Madina Biz Tech is a distinguished vendor of multifarious solar products, IT & Telecom appliances, offering extensive consultancy services and project management proficiency. Madina Biz Tech was founded in 2007 as IT& Telecom Company but currently it has commenced the business of solar energy products to meet the needs of Pakistani people at the time of energy crisis in the power sector of Pakistan. We are launching the latest technology of the solar systems, LED lighting systems and UPS or Solar inverters to fulfill the challenging requirements and to manage uninterruptible power supply. We offer comprehensive energy solutions for your home, business, industry and marketplace in the lowest cost. Our customer support center presents guaranteed technical assistance, consultancy services for the project design and quality assurance of the solar energy products.
We are dedicated to provide high performance solar energy systems and LED lighting systems for residential, commercial, industrial, governmental, official, agricultural consumers. We offer reliable and efficient customer support services to attract the attention of our customers prominently. Our main objective is to provide environmental solution by introducing solar energy products at residential as well as commercial levels. We have established the nationwide network of offices where the qualified engineers, project manager and technicians are available to suggest you what is the appropriate deployment plans of solar system or LED lighting system for your home or workplace.
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Ethernet Interface Extension E2DSL-01
This extension is designed to connect the remote equipment to the BS4E-3-R ports of REG-F.
The extension is transparent for all kinds of traffic transmitted via Ethernet networks.
The extension can be used to connect the remote telemechanics controller to the regenerator module of Stream-2 via Ethernet, and data exchange between the remote station (RS TM) and the communication center;
- to connect the object video surveillance system;
- to connect a remote LAN to the Internet, etc.
|Number of input and output 10/100 Ethernet ports of the extension||2|
|Distance to connected equipment||up to 10 km|
|Line interface||Two SHDSL ports with the data rate of up to 2 Mbps|
|Cable||Copper twisted pair (MKSB 1.2, ZKP 1.2, ZKP 0.9, etc.)|
|Remote||“wire-to-wire” from another unit|
|Case dimensions, WxHxD||310x310x230 mm|
|Degree of protection||IP-65|


Single-fiber breakout cable is designed for 5G applications
Englewood Cliffs, NJ, February 8, 2023 — Vitex LLC, a customer-first supplier of superior quality, specialized fiber optic and connectivity products, announced today that its 100G to 4x25G bi-directional AOC was recognized among the best by the 2023 Lightwave Innovation Reviews. Lightwave’s distinguished panel of expert judges from the optical communications community recognized Vitex as a high-scoring honoree for an “excellent product with technical features and performance that provides clear and substantial benefits”. The Vitex 100G parallel 4-lane BiDi QSFP28 received a score of 4.0 in the Lightwave category of Optical Transceivers and Transponders.
“On behalf of the Lightwave Innovation Reviews, I would like to congratulate Vitex on their high-scoring honoree status,” said Lightwave Editorial Director, Stephen Hardy. “This competitive program allows Lightwave to celebrate and recognize the most innovative products impacting the optical communications community this year.”
The 100G to 4x25G bi-directional AOC provides a unique solution that allows a 100G port to breakout to 4x 25G LC connections, where each 25G connection is a single fiber. The QSFP28 device contains 4 optical engines, each of which is a 25G-BiDi transmitting at 1270 nm and receiving at 1330 nm. The interface to fiber fronthaul infrastructure is provided with 4x single-fiber pigtails.
Vitex’s new AOC technology development enables 5G telecom operators to:
- double their existing fronthaul fiber capacity
- provide 25G bi-directional connectivity over a single fiber
- deploy 25G BiDis to denser 100G routers
- rely on interoperability with off-the-shelf SFP-28s
“With 5G growth, watercooler rumblings and technical articles are calling for more and more cable needs. Vitex has designed this single fiber breakout cable specifically to address this installation challenge,” observes Rakesh Sambaraju, Director of Sales and Product Development at Vitex. “The new 100G bi-directional breakout cable at 25G will double the capacity of installed fiber and speed up installations so that operators can rollout new 5G market deployment faster. We’re excited that the Lightwave judges could see the innovation in our design and the impact to the 5G telecom marketplace.”
The new Vitex 100G BiDi transceiver and breakout AOC, developed by utilizing advanced manufacturing capabilities of ColorChip, will be on display at OFC 2023 Booth 2600. The product will be featured on Lightwave’s website under “Innovation Reviews”. Detailed information and sample requests are available at www.vitextech.com/goBiDi.
About Vitex LLC
Vitex LLC, founded in 2003, is a solution provider specializing in optical transceivers and video extenders for fiber optic communication and connectivity. Headquartered in New Jersey, Vitex develops innovative, high-performance optical solutions to customers in telecom, military, medical, and other industries. The company’s skilled staff of highly trained engineers are knowledgeable and discerning about new product offerings and can provide US-based technical advice and solutions customized to business needs.
Through our integrated media portfolio, Lightwave delivers content focused on fiber optics and optoelectronics, the technologies that enable the growth, integration and improved performance of voice, data and video communications networks and services. Our experienced editorial team provides trusted technology, application and market insights to corporate executives, department heads, project managers, network engineers and technical managers at equipment suppliers, service providers and major end-user organizations. Our unique ability to inform our audience’s business-critical decisions is based in our 35+ year relationship with the entire optical community— technology vendors, communications carriers and major enterprises—and our recognition of the interplay among its members.


Ring’s sensors operate on battery power, the keypad and base station come with AC adapters, and the Z-Wave range extender plugs directly into an AC outlet. All three of those components have battery backup, so the system will continue to operate in the event of a power outage. The base station connects to your home network via hardwired ethernet or Wi-Fi. A Ring Protect subscription activates an LTE module in the base station that will keep the system connected to the internet if your broadband connection goes down. You can even run the keypad on battery power full time if you choose, since most homes don’t have AC outlets right next to doors. An LED will tell you when the battery needs to be charged.
Continuous Recording No. Records based on event. Yes, but the camera must be plugged-in which requires that you leave it inside. 14 days of 24/7 CVR starts at $9.99/month/camera Coming soon (Spring 2019). Will require a Ring Protect subscription. Coming soon (Spring 2019). Will require a Ring Protect subscription. Yes, will record 24/7 with paid Nest Aware plan. No. Records based on event.
Enjoy a free 30-day trial of Ring Protect Plus with your purchase! Ring Protect Plus lets you record, save and share all the videos captured by unlimited Ring Doorbells and Cameras at your home. Protect Plus members also get 24/7 professional monitoring with Ring Alarm, exclusive discounts and extended warranties. Activate Ring Protect Plus for only $10 a month, or get video recording and sharing for only $3 a month per each device with Ring Protect Basic.


Serialization/Access-Rate is the physical clocking speed of the interface (ie 64-kbps/128-kbps etc), which determines the amount of data that can be encapsulated on to the wire.
Serialization Delay or Serialization Rate is a constant based on the access rate of the interface. It is the time needed to place data on the physical wire.
These values are set in hardware and cannot be changed.
A data frame can be sent onto the physical wire ONLY at the serialization rate of the interface. Thus serialization delay is the size of the frame in bits divided by the clocking speed of the interface.
Serialization Delay = Frame Size/Link Speed
For example, a 1500-byte frame (12000-bits/64000-bits) will take 187.5ms to serialize (put on the wire) on a 64-kbps circuit.
|Link-||Frame Size (Bytes)|
|64 kbps||8 ms||16 ms||32 ms||64 ms||128 ms||187 ms|
|128 kbps||4 ms||8 ms||16 ms||32 ms||64 ms||93 ms|
|256 kbps||2 ms||4 ms||8 ms||16 ms||32 ms||46 ms|
|512 kbps||1 ms||2 ms||4 ms||8 ms||16 ms||23 ms|
|768 kbps||0.640 ms||1.28 ms||2.56 ms||5.12 ms||10.4 ms||15 ms|
For low-speed WAN connections (those with a clocking speed of 768kbps or below), it might be necessary to provide a mechanism for Link Fragmentation and Interleaving (LFI) when running delay sensitive application like voice.


SMS software to send SMS and receive SMS from PC through a GSM modem/phone.
Sending SMS to single or multiple recipients (mailing list).
Simple usage thanks to an intuitive user interface.
Besides its classic office automation features, SMSList offers integration possibility with other information systems (through SMS sending/reception from file with CSV format).
Features: sending SMS from file, receiving SMS on file, SMS delivery receipt (status report), concatenated SMS (long SMS), flash SMS, phonebook management, incoming voice call forwarding, SMS sending from command line (batch mode).
Periodic SMS sendings can be planned through the Windows scheduler.
Performances: max 20 SMS/minute.
English and Italian language versions available (program interface + user manual).
Commercial versions: software-only or full-package (software SMS + GSM modem included).
Free SMS software demo with unlimited functions.
Compatibility: any GSM, GPRS, EDGE, UMTS device compliant with ETSI GSM 07.05/07.07 specification (3GPP 27.005 and 27.007). SMSList can send SMS with GSM modem/phones from Alcatel, Audiotel, BenQ, Cinterion, Digicom, Falcom, Fargo, Huawei, Itegno, LG, Lightspeed, Motorola, Multitech, Nokia, Option, Panasonic, Sagem, Samsung, Siemens, Sony Ericsson, Telit, Teltonika, Vodafone, Wavecom, Symbian O.S. and others.
Expecially recommended with: Siemens TC35i, MC35i, Motorola V3, Falcom A2D, Wavecom WMOD2B, Audiotel Modex and Industrial.
Application fields: SMSList is suitable for mobile marketing, advertising, customer relationships (CRM), contacting service subscribers, members of associations and mobile working teams.
It can be used to remind appointments and expirations, to notify events, news about sports, stock market etc. It can be integrated with managerial software and databases.
In the M2M automation field, it can be used for remote control, security and alarm systems, metering, data collectors, vehicle fleets, vending machines.
SMSList SMS from PC is a free trial software application from the Telephony subcategory, part of the Communications category.
The app is currently available in English, Italian and it was last updated on 2009-01-30. The program can be installed on Win98, WinME, WinNT 4.x, Windows2000, WinXP, Windows2003, Windows Vista Starter, Windows Vista Home Basic, Windows Vista Home Premium, Windows Vista Business, Windows Vista Enterprise, Windows Vista Ultimate, Windows Vista Home Basic x64, Windows Vista Home Premium x64, Windows Vista Business x64, Windows Vista Enterprise x64, Windows Vista Ultimate x64.
SMSList SMS from PC (version 2.11) has a file size of 4.23 MB and is available for download from our website.
Just click the green Download button above to start. Until now the program was downloaded 3035 times.
We already checked that the download link to be safe, however for your own protection we recommend that you scan the downloaded software with your antivirus.


Bio-Nexus was established in October 2010 and incorporated under the laws of Israel as a limited liability company. The company’s HQ is located in Israel and it has fully owned subsidiaries in Boston, USA, Singapore & Australia.
The Mobile Workflow Engine is used to manage, in a creative and innovative way, a process characterized by high cost and high risk, such as emergency treatments, aircraft fleet maintenance and the factory of the future. The management solutions improve the technical reliability, readiness, availability and reduce cost and time.
The company was able to integrate the complex yet flexible software with a heads-up display and various headsets, a camera and coupled to a portable wireless computer/smartphone or similar device that communicates with a central unit. The system uses speech recognition (hands free capabilities) as the first priority and interactive menus on the display to facilitate adherence to the protocol and rapid documentation. In addition we have multiple interfaces for the event manager (could be fitted to a ruggedized tablet or a smartphone), and other higher or relevant echelons.
The system was approved by leading military entities, advanced airlines and utilities companies.
The company has approximately 50 different claims for patents that are registered in the US and 28 additional countries.
BIO-NEXUS is developing an innovative and unique technology combining the most modern developments in Embedded Reality in order to form a solution that will guide the users through the relevant process. By using advanced voice recognition algorithms and by having the display on a transparent screen operating the system will be hands-free and with the use of unique synchronized mechanisms the information will be dispensed to all parties involved in the relevant process and for the first time they will be able to intervene remotely and manage the event online. The technological challenges that need to be resolved is the ability of the relevant schemas to guide in an efficient and secure way, creating a system that does not require use of hands with a precise voice recognition technology and real-time synchronization of data between all system users. However, based on the client requirements the system can be fully operated by touch. We have to emphasize that the system is agnostic to the hardware and is designed to work both on Windows- and Android- based end devices.


Updated at 18 Mar, 2021
— CAN Bus (Controller Area Network) is a vehicle bus standard, designed to allow devices and microcontrollers to communicate with each other’s applications.
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CAN bus stands for Controller Area Network Communication and consists of two electrical wires called CAN_Low and CAN_High. The information within each vehicle is being transmitted from and to ECUs. In addition, CAN bus is built to handle robust performance within harsh environments.
We have prepared a simple introduction to CAN bus. Several topics have been covered, in order to give you the best explanation of the CAN protocol.
While working on the article, we combined the knowledge from our top experts within the company, as well as non-expertise team members.
Why? The idea was to write a professional but simple guide introduction to CAN bus for everyone, no matter how much experience you have.
In conclusion, it do not matter if you have no knowledge about the CAN bus protocol whatsoever or you are already a pro. This simple guide intro to CAN bus will give you all the information needed.
What is CAN bus?
CAN bus is a set of two electrical wires in the car network (CAN_Low and CAN_High), where the information is being sent to and from ECUs. The network that allows ECUs to communicate is called Controller Area Network (CAN).
The CAN bus is a serial communication bus, designed for robust performance within harsh environments, primarily in industrial and automotive applications.
It is basically a vehicle bus standard that allows microcontrollers and devices to communicate with each other.
CAN bus is one of the protocols used in On-Board Diagnostics (OBD). Nowadays, the OBD-2 is mandatory in all newer cars and light trucks all around the globe.
CAN bus system easily explained
Let us try to look at it from a totally different point of perspective.
Imagine that the car is like the human body and the nervous system in the human body is the Controller Area Network (CAN bus) in the car, which also enables the communication.
Nodes or electronic control units (ECUs) are something like body parts that are interconnected through the CAN bus communication. Information can easily be shared between parties. That is much easier to understand, isn’t it?
The CAN bus system
Depending on the type of the car, it can have up to 70 ECUs (Electronic Control Units) and each of them needs to be shared with other parts of the network.
Some of the examples are for instance; audio system, airbags, engine control unit, door control unit and so on. The CAN bus enables the ECUs to communicate to each other.
Think about ECUs as specific people. One ECU can formulate and transmit the information via CAN bus to other ECUs that accept the data. After that, they will check the data and decide if they want to receive it or ignore it.
The CAN bus uses two wires for communication - CAN low and CAN high (CANL and CAN H). ISO 11898-2 describes the physical layer of the CAN bus and ISO 11898-1 describes the data link layer.
The physical layer represents types of cables, node requirements, electrical signal levels, cable impedance, etc.
On the other side, ISO 11898-2 represents things such as baud rate, cable length and termination.
Cable lengths should be 40 meters (1 Mbit/s) or 500 meters (125 kbit/s).
The CAN bus has to be terminated using a 120 Ohms CAN bus resistor at the end of each bus.
CAN nodes have to be connected through two wire bus with baud rates up to 1 Mbit/s (CAN) or 5 Mbit/s (CAN FD).
5 benefits of CAN bus protocol
CAN bus standard is commonly used in all vehicles due to its key benefits, such as:
CAN bus standard is ideal for safety applications such as vehicles due to its durability and reliability. There are also 5 mechanisms to detect errors in the CAN protocol such as bit stuffing, bit monitoring, frame check, acknowledgment check and cyclic redundancy check.
When the CAN protocol was created, its purpose was to enable fast communication between electronic devices and modules, while reducing errors, weight, wiring and costs.
Currently defined by two physical layers - High Speed CAN (CAN h) and Low Speed CAN (CAN L), both with its own advantages and disadvantages.
CAN bus protocol is well-known as a message-based protocol, meaning nodes can easily be added or removed without performing any updates on the system. This makes it really easy for engineers to integrate new electronic devices without significant programming and modify it to your requirements.
High priority data will get prioritized by ID, in order to get immediate bus access - not interrupting other frames.
CAN bus wiring
One of the best advantages of CAN bus is the reduced amount of wiring in combination with an ingenious prevention of message collision.
In other words, no data will be lost during message transmission.
The two examples below illustrates the CAN protocol and what it would look like with CAN bus system and without the CAN bus system.
Clearly, with CAN bus, it is much easier for nodes to communicate and navigate through.
On the other side, without a CAN bus, it is much harder for nodes to communicate with each other and the communication is ineffective.
There are several different types of networks. You can find an easy explanation below.
High speed CAN bus (ISO 11898)
Supports bit rates between 40 kbit/s and 1 Mbit/s.
Most commonly used these days.
Basis for higher layer protocols such as OBD2, CANopen, j1939 and more.(Video) CAN Bus Properties and Troubleshooting
Low speed CAN bus
Supports bit rates between 40 kbit/s and 125 kbit/s.
Allows communication to continue despite the fault in one of the two wires.
Also known as a fault tolerant CAN.
Each CAN node has own CAN termination.
Usually consists of a LIN bus master, which is acting as a gateway - up to 16 slave nodes.
Typically includes vehicle functions such as door functionality or air condition.
Ethernet supports high bandwidth requirements of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS), cameras, infotainment systems and so on.
Provides much higher data transfer rates than CAN bus.
Lacks safety features of CAN and CAN FD.
Most likely will be used commonly in the upcoming years within the automotive industry.
Typically used in modern high performance vehicles.
CAN FD is an extension to the original CAN bus protocol.
Released in 2012 by Bosch.
Developed to meet the need to increase the data transfer.
What is a CAN message frame?
CAN frames are used to communicate over CAN bus. CAN uses the differential signal with two logic states - dominant and recessive.
CAN network uses two CAN messages - standard CAN and extended CAN that are described below.
The image below shows a typical CAN frame with an 11-bit identification, which is the kind used in most cars. Except for the larger ID, the expanded 29-bit identifier frame is identical.
Standard CAN frame
The first bit is the start of the frame (SOF), which represents the start of the CAN message. Next one is the 11 bit identifier that organizes the priority of the CAN message. The smaller the identifier is, the higher priority it has.
The Remote Transmission Request (RTR) is typically dominant, but it becomes recessive when nodes are requesting data from each other.
Next one is the identifier extension (IDE) bit, which is dominant when the standard CAN frame is sent - not extended one. The r0 bit is reversed and not currently used.
Next one is the Data Length Code (DLC), which indicates how many bytes of data are in the current message. Another important part is the data itself, where it is the same number of bytes as in DLC bits.
The next one is the cyclic redundancy check (CRC), which is a 16-bit checksum that detects errors and issues in the transmitted data.
In case the message is properly received, the receiving node will overwrite the recessive acknowledge bit (ACK) with a dominant bit. The end of frame (EOF) indicates the end of the CAN message.
It is 7 bits wide and it detects bit stuffing errors. The last part of the CAN message is the interframe space (IFS), which is being used as a time delay.
Extended CAN frame
Extended CAN frame uses a 29 bit identifier with a couple additional bits. The extended 29 bit identifier (CAN 2.0B) is identical, but has a longer ID and is usually used in the j1939 protocol - heave-duty vehicles. CAN uses two logic states; dominant and recessive.
Pinpoints that the differential voltage is greater than the minimum threshold. In addition, the dominant state is also achieved by driving a logic ‘0’ onto the bus.
Pinpoints that the differential voltage is less than the minimum threshold. On the other side, recessive state is achieved by a logic ‘1’.
It also has a substitute remote request (SRR) bit, which comes after 11 bit identifier and acts like a placeholder, in order to keep the same structure as a standard CAN frame.
The identifier extension (IDE) should be recessive and the extended identifier should follow it accordingly.
The remote transmission request (RTR) comes right after the 18 bit ID. The reverse bit r1 follows the path and the rest of the message stays the same.
CAN bus data logging
Logging CAN data can be done from several types of vehicles such as cars, heavy duty vehicles, predictive maintenance and machine blackbox.
The vehicle data are gathered through the OBD2 port and are usually used to reduce fuel costs, improve car mileage and more.
On the other side, data from the heavy duty vehicles are gathered through j1939 and are usually used to improve safety and reduce costs.
Vehicles and machinery can be also monitored through IoT CAN loggers. That can be done in the cloud to avoid breakdowns. A CAN logger can provide data for disputes or diagnostics. It is also called blackbox.
CAN bus logging is commonly used in fleet management, due to its effectivity and increased number of opportunities.
A CAN logger is required to record CAN data. This allows you to save timestamped CAN data on an SD card. In some situations, a CAN interface is required to transmit data to a PC, such as when decoding data.
Example: TMU SocketCAN
The TMU SocketCAN allows you to record data from any CAN bus to an 8-32 GB Micro SD Card with ease. Simply attach it to a car or truck to begin logging, and then code the data using our free management software.
Furthermore, the TMU SocketCAN has WiFi, allowing you to automatically upload data to your own server - as well as upgrade devices over-the-air.
Decoding raw CAN data
Raw CAN data is not easily readable. Therefore we have prepared a guide for you. Check out the guide on how to log raw CAN messages.
The CAN bus supports the basis for communication, but not more than that. The CAN protocol doesn’t indicate how to handle messages greater than 8 bytes, or how to decode the RAW data.
In order to indicate how data is communicated between CAN nodes of a network, a set of standardized protocols come in handy. There are several higher layer protocols such as; OBD2, CANopen, CAN FD and SAE J1939.
OBD has a self-diagnostic capability that mostly mechanics use to analyze car issues and the overall health of the car. OBD2 determines trouble codes (DTCs) and real time data (RPM, speed, etc) that can be recorded through OBD2 loggers.
CANopen is typically used in embedded control applications such as industrial automation and is based on a CAN meaning that the CAN bus data logger is also capable to log CANopen data.
CAN FD is essentially a CAN bus with flexible data rate and an extension of the classical CAN data link layer. In comparison with classical CAN protocol, CAN FD increases the payload from 8 to 64 bytes. It also allows a higher data bit rate, depending on the CAN transceiver.
J1939 is commonly used in heavy duty vehicles. J1939 parameters such as RPM and speed are analyzed by a suspect parameter number (SPN). Afterwards, they are grouped in parameter groups and classified by a PG number (PGN).
A high speed transfer data rate offers DoIP diagnostics, more precisely approximately 100 times of CAN diagnosis.
History of CAN bus
Control Area Network (CAN bus) have a rich history and went through several development stages. The actual development stages within years can be seen below.
Development of CAN bus goes all the way back to 1983 when Bosch originally invented Control Area Network and was later codified into ISO 11898-1 standard.
The CAN protocol was later released to the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) in 1986.
Intel was the first one to introduce the CAN controller chips in 1987, and Phillips joined Intel shortly after that.
In 1991, Bosch published CAN 2.0 (CAN 2.0A: 11 bit, 2.0B: 29bit).
CAN bus as an international standard in ISO 11898, was adopted in 1993.
In 2003, ISO 11898 became a standard series.
In 2012, Bosch has released the CAN FD 1.0 - flexible data rate.
In 2015, the CAN FD protocol has become standardized in ISO 11898-1.
Lastly, the physical CAN layer up to 5Mbit/s has become standardized in ISO 11898-2, in 2016.
In the future, CAN bus will still be commonly used, but influenced by major automotive industry trends such as; growth of Internet of Things and connected vehicles, impact of autonomous vehicles, the rise of cloud computing, the need for advanced vehicle functionality and more.
The need of CAN FD increases and many experts assume it will slowly replace the classical CAN bus protocol. Stay updated to see what happens.
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It provides simple cabling and is used in practically all automotive applications today. It also serves as the basis for several higher layer protocols such as OBD2, J1939, NMEA 2000, CANopen etc.What is CAN bus protocol? ›
The Controller Area Network protocol (CAN or CAN Bus) ia a two-wire (twisted-pair), bidirectional serial bus communication method that allows electronic subsystems to be linked together and interact in a network.What is the difference between CAN and J1939? ›
J1939 is based on CAN, which provides the basic "physical layer" and "data link layer", the lowest layers in the OSI model. Basically, CAN allows the communication of small packets on the CAN bus, but not a lot more than that. Here, J1939 serves as a higher layer protocol on top, enabling more complex communication.What will replace CAN bus? ›
A promising alternative to CAN is Automotive Ethernet.What are the biggest limitations of the CAN bus? ›
Advanced software capabilities require a high-performance hardware foundation, and the current CAN bus networking backbone is stretched to its limit. The biggest problem with CAN is the limited bandwidth it provides.Why do I need CAN bus? ›
HID CANBUS version kits and LED decoder add-ons are designed to prevent warning signals/errors from appearing on the vehicle's dashboard after replacing the incandescent/halogen bulbs.Which cars use CAN bus? ›
- 2008-2011 BMW 1 Series.
- 2007-2008 BMW 3 Series.
- 2006-2011 BMW 323i.
- 2002-2006 BMW 325i.
- 2002-2006 BMW 330i.
- 2008-2010 BMW 6 Series.
- 2014-2020 BMW i3.
- 2008-2013 BMW M3.
A Controller Area Network (CAN bus) is a robust vehicle bus standard designed to allow microcontrollers and devices to communicate with each other's applications without a host computer.What industry invented the CAN bus protocol? ›
History of CAN technology. In February of 1986, Robert Bosch GmbH introduced the Controller Area Network (CAN) serial bus system at the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) congress. It was the hour of birth for one of the most successful network protocols ever.For what purpose is the J1939 protocol mostly used? ›
J1939 is a higher-layer protocol based on Controller Area Network (CAN). It provides serial data communications between microprocessor systems (also called Electronic Control Units - ECU) in any kind of heavy duty vehicles.
The J1939 fault code error message consists of a Source Address (SA) identifying the Electronic Control Unit (ECU) sending the DTC (SA0 = Engine Controller #1), a Suspect Parameter Number (SPN) which identifies the parameter sending the fault code error message, and a Failure Mode Identifier (FMI) which identifies the ...What is code J1939 mean? ›
J1939 is a set of standards that defines how information is transferred within a CAN to communicate information between ECUs. While a CAN provides a tool for communication, J1939 is a higher-layer protocol that provides a language for communicating using that tool.Which is better CAN or Ethernet? ›
Still, Ethernet can transport data over a link 100 times faster than a CAN bus. Ethernet is good for midbandwidth communications in applications such as navigation systems and control. It can be used in much the same way as a CAN bus while provid- ing much more bandwidth.Is OBD a CAN bus? ›
In particular, the OBD2 standard specifies the OBD2 connector, incl. a set of five protocols that it can run on (see below). Further, since 2008, CAN bus (ISO 15765) has been the mandatory protocol for OBD2 in all cars sold in the US.Do all vehicles have CAN bus? ›
CAN Bus systems are commonly found in European vehicles such as BMW, Audi, Mercedes, Volkswagen, Porsche, and in many American vehicles.What are the disadvantages of CAN? ›
- It does not support a maximum number of nodes.
- It can connect only up to 64 nodes because of electrical loading.
- CAN maintenance is costly when compared to other networks like LAN, SAN, WAN etc.
- It can support up to 40 meter length.
- There are undesirable interactions in between all nodes.
|High speed data rate||Limited number of nodes (up to 64 nodes)|
|Low cost and light in weight and robustness||High cost for software development and maintenance|
|Supports auto retransmission for attribution lost messages||Possibility of signal integrity issues|
A maximum of 63 slaves nodes are connected to a CAN bus in addition to the CAN bus Master.CAN bus explained for dummies? ›
The CAN bus is a serial communication bus, designed for robust performance within harsh environments, primarily in industrial and automotive applications. It is basically a vehicle bus standard that allows microcontrollers and devices to communicate with each other.Do LED lights need a CAN bus? ›
Because LED car bulbs use a lower wattage than other bulbs, the CANbus canceller helps to increase the current safely and without damaging the bulb. This will ensure that your vehicle doesn't bring up any error messages and the LED can work as expected.
Before CAN bus gained popularity, vehicle wiring harnesses could contain miles of wire, with bundles of wires required to carry various signals to and from interconnected vehicle systems.Does Tesla use a CAN bus? ›
The Tesla Model S uses the ISO 15765-4 CAN bus protocol. Additionally, it uses an 11-bit header and communicates over a 500000 baudrate.How CAN I tell if my car has CAN bus wiring? ›
Typical places to pick up CAN include the ABS system (look for a pair of twisted wires, but ignore the four wheel speed wires) or on the back of the dashboard (look for a pair of twisted wires). If the vehicle does have CAN Bus on the OBD connector, it will normally be on Pins 6 and 14 as indicated below.CAN bus speeds car? ›
Most motor vehicle CAN networks operate at a bus speed of 250 kB/s or 500 kB/s.How many wires are in a CAN bus? ›
CAN-Bus Hardware. The bus line is a twisted pair wire with a termination resistor (120 Ohm) on each side. One wire is called CAN High and one wire is called CAN Low. Both wires are needed for proper communication.What cable is used for CAN bus? ›
This is twisted pair of 22 AWG yellow and green wire. This cable is designed to be used as a CAN Bus cable. Can be purchased in a custom length of continuous cable under 99 feet or as spools in fixed lengths.CAN you tap into CAN bus? ›
Well no worries, you just tap the two CAN wires directly into the bus. We've done this on a VW right at the boot between the driver door and the body so you don't even need to disassemble anything. Refer to your vehicles wiring diagrams to identify the location of the CAN network you want to connect to.When did cars start using CAN? ›
After CAN's debut at the 1986 SAE Congress in Detroit, controller chips were developed by Intel and Phillips, and the protocol first made it into a production vehicle in the Mercedes W140 S-Class in 1991.What is the difference between Lin and CAN? ›
The CAN bus allows for components to talk to each other seamlessly in the automobile. The LIN bus allows for further expansion to peripheral devices. This bus hierarchy was designed to save costs and wiring. Wire is one of the most expensive components in a car.What is a J1939 engine? ›
SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers) J1939 is a protocol and network standard used in a wide range of vehicles and equipment that are powered by diesel engines with electronic controls. Today, J1939 can be found in everything from ships to ski lifts.
J1939 is a set of standards defined by SAE (there's an overview here). They are used in heavy-duty vehicles such as trucks and buses, mobile hydraulics, etc.How many ohms is a J1939? ›
The J1939 data link has two 120 ohm resistors in parallel in the data link. When the data link is in good condition the total resistance will be approximately 60 ohms on pins C and D of the 9 pin data link connector.What color are J1939 wires? ›
J1939 is a high-speed vehicle data link that can communicate at either 250kb/s or 500kb/s. The datalink consists of three wires: yellow is CAN +, green is CAN - and Shield is connected to ground.At what baud rate does J1939 operate? ›
In J1939/11, the baud rate is 250Kbps.How do I test a J1939 connector? ›
Verify J1939 backbone terminating resistance.
2.3 With the multimeter set to the resistance (Ω) scale, measure the resistance at the diagnostic connector across pin C (J1939+) and pin D (J1939–). Compare the resistance values: • 60 ± 6 Ω : The J1939 wiring is intact and both terminating resistors are installed.
The port labeled J1939 is used to connect the device to the existing engine network. You must route the cable within 6 m (20 ft.) of the engine network backbone. The Garmin GPSMAP J1939 accessory cable requires connection to a power source and proper termination.Is J1939 an OBD2? ›
J1939 to OBD2 Adapter Cable.
They were introduced in 2004. In 1994, the nonprofit SAE association released the first J1939 documents. In the meantime, application-specific network solutions have been developed, which are based on the J1939-21 application layer.Why Ethernet is not used in automotive? ›
However, traditional Ethernet did not meet the EMI/RFI requirement set by the OEMs and is interference-sensitive, making it less than ideal for use in the harsh conditions in a vehicle.What is the difference between K line and CAN bus? ›
Note 1: A K-Line message is different to a CAN message, as CAN always sends an entire message at once while K-Line may send messages split into several parts. Note 2: A CAN Bus network operates constantly as a communication network and a diagnostic network between the ECMs whilst the vehicle is in operation.
However, with the constant advancement in wifi technology, the difference in speed is getting smaller. An ethernet connection can support speeds up to 10 Gbps, depending on the cable you use, and the speeds offered on your plan. New wifi standards can offer speeds up to 866.7 Mbps.Do airplanes use CAN bus? ›
Some larger aircraft use CAN bus, such as the Airbus A380, which uses the technology for entertainment systems but not for vital avionics. As for the flight deck, some avionics available for experimental and certified light airplanes use CAN bus.What is CAN bus failure? ›
Introduction CANBUS is a high-speed network which requires high quality wiring in order to operate properly. As such, it is sensitive to improper wiring. The majority of CANBUS communication problems are caused by poor wiring, incorrect termination, or the use of multiple frequencies on the same bus.Does BMW use CAN bus? ›
Together, CAN bus technology and the BMW Motorrad Single Wire System represent a data network concept that requires just one single data line.Do electric cars use CAN bus? ›
Because of its communication capabilities, CANbus plays a critical role in electric vehicles. With the latter, it is especially important for components and systems to communicate with one another to ensure safe and efficient operation.What is the range of CAN bus? ›
Standard CAN bus transceivers operate over a limited common mode voltage range that extends from −2V to +7V.Where is CAN bus used? ›
The CAN bus is primarily used in embedded systems, and as its name implies, is a network technology that provides fast communication among microcontrollers up to real-time requirements, eliminating the need for the much more expensive and complex technology of a Dual-Ported RAM.Do all cars have CAN bus? ›
CAN bus is one of five protocols used in the on-board diagnostics (OBD)-II vehicle diagnostics standard. The OBD-II standard has been mandatory for all cars and light trucks sold in the United States since 1996.CAN you control a car with CAN bus? ›
Self-Driving Cars and the CAN Bus
By reverse engineering the CAN bus of a vehicle, it enables an engineer to issue commands to the car via software. The most necessary commands, as you can imagine, are steering (angle) and acceleration and braking.
In the end, Ethernet provides greater capacity than the CAN bus, at the expense of greater complexity, but still struggles to handle the highest-bandwidth applications such as video. FPD-Link is a technology developed for point-to-point transport of high-bandwidth data.


