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How Many Jobs Are Available in Telecommunications Equipment?
How many jobs are available in telecommunications equipment? The world of telecommunications equipment has witnessed remarkable growth and advancement in recent years, driven by the ever-increasing demand for seamless connectivity and communication.
As this industry continues to expand, job seekers and professionals alike are naturally curious about the abundance of employment opportunities it presents.
If you’ve been wondering about the scope of job availability in the telecommunications equipment sector, you’ve come to the right place.
In this article, we will delve into the dynamic landscape of telecommunications equipment jobs, exploring the skill sets required to thrive in this industry.
Whether you’re a seasoned professional seeking new opportunities or a fresh graduate eager to embark on a rewarding career journey, understanding the current job market in telecommunications equipment is vital for making informed decisions.
So, let’s embark on this exploration of how many jobs are available in the exciting world of telecommunications equipment.
How Many Jobs Are Available in Telecommunications Equipment?
The telecommunications equipment industry has been a driving force behind the global connectivity revolution.
With the rapid growth of mobile networks, fiber optics, and emerging technologies like 5G, the demand for telecommunications equipment has soared, consequently creating a multitude of job opportunities across various domains.
Telecommunications equipment companies require a diverse workforce to design, develop, manufacture, and maintain cutting-edge technologies.
Job openings range from research and development engineers, telecommunications technicians, network specialists, and product managers to supply chain and logistics experts, sales and marketing professionals, and customer support representatives.
Moreover, as the industry evolves, roles in cybersecurity, data analytics, and artificial intelligence have become increasingly crucial.
These areas of expertise address the growing need for robust security measures and intelligent network management systems in the telecommunications landscape.
Additionally, the expansion of the Internet of Things (IoT) and smart devices has further bolstered job prospects in telecommunications equipment.
Professionals with knowledge of IoT integration, sensor technologies, and device management are highly sought after to create and maintain interconnected ecosystems.
The telecommunications equipment sector also offers opportunities for specialized roles in quality assurance, regulatory compliance, and standards development to ensure that products meet industry guidelines and adhere to global standards.
Overall, the telecommunications equipment industry remains a dynamic and promising field with a broad spectrum of job opportunities.
As technology continues to evolve, so will the demand for skilled professionals, making it an exciting industry to explore for those seeking a thriving and impactful career.
Job Requirements and Skills for Telecommunications Equipment Roles
Jobs in the telecommunications equipment sector require a specific set of skills and qualifications.
Technical expertise in areas like electronics, telecommunications, and network engineering is essential for designing and maintaining equipment.
Proficiency in programming languages, data analysis, and IoT integration are increasingly valuable.
Strong problem-solving abilities, attention to detail, and the ability to work collaboratively in teams are crucial for successful project execution.
Communication skills, both written and verbal, are essential, as employees often interact with clients and colleagues.
Adaptability and a willingness to stay updated with emerging technologies are vital in this ever-evolving industry.
Where to Find Telecommunications Equipment Job Listings
To find telecommunications equipment job listings, job seekers can utilize various resources.
Online job portals such as LinkedIn, Indeed, and Glassdoor often feature a wide range of openings from different companies.
Company websites and career pages also regularly advertise specific roles within their organizations.
Networking within the industry can be fruitful, as professionals may learn about unadvertised opportunities through word of mouth.
Attending industry events, job fairs, and conferences provides a chance to connect with recruiters and hiring managers directly.
Additionally, working with specialized recruitment agencies that focus on the telecommunications sector can offer access to exclusive job listings.
Job Outlook and Growth Potential in the Telecommunications Equipment Field
The job outlook and growth potential in the telecommunications equipment field are promising due to the ongoing advancements in technology and the ever-increasing demand for seamless connectivity.
As the world embraces emerging technologies like 5G, IoT, and smart devices, the need for telecommunications equipment is expected to surge.
This growth will create a steady stream of job opportunities across various roles, from research and development to product management, network engineering, and cybersecurity.
Moreover, the expanding global reach of telecommunications networks and the integration of digital infrastructure in industries like healthcare, transportation, and energy further fuel the demand for skilled professionals in this field.
As businesses and consumers alike seek faster, more reliable communication solutions, companies will continue to invest in developing innovative telecommunications equipment and services.
Consequently, individuals with expertise in this sector can anticipate a promising job market with exciting career prospects in the years to come.
The telecommunications equipment industry offers a vast array of job opportunities for individuals seeking dynamic and rewarding careers.
With the continuous evolution of technology and the ever-growing demand for seamless connectivity, this sector remains at the forefront of innovation and development.
From research and engineering to sales and customer support, a diverse range of roles exists, catering to various skill sets and interests.
As the world becomes increasingly interconnected, the demand for skilled professionals in telecommunications equipment shows no signs of slowing down.
Aspiring candidates can explore this exciting field with confidence, knowing that the job market holds abundant possibilities for their future growth and success.


This is a review on the Google Mesh WiFi Router that I have bought several months ago and it has served me well. I am so satisfied with the product that I want to write a review to share with everyone about Google Mesh WiFi.
Google Mesh WiFi was one of the first mesh router systems on the market, and it’s still the best mesh router systems although there are many other similar products in the market. Years ago, my first router was an entry grade router given by the Telco company when I subscribe to the fiber broadband plan. As it is only an entry grade product, the signal could not reach far enough to cover the whole house. I upgraded by buying a more expensive one but the signal can never reach the far end of the house
Finally my colleague recommended me to buy Google WiFi and it solves all my problems. I purchased a set of 3 routers, but only needed 2 to cover the entire house, amazing right ? In the subsequent sections, I will share on the features of Google WiFi and why this is the best and the only router that you will ever need for your entire house.
Let me start first by explaining to you some of the common features that comes with the Google WiFi set as well as some general knowledge on the mesh technology.
What is a Mesh and How Does It Works?
A mesh network is a group of routers that communicate wirelessly to each other to create a single WiFi network that provides a blanket of connectivity. In this way, it allows you to have multiple sources of powerful WiFi throughout your home, instead of just a single router. This allows you to have multiple sources of powerful WiFi throughout your home, instead of just a single router.
Unlike traditional repeater, there is no loss in signal strength when WiFi signal is repeated from one mesh router to another. Repeater on the other hand, can only repeat the signal it receives to a further distance, meaning if the signal it receives is already weak, then it can only help to repeat a weak signal.
Take a look at your current router at home. Probably it is placed in a corner, close to where the internet service enters your home. The problem is, that far-flung corner is the worst location to place a router if you want fast WiFi throughout the house. The further you are from the router, the weaker the signal, which leads to dreaded dead zones and buffered videos.
Since all the WiFi points are connected to each other seamlessly, your WiFi data can take several paths toward its destination and Google WiFi is intelligent enough to ensure that Google WiFi points always choose the fastest route from your device to the internet. This means that you get faster WiFi speeds for things like streaming and gaming.
Google Mesh WiFi security features
Google Mesh WiFi has several built-in security measures to protect you and your online activities. This are added features that you may want to pay attention to as not all routers have such security features. Well, you may argue that these are not important to you, but I want to warn you that in the world we are living in now, data leak due to security vulnerability can lead to a serious problem.
For example, if your personal info such as login passwords, credit card info or any other important personal identity are stolen, they can lead to financial loss or embarrassment. Therefore do not take security features lightly.
Google WiFi’s firewall creates a safety barrier between your WiFi network and the Internet world, protecting your personal data from unsolicited connections or illegal connection attempts. This feature keeps track of connections traveling across it. Only data associated with a known active connection is allowed through the firewall.
With this you can have a peace of mind when surfing the net or performing financial / banking transactions online.
This may sound a little technical to most of you. However, suffice for you to know that Google WiFi supports WPA2, which is the latest and most popular WiFi encryption protocol. This makes sure that only people with the correct passphrase can join your wireless network.
On the other hand, older technology such as like WPA and WEP are not supported by Google WiFi. Reason for this is because they have been deemed unsecured by the WiFi Alliance and industry experts. There are also known and documented attacks against WEP and WPA. WPS, a mechanism that lets a device join a wireless network without entering a password, is also not supported for security reasons.
Therefore in order to protect you, Google Wifi does not use WPA and WEP protocol. Aren’t you glad that Google Wifi only uses the more secured WPA2 protocol in their product?
Have you been using other brands router, and often there is no firm ware updates after the initial purchase? Or even if updates are available, the process for software updates is tedious and difficult to apply?
Sweat no more with Google WiFi. Google WiFi receives automatic software updates to make sure you always have the latest security patches. These updates include open source components and go through several rigorous reviews.
System is smart enough to know when there is an update is available and pushes it automatically. There is no need for you to keep checking from any website and download anything to keep the software updated.
Set Up and Special Features
Setup is simple. When I first got my Google WiFi set, I downloaded the Google WiFi app to my mobile phone. Once the apps is launched, it’s a step by step guide which guided me through the whole setup process. However, I had a problem initially and could not connect to my Internet provider service. But, this is not a big issue as connectivity problem can be caused by many other factors and I was advised to perform a reset.
The reset procedures was guided by the apps with a step by step instructions as shown below:
- Unplug the power cable from your WiFi point.
- Wait 10-20 seconds for it to fully power off.
- Plug the power cable back into your WiFi point.
- Wait one or two minutes for it to fully power on.
- Follow the rest of the instructions in the apps to complete the re-start
One of the selling point of Google WiFi is perhaps its most important feature, though, is what Google calls “client steering”. This is used to ensure each device is connected to the node with the strongest signal. In effect, client steering allows Google WiFi to “gently” disconnect a device from one node to encourage it to reconnect to another with a stronger signal.
In the traditional router, you probably have to set up two SSIDs, one for 5GHz and another for 2.4GHz. This is not necessary in Google WiFi. Google WiFi automatically choosing the band that gives you the best WiFi depending on your gadget, this is the feature that I like best because it provides me with a better and easier experience. I no longer have to switch between different SSID depending on the gadget I use!
Google Mesh WiFi Apps
Google WiFi beats all other router brands with its apps that has tonnes of features to help you to manage your router.
Check your network speeds
Network check makes sure that your network is up to speed. You can test your entire network or one portion at a time, such as when you just want to check your Internet download speed, connection between WiFi points or WiFi speed to devices on your network. Below are the test results of my Google WiFi download and upload speed, and also the speed of my different devices that are connected.
You can see that I have my Asus Laptop connected, but the speed wasn’t fantastic due to the fact that the laptop was not the latest model and the hardware is not keeping up with the technology. Apple products seems to be connecting with a blazing fast speed. My MacBook Pro connects at a lightning speed of 424 MBS, and next followed by my daughter’ iPhone 7, which is connecting at a whopping speed of 343 Mbs.
Overall, the average download speed is 571 Mbs, good enough for you to watch even a 4K movie on your smart TV.
Pause the Internet on any device
At any time, you are able to pause the Internet. For example, if you find that family members are often on the phone even during dinner, or when it’s time for the children to go to bed, you can easily choose the devices that you want to disallow connection to the Internet. Alternatively, you can create a schedule that automatically pauses devices at the appointed time.
Create a separate network for guests
Guest WiFi is a special network just for your guests. Guests will be able to get online and discover the devices that you choose to make available from your main WiFi network. I really love this feature as I no longer need to reveal the password of my router. I can always create a guest WiFi ad change the password for every occasion that I have invited guests in my house.
Set a priority device
Sometimes, you may have devices that are resource hungry and you would really want to channel as much resources to it as possible, Google WiFi have this feature that give priority to your selected device.
What this means is that it gives this device of your choosing the fastest connection on your WiFi network. For such priority device, your WiFi network reserves more bandwidth for that device to use. This means less buffering and better download speeds
When several devices fight over limited bandwidth, this results in buffering video streams or slow download times. All these can be annoying. Therefore this is when Priority Device comes in handy.
My Verdict on Google Mesh WiFi
Google WiFi is the easiest router that I’ve ever set up. period. Although I mentioned above that the first set up did not work, but the re-start procedures were easily to follow. And, that’s considering the two extra devices required to complete it. Google WiFi is a solid mesh system with great software. It’s incredibly easy to maintain and set up, and its app strikes a perfect balance between ease of use and control over advanced features.
For the price I paid, it’s reasonable as there are more expensive routers in the market that still could not deliver strong WiFi signal to cover my whole house. If you’re struggling with a poor wireless signal, Google WiFi is your solution and choice router to buy. Once you bought it, you will never look back. Click on the icon below and buy the Google WiFi today, I guarantee that you will not regret. I am a happy customer of this product and I strongly recommend it.


