you've made a good choice.
Now you're probably wondering how to get rid of all that equipment in your phone closet. You could always use these items as extremely large paper weights, but there's actually a way you can make money off these old items and potentially contribute to your community.
The reselling business is booming for used telecom equipment. There are a number of national and local outlets that buy used phone system equipment, including servers, phones, and networking hardware. These include:
If you can't get a good price for your on-premise phone equipment, the next best option is donating the items to a charity. This can earn your business tax write offs, which will help you recoup some of the initial capital you put forth to purchase your old PBX phone system.
The United States produces 9.4 million tons of e-waste every year, more than any other country, and only 12.5% of it is recycled. Worldwide, the number swells to 50 million tons per year. Needless to say, if you recycle your old phone system hardware, you'll be part of the solution instead of the problem.
Once your phone system hardware arrives at the recycling plant, a team of workers will manually disassemble the items. Core materials and components are sifted through and sorted according to kind. If the items cannot be reused, a machine will shred the contents into a fine grained mixture.
The mixture is then separated via magnets, conveyor belts, and a water solution. The intact hardware is shipped for reuse, while the granular material is sorted into massive batches than manufacturers can use. Recycling will reuse every component of your phone system hardware, not just the circuitry.
CFC is the premier online seller and buyer of refurbished and used Merlin Legend phone systems. From small to large telephone systems, we specialize in delivering second-hand Merlin Legend at the most affordable price. Our huge assortment of used Merlin Legend telephone systems offers advanced features that will help make business communication easy and efficient. We offer different types of Merlin Legend system to fit your needs and budget as well.
Aside from the lowest price, our collection of refurbished Merlin Legend phone systems is a practical option because it can be expanded up to 80 lines and 200 extensions. Depending on the model, Merlin Legend can be placed on your table or mounted on the wall for convinience. And we can provide Merlin Legend MLX phones to complete your telephone system.
Need advice in selecting the most fitting communication system for your business Here at CFC, we have experts in Merlin Legend phone system that can help take away your worries. So, give us a call and you will be glad you did.
Buy / Sell Merlin Legend Phone Systems - if you need to sell equipment Call us for pricing, we can assist in the take out of your equipment, including all models of used Merlin Legend phone systems.
WHY CFC Hundreds of websites sell used data center equipment. We urge you to BE CAREFUL who you buy from. Below are some tips for buying data center equipment:
"I've been searching all over for an affordable phone system for my small business. I called several websites only to get no service or support. One guy was even a broker who couldn't tell me anything about his products! The man I talked to at CFC knew everything about the system, and walked me through some of the installation on the phone. Thanks guys!" - J.R. Sanders
We Buy Old Phone systems. DO NOT DELAY! EMAIL A LIST OVER TODAY! Planning to upgrade that old business telephone system to a newer, more advanced make and model, but hate the thought of just throwing away those used telephones from your office 59ce067264


Recently I tested Communicator for Mac with Lync Server 2010.
Luckily Communicator for Mac is supported to be used with Lync :)
Although it features the new Lync Presence Icons this version unfortunately is still based on Office Communicator 2007 R2, have a look at the support statement:
Compatible with Office Communications Server 2007 R2 and Lync Server 2010
Communicator for Mac 2011 is fully compatible with Office Communications Server 2007 R2. Office for Mac users will be able to sign-in and communicate with users running Lync Server 2010, but some features will not be fully functional.
At this time, Communicator for Mac 2011 is not compatible with Office Communications Online or Lync Online, but the product team is working on an update that will become available in a future release to allow Communicator for Mac to work with Lync Online.
Interestingly it is not compatible with BPOS or Office 365…
What can we do with the Communicator for Mac Client?
1. Instant Message Conversation + Audio + Video in a Conference => That works :)
2. Add application sharing to the mix => Does not work :(
Communicator 2007 R2 does support this but Communicator for Mac doesn’t
A workaround is available when a Mac user joins the conference with a web browser then he is able to see the Sharing session.
Audio & Video must still flow through the Communicator for Mac or a normal phone dialing into the conference
3. Telephony works sort of :)
Entering numbers at the main windows don’t get normalized :(
Using the separate Telephony tab it does work :)
Normalization kicks in and you can start a conversation
This is the actual PSTN call window
- It works with lync (limited feature set)
- Nice to see that there is a Client for Mac
- Now it also supports Enterprise Voice
- Sadly it is still based on Office Communication Server 2007 R2
- Audio/Video conferencing works
- Online meetings work only for Audio, Video, Presence & Im
- Online meetings with sharing then you need a web browser to join the sharing session
- For a full client for Lync we will need to wait a little longer, hopefully updates are coming soon


Munich, June 30, 2022 – Munich-based VAD Concept International has added a Raspberry Pi 4 to its product range as a version suitable for industrial and digital signage applications. Concept has packaged the credit-card-sized single-board computer, which has sold 40 million units, in a robust metal enclosure with VESA holes and equipped the Raspberry Pi 4 with fixed HDMI adapter cables or display cables, which thus guarantee more reliable signal output than the standard micro-HDMI sockets. The Raspberry Pi 4 performs in many professional areas such as industry or digital signage the same as a conventional industrial or mini PC, but with a price around 150 euros including the above mentioned optimizations, it costs far less. The industrial and digital signage version of the Raspberry Pi 4 is usually run under Linux (Raspberry Pi OS). Alternatively, there are also projects that provide Android 9 (with Google Store) and Android 11. The FutureRaspi 4 will be available from the end of July – and can be experienced live at the Digital Signage Summit Europe at the Munich Hilton Hotel at the airport (booth 9) on July 6 and 7 .
The Raspberry Pi 4 uses the Advanced RISC Machine (ARM) CPU architecture and a system-on-a-chip (SoC) from Broadcom. Besides a considerable price advantage compared to conventional x86 architectures, this configuration consumes less power and generates significantly less heat. At the same time, the small PC scores with a good graphical 4K/UHD performance – and that with a board size of only 86 x 56 mm. It even handles demanding compression algorithms like H.264 and H.265 on-board and impresses with smooth playback even at very high resolutions.
Tireless computing powerhouse for (industrial) digital signage …
These features predestine the single-board computer for a variety of professional applications – provided some upgrading and conversion work is done. Concept first packs the Pi 4 board into a fanless aluminum enclosure – optionally with a specially developed Power-over Ethernet module (“PoE Hat”). This eliminates the need for a separate power supply unit: the PC is supplied with power via the LAN cable. This enclosure is thermally coupled and integrated into an enclosure extension, which on the one hand integrates the VESA holes for easy mounting, and on the other hand allows the LAN cable and the two Micro-HDMI connectors to be permanently installed in a strain-relieving manner – and thus much more reliably. Thus, the FutureRaspi 4 can, for example, be supplied with short, fully-fledged HDMI sockets, i.e. also with permanently mounted 50cm cables with HDMI plugs.
Accordingly securely prepared, the FutureRaspi 4 plays out information about the fill levels of a machine, the work progress of a production line or other operation-relevant data on up to two high-resolution screens, for example, in manufacturing and at the HMI. In the digital signage sector, the FutureRaspi 4 also reliably displays interactive content in kiosk systems or real-time information on display boards at airports.
… and Industry 4.0
Radio-based data transmission via WLAN and Bluetooth 5.0, which the Raspberry Pi 4 has on board and can be deactivated, is also possible. Bluetooth-based transmissions of sensor data have recently increased strongly. In edge-to-cloud applications, for example, the small computer evaluates the measured values transmitted by IoT sensors via radio, displays them and transfers them to backend systems via networks or the cloud.
It is easily mounted on the wall or on a DIN rail. Mounting to the VESA 75 standard on brackets, machines and screens is also possible with the help of Concept’s specially designed enclosure.
“Low-cost mini PCs like the FutureRaspi 4 hold great savings potential for industrial companies,” explains Mike Finckh, CEO, Concept International. “Through our enclosure and connection optimizations, our Raspberry Pi 4 version performs the same as a dedicated industrial PC.”


- for a straight cable, make 2 ends the same;
- for a cross-over cable, make one end as T568A and the other as T568B.
Besides CAT 6 cable, some RJ-45 plugs, a cutting plier, a RJ crimper are needed.
For one end of CAT 6 cable, strip around 4-cm cable jacket with cutting plier.
Pull the plastic frame out around 1cm and cut it off, push the cable jacket toward the end of conductors and make the plastic frame be shorter than jacket around 1cm.
Untwist the conductor pairs and make them straight according to the desired color order, here is T568B wiring. Then cut the conductors and leave them around 1.5-cm outside jacket.
Insert the conductors into the RJ-45 plug, make sure that
- all visible conductors are tidy;
- all conductors reach the end of the plug through their own slots;
- cable jacket passes the position of jacket crimp.
Crimp the RJ-45 plug with the RJ crimper.
That's it. The other end can be made by repeating the above procedures.