ACCESS MOBILE is a mobile phone wholesalers and retailers. We provide professional phone system and business model , business & management model for our concept stores and we also have mobile shop & kiosk that’s available for rent.
Under ACCESS MOBILE MARKETING (M) SDN BHD, we have more than 30 mobile phone retail stores. ACCESS MOBILE was founded in 2005, from retail to wholesale , we have more than ten years in the mobile phone market , business model and management system , and the establishment of trust all major mobile phone brands and dealer support at large shopping malls in Georgia , Commerce Square. Brands are included, SAMSUNG, APPLE, LENOVO, ASUS, HUAWEI, HTC, HONOR & LG.
ACCESS MOBILE是一家手机批发零售商，和提供专业手机经营模式和系统，门市出租，管理模式，我们其下有超过30间手机零售商店，在格大购物广场，商业广场，ACCESS MOBILE成立在2005年，从零售到批发，我们有超过十年在手机市场，经营模式和管理系统，并建立了所有各大手机品牌厂商和代理商的信任，支持，品牌包括，SAMSUNG, APPLE, LENOVO, ASUS, HUAWEI , HTC, HONOR & LG.我们欢迎有兴趣开发手机零售，加入我们的团队，让我们一起打造未来手机发展平台.
We also welcome people who are interested in the development of mobile phone retail , to join our team , and Let us build the future of mobile development platform together.


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- In the box: Charging Case, USB Cable (1), Earbuds (Long Hybrid silicone rubber earbuds(SS, S, M, L X2), Fitting Supporters(M, L X2), Triple-Comfort Earbuds(S, M, L X2))


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Combined display of all available logs of gnd-doku. You can narrow down the view by selecting a log type, the username (case-sensitive), or the affected page (also case-sensitive).
- 04:57, 18 September 2021 EstherMusselman created page 4G LTE House Web Service Provider (Created page with "
With an internet plan from GotW3, you may make the most of our quick and stable 4G LTE community, permitting you to take care of high bandwidth exercise like streaming Net...")
- 19:01, 17 September 2021 EstherMusselman created page 5 Explanation Why Your Internet Retains Disconnecting-and How You Can Fix It (Created page with "
Coaxial cable - Connects a modem or wireless gateway to the cable network entering your home.
Telephone cable - Connects a modem or wireless gateway to a DSL internet l...")
- 19:01, 17 September 2021 EstherMusselman created page User:EstherMusselman (Created page with "I'm a 30 years old and study at the high school (Neuroscience).
In my spare time I'm trying to teach myself Italian. I've been twicethere and look forward to go there anyti...")
- 17:52, 17 September 2021 User account EstherMusselman was created


DSP Builder technology allows you to go from system definition/simulation using the industry-standard The MathWorks/Simulink tools to system implementation in a matter of minutes.
The DSP Builder Signal Compiler block reads Simulink Model Files (.mdl) that are built using DSP Builder and MegaCore® blocks and generates VHDL files and tool command language (Tcl) scripts for synthesis, hardware implementation, and simulation.
Altera and The Mathworks work in close collaboration to ensure that you get the price/performance benefits of Altera® FPGAs while leveraging Simulink, the industry-leading tool for model-based design from The MathWorks.
Altera's Simulink-to-FPGA synthesis technology is unique in the industry in that it now supports timing-driven synthesis of a Simulink design representation.
This technology allows you for the first time to automatically generate timing-optimized register transfer level (RTL) code based on high-level Simulink design descriptions. With this new DSP Builder feature, you can achieve high-performance design implementations, running at near-peak FPGA performance, in a matter of minutes. This is a significant productivity savings compared to the hours, if not days, required to hand-optimize HDL code. For more information, view advanced blockset DSP Builder libraries.


Broadband is becoming ever increasingly available to more and more people on a daily basis. Unfortunately, there are a huge variety of options available to the general public. The average consumer does not want to be smacked silly with options, they want to know what will get the job done for them. Lets run through a few options:
- ADSL – Theoretically, ADSL is the most robust connection medium with the lowest latency. It is stable and has no signal issues (as with wireless etc.), its only limitation is whether or not your local exchange supports ADSL. At this stage, Telkom is the company that can install your ADSL line. If choosing ADSL, make sure you select a good ISP. And think wisely about your speed requirements, a 1MB line being used for basic surfing and E-Mails, would be considered an overkill. Consult with your preferred ISP as to which packages they recommend. (www.telkom.co.za)
- 3G and HSDPA- I can almost guarantee that most people know what 3G is and it’s basics. All it is, is a 3G/HSDPA device (Cell phone or Data card), signal and a data bundle. Cellular internet access is considered by many as a completely over priced luxury, due to it’s high cost in many countries. Irony is, due to domestic data prices being so high on standard services, it may be cheaper to use 3G. (www.vodacom.co.za or www.mtn.co.za)
- GPRS/EDGE – Very often there may be a very weak 3G signal, in this instance a GPRS or EDGE fallback will take place. GPRS as well as EDGE are available just about anywhere you can get Cellular Reception. This option is not broadband, per say, but due to availability, most people will use this in conjuction with 3G or HSDPA. (www.virginmobile.co.za or www.vodacom.co.za or www.mtn.co.za)
- iBurst – Originally iBurst was known for being twice as fast as ADSL (1MB), the technology is rather similar to that of 3G but in terms of latency, it is far more effective. iBurst also offers a wide range of packages from 40MB to 9GB per month options. However, pricing makes it a viable option only where ADSL is not an option. (www.iburst.co.za)
- Sentech MyWireless – Even though Sentech was the first major competitor for Telkom, there has been a downward spiral in Sentech’s subscriber numbers for months now. The connection also rarely performs at the advertised speeds and crawls along with high latency and contention. Sentech has also scrapped the rather juicy Classic packages which offered massive download limits that compensated for poor customer service and sluggish speeds. (www.sentech.co.za)
- WiFi – No matter if you are a jet-setting business exec or a techy-teen with a WiFi enabled device, it is available to you. All it is, is a ‘cloud’ of coverage that is distributed by an Access device. It is more a distribution technology that wirelessly transmits a parent connection, such as ADSL.
- WISP – Also known as Wireless Internet Service Provider. These mostly refer to unlicensed companies that don’t give a hoot about monopolistic legislation and offer rather interesting packages. Gaming is not a commonplace, however, neither is cap or performance guarantees or even the existance of the company in the coming months. (www.sawireless.co.za)


Harbor in South AsiaOne of famous South Asia harbor already installed 5pcs x 16 channel DVR systme with 80 channel analog CCTV cameras. The customer want to upgrade analog CCTV to HDTV monitoring system, but they still want to keep old 80pcs analog CCTV cameras with DVRs and expect to install more 100pcs 2 megapixels network cameras . U8 Vision provide total solution of IP Surveillance including new 5pcs U8 brand 16ch DVRs, 100pcs x 2 megapixels network cameras, U8 Vision VMS 128 channel workstations and CMS 512 channel management system.
1. Keep original 80pcs analog cameras and DVRs .
2. HDTV high resolution video recording and playback.
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GROWTH FORECAST OF PCB ELECTRONICS BY 2030
According to Precedence Research, the global printed circuit board market size was valued at USD 78 billion in 2021 and is expected to hit USD 128 billion by 2030, registering at a CAGR of 5.66% during the forecast period 2022 to 2030.
- By product, the rigid PCBs segment holds the largest market share 86% in 2021.
- By application, consumer electronics segment holds the largest market share in the global market.
- By region, Asia-Pacific holds the largest market share 47% in 2021.
Asia Pacific region region is predicted to dominate the printed circuit board market, accounting for the highest market share in 2021.
The rising usage of printed circuit board in electronics, aerospace, IT & telecom, industrial and automotive sectors are contributing in driving the growth of the market in terms of value sales.
Continuous efforts in the R&D of printed circuit board, to explore potential applications in various end use industries, are anticipated to fuel the market growth over the forecast period.
Growing demand from printed circuit board due to the increasing usage of advanced devices is anticipated to propel the market growth during the forecast period.
Additionally, technological advancement in various industries including medical, consumer electronics, and automobiles have significantly contributed to the development of the living standards of the masses in the countries like Middle East and Africa.
From the past few years, there has been growth in the demand for compact PCBs in the healthcare sectors.
The growing demand for non-invasive treatment in healthcare industry is creating demand for multi layered printed circuit boards in order to meet the increasing requirement for compact devices.
North America is expected to be the fastest growing market for the growth printed circuit boards industry in the upcoming years.
Scope of the report:
Growth of industrial automation to offer immense opportunities for rigid PCBs in the market.
The rigid PCB utilize the glass-reinforced plastic substrate that make it almost economical as compared to other printed circuit substrate. In addition to this,
Low Electronic Noise
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Accessing the Wireless Network on Campus
If you require access to the Internet to conduct business while on campus there are two wireless options, Campus Guest and Campus Visitor. Campus Guest is for temporary one-time use for a maximum of eight (8) hours. Campus Visitor can be used longer but requires approval before use. If you will require access, please provide the relevant information on the De Anza Vendor Space Rental Application.
Currently wireless network access for vendors is only available inside in the Main Dining Room.
Please visit the following links for more information and instructions for accessing the on campus wireless networks.
- Wi-Fi Access on Campus
- FHDA Wireless Network
- Wireless User Documentation
- Accessing the FHDA Campus Visitor Wireless Network
While it is possible to request instant access, it is better to request it ahead of time.
- Guest and Visitor WIFI Connection Security Settings


The wireless industry enables businesses and individuals worldwide to access the Internet to connect for communication and to access information, employment opportunities, and various ways to manage their wealth, brands, businesses, and lives. The industry achieves this by sending impulses through cable that is wired to the service providers who then transmit their content wirelessly. That is more than a simplistic definition and is only to convey the message that the data goes out wirelessly without sound or physical substance, but instead in carefully calculated waves.
The reach of the wireless industry is wide. In the United States, it is common for individuals to have Wi-Fi in individual residences as well as businesses. This enables entrepreneurs to have offices in their homes either as their only office site or in addition to a physical office in a building. This has enabled the US definition of office and business to be associated more with individual talent rather than geographic office sites.
Wireless technology now enables an individual to create an “office” with a compact tablet computer, an email service, a word processor, and possibly a portable phone with a data plan for the phone service. Thus, going wireless becomes going affordable.


Internal Communication is at the core of any organization - developing culture, connections, and cognizance to empower employees. This improves efficiency, productivity, and customer service by integrating work with the intended goal effectively.
Managing Employees: WFH Model
For any supervisor, the task of establishing a work environment and plan is of the utmost importance. The work from home model for employees requires just a few adjustments to stay on course.
Here are a few resources to utilize:
Internet, Phone Service Providers, and OTher Solutions
The ability to connect with your employees is a uniquely valuable tool in guiding your company forward.
Zoom Basic Plan
Microsoft Teams Freemium
AT&T, Verizon, T-Mobile, Sprint, Comcast
AT&T, Verizon T-Mobile, Sprint (and a long list of other) internet service providers' pledge to the FCC - have pledged not to terminate the service of any wireless, home phone or broadband residential or small business customer because of their inability to pay their bill due to disruptions caused by the coronavirus pandemic, waive late fees, through May 13th.
Specific Information For Each Provider:
AT&T will also keep its public Wi-Fi hotspots running through May 13th. Businesses, universities and schools can keep their teams and classrooms connected through conference calls and video conferencing with Cisco Webex Meetings with AT&T for 90-days, and seamlessly forward calls to both mobile and landline phones with AT&T IP Flexible Reach.
Comcast is offering 60 days of complimentary Internet Essentials service for new low income customers and increasing Internet speeds for the Internet Essentials service from 15/2 Mbps to 25/3 Mbps for all new and existing customers, which will be the speed of the service going forward.
Sprint is providing Unlimited data for 60 days to customers with metered data plans and giving 20 GB/mo. of free mobile hotspot to customers with hotspot-capable devices (through June 30, 2020) and waiving per-minute toll charges for international long-distance calls from the U.S. to CDC- defined Level 3 countries (through May 31, 2020).
All T-Mobile customers as of March 13, 2020 who have plans with data will have unlimited smartphone data through June 30, 2020 (excluding roaming).
T-Mobile customers on plans with smartphone mobile hotspot can add 20GB of smartphone mobile hotspot (10GB per bill cycle, through June 30, 2020) . (T-Mobile Connect excluded).
T-Mobile is expanding network capacity through agreements with multiple spectrum holders to temporarily light up additional 600 MHz spectrum, while expanding roaming access for Sprint customers to use the T-Mobile network.
Verizon is automatically adding 15 GB of data across nearly all of their plans, to be used between 03/25/2020 and 04/30/2020.


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06 Oct BACnet testing symposium, university of new hampshire.
About the Symposium
The world’s first International BACnet Testing Symposium is a unique opportunity to learn about tools and technologies for BACnet testing while networking with experts from around the world. Thought leaders, technical experts, quality assurance engineers and highly experienced BACnet testing organizations will come together to review the state of the art and explore the future of BACnet testing. More- https://bit.ly/2xyZ8tU
Softdel Speaker Session:
1. Future of B-IoT Testing
In recent years, the Internet of Things (IoT) has created a revolution in the automation industry. Thousands of connected devices in a building means that an enormous amount of data must be analyzed to reduce energy and maintenance costs. This session would cover the need and readiness of BACnet for IoT. It shall also address the challenges, security aspects, testing needs, and infrastructure changes required for testing BACnet IoT solutions.
Head Technology & Centre of Excellence, Softdel Systems
2. Power of the Hybrid Testing Approach
Softdel’s lab, which has been operating the global BACnet Test Laboratory (BTL) for BACnet International uses the hybrid testing approach to carry out compliance and interoperability testing. The hybrid testing approach involves a combination of manual as well as automation testing. This session will throw some light on the benefits and challenges involved in the hybrid testing approach.
Program Manager, Softdel Systems


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Press conference to be conducted live and on the air - Thursday, June 6, 2013 at 6:00 p.m., Fort Lee Municipal Building, 309 Main Street, Fort Lee, NJ
"Since Hurricane Sandy, Fort Lee government has devoted substantial time and effort on ways to ensure the safety of our residents, especially during times of crisis. The lack of telephone service [both land and cellular], lack of internet service, and state-wide power outages made it virtually impossible for government to properly communicate with the public. The inability to communicate with the public, especially seniors and residents with special needs, which confronted the East Coast will no longer be the case for Fort Lee residents" stated Mayor Sokolich. According to the Mayor, "within days of the aftermath of Hurricane Sandy, we convened regular and mandatory meetings with representatives of our emergency service agencies to identify the challenges we were confronted with and what Fort Lee needed to do to address those challenges. Our mandate was clear and concise. Through an unprecedented inter-municipal initiative, Fort Lee will be among a very small group of municipalities within the entire nation which maintains its own dedicated, functional and reliable emergency radio communication system!"


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Bergen Cable Technology, LLC cannot sell to counties listed on the
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Technical Systems are all the systems that can be programmed and controlled (dishwashers, TVs, quadcopters or wheelchairs, for example). In today’s world, we interact with them through multiple interfaces. We use mouses, trackpads and keyboards to operate computers and we employ our fingers to use mobile phones. However, operating different devices with several disparate controllers is impractical.
Due to recent developments in neurorobotics, it is now possible to control several kinds of everyday electrical gadgets with internal signals from the human body [1, 2, 3]. Being able to do so would enable people to easily work with several devices at the same time and would result in a faster and more intuitive interaction with technology.
Moreover, for people who have lost or never had control over the movement of their limbs or who depend on other people’s help, this technology could be the beginning of a life change. It will be the starting point of more independence and autonomy.
Set-Up of a Controlling System
Renouncing to these human-machine-interfaces (HMI) means that we need new data sources, that can be used to generate useful control signals in order to command a technical system. Because this article intends to discuss only internal body signals for controlling technical systems, we will identify only sensors that can be connected with the body to record internal bio-data.
Figure 1: Fundamental set-up of a controlling system .
As seen in Figure 1, the complete setup for controlling a technical system through brain and muscle signals contains sensors, which record the bio-signals, a system which processes these into computer-readable control signals, and the technical system that we would like to operate. The controlling system needs to be calibrated for each user individually in order to effectively control the technical system [2, 3]. Let us take an example to guide us through the different steps below: imagine a robotic arm controlled by a user who lost control of their arms to eat food from a plate.
Signals from the brain and the muscles can be collected using various measurement systems [8, 9]. For reasons of practical use in daily life as well as for spatial and temporal resolution, only three brain-computer interfaces (BCI), listed in Table 2, will be considered here :
|Name of BCI||Abbreviation|
TABLE II: Brain Computer Interfaces.
In our example, the user could use any of these BCI to control the technical system.
Classification of Signals into Commands
After recording and filtering the signals, we need to match certain sequences of data points to specific actions that the technical system should execute. We can imagine two commands for our example: (1) collect food and (2) bring food to the mouth.
Extracted features (e.g. mean absolute value, variance, wave length, zero crossings) from these signals can be used to train machine learning algorithms to identify all further bio-signals with the same characteristics as the training signal. This is called “supervised learning” and is mostly done using artificial neural networks .
Figure 2: Data Processing (an MUA is a Multi Unit Array, a way to visualize neural activity).
After distinguishing the bio-signals according to the stimuli from recorded signals, we can begin to group them. As displayed in Figure 2, data sequences resulting from the same stimuli are matched in the same group, which is linked to one specific command.
Every time the decoder has identified a certain data sequence and has been able to adjust this data to an existing class, the decoder should send the commands linked to this specific class, to the technical system . The decoder will therefore either send the command to collect food, or to raise the arm up to the mouth (or will not send any commands)
Training and Recalibration
After creating preliminary control signals out of the received bio-data, we need to train the user step by step in the use of the whole system in order to achieve a higher level of competence. A system developed on one user will need to be calibrated again for another user.
Extensions and Improvements
The complete controlling system can be made more user friendly by providing additional feedback: visual, audio or haptic signals, according to the state of the technical system [2, 3] to the user. For our imagined system, the visual feedback provided by looking at the robotic arm could be complemented by a haptic feedback to mimic the resistance encountered by the robotic arm when touching the food.
Moreover, improvements of specific properties of the controlling systems can be attempted:
- Increased sensitivity
- Increased speed of the calculation of the control signal
- Reduction of the unwanted actions of the technical system resulting from misclassification errors
Finally, to bypass before-hand failing actions, we can program an external supporting system which will allow to improve the chances of a correctly executed action. For example, if a robotic hand is next to a bottle and the user sends out the triggered signal for grasping, the supporting system will refer the grasping to the bottle and will therefore calculate a direction before starting to grasp the bottle [2, 7].
Controlling signals using body signals is great example of the power of Machine Learning enabled applications. Neural networks allow controlling systems to understand users’ intentions and help disabled people gain more independence.
A lot of work still needs to be done in order to enhance these solutions to the point that they become compact, modern-looking, efficient, easy to use and adaptable but promising research in Deep Learning enables the conception of lighter models which can be embedded on smaller devices while staying as accurate [5, 11].
Controlling systems will lead to new social etiquettes and will have a great universal impact on people’s daily and professional lives. Everyone will soon need to decide for their own, how extensively they would like to use them.
Credits to Neurable Inc. for the cover photography.
 H. Szu, “BCI: Smartphone EEG.” 2017 [Online]. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315064949_ BCI_Smartphone_EEG
 J. Vogel, S. Haddadin, B. Jarosiewicz, J. D. Simeral, D. Bacher, L. R. Hochberg, J. P. Donoghue, and P. Van Der Smagt, “An assistive decision-and-control archi- tecture for force-sensitive hand-arm systems driven by human-machine interfaces,” The International Journal of Robotics Research, vol. 34, no. 6, pp. 763–780, 2015.
 K. LaFleur, K. Cassady, A. Doud, K. Shades, and B. He, “Quadcopter control in three-dimensional space using a noninvasive motor imagery-based brain-computer inter- face,” Journal of Neural Engineering, 2013.
 P. Fedele, C. Fedele, and J. Fath, “Braincontrol Basic Communicator: A Brain-Computer Interface Based Communicator for People with Severe Disabilities,” ser. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2014, pp. 487–494. [Online]. Available: https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-07437-5_46
 E. Strickland, “Building Mind-Controlled Gad- gets Just Got Easier”, Tech. Rep. [Online]. Available: https://spectrum.ieee.org/biomedical/devices/ building-mindcontrolled-gadgets-just-got-easier
 J. Dethier, P. Nuyujukian, S. I. Ryu, K. V. Shenoy, and K. Boahen, “Design and validation of a real-time spiking- neural-network decoder for brain-machine interfaces.” Journal of neural engineering, vol. 10, no. 3, 2013.
 T. Carlson and J. del R. Millán, “Brain-controlled wheelchairs: A robotic architecture,” IEEE Robotics and Automation Magazine, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 65–73, 2013.
 M. Baum, “Monkey Uses Brain Power to Feed Itself With Robotic Arm.” Pitt Chronicle, sep 2008.
 A. Sarasola-Sanz, N. Irastorza-Landa, F. Shiman, E. Lopez-Larraz, M. Spuler, N. Birbaumer, and A. Ramos-Murguialday, “EMG-based multi-joint kine- matics decoding for robot-aided rehabilitation therapies,” IEEE International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics, vol. 2015-Septe, pp. 229–234, 2015.
 A. Balbinot, A. Júnior, and G. W. Favieiro, “Decoding Arm Movements by Myoelectric Signal and Artificial Neural Networks,” Intelligent Control and Automation, vol. 2013, no. 4, pp. 87–93, 2013. [Online]. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ica.2013.41012
 S. Y. Rojahn, “Samsung Demos a Tablet Controlled by Your Brain,” MIT Technology Review, Tech. Rep., 2013. [Online]. Available: https://www.technologyreview.com/s/513861/samsung-demos-a-tablet-controlled-by-your-brain/


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The ATTILA project is aimed at the design, manufacture and testing of an advanced testbed for aeroelastic wind tunnel testing of tiltrotor aircraft. The testbed will consist of a suitably instrumented aeroelastically scaled cantilevered half-wing with powered nacelle-proprotor system representative of the full-scale NGCTR-TD design. Advanced fiber optic sensor and contactless rotating power and data transfer techniques will be used. The design process, coupled with test iterations, is supported by detailed structural and aeroelastic simulations using a range of complementary codes. The ATTILA testbed will first be subjected to a wind-on shakedown test in the DNW LLF 6x6m test section in Froude scaled conditions. After the system functionality and structural dynamic characteristics have been verified, a second data gathering test will be performed in the NASA TDT heavy-gas transonic dynamics wind tunnel in simultaneous Froude and Mach scaled conditions, selected as subcontractor to NLR for its unique worldwide capability of meeting the full test requirements in terms of aeroelastic scaling capability, test Mach number, and model size. Testing will be performed in three mass/stiffness configurations covering 3×25 test points with test speeds up to the NGCTR-TD whirl flutter speed (at least M = 0.56). The proposed test campaign provides the highest possible fidelity experimental demonstration of the whirl flutter characteristics of the NGCTR-TD prior to high-speed flight testing in 2024-2025. Its productivity and safety will be ensured through the introduction of real-time modal damping analysis. The post-test data analysis phase includes a test-to-code correlation study in which the analytical models derived by the consortium are validated against the test results. Engaging a significant subcontractor (NASA), this 54-months €6,525,261 valued action is composed of 2 research centres (NLR, DLR), 1 non-profit foundation (DNW), 1 university (POLIMI) and 1 SME (Technobis).


The carriers Liaoning and Type 001A rely on airborne early warning helicopters and an integrated radar system to detect enemies. But these systems with their weaker warning capability risk exposing the carrier's position, the report said. Phased radar carried by an airborne early warning helicopter is limited in size. The early warning distance, time and accuracy is thus limited. An aircraft like the KJ-600 has a larger radar, flies higher than a helicopter and sees farther and more clearly.
By: Andrew Chuter
Defense News March 22, 2019


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The following references are recommended to study for the Arizona C-12 (Residential) and L-67 (Commercial) Low Voltage Communications Systems Exam. This examination is used to obtain a Arizona C-12 (Residential) and L-67 (Commercial) Low Voltage Communications Systems License. Also to become a licensed contractor in Arizona, candidates will also need to pass a business and management exam.
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The goal of this project is to create a robust faxing engine written in C/C++. The primary operating system is Windows 9x/NT/2K/XP/2003. The engine supports most fax modems using class 1, class 2, or class 2.0 protocols. It uses libtiff to read and write TIFF files. The package contains the source to the fax engine dll and a command-line program that can send and receive faxes. This fax engine was developed by Alt-N Technologies for RelayFax.
The target is a dynamic link library, that contains the code to be able to open a COM port and communicate with a modem to send and receive faxes. A host (fax server) program communicates with the modem through a high-level API provided by the DLL. For each modem that is attached using the API, the DLL creates a thread to handle the I/O and implement the fax protocol.
The mailing list for this project is email@example.com. To subscribe to the list, send an email to firstname.lastname@example.org and subscription instructions will be emailed back. To unsubscribe, send an email to email@example.com.
|RelayFax Open Source Project Home|


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