Explore low-latency video encoding with VideoToolbox
Supporting low latency encoders has become an important aspect of video application development process. Discover how VideoToolbox supports low-delay H.264 hardware encoding to minimize end-to-end latency and achieve new levels of performance for optimal real-time communication and high-quality video playback.
♪ ♪ Hi. My name is Peikang, and I’m from Video Coding and the Processing team. Welcome to “Exploring low-latency video encoding with Video Toolbox.” The low-latency encoding is very important for many video applications, especially real-time video communication apps. In this talk, I’m going to introduce a new encoding mode in Video Toolbox to achieve low-latency encoding. The goal of this new mode is to optimize the existing encoder pipeline for real-time applications. So what does a real-time video application require? We need to minimize the end-to-end latency in the communication so that people won’t be talking over each other.
We need to enhance the interoperability by letting the video apps capable of communicating with more devices. The encoder pipeline should be efficient when there are more than one recipients in the call.
The app needs to present the video in its best visual quality.
We need a reliable mechanism to recover the communication from errors introduced by network loss.
The low-latency video encoding that I’m going to talk about today will optimize in all these aspects. With this mode, your real-time application can achieve new levels of performance.
In this talk, first I’m going to give an overview of low-latency video encoding. We can have the basic idea about how we achieve low latency in the pipeline. Then I’m going to show how to use VTCompressionSession APIs to build the pipeline and encode with low-latency mode. Finally, I will talk about multiple features we are introducing in low-latency mode. Let me first give an overview on low-latency video encoding. Here is a brief diagram of a video encoder pipeline on Apple’s platform. The Video Toolbox takes the CVImagebuffer as the input image. It asks the video encoder to perform compression algorithms such as H.264 to reduce the size of raw data.
The output compressed data is wrapped in CMSampleBuffer, and it can be transmitted through network for video communication. As we may notice from the previous diagram, the end-to-end latency can be affected by two factors: the processing time and the network transmission time.
To minimize the processing time, the low-latency mode eliminates frame reordering. A one in, one out encoding pattern is followed. Also, the rate controller in this mode has a faster adaptation in response to the network change, so the delay caused by network congestion is minimized as well. With these two optimizations, we can already see obvious performance improvements compared with the default mode. The low-latency encoding can reduce the delay of up to 100 milliseconds for a 720p 30fps video. Such saving can be critical for video conferencing.
As we reduce the latency, we can achieve a more efficient encoding pipeline for real-time communications like video conferencing and live broadcasting.
Also, the low-latency mode always uses a hardware-accelerated video encoder in order to save powers. Note, the supported video codec type in this mode is H.264, and we’re bringing this feature on both iOS and macOS.
Next, I want to talk about how to use low-latency mode with Video Toolbox. I’m going to first recap the use of VTCompressionSession and then show you the step we need to enable low-latency encoding. When we use VTCompressionSession, the first thing is to create the session with VTCompressionSessionCreate API.
We can optionally config the session, such as target bit rate, through VTSessionSetProperty API. If the configuration is not provided, the encoder will operate with the default behavior.
After the session is created and properly configured, we can pass the CVImageBuffer to the session with VTCompressionSessionEncodeFrame call. The encoded result can be retrieved from the output handler provided during the session creation.
Enabling low-latency encoding in the compression session is easy. The only change we need is in the session creation.
Here is a code snippet showing how to do that. First we need a CFMutableDictionary for the encoderSpecification. The encoderSpecification is used to specify a particular video encoder that the session must use. And then we need to set EnableLowLatencyRateControl flag in the encoderSpecification.
Finally, we need to give this encoderSpecification to VTCompressionSessionCreate, and the compression session will be operating in low-latency mode.
The configuration step is the same as usual. For example, we can set the target bit rate with AverageBitRate property.
OK, we’ve covered the basics of the low-latency mode with Video Toolbox. I’d like to move on to the new features in this mode that can further help you develop a real-time video application. So far, we’ve talked about the latency benefit by using the low-latency mode. The rest of the benefits can be achieved by the features I’m going introduce.
The first feature is the new profiles. We enhanced the interoperability by adding two new profiles to the pipeline.
And we are also excited to talk about temporal scalability. This feature can be very helpful in video conferencing.
You can now have a fine-grained control over the image quality with max frame quantization parameter. Last, we want to improve the error resilience by adding the support of long-term reference.
Let’s talk about the new profile support. Profile defines a group of coding algorithms that the decoder is capable to support. In order to communicate with the receiver side, the encoded bitstream should comply with the specific profile that the decoder supports.
Here in Video Toolbox, we support a bunch of profiles, such as baseline profile, main profile, and high profile.
Today we added two new profiles to the family: constrained baseline profile, CBP, and constrained high profile, CHP.
CBP is primarily used for low-cost applications and CHP, on the other hand, has more advanced algorithms for better compression ratio. You should check the decoder capabilities in order to know which profile should be used.
To request CBP, simply set ProfileLevel session property to ContrainedBaseLine_AutoLevel.
Similarly, we can set the profile level to ContrainedHigh_AutoLevel to use CHP.
Now let’s talk about temporal scalability. We can use temporal scalability to enhance the efficiency for multi-party video calls.
Let us consider a simple, three-party video conferencing scenario. In this model, receiver "A" has a lower bandwidth of 600kbps, and receiver B has a higher bandwidth of 1,000kbps.
Normally, the sender needs to encode two sets of bitstreams in order to meet the downlink bandwidth of each receiver side. This may not be optimal.
The model can be more efficient with temporal scalability, where the sender only needs to encode one single bitstream but can be later divided into two layers.
Let me show you how this process works.
Here is a sequence of encoded video frames where each of the frames uses the previous frame as predictive reference.
We can pull half of the frames into another layer, and we can change the reference so that only the frames in the original layer are used for prediction.
The original layer is called base layer, and the new constructed layer is called enhancement layer.
The enhancement layer can be used as a supplement of the base layer in order to improve the frame rate.
For receiver "A," we can send base layer frames because the base layer itself is decodable already. And more importantly, since the base layer contains only half of the frames, the transmitted data rate will be low.
On the other hand, receiver B can enjoy a smoother video since it has a sufficient bandwidth to receive base layer frames and enhancement layer frames.
Let me show you the videos encoded using temporal scalability. I’m going to play two videos, one from the base layer, and the other from the base layer together with the enhancement layer.
The base layer itself can be played normally, but at the same time, we may notice the video is not quite smooth.
We can immediately see the difference if we play the second video. The right video has a higher frame rate compared with the left one because it contains both base layer and enhancement layer.
The left video has 50% of the input frame rate, and it uses 60% of the target bit rate. These two videos only require the encoder to encode one single bitstream at one time. This will be much more power efficient when we are doing multi-party video conferencing.
Another benefit of temporal scalability is error resilience. As we can see, the frames in the enhancement layer are not used for prediction, so there is no dependency on these frames.
This would mean if one or more enhancement layer frames are dropped during network transmission, other frames won’t be affected. This makes the whole session more robust.
The way to enable temporal scalability is pretty straightforward. We created a new session property in low-latency mode called BaseLayerFrameRateFraction. Simply set this property to 0.5, meaning half of the input frames are assigned to base layer and the rest are assigned to enhancement layer.
You can check the layer information from the sample buffer attachment. For base layer frames, the CMSampleAttachmentKey_ IsDependedOnByOthers will be true, and otherwise it will be false.
We also have the option to set the target bit rate for each layer. Remember that we use the session property AverageBitRate to config the target bit rate.
After the target bit rate is configured, we can set the new BaseLayerBitRateFraction property to control the percentage of the target bit rate needed for the base layer.
If this property is not set, a default value of 0.6 will be used. And we recommend the base layer bit rate fraction should range from 0.6 to 0.8.
Now, let’s move to max frame quantization parameter, or max frame QP.
Frame QP is used to regulate image quality and data rate.
We can use low-frame QP to generate a high-quality image. The image size will be large in this case.
On the other hand, we can use a high-frame QP to generate an image in low quality but with smaller size.
In low-latency mode, the encoder adjusts frame QP using factors such as image complexity, input frame rate, video motion in order to produce the best visual quality under current target bit rate constraint. So we encourage to rely on the encoder’s default behavior for adjusting frame QP.
But in some cases where the client has a specific requirement for the video quality, we now let you control the max frame QP that the encoder is allowed to use.
With the max frame QP, the encoder will always choose the frame QP that is smaller than this limit, so the client can have a fine-grained control over the image quality.
It’s worth mentioning that the regular rate control still works even with the max frame QP specified. If the encoder hits the max frame QP cap but is running out of bit rate budget, it will start dropping frames in order to maintain the target bit rate.
One example of using this feature is to transmit screen content video over a poor network.
You can make a trade-off by sacrificing the frame rate in order to send sharp screen content images. Setting max frame QP can meet this requirement.
Let’s look at the interface. You can pass the max frame QP with the new session property MaxAllowedFrameQP.
Keep in mind that the value of max frame QP must range from 1 to 51 according to the standard.
Let’s talk about the last feature we’ve developed in low-latency mode, long-term reference.
Long-term reference or LTR can be used for error resilience. Let’s look at this diagram showing the encoder, sender client, and the receiver client in the pipeline.
Suppose the video communication goes through a network with poor connection. Frame loss can happen because of the transmission error.
When the receiver client detects a frame loss, it can request a refresh frame in order to reset the session.
If the encoder gets the request, normally it will encode a key frame for the refresh purpose. But the key frame is usually quite large.
A large key frame takes a longer time to get to the receiver. Since the network condition is already poor, a large frame could compound the network congestion issue.
So, can we use a predictive frame instead of a key frame for refresh? The answer is yes, if we have frame acknowledgement. Let me show you how it works.
First, we need to decide frames that require acknowledgement. We call these frames long-term reference, or LTR. This is the decision from the encoder. When the sender client transmits an LTR frame, it also needs to request acknowledgement from the receiver client.
If the LTR frame is successfully received, an acknowledgement needs to be sent back.
Once the sender client gets the acknowledgement and passes that information to the encoder, the encoder knows which LTR frames have been received by the other side.
Let’s look at the bad network situation again.
When the encoder gets the refresh request, since this time, the encoder has a bunch of acknowledged LTRs, it is able to encode a frame that is predicted from one of these acknowledged LTRs.
A frame that is encoded in this way is called LTR-P.
Usually an LTR-P is much smaller in terms of encoded frame size compared to a key frame, so it is easier to transmit. Now, let’s talk about the APIs for LTR. Note that the frame acknowledgement needs to be handled by application layer. It can be done with mechanisms such as RPSI message in RTP Control Protocol.
Here we’re only going to focus on how the encoder and the sender client communicate in this process.
Once you have enabled low-latency encoding, you can enable this feature by setting EnableLTR session property.
When an LTR frame is encoded, the encoder will signal a unique frame token in the sample attachment RequireLTRAcknowledgementToken.
The sender client is responsible for reporting the acknowledged LTR frames to the encoder through AcknowledgedLTRTokens frame property. Since more than one acknowledgement can come at a time, we need to use an array to store these frame tokens.
You can request a refresh frame at any time through ForceLTRRefresh frame property. Once the encoder receives this request, an LTR-P will be encoded. If there is no acknowledged LTR available, the encoder will generate a key frame in this case.
All right. Now we’ve covered the new features in low-latency mode. We can talk about using these features together.
For example, we can use temporal scalability and max frame quantization parameter for a group screen sharing application. The temporal scalability can efficiently generate output videos for each recipient, and we can lower the max frame QP for a sharper UI and text in the screen content.
If the communication goes through a poor network and a refresh frame is needed to recover from the error, long-term reference can be used. And if the receiver can only decode constrained profiles, we can encode with constrained baseline profile or constrained high profile.
OK. We’ve covered a few topics here. We’ve introduced a low-latency encoding mode in Video Toolbox.
We’ve talked about how to use VTCompressionSession APIs to encode videos in low-latency mode.
Besides the latency benefit, we also developed a bunch of new features to address the requirements for real-time video application. With all these improvements, I hope the low-latency mode can make your video app more amazing. Thanks for watching and have a great WWDC 2021. [upbeat music]