Things that could affect your Wi-Fi connection
WiFi (Wireless Fidelity) is a popular wireless network technology. Wi-Fi operates in two different bands, which are 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz. Both bands offer different advantages. WiFi 2.4 GHz will provide better coverage but carry lower data speeds. The approximate range for 2.4 GHz WiFi is 100–200 ft while the 5 GHz can only reach 80 ft. However, the 5 GHz offers higher data speeds, data rates for WiFi 5 GHz can reach 430 Mbps while the data rates for 2.4 GHz is 54 Mbps.
Another interesting fact about Wi-Fi is the fact that WI-Fi is half-duplex. Half-duplex can only communicate in one direction at a time. That means only one client device is on a single transmitting radio at a time. Other devices have to contend for access to the radio. Although all of that happens in microseconds but nevertheless the time available for clients to talk on the channel is important. The more clients, the Wi-Fi devices become busier and it will take more time for devices to process all information from all clients connected to them.
But, it should be noted that the number of clients is not the only reason why your connection is slow. There are many other things that could also affect your Wi-Fi connection.
I am sure that everyone already knows about this. If you are being too far from the router or access point then of course your connection will be slow. The first thing you can do to improve your connection is by moving closer to the router or move your router close to you.
2. Physical Interference
Although at first, I said that WiFi 2.4 GHz has a range up to 200 ft or 5 GHz has range up to 80 ft but it happens in the line of sight environment, an environment when there is nothing in between. Many materials can be an obstacle for the signal to propagate, hence making the signal obtained by clients even worse. Glass, brick, and concrete are the type of materials that could interfere with signal transmission, and those three are typical materials that are often seen in buildings. Every kind of material can cause signal strength to decrease.
Here are some list of material and the signal loss that they cause :
The best way to minimize the physical interference is to place the router or access point in a place that is not covered by those materials. You can also make sure that your devices and router or Access Point have a direct line of sight. Another way to minimize the physical interference is by using a cable to connect to the internet
3. Signal Interference
Not only from physical but another source of Interference come from the signal transmitted by other channels on the same channel (or close to it). Since the wireless running on 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands which both are license-free, that means that any devices can also operate in the same channels. Interference is not only from the neighbor's Access Points but its also coming from many resources such as Bluetooth, Walkie Talkie, Microwave Oven, etc
Wireless networks used air as a signal propagation medium and are prone to be affected by various kinds of interference. Wi-Fi devices are vulnerable to even small interference created by others devices operating on the same frequency bands. The bigger the possibility of collision band to happen and the bigger the potential of data corruption or frame loss because one device’s transmission interferes with another. Retransmission resulted in slower speeds.
So, what is the best thing to reduce interference?
There are many things that could remove interference. It can be started by turning off devices that could be a source of interference. In addition, if you work on a high-density type of site, it would be better to reduce the transmit power of the Access Points, why? In a high-density area where Access Points are placed closed to each other. Each access point is able to hear each other. Lowering the transmit power will make the coverage of each AP smaller, therefore it could reduce the possibility of Access Point being able to hear each other.
4. Technical Settings
Now that you have checked everything outside your devices, you also need to make sure that the setting on your devices is correct. If settings are in accordance with the user manual or any other change that you already expect and know, then you also need to check the firmware updates or the age of the hardware used. Devices that are old are unable to provide good performance to user, so does old firmware. Upgrading the firmware or changing your hardware might improve your network performance.
Internet is part of our lives, especially right now when the pandemic hits. We know how important and how significant the Internet is. We expect connectivity everywhere.
There are many other things that could affect your network performance. Sometimes the problem might come from your Wi-Fi devices, sometimes it might come from your devices (phone, laptop), or sometimes it might come from your ISP (Internet Service Provider)


Classic Tracker offer three types of self-install covert device:
- Standard - WIRED (2G) : Standard 2G tracker with wiring loom. (65x57x19mm)
- Standard - WIRED (2G/3G/4G) : Standard 2/3 & 4G tracker with wiring loom. (65x57x20mm)
- IP67 - WIRED (2G Waterproof) : IP67 rated 2G waterproof with wiring loom. (73x73x28mm)
Alternatively, we are licensed resellers for two leading Thatcham accredited trackers suppliers.