Netsys 2019 will host three workshops:
- AIComNets2019 Workshop on “Advanced Communication Networks for Industrial Applications”: The Workshop will be a full day event with two main sessions: (1) a scientific track which will address recent progress in industrial communication networks and (2) an experience track which will address applications in industry and use cases, which are enabled by new technologies. We invite research paper submissions up to 6 pages long or demo papers up to 4 pages long.
- QTOP'19 Workshop on “Quantum Technology and Optimization Problems”: The scope of this dedicated workshop is to explore the opportunities for the application of quantum technology and optimization problems in networked systems. Regular papers will be published in LNCS as workshop proceeding.
- SDNFlex: 3rd Workshop on “Software-Defined Networking and Network Function Virtualization for Flexible Network Management”: Network management currently undergoes changes towards more flexible network management. This trend is stimulated by Network Virtualization and Software Defined Networks (SDN) that emerged in recent years. The newly achieved flexibility in network management, particularly for NFV, opens a set of currently unresolved key questions concerning i) reliability, ii) service orchestration iii) function placement, and iv) performance. We invite submissions up to 6 pages long.


Easy and engaging global messaging solutions.
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Messaging solutions such as alerts and notifications, billing and payments, appointment reminders, marketing, and staff scheduling are used by leading brands in healthcare, education, retail, utilities, and other industries.
Additionally, the Ascend SMS platform integrates with other best-in-class products in the EarthBend360 Ascend portfolio, including our contact center as a service (CCaaS), interactive voice response (IVR), and workforce management (WFM) solution offerings.


The St. Lucia government has launched its island-wide network project (GINet) aim at reducing the information gap between rural and urban areas.
A government statement said that the four-year project is an Island-wide internet access improvement initiative which seeks to bridge the digital divide and to provide local and wireless network areas in public zones of towns and villages across the island.
Under the initiative, 63 Wi-Fi hotspots have been installed in mostly rural areas, providing local people with free Wi-Fi access.
The project was undertaken with the assistance of the Taiwanese government and according to the country’s ambassador to St. Lucia, Douglas Shen, the Far Eastern country has completed several information, technology and community (ICT) projects here, assisting relevant government departments to upgrade their computer management systems for civil registry, agricultural monitoring, electronic official documents, and crime prevention.
Information and Broadcasting Minister Dominic Fedee and Infrastructure, Ports, Energy and Labour Minister Stephenson King, who were present at the launch, praised Taiwan for its long-term friendship, adding that they were confident that local business and the tourism industry would benefit tremendously from the new initiative.


Introduction to TCP Windows and Window Shifting/Scaling
Some years ago when I was at the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colorado, some colleagues and I worked on a DARPA-funded project in which we had two supercomputers a couple of thousand miles apart running a distributed application communicating using TCP/IP stream sockets. The physical layer was a 155 megabit per second (OC-3) SONET link via a geosynchronous satellite. The link was capable of 622 megabit per second (OC-12) speeds, but the microwave power required would have cooked any birds flying in front of the satellite dish. We had to use TCP window shifting and nine megabyte socket buffers to make effective use of the TCP/IP pipeline. That was my introduction to the need for windowing protocols.
More recently I had reason to revisit what I had learned regarding TCP windows and window shifting. These notes are the result.
TCP sockets are bidirectional byte streams connecting two end points. Bytes may flow in either direction. Bytes are packaged for transmission into TCP segments, which are in turn packaged into IP packets. (I tend to use the terms segment and packet interchangeably, but they are different things. Things get even more complicated as packets may be combined or even split up into frames for final transmission on the physical layer.)
When sockets are established, there is an originating side and a terminating side. On systems based on the BSD IP protocol stack (which is most of them), the originating side calls the connect() function to begin the establishment of a socket connection to the terminating side. The terminating side has called the listen() function to indicate its willingness to accept incoming socket connections, and calls the accept() function to accept an incoming connection when it arrives.
Once a socket connection is established, either or both sides may function in the role of either sender or receiver or both. The sender transmits data to the receiver. Whether you send or receive data over a socket has nothing to do with whether you originated or terminated the connection.
TCP is a reliable byte stream protocol. The protocol is reliable because all bytes sent must be acknowledged by the receiver. After a timeout period, unacknowledged bytes are resent until they are acknowledged. Byte order is preserved.
TCP is a sliding window protocol. The window size in sliding window protocols specifies the amount of data that can be sent before the sender has to pause and wait for the receiver to acknowledge them. This limit accomplishes several things. First, it is a form of flow control, preventing the sending side from overrunning the receive buffer on the receiving side. Second, it is a form of speed matching, allowing the sending side to keep sending at its own pace without having to stall and wait for the receiving side to acknowledge the sent bytes. The window size specifies how far the sender can get ahead of the receiver. (Students of producer-consumer queuing systems will recognize this immediately.) Finally, as we will see below, it is a performance mechanism to take best advantage of the characteristics of the underlying network.
(Another example of a sliding window protocol is the Link Access Protocol for the D channel. LAP-D is an ITU standard protocol used in ISDN signaling for digital telephony.)
The number of bytes that may be sent at any time before the sender must pause and wait for acknowledgement is limited by two factors: the size of the receiver’s buffer, and the size of the sender’s buffer. The size of the receiver’s buffer matters because the sender cannot send more bytes than the receiver has room to buffer; otherwise data is lost. The size of the sender’s buffer matters because the sender cannot recycle its own buffer space until the receiver has acknowledged the bytes in the send buffer, in case the network loses the data and the bytes must be resent.
The sender knows the receiver’s remaining buffer size because the receiver advertises this value as the TCP window size in each acknowledgement replied to the sender. The sender always knows its own send buffer size. But the effective window size used by the sender is actually the minimum of the TCP window size advertised by the receiver, based on the unused space in its receive buffer, and the sender’s own send buffer size. To change the effective window size for best performance, both buffer sizes, one at either end of the connection, must be tuned.
The TCP window size specifies the number of unacknowledged bytes that may be outstanding from the sender to the receiver. The window size field in the TCP header is an unsigned sixteen-bit value. This provides for a maximum TCP window size of 0xffff or 65535 bytes, although as will be explained below, this can be circumvented. A socket will have two window sizes, one in each direction. They can be different sizes.
The receiver advertises its window size in each acknowledgement replied to the sender. Acknowledgements may be standalone segments, called pure acknowledgements, or they may be piggy backed on data segments being sent in the other direction. The advertised window size is the space remaining in the receiver’s buffer. This is the flow control aspect of the sliding window. The window size is also the largest number of bytes that may be sent before the sender has to wait for the receiver to reply with an acknowledgement. Sent bytes must be buffered by the sender until they are acknowledged by the receiver, in case the sender must resend them. This is the reliability aspect of TCP. The sender can run at its own rate until the receiver advertises a window size of zero. This is the speed matching aspect of TCP.
The initial TCP window size advertised by the receiver is based on the receive buffer size. It has a default size which can be different for different systems, for example Linux versus VxWorks. The default size typically isn’t optimal for any particular network (more on that later). On systems based on the BSD IP protocol stack (which includes both Linux and VxWorks), the receive buffer size may be set on a per socket basis using the setsockopt() function and the socket option SO_RCVBUF. The buffer size is specified in units of bytes.
The effective window size also depends on the send buffer size. The send buffer size may be set on a per socket basis using the same setsockopt() function and the socket option SO_SNDBUF. As before, the buffer size is in units of bytes.
In Linux and other UNIXen based on the BSD IP protocol stack, the window size computation uses the SO_SNDBUF and SO_RCVBUF of the listen socket on the terminating end at the time when it calls accept(), and of the socket on the originating end at the time when it calls connect(). The SO_SNDBUF and SO_RCVBUF socket options can be set on a per socket basis using the setsockopt() call. Not only can the terminating-side socket inherit the SO_SNDBUF and SO_RCVBUF options from the listen socket from which it is accepted, it must. The setsockopt() call must be done on the listen socket on the terminating side before the accept() call is made. Likewise, the setsockopt() on the originating side must be done before the connect() call is made. Otherwise it has no effect because the window size establishment has already been completed.
Bandwidth * Delay Product
On a perfectly reliable network, the optimal effective window size for maximum throughput is ideally the result of the bandwidth * delay product. The bandwidth is the speed of the physical layer over which the connection runs. The delay is the round trip time or RTT of a typical data segment on that network. Long RTT can be due to either propagation delays or latency introduced by network devices. Over LAN connections round trip times are on the order of microseconds or milliseconds. Over geosynchronous satellite connections, it is more than a half a second. Over telemetry links to cometary probes to the Kuiper Belt, it is much longer.
For example, given a 100 megabit per second Ethernet and a round trip time of 2 milliseconds, the bandwidth * delay product is 25,000 bytes: (100 * 1000000 / 8) * (2 / 1000).
The Linux at al. ping(8) command displays the RTT for each sent ICMP packet it receives back. It does this by embedding a timestamp in each sent packet and comparing it to its time when the reflected packet is received. The Linux et al. traceroute(8) command works similarly.
> ping 192.168.1.110
64 bytes from 192.168.1.110: icmp_seq=1 ttl=127 time=0.184 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.1.110: icmp_seq=2 ttl=127 time=0.202 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.1.110: icmp_seq=3 ttl=127 time=0.207 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.1.110: icmp_seq=4 ttl=127 time=1.94 ms
spent a month in the People’s Republic of
The distributed supercomputer project had a bandwidth of 155 megabits per second and an RTT of half a second. The bandwidth * delay product was (155 * 1000000 / 8) * 0.5; that works out to more than nine million bytes. That may not sound like much, but that was nine megabytes of non-virtual high-speed SRAM.
Bandwidth versus Latency
Large window sizes may be necessary for networks which have high bandwidth and large latencies (due to either network or propagation delays) in order to keep the connection “pipe” full. Failure to keep the pipe full results in the end points being able to make use of only a fraction of the available bandwidth. The sending end must pause once the window size is reached, wait for the receiver to send an acknowledgement, and receive and process it. A significant percentage of the pipe remains empty, and the sender and receiver are both idle or stalled much of the time. On high latency links, this can result in a significant loss in performance.
For any link, the speed of light places a hard limit on how short the end-to-end propagation latency can be. Even on an “infinite bandwidth” link, if such a thing existed, end-to-end propagation will never be zero.
Think of it this way: given a geosynchronous satellite link with an RTT of half a second and a window size of one byte, it takes at least one second to send every byte, regardless of the bandwidth of the link. You send a byte, it takes half a second to reach the receiver, and the acknowledgement takes another half a second to reach the sender, before another byte is sent. This reduces the network bandwidth to no better than one byte per second, regardless of the bandwidth of the link, unless a larger window size is used.
This is similar to the need to use larger block sizes to increase performance on I/O devices like disk drives. It reduces the per-byte overhead by amortizing the latency over a larger number of bytes.
RFC1323 window shifting, called window scaling by the BSD stack, allows window sizes larger than the 65535 byte maximum. Recall that the TCP window size is the most bytes the sender can have un-acknowledged by the receiver before the sender stalls. Window shifting is used automatically (a vast improvement over when I first used it) when the SO_SNDBUF and SO_RCVBUF values result in a window size exceeding the unsigned sixteen-bit maximum. Window shifting increases the window size by successive powers of two, allowing both end points to scale the window size value by shifting it left or right. Using this RFC1323 feature causes effective increases in window size to be of very coarse granularity; it allows you to double it, or half it, but no values in between.
The ability to keep the pipe full is affected directly by the size of the send buffer; the sender must be able to buffer the bandwidth * delay product number of bytes pending acknowledgement by the receiver. The ability to recover from lost packets is affected by both the size of the send buffer and of the receive buffer; the sender must be able to resend unacknowledged bytes, and the receiver must buffer received bytes until an ordered TCP byte sequence can be reconstructed and delivered to the application.
Setting SO_SNDBUF and SO_RCVBUF to honkin’ big values, whether window scaling is used or not, is not the no-brainer it might seem, even if memory is not a constraint. The larger the TCP window size, the more bytes must be retransmitted in the event of the loss of a single TCP data segment. This consumes bandwidth and time resending bytes that would have been received and acknowledged successfully had a smaller window size been used. New bytes to be sent must wait behind the bytes being resent, adding a lot of latency for both the resent and new bytes. This can lead to jitter in constant rate byte streams, to processes on both the sending and receiving sides being blocked, to missed real-time responses; all sorts of wackiness may ensue. Tuning the socket buffer sizes for sensitive applications may be a non-trivial matter.
The Linux TCP minimum, default, and maximum SO_SNDBUF and SO_RCVBUF values are displayed by the sysctl command.
> sysctl –a
net.ipv4.tcp_rmem = 4096 87380 174760
net.ipv4.tcp_wmem = 4096 16384 131072
So in this example, unless setsockopt() is used, SO_RCVBUF will be 87380 bytes and SO_SNDBUF will be 16384 bytes. The ip-sysctl.txt documentation states that the default value of 87380 bytes for SO_RCVBUF “results in window of 65535 with default setting of tcp_adv_win_scale and tcp_app_win:0”, indicating that the use of window scaling (which appears to be what Linux calls the window shifting described in RFC1323) will not be needed if SO_RCVBUF is 87380 or smaller.
The VxWorks Reference Manual 5.4 (setsockopt(), pp. 2.736-737) indicates that the default SO_SNDBUF and SO_RCVBUF are both 8192 bytes for TCP sockets unless set otherwise by setsocketopt().
documentation suggests that this value is not enough to induce RFC1323 window
shifting because of overhead subtracted from the receive buffer space. Since
the IP stacks in both Linux and VxWorks are based on the
BSD stack, I’d guess the VxWorks stack works
similarly. Technical documentation on the
Linux 2.4, socket(7)
Linux 2.4, tcp(7)
Linux 2.4, sysctl(8)
Linux 2.4, linux/Documentation/networking/ip-sysctl.txt
Linux 2.4, linux/include/net/tcp.h and other source files
Wind River Systems, http://secure.windriver.com/windsurf
V. Jacobson et al., “TCP Extensions for High Performance”, RFC1323, 1992
V. Welch, “A User’s Guide to TCP Windows”, NCSA, 1996
J. Mahdavi, “Enabling High Performance Data Transfers on Hosts”, PSC, 1996
W. Stevens, TCP/IP Illustrated Volume 1: The Protocols, Addison-Wesley, 1994
G. Wright et al., TCP/IP Illustrated Volume 2: The Implementation, Addison-Wesley, 1995
J. L. Sloan firstname.lastname@example.org 2005-04-29
© 2005 by the Digital Aggregates Corporation. All rights reserved.


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We offer a wide range of video surveillance cameras. Do you need video cameras for special applications? Please contact us for further details.


MetroPCS / Metro By T-mobile
For Metro by T-mobile + MetroPCS you will need to have the value bundle plan with your carrier for Call
Assistant to work.
If you do not have the Value Bundle:
If your device is VoLTE capable, you can switch it “ON” by following the steps below
Depending on the device, VoLTE will be in one of the following locations:
Settings > Connections or Network & Internet > Voice Networks. Set the VoLTE toggle to On.
Settings > Connections or Network & Internet > Mobile Networks. Set the VoLTE toggle to On.
You could also search for VoLTE in Settings if you can't find it.
T-Mobile - Manually Activate Call Assistant
1. Disable your phone's Wi-Fi Calling temporarily while you activate Call Assistant. In addition we have also seen that toggling on/off airplane mode works well.
2. Dial **61*(Insert Assigned Number)# and press the send button.
3. Once the call is active press the end button.
4. Dial **62*(Insert Assigned Number)# and press the send button.
5. Once the call is active press the end button.
6. Dial **67*(Insert Assigned Number)# and press the send button.
7. Once the call is active press the end button.
8. Now go back into the app setup and make a test call or go to Call Assistant - Settings - Verify Call Assistant
If you notice a T-Mobile MMI Error Issue:
As of December 12th, we've found that some T-Mobile Call Assistant users are experiencing an MMI error. If you received a message that said "invalid MMI codes" please follow the following steps.
Go to your Android's Settings
Select "Network and Internet" or "Connections"
Select "Mobile Networks"
Turn off "Enhanced 4G LTE Mode"
Now Repeat steps 2, 3, 4 (from above)
**Note: The settings choices may differ slightly depending on the phone and OS.**
Yes, Call Assistant is working!!! 😎
1. From any Home screen, tap Phone app
2. Tap Menu > Settings > Supplementary services > Call forwarding.
3. Go to Forward when busy type in (Assigned Number)
Go to Forward when unanswered type in (Assigned Number)
Go to Forward when unreachable type in (Assigned Number)
4. Tap TURN ON
5. Now Press make a test call or go to Call Assistant - Settings - Verify Call Assistant
If you are still having any issues getting Call Assistant activated and need additional help, please contact us via the Help & feedback in the Menu in the Call Assistant app
Feel free to also reach out via email@example.com
We're always here to best support you!
If you no longer want to use Call Assistant please dial the following code that pertains to your carrier to get back to carrier voicemail and disable Call Assistant.
T-Mobile/Metro: Dial ##004#
The Call Assistant Team


Overview of the measurement heads for photometric measurands and light color
Broadband detectors for optical radiation
Broadband detectors are built with semiconductor photodiodes. When the spectral responsivity function of the photodiode should be matched to response functions such as the sensitivity of the eye V(λ), it is done using an optical correction filter in the photodiode‘s field of view. Furthermore, the field of view of the photodiode can be adapted to different measurement tasks. Diffuser windows, optics and integrating spheres are hereby employed.
The photodiodes of the broadband detectors are operated in short circuit. In this mode of operation, the signal current exhibits outstanding linearity over a very large dynamic range (up to eight decades).
Gigahertz-Optik manufactures signal amplifiers and optometers in various application oriented versions that are ideal for amplification of the signal current and analogue-digital conversion of the measurement values.
Broadband detectors for photometry and luminous color measurement
Among the most important topics in light measurement technology are photometry and luminous color measurement technology. This applications entail evaluation of light in correspondence with the brightness and color sensations of the human eye. Radiation receivers for this application range are therefore equipped with optical correction filters that offer the detectors a spectral responsivity function that corresponds to the rods and cones of the human eye. Gigahertz-Optik manufactures light measurement heads with photopic, scotopic and colorimetric responsivity functions.
Broadband detectors for absolute photometric measurands
In addition to the spectral responsivity, light detectors must be matched to the stipulated measurement geometry. Gigahertz-Optik manufactures light measurement heads for the following measurands:
- Luminous flux
- Luminous intensity
- Luminous intensity distribution
Traceable calibration in absolute photometric measurands
The Gigahertz-Optik calibration laboratory for optical radiation measurands offers traceable recalibrations for its photometric and colorimetric light detectors. Each calibration is documented with its own individual calibration certificate whose design and contents correspond to the ISO 17025 specifications.


Aaran is a team of dedicated professionals involved in designing and manufacturing of telecommunication & transmission line towers. These towers are made using high grade galvanized steel thus ensuring durability and capability to withstand extreme conditions. Sturdy in construction, these towers are highly reliable and are in adherence with the safety standards.
Aaran has several years of experience in design and manufacture of tower structures of various types for telecom/wireless applications. Our in house teams of highly qualified designers use state of the art structural design software to provide optimal solutions to customers for their antenna mounting structure requirements. We have successfully designed, manufactured and supplied towers from 9 m to 100 m for telecom applications.
At Aaran we manufacture and supply galvanized towers of tubular and Angular designs for an array of customers in Telecommunication. We provide both Ground Based towers (GBT) and Roof Top towers (RTT).
Stringent quality standards are maintained to make sure that the production is in strict conformity with the designs.
We offer wide range of towers for communication, radio, TV & microwave links. Customers can choose from standard designs or request customized designs to meet their precise telecom implementation needs. We have expertise to understand the need and requirement of the customer and offer him the best solution.
Telecommunication towers are used for different applications in different sectors such as mobile, internet, navigation, Television and Radio signal transmissions. Some of the other examples of Telecommunication towers include flood light towers, Power transmission, MW and TV towers.
Type of Telecommunication Towers:
• Roof top Telecommunication Tower
• Ground base Telecommunication Tower
• Triangular Telecommunication Tower
• Square Telecommunication Tower
• Tubular Telecommunication Tower
• Angular Telecommunication Tower


Monthly siren, Emergency Alert System test scheduled March 1
The state will conduct its monthly test of the all-hazard Statewide Outdoor Warning Siren System at 11:45 a.m. March 1.
During the monthly test, all outdoor warning sirens statewide will sound a 1-minute steady tone, with a test of the Live Audio Broadcast segment of the Emergency Alert System conducted at roughly the same time in cooperation with the Hawai‘i broadcast industry.
There will be no exercise or drill accompanying the tests.
The public can contact Hawaiʻi County Civil Defense at 808-935-0031 to report siren operation issues.
If you hear this siren tone in any circumstances other than a test, follow emergency information and instructions provided by official government channels. These could be in the form of a local radio or television station broadcast and/or a cellular Wireless Emergency Alert.
Emergency management and disaster preparedness information can be found in the front section of telephone directories in most counties.
For the latest information from the Hawai‘i Emergency Management Agency, additional emergency management and disaster preparedness information or to sign up for county alerts, click here.


We all know how frustrating dead spots and rooms with poor connections can be. The foundation of any home automation system is the network it is built on. An ideal network should be reliable and work with all the wired and wireless devices in and outside of your home.
Imagine a home network that seamlessly connects to all your devices and has consistent connection speeds regardless of where you are on your property.
Moonshot allows you to stay connected, no matter what.
With video calling, streaming, gaming, working from home and expanding connected devices the strength and reliability of your network is vital to your home lifestyle. We build enterprise grade networks that are designed for high performance and simplicity.
We design, integrate and manage your network with only the latest encryption technologies.
Robust Networks for Your Connected Home
There has never been a more pressing need for a reliable network in the modern home, whether you’re streaming your favourite 4K shows or meeting a deadline from your home office. Your ability to enjoy a movie, watch live security camera footage without lag, take part in a video conference without pixelation or audio dropout, and so much more is directly impacted by the quality of your network. The sheer quantity of linked gadgets in the average home makes well planned networks necessary. The team at Moonshot Automations is prepared to make sure you always have a quick and dependable internet connection in any room of your home using a combination of wireless and wired solutions.
Mississauga and Oakville’s Home Network Experts
Moonshot Automations is the first company that springs to mind when thinking about designing the best high-speed networks in Mississauga and Oakville. We’ll create a high-speed network to act as the foundation for all of your data requirements, ensuring that you have both a quick WiFi connection and cable capability.
Moonshot Automations will ensure that your speed is maximised and that you have complete Wi-Fi coverage in every part of the house. We’ll see to it that everyone in the family is able to work and play. In no time, you’ll be able to access your preferred music and TV shows.
Find out how Moonshot Automations can enhance your high-speed network by getting in touch with us today.


VPN passthrough is a mix of two features: PPTP passthrough and IPSec passthrough created to work with two different VPN protocols. The problem with them is that both these protocols don’t sit well with going through NAT (Network Address Translation) and need additional enhancements to pass unhindered.
Jul 12, 2020 · The VPN passthrough feature can be activated on many home routers, and the ones that do are widely accepted as the standard because they support both PPTP and IPsec VPNs. In other words, this feature will allow computers on a private network to establish outbound VPNs. Due to the complexity of VPN technology, the VPN pass-through feature must be enabled on home router if you try to establish VPN back to your company VPN gateway by using company notebook. Most of the routers would support these pass-through features: VPN pass-through for IPSec. VPN pass-through for PPTP. VPN pass-through for L2TP. Most standard Wi-Fi routers support VPN pass-through functionality, which means the VPN user on a remote computer passes through the router and connects to your company's VPN server. The user manually logs in using software installed on their remote device. Once the connection is initiated, it cannot be shared with other devices on the same network. "VPN Passthrough" generally refers to outbound connections, so it passes the VPN connection from, for example, a laptop on the LAN side of the router, through the router to a VPN server somewhere on the internet (the WAN side of the router). Typically for a pptp VPN all you need to do is forward port 1723 to the pptp server - I've never tried Nov 28, 2016 · VPN is a way to connect two secure networks over the Internet — for example a home network and one in a business. It needs special equipment or software at both ends. The term "VPN passthrough" on routers means that the equipment does NOT support one of the endpoints, but only that it allows traffic from those endpoints to "pass through". Oct 28, 2017 · As per its name, VPN Passthrough is derived from the function it holds – allowing VPN traffic to ‘pass through’ the router. If you see that a router supports VPN Passthrough, it is understood that it supports both PPTP VPNs and IPsec VPNs, and is simply a combination of both. Both passthrough of PPTP and IPsec are handled differently.
Dec 15, 2019 · VPN passthrough is a feature required in routers for outbound connections while a connection is routed using a VPN. This feature lets unobstructed traffic via the router and is only required for outbound traffic and not inbound traffic. VPN Passthrough provides seamless outbound VPN connections.
VPN passthrough is a software capability that’s becoming less relevant with each passing day. It was a necessity when old VPN protocols did not work with NAT, which is basically the data traffic resolving system in your router. That’s why VPN passthrough was a necessary functionality. Those old protocols are no longer the industry standard. VPN pass through is a router function that allows a device (or several devices) connected to it to use VPN protocols and establish an outgoing VPN connection. Today, it is found in many routers. Let's see whether VPN pass through is a necessary and sufficient function or not. Modern routers are versatile when it comes to dealing with VPN traffic, but older routers are not. VPN Passthrough refers to the feature that allows your device to establish a VPN connection with a remote server using the PPTP and LT2P/IPsec protocol. The two said protocols are old; hence, routers are unable to work flawlessly with them.
Dec 11, 2019 · A VPN passthrough is a feature that allows any devices connected to the router to establish outbound VPN connections. In other words, it does what it says on the tin – it allows VPN traffic to pass because old VPN protocols, such as PPTP and LT2P (an outdated IPsec version), don’t recognize and block it.
My company is using Cisco VPN client software on a Cisco 3825 router. A trainer was attempting to teach some employees how to connect using the VPN software on his Linksys WRT54G router. The router has VPN pass-through but not multi-tunneling capabilities. Once you’re here, enable VPN pass-through. Part 2: Configuring the VPN router. The purpose of this section is to change the subnet of the VPN routers so that it doesn’t conflict with that of the primary router. Additionally, we need to enable DHCP in order for the VPN router to assign IP addresses to devices in its network. As your topology, you would like to forwarding the traffic to internal VPN router(192.168.15.19) After checked your port forwarding and firewall rule are correct for this scenario. For debugging this issue, you can capture the packets on LAN interface and also filter the address as VPN router(192.168.15.19) for few seconds. Sep 23, 2019 · Many routers will block VPN by default and you may need to enable it via the router dashboard. If your router is not listed, feel free to reach out and open a support ticket and we can try to help. *Please note that Netsanity takes no responsibility for these instructions nor endorses any specific router. Mar 01, 2020 · The company that makes the router will offer a cloud management website from which anyone who knows the password can re-configure the router. To me, this means trusting every employee of the router vendor. No thanks to that. VPN passthrough for PPTP VPNs. PPTP is the least secure type of VPN, this insures you don't use it.


Many organizations use virtual private networks (VPNs) that function like a tunnel back to the company network, but relying exclusively on a VPN has security risks. Even after the pandemic ends, CISOs are going to need a better strategy for supporting telework because it’s likely that many employees will continue to work remotely at least part of the time. Given the limitations of VPNs and the dynamic and distributed nature of today’s networks, it’s clear that a better solution is needed. Zero-trust network access (ZTNA) is the evolution of VPN remote access. It simplifies secure connectivity, providing seamless access to applications no matter where the user or the application may be located.
The recent rise in remote working has put a spotlight on the limitations of virtual private networks (VPNs). For years, VPNs have been the de facto method of accessing corporate networks, but they have some serious drawbacks, particularly in terms of security.
The biggest issue is that a VPN takes a perimeter-based approach to security. Users connect through the VPN client, but once they’re inside the perimeter they often have broad access to the network, which exposes the network to threats. Every time a device or user is automatically trusted in this way, it places an organization’s data, applications, and intellectual property at risk.
In addition to the issues using a VPN for remote access, network operators are looking for a better way to secure applications. Having some applications on the cloud and some on-premises makes it difficult to deliver a common method of control and enforcement, particularly when some users are on-site and others are remote. Deploying applications to the cloud can expose them to probes from unwanted actors and increases risk.
Going Beyond the VPN
Zero-trust network access (ZTNA) offers a better remote access solution that also addresses concerns related to application access. The term zero trust means exactly what it sounds like. With this security model, the assumption is that no user or device is trustworthy, and no trust is granted for any transaction without first verifying that the user and the device are authorized to have access.
Because ZTNA starts with the idea that location does not grant a level of trust, where a user is working becomes irrelevant. The same zero-trust approach applies no matter where a user or device is physically located. Because any device is considered to be potentially infected and any user is capable of malicious behaviour, the ZTNA access policy reflects that reality.
Unlike a traditional VPN tunnel with unrestricted access, ZTNA grants access per-session to individual
applications and workflows only after a user and/or device has been authenticated. Users are verified and authenticated to ensure they are allowed to access an application before they are granted access. Every device is also checked each time an application is accessed to ensure the device meets the application access policy. Authorization uses a variety of contextual information, including user role, device type, device compliance, location, time, and how a device or user is connecting to the network or resource
With ZTNA in place, once a user has provided appropriate access credentials such as multi-factor authentication and endpoint validation and is connected, they can then be given what is known as least privileged access. The user can access only those applications that they need to efficiently perform their jobs and nothing else.
Access control doesn’t end at the access point. ZTNA operates in terms of identity rather than securing a place in the network, which allows policies to follow applications and other transactions end to end. By establishing greater levels of access control, ZTNA is a more efficient solution for end-users and provides policy enforcement wherever needed.
Although the ZTNA authentication process provides points of authentication, unlike a traditional VPN, it does not specify how that authentication takes place. As new or different authentication solutions are implemented, they can be seamlessly added to the ZTNA strategy. New authentication solutions may do things like help eliminate issues related to weak or stolen passwords and credentials, address challenges due to the inadequate security of some Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices, or add extra levels of verification to access sensitive or confidential information or critical resources.
ZTNA vs. VPN
For users, ZTNA is easier to manage than a VPN. Users no longer have to remember when to use the VPN or go through the process of connecting. There’s also no risk of tunnels accidentally being left open because someone forgot to disconnect. With ZTNA, a user simply clicks the application and immediately gets a secure connection whether the application is on-premises, in a public cloud, or on a private cloud. This tunnel is created on-demand, transparent to the user. Because the network is no longer a zone of trust, the same tunnel is created if the user is on the network or off the network. The encrypted tunnel happens in a transparent manner, providing security in the background.
On the application side, because the user is connecting back to the enforcement point and then proxying that connection to the application, the application can exist on-premises, in a private cloud, or in a public cloud, all while hidden from the internet. The application only needs to establish a connection with the enforcement points, keeping them safe from prying hackers or bots.
ZTNA and the Future
Adopting a zero-trust approach to cybersecurity is a process that touches many systems and may take years for many organizations to fully implement. But addressing remote access is a good first step toward implementing a complete zero-trust solution. As companies transition their approach to remote access, they often have a mix of VPN and ZTNA. Many vendors providing ZTNA services are doing so in conjunction with SASE services. This service-initiated approach makes it easy to control cloud applications access from cloud security, but it can incur expensive SASE charges and maybe limited in the types of applications it can support.
Building a complete zero-trust network access solution requires a variety of components: a client, a proxy, authentication, and security. Often these solutions are provided by different vendors and the components often run on different operating systems and use different consoles for management and configuration, so establishing a zero-trust model across vendors can be difficult or impossible.
By selecting integrated and automated tools, CISOs can overcome the key challenges of implementing ZTNA. Using an integrated firewall-based and SASE approach, they can employ ZTNA capabilities with simplified management using the same adaptive, application access policy whether users are on or off the network. ZTNA can be applied to remote users, home offices, and other locations such as retail stores by offering controlled remote access to applications that is easier and faster to initiate while providing a more granular set of security protections than traditional legacy VPN
Secure Remote Access With ZTNA
With the increase in remote work, the limitations of traditional VPNs have become clear. The more people move and work from anywhere, the less secure a traditional perimeter-based approach becomes. Every time a device or user is automatically trusted, it places the organization’s data, applications, and intellectual property at risk. ZTNA solutions are a better way to secure remote access than traditional VPNs and also improve controls around application access.
*In partnership with Fortinet
1 Kim Parker, et al., “How the Coronavirus Outbreak Has – and Hasn’t – Changed the Way Americans Work,” Pew Research Center, December 9, 2020.
2 Mike Wronski, “Since Remote Work Isn’t Going Away, Security Should Be the Focus,” Dark Reading, September 24, 2020.
3 “2019 Zero Trust Adoption Report,” Cybersecurity Insiders, November 2019.


