The device which is employed to form the WiFi coverage strong by sitting in between the wireless router and therefore the area where you would like full network signals is named WiFi extender. Your router is connected either wirelessly or through a wired connection.
First of all, mywifiext may be a web address and term used for brand spanking new extender setup. the web connection is formed between your internet-connected device and therefore the router.
Mywifiext may be a local web address owned and operated by Netgear. This web address aims to permit the users of Netgear WiFi extenders to access settings and found out their extender. This web address is curated with a user-friendly interface to endow maximum control to the user with minimum efforts. Mywifiext.net setup is compatible with most browsers including Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome, Opera Mini, etc. the sole thing to be done by the customer is to attach the extender with a router, open a browser, launch mywifiext.net, and log in using preset credentials. the remainder is straightforward to follow using the great on-screen prompts displayed for the user’s benefit.
Then the WiFi range extender grabs the prevailing signal. All this takes place on www.mywifiext.net
After that, the prevailing signal is re-broadcasted on different channels from its position from mywifiext .
Note:- confirm your WiFi extender should be on the brink of the router.So that it can grab the signals but far enough away in order that it can re-broadcast that signal to the space or area where you would like stronger home WiFi.


Welcome voices are the first step where corporate companies communicate with their customers. Telephone welcome voices are called IVR and centralized announcements in the media production sector. IVR is so important that the first call because that is the first voice a client listens to when they call your company. It is for this reason that the institutional companies uses the IVR robots and waiting music carefully selected on the condition of it to be not too long. IVR companies only do IVR works. Central voice-overs, central announcements and IVR voice-over is the job of a voice-over company.
How to Make a Good Ivr?
So what are the crucial points? We would like to inform you about this subject. To make a good IVR, the first thing to do is to pick up a phone greeting voice from the voice-over agency. The next step is to switch the order of the service to the voice-over agency by selecting the IVR voice. In order to read the telephone welcome menu the central menu script is delivered to the voice-over agency via email. The sample text may be: Welcome to ‘BiberSA Production’ If you know the internal number, please dial. If you do not know, press one for the accounting, two for the production, the zero for the operator.
When the above mentioned steps are fully fulfilled, the voice-over agency will hand over the sound files to you for broadcasting. If you have a revised request, the voice-over agency will continue to provide you with this service. The most preferred voices for the telephone welcome tone service are female central voices. IVR voices can be recorded by female voices and male voices according to the sector. IVR voices can also be spoken in a foreign language. IVR voices in foreign languages are more expensive compared to Turkish. IVR voices in foreign languages are performed by professional voice talents in the BiberSA Production Voice-over and Dubbing Agency. Our advice to corporate companies that will buy this service is that you should choose professional IVR voices so you can get professional support.


The recent internet data price crash wave from 3G service providers in Nigeria is gradually cashing up with the 4G LTE service providers. Now, Swift 4G LTE networks, a name synonymous with high-speed broadband internet in Nigeria, is giving away up to 200% extra data to all their data subscribers on business plan.
The Swift Business plan is divided into 3 categories – Swift Premium, Swift Elite, and Swift Elite plans. The SWIF Premium which is ideal for Professionals, HNIs, SOHOs & SMEs that are capacity hungry with 24×7 access was originally sold for N15,000 with Datacap cap of 30GB but now, you can get 65GB for same amount.
The SWIFT Elite plan which is ideal for business owners requiring 24×7 service in the office and at home in the evenings, weekends and public holidays only was formerly offerred for N20,000 with 46GB datacap. But now, it is 100GB for same amount.
Also, SWIFT Elite Plus targeted at business owners requiring 24×7 access for the business and family; and usinesses with multiple location comes with datacap of 60GB for N25,000. Now, it is 125GB. Below is the summary of the 200% extra data offer to all SWIFT business plan subscribers.
Swift 4G LTE 200% Extra Data Offers
- 48GB for N12,000
- 65GB for N16,000
- 100GB for N20,000
- 125GB for N25,000
- 150GB for N30,000
Swift 4G LTE broadband internet is based on 4G WIMAX and is available in 1Mbps, 2Mbps, and 3Mbps which offers significantly faster networt and would make your Skype video calls, Youtube and/or live soccer streaming a pleasurable experience. And this is while surfing the internet at very high speeds.
With it’s Interest Free Data Loan, you can borrow more data from SWIFT when you have exhausted your data before the expiry date and pay when you subscribe next. Those in Lagos can testify to it as Swift perhaps one of the most popular internet service providers there. Here is a full list of Swift 4G LTE internet data, tariff plans, modem Prices.
This was how MTN Nigeria started dishing out freebies. Glo, Etisalat and Airtel finally followed suit and today, internet data subscription is now reasonably cheaper. Hopefully, with this 200% offer from Swift, other 4G LTE service providers in Nigeria – Spectranet, NTEL, Smile – will join the bandwagon.
For now, what all Swift 4G LTE business subscribers need to do is to renew their subscription and get 200% extra data free of charge. Offer Valid till 31st of August 2016.


Hetzner houses servers in data centres across three locations: Gauteng, Cape Town and Germany. Our data centres feature redundant power, HVAC, fire detection systems and are monitored 24/7.
A Data Centre is, by definition, a facility used to house computer systems and associated components. As a web hosting business, Hetzner has a number of Data Centres around South Africa and in Germany which house shared and dedicated servers used to host your website(s) as well as the various components that ensure these servers run smoothly.
Hetzner’s Data Centres
Hetzner owns and operates four Data Centres in South Africa. The first Data Centre (CPT1) was opened in Cape Town's Great Westerford Building, Newlands during 2001. In order to cope with national demand in hosting services, Hetzner strategically opened the Johannesburg DC (JHB1) in July 2004 at Gallo Manor, Sandton. By 2006 both Data Centres were running at full capacity. As a result, Cape Town's second Data Centre (CPT2) was opened in July 2006. With customer demand increasing further, together with Hetzner’s continuous commitment to invest in our customers’ growth, a third Data Centre was opened in Cape Town (CPT3) in September 2011.
Hetzner's associate company, Hetzner Online AG in Germany, hosts servers and websites for those customers who wish to target European and US based markets or wish to make use of more cost effective hosting options as bandwidth quotas are more generous in markets outside SA.
Hetzner’s Network Connections in SA
Hetzner provides a resilient and redundant network infrastructure which allows for maximum uptime. Our substantial bandwidth capacity allows us to accommodate spikes in traffic, reducing the chance of customers experiencing network degradation.
Our routers are connected via fibre optic cables to our upstream provider, MTN, from where we have uncapped access to their local and international network. Our Data Centres are connected to MTN via a 1GBit uplink. A second, redundant fibre optic cable follows a different path.
Hetzner’s Network Connections in Germany
Hetzner offers a third server location option in Germany by making use of Hetzner Online’s state-of-the-art, energy efficient Data Centres. The company received the GreenIT Best Practice Award in 2011 by the German Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology in Berlin.
To meet the demand for increasing volumes of data, Hetzner Online is continually expanding its bandwidth capacity. With connectivity to carriers such as DE-CIX, German Telecom, Init7, Level3 and private peerings, total bandwidth has been increased to 420 Gbit/s.
Find out more about our Hosting Locations.


Lightweight, compact and fully-featured, the XF 205 combines high-end image quality with the security and versatility of dual-format recording. To top it off, the latest addition in the XF series also support a multitude of connectivity options.
- 20x, f1.8 wide-angle optical zoom lens
- HD CMOS Pro sensor for outstanding low light image quality
- 4-channel audio recording; 2 XLR inputs
- Back-up recording functions
- Ethernet LAN Terminal and WiFi FTP File Transfer (MXF/MP4) function


One of the most important decisions we make when choosing an internet subscription is determining which speed is best for us. The internet speeds of 100Mbps and 300Mbps are vastly different.
Choosing an appropriate internet speed is more difficult than choosing a budget-friendly bundle. Often, you will be offered a low-cost bundle, but the internet speed will not suit your needs, causing you problems. However, both speeds can always be compared.
When it comes to choosing a good internet speed, the first question that comes to mind is 100Mbps vs. 300Mbps.
What Is A Good Internet Connection Speed?
Streaming, downloading, and web browsing speeds above 25 Mbps are good if you require stronger support for your online gaming.
What Is A Fast Internet Connection?
If you have numerous users on the same internet connection at home, you will certainly require faster internet service. Fast speed is defined as 100 Mbps or higher, as it can manage your online activity without interruption.
Now examine whether you desire high-speed internet; who doesn’t? The next step is to choose the most appropriate internet speed while staying within your budget. Let us look at the differences between 100Mbps and 300Mbps so you can make an informed decision.
The Downloading Speed: Most movies are between 2GB and 5GB in size, with excellent download quality, but other audio and video assets, such as music and images, can vary in size.
However, it is dependent on the film’s quality and length. A 4 GB file will take approximately 6 minutes to download a 100Mbps internet speed package and almost 3 minutes if you have a 300Mbps internet speed package.
If you want to download your favorite media from the internet, 300mbps is the speed for you.
Uploading Speed: The uploading speed is affected by the size of the uploaded material. The ugly reality is that internet companies give uploading speeds slower than download speeds. Nonetheless, some of them provide a good service compared to downloading speed.
Consider the following scenario: We have a 1GB video file and want to evaluate uploading speeds for 100 Mbps and 300 Mbps bundles. Uploading at 100 Mbps takes about 80 seconds, whereas uploading at 300 Mbps takes nearly 30-40 seconds.
Remember that the download and upload times are simply estimates provided to aid comparison. The type of internet activity and the total number of devices connected to your internet device at the time are without a doubt the most important elements that influence internet speed.
Which One Is The Sharing Speed Booster?
If you have an internal network, such as a LAN, the faster the two routers will aid in speed enhancement. If one of your family members wants to share a movie on the router, you do not need the internet.
With the help of your router network, you may easily distribute the movie. As a result, the router speed is the primary determinant of sharing speed. When comparing the speeds of the 100 Mbps and 300 Mbps routers, the 300 Mbps router will provide you with speed more than twice as fast as the 100 Mbps router.
A speed test can be used to compare the two. Several websites can assist you with this. The speed is also determined by the adapter’s, cable’s, and LAN ports’ capabilities.
What Should You Do If You are A Gamer?
Fortunately, most modern online games do not require a lot of bandwidth. However, some require a stable and strong internet connection to function properly.
To work, some games require better download and upload speeds. Furthermore, the overall speed is affected by the amount of data you are downloading from the internet.
To truly enjoy the online experience, we all believe in jumping right into the action as quickly as possible, which requires an internet speed of 80-100 gigabits. As a result, 100 Mbps may be plenty for all gamers.
If you are interested in more articles like this, here’s an article about detecting the speed of an internet connection.


One of the most important things you need to know about Oaxial speaker cables are that they help reduce signal loss. You can get this kind of cable in two or three-conductor versions, and both have their own benefits. Find out more by reading this article to learn what you need to know about oaxial speaker cables!
How Does Oaxial Speaker Cable Work?
An oaxial speaker cable is made up of two parts: an inner conductor and an outer conductor. The inner conductor is typically made of copper, while the outer conductor is made of aluminum. The two conductors are separated by a dielectric material, which can be either air or a non-conducting material like plastic.
The inner conductor carries the electrical signal that is sent to the speaker, while the outer conductor helps to protect the inner conductor from interference. The dielectric material helps to keep the signal from leaking out of the cable.
Oaxial speaker cables are typically used for home theater systems and car audio systems. They are also often used in professional audio applications, such as recording studios and live venues.
What Are The Benefits of Oaxial Speaker Cable?
If you’re looking to improve the audio quality of your home theater or stereo system, you may be wondering if upgrading to oaxial speaker cable is worth the investment. While there are a number of factors that affect audio quality, oaxial speaker cable can provide a number of benefits that result in better sound.
Some of the benefits of using oaxial speaker cable include:
1. Improved Signal Clarity: Oaxial speaker cable is designed to minimize interference and maximize signal clarity. This results in improved sound quality, particularly when listening to music or watching movies with complex audio tracks.
2. Enhanced Bass Response: Oaxial speaker cable also provides enhanced bass response, resulting in deeper and richer bass tones. This can greatly improve the overall sonic experience of your home theater or stereo system.
3. Increased Durability: Oaxial speaker cable is also more durable than standard speaker wire, meaning it will last longer and stand up to more wear and tear. This makes it ideal for use in high-traffic areas or for systems that are moved frequently.
Overall, oaxial speaker cable can provide a number of benefits that result in improved sound quality. If you’re looking to upgrade your home theater or stereo system, oaxial speaker cable is definitely worth considering.
What are the Drawbacks to Using Oaxial Speaker Cable?
There are a few potential drawbacks to using oaxial speaker cable, which include:
1. Oaxial cable is more expensive than traditional speaker wire.
2. Oaxial cable is more difficult to work with and install than traditional speaker wire.
3. Oaxial cable can be less durable than traditional speaker wire, especially if it is not properly installed or maintained.
4. Oaxial cable can introduce noise and interference into your system if it is not installed correctly or if the connection is not secure.
Can I Use a Regular Extension Cord Instead of an Oaxial Speaker Cable?
Unfortunately, no. Regular extension cords are not made to carry audio signals and will introduce a good deal of interference into your system. Oaxial speaker cable is specifically designed to carry audio signals with minimal interference.
In conclusion, Oaxial speaker cable is a great option for anyone in need of a quality audio experience. This type of cable offers numerous benefits over other types of audio cables, including its flexibility and durability. If you’re looking for a high-quality audio experience, be sure to check out Oaxial speaker cable.