The Art and Ability lab at OCADU explores the relationship between art-making and disability. The lab’s approach is interdisciplinary with practitioners from art, design, programming and media working together. One of the main undertakings of the lab is the project Cardinal. This project is based on eye-typing. It is focused on developing a system of communication for people who have speech limitations.
Eye-typing systems are a common communication technique for individuals with speech impairments. These systems frequently require users to select words or characters by resting their eyes on a stationary target, an approach that results in user eye fatigue.
The Art and Ability lab has developed a typing system aimed at reducing eye fatigue, which relies on simple eye gestures for the selection of language characters. This system uses a screen and infrared camera for reliable gesture detection. The end goal is to remove the screen altogether so that users can enjoy face-to-face conversation.
Geoffrey Shea – Principal Investigator, Artist and Educator
Alan Boulton – Software Engineer
Alex Haagaard – M.Des Candidate
Nell Chitty – M.Des Candidate
Tahireh Lal – MFA Candidate


Saturday Microwaves 101 Program
Getting Started and Having Fun on the Microwave Bands
If you’re looking for new operating challenges beyond the VHF and UHF bands, why not consider the super-high frequency (SHF) bands, also known as the microwaves? Join CSVHFS life members and microwave enthusiasts Bruce Richardson, W9FZ, and Janice Hoettels, KA9VVQ, for a 1.5 hour presentation about getting started and having fun operating on the microwave bands. Topics that will be discussed include: the equipment needed to operate at microwave frequencies, the skills necessary to effectively operate a microwave station, microwave propagation, and operating activities available on the microwave bands. Following the presentation, Bruce and Janice will demonstrate all of the concepts discussed using their
10 GHz dish rigs.


The probe interface is a critical component in various industries, enabling the connection between electronic devices and test equipment. It plays a crucial role in ensuring accurate measurements, signal integrity, and efficient data transfer. As a result, several industries heavily rely on probe interface technology and hold important patents in this field. In this article, we will explore some of the key industries that utilize probe interface technology and discuss the significance of patents within each sector.1. Electronics and Semiconductor Industry: The electronics and semiconductor industry is at the forefront of probe interface technology. This industry heavily relies on probe interfaces for testing and characterization of electronic components, integrated circuits (ICs), and printed circuit boards (PCBs). Patents related to probe interfaces in this industry focus on improving signal integrity, reducing noise, increasing bandwidth, and enhancing measurement accuracy. These patents often cover innovations in probe design, contact materials, shielding techniques, and signal conditioning methods.
2. Telecommunications Industry: The telecommunications industry heavily relies on probe interfaces for testing and monitoring network equipment, such as routers, switches, and optical transceivers. Patents in this industry focus on high-speed data transfer, signal integrity, and compatibility with various communication protocols. Additionally, patents related to probe interfaces in telecommunications often cover innovations in optical interfaces, such as fiber optic probes, for accurate and reliable measurements in optical networks.
3. Aerospace and Defense Industry: The aerospace and defense industry utilizes probe interfaces for testing and maintenance of avionics systems, radar systems, communication systems, and electronic warfare equipment. Patents in this industry focus on ruggedness, reliability, and the ability to withstand harsh environmental conditions. Additionally, probe interface patents in this sector often cover innovations in probe tip materials, probe card designs, and contact mechanisms to ensure accurate measurements in challenging aerospace and defense applications.
4. Medical Device Industry: The medical device industry relies on probe interfaces for testing and validation of various medical devices, including patient monitoring systems, imaging equipment, and diagnostic devices. Patents related to probe interfaces in this industry focus on patient safety, signal quality, and compatibility with medical standards and regulations. Innovations in probe interface technology for medical devices often involve features like biocompatible materials, low noise, and high accuracy to ensure reliable and precise measurements.
5. Automotive Industry: The automotive industry utilizes probe interfaces for testing and validation of electronic systems in vehicles, including engine control units (ECUs), infotainment systems, and advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS). Patents in this industry focus on robustness, reliability, and the ability to handle high-voltage and high-current measurements. Additionally, probe interface patents in the automotive sector often cover innovations in probe tip designs, contact mechanisms, and shielding techniques to ensure accurate measurements in the presence of electromagnetic interference (EMI) and other automotive-specific challenges.
6. Research and Development (R&D) Labs: R&D labs across various industries, including academia, government institutions, and private research facilities, heavily rely on probe interfaces for experimental setups, prototyping, and testing of new technologies. Patents related to probe interfaces in R&D labs often cover a wide range of applications and focus on versatility, flexibility, and ease of use. These patents may include innovations in probe interface designs, modular probe systems, and specialized probes for specific research applications.
In conclusion, the probe interface technology is crucial in several industries, including electronics and semiconductors, telecommunications, aerospace and defense, medical devices, automotive, and research and development labs. Patents related to probe interfaces in these industries focus on improving signal integrity, accuracy, reliability, and compatibility with specific applications. These patents drive innovation and enable the development of advanced probe interface solutions that meet the unique requirements of each industry.


Posts by scribe:
What are Signal Jammers and What Can They Do?
Signal jammers are gadgets that are used mainly to interrupt or dislocate radio signals. Signal jammers are commonly used by people who wish to disrupt people from transmitting and receiving signals from their cell phones. If you want to disable someone’scellular phone, it will be easy for you to do it because these signal jammers are wireless and they can be used anywhere. You can also use it to interfere with wireless local area networks or WLAN. Because of this ability to interfere with wireless local area network signals, manufacturers have also developed other types of jammers like Bluetooth jammers and Wi-Fi and wireless video jammers. Now, even satellites can be jammed; you only need to have high-tech and sophisticated types of signal jammers to do so.
Usually, devices which are in good working condition will make it difficult for signal jammers to interfere with its signals. It is not only individuals who use signal jammers, the government also uses these and regulars its use and they only use it for jamming cellular phone communication lines. It is only the receiving end of the cell phone and its base station that is affected by a signal jammer. It has a relatively small electromagnetic wave and is not known to have any harmful effect on the human body or the cell phone itself. With bigger signal jammers however, like outdoor signal stations, there can be health risks if you use them.
The most common of all signal jammer is the one used to jam cell phone signals. The cellular phone is prevented from receiving signals from its base station, and this is done by blocking radio waves. The distance covered by this signal jammer is from 10 meters to a kilometer.
GPS signal jammers are also common used today. They are used by the military to confuse GPS tracking locations. There are no homemade tracking systems like this. Civilian makes use of these jammers to hide or cover up their locations and that of their vehicle if they don’t want it to be tracked by a GPS receiver. Civilian GPS jammers are only good up to ten meters.
in order to jam Wi-Fi signals and video, people use Bluetooth jammers which are usually integrated with multi-functional jammers. Wireless land are network signals, Bluetooth devices, and video transmitting, can be disabled and interfere with by these Bluetooth signal jammers.
The prices of these signal jammers and relatively low and that is why it is getting popular with people today and are used repeatedly.
If you want to purchase signal jammers you can simply look for them in online stores. A simple cellular phone signal jammers usually costs less than fifty dollars for the cheapest ones and a little less than a hundred and fifty for the more expensive ones.
Cited reference: Resources
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It also permits the interstage isolation for controlling of i/p and o/p impedance. The apparatus that are used in these filters is smaller than the components used in passive filters. Bandpass filter allows frequency after this point, whereas the band stop filter blocks it. to increase the order of the filter, active filters are used in cascading configuration without worrying about the loss of input signals power. It allows low-frequency signal & high-frequency signals. The digital filter has opened up a new situation for the music field. This gain is used for amplifying any weak input signals. The output signal’s amplitude is minimal than that of the input signal’s amplitude in a passive filter, and to overcome this downside, an active low pass filter … Laboratory 2: Passive and Active Filters Daijia Zhang EE 127: Electronics for Biomedical Applications Professor: Dr.Cuong Nguyen March 13, 2018 1 Introduction The objective of this lab is to understand the concepts of passive and active filters and learn their related applications. In active-filters, the passband may have some gain depending on the configuration of the circuit. And it is the frequency where the power of the output signal becomes half the power of the input signal. It is denoted by f, The upper frequency at which the output power is reduced by ½ of the input power. Sonar signal processing is divided into two categories, active sonar signal processing and passive sonar signal processing. Uses for passive filters. Applications of Active Low Pass Filters are in audio amplifiers, equalizers or speaker systems to direct the lower frequency bass signals to the larger bass speakers or to reduce any high frequency noise or “hiss” type distortion. Active filters also have their limitations. Function Generator 6. Active and Passive filters: Passive harmonic filters manufacturers. Active filters are implemented using a combination of passive and active (amplifying) components, and require an outside power source. When compared with passive filter, an active filter has an arrangement in which the amplifier is designed as a voltage-follower (Buffer) which gives a DC gain of one. AF inductors are physically larger and heavier, and therefore expensive. Variations in the power supplies output voltage may affect, to some extent, the signal output from the active filter. That is why; the load impedance does not affect the characteristics of the active filters. For some ranges of frequencies, for example at audio frequencies and below, an active filter can realize a given transfer function without using inductors , which are relatively large and costly components compared to resistors and capacitors, and which are more expensive to make with the required high quality and accurate … By selecting a quad op-amp IC, steep roll-off can be built in very little space and at very little cost. Get Free Android App | Download Electrical Technology App Now! The variation in the reactance causes the voltage drop to increase or decrease inside the circuit. A simple active low pass filter is formed by using an op-amp. The passive RC HPF is used for applications at audio or low-frequency ranges. 14.1.3 Shunt Active Power Filter. This type of filter has two cutoff frequencies i.e. • A filter is a passive filter if it consists of only passive elements R, L, and C. It is said to be an active filter if it consists of active elements (such as transistors and op amps) in addition to passive elements R, L, and C. • For a passive filter, the maximum output amplitude is equal to the input amplitude It is denoted by f. Your email address will not be published. As the name suggests, passive filters are made up of passive components, such as resistors, capacitors & inductors. The filter is a circuit that alters the amplitude and phase of the input signal and generates output accordingly. it is expressed as a gain loss per decade (ten times increase in frequency) or per octave (two-time increase in frequency). 3. Thus variation in load will have no effect on the characteristics of the active filter. Low Pass filter allow low-frequency signals without any attenuation (decrease in power) but it rejects any high-frequency signals. The operational amplifier will take the high impedance signal as input and gives a low impedance signal as output. operational amplifier) in addition to Resistors (R) and Capacitors (C) in the construction of the filter. There are different types of filters classified based on their frequency response and construction. Type above and press Enter to search. Treble & bass of the speaker: The bass has lower frequencies & treble has higher frequencies. Active filter needs a … Active filters can be used in very difficult circumstances where passive filters cannot operate successfully because of parallel resonance within the system. High frequency response is limited by the gain bandwidth (GBW) and slew-rate of the op-amps. The passband & stopband are distinguished from each other by the cutoff frequency or corner frequency. Audio receiver and Equalizer 2. Because of high input impedance of the op-amp, large value resistors can be used and therefore size and cost of the capacitors used are reduced. Approximation Methods for Electronic Filter Design: With Applications to Passive, Active and Digital Networks By enclosing a capacitor in a feedback loop, the inductor (with all its low frequency problems) can be eliminated. The Active filters are more reasonable than passive filters. 2. Some examples are given below. The active filter can filter very low-frequency signals but it cannot process very high-frequency signal. Passband lies before the cutoff frequency (mentioned below). Passive filters utilize only resistors, inductors, and capacitors, whereas active filters make use of active devices (i.e., discrete transistors or op amps) as well. Filters are widely used to give circuits such as amplifiers, oscillators and power supply circuits the required frequency characteristic. Active filter needs a … While any signal with a frequency higher than the cutoff frequency passes with full amplitude. Thus the load will have to be considered as a component of the filter and will have to be taken into consideration while determining filter response or design. 25% Off on Electrical Engineering Shirts. They can also take care of more than one harmonic at a time and improve or mitigate other power quality problems such as flicker. The tuner in radio tuning to a specific frequency 3 with full.! Filter needs a … the active filter uses an active component such resistors... Amplifier will take the high impedance signal as input and output impedances of passive components and. And passive sonar signal processing is divided into two categories, active filters at which the output the... Are marked *, All about Electrical & Electronics Engineering & Technology or high-frequency ranges use of active filter harmonic. 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Gain bandwidth ( GBW ) and slew-rate of the input power us by disabling your ad blocker Jayant,.


A bar code works in much the same way as an ordinary flashlight, by reading the reflected light from a surface, This process begins when a device directs a light beam through a bar code. The device contains a small sensory reading element. The sensor detects the light being reflected back from the bar code, and converts it to electrical energy, and in then converted to into data.
The benefits of implementing bar codes for automated data collection are very simple: speed and accuracy. It has been proven that entering barcode data is approximately 100 times faster and more accurate than a manual keyboard entry, which in turn increases the accuracy, efficiency and productivity of any facilities operations.
The PDT, or Portable Data Terminal, was specifically designed to bring the computer to the bar code, particularly to address the jobs such as warehouse management and inventory control. A fully programmable handheld computer is necessary in such instances.
Selecting the mode of communications is very important in determining what end result your operation is attempting to achieve. Collected data can be transferred back to the host in one of two ways.
- A radio frequency communication link, providing an online, real time data uplink. This often requires a more complex connection to the host which will result in a more costly implementation. When online real time data transfer is required, RF is the method of choice.
- Batch data collection is a simpler and easier process. In this method data is collected in small batches and transferred from the portable into the host computer by a serial cable connection.
- Programming – The operating system of a PDT determines the method of programming used. Proprietary operating systems usually require knowledge of the proprietary language. Other units may use a common operating system such as DOS, MS Windows, and now Windows CE … allowing for programming with a more common language base such as Visual Basic, Basic or C.


About this course
With low-cost sensor technologies now widely available, building owners, managers and designers are in a position to monitor, manage and understand buildings in new ways – potentially improving resource efficiencies and occupant wellbeing. But any implementation needs careful consideration and design to obtain the required results and avoid capturing unnecessary data, the wrong data or missing opportunities. Based on recent research and practical experience implementing sensor technologies, this interactive course will offer a structured approach for anyone interested in deploying sensor technologies into buildings.
- An understanding of how to identify information needs to support a range of use cases
- Be able to identify sensor requirements to meet information needs
- Identify and evaluate a range of sensor technologies for given use case scenarios
- Develop an understanding of the importance of structured data sets
- Privacy and security considerations
- Practical application of a methodology for identifying sensor data requirements
- Basic analysis of sensor data on the cloud
Sensor data can provide insights into building performance and patterns of occupant behaviour. Light, humidity, temperature, sound and other data can be captured to support understanding of occupant wellbeing. Occupant movement within and across buildings can be tracked and even the current mood of building users can be detected. Building assets can be tracked and monitored in use. Data from sensors can provide insights that support future decisions relating to building: design; operation; and maintenance.
The potential number of data points that can be collected within and across buildings can prove an overwhelming prospect for those tasked with designing and deploying sensor networks. Designing a network that supports the business and functional needs of building owners, managers and occupiers requires multi-stakeholder knowledge. This course looks at what it means to implement an ‘Internet of Things’ (IoT) approach to developing a ‘Smart building’. It aims to demystify the terminology around developing smart building infrastructure and offer building designers, owners and managers a practical insight to the deployment of sensor technologies.
Adopting a strategic approach to developing a sensor network can ensure the required results are obtained whilst avoiding capturing data for the sake of it.
This course will look at the problems with over specifying technology, the benefits sensor networks can bring to both building performance, resource efficiencies and occupant wellbeing and how to develop a set of data requirements for specifying a sensor network. We will look at different types of sensors and the types of data they can capture and discuss the limitations of sensor technologies. Essential privacy and security considerations will also be discussed.
By the end of this course you will have a good understanding of how to define a set of information requirements to support the development of a sensor specification. You will learn methods for identifying data needs to support those information requirements. You will be given an introduction to sensors and the different types of sensor technology available for supporting building design and operational processes. There will be a practical hands-on session where you will explore different sensor technologies and the types of data that can be generated.
You will learn how to identify information requirements for use cases scenarios along with the data required to provide that information. Sources of data will be explored, including sensor and building data. Sample data sets will be demonstrated using live sensor data readings. Gaps in data will be explored to demonstrate the importance of good data. Delegates will learn methods for creating a strategy for understanding sensor requirements for asset management.
Available Course dates
7 December 2018
12 April 2019
Courses are delivered at The Business Hub, 3rd Floor, Sandyford Building, Northumbria University
Please contact us to discuss alternative locations or training at your premises.
tel: +44 (0) 191 227 4533
You will be forwarded to a secure web page hosted by Northumbria University where you can register for the course.


We provide and install many types of network and ethernet cabling in the Wilmington area including all categories of cable, mesh wifi systems that eliminate the need for wifi extenders, and wireless point to point data transmission systems for getting data to remote buildings or boat docks for wifi or security cameras.
Having hard wired network and ethernet cabling for your computers, TV's and other devices helps reduce the load on your wifi system and enables higher speeds and a more reliable connection to the network. Cabling can be installed in new construction or existing construction.
A mesh wifi system is great for ensuring your network has coverage throughout your whole property. Indoor and outdoor access points work together to seamlessly keep your devices connected while eliminating unreliable wifi extenders.
Wireless point to point systems are a cost effective way to get network connections to a remote building or boat dock for wifi service or to install security cameras. They are much more cost effective than running network and ethernet cabling underground and much more reliable than wifi extenders.
If you have an existing network cabling closet that is a complete mess, we can help. We can trace down, label, test and clean up existing network systems and ethernet cabling. The cabling system is the backbone of all networks, keeping yours clean, organized and labeled properly will reduce headaches in the future.
For Network and ethernet Cabling, Wifi Systems or point to point installation in the Wilmington area, Please do not hesitate to fill out a contact form or call 910-824-2629
Echo Security, LLC
Copyright © 2024 Echo Security, LLC - All Rights Reserved.


Enhancing Audio-Visual Connectivity with VGA HDMI Audio Wall Plates
In today's advanced technological landscape, businesses rely heavily on audio-visual solutions to communicate, collaborate, and engage with their customers. Whether it's for presentations, video conferences, or multimedia productions, having a reliable and efficient audio-visual system is crucial.
At AV Installs, we understand the importance of seamless integration and connectivity. That's why we provide high-quality VGA HDMI audio wall plates that revolutionize the way businesses interact with their audio-visual devices. These innovative wall plates offer an all-in-one solution for connecting VGA, HDMI, and audio cables, allowing for streamlined installations and improved functionality.
The Benefits of VGA HDMI Audio Wall Plates for Businesses
Integrating VGA HDMI audio wall plates into your business's audio-visual infrastructure offers a myriad of benefits that enhance productivity and efficiency. Let's explore these advantages in detail:
1. Simplified Connectivity
Gone are the days of tangled cables and confusing connections. VGA HDMI audio wall plates provide a unified platform for connecting VGA, HDMI, and audio cables in one convenient location. With clearly labeled ports and easy-to-use interfaces, these wall plates simplify connectivity, saving time and effort during installations.
2. Improved Signal Quality
Signal degradation is a common issue when using multiple cable connections. VGA HDMI audio wall plates tackle this problem by ensuring superior signal quality throughout the audio-visual system. By minimizing interference, businesses can enjoy crystal-clear visuals and high-fidelity audio, resulting in an enhanced user experience.
3. Flexibility and Versatility
With VGA HDMI audio wall plates, businesses gain the flexibility to adapt their audio-visual setups according to their evolving needs. These wall plates support various audio-visual configurations, including multiple displays, sound systems, and input sources. Such versatility allows businesses to create immersive environments tailored to their specific requirements.
4. Professional Aesthetics
In addition to their functional benefits, VGA HDMI audio wall plates contribute to a professional and tidy appearance. These sleek and aesthetically pleasing wall plates integrate seamlessly into any office or conference room environment. Say goodbye to messy cables and hello to a clean and organized audio-visual setup that leaves a lasting impression on clients and visitors.
5. Cost Efficiency
VGA HDMI audio wall plates offer long-term cost savings for businesses. By reducing cable clutter and simplifying installations, these wall plates minimize maintenance and support costs. Additionally, their durable construction ensures longevity and reliable performance, eliminating the need for frequent replacements and repairs.
Invest in Quality VGA HDMI Audio Wall Plates with AV Installs
At AV Installs, we pride ourselves on delivering top-of-the-line audio-visual solutions to businesses across the UK. Our VGA HDMI audio wall plates are meticulously designed to meet the highest industry standards, guaranteeing exceptional performance and reliability.
When you choose AV Installs, you benefit from:
- Unparalleled expertise in audio-visual installations
- Access to a wide range of premium products
- Exceptional customer service and support
- Competitive pricing and flexible options
- Trusted partnerships with renowned brands
We believe that investing in quality VGA HDMI audio wall plates not only optimizes your audio-visual setup but also enhances your overall business operations. Our team of experts is here to guide you through the selection process, ensuring you find the perfect wall plate solution for your unique needs.
Ready to unlock the power of VGA HDMI audio wall plates? Visit AV Installs today and experience audio-visual excellence like never before!


Photo: professor, Dr . Yuri Dekhtyar
Authors and affiliations
Prof., Dr.Yuri Dekhtyar + other.
Оптическая метрология нового оптически стимулированного полупроводникового газового сенсора
Modern semiconductor sensors which are used for gas detection are based on an MOS (metal–oxide–semiconductor) structure, but the usage of such sensors is limited due to its working principles. Over the last decade, MOS sensors have been combined with a UV-radiation source, but the sensing capabilities of a low gas concentration for those sensors are limited. In previous studies, the possibility to use optically stimulated semiconductors to sense acetone gas at lower concentrations was demonstrated . Another study demonstrated the possibility to sense and determine various solvent gases, where acetone vapour showed the highest signal increase .
In this paper, the influence of optical stimulation parameters (irradiance and wavelength) on the output current change and saturation time for an optically stimulated semiconductor gas sensor was studied. It was shown that the maximal deviation of the output current change is achieved at lower tested irradiance Φ = 1.6 mW·cm−2, and the saturation time decreases with the increase of irradiance. The use of a 367.5 nm LED demonstrated a higher output current change. The saturation time decreased with the increase of the wavelength.
Optical stimulation parameters Acetone gas sensing Room temperature


Race Timing Transponders
Our New V4 Transponder System
It is crucial that racer times are accurate from the start of the race to the exact time a racer crosses the finish line, this new system can capture these times very effectively.
- Timing is extremely accurate utilizing GPS time stamps for each timing point. Once a tag crosses a timing point a GPS time stamp is written directly to the tags memory and then transmits this time to a server. In this manner, there is NO lag time from the initial crossing of the timing point to the server. All other systems either manual processes or computer processes have some lag time involved.
- Transponders require NO charging
- Transponders have a 3-year warranty
- Transponders are extremely rugged
- Very small foot print for the transponder (size of a typical watch face)
- Timing point activator hardware is very portable (the size of a shoebox would fit 3 timing points)
- No external power needed for the activator loop as it has an integrated battery that last 18 hours
- Capable of pushing times to a web-server or local server if a connection is established for each timing point via android phone app (WIFI or cellular)
- Using loop technology for the ready zone creates a precise accurate timestamp.
- The transponders are Read/Write capable- We can write timing point data to the transponder as it passes the timing loop. As the transponder travels it stores the timing point #, the GPS time stamp, and it’s unique ID (associated to racer). This allows us to either pull data off the transponder at each timing zone (via Android phone) and post to a server (local or web if available) or pull off times when the racers comes through the finish line and then push to a server.
- Now available for purchase and rental for complete system.
- Not compatible with legacy hardware system.
We have successfully tested this system is the Jet Ski market, Flat track Moto, Hare Scramble/Cross Country, MX & others
We also can utilize our timing points to send data to production teams for video and announcers to alert the names and class of approaching racers.
We will put our new system up against any timing solution on the market and believe our solution will be the most effective timing system available.
Legacy Hardware Overview
Our legacy transponder system consists of hardware that is made for outdoor extreme environments. The Transponder/TAG is a dual radio system; the main radio operates a "beacon signal" to transmit the ID of the TAG, the other is a low frequency "Loop" detection frequency which allows us to define a very accurate start/finish line. Once a tag crosses this invisible line, the TAG immediately sends out an ID to the reader system which is then sent to the scoring system. The timing resolution for these tags is very good and can accurately time any off road racing scenario with an accuracy around 1/10 of a second.
Our legacy transponders are high quality for professional racing clubs. The tags are capable of being read at high speeds and most importantly, ALL transponders require no charging.
We offer two versions of legacy transponders. Our V2 is designed for bikes and quads for off road racing. Our V3 transponder tag is for mounting on trucks, buggies and UTV's.
Copyright 2018 © Sport-TAG, LLC


Millions of people, small holders and entrepreneurs in remote villages across Uganda are set to access reliable and cheap electricity for the first time under a new off-grid solar scheme agreed between ENGIE through its Solar Home System company Fenix International and the European Investment Bank.
“Access to affordable and clean energy is important to fight poverty, create jobs and empower women and girls. Over a million people across Uganda will be able to access electricity for the first time that will power communications, provide light and make cooking easier. Unlocking sustainable economic and social development through off-grid solar is key for Africa’s future.” said Ambroise Fayolle, European Investment Bank Vice President.
‘’ I firmly believe that universal access to energy is achievable in the foreseeable future, through smart investments in a combination of national grid extension, solar home systems and mini-grids. With our off-grid platform, we are industrializing and scaling up the development of a wide range of decentralized solutions, with a sustainable business model.” said Yoven Moorooven, CEO of ENGIE Africa.
The European Investment Bank has agreed to provide a USD 12.5 million loan to support the deployment of 240,000 high-quality solar home systems in Uganda by Fenix International, a subsidiary of ENGIE.
Customers will also be able to benefit from Fenix International’s service centres that provide support in 30 languages across Uganda.
Supporting private sector growth and sustainable development in Uganda
Following the new agreement between Fenix and the European Investment Bank households, entrepreneurs and small holders across Uganda will be able to access electricity for mobile phones, solar lighting, refrigeration, radio and television. This will help farmers to sell produce, create new markets for traders and improve health.
Provision of a PAYGO model will allow families who would be unable to afford the upfront costs of solar home systems to repay the cost of equipment over years at less than USD 20 cents a day.
“Providing hundreds of thousands of new solar home systems through the PAYGO model will allow our Ugandan team to transform communities across the country.” said Daniel Willette, Managing Director Uganda (Fenix)
Customers will also benefit from cheaper costs and easier repayment through use of mobile banking.


Our Technical Departments in Brescia, Padua and Rome are on-line every day to reply to our customers’concerns and requests, solving their problems in order to get perfect broadcasting. This is possible exclusively thanks to the innovative technology that characterises the entire Screen production. The most important benefits of Screen on-line service translated into real broadcasting life:
- Improving TV network success, minimising off-air
- Reducing TV network maintenance cost, with easy and fast online service solutions
Screen internal factory service in Brescia, Padua and Rome, with spare parts supply also available in many countries worldwide guarantees an immediate availability and delivery of spare parts.
The years of service of the Screen technical staff guarantees full support even to discontinued products.
Screen dedicates a team of engineers and technical specialists to handling local service.
Our domains include:
- Local training with final certification
- Supervision and installation with final certification
- Technical services
- Complete assistance and maintenance, even to discontinued products
Screen is proud of its achievement: solving 85% of the customers’ problems through its on-line service without moving to the next level.
The most valuable asset we have is represented by our customers, who are, in the Screen mindset, our partners. For this reason, the continuous exchange of ideas and points of view is essential to building a lasting business relationship.
Screen also delivers several levels of factory training courses in our dedicated training rooms. After completion, our senior engineers issue a final training certification.
Thanks to Screen factory and on-site training we have built TV broadcasting bridges in more than 170 countries.
Customised programs conducted by our engineers and technical specialists at your site are available on request.
Screen factory and on-site training is a cornerstone of the development of Screen customers’ satisfaction.


I registered my domain name (it is free).
The idea is to «make phone calls using a website address instead of a phone number”. I must admit the idea is good because, if I am not sure my friends remember Guillon.com, I am certain about one thing : is always very painful to have a service provider on the phone when he doesn’t publish a telephone number on his web site (or on the yellow pages).
Let’s take an example
I want to call SFR (my French mobile service provider), what do I do ?
- I remember their phone number. Do you know your mobile service provider’s phone number ? I don’t.
- I go to the yellow pages and hit SFR for Paris ? Well just try it…
- I go on their web site so I enter “sfr.fr”, then I click on “contact”, then I find a phone number.
Would SITER be the solution ?
Let’s download their application and wait for a few years : www.siter.com


Cable Pulling Rods
Cable pulling rods is lightweight and non-conductive, because of the extreme flexibility, it can be used as push-pull rodder in cable
installation, and in conduit which makes it very versatile.
Tracing type cable pulling rods used for tracing buried non-metallic pipes based on composite rod with built in copper tracer wire. Connect lead from signal transmitter to terminal of ctrak and the other lead to earth. Push the tracking rod into the duct, entire length of the rod is energized at frequency of transmitter. Simply follow the signal to know your buried duct route by using any industry standard pipe and cable locator at the matching frequency of the transmitter.
The color of cable pulling rods: Yellow, White, Blue, Red.
The diameter: 4.5 mm-16 mm
The length: 10 m-500 m
More information, please contact me: email@example.com


Innovation in operator protection and machine intelligence systems has allowed DTE to expand our successful model of a crane operator protection system into plant and industrial processes. Our Machine Intel System is a direct hybrid development from the success of our Crane Personnel Protection System (CPPS) and successful implementation thereof with our larger industrial clients.
The use of our bespoke smart camera technology has seen our innovative hybrid system migrate from overhead cranes and lifting equipment, taking the same principles of ground level operator safety, into a multitude of machinery and applications across many different industries.
The technology has been successfully researched, developed, installed and commissioned by our specialist team at DTE on heavy industrial applications providing a turnkey, high technology solution, in both machine operator safety, and also, as a bespoke maintenance tool, for applications with enclosed barriers or hidden work driven components, providing a “behind the barrier” answer, for monitoring, in a maintenance capacity, in harsh and challenging environments.
Innovation in Detail
The system is tailor made to suit your specific requirements as the end user, but is largely made up from the following components:
High Resolution CCTV & Smart Camera Technology
The MIS, much like the Crane Personnel Protection System, is centred on the use of High Res and Smart camera technology. With the ability to set safe zones within the cameras utilised, the MIS offers the user the ability to tailor a specific safe area, usually within or around a moving piece of equipment as a last line interlock within a machine or cell setup. This then gives the end user the ability to protect users of the system with the add-on of being able to see what is happening inside the machine, component or setup, which is application specific.
Server / Client & Central Processing Topology
The MIS is run utilising a topology, which is again, directly designed to suit the individual application or parameters set by the end user. With the ability to run one, or multi user stations, the system is completely flexible and designed and installed on the end user requirement. With the use of a recording & VM software – which is fully endorsed, supported and Implemented by DTE – the end user of the MIS can enjoy benefits of the system such as allowing users to securely monitor real time images, retrieve recorded footage anywhere over a network, use the software platform to monitor multiple display windows and quickly review recorded images of any incident.
Fit for Purpose Components
The MIS is fully flexible and has the ability to fully expand existing networks or operate on a one machine basis. With all components of the system designed in such a way to be able to operate in very demanding conditions. The system can be designed to high end specification with the ability to link to existing automation and force interlocking procedures, with the capability of downsizing to a more simplistic approach, whereby the MIS operates on an interlock or monitoring tool basis only, where a detailed process recording facility is required. This is again tailored to suit the client’s requirements at any design stage.
The MIS in action:
Case Study – Press Machine MIS Installation; Automotive Industry Press Line
One of our larger industrial clients in the automotive manufacturing sector approached DTE around the use of a system to overcome a recurrent problem with one of the larger press lines within the facility. The particular press line machine is largely used to press out sheet steel into car body parts to be used further down the line in the assembly part of the process. With multiple machine breakdowns per week, coupled with the fact that reactive maintenance could only be carried out rather than a more pro-active approach, due to the demands of production, as well as extremely difficult conditions inside the machine, a solution was needed to eliminate such issues and reduce costs and downtime associated variables.
The successful development onsite, working with the plant engineering team around their best most preferred solution, has seen the installation of our MIS inside the machine reduce both downtime and associated costs, but has also allowed the end user to integrate add-on smart cameras, as part of the expandable solution, which now covers the entire line. The MIS has given the maintenance manager, overseeing operations on the particular line, the ability to monitor real-time images, inside a previously blind spot location, with both remote and local monitoring stations, located adjacent to the machine and in a managerial location for remote monitoring and analysis.
Chart – Stalled Operations Pre & Post MIS Install:
MIS – Complete Service Packages
We offer our end user the input which is required to tailor a completely bespoke and turnkey system which is built with your individual requirement in mind. We offer a total solution from design and development through to installation, programming and commissioning of any system put in place by our dedicated and highly skilled engineering team. We can deliver a full service package – taking on board requirements – and deliver:
|Unique design service with consultation from beginning to end on user bespoke projects which MIS will cover.|
|Own dedicated team of technical experts from project beginning to end for a one stop point of reference for each installation.|
|Real-time project update and timeline charting progress of installation with the opportunity for client input and final decision making on component location.|
|Unique operating software platform which is fully expandable for future growth or system expansion if required.|
|Quick and easy installation process minimising disruption and downtime to valuable assets and machinery.|
|Fully endorsed and guaranteed software and systems components with 1 year warranty on all parts therein.|
|After sales service package with options for service visit bolt-ons suited to your requirement.|
- Steel Stock Holders
- Molten Metal
- Coil Handling
- Slab & Plate
- Motor Vehicle
- Precision Engineering
- Ship Building
- Railway Rolling Stock


GREAT FOR SURVEILLANCE PURPOSES TOO
The “HTDZ” series interviewing professional microphone embodies advanced controllable circuit and high quality condenser cartridge.
Uni-ultra - directional, high sensibility, and with good frequency respondency.
Number one choice for media interviews, conference, speech, stage, filming, television, camera and camcorder,
This is the Camera Microphone for:- Sony/Canon/JVC/Sharp/Toshiba/Nikon/Olympus/Panasonic
Ricoh/ Samsung/Benq/Casio/Fuji/HP Konica/ Minolta/Hitachi/Kodak/Kyocera/DV.
Anti-cell phone, electromagnetic, high-frequency interference
- Capsule Type: Condenser Frequency Response: 100Hz-16KHz Output Impedance: 1KΩ for short distance, 2.3KΩ or long distance Sensitivity: -45dB for short distance; -38dB for long distance Polar Pattern: Ultra-cardioid Power Supply: DC1.5V Directional: uni-ultra-directional Effective pickup range: 3 metre Battery life: 26 hours ( using one battery size No. 5 ) Size: 22x360mm Weight: 120g ( only the microphone ) Output: Unbalanced Switch: Toggle
What's in the box?
- HTDZ HT-81 MICROPHONE
- Cable: 8m + 6.35mm jack ( XLR cable )
- Anti-wind foam cap ( 21.5cm )
- Stereo (6.35mm) jack to mini (3.5mm) jack adaptor
- 2 X Microphone stands


In Layman's Terms
At Cisco I developed this software called the Datagram Acceleration Layer (DAL) which improves the performance of market data computing clusters. These clusters of computers are used for many purposes, from executing trades on Wall Street, to running algorithmic trading programs. To understand why the financial institutions need cutting-edge technology, just consider how markets are implemented.
The Technological Arms Race in Financial Markets
Financial markets live in a virtual world of networks of networks of computers. At a basic level, the computers do processing (crunching numbers, etc.), and the networks allow them to communicate with each other and other networks.
Modern financial markets consist of many players and many instruments. This creates much opportunity, but also a lot of competition.
For a large investor, being able to process and react to very large amounts of information, very quickly, is key for being able to compete. If the market presents an opportunity, whoever is able to act first will profit, and others will miss out. This means that the computers and their programs have to make a decision quickly, and that the network used for communication has to be very fast.
Communication Latency: Measured in Millionths of Seconds
The DAL software I developed at Cisco addresses the speed of the communication network. DAL gives the software used for market data a shortcut to the network. This allows a machine to send messages more often (throughput) as well as reducing the amount of time it takes a message to get from one machine to another (latency). For example, in this press release, we see that DAL reduces the message latency seen by Wombat financial software from 250 to 40 microseconds. To put in into perspective, in 40 microseconds light travels about 7 miles.
In summary, light is still faster, travelling seven miles in the time we make it across the room. I'd better get back to work.


Turn your cell phone into a business phone system.
Install the Tresta app on your iPhone or Android smartphone, and you can go from personal
to professional with a business phone system that works on the cell phone(s) you already have.
Impressive call routing capabilities.
Works with your existing cell phones.
Easy To Use
Simple and easy for anyone to use!
Give your business the right look and feel.
Trestaâs built-in features allow you to always present your business with your best foot forward. Offer an exceptional customer experience with features like easy-to-use call routing, call scheduling, custom greetings, virtual voicemail, and more. Plus you can use a local phone number to convey that neighborhood vibe or a toll-free number to show you have a national presence.
Keep personal and business calls separate.
No one likes to mix business with personal life. With the Tresta app for iPhone and 740-232-7199, you can use multiple phone numbers on your cell phone. It's simple - just use the Tresta app for business calls to keep your personal number private.
Connect anywhere, anytime.
Tresta allows your callers to reach you no matter where the workday takes you. Customers are routed to the right person or team 24/7, no receptionist required. And when youâre not available, smart routing lets you send calls to a backup person or team, or to voicemail. With Tresta, you can avoid missed calls, have happier customers, and close more deals.
Scale your phone system as your business grows.
Whether you have one employee or hundreds, you need a business phone system that can grow with you. Tresta's cloud-based phone system offers unmatched flexibility, so it's easy to start off with a simple business phone number for now and add things like extensions, call menus, and more advanced call routing as your business expands. With Tresta, you no longer have to worry about wasting money on a system thatâs too large or too small.
Enjoy every feature for one low price.
Trestaâs virtual phone system gives you tons of big business features at a fraction of the price you might expect to pay. With our flat-rate pricing, you get access to every feature and unlimited talktime for as little as $15/mo!
Choose a new number, or use one you already have.
Instantly add local and toll-free numbers anywhere in North America.
Try Tresta free for 30 days.
No contract. No hardware. Unlimited usage.


Use Naevius Facebook IM to keep in touch with your Facebook friends like never before. With Naevius Facebook IM you can instant message your friends anytime you want.
License:Freeware, $0 to buy Size:831 KBLatest Update:2010-02-22
BigAnt Communication Messenger is an effective solution for office communication. Set up a secure and stable messaging system for daily communication.
License:Shareware, $15 to buy Size:18.85 MBLatest Update:2012-06-01
BigAnt Office Messenger is an effective solution for office communication. Set up a secure and stable messaging system for daily communication.
License:Shareware, $15 to buy Size:19.04 MBLatest Update:2012-06-01
WecamMax enables you to add thousands of effects or doodling to webcam video for live video chats, streaming or recording. As a virtual webcam, it also enables you to show videos, pictures, desktop screen or even multiple webcam videos to others.
License:Shareware, $19.95 to buy Size:25.69 MBLatest Update:2015-03-20
Camfrog Free Webcam Chat Software allows you to join video chat rooms where you can use; video, audio or text to socialize online. Multiuser videoconferencing across town or around the globe, join chat rooms or create your own group, quickly, easily.
License:Shareware, $0 to buy Size:11.33 MBLatest Update:2009-01-05
123 Web Messenger is a web (browser) based instant messaging software for your site, enables one-to-one chat to your website users. It brings the website to life, make it interactive between users. It retains members and increases loyalty of them.
License:Shareware, $599 to buy Size:25.98 MBLatest Update:2008-07-29
The chat for lan that has almoast everythings - + #Main chat. - + Private chat - + #Channels open and private - + Message board - + Private message - User info - AVATARS + SMILES - Send File / Picture + many more
License:Freeware, $0 to buy Size:2.33 MBLatest Update:2007-04-01
Our automated messaging service will allow you to easily send a voice or bulk text/sms message to every phone number on your list. Your message will be delivered within seconds, to any group, large or small.
License:Freeware, $0 to buy Size:5.05 MBLatest Update:2010-06-21
BigAntLAN Messenger is a corporate Lan instant messaging solution. Specially designed for use inside corporate networks (intranet). No internet connection required. Strong encryption makes communication and data transfer more secure!
License:Shareware, $15 to buy Size:18.55 MBLatest Update:2012-06-01
Pocket PC to mobile bulk messaging tool sends unlimited number of SMS to any national or international cell phones. Group text message broadcasting software safely composes and broadcasts mass messages worldwide without any internet connection.
License:Shareware, $45 to buy Size:217 KBLatest Update:2009-09-11
For better communicating environment with securely protected functionality, CoolMessenger 2009 best fits in with some companies with 20 to 500 employees. Quick and easy control with simplified functions gives your company a maximized lift.
License:Demo, $0.99 to buy Size:4.89 MBLatest Update:2009-03-16
Live chat tool for real time text based chat for customer support and sales. Since LivehelpGenie is a service you need to signup in order to use the software. Visit http://www.livehelpgenie.com/en/freetrials.html to activate your free account.
License:Commercial, $12 to buy Size:2.85 MBLatest Update:2007-03-16
A powerful instant messaging and discussion / chat server. Faster and easier than email, easily customizable and does not require direct internet access. Ideal for ISP's and small or large businesses wanting the benefits of real time communications.
License:Shareware, $485 to buy Size:5.91 MBLatest Update:2007-07-27


Telecommunication is the broadcasting of information over significant distances to communicate, with the help of different transmission devices. The starting of communications globally took place with the use of smoke signals and drums in Africa, The Americans and in Asian parts. Today the dynamism of international telecommunications markets is broadly attributed to a progressive liberal principle environment and fast technological developments. Countries have now recognized the importance of current trends in IT, and their impacts on the economic and social lives of the people.
With a volatile growth of Information and Communication Technologies over the past few decades involving broadcasting, satellite communication, public telephony and IP networking the telecommunications have observed evolutionary escalation. The Global telecommunication industry break through was the breakup of AT&T and the privatization of British Telecom In 1984, which led to a wave of deregulation and liberalization movement. However, in developing countries it took time to kick off and join the deregulatory bandwagon.
History of Telecommunications Liberalization in Pakistan
In 1947, at the time of inception of Pakistan, the country owned an inadequate telecom base with just 14,000 operational telephone lines. At that time the Telecom services were meant just to meet the needs of country administration.
Since the mid-1980s, a number of countries including Pakistan overhauled telecommunication industry, to arrange mobilize additional capital, improve performance of operating enterprises and respond to rapidly growing pressures for more varied services.
Pakistan initiated the deregulatory process in 1991 with the corporatization of Pakistan Telegraph and Telephone Department. Corporatization and then privatization of the Pakistan Telegraph and Telephone Department served as the harbinger for competition in the provision of telecommunications services. Thereafter in 1996, the said system was reorganized by establishment of Frequency Allocation Board, Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (PTA), the Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited (PTCL) and the National Telecommunication Corporation (NTC).
Telecom Privatization in Pakistan
As the wave of privatization and de-regulation spread in North America and Europe, Pakistan also felt its effect. The Government of Pakistan began to introduce private participation in telecommunications and licenses were awarded for cellular, card-operated payphones, paging, for data communications services in the country.
In 1991, Pakistan Telegraph and Telephone was corporatized into Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (PTA or the “Corporation”) through the enactment of Pakistan Telecommunication Corporation Act of 1991.
In 1994, the Government of Pakistan decided to get domestic and international capital markets for PTC, which later become PTCL (Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited) though subsequent partial privatization. Keeping pace with the fast changing telecom world, PTCL took key initiatives to modernize and upgrade its network and takes quantum leap, rapidly expanding the country’s current trends in IT & Telecom services to all concerns of the country, under the hood of Pakistan telecommunication Authority.
The Framework of Telecom in Pakistan
The Pakistan telecommunication industry, coupled with public policies of the Pakistan telecommunication authority, has undergone numerous changes in recent times. Recapitulating just the last decade, the once sophisticated commodity: mobile phone is now with-in the reach of every segment of the society, the most current trend in IT in Pakistan in the present era. The telecommunication liberalization process provided a foundation stone towards an amazing inclination of telecommunication sector with award of 2 Mobile Telephony(Cellular), 14 Long Distance and International(LDI), 38 Fixed Local Loop(FLL) and 17 Wireless Local Loop(WLL) licenses. Till today, total mobile subscribers stand close to 90 million.
The current trends in IT will become more widespread in the years to come, especially for those who need to securely connect to information sources on the move. The most important proposition to continue this telecom escalation is a continuous coordination among stakeholders from industry, government, academia and the end-users.


Most of Android phones already have got wireless charging function, but Apple haven’t included this function in none of their iPhones so far. But that’s not a problem, you can charge your device wirelessly using two simple gadgets from company called GMYLE.
First thing, that you’ll need to get charged your device is Qi receiver module, which receives energy by pad and gived juice to your iPhone by lightning cable. I’ve choosen this module from GMYLE.
After getting Qi receiver is charging pad and here you can choose various charging pads, from wood to marble and clear plastic, every of have the same charging ability, the only thing that is different is size and thickness. Guys from GMYLE, have sent me this pad, which I am happy with, but it doesn’t charges my iPhone as fast as just lightning cable, however, it can charge your iDevice overnight fully.
So, as you understand, it’s not easy to charge your iPhone wireless as Android phone, but you can definately do it and it is fully possible.
Huge shoutout to GMYLE, who have sent me wireless charging kit for my iPhone, thanks!
How about you, do you like to charge your phone wirelessly or you do it old and simple way – by cable, let me know it in the comments bellow!


Creator: Olga Venetsianou
This is a perspex (plexiglass) seat for outdoor use that includes a wi-fi router, thus enabling up to 8 people to use the internet. The seat may work as a stand-alone wi-fi source, or as a mesh network (in a group of seats) that expands the municipality hotspots.
The seat is internally lit by led strips. The light colour is modified (from red to green) according to the strenght of the area wi-fi signal, the ambient lighting and nearby movement.
As a result, the seat encourages people to use public space and acts as a light source, adding an extra sense of security at a low cost. A group of Wi-Fi seats act as an artwork, visualizing the signal strenght as an extra information layer in the urban fabric.


Sensors, interfaces and reports
Local authority application
Many local authorities and public organisations are required to provide proof of the services that they have delivered to the community. In addition to knowing the whereabouts of vehicles in the fleet this can also extend to reports on road gritting or sweeping, refuse collection and load monitoring and even grass cutting.
The Quartix system is equipped with multiple hardware interfaces which enable the system to present users with a full log of vehicle activity. An example of a sweeping report is shown below. The system can then also match these reports to speed profiles, highlighting any instances, for example, of a gritter in operation at above the permitted maximum speed.
Contact Quartix for full details of the hardware interfaces and reports available
Hardware interfaces to the system can be used to monitor the blue light on emergency service vehicles. Data points on route maps are then clearly displayed with a ring around them to show that the vehicle was on emergency call-out. This can then be used to explain any speeding along the route.