The cloud idea of using a central node to process and store data coming from remote data sources was a logical and effective step in computing evolution. And it came with many advantages like easier data management, a readily available top-down view of the data and processing the data on large and powerful central computers instead of less powerful peripheral ones.
But cloud computing brings its own complications, including a dramatic increase in communications traffic. Sometimes this traffic causes latency, making it unfeasible for time-critical operations. And sometimes – say in a remote operation like a mine or a farm – the comms infrastructure just is not there to carry all that traffic. Edge computing addresses those issues to make the benefits of cloud computing available to wider application.
Edge computing is an evolution of cloud computing towards a more pragmatic model where processing and data that is needed at the source, stays at the source, data that is needed at the central node is moved to the central node, and vice versa. This delivers both the advantages of the cloud and the advantages of local computing.
It’s probably best illustrated in a real-world example that you’re already using: your smartphone.
Your smartphone is the edge. When you use it, you can unlock the phone, make calls, create documents, type emails, take photos and many other functions without being connected to the internet.
But when your phone connects to the internet, it becomes a more powerful device through being connected to a central server – or several servers. That’s the cloud. Suddenly your photos can be backed up to iCloud or DropBox and replicated across your other connected devices, your weather app can download an update from the server, your email can send the email you typed. The servers that your apps are talking to are cloud servers – they’re centrally storing and processing data that was created at the edge. And the device at the edge – your phone – was able to perform the critical functions that needed to be available at the edge quickly and efficiently without relying on the cloud server.
But the beauty of edge systems is that they’re so much more scalable than just your SmartPhone. Every edge device increases the scale of the system and generally doesn’t make much of a difference to the cloud. And the edge devices can be almost any autonomous device that can also connect to the internet – sensors in mines, ear-tag readers on farm gates, cash registers, POS terminals in restaurants, sensors throughout a manufacturing facility, blood fridges in hospitals, your smart fridge at home and, the example you see whenever anyone talks about cloud computing, your autonomous vehicle.
Edge computing is the best of both worlds – quick response and essential functions at the edge, where and when you need them, taking advantage of the extra functionality, data storage and processing on powerful cloud-based servers when they’re available.
RELATED ARTICLES: IMPLICATIONS OF THE CLOUD ON SECURITY POLICIES
Here are some terms to know:
- Big data: the data, collected, collated and aggregated from all those edge devices, that is processed in the cloud.
- DRM (Device Relationship Manager): in large and complicated Edge computing systems, a DRM monitors the attached devices and allows for the management and servicing of those devices remotely, via the internet.
- Fog: when your device is connected to a local network – like your smartphone connected to your home wifi, using your local printer and sharing content around the network – it is connected to the fog. The fog is like a cloud, but smaller and local.
- Instant data: the data processed in each edge device for immediate use.
If your IT solutions aren’t delivering value, get in touch with us today.


What’s goin’ on guys?
Today I made a short video talking about Reverse SSH Tunneling and how I connected my local SSH server to my Raspberry Pi 3 using mobile data (AT&T SIM card) as a client. The procedure is very simple (a single ssh command per machine) but there is some details to understand, so let’s get to it!
Before we begin, let’s try to clearly understand the network and how both server and client will interact…
The Raspberry Pi 3 is connected to the internet using an AT&T SIM card (more specifically I’m using H2O which offers unlimited internet for $30 – it is basically prepaid AT&T). The Pi will be the client in this scenario. It’s important to note that we have no control over the router since we are using mobile data and therefore cannot do port forwarding on the Pi. Also the Pi is to be deployed remotely with all the networking + pentesting goodies, the reason why it’s connected using the SIM card: so we can get internet anywhere (pretty much).
The server will be my desktop computer running Slackware Linux sitting in my Local Area Network (LAN), where we do have control of the router and are capable of port forwarding. By default my system came with ssh – as all Linux do – and I simply enabled the service to start it at boot. The only other interesting detail to note, is that I am also running a Dynamic DNS on the server, so that if my public IP address changes, it will be automatically updated. Plus, its way easier to remember the dynamic DNS than an actual IP. For this I used No-IP as always.
The reason why I am explaining all of this, is because there are many similar situations where you will use this same method. Properly identifying the network and how it will interact is easily 90% of what we are trying to do here, the rest is simply executing a command on each machine.
I have gone over port forwarding on so many videos and posts that I’ve lost track already… here we go again!
We want the Raspberry Pi to be able to connect to the SSH Server right? The server, however, is inside my local network, which is unreachable to the outside internet.
Simply login to your router (usually on 192.168.1.1 for home networks) and enter your username + password (usually admin/admin or admin/password by default). There you will find a section under Advanced Settings called Port Forwarding and you will be able to choose a port (SSH uses port 22) and a local IP address. You should choose port 22 and the IP address of the computer running the SSH server.
Reverse SSH Tunneling
Now that we have everything setup, it’s time to get that ssh connection going!
On the client (raspberry pi), we will run the following command:
sudo ssh -f -N -o StrictHostKeyChecking=no -R 8420:localhost:22 username@ip address
Let’s properly breakdown this command:
You will want to run this command by using sudo or making sure you are root beforehand, since most networking tools require higher privileges.
Now let’s explain the parameters:
(-f) – This will force ssh to run in the background;
(-N) – This will tell ssh to not execute any command upon connection and wait for a command from an incoming connection (that is, the server);
(-o) – Allows for additional options, in this case, StrictHostKeyChecking will be set to no (will facilitate things for security purposes);
(-R) – Tells ssh to create a reverse tunnel so we can connect to this system from the server (the opposite of what usually happens);
– For this option we need to specify another port (8420) where the server will be able to reach client using correct username/password;
– localhost is the local network of the server, which is where we will be able to reach the client from now on…
– Port 22 is the actual default ssh port where the first connection will take place – this is something you can change as well;
Finally you will have to enter your username and IP address also. The username is the same Linux user you create on your computer using the adduser command. The IP address will be your Public IP address, not the LAN one (you do not want the IP address in the format 192.168.1.X here). You can find this out by going to google and typing: what is my IP address.
Once that’s done it should ask you for your Linux user’s password and simply return a blank prompt – as seen in video below.
On the server side, things get much easier… all we have to do is enter the following command:
ssh -p 8420 username@localhost
Make sure to replace username with the Linux user that you want to access on the client side, not the server.
It will ask for the user’s password and that’s it! We’re in!


Telephone calls may now be done over the Internet instead of via conventional landlines thanks to VoIP technology. It can replace older technologies such as voice mail, call waiting, and multiparty conferencing. VoIP is also more affordable than these other options and offers better quality audio since it uses digital signals rather than analog ones.
As a result, VoIP has become popular in businesses because it eliminates costs associated with traditional communication methods while still providing high-quality service. Additionally, VoIP makes it possible for people working from different locations to join together in real-time without having to wait long periods for their conversations to connect.
What are the benefits of using VoIP technology?
VoIP technology has many benefits, including reducing costs, improving employee productivity, and creating a more seamless customer experience. Let’s take a look at each of these in detail:
Reducing Costs: VoIP technology can help reduce the cost of voice calls by using cloud-based calling solutions. No hardware or software packages are required to run the service. Instead, all the processing is done on the server-side, vastly reducing your operating costs. Additionally, VoIP systems often offer call waiting and hold music capabilities which keep your line accessible to other customers.
Improved Employee Productivity: With enhanced communication between employees and supervisors, businesses can improve their overall efficiency and effectiveness. Employees can stay up-to-date with changes within the company without needing to interrupt their workflow every time someone needs them for something outside of work hours. In addition, cross-training workers in different areas helps minimize inconsistency across departments which can lead to damaged relationships with coworkers and ruined job prospects (or promotions).
How do VoIP systems work?
VoIP systems are a telecommunications technology that allows people to make phone calls over the Internet. Rather than using traditional telephone lines, VoIP software uses the Internet as a channel for voice communication. As such, it is faster and more reliable than conventional methods.
A VoIP system consists of two main parts: an application or client and a server. The application (usually computer-based) connects to the server via the Internet, allowing users to make calls just like they would with their regular phones. Many features standard in conventional telephones are also available with VoIP systems – including call forwarding, conference calling, voicemail transcription service, call recording functionality, etc.).
Since VoIP uses low-cost broadband connections instead of expensive landlines or toll lines for extending voice coverage into remote areas or high-altitude locations where catenary wires cannot be installed properly due to weather conditions or construction problems related to electrification infrastructure upgrades in mountain regions through fiber optics cables at least 50 times longer reaching HD quality video&audio services across seas while allowing emergency connections to be made independent of Internet connectivity.
What security measures should be taken when using a VoIP system?
VoIP systems are a popular way to make phone calls, and they are susceptible to cyber-attacks. Make sure that you take the appropriate security measures in light of this fact by following these guidelines:
encrypt all your communications using robust encryption algorithms like AES-256 or GCM; use a VoIP provider with stringent security protocols; keep up-to-date on the latest virus threats and malware protection software; install anti-spyware and antivirus programs on all devices used for communication (including your VoIP system); regularly back up important data files and portable devices that contain sensitive information.
How can VoIP be used to improve communication between people and businesses?
This technology, known as VoIP (voice over IP), provides a way to make phone calls from your computer or smartphone. This eliminates the need for traditional telephone lines and, as a result, will enable businesses to save on costs related to communication. Additionally, VoIP can be used in customer service and sales settings to reduce wait times and increase productivity.
VoIP can also be used in collaboration setups where various teams work together from different locations. For instance, one group may be making edits on a document while another handles billing inquiries via phone.
What restrictions do some countries have on VoIP use?
As VoIP technology has become increasingly popular, some countries have restricted its use. These restrictions typically apply to calls made within the country, and they may include a requirement that users use local numbers. Additionally, certain services or applications may be banned entirely.
It is essential to research any potential restrictions before making any calls or using VoIP services overseas. And if you do run into trouble while travelling, don’t hesitate to reach out for help! Many resources available online can guide you through the process of circumventing these limitations.
What are the standards for using VoIP?
Via the Internet Protocol (VoIP), audio and video conversations may be exchanged over the Internet. VoIP can be used to make telephone calls from anywhere in the world, at any time, using your regular phone number. It’s also possible to use VoIP for videoconferencing, audio messaging, and online meetings.
Several standards must be met to provide quality VoIP services:
- Codecs (compression methods).
- Signaling schemes (communication channels between endpoints).
- Networks/protocols (specification of how data travels across different components).
In addition, VoIP providers must adhere to specific security guidelines such as authentication and encryption technologies.
All these factors ensure that your call will be seamless and error-free. So if you’re looking for a convenient way to stay connected with loved ones or colleagues internationally, VoIP might be what you’re looking for!


How do IoT devices communicate with a Node.js server?
Have you ever questioned how IoT devices and Node.js servers are interconnected? What enables these devices to interact with servers, initiating a seamless transfer of data or signals? How does the processing happen via this relationship? The framework that facilitates this communication plays a crucial role in the era of digital transformation and is a topic worth pondering on.
The problem at hand largely deals with the intricacies involved in IoT communication with Node.js server. The issues stem from the lack of comprehensive understanding and streamlining of the process. As per Harvard Business Review, the complex computing processes involved prove to be a hurdle for many technologists (HBR, 2018). Similarly, according to MIT Press Journals, the technical complexity and the lack of clear instructions pose a significant challenge, especially for newcomers (MIT Press Journals, 2017). To overcome these barriers and establish efficient communication, the need of the hour is a standardized guide outlining the various steps involved.
In this article, you will learn about the mechanisms involved in establishing communication between IoT devices and Node.js. It would comprehensively look into the protocols followed, the data exchange process, and the manner in which requests and responses are handled. System architectures potentially used in these processes will also be discussed.
The details of this schematic interaction between IoT devices and servers would potentially offer insights on seamless communication, efficiently handle data and utilize messages from these devices to the fullest. This knowledge will also help in comprehensively understanding the vital role of Node.js servers in IoT device communication.</p
Understanding Key Definitions in IoT & Node.js Communication
In the realm of technology, IoT (Internet of Things) devices are pieces of hardware, like sensors or actuators, connected to the internet. They collect or transmit information automatically, directly interacting with the world around us.
IoT device is a gadget that connects to the internet to record and exchange data, which can include anything from everyday household items to sophisticated industrial tools.
The ease of use of Node.js makes it an ideal tool for writing server-side scripts to communicate with IoT devices.
Enthralling World of IoT: Unveiling the Secrets of Communication with Node.js Server
Intricacy of Communication: Node.js and IoT Devices
IoT devices communicate with a Node.js server mainly through internet protocols. Among the myriad of protocols that could be used, the most common ones include HTTP/HTTPS, WebSocket, MQTT, and CoAP. HTTP or HTTPS may be preferred for their simplicity while WebSocket is embraced when a full-duplex communication channel is needed. MQTT, on the other hand, is adopted for its minimal network usage and data load, and CoAP, being a web transfer protocol, is most suitable for constrained networks.
Easing the Process: Libraries and Frameworks
Seamless communication between IoT devices and a Node.js server is made possible with the assistance of various libraries and frameworks. The ‘http’ module in Node.js, for instance, is used to transfer data over the Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP). Meanwhile, ‘websockets’ can be enlisted for bi-directional, event-based communication, and ‘mqtt’ can be utilized to connect to an MQTT broker for multi-level messaging. Alternatively, ‘node-coap’ allows devices to interact with CoAP enabled networking nodes.
- 'http': A built-in module in Node.js that manages data transfer over HTTP.
- 'websockets': A module allowing bi-directional, event-driven communication between the server and the client.
- 'mqtt': A module that provides an MQTT client for Node.js to interact with an MQTT broker.
- 'node-coap': A CoAP library for Node.js that enables interaction with CoAP enabled networking nodes.
Node.js and IoT symbiotic relationship does not stop here; with the advance of IoT and the continuing enhancement of Node.js, the intricacy and capability of their communication will continually evolve. Various broker systems like Mosca are, for instance, now enabling IoT systems to communicate, free from the constraints of what protocol they use. Thus, by choosing the appropriate protocol, libraries, and frameworks, one can effectively enable a Node.js server to interact fluently with myriad IoT devices, thereby unlocking the extraordinary potential of IoT systems.
Dissolving Complexities: Masterful Techniques for IoT Devices to Tie Up with Node.js Server
Is Communication within IoT Networks Really Efficient?
One determining factor to consider when pondering the far-reaching implications of the Internet of Things (IoT) is the communication efficiency of devices within the network. Whether it’s a smart thermostat, a wearable fitness tracker, or even a drone, speed and real-time transmission of data between these devices and a server are critical. Therefore, this prompts developers and tech enthusiasts to rethink standards and efficiency. It would seem that Node.js could offer some feasible answers.
Challenges Faced in IoT Communication
In the age of IoT, devices need to transmit either extremely large or tiny amounts of data to the server. One of the issues that often arises when dealing with IoT devices is the propagation time; the time it takes for data packets to reach the server. Since these devices are often low-powered and limited by their processing capacities, the data sent can sometimes lag, be delayed, or be lost entirely.
Furthermore, the number of simultaneous connections that need handling can also present a challenge. A large number of IoT devices trying to connect at the same time can prove to be problematic, resulting in crashed servers or sluggish response times. These challenges nudge developers to seek a more efficient platform for building the server-side of IoT devices’ communication. That’s where Node.js can make a significant difference
Node.js: Elevating IoT Communication
In the realm of IoT, Node.js has proven to be a game-changer, especially when addressing the challenges mentioned above. It has provided an effective way of overcoming the hurdles associated with conventional methods of communication among IoT devices. First, it helps create a solution for handling multiple concurrent connections by using asynchronous, non-blocking functions.
Second, Node.js is an excellent platform for building APIs, web servers, and real-time applications like IoT systems. It empowers developers with the ability to build and deploy applications that can scale, are robust, and perform flawlessly. A real-world example demonstrating the power of Node.js in IoT is Tesla. The electric vehicle manufacturer uses Node.js for collecting vehicle telemetry data.
Finally, the real-time data streaming capabilities of Node.js are unrivaled. Streaming data from the IoT device to the server becomes much easier, faster, and the issues of propagation time and data packet loss are significantly mitigated. This improvement in speed and efficiency ultimately enhance the overall user experience in interacting with their IoT devices.
Leveraging Connectivity: Thriving in the Digital Era with IoT and Node.js Server Interactions
Interfacing Between IoT Devices and Node.js
Challenges Faced in this Interaction
But truth be told, the communication between IoT devices and a Node.js server is not without its hurdles. Two notable issues are latency and security. IoT devices generate a large amount of data that needs to be transferred quickly to ensure real-time responsiveness. However, transferring data over the network can introduce latency, which may deteriorate the user experience.
On the other hand, security stands as a non-negotiable challenge when dealing with IoT devices, as they operate within an interconnected ecosystem that may be vulnerable to intrusions. In IoT ecosystems, data is constantly flowing over the network and this data might get tapped by cybercriminals. Node.js, by nature, does not incorporate security features, which places a pressing demand on developers to build security measures themselves.
Established Best Practice Examples
Despite these challenges, diverse successful implementations affirm that Node.js can indeed be utilized effectively with IoT devices. One such example is the IBM Watson IoT Platform, which uses Node.js as part of its server-side applications. The platform supports real-time data exchanges, analytics and cognitive computing, all revolving around IoT devices.
Another example is the open-source software platform, AGILE IoT. This platform uses Node.js in combination with different IoT protocols for efficient data communication. It features advanced security measures and strategies, including the use of secure elements, user and device identity management systems, along with secure communications and encryption for data at rest.
Lastly, the Losant Enterprise IoT Platform is a Node.js-based platform that provides end-to-end IoT solutions. This platform has tackled the challenge of latency by using MQTT – a protocol designed specifically for limited bandwidth, high latency environments. With this approach, the Losant platform efficiently manages real-time data from millions of devices simultaneously. The platform also employs robust data encryption and rigorous authentication measures to ensure data security is maintained.
These instances of best practice confirm that implementing effective interaction between IoT devices and a Node.js server is daunting but feasible. Developers need to devise clever strategies to counteract latency and must put the highest priority on the aspect of security. Despite existing challenges, the potential rewards that a Node.js-IoT device can reap are considerable.
In retrospect, have you truly grasped the immense potential that Internet of Things (IoT) devices communicating with a Node.js server hold? This paradigm shift in the sphere of technology, with Node.js facilitating real-time communication with IoT devices, serves to revolutionize our personal and professional lives. As we explore the nuances, advantages and applications of using Node.js for IoT devices extensively, it becomes extraordinarily clear that leveraging this technology has massive implications in terms of optimization, automation, efficiency, and paving the path towards an interconnected, technologically sublime future.
In the pursuit of knowledge, we invite you to join us on the journey of unlocking the secrets of IoT combined with Node.js. By following our blog, you will gain insights and stay updated about the ever-evolving landscape of technology. Anticipate breathtaking revelations, intriguing complexities, and problem-solving strategies, all at your fingertips. To ensure you do not miss out on these valuable nuggets of information, be sure to join our subscriber’s list.
We leave you with the promise of an exciting exploration of the technological abyss in our forthcoming series of articles. Expect to dive into detailed discussions and explanations about IoT and Node.js, assimilating information directly from industry specialists and technological geniuses. Satisfy your thirst for comprehension as we cater to your burning questions, taking the world of IoT and Node.js server communication from a mere theoretical concept to a relatable, practical, and tangible reality. Until then, let’s continue pondering on the potential ties of IoT and Node.js and how they could redefine our known technological boundaries.
1. What is the central role of a Node.js server in IoT device communication?
The Node.js server primarily serves as the backend component for IoT devices, ensuring seamless interaction. It intakes data from IoT devices, processes it, and then transmits necessary actions or responses back to the devices.
2. How do IoT devices send data to a Node.js server?
IoT devices communicate with a Node.js server typically using protocols such as MQTT, CoAP, or HTTP/HTTPS. The IoT devices can send data in the form of packets or signals via these standardized protocols.
3. What kind of data from IoT devices does a Node.js server process?
A Node.js server can process a variety of data from IoT devices, which can be as simple as sensor readings, like temperature or humidity, to complex as live video feeds. The server can decipher this data and notify relevant applications or devices about the current status or trigger certain actions.
4. How secure is communication between IoT devices and a Node.js server?
Security is of significant concern in IoT and Node.js provides built-in modules to ensure the same. Communication between the devices and the server can be encrypted and authenticated to prevent unauthorized access and data breaches.
5. Can a Node.js server serve multiple IoT devices at a time?
Yes, a Node.js server can handle multiple connections simultaneously due to its non-blocking I/O and event-driven model. This makes it an ideal choice for managing the large quantity of data produced by fleets of IoT devices.


THE 5/8 WAVE VERTICAL
used by many, It has deserved a name on the DX-antenna list over the
pattern is also a omni-directional one. It has somewhat higher gain
then his smaller brother (the half wave vertical), actually it is 1,5dB
can often be changed at the bottom of the antenna by changing the coil
dimensions, you can easily change the SWR.
Some manufacturers would like to let you know that with something on top of the antenna (as you can see in the picture above) the antenna will work better this of course is also not true....but it looks nice.
are those who claim high gain. As said the 5/8 wave antenna has 1,5dBD
NO more, no matter what type!
THEN A 5/8 WAVE
see the pattern produced by a 5/8 wave antenna with a length just under
7 meters. When you compare this to a halve wave vertical you can notice
there is only a slight difference, NOT that much though.


Distribute Cable Internet service via a Cisco Linksys E series router
The original link : http://homekb.cisco.com/Cisco2/ukp.aspx?pid=80&vw=1&articleid=3686
This article will discuss how to manually set up a Linksys router with a Cable Internet service. For Linksys EA and E-series routers, it is recommended to use the Cisco Connect software to initially set up the router.
To set up a Linksys router with Cable connection, you need to perform four (4) procedures using the computer that is registered with the ISP:
i. Verifying Internet connection
ii. Connecting devices together
iii. Checking the router’s LEDs
iv. Configuring a Linksys router for Cable Internet connection
Verifying Internet connection
Connect the computer to the Cable modem using an Ethernet cable without the router installed. If your computer is getting Internet connection, you may proceed with the next step. Otherwise, contact your ISP.
Connecting devices together
NOTE: Images may vary depending on the type of computer and router model you are using.
In this example, the Linksys E4200 router is used.
Connect the Cable modem to the router’s WAN or Internet port.
Connect a computer to any of the numbered ports (1, 2, 3 or 4). If you are using a wireless computer, you will need to connect it first with an Ethernet cable.
NOTE: In this example, a computer is connected to port number 2.
Connect the power adapter of your router to the power outlet.
Checking the router’s LEDs
After connecting the devices together, check the lights on the front panel of the router. Ensure that the lights corresponding to the ports where the Ethernet cords are connected to are lit. For further instructions, click here.
Configuring a Linksys router for Cable Internet connection
Access the router’s web-based setup page. For instructions, click here.
NOTE: If you are using a Mac computer to access the router’s web-based setup page, click here.
On the Setup tab, click the MAC Address Clone sub-tab.
Select Enabled then click on Clone My PC’s MAC.
Checking Internet connection status
Once the MAC Address Clone feature is enabled, Internet status should be active. To check the Internet Connection status, follow the procedure below.
NOTE: Ensure that the Internet Connection Type is set to Automatic Configuration – DHCP.
Click on the Status tab.
Check the Internet IP Address. If it has numbers, this means the router has been properly configured.
NOTE: If the Internet IP Address values are showing up 0.0.0.0, click on Release IP Address then the Renew IP Address buttons.
NOTE: For wireless-B and wireless-G routers, click on the DHCP Release and DHCP Renew buttons.
You should now be able to access the Internet. If not, powercycle the modem, the router then the computer. To know how, follow the steps below:
IMPORTANT: You should do the following procedure with caution since most Cable modems run together with the phone line and Cable TV connection. Most Cable modems also have backup batteries that may prevent it from being powered OFF even if the power adapter is detached from it. Refer to your ISP for detailed instructions on powercycling the modem.
To perform the powercycle process:
Power OFF the modem.
While the modem is powered OFF, unplug the power adapter from the router and shutdown your computer.
Power ON the modem and wait for its lights to go steady.
Power ON the router, wait for its lights to go steady, then turn ON the computer.
Your Internet connection should now be active. If you’re still unable to go online, contact your ISP to reconfigure the modem.
NOTE: Most Cable Internet Service Providers (ISP) use Media Access Control (MAC) Address authentication to establish Internet connection to Internet subscribers. A MAC address is a unique identifier pre-assigned to the network adapter/s of the computer. When you connect a computer directly to the Cable modem, the Internet Service Provider (ISP) verifies if the MAC address is allowed to obtain Internet access. All routers also have a unique MAC address.
If this MAC address is not recognized by the Cable Internet Service Provider, you will not be able to share Internet connection using a router. To set up your Linksys router to work with a Cable ISP, you have to enable the MAC Address Clone feature using the router’s web-based setup page. This feature will allow your ISP to recognize the router as the computer with the registered MAC address.


Member of Editorial Board, International Journal on Internet and Distributed Computing Systems (IJIDCS)
Member of Editorial Board, Journal of Computing and Applications" (JCA)
- Technical PC Member, ICOIN 2011, Malaysia
- Handled reviewing of 9 technical papers related to Wireless Networking, Grid Computing, Mobile computing, Ubiquitous Networking, etc.
- Reviewer, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications
- Reviews papers related to Computer Networks, Wireless Networking, Mobile computing, etc.
- Reviewer, Journal of Communications and Networks
- Reviews papers related to Wireless Networking, Distributed Systems and Mobile computing fields.
- Reviewer, Journal of Sensors
- Reviews papers related to Wireless Sensor Networks Design, Protocols and Applications.
Reviewer, IEEE CCNC, IEEE WCNC, APNOMS, NOMS, ICACT, ICOIN, and many other international conferences
- Reviewer, Annals of Telecommunications
- Reviews papers related to Wireless Networking, Analysis and Design of Communication Protocols and other Telecommunication oriented Applications.