Parallel Resistor Calculator
The parallel resistor calculator is a tool for determining the equivalent resistance of a circuit with up to five resistors in parallel. Read on or jump to the series resistor calculator.
Resistors in parallel formula
A parallel circuit is characterized by a common potential difference (voltage) across the ends of all resistors. The equivalent resistance for this kind of circuit is calculated according to the following formula:
- RRR is the equivalent parallel resistance
- R1,R₂,…,RnR_1, R₂, …, R_nR1,R₂,…,Rn are the resistances of individual resistors numbered 1,2,…,n1, 2, …, n1,2,…,n.
The units of all values are Ohms (symbol: Ω). 1 Ohm is defined as electrical resistance between two points that, when applied with a potential difference of 1 volt, produces a current of 1 ampere. Hence,
1 Ω = 1 V / 1 A or, in SI base units,
Ω = kg·m²/(s³·A²).
How to calculate parallel resistance
The parallel resistor calculator has two different modes. The first mode allows you to calculate the total resistance equivalent to a group of individual resistors in parallel. In contrast, the second mode allows you to set the desired total resistance of the bunch and calculate the one missing resistor value, given the rest.
To keep it simple, we only show you a few rows to input numbers, but new fields will magically appear as you need them. You can input up to 10 resistors in total.
Let’s look at an example for the second, slightly more complicated, mode:
Calculate missing resistorunder Mode.
- Now input the total resistance you want your circuit/collection of resistors to have.
- Start by introducing the values of the resistors you already know (new fields will appear as needed).
- The calculator automatically gives you the required missing resistor after each input.
Knowing how the parallel resistors arrangement work makes it possible to apply the current divider rule in the circuit.
Other uses of the parallel resistor calculator
The principle is the same as when determining capacitance in series or induction in parallel – you can use it for these calculations too. Just remember that the units are not the same!
If you would like to find out the value of power dissipated in the resistor, try the Ohm’s law calculator or Resistor wattage calculator.
How do you calculate two resistors in parallel?
Take their reciprocal values, add the two together and take the reciprocal again. For example, if one resistor is 2 Ω and the other is 4 Ω, then the calculation to find the equivalent resistance is 1 / (1/2 + 1/4) = 1 / (3/4) = 4/3 = 1.33.
Is the voltage the same in a parallel circuit?
Yes, the voltage across all the components is the same in a parallel circuit.
Why does resistance decrease in parallel?
This phenomenon happens because the current has many more paths that it could take. Imagine a shop opens up several new check-out tills. The overall resistance to people going through the check-out will decrease as the workload is shared in parallel.
How do you find an unknown resistor in a parallel circuit?
Rearrange the parallel resistor formula 1/R = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + … + 1/Rn in terms of Rn, given that you know the desired overall resistance. That gives you Rn = (1/R – 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + …)-1.
For example, if you have R1 = 4, R2 = 2 and want R = 1, then R4 = 1 / (1 – 1/4 – 1/2) = 4 Ω.
Resistors in Parallel
Resistors are said to be connected together in parallel when both of their terminals are respectively connected to each terminal of the other resistor or resistors
Unlike the previous series resistor circuit, in a parallel resistor network the circuit current can take more than one path as there are multiple paths for the current. Then resistors in parallel circuits are classed as current dividers.
Since there are multiple paths for the supply current to flow through, the current may not be the same through all the branches in the parallel network. However, the voltage drop across all of the resistors in a parallel resistive network IS the same. Then, Resistors in Parallel have a Common Voltage across them and this is true for all parallel connected elements.
So we can define a parallel resistive circuit as one where the resistors are connected to the same two points (or nodes) and is identified by the fact that it has more than one current path connected to a common voltage source. Then in our parallel resistor example below the voltage across resistor R1 equals the voltage across resistor R2 which equals the voltage across R3 and which equals the supply voltage. Therefore, for a parallel resistor network this is given as:
In the following resistors in parallel circuit the resistors R1, R2 and R3 are all connected together in parallel between the two points A and B as shown.
Parallel Resistor Circuit
In the previous series resistor network we saw that the total resistance, RT of the circuit was equal to the sum of all the individual resistors added together. For resistors in parallel the equivalent circuit resistance RT is calculated differently.
Here, the reciprocal ( 1/R ) value of the individual resistances are all added together instead of the resistances themselves with the inverse of the algebraic sum giving the equivalent resistance as shown.
Parallel Resistor Equation
Then the inverse of the equivalent resistance of two or more resistors connected in parallel is the algebraic sum of the inverses of the individual resistances.
If the two resistances or impedances in parallel are equal and of the same value, then the total or equivalent resistance, RT is equal to half the value of one resistor. That is equal to R/2 and for three equal resistors in parallel, R/3, etc.
Note that the equivalent resistance is always less than the smallest resistor in the parallel network so the total resistance, RT will always decrease as additional parallel resistors are added.
Parallel resistance gives us a value known as Conductance, symbol G with the units of conductance being the Siemens, symbol S. Conductance is the reciprocal or the inverse of resistance, ( G = 1/R ). To convert conductance back into a resistance value we need to take the reciprocal of the conductance giving us then the total resistance, RT of the resistors in parallel.
We now know that resistors that are connected between the same two points are said to be in parallel. But a parallel resistive circuit can take many forms other than the obvious one given above and here are a few examples of how resistors can be connected together in parallel.
Various Parallel Resistor Networkss
The five resistive networks above may look different to each other, but they are all arranged as Resistors in Parallel and as such the same conditions and equations apply.
Resistors in Parallel Example No1
Find the total resistance, RT of the following resistors connected in a parallel network.
The total resistance RT across the two terminals A and B is calculated as:
This method of reciprocal calculation can be used for calculating any number of individual resistances connected together within a single parallel network.
If however, there are only two individual resistors in parallel then we can use a much simpler and quicker formula to find the total or equivalent resistance value, RT and help reduce the reciprocal maths a little.
This much quicker product-over-sum method of calculating two resistor in parallel, either having equal or unequal values is given as:
Resistors in Parallel Example No2
Consider the following circuit which has only two resistors in a parallel combination.
Using our formula above for two resistors connected together in parallel we can calculate the total circuit resistance, RT as:
One important point to remember about resistors in parallel, is that the total circuit resistance ( RT ) of any two resistors connected together in parallel will always be LESS than the value of the smallest resistor in that combination.
In our example above, the value of the combination was calculated as: RT = 15kΩ, where as the value of the smallest resistor is 22kΩ, much higher. In other words, the equivalent resistance of a parallel network will always be less than the smallest individual resistor in the combination.
Also, in the case of R1 being equal to the value of R2, that is R1 = R2, the total resistance of the network will be exactly half the value of one of the resistors, R/2.
Likewise, if three or more resistors each with the same value are connected in parallel, then the equivalent resistance will be equal to R/n where R is the value of the resistor and n is the number of individual resistances in the combination.
For example, six 100Ω resistors are connected together in a parallel combination. The equivalent resistance will therefore be: RT = R/n = 100/6 = 16.7Ω. But note that this ONLY works for equivalent resistors. That is resistors all having the same value.
Currents in a Parallel Resistor Circuit
The total current, IT entering a parallel resistive circuit is the sum of all the individual currents flowing in all the parallel branches. But the amount of current flowing through each parallel branch may not necessarily be the same, as the resistive value of each branch determines the amount of current flowing within that branch.
For example, although the parallel combination has the same voltage across it, the resistances could be different therefore the current flowing through each resistor would definitely be different as determined by Ohms Law.
Consider the two resistors in parallel above. The current that flows through each of the resistors ( IR1 and IR2 ) connected together in parallel is not necessarily the same value as it depends upon the resistive value of the resistor. However, we do know that the current that enters the circuit at point A must also exit the circuit at point B.
Kirchhoff’s Current Laws states that: “the total current leaving a circuit is equal to that entering the circuit – no current is lost“. Thus, the total current flowing in the circuit is given as:
IT = IR1 + IR2
By using Ohm’s Law, we can calculate the current flowing through each parallel resistor shown in Example No2 above as being:
The current flowing in resistor R1 is given as:
IR1 = VS ÷ R1 = 12V ÷ 22kΩ = 0.545mA or 545μA
The current flowing in resistor R2 is given as:
IR2 = VS ÷ R2 = 12V ÷ 47kΩ = 0.255mA or 255μA
thus giving us a total current IT flowing around the circuit as:
IT = 0.545mA + 0.255mA = 0.8mA or 800μA
and this can also be verified directly using Ohm’s Law as:
IT = VS ÷ RT = 12 ÷ 15kΩ = 0.8mA or 800μA (the same)
The equation given for calculating the total current flowing in a parallel resistor circuit which is the sum of all the individual currents added together is given as:
Then parallel resistor networks can also be thought of as “current dividers” because the supply current splits or divides between the various parallel branches. So a parallel resistor circuit having N resistive networks will have N-different current paths while maintaining a common voltage across itself. Parallel resistors can also be interchanged with each other without changing the total resistance or the total circuit current.
Resistors in Parallel Example No3
Calculate the individual branch currents and total current drawn from the power supply for the following set of resistors connected together in a parallel combination.
As the supply voltage is common to all the resistors in a parallel circuit, we can use Ohms Law to calculate the individual branch current as follows.
Then the total circuit current, IT flowing into the parallel resistor combination will be:
This total circuit current value of 5 amperes can also be found and verified by finding the equivalent circuit resistance, RT of the parallel branch and dividing it into the supply voltage, VS as follows.
Equivalent circuit resistance:
Then the current flowing in the circuit will be:
Resistors in Parallel Summary
So to summarise. When two or more resistors are connected so that both of their terminals are respectively connected to each terminal of the other resistor or resistors, they are said to be connected together in parallel. The voltage across each resistor within a parallel combination is exactly the same but the currents flowing through them are not the same as this is determined by their resistance value and Ohms Law. Then parallel circuits are current dividers.
The equivalent or total resistance, RT of a parallel combination is found through reciprocal addition and the total resistance value will always be less than the smallest individual resistor in the combination. Parallel resistor networks can be interchanged within the same combination without changing the total resistance or total circuit current. Resistors connected together in a parallel circuit will continue to operate even though one resistor may be open-circuited.
Thus far we have seen resistor networks connected in either a series or a parallel combination. In the next tutorial about Resistors, we will look at connecting resistors together in both a series and parallel combination at the same time producing a mixed or combinational resistor circuit.
Resistors are in parallel if their terminals are connected to the same two nodes. The equivalent overall resistance is smaller than the smallest parallel resistor.
Components are in parallel if they share two nodes, like this:
In this article we will work with resistors in parallel, to reveal the properties of the parallel connection. Later articles will cover capacitors and inductors in series and parallel.
Resistors in parallel
Resistors are in parallel when their two terminals connect to the same nodes.
Resistors in parallel share the same voltage on their terminals.
The resistors in the following image are not in parallel. There are extra components (orange boxes) breaking up the common nodes between resistors.
Properties of resistors in parallel
Figuring out parallel resistors is a little trickier than series resistors. Here is a circuit with resistors in parallel. (This circuit has a current source. We don’t get to use those very often, so this should be fun.)
With just this little bit of knowledge, and Ohm’s Law, we can write these expressions:
This is enough to get going. Rearrange the three Ohm’s Law expressions to solve for current in terms of voltage and resistance:
appearing in a double-reciprocal in place of of a single resistor.
For resistors in parallel, the overall resistance is the reciprocal of the sum of reciprocals of the individual resistors.
(This sounds complicated, but we will derive something simpler before we are done.)
Equivalent parallel resistor
The previous equation suggests we can define a new resistor, equivalent to the parallel resistors. The new resistor is equivalent in the sense that, for a given i, the same voltage v appears.
The equivalent parallel resistor is the reciprocal of the sum of reciprocals. We can write this equation another way by rearranging the giant reciprocal,
If you have multiple resistors in parallel, the general form of the equivalent parallel resistance is,
Current distributes between resistors in parallel
We worked out the voltage vvvv across the parallel connection, so what’s left to figure out is the currents through the individual resistors.
Do this by applying Ohm’s Law to the individual resistors.
Special case – two resistors in parallel
Two resistors in parallel have an equivalent resistance of:
It’s possible do a bit of manipulation to eliminate the reciprocals and come up with another expression with just one fraction. Rather than just telling you the answer, it is a rite of passage to work through the algebra the first time. The answer is tucked away so you can try this on your own before peeking.
This is the equation for two resistors in parallel.
The product over the sum. This is worth memorizing.
Special special case – two equal resistors in parallel
Two identical resistors in parallel have an equivalent resistance half the value of either resistor. The current splits equally between the two.
Resistors in parallel share the same voltage.
The general form for three or more resistors in parallel is,
Current distributes amongst parallel resistors, with the largest current flowing through the smallest resistor.
How to Calculate the Equivalent Resistance of Resistors Connected in Parallel
Calculating the equivalent resistance (Req) of resistors in parallel (Figure 1) by hand can be tiresome.
This tool was designed to help you quickly calculate the equivalent resistance of up to 6 resistors connected in parallel. To use it, just specify how many parallel resistors there are and the resistance value for each one. If you have more than 6 resistors, simply use the calculator to determine the equivalent resistance of the first 6 resistors, and then plug that value in for R1 and add values for R7, R8, …, R11 into the calculator in the R2, R3, …, R6 input fields.
Calculating Resistance in Parallel Using Ohm’s Law
The voltage (V) across all of the resistors in a parallel circuit is identical. This can be seen by observing that the parallel resistors share the same nodes. The current through each individual resistor, Rx, can be calculated using Ohm’s law:
The total current through the parallel resistors is the sum of the individual currents:
The current through each individual resistor does not change when you add resistors in parallel because adding resistors in parallel does not affect the voltage across the resistors’ terminals. What changes in the total current delivered by the power supply, not the current through one particular resistor.
Parallel Resistance Formula
From the total current equation, we can then derive an equation for the equivalent parallel resistance:
This is often expressed as:
When you have only two resistors in parallel, the equivalent resistance can be easily calculated using this equation:
Applications for Parallel Resistors
Resistors in parallel always result in an equivalent resistance that is lower than the resistance of each individual resistor. Resistors in series, on the other hand, are equivalent to one resistor whose resistance is the sum of each individual resistor. If you think about it, the lower equivalent resistance for parallel resistors makes sense. If you apply a voltage across a resistor, a certain amount of current flows. If you add another resistor in parallel with the first one, you have essentially opened up a new channel through which more current can flow. No matter how high the resistance of the second resistor is, the total current flowing from the power supply will be at least slightly higher than the current through the single resistor. And if the total current is higher, the overall equivalent resistance must be lower.
Multiple parallel resistors are often used to create a smaller effective resistance when you don’t have the desired resistor value readily available. This is handy when you need a specific resistance value and don’t have an appropriate part readily available. For example, you can easily calculate the equivalent resistance when you have two identical resistors in parallel: it is half of the individual resistance. If you need about 500 Ω to get the desired brightness out of an LED circuit, you can use two 1 kΩ resistors in parallel.
Using parallel resistors can also allow you to minimize the power consumption of any individual resistor in the circuit. Imagine our LED circuit example connected to a 16 V supply with 1 V dropped across the LED. A single 500 Ω would consume 450 mW (152 / 500). But, using two 1 kΩ resistors in parallel would limit the individual resistor power consumption to 225 mW, thereby allowing the use of standard 0.25 W resistors.
Question 1: Calculate the resultant resistance of a parallel circuit containing three resistors; R1 = 2Ω, R2 = 4Ω and R3 = 6Ω?
Solution:Given value of resistors are,
R1 = 2Ω,
R2 = 4Ω,
R3 = 6Ω
The formula for resistors in parallel is,
1/Rp =(1/2) +(1/4)+(1/6)
Rp = 1.0909Ω
Question 2: Calculate total resistance of the given parallel connection; R1 = 4Ω and R2 = 5Ω?
Solution: Given the value of resistors are,
R1 = 4Ω,
R2 = 5Ω
Formula for resistors in parallel is,
1/Rp = (1/4)+(1/5)
1/Rp = 9/20
Rp = 20/9
So, Rp = 2.222Ω
Resistors In Series Formula
Resistors can be arranged in series form too such that the current flows through the resistors in series. Following is the table of formulas for parameters like the current, voltage and total resistance:
|The flow of current through the resistors||I=I1=I2=I3…..=In|
|The voltage drop across the resistors||Vtotal=V1+V2+V3…..+Vn|
|Total resistance equation||Rtotal=R1+R2+R3…..+Rn|
Q.1: What is the equivalent resistance of a 1000 kilo-ohm and a 250 kilo-ohm resistor connected in parallel?
Solution: The resistances are both expressed in kilo-Ohms. Thus, there is no need to change the units. We can find the equivalent resistance in kilo-ohm using the formula:
Therefore, the equivalent resistance of the 1000kilo−Ωand250.0kilo−Ωresistorsinparallelis200.0kilo−Ω.
Q.2: What is the equivalent resistance of a 10 ohm, 20 ohm and 30-ohm resistors connected in parallel?
R1 = 10 ohm
R2 = 20 ohm
R3 = 30 ohm
We can find the equivalent resistance in kilo-ohm using the formula:


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What We Have Completed To Date
Under the USP project 16 76 M 3 legged towers completed in Papar, Keningau, Beaufort and Sipitang districts of Sabah.
Installation of access points for our broadband services which covers Country Heights, University apartment, University condo apartment.
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Incorporated in Malaysia on 17th October 2012 a local Bumiputera company and led by its key personnel with many years of experience in telecommunication industry.


We’re often reminded of the story of the clock in a farmhouse, a simple, yet powerful device that has a deep history of being used to communicate with others.
But a new study suggests that clocks are no longer the only useful communication device out there.
The clock could be replaced by a more complex system of electronic sensors, says Paul Smith, a computer scientist at the University of Edinburgh in the United Kingdom.
The researchers have created a device that can monitor and control electrical activity in a room in a way that can also be used to monitor other parts of the house.
The project, titled “Electronic Sensing of Household Appliances in a Home”, has been published in Physical Review Letters.
To create the system, the researchers used a computer program to build a prototype of a clock, and then created a series of simple, 3D-printed prototypes to test how the system would work.
Each of the prototypes contained an Arduino microcontroller, a digital signal processor, a clock and a sensor that measures the electrical activity of the device.
The sensor tracks the electrical charge of the wires passing through the clock’s circuit board and sends the results back to a digital clock on the Arduino.
This can then be sent to a device like a remote control to update the device’s clock.
The result is a device with a range of sensors that can track and control an entire house, from the floor to the ceiling.
And it can also work with any electronic device, from an alarm clock to a lightbulb.
It’s the kind of system that could replace traditional clocks, and could be used in situations where people need to communicate more than just a phone call.
Smith and his colleagues found that the devices they built have about the same power consumption as traditional clock systems, and it also has about the power efficiency of a standard home alarm clock.
They’re also able to track electrical activity across rooms.
And the system can detect a number of different kinds of electrical activity, from electrical surges in a wall socket, to vibrations of a speaker cabinet.
And, because it uses the Arduino microchip, it’s compatible with almost any existing electronics system.
In fact, Smith says that the device could be easily built in many parts of an industrial or commercial building, and that it could be incorporated into any type of electrical system, from home alarms to electrical outlets.
The device has already proven itself to be a useful device for monitoring household activities.
In its first test run, Smith and colleagues installed a single Arduino microcomputer onto the clock, which recorded the electrical signals of its circuit board.
They also built a second prototype of the system that included a number the sensors to measure the electrical charges.
When the sensors measured the electrical charging of the wire passing through a particular wire, they sent the results to the computer, which then sent the data back to the clock.
“The result is that we’re able to measure a variety of electrical and mechanical activity, including electrical surges, and vibration,” Smith says.
“It’s very interesting.”
The researchers are also looking at the possibilities of using sensors that track the electric fields of air to monitor the temperature of air in a building.
The sensors could also be able to tell when someone is using an electrical outlet, to monitor how long that outlet is connected to the electrical grid, or to track a switch on a power meter.
“I think there’s a lot more that can be done with sensors that are being made by companies like Arduino, and I think this could be one of the areas where they really get on top of that,” Smith explains.
“In the next few years, we think that they will be able, in a sense, to replace traditional electronic systems that are connected to your home.”
[Image credit: University of Aberdeen] In a future study, Smith hopes to build another prototype of this system that will monitor the electrical current flowing through a wall plug.
In this system, they’ll measure how much current is flowing through the wall plug, and they’ll also monitor the current flowing between the wall and the wall socket.
This would allow the system to be used with other types of electrical systems, including remote control systems that could be connected to a home alarm system.
And finally, they’re working on building a larger version of the sensor system that would be used for monitoring a number other electrical systems in a house.
“One of the things that I’m most interested in doing is making the sensors for the whole house,” Smith notes.
“So I’m looking at how we can use sensors to monitor a whole house, to look at things like lights, windows, air conditioning, a lot of things that people would normally be monitoring in the house.”


TRF (Tuned Radio Frequency) Radios were popular in the 1920s and early 1930. They quickly became obsolete with the introduction of the modern superheterodyne circuit.
A TRF radio is a radio in which the actual radio frequency signal undergoes several tuned stages of amplification before the signal is detected (that is before the audio frequency signal that we can hear is stripped off the carrier radio frequency). The major flaw with the TRF radio lay in the vacuum tubes available at the time. These tubes were good at amplifying radio frequencies at the lower end of the broadcast dial (550KC) but were poor at amplifying the higher frequencies at the top of the dial. Such a radio will become less sensitive the higher up the dial you tried to tune. It was not possible to increase the amplification (gain) at the higher frequencies without causing severe oscillations (radio squealing). Thus a single tube could not be designed that would adequately and equally amplify all broadcast frequencies. The strategy taken to overcome this problem was to employ low gain amplifier tubes that would not squeal at the higher frequencies. By itself such a tube could not adequately amplify any broadcast radio frequency, but by coupling several of these tubes together in series all broadcast frequencies could be adequately amplified.
Because of this multiple stage radio frequency amplification strategy, TRF radios can usually be identified by two features. They normally contain a multi-section ganged tuning condenser (4 or 5 ganged sections are not uncommon in these radios). Also, such radios contain a row of identical tubes, One for each stage of radio frequency amplification.
The Sparton Equasonne, manufactured by the Sparks Withington Company of Jackson Michigan in the late 20s and very early 30s, is not a typical TRF radio, in that the individual radio frequency amplification stages are actually untuned.
If you wanted to be highly technical on this point, the Equasonne is not a TRF radio at all. The Equasonne circuit was originally called the "technidyne", and was designed by Lester Jones. All tuning happens up-front, in the selector unit, which contains a 4 section ganged tuning condenser, and 4 coupling coils, used to construct 4 loosely coupled tuned circuits. None of these 4 circuits produce any amplification (with the exception of those models which incorporate a single 484/485 type tube into the first tuning circuit of the tuning selector unit). Amplification happens afterwards as the selected radio frequency signal of interest, (which has hopefully be adequately purified out from all other signals from its journey through the tuned circuits) is passed through 5 stages of untuned amplification in the RF (radio frequency) amplifier unit of the set.
Thus simply stated, a true TRF radio both amplifies and purifies (selects out) the desired radio frequency by passing it stepwise through a series of tuned circuits, all tuned to the same frequency. The Equasonne purifies (selects out) the desired frequency first, and then amplifies just this one frequency later.
Presumably The Sparks Withington Company designed the circuit in this manner to avoid having to pay licensing fees to RCA required to use the patented and more typical type of circuit. Sparton manufactured virtually all of the components used within its radios, did things its own way, and seemed to be very proud of this fact.
In order for the RF Amplifier to work optimally, all 6 tubes used in it should be matched (that is their electrical behaviors while operating should be as identical as possible). 484 or 485 tubes used in these amplifiers are no longer manufactured, so obtaining a matched set today is very difficult. Also, as the tubes start to wear out, they become un-matched. To compensate, in order to operate optimally, the positioning of the 6 tubes within the Equasonne amplifier is of importance. A Sparton service manual (number 6B) located elsewhere on the site details this positioning.
Finally, most Equasonnes only provide for one stage of audio frequency amplification after detection. This is accomplished by a pair of tubes working a push-pull arrangement. Push-pull only works optimally when both of these tubes are equally matched. This can be difficult to achieve today as these audio frequency amplifier tubes are even harder to come by and more expensive than the RF amplifier tubes.
An interesting feature of the Equasonne radio is that it is modular. Most models consist of 3 distinct units (tuning selector, RF amplifier, and power converter). Some models incorporate an extra stage of audio frequency amplification, that is contained in a 4th unit. Thus the chassis of an Equasonne comes apart into several large discrete functional units. This makes the Equasonne an easy set to work on, and a simple circuit to understand. The units are normally mounted onto a wooden board, and there are small metal strips that run between the units that make electrical connections. Some electrical connections are also made by means of small machine screws on the units themselves. For this reason it is of some importance to ensure that your set has all the chassis mounting bolts and machine screws present. So, don't leave any of them out when you reassemble your set. Apart from external cabinet differences, Equasonnes do differ from each other electrically. There were at least 3, possibly 4 slightly different versions of the RF amplifier unit, 3 versions of the selector unit, and numerous power converters. There were also numerous styles of cabinet. The different models are different combinations of the different versions of these parts. The major electrical difference between models is the power converter unit, and a variety of different power output tubes were used between the different models. A couple of models also incorporated a turntable.
Wonder what ever became of the Sparks Withington (SPARTON) company that manufactured your Equasonne all those years ago? During their radio making days they certainly made some of the grooviest and most sought after radios ever built! [Comparatively speaking, the Equasonne is not one of these]. Today Sparton seems to be alive and well, although they no longer manufacture radios. Sparton now manufactures high end electronic components for the military, they even have a website!
Multisection paper filter cap in power supply (not in all models)


What is 5G?
5G is also known as the fifth generation of mobile networks. it is the latest and the fastest type of mobile network for using the internet and transferring data from one place to another. Today the use of the internet on mobile phones is increasing day by day and people are using mostly smartphones to search on the internet. The Internet has become a need of every person especially since mobile networks are more important nowadays. In the past, many mobile network technologies were introduced which are 1G, 2G, 3G, and 4G. These are the four generations of the mobile network. Now the 5G is becoming more popular because it can transfer data in fast rate than any other mobile network generation.
How much fast 5th generation internet is?
it can transfer data up to 100 Mbps and this is the fastest speed of any other mobile network. It is faster and more efficient than the 4G network. It will create a lot of changes in the online world.
How 5G is better than 4G?
4G is slower than 5G. it has the fastest speed of any other mobile network generation. It can deliver data with high speed than 4G. It also has less latency than 4G.
Who owned the 5th generation mobile network?
No one is the owner of the 5G mobile network. However many companies have played an important role to introduce such a fast and best mobile network. It will change the use of the Internet.
Why 5G is not available to everyone?
5G is the latest type of mobile network. It is the best and fastest mobile network generation. It was introduced in 2019. But till now it is not available to everyone. There are many reasons why 5G is not available to everyone and some of the common reasons in many countries are as follows:
Political issues play an important role in the economy of any country. Many under develop and developing countries like Pakistan has political issues. This is the main reason that most of the interest of the government is in politics and they are not trying to bring 5G to their countries.
Most countries are poor and they could not afford it because this will require a lot of investment to bring this latest generation of mobile network. This generation will also require the latest smartphones that are difficult for everyone to afford.
Weak internet coverage
Weak internet is also a great reason. 5G can be provided in those areas where 4G is also available. So many countries are in working to provide 4G coverage so they have their focus on 4G internet because this is also a fast internet service.
Why 5G is not available in Pakistan?
All the reasons mentioned above are also related to Pakistan, but the main reason is the political issues in Pakistan. The previous government was trying to bring 5G to Pakistan and they also gave a date of March 2023. But the political inflicts and the change of government have delayed this project.
The CEO of Jazz has stated that many people of our country are poor and they can’t afford 5G mobiles and packages so 5G will not get a great business in the starting 2 years.


Source:- HP LAPTOP SUPPORT
The Hp help laptop has a built-in wireless card that allows users to connect to the Internet through a desired network. By wireless connection, you will be able to surf webpages, it takes only seconds to establish a wireless connection. When you finalize the wireless plan and password details from your service provider, follow the steps below to set up a new wireless connection. You can find more details on the contact hp customer support Blog at hp.com. You can also dial the hp laptop support number + 1-800-673-8163 for more details.
Turn on the wireless connection, you can turn it on via the notification bar on the desktop or press a dedicated key on the keyboard that is assigned to Wi-Fi. In general, the amber light will show you whether it is on or off.
Double click on the desktop icon of Wi-Fi, after opening it, it will show you the available Wi-Fi network in the area.
At the bottom right, click on the right that says, “View wireless networks” A list of Wi-Fi connections describes an open and secure network.
Click on the desire network you want to connect, if it is a secure network, you need a password from the network provider, if it is an open source, then HP will automatically connect to the network and IP. Address will be received.
You will see a massage attached to the wireless icon, just click on the browser to check for an active Internet connection.
If after all attempts you fail to establish a connection, reboot your laptop, restart and resume the overall process.
In case, you need an expert’s advice on how to establish a wireless connection, go to https://www.techelp.info/and talk with our partner on hp desktop support.
Hp laptop technical support number for all HP products and their various models. Any questions can be solved easily with our best laptop support number for hp. Services include maintenance, repair and service of all hp products with easy access. Support for hp computers require technical support or technical services may be supported by the hp desktop support phone number 1-800-673-8163. HP service is available 24 * 7.
HP users who encounter installation problems with software, configuration, features to update features, or any manual issues can take advantage of online or offline online support for hp laptop and services. You just have to sit and relax while our representatives give you the right solution. One click can take you to our representative in no time and one step closer to the solution. visit our Website: https://www.techelp.info/


The Phonic Powerpod Series are powered mixers in a compact and durable design. The Powerpod 415RW has four Mic/Line input channels and a built-in 150 Watt amplifier, as well as onboard USB module for recording and playback and Bluetooth Module for wireless audio streaming. The 2-band EQ on every channel gives you maximum control over your mix, and the Powerpod 415 RW's built-in variable digital delay allows users to better tweak their mix. Powerpod Series Powered Mixers are great all-in-one mixer/amplifiers for bands, traveling musicians, school auditoriums, houses of worship and clubs.
Built-in 150W output power 4 Mic/Line input channels USB recorder and playback device for capturing all performances with ease Bluetooth audio streaming Variable digital delay with time and repeat control Main insert point via 1/4" TRS jack Super musical 2-band EQ on mono channels


NCC unveils proposed internet projects, initiatives for Nigeria
In line with global best practices, Nigeria’s regulator for the telecommunications’ industry, the Nigerian Communications Commission which oversees the activities of the nation’s service providers including providers of Internet services has unveiled its planned and proposed internet related projects and initiatives it has adopted in line with global best practices.
The internet’s planned projects, according to the commission’s post on its website include the following: Internet Code of Practice (ICoP), Internet Code of Practice (ICoP) (423 KB), Nigerian Child Online Protection, Keeping Children Safe Online – Advice To Parents And Caregivers (1.06 MB), and Development of National Internet Registry database.
The Commission also documents information on all IP addresses allocated to Nigeria by AFRINIC. Such information is utilized for various regulatory activities relating to security on the internet.
The Commission further revealed that it is now a member on the board of Internet Exchange Point of Nigeria, IXPN.
Similarly, NCC is collaborating with some internet related bodies in relation to Internet Governance. They are: Nigeria Internet Registration Association (NIRA), Nigerian Internet Governance Forum (NIGF), Internet Governance Forum (IGF), Internet Corporation for Assigned Names & Numbers (ICANN).
The Commission is in further collaboration with the African Network Information Centre (AFRINIC), and Internet resource and Infrastructure information.


Audio Record Wizard 720 Serial Key Plus 16 WORK
Audio Record Wizard 720 Serial Key Plus 16
Audio Video Telecasting User Manual VTR-16/38/760 Cisco IP Video Recorder NVR-16-ZD Asmallworld.com Audio Video Recording Unit VTR 16/38/760 Audio Video Recorder: Intuitive user interface and built-in DV Mapper Flexible configuration mode Built-in, real-time digital audio recorder and cassette recorder . R-16-AT1 / AT2 / AT1B R-16-ZB / ZC / ZD R-16-S2 R-16-S1 / AT / AT2 / AT1B Standard DVR model number R-16-AT2 The R-16 Series are compact, inexpensive, fully integrated digital video recorder / recorder for PAL SDI transmission, with audio recorder and screen display functions. Available with one or two inputs (VT-16 series: one input; VT-16B series: two inputs; VT-16SA series: two inputs with a manually-operated shutter). . The following types are currently available in the R-16 series: VT-16 series VT-16B series VT-16SA series All models have the following features: 16 channels of SDI Audio recorder Real-time DV Mapper Uncompressed video up to 1920 x 1080 at 59.94 (50i) or 30 frames per second (59.94 / 50i) Audio recorder with 16 channels Cassette recorder with audio or video playback up to 600 minutes Built-in, real-time screen display Two operator controls, remote control panel Automatic, dynamic video cropping 9 / 9 & 10 / 10 bit A/D converter Built-in, auto-dimming, monochrome 8.3", 1024x768 pixel (9 and 10 bit A/D converter) or 16.7", 1024x768 pixel (8.3") LCD display Optional single point power supply (note: for 20.64x1080) Automatic DV Frame Rate Detection for NTSC, NTSC/PAL or PAL (10, 9 and 8 bit A/D) Converter: The integrated DV Mapper is automatically selects the optimum frame rate for each incoming video stream, based on: Frame rate of incoming video Local DV frame rate The operator can also choose the optimum frame rate. .
Full Record Wizard 720 Activator Rar Final


Here is a video interview with Emma Scott, managing director of UK free-to-air satellite platform Freesat, which I carried out for Videonet at IBC 2014.
This year, I covered a number of stories and announcements from IBC 2014 for Videonet. These included: 1) DVB Complains About “Unfair” LTE Broadcast Claims 2) Sky Italia Adopts Harmonic’s VOS Platform For New HD OTT Headend 3) Ericsson Reveals Ericsson MediaFirst – The Cloud-Based Successor To Mediaroom 4) Pace Puts Focus On Operator Support At IBC 2014 [...]
The DVB announced today that its steering board approved the first phase of its UHDTV specification on July 3rd, describing it as a ‘significant step’ on the way to the launch of the first UHDTV services. The specification – which includes an HEVC Profile for DVB broadcasting services - will allow images with four times the [...]


BASIC ELECTRONICS MCQs 3
Q.1 If the output voltage of a bridge rectifier is 100V, the PIV of diode will be
- (A) 100√2V
- (B) 200/πV
- (C) 100πV
- (D) 100π/2 V
Peak inverse voltage = max secondary voltage
Q.2 In the voltage regulator shown below, if the current through the load decreases,
- (A) The current through R1 will increase.
- (B) The current through R1 will decrease.
- (C) zener diode current will increase.
- (D) zener diode current will decrease.
Q.3 In Boolean algebra A + AB
- (A) A + B
- (B) A + B
- (C)A + B
- (D) A +B
A.1+A B= A (1+B) +A B = A + AB +A B = A+B (A +A) = A+B
Q.4 For a JFET, when VDS is increased beyond the pinch off voltage, the drain current
- (A) Increases
- (B) Decreases
- (C) Remains constant.
- (D) First decreases and then increases.
At pinch off voltage drain current reaches its maximum off. Now if we further increase VDS above Vp the depletion layer expands at the top of the channel. The channel acts as a current limiter & holds drain current constant.
Q.5 The type of power amplifier which exhibits crossover distortion in its output is
- (A) Class A
- (B) Class B
- (C) Class AB
- (D) Class C
The transistors do not conduct until the input signal is more than cut-in voltage of the BA junction. In class B, the devices being biased atcut-off, one device stops conducting before the other device starts conducting leaving to Cross-over distortion.
Q.6 The main advantage of a crystal oscillator is that its output is
- (A) 50Hz to 60Hz
- (B) Variable frequency
- (C) A constant frequency.
- (D) d.c
The quality factor (Q) of a crystal as a resonating element is very high, of the order of thousands. Hence frequency of a crystal oscillator is highly stable.
Q.7 The lowest output impedance is obtained in case of BJT amplifiers for
- (A) CB configuration.
- (B) CE configuration.
- (C) CC configuration.
- (D) CE with RE configuration.
The output impedance in case of CC configuration is on the order of a few ohms. (In case of CB ≈450kΩand in case of CE ≈45kΩ)
Q.8 N-channel FETs are superior to P-channel FETs, because
- (A) They have higher input impedance
- (B) They have high switching time
- (C) They consume less power
- (D) Mobility of electrons is greater than that of holes
Q.9 The upper cutoff frequency of an RC coupled amplifier mainly depends upon
- (A) Coupling capacitor
- (B) Emitter bypass capacitor
- (C) Output capacitance of signal source
- (D) Inter-electrode capacitance and stray shunt capacitance
Q.10 Just as a voltage amplifier amplifies signal-voltage, a power amplifier
- (A) Amplifies power
- (B) Amplifies signal current
- (C) Merely converts the signal ac power into the dc power
- (D) Merely converts the dc power into useful ac power
Q.11 A radio frequency signal contains three frequency components, 870 KHz, 875 KHz and 880 KHz. The signal needs to be amplified. The amplifier used should be
- (A) audio frequency amplifier
- (B) Wide band amplifier
- (C) Tuned voltage amplifier
- (D) Push-pull amplifier
We need to amplify 3 signal frequencies i.e., 870 kHz, 875 kHz and 880 kHz. These frequencies lie in a bandwidth of 10 kHz and we should use only tuned voltage amplifiers to amplify them.
Q.12 An oscillator of the LC type that has a split capacitor in the circuit is
- (A) Hartley oscillator
- (B) Colpitts oscillator
- (C) Weinbridge oscillator
- (D) R-C phase shift oscillator
We have two capacitors in the tank circuit, which serve as a simple ac voltage divider.
Q.13 The function of a bleeder resistor in a power supply is
- (A) The same as that of load resistor
- (B) To ensure a minimum current drain in the circuit
- (C) To increase the output dc voltage
- (D) To increase the output current
Q.14 In a bistable multivibrator circuit, commutating capacitor is used
- (A) To increase the base storage charge
- (B) To provide ac coupling
- (C) To increase the speed of response
- (D) To provide the speed of oscillations
The commutating capacitor is used for the speedy transition of the state of the bistable.
Q.15 n-type silicon is obtained by
- (A) Doping with tetravalent element
- (B) Doping with pentavalent element
- (C) Doping with trivalent element
- (D) Doping with a mixture of trivalent and tetravalentelement
The pentavalent atom provides an excess electronwhile the other four form the covalent bond with the neighbouring atoms. This excess free electron provides the n type conductivity.
Q.16 The forward characteristic of a diode has a slope of approximately 50mA/V at a desired point. The approximate incremental resistance of the diode is
- (A) 50Ω
- (B) 35Ω
- (C) 20Ω
- (D) 10Ω
Resistance at any point in the forward characteristics is given by R= ∆V/ ∆I = 1/50mA = 20Ω
Q.17 Two stages of BJT amplifiers are cascaded by RC coupling. The voltage gain of the first stage is 10 and that of the second stage is 20. The overall gain of the coupled amplifier is
- (A) 10×20
- (B) 10+20
- (C) (10+20)2
- (D) (10×20)/2
The voltage gain of a multistage amplifier is equal to the product of the gains of the individual stages.
Q.18 In the voltage range, Vp < VDS< BVDSS of an ideal JFET or MOSFET
- (A) The drain current varies linearly with VDS.
- (B) The drain current is constant.
- (C) The drain current varies nonlinearly with VDS.
- (D) The drain current is cut off.
It is the saturation region or pinch off region, and drain current remains almost constant at its maximum value, provided VGS is kept constant.
Q.19 In a voltage shunt negative feedback amplifier system, the input resistance Ri and the output resistance Ro of the basic amplifier are modified as follows:
- (A) Ri is decreased and Ro increased.
- (B) Both Ri and Ro are decreased.
- (C) Both Ri and Ro are increased
- (D) Ri is increased and Ro is decreased.
Here, a fraction of output voltage obtained by parallel sampling is applied in parallel with the input voltage through feedback and both input and output resistance decrease by a factor equal to (1+ βAv).
Q.20 The use of crystal in a tunable oscillator
- (A) Improves frequency stability.
- (B) Increases the gain of the oscillator.
- (C) Helps to obtain optimum output impedance.
- (D) Facilitates generation of wide range of frequencies.
Piezoelectric crystal is used as a resonant tank circuit. The crystal is made of quartz material and provides a high degree of frequency stability.
(BASIC ELECTRONICS MCQs 3)


(PhysOrg.com) — Scientists in China have succeeded in teleporting information between photons further than ever before. They transported quantum information over a free space distance of 16 km (10 miles), much further than the few hundred meters previously achieved, which brings us closer to transmitting information over long distances without the need for a traditional signal.
Quantum teleportation is not the same as the teleportation most of us know from science fiction, where an object (or person) in one place is “beamed up” to another place where a perfect copy is replicated. In quantum teleportation two photons or ions (for example) are entangled in such a way that when the quantum state of one is changed the state of the other also changes, as if the two were still connected. This enables quantum information to be teleported if one of the photons/ions is sent some distance away.


INFORMATION ABOUT VPN PROTOCOLS
With news that the NSA is actively trying to break VPN encryption protocols picking the right VPN Service is critical. According to reports that some protocols have already been broken and for some time. Specifically, those based on the Point-to-Point Protocol (PPTP)—have previously been identified as being vulnerable.
- PPTP is a fast, & easy-to-use protocol with a simple setup process. Unfortunately it is likely comprised by the NSA and therefore should be avoided.
- L2TP/IPsec requires IPsec to provide encryption. May be compromised by NSA.
- OpenVPN is an open source technology – the recommended protocol for desktops including Windows, Mac OS X and Linux. Highest performance – fast, secure and reliable.
- VyprVPN Chameleon – Golden Frog’s proprietary 256-bit SSL protocol masks VPN traffic so it cannot be identified as a VPN connection and blocked, while retaining speed and security.
VPN PROTOCOL COMPARISON.
|Secure against Government|
|Recommended||Not open source, Therefore hard to know potential exploits.|


I'm a 4th-year Ph.D student in Xi'an Jiaotong University. I am currently a visiting student at University of California, Santa Cruz. My research interests include wireless sensor network, RFID and mobile computing.
I'm looking forward a Post-doc position.
【MobiCom'18】Towards Replay-resilient RFID Authentication
We provide the first solution to an important question, “how a physical-layer authentication method can defend against signal replay attacks”. It was believed that if an attacker can replay the exact same reply signal of a legitimate authentication object (such as an RFID tag), any physical-layer authentication method will fail. This paper presents Hu-Fu, the first physical layer RFID authentication protocol that is resilient to the major attacks including tag counterfeiting, signal replay, signal compensation, and brute-force feature reply.
【Ubicomp'16】Verifiable Smart Packaging with Passive RFID
Smart packaging adds sensing abilities to traditional packages. This paper investigates the possibility of using RF signals to test the internal status of packages and detect abnormal internal changes. Towards this goal, we design and implement a non-destructive package testing and verification system using commodity passive RFID systems, called Echoscope. Echoscope extracts unique features from the backscatter signals penetrating the internal space of a package and compares them with the previously collected features during the check-in phase. Our experiments in practical environments show that Echoscope can achieve very high accuracy and is very sensitive to various types abnormal changes.
【SECON'17】HMRL: Relative Localization of RFID Tags with Static Devices
Passive Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags have been widely applied in many applications, such as logistics, retailing, and warehousing. In many situations, the order of objects is more important than their absolute locations. However, state-of-art ordering methods need a continuing movement of tags and readers, which limit the application domain and scalability. In this paper, we propose a 2-dimension ordering approach for passive tags that requires no device movement. Instead, our method utilizes signal changes caused by arbitrary movement of human beings around tags, who carry no device for horizontal dimension ordering.


What is an A Record?
An A Record (Address Record) points a domain or subdomain to an IP address/Server so that when someone types that domain or subdomain in the address bar, the browser knows where to go. It's the basic type of DNS Record.
DNS Records are used to control the location of a resource on the Internet. As an example, an A Record is used to point a domain name, such as "google.com", to the IP address of Google's hosting server, "220.127.116.11".


2.5 Gbit Network Connectivity in Web Hosting
You'll never face any difficulties with the access to any site hosted within a web hosting account on our highly developed cloud platform. How quick your visitors shall be able to surf the specific website will depend exclusively on their Internet connection, due to the fact that the data centers where our servers are situated provide multi-gigabit connectivity and use redundant backbone providers to guarantee swift and uninterrupted access to all of the machines. The facilities also provide direct optical fiber connections to many large urban centers in North America, Europe and Australia, so in case you host your websites with us, you'll enjoy an excellent Internet site loading speed from every location around the world. We also use powerful, high-quality network equipment to ensure that there will not be delays of any kind whenever someone opens your Internet site.


PERSONAL USE OF UNIVERSITY COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
Your office phone is intended for business use. Good judgement should be exercised by everyone with regard to the frequency and duration of personal phone calls. Personal long distance calls should be made on the coin operated phones located throughout the University. The University telephones should be used for emergency long distance calls only. In such cases, employees are to pay for the long distance call in the Controller's Office after the cost of the call has been ascertained through the Purchasing Manager's office.
Consult the Computer Usage Policy which can be located at the following internet address:
Consider the appropriateness of your message prior to clicking the SEND button and note that users are to refrain from sending frivolous or excessive e-mail and messages sent as e-mail must meet the same standards for distribution as if they were tangible documents.Revised 04-10-00


‘Water Supply Automation system’ consists of two parts:
1. Tank Side unit
2. Motor side unit
Both units can communicate with each other using wireless GSM technology. Both the units will have the facility to insert any GSM SIM card in it.
1. Tank side unit:
- Tank side unit consists of one level sensor which has to be put inside the tank.
- Level sensor can detect if the tank is full or empty.
- This information provided by level sensor will be communicated to the Motor side unit through wireless GSM technology.
- One tank side unit can provide information to multiple motor side units.
- This unit can also be powered by solar energy.
2. Motor side unit:
- Smart Timer
- Dry Run Protection
- Protection against Fluctuating Voltage
- Protection against ‘Single Phasing’
- Overload Protection
- Missed Call Facility Whenever Power Resumes
- Number Registration Facility
- Password Protection
- For All Types Of Pump
- Customer SupporT
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I was curious about the broadcasts of SAQ Grimeton (Sweden) at 17.2 KHz.
Because my Yaesu is not able to receive VLF (lower than 30 KHz) I decided to build a simple up-converter that converts the VLF signals to intermediate frequency from 10.010 to 10.500 MHz.
It became a very simple converter whose operation can be explained in a few words.
The antenna signal is filtered by a low pass filter with a 900 KHz cut-off frequency. This filter also serves to keep the 10 MHz oscillator signal away from the input.
Then the signal is mixed with the 10 MHz oscillator signal in a Philips SA612 mixer, and then provided to the receiver via a 10.7 MHz transformer.
Because the crystal frequency was not exactly 10.000 MHz, I replaced C7 by a 40 pF variable condensator and a fixed capacitor of 22pF (on the backside of the PCB).
The power consumption is very low (3.5 mA), so the whole circuit can easily being powered by a 9 volt battery. Because (charged) batteries are not always available,
I decided to add a 6V8 zener diode and a 1K resistor, so that the converter also can be powered from an external power supply.
To make it extremely easy for you: the converter was available (as a kit) at Kent Electronics.
Currently I use my dipole antenna (2 x 16 m) and the MiniWhip, but look at the new trends blow this page.
December 24, 2015 was the moment of truth: SAQ came on the air with its annual Christmas message.
After playing around for some time the lack of a narrower low pass filter became more and more annoying. I have no interest in broadcast
stations above 200 KHz, so I decided to look for a different design. OM Ernest, PA3HCM came up with an article that was originally
published in the dutch electronics magazine Elektuur, June 1988.
Although the band was very noisy by strong stations as RSDN-20 @ 19.1 kHz and DHO38 @ 23.4 kHz, I managed to receive the CW signal Q5.
Maybe I'm going to use a low pass filter with a lower cut-off frequency (150 kHz) in the future. That will certainly work better.
I reduce the MiniWhip antenna signal for about 30dB to not have too many problems with the strong stations.
For me it was a very nice experiment and I am looking forward to the next broadcast of SAQ in 2016.
This is a converter with a 150KHz lowpass filter and that is exactly what I needed. This filter suppressed almost the entire LW broadcast band.
At 162 kHz, France Inter ( 2,000,000 watts and scheduled to be closed in 2016) has already been sufficiently attenuated.
The converter has a small input amplifier, a balanced mixer and the output is filtered and matched to the low input impedance of the receiver.
All together it definitely has a better performance than the more simpler converter above.
It is not very spacious but the entire circuit fits in a tin box of 55 x 75 x 30 mm.
Ernest has written an excellent article on his blog about this converter and his experiences receiving SAQ on Christmas Eve 2015. An article which is definitely worth reading.
Although the MiniWhip gives a very decent result on VLF is picking up local interference a problem. So I started making the square
magnetic loop antenna. The loop is approximately 4 * 0.95 meters and has 100 turns, so there is almost 400 meters of 32 AWG "wire rapping wire" used. This makes the inductance of the loop ≈ 36 mH.
(calculated, not measured).
The coupling loop has 4 turns. The alignment for SAQ (17.2 kHz) can be done with a 1000pF variable and a
2n7 fixed capacitor in series.
As all small magnetic loop antennas are, also this one (1:43 λ) has a very narrow bandwidth a sharp peak at the resonance frequency. For broadband-listening a not so useful future
as you have to change the fixed capacitor every 3 to 4 kHz.
I do not know what I will do, look for an opportunity to create a larger tuning range or make the antenna less selective. (Without the coupling loop and tuning C's)
The result follows later .......
I have now found a simple but effective solution.
Because I am mainly interested in the frequency of SAQ (17.2 KHz) I replaced the variable and fixed capacitor with a fixed 2.7 nF. This makes the antenna resonant at this frequency.
For (broadband) reception, I can put the coupling loop in series with the main loop with a double pole switch, which also shortens the C.
As a result, the antenna has four more turns, has no tuning C and become much less selective. For me the best of two worlds .....
Unfortunately, I have not yet been able to test the loop for SAQ. Both the annual Alexanderson Day and the Christmas broadcast have been canceled for the year 2017.
More info about the long wire antenna problems of SAQ you can find here.


SIP TCP VS UDP
When making a VoIP call, the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) is responsible for initiating and terminating the call. SIP can run over either the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) or the User Datagram Protocol (UDP). SIP calls made over UDP are generally less expensive to set up and maintain than SIP calls made over TCP. SIP supports both TCP and UDP. Call Nation uses UDP by default, but you can switch to TCP if needed. Prepaid Mall uses TCP. When using Call Nation, you can switch to TCP if needed. Simply go to your settings and change the “transport” setting to TCP. Doing so may improve call quality or fix the connectivity issues you’re experiencing. Prepaid Mall uses TCP by default. This is because TCP is more reliable than UDP and ensures that your calls are always connected. However, you may experience some latency when using Prepaid Mall with TCP. If you are interested in more than the information available to this 939 area code and 940 area code website.
The main advantage of using UDP for SIP is that it is a simpler protocol than TCP. UDP is a “connectionless” protocol, which means that each SIP message is sent independently of any other SIP message. This makes UDP a good choice for SIP calls that do not need to be reliable, such as those made with Voice over IP (VoIP). Another advantage of using UDP for SIP is that it can be used with NAT (Network Address Translation). NAT is a technology that allows multiple devices on a private network to share a single public IP address. NAT is commonly used with home and small office networks.
As mentioned earlier, SIP can be carried over either TCP or UDP. There are benefits and drawbacks to using each protocol. UDP is the default protocol for SIP and is typically used for the initial setup of a SIP session. TCP is used for SIP signaling after the initial setup.SIP UDP is a connectionless protocol, which means that each SIP message is sent independently of other SIP messages. This can be both a benefit and a drawback. The main advantage of using UDP is that it is much simpler than TCP and requires less processing power. This can be important for SIP devices that have limited processing power, such as SIP phones.