physical network diagram tool
From the outset you can launch straight into a template and start building your IT environment. In short, it’s a network monitoring system that starts service with an autodiscovery phase. As a result, features like Building Plan Designer and Smart Connector allow you to automate the entire process of creating a network blueprint. However there can be an art to using tools like Visio. A network diagram tool has the potential to keep up with these changes and ensure that you always have an accurate depiction of your network on hand for reference. Supports over 40+ diagram types and has 1000’s of professionally drawn templates. If you’re looking to fast track your map production, then look no further. However, its capacity to map out flow charts and complex layouts makes it a solid choice for drawing up a network plan. GoVisual can be downloaded from this link here. The IT infrastructure of most large organizations is constantly evolving. Items that have changed, such as new devices, will be reflected automatically. Intermapper is network topology mapping and monitoring software for Windows, Linux, and Mac that provides a unique, sophisticated live view of network configuration and performance. Physical . Use Multiple Pages. It is light-weight, yet incredibly powerful, and can be used to create the following network diagrams: basic network diagrams, AWS network topology, Cisco network topology, logical network diagrams, physical network diagrams, LAN diagrams, WAN diagrams, LDAP, active directory, … Each network diagram tool on this list has the ability to create high quality network diagrams. GoVisual Diagram editor has received a lot of criticism for being overly complex, but if you take the time to get past the initial learning curve, it is more than capable of creating diagrams for complex IT environments. One such important tool is a network diagram. There are many examples and templates to get started faster as well. Network architects must have the right tools on hand to create a manual network diagram. After all, if you don’t have a clear understanding of your network topology, you don’t have complete network transparency. This not only increases your efficiency but also enhances your ability to troubleshoot problems. Dia is available for Microsoft Visio on Linux, Mac, Windows and Unix. A physical network map diagrams all the actual components, including cords and plugs. This map can then be used as a network guide for administrators or used for PCI and FIPS-142 compliance. Fast Network Diagram tool to draw Network Diagram rapidly and easily. Visio comes in at a hefty price tag of $299 (£220) for the standard version and $590 (£435) for the pro version. This helps tremendously when troubleshooting performance issues. Wiring Samples. As a result this tool is only recommended for smaller enterprises that want to experiment with a low-cost network diagram mapping tool. A network map details the location of components like routers, VLANs, access points, firewalls, switches, hosts, laptops, and computers. If you need a solution to track your network topology as it evolves, we recommend While automated tools ... products come pre-loaded with network templates and network-centric objects that provide contextual detail behind the physical makeup of a network. A physical data flow diagram demonstrates the way the system is going to be implemented, for example, hardware, software, files, and people in the computer system. Network Notepad is a freeware application available for Windows made specifically for mapping out network elements. Based on the attachment, you want to draw a specific kind of Network Diagram called a PERT Chart. Network topology tools are essential for restoring balance. The design process is typically depicted in the form of a network diagram, which is the blueprint for the physical implementation of the network. CADE Editor. This platform can be downloaded from the NetProbe website here. While there is no fancy GUI, you’ll find that there is an extensive 2D vector editor. This is partly due to the varying need of network administrators. Use network maps to help meet compliance requirements for PCI, SOX, HIPAA and FIPS 140-2. Why is a Network Diagram Important? Network Architecture Diagrams. PRTG installs on Windows. You can edit this Network Diagram using Creately diagramming tool and include in your report/presentation/website. Its an easy to use network diagram tool. >>>Jump to the list of the best network diagram, mapping and topology tools below<<<. OpManager makes several network map layouts available and they are all redrawn on access by the user. Flowchart Maker and Online Diagram Software. The biggest advantage of ConceptDraw is it’s easy to use. When exporting, you can turn reports into PDF or PNG files and view them with a third-party tool of your choice. It is the most comprehensive network diagram tool and I use it extensively in my professional work environment. Network Diagram The network diagram is a schematic depicting the nodes and connections amongst nodes in a computer network or, more generally, any telecommunications network. This program is available for users on Windows, Linux, and Mac, making it a flexible platform in terms of deployment. It is widely used in network architecture design. Network Diagram Software EdrawMax is ideal for network engineers and network designers who need to draw detailed network drawings. Network diagram uses. You can customize the icons if you like. A physical network diagram will, ideally, show the network topology exactly as it is: with all of the devices and the connections between them. The online AWS diagram tool provides you with full set of latest AWS icons (2019 AWS icons) to use in your AWS Architecture design. At some point, every administrator will need to diagram a network. OpManager compiles an equipment inventory from that initial response and a feature in its code automatically generates a network topology map from that list of devices. An L2 network diagram is … Submit a network diagram to us and get some TR swag. How to earn a network diagram Before you get started making a diagram, make sure that you have a crystal clear goal in mind. The network monitoring system is suitable for businesses of all sizes. Network Diagram Software Backbone Network Backbone Network Diagraming. Whether you’re using these as a guide to your topology for monitoring purposes or you’re simply trying to get a better understanding of how your network fits together, there are plenty of tools here to assist you. They vary greatly depending on the type of network, but you will likely want two diagrams, a logical network diagram and a physical network diagram. All-in-all this is a good tool for users seeking a topology tool with an extra touch of network monitoring potential as well. SmartDraw's network diagram software is the fastest and easiest way to create a network drawing with standard network topology symbols. Physical Network Diagrams work in a similar way to a floor plan and demonstrate the physical layout of all devices that form part of the network. One of the most well-known network mapping tools is SolarWinds Network Topology Mapper. Creating a network map from scratch without the help of a dedicated program is very complex and time consuming. In the world of network mapping tools, Microsoft Visio is somewhat of a household name. Directly address PCI compliance and other regulations that require maintenance of an up-to-date network diagram. Part of that has to do with the different needs of network administrators. For a single user, Lucidchart comes in at $4.95 (£3.66) a month but if you want to use the program with an entire team of people, it’s available for $20 (£14.77) a month for three or more people. The creation and analysis of network diagrams is made simple if you have the right tool installed in your device. Color-coded statuses are shown for each device. You can edit this Network Diagram using Creately diagramming tool and include in your report/presentation/website. From the moment you download, NetProbe is simple to use throughout the design process. The core version is free, or you can purchase the Professional License for $24.00 (£18.00). As a welcome addition, remote users can contribute in real time to a drawing on the web. In other words, topology plays an integral part in how your network performs. You asked: How do I draw a network diagram? It contains a huge collection of network elements and provides many kinds of interconnecting link styles to better describe the interconnection technique. ), and how the data moves and behaves logically in the network environment. Document your network by checking out our list of network diagramming tools (half the list are free). The only issue with CADE is that it lacks an auto discovery feature. Network topology mapping and diagram tools vary greatly. Then, when you understand what you’re attempting to achieve, it ought to be obvious what diagrams to produce. eDraw has a free trial period, but if you wish to purchase you will need to pay $179 (£132) for a perpetual license. Having an up-to-date map is fundamental to troubleshooting your network and optimizing services. These can then be exported for further analysis if you wish to get a more in-depth perspective. The number one mistake in many network diagrams is an attempt to convey too much information on one page. As the name suggests, a network map is a visual diagram of your network that displays each device within your local IT environment. The quality of the core product and its scalability makes NetProbe a solid choice for SME’s and large enterprises alike. You can feature applications, protocols, and throughput. The Best Free Network Diagram software - Easy-to-Use, Powerful and Web-Based. This guide will help you choose the best network diagram software for your business, considering user-friendliness, suitability for business use, sophistication of … This includes subnets, network devices, and routing protocols. A logical network diagram usually shows network devices like routers, firewalls, and voice gateways. Thanks Paul. Besides, you can also connect those AWS shapes with traditional UML shapes like nodes, components and artifacts in UML deployment diagram for better representation of ideas. The default diagrams look very sharp, which makes it more convenient to draw distinguishable network maps. The fact base that underpins any mapping format is the register of equipment and software that you command. A logical network diagram illustrates the flow of information through a network and shows how devices communicate with each other. A network diagram can be either physical or logical. Although you don’t have an inbuilt auto-discovery feature, UVexplorer is now compatible with Lucidchart, so you can use that as an ‘auto discovery plugin’. It typically includes elements like subnets, network objects and devices, routing protocols and domains, voice gateways, traffic flow and network segments. This cross-platform application allows you to create a range of network maps. Therefore, logical network diagrams typically show subnets (including VLAN IDs, masks, and addresses), network devices like routers and firewalls, and routing protocols. This database is assembled automatically by PRTG when you install the software. It also shows routing protocols, traffic flows, routing domains, and network segments. A building plan will show the location of each device on your premises and even integrate photos of your offices. This is all the more impressive when you consider that the price tag of ConceptDraw Pro 11 is $199 (£146). Creately is an easy to use diagram and flowchart software built for team collaboration. It shows subnets, VLAN IDs, subnet masks and IP addresses. This nifty product has helped to inspire many other network mapping tools on this list. There are new network diagram tools that can both design network infrastructure and architecture diagrams. That being said, if you’re looking for a diagramming tool made specifically for network administrators, then look no further. The focus of each map can be altered on command to show only Layer 2 or Layer 3 devices. However, you can opt to use the monitor as a cloud-based service. Network diagrams are used to show how a … Obviously the choice depends on what type of systems you use. Creately is a good choice. In the world of network monitoring, network diagram mapping tools are very underrated. To begin, view examples and choose a template, add your network design symbols, input your information, and our network drawing software does the rest, aligning everything automatically and applying a professional … Utilizing a network diagram and mapping tool is the only way to design a network diagram promptly in way that keeps pace with the evolving infrastructure of a modern IT environment. Also include the more than 50 types of diagram templates, by using this everyone makes the powerful network drawing within minutes. Y… One of the great features of SNMP is that it provides a very quick way for a network management system to quickly discover all devices on the network. CADE can be downloaded for free here. They vary greatly depending on the type of network, but you will likely want two diagrams, a logical network diagram and a physical network diagram. Physical network represents the computer network topology that includes the computer devices, location and cable installation. There are many tools available to create and update network diagrams, so can stay on top of your network’s availability and functioning at all times, as well as knowing where each individual network device is physically located in your building/s. In terms of diagram construction, you can create multi-page diagrams with vector-based graphics, dragging and dropping elements in as you see fit. The Paessler PRTG infrastructure monitoring suite features network mapping tools that offer you a range of formats. Dia (Figure B) is an open source, GTK+ diagramming tool that has a shallow learning curve and can help you create basic network diagrams.Like CADE, Dia was inspired by Visio -- … draw.io can import .vsdx, Gliffy™ and Lucidchart™ files . Use Multiple Pages. Intuitive drag and drop interface with precision drawing and control; Professionally-designed network diagram templates for multiple scenarios A tool that produces a diagram of your network and maps its connectivity from head to toe can tell you a lot about your technical infrastructure. To be precise, the physical network diagram reveals the network topology with all the physical aspects, such as ports, cables, racks, servers, specific models, etc. The network discovery function keeps running, so any changes that you make to your resources gets registered by the monitor. Wiring Samples . Next up we have NetProbe, a diverse Windows-based network topology tool. Another option, which is great for WANs, plots your network on a real, zoomable map of the world. However there can be an art to using tools like Visio. Solarwinds comes in at a price of $1,537 (£1,135). Wiring Samples. Tools like Network Topology Mapper are great because they offer an auto-discovery feature that automatically identifies devices on a network and charts them on a map. You simply cannot respond to performance concerns intelligently unless you have a thorough understanding of your network’s geography. The Pro version costs $40 (£29) and covers up to 20 hosts, or buy the Enterprise version for $295 (£217) to accommodate up to 400 hosts. Visio can be downloaded from the Microsoft website here. While it is incredibly flexible in its design potential, larger enterprises looking for a tool with scalability should go elsewhere. Therefore, it’s essential to understand the differences so you can choose the right kind of mapping for each aspect of your organization. What really sets SolarWinds Network Topology Mapper apart from more generic diagram construction tools is its auto-discovery feature. SolarWinds network topology software is also FIPS 140-2 compliant. Coming in with a price tag of $303 (£223) for 25 devices and $765 (£564) for 25 devices, Intermapper is one of the pricier network mapping tools on this list. Using an automated network diagram tool means you can minimize the risk of overlooking any additions or modifications to your customers’ network. For example, the longer a data packet travels on your network, the longer your communication time. Network notepad can be downloaded from the platform website here. But, more importantly, there is not really any consensus among the community on what they are exactly. ManageEngine OpManager is a complete network monitoring solution and it installs on Windows Server and Linux. Creately is the real-time project collaboration online tool, this tool includes the thousands of characters in this library. Network diagram mapping and topology tools vary greatly. If you use Amazon Web Services, you will love our online AWS Architecture diagram tool. Smart connectors, plus create, preset styling options and a full library of network diagram shapes. Capacity planning needs to be performed on two levels — for the network as a whole and also on a per-device basis. Network Topology Mapper from SolarWinds Download a 14-day FREE Trial. In terms of network diagramming solutions, CADE takes a back-to-basics approach. ManageEngine OpManager Download 30-day FREE Trial. This map acts as a schematic guide to your network. As a bonus, you can generate extensive reports for switch ports VLANs, and subnet scans. For example, you can view components in your network infrastructure by their location in your office or their floor. Jitter vs Latency – What are the Differences. In logical network diagrams, there are pivots for small, medium and large networks, where network diagram templates can be helpful. Logical network diagrams. Watch Now. Good network diagrams are not difficult to construct, and you do not need to spend a fortune on fancy software to draw a network diagram—especially for a small office. One of the most noticeable things about Visio is its slick design. When starting out with ConceptDraw, newer users simply can’t go wrong. The links between devices are also color-coded with healthy link shown in green and problem links colored red. As a result, it is a great choice for network administrators looking for a topology tool with a simple user interface. Other mapping options include a straight-forward plot of all of the devices in the network with connections depicted as straight lines. Over 200 map template designs can be exported into PNG, JPEG and PDF formats. Drawing up network diagrams manually simply takes too long to keep up with the changes occurring on most networks (particularly enterprise grade networks!). Each icon takes the form of the device type. Easy Network Diagram and Drawing Tool. If you are looking for a way to create a data model to communicate your design, there are no tools out there specifically created to model json-structured data. Network diagrams are often drawn with professional drawing software tools. A logical map shows the type of network topology (bus, ring, etc. At unique scales diagrams may represent different heights of network granularity. Tips References. This makes CADE a good choice for teams looking for a suitable remote deployment platform. If you’re searching for a tool which helps to create and work with network diagrams, then the Network Diagram Software tool is the one you must not miss to try. This is a very easy-to-read map and it gives you statuses at a glance as well as the relationships and dependencies between devices. Because physical diagrams depict all of the physical aspects of the network, they will likely include: ports, cables, racks, servers, specific models, and so on. Installs on Windows Server and Linux. The main reason administrators use network diagram tools is to save time. All rights reserved. This price includes an auto-discovery feature that can be scheduled to automatically detect new devices and automatically scale according to your IT infrastructure. FREE for non commercial use! To some vendors, they are simply drafting aids that replace the drafting tables, squares, rulers, and mechanical pencils of the past. Getting a map is often the starting point of any project to expand a network in order to serve more users or include new software services. Those changes get rippled through to your network maps automatically. You can download and evaluate SolarWinds Network Topology Mapper on a 14-day free trial here. … Other map options give you templates that you can adapt and personalize. Wiring Samples. You can use it as a flowchart maker, network diagram software, to create UML online, as an ER diagram tool, to design database schema, to build BPMN online, as a circuit diagram maker, and more. The data collectors of the monitor are called “sensors.” You can get PRTG for free to monitor up to 100 sensors. LanFlow can be downloaded from the Pacestar website here. Professor Robert McMillen shows you how to create a basic network diagram in Visio 2016. Broadly speaking, there are two kinds of tools – ones that create the a network topology or diagrams for you and the other that gives you a digital canvas so you can create your own network diagram. eDraw Map Pro can be downloaded from the eDraw website here. With up-to-date diagrams, network admins can troubleshoot (and minimize downtime), plan for capacity, avoid IT clutter, maintain software, and keep the network secure and compliant.There are two main types of network diagrams: physical and logical. You can also import Visio files straight into Lucidchart if you have existing diagrams you wish to use. In my opinion, the tools with autodiscovery features that let you discover devices automatically (or periodically) and add those devices to topology maps are the best because they make it easier to find performance problems. The most eye-catching map that PRTG produces is its sunburst view. Everything in LanFlow is drag and drop, so if you want to add a new element to your diagram, all you need to do is click and move it. Network managers can assess the system on a 30-day free trial. While it doesn’t have the lean design of some of the other tools on this list, it still offers a very competitive package. If any device gets added to the network, removed, or moved, OpManager will spot that change within minutes because it checks the device inventory and updates it where necessary whenever it gets responses back to its periodic status request broadcasts. However, NetProbe isn’t your run-of-the-mill network mapping tool either: you can conduct real-time monitoring as well. Logical vs. physical network diagrams . Start Free Trial Learn More. As mentioned above, SolarWinds Network Topology Mapper is easily one of the most popular network mapping tools available today. Overall the user interface is simple to use and all working network devices are color coded so you can easily tell when your network is running smoothly. You can also create flow charts if you want to add more visual display. Use ConceptDraw DIAGRAM program with Computer Network Diagrams solution as effective tools to create your own professional looking LAN diagrams and LAN network diagram quickly and easily. This really helps get your map completed without spending ages building one from scratch with templates. This not only allows you to maintain the integrity of your network but, helps take your performance to the next level. By understanding where your hardware sits in your network infrastructure, you’re better able to address problems promptly when they occur. Network mapping is a key element in network monitoring tools. The standard map shows icons for the nodes. As the name suggests, LanFlow is tailor made for mapping out networks. diagrams.net (formerly draw.io) is free online diagram software. © Cinergix Pty Ltd (Australia) 2020 | All Rights Reserved, View and share this diagram and more in your device, edit this template and create your own diagram. Conceptual Diagram lists the usage scenarios that interact with our solution and also shows the interaction with any external systems. The online AWS diagram tool provides you with full set of latest AWS icons (2019 AWS icons) to use in your AWS Architecture design. Some vendors view them simply as drafting aids which can replace the drafting tables, squares, rulers, and mechanical pencils of days bygone. You can also create your own custom maps using a mapping module that links through to the underlying data of the device inventory. Paessler PRTG Network Mapping Tools Download a 30-day FREE Trial. Unfortunately, Microsoft Visio is let down by its price. The default network-inspired shapes cover an extensive range of network equipment, allowing you to piece together quite a complex IT environment. While this wasn’t made especially for network mapping, it certainly accommodates that market. CADE is a primarily a CAD tool, but it also has fairly robust network diagramming functionality. Simplify visualizing even the largest of networks with advanced drawing features. router, switch, etc) connect with each other within a network. Many enterprises spend thousands on network monitoring suites but overlook the importance of managing their network infrastructure from a geographical perspective. In the event that you need to look at your network more closely, you can simply zoom in (this is invaluable when dealing with an enterprise grade network). This is convenient if your planning to use your designs with a third-party tool. But more importantly, there doesn’t seem to be any sort of consensus on what they are. I am curious about the auto discovery functions. Intermapper can be downloaded from this link here. The different interconnections that exist between different networks, IP addresses, configuration parameters, and so much more. A network diagram shows how computers and network devices (e.g. A Network Diagram showing Physical Network Diagram. Once you’ve finished creating your drawings, you can also export them in EMF, JPG, XAML or PDF format. Employing the assistance of a network-mapping tool will ensure you don’t have to spend hours plotting your network on a map just to get to grips with your IT environment. If the network suddenly slows, it is important to isolate whether the problem is truly system-wide or really the fault of one piece of equipment. CADE is a free application that can be downloaded online. Also support Flowchart, BPMN, UML, ArchiMate, Mind Map and a large collection of diagrams. You can also filter what you see by device type and network elements if you want to take a microscope to your topology. It has all the core components expected from a top-of-the-range Network mapping tool without the exorbitant price tag. Besides, you can also connect those AWS shapes with traditional UML shapes like nodes, components and artifacts in UML deployment diagram for better representation of ideas. Current Pricing: $299.99 for Standard Edition; $589.99 for Professional Edition; License per user for the Pro version in Office 365 #3 SmartDraw (PAID) SmartDraw’s network diagram software aims to provide the easiest and fastest way to create network diagrams. By incorporating network topology tools into your current network monitoring environment, you ensure the bare minimum standard of visibility necessary to see a complete view of your network. Network diagrams display the components of a computer or telecommunications network, including routers, firewalls, and devices, and show how those components interact. Submit a network diagram to us and get some TR swag. Network diagrams are often drawn with professional drawing software tools. Here are a few simple tips to help you create quality, professional-looking network diagrams. LanFlow is available on a single-user license for $99 (£73), up to nine single user licenses for $639 (£471). A typical use of network diagram is for tracking down network issues by studying how the computers and devices are connected and inter-related. This example was created in ConceptDraw DIAGRAM using the Computer and Networks Area of ConceptDraw Solution Park and shows the Physical star network. Below we’ve produced a short list of essential features of network diagram mapping tools: The network map assists you with analysis tasks as well as day-to-day monitoring. It thus makes sense to design a network path that is as efficient as possible. Since 2017 Tim has have been a full-time tech copywriter. If you’re familiar with Microsoft Word, then you’ll be able to find your way around ConceptDraw with no issue. If you need to troubleshoot problems on a network or you need to design a new system, a network diagram helps you to resolve matters more effectively. #10 SolarWinds Network Topology Mapper (PAID) This is easily one of the most popular and recommended network topology tools available today. There are different types of network diagrams provided by Edraw Max and you can get started with it now! The user interface (clearly inspired by Microsoft Visio) allows you to create a variety of visual displays of your network environment as well as export Visio files. It’s important to have an overview of any project, see when it starts and finishes, and quickly note all the points in-between that intersect and how they work together.
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Recently you heard people saying that there have been issues with calls not reaching employees but you are unable to determine who the employees are. ARCOS offers the Bad Numbers Report which may help to identify these employees and the nature of the issues they are encountering.
The Bad Numbers Report can be found in the Other Reports section of ARCOS. This report will allow users to examine a date range and identify phone numbers which recorded an error or failure after an attempt to call the number was performed in the specified date range.
You can see that the phone number (111) 111-1111 is assigned to several employees and each time it was called the result was an error. What type of error caused the number to show up here? Clicking on the detail link will give the following.
We can see here that previous call results are Telephone – Out of Service. This means that ARCOS is attempting to place a call to the specified number but the employee’s service provider returned a message informing ARCOS the phone was disconnected. This may indicate that the employee’s device information may need to be updated.
Note: This report will provide phone numbers for calls which either failed or had errors. If the detail entry is pink, then an error was encountered. If the row is not pink, then the call was discarded and retried.


KOYO Ethernet OPC Server supports all memory types of the Direct Logic 205 and 405 series PLCs via Ethernet H2-ECOM and H4-ECOM modules. This server application is multi-threaded for high performance and services data to all OPC clients on local and remote systems.
-Multiple PLC devices with Ethernet cards.
-Supports multiple OPC clients.
-Compatible with Microsoft Windows 95 with DCOM, Windows 98, Windows NT 4.0, Windows 2000, and Windows XP.
-PLC Direct compliant mnemonics for memory types.
-Support for Direct Logic 205 and 405 PLCs.
-All memory and signal types are supported.
-CSV file import/export feature for easy setup in third party spreadsheet or database.
-GUI allows one step procedure to setup thousands of Items.
-Remote tag browsing from OPC clients.
-Device simulation for off-line data testing.
-Easy installation, self-registering.


Impersonating LoRaWAN gateways using Semtech Packet Forwarder Abstract: Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) technologies like the Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) standard provide the foundation of applications realizing communication and intelligent interaction between almost any kind of object. These applications are commonly called Smart Cities and the Internet of Things (IoT). Offering the potential of great benefits for mankind, these applications can also present a significant risk, especially when their security is compromised. This paper's work analyzes the possibility of two particular scenarios of impersonating a LoRaWAN gateway combining existing attacks. Impersonated gateways are of use when exploiting vulnerabilities already shown by other researchers. We give a basic overview about LoRaWAN, the Semtech Packet Forwarder protocol, attacks needed to perform the impersonation, and assumptions made. We explain our attack and propose countermeasures to increase the security of LoRaWAN networks. We show a gateway impersonation is possible in particular circumstances but can be detected and prevented.
Comment: 9 pages, 6 figures, presented at the first Conference of Aspiring Students in Tech Rhein-Main (March 2019)
Date: 24 Apr 2019
PDF »Main page »


Lincoln-Way East Community High School has a long and storied tradition of sports. In support of the sports programs, in early 2020, the school set out to expand the strength and conditioning weight room used by most of the athletes. The school worked with their long time architects, DLA architects of Chicago Illinois, to explore what the new weight room should look like and how it should best function.
Sound is integral to Lincoln-Way East’s Strength and Conditioning Room
A key part of that functionality is to have effective sound reinforcement in the space. Not only is music essential for strength and conditioning, but instructors need to have the ability to speak over top of the noise generated by dozens of athletes hard at work. Recognizing that the sound system was an integral part of the space DLA contacted their trusted AV design consultant Hamilton AV Design to design a new sound system to match the renovated space. Principal consultant Tim Hamilton worked with the design team to establish the needs and uses of the space and to come up with an effective but simple solution to providing reinforcement for the room.
The long and narrow room utilizes a series of Danley Go2 speakers to provide most of the coverage for the room. Accompanying the main speakers are a pair of Danley THMINI subwoofers to provide low frequency reinforcement for the room. Ashley processors and amplification provide power and control to the system while an additional input for a microphone, Bluetooth, and auxiliary inputs allows the system to have easy and effective control without having to have access to the amplifier rack. A Sennheiser wireless microphone rounds out the functionality for the system so that instructors can easily play music or speak over top of the music and noise of the space. “Lincoln-Way loves their new weight room and their sound system!” Says project architect Brian Scully from DLA:
“The system sounds great and lets the teams really use the space to its full potential. Having the controls located outside of the main control closet allows staff to keep the space under lock and key while at the same time providing all the controls that are needed in order to make the system fully operational”.
With the update to the space and their new sound system, Lincoln-Way East HS is well positioned to continue their winning traditions in sports!


This headset provides clear and handsfree two-way communication, while maintaining the comfort necessary for extended wear in moderate noise environments.
- PMLN5102 Ultra-Light Headset with Boom Microphone & In-line PTT/VOX Switch
IMPRES Lightweight Headset
Lightweight headsets provide high-clarity, hands free, discreet two-way communication, while maintaining the comfort necessary for extended-wear in moderate noise environments.
- RMN5058 IMPRES Lightweight Headset Single-Muff, Adjustable, with Boom Microphone, In-Line PTT Switch
IMPRES Temple Transducer
The Temple Transducer allows the user to receive audio without covering the ear. The receiver portion of this accessory rests on the temples and is capable of converting the input audio from a two-way radio into sound vibration. The sound vibration is transmitted through the surrounding human tissue and bone directly into the inner ear where it is received by the user. This allows the user to hear external sounds from both ears while receiving radio communications.
- PMLN5101 IMPRES Temple Transducer


For reliable volume metering of drinking and process water, especially in regions without power grid
The extraction and transport of water often takes place in remote areas without the possibility of supplying measuring devices with energy or transmitting measuring data via cables. It is precisely for such applications that Endress+Hauser has developed the innovative Promag W 800 flowmeter with battery operation. It allows a maintenance-free long-term operation for up to 15 years and a secure data transfer via cellular radio worldwide.
⦁ Versatile – for the measurement of sea water, river water, spring water, ground water, drinking and process water in pipelines with DN 25 to 600
⦁ Reliable long-term operation – robust, fully welded sensor. Suitable for permanent installation underground or under water thanks to IP68 (Type 6P) and certified corrosion protection (EN ISO 12944).
⦁ Secure data management – worldwide, end-to-end encrypted data transmission via cellular radio. All measured values are stored in the data logger (up to 50 000 entries).
⦁ Convenient commissioning – intuitive Bluetooth on-site operation with the SmartBlue app
⦁ Consistent accuracy – device verification during operation without process interruption thanks to Heartbeat Technology
⦁ Maximum battery lifetime – up to 15 years, thanks to either freely selectable or self-optimizing (energy-saving) adaption of the measuring intervals to the flow dynamics
Thanks to its comprehensive functions and expansion options, Promag W 800 enables the safe monitoring of water flows as well as long-term economical operation: reliable consumption measurements, exact cost allocation for billing, safe monitoring of water networks (quantities, limit values, etc.) as well as targeted leakage detection in distribution systems, e.g. by water balancing between two measuring points or by reading in pressure changes due to water loss.
Secure data transfer and data access worldwide
Promag W 800 is available in different configurations: with or without cellular radio communication as well as with connection options to customer-specific SCADA systems, or to Endress+Hauser’s cloud-based Netilion Water Network Insights solution for monitoring water networks. This allows, for example, flow rate, pressure, totalizer, device/process status, battery charge status or geodata to be retrieved. The end-to-end encrypted data transmission ensures maximum safety.
Permanent installation under water or underground
Flowmeters are often exposed to heat, dust or climatic fluctuations. The installation under water or underground is even more demanding. For this reason, the fully welded Promag W can be ordered with a certified corrosion protection (EN ISO 12944) as well as with IP68 (Type 6P) degree of protection. Both ordering options guarantee long-term operation even in salty environments or in climatic areas with strongly changing humidity and/or temperature.
Heartbeat Technology – for consistent measuring accuracy
In the 24-hour operation of the water business, the removal of flowmeters for mandatory recalibrations is often not realistic. With Heartbeat Technology it is nevertheless possible to carry out a device verification during operation and thus prove compliance with the specified measuring accuracy. The verification protocols are automatically archived, e.g. for later audits. In consultation with the Weights and Measures Service, even legally required calibration intervals can be extended.
To learn more please view this short video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dVcRmBNGjyQ
and please feel free to contact the team at EMC on 09 415 5110 to discuss your requirements further.


According to a new market report published by Transparency Market Research, the global telecom service provider investment (CAPEX) market was valued at US$ 290.4 Bn in 2016 and is expected to expand at a CAGR of 7.1% from 2018 to 2026, reaching US$ 576.3 Bn by the end of the forecast period. According to the report, the global telecom service provider investment (CAPEX) will continue to be influenced by a variety of macroeconomic and industry-specific factors. Asia Pacific will continue to be at the forefront of global telecom investment, with the market in the region growing at a CAGR of about 7.7% throughout the forecast period. Asia Pacific region is expected to see prominent capital investment due to rising 5G-related spending from operators which are focused on strengthening their fiber-based fixed broadband and backbone networks.
Emergence of 5G connectivity to drive the market
The global telecom service provider investment (CAPEX) is majorly driven due to rising demand for 5G connectivity which has led to a rise in investment from telecom service providers in every zone. 5G connectivity is likely to enhance the working of networks. Moreover, rapid development in terms of research activities with respect to innovative telecom equipment and services by equipment manufacturers is allowing telecom service providers to deploy or launch their 5G services as per their intended schedule. Furthermore, telecom operators are focusing significantly on expanding their network coverage range and network capacity in order to improve their market position. As demand for mobile broadband services continues to rise, mobile wireless network service providers are focusing on expanding their network capacity. However, the global telecom service provider investment (CAPEX) is expected to remain challenged due to the increasing emphasis of enterprises on owning and leasing telecom towers to telecom companies which requires less capital expenditure. However, penetration of Internet of Things (IoT) technology is expected to offer huge opportunities for telecom operators to invest, in order to offer advance products.
Telecom Service Provider Investment (CAPEX): Scope of the Report
The report offers detailed segmentation based on the hardware (vendor type, equipment type), services, and network type. By equipment type, hardware has been segmented into telecom hardware and IT hardware (non-telecom). Telecom hardware has further been segmented into aggregation equipment, wireless infrastructure, IP routers and CES, optical equipment, TDM voice infrastructure, and other telecom network equipment. Among telecom hardware equipment, except TDM voice infrastructure and wireless infrastructure, the other equipment types are expected to grow significantly as companies are emphasizing on investing in IP based solutions as compared to legacy TDM based infrastructure. On the basis of services, the market is segmented into EPC and others. Others has been further segmented into consulting, network designing, installation and maintenance, and testing & optimization. EPC service is expected to hold larger share throughout the forecast period. This is because it becomes convenient for telecom operators to outsource their entire site development project to a third party. In terms of network type, wireless infrastructure is expected to experience significant market growth during the forecast period due to the increasing 5G rollouts.
Global Telecom Service Provider Investment (CAPEX): Competitive Dynamics
Major strategies adopted by telecom operators include strategic acquisitions and partnerships. Major telecom players studied in the report are China Mobile Ltd., Verizon Communications Inc., AT&T Inc., Vodafone Group plc, Nippon Telegraph & Telephone Corporation, Telefonica S.A., America Movil, China Telecom, and SoftBank, Deutsche Telekom.


AquaComm is used in numerous solutions today by original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) and other organisations globally. AquaComm's high reliability in underwater communications coupled with its low power consumption and small size have allowed these organisations to rapidly develop and sell solutions into various industries.
DSPComm provides highly reliable and versatile modems that fit the following applications:
- Collection of real-time oceanographic data
- AUV command and control
- Subsea pipeline monitoring
- Subsea telemetry control
- Submersible retrieval buoys
- River seepage monitoring
- Diver location and positioning
- Underwater asset monitoring and location based services
- Wireless underwater lift bags
You can also see AquaComm modems in action in our profile of sample client applications or read our customer testimonials.


- Can a hacker get into my router?
- Do I need both a cable modem and wireless router?
- Do modems have a firewall?
- Do cable modems have passwords?
- Should my firewall be turned on?
- Why do I have a hidden network?
- How easy is it to hack WiFi?
- Are Cable Modems secure?
- Can my home network be hacked?
- Are firewalls still needed today?
Can a hacker get into my router?
It’s entirely possible that your router might have been hacked and you don’t even know it.
By using a technique called DNS (Domain Name Server) hijacking, hackers can breach the security of your home Wi‑Fi and potentially cause you a great deal of harm..
Do I need both a cable modem and wireless router?
Picking a modem is only half the battle, because they typically provide connections for just a single, wired device. If you want to go wireless, you’re going to need a router, which is a networking device that lets you share your modem’s internet connection with all your devices.
Do modems have a firewall?
Your ISP comes in on a modem (some are modem and router combined). If you come in on a modem and hook up a firewall between modem and router, all devices from internet can be blocked from all inside network data but as devices collected inside are unblocked. … Your isp can do that but they control your firewall settings.
Do cable modems have passwords?
ANSWER: Motorola cable modem routers come equipped with a default Network Name (SSID) and Wi-Fi Password (Wireless Security Key). They are printed on the label on the bottom of the cable modem router.
Should my firewall be turned on?
Newer firewalls on both PC and Macs are checking each packet in micro-seconds, so they don’t have much drag on speed or system resources. Turning them off won’t give you any real benefit, so it’s better to leave them on and have that extra layer of protection.
Why do I have a hidden network?
It’s hidden in the sense that you can’t find it amongst the other networks your router is broadcasting when you look for it using your router’s web interface, so if you want to disable it, it’s not there to disable with the rest of your networks. It is being broadcast. … “Hidden Network” will be gone.
How easy is it to hack WiFi?
WiFi hacking is easier than hacking a device connected to that WiFi. … Apart from this, there are also advanced tools that work on backtrack and can even hack WiFi router with high security. Routers with WEP security are easy to hack. WEP is a type of encryption tool used to secure your wireless connection.
Are Cable Modems secure?
DOCSIS data transport security provides cable modem users with data privacy and prevents unauthorized access to DOCSIS data transport services across the cable network. Any CPE device attached to a public network will be subject to security threats.
Can my home network be hacked?
Yes, it’s absolutely possible for your home network to get hacked. … A hacker could easily look up the default password associated with a given type of router and use it to access countless devices. Hackers can also exploit security flaws in the router’s firmware.
Are firewalls still needed today?
Traditional firewall software no longer provides meaningful security, but the latest generation now offers both client-side and network protection. … Firewalls have always been problematic, and today there is almost no reason to have one.” Firewalls were—and still are—no longer effective against modern attacks.


Compatible with any A2DP Bluetooth devices, the Sound Rise Hotel is a bedroom speaker to complement a modern lifestyle. Guests can enjoy their favorite new songs streaming wirelessly through the bluetooth, while getting ready to go out or watching a movie from their tablet while laying in bed. Sound Rise is packed with smart features and an upright design so it won’t take up valuable space on the nightstand.
Sound Rise Hotel
Enhance Guest Experiences
The Sound Rise Hotel has two high-current USB ports located on the top of the speaker, offering guests easy access to charge their devices while still being able to use them in bed. Guests no longer have to look for the essentials they need and will appreciate having these USB ports in view and by the nightstand. With Bluetooth, guests can stream audio without missing a beat; allowing them to keep their device exactly where they want it, in their hand.
- Two 2.1 Amp USB charging ports located on-top.
- Bluetooth wireless audio playback.
- Attached 3.5mm line-in cable on rear & FM Radio.
- Easy to use single alarm with sliding switch.
- Security lanyard and PSU security guard.
- Display dimmer on the SNOOZE / DIMMER bar.
- The minimalist and contemporary design will fit in with almost any decor.
- Small footprint, ideal for the nightstand.
- Back-up battery.
- Max volume limited.


HB16 Stepper Motor Controller •
The internally powered HB16 Stepper Motor Controller can control up to 14 stepper motors used in either bipolar or unipolar mode of operation and provides two digital-to-analog voltage outputs for computer control of high voltage power supplies. The command controls for each motor are provided either through the parallel port of the computer or through the ISS cards. Each motor is selected through the multiplexer and motors can be enabled at any time. The unit is ideal to control devices in a laboratory environment.
PX01 Photon Counting Electronics ••
The PX01 unit accepts the input from three photomultiplier tubes and delivers either a TTL-output on three separate channels, or an analog output on two channels. ISS provides data acquisition boards for both photon counting and analog detection and software for data processing. The unit mounts three 100 MHz pre-amplifier discriminators (optimized for the Hamamatsu R928 PMT) for maximum dynamic range. The unit is powered by a universal power supply (110—240 Volt). Output voltages (+5, +15, -15 Volts) are available to connect other devices.
K2.LF Low Frequency Modulator ••
The K2.LF Low Frequency Modulator unit provides the modulation voltage for the light source and the light detectors at frequencies between 90 Hz and 1700 KHz for the measurement of long lifetime processes (phosphorescence). The unit can be utilized with K2™ or with ChronosFD™.
PCMC Card, for photon counting measurements on 3 channels
The 10 KHz Photon Counting PCI Board is designed for high temporal resolution (fast kinetics) measurements of fluorescence. The card was designed to eliminate the need of switching between analog and photon counting modes while performing fast kinetic studies. It allows for acquisition of data on three independent channels and features five 16-bit counters and I/O ports for automatic control.
DCA2D200K Card, for frequency-domain applications
The dual channel data acquisition board is designed for time-resolved data acquisition using the frequency-domain technique in conjunction with Fast-Fourier-Transform (FFT) routines. The board features two separate data acquisition channels, equipped with two 16-bit A/D converters and gain stages (X10, X100, X1000). An embedded microprocessor handles signal preconditioning, thus reducing the calculation load of the host computer. The PCI architecture allows the use of more than one board in the same computer when multiple data channels readings are required. A precise Direct Digital Synthesis (DDS) device, allows for data acquisition on each channel at any frequency to be phased locked to an external clock source (such as a mode-locked laser) using the synchronization clock input signal. It includes a programmable sequence generator for automatic patterned gain adjustment and/or driving the external (TTL) sequence output lines. The input/output lines are available for triggering data acquisition of external devices such as stopped-flow apparatus and for synchronizing the acquisition of multiple boards. DCA2D200K is currently utilized in the ISS K2™ Multifrequency Phase Fluorometer for lifetime determinations with picosecond resolution and in OxiplexTS™, a non-invasive tissue oximeter for the determination of hemodynamics parameters.


Digital interaction is a term that’s used to describe how people converse through electronic digital means. This can include the use of email, text messaging and social intranets. This type of communication is different than face-to-face discussions or physical email because it permits quick, convenient transmission details across the globe and around the clock.
Digital landline calls tools enable more effective and efficient workplaces. They help businesses keep productivity when confronted with global and day-to-day disruptions. The emergence of these solutions has also allowed https://onedatablog.com/users-guide-your-mac-wont-turn-on businesses to keep up with the needs and expected values of their buyers. As a result, clients have become more loyal to brands that communicate with these people frequently through digital channels.
Additionally , digital communication can be more cost-effective than classic methods. Messages sent through text messages and emails don’t require printing on paper, which can preserve companies funds on equipment. Digital communication also helps the environment by minimizing the amount of magazine that is sent and salvaged. This has a direct impact on the amount of trees that are cut down every year.
However , a deep understanding of digital conversation much more than just finding out how to use the proper tools. It is about understanding how these technologies can be leveraged for the betterment of both your employees and your business. For example , using a job management software program can help you talk your team’s calendars and deadlines in a more organized way than simply mailing an email. This could prevent essential messages via getting left in overcrowded inboxes that get skimmed or forgotten about.


Last Updated: November 09, 2005 09:48:34 PM
Rev. A of the 1861/Keyboard card. The card interfaces to a PS/2 keyboard and uses a standard 1861 setup to drive a composite monitor. Currently the 1861 circuit is untested. The connector at the bottom is from the CPU card and provides some signals required by the 1861 that are not on the standard bus. On System-4 the keyboard interface was contained on the CPU card.
The board has several subsections: I/O decoding logic (borrowed from Mile Riley’s ELF), serial to parallel keyboard interface made of a PAK-VI and a PIC 16F84 processor, 1852 based parallel input port, and 1861 video circuit. Jumper blocks select I/O port used by keyboard and 1861. The PAK-VI chip at the top of the card is a PS/2 to ASCII decoder produced by AWC Electronics.
|Jan. 12/2005||Test 1861 Circuit|
Schematics, board layout, and operational description
|Revision||Production Date||Schematic||Layout||Operational Description||PIC Code|


This cable came much quicker than it stated it would which was an instant bonus point! It arrived in nice small packaging so it could fit through my letter box, thankfully.
I am really happy with this USB cable, it has been effective and looks to be more durable than previous cables I have used especially in comparison to the Apple ones. The mesh design of the cable is amazing. If you are used to Apple cables, you will have experienced the same frustration as myself when the cable splits and exposes wires. The mesh feature also ensures that the wire doesn’t get tangled up.
An important feature of this cable is that it is Apple certified so you are able to connect it with your phone without an error message popping up on your screen. My phone charges quicker with this cable and the cable looks very expensive.
I had no problems at all. I was offered this cable at a discounted price in return for my honest review. Overall I would say that this it is one of the best looking cables I have ever seen. I am very happy with it.
If you wish to purchase this cable, click here: http://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/B019RBEMRE?ref_=cm_aya_orig_subj


Let’s welcome our new iFlight Crystal RHCP 5.8GHz Directional Antenna! RHCP high gain directional antennas give you a better reception at long range as well as better penetration through trees, bandos or other difficult terrains. Low profile design to decrease your pack size to a minimum, and high quality RG178 cables for best durability. We were able to achieve a super wide antenna beam width through an offset angle of 30 degrees between the two antennas. Horizontal beam of 105 degrees and vertical beam of 75 degrees at 9dBi gain, dropping of slowly the further you get to the side! Low loss with a 93% antenna efficiency and a axial ratio of ≤1.6 through the whole band. If that’s not enough, we also gave you the option to either mount your antennas at the bottom or top pair of the Goggle RP-SMA connectors. Multiple designs available, get them as long they last!
RHCP high gain directional antenna array
Lower profile and better reception than stock antennas
Super wide beam width, horizontal 105 degrees @9dBi, vertical 75 degrees @9dBi
Can be mounted on top or bottom Goggle RP-SMA pair
Bandwidth: 5600~5900 Mhz
Gain: 9 dBi
Axial ratio: ≤1.6
Radiation Efficiency: 93%
Beam Width: 105° H. 75° V.
Polarization: (RHCP) Left Hand Circularly Polarized
Connector: RP-SMA (Fits DJI Goggles directly, not to be used on standard SMA)
Dimensions: 16mm x 7mm x 3mm
-1 x Crystal RHCP Patch 5.8GHz Directional Antenna Array


Lenovo once again launched its new smartphone ‘Lenovo K8 Note’ in India. This Lenovo smartphone is an updated version of the K6 series. ‘Lenovo K8 Note’ is one of the most select smartphone of the company ever. There are 3 cameras in this phone, not one or two. The company has been presenting its sale on e-commerce website Flipkart.
The Lenovo ‘Lenovo K8 Note’ has a 5.5-inch Full HD display screen. Its resolution is of 1080×1920 pixels. And this smartphone will run on Android 7.1.1 Nougat. In this phone uses a latest technology that allows users to know the size of any object kept in the room. The company has given information about anything. But have not disclosed smartphone performance and photography. The call quality is fine of these smartphone and signal reception also pretty good. Listening to music on this smartphones are also a pleasant experience.
In this phone, new stock Android technology has been used. The smartphone has been launched in in India with two variants. In this mobile have been implemented of 3GB RAM, 32 GB storage capacity and 1.4 GHz Processor for better quality for the customers. Customers can be increase the capacity of this mobile up to 250GB thrown SD card. Lenovo have kept the price of this mobile in Indian market as 13,999. As per the experts, its measurement 154.50 x 75.90 x 8.50 and weighs 180 grams. Lenovo K8 Note have been introduce with dual Nano SIM (GSM and GSM).
For the connectivity features of ‘Lenovo K8 Note’ include are Wi-Fi, GPS, Bluetooth, USB OTG, FM, 3G and 4G (with support for Band 40) and used LTE technology. This mobile has use 4000 mAh battery power for the long battery backup. Lenovo K8 Note mobile have designed specially for internet users, it’s a new offering promises super-fast data and superior voice call quality at a very affordable price. In this smartphone has all the enterprise grade security features.
Lenovo hopes that this smartphone will fit customers’ expectations. And more and more customers would like to buy it. From this phone the company wants to increase the number of its subscribers.


Due to the many requests by radio amateurs aesu now also offers this C4FM/FM radio as a UHF version: FTM-3207DE. The techncial details are more or less the same except for frequency range and output power, see below.
- Technical Data (differences from VHF version):
- Max. Transmit Power 55W
- Frequency range transmitter 430 – 440 MHz
- Frequency range receiver 420 – 470 MHz
No customer comments for the moment.
9 other products in the same category:


National Grid ESO, National Grid Electricity Transmission and UK Power Networks (UKPN) have launched a new system to enable increased renewable energy connections through greater network visibility.
The system has been developed as part of the South Coast Regional Development Programme, and will directly connect the local network operator’s control room with National Grid ESO’s control room, resulting in higher levels of visibility and control to keep the system balanced.
In turn, the rollout of this system will enable up to 600MW of distributed energy resources (DERs) to be connected in the region.
Managing the electricity flows in the region is a complex challenge for transmission and distribution, the companies said, with the South Coast having one of the “most dynamic electricity networks in Europe” with large amounts of renewables, a nuclear power station and interconnecting cables to Europe.
UKPN is the first distribution network operator (DNO) to use the new system, although it will be rolled out across other participating networks in 2021, with UKPN and National Grid ESO working with the other networks through the Energy Networks Association’s Open Networks project.
UKPN’s head of smart grid, Sotiris Georgiopoulos, lauded the project as being the first time in the UK a distribution and transmission system operator coordinating in real time, adding he is “delighted that we’re collaborating with National Grid to make it a reality”.
“If we want to enable net zero by 2050 then we cannot afford to wait, and that’s why we have adopted a ‘trial by doing’ approach, working closely with the national transmission system operator to deliver cost-effective solutions.”
UKPN and National Grid ESO are now developing the next phase of their Regional Development Programme in the South East, which will involve putting in place new commercial and technical arrangements to incentivise electricity generators to further support the national transmission system.


OpenText Stream Serve is software for paper and electronic mail management from multiple directories. It automatically adjusts shipments to customers, with maximum cost savings, using traditional and electronic communication channels.
Stream Serve automatically searches for information in the document from the time of its creation and, using specified parameter values, finds the profile and history of customers. This advanced search tool allows more accurate predictions about customers’ individual needs, resulting in improved and more efficient communication with customers, and even the ability to adapt shipments to each of them individually.
Stream Serve generates each account or shipment individually and at high speed, even when it comes to the massive volume of shipments. Therefore, whenever a group account or shipment is sent to different customers from the same group, each of them will be able to see specific offers, tailored for each of them according to their relevant characteristics (income level, city of residence, etc.).
How does Stream Serve work??
Using given search parameters in order to achieve a more efficient communication with customers, Stream Serve automatically combines data from different directories, with no impact on existing business processes. This automatic data association saves time, resources and costs of communication with customers.
Stream Serve enables managers to directly implement the content search rules of the required materials without the support of IT staff. Stream Serve has automatic recovery system which guarantees the output and documentation revision at any time (24/7).
Stream Serve supports multiple languages, fonts and personalized messages based on the type of account, the characteristics of a particular customer (such as his age), etc.


Resistor/Pulse Width Modulation DAC
By Edward Schlunder / K9spud LLC
A few microcontrollers provide a built-in digital to analog converter (DAC), but usually not of sufficient resolution for full hi-fi stereo audio. Higher end, and more expensive, microcontrollers sometimes provide an I2S interface typically used for connecting to an external DAC chip. The higher price of these microcontrollers, combined with the expense of an external DAC chip, pushes up component count and total cost.
Many low cost microcontrollers today include some kind of pulse width modulation (PWM) feature. While PWM is usually used for controlling the speed of a motor, dimming a light, or controlling a switching power supply, we've found another great use: digital audio! This article will show how to produce excellent quality audio using PWM, at very low cost.
PWM Audio Theory
Audio samples are converted to a train of ON and OFF pulses. The average ON period of each pulse is proportional to the amplitude of the audio sample being played at that point in time. The PWM frequency, i.e. the total pulse period of ON plus OFF time, must be greater than the sampling rate of the audio being played. The output will then consist of a train of pulses where the average output voltage over the period is a function of the amplitude & frequency of the audio being played. This output signal contains unwanted noise from the PWM frequency and its harmonics. This noise can either be ignored because it is outside of the human hearing range, or it can be minimized by use of a low pass filter (integration).
In 1981, IBM released the IBM PC. It had a single, cheap internal speaker for audio, but to keep costs low, there was no DAC. The hardware would allow for applying power to the speaker on or off, but nothing in between.
Programmers found they could program the PC's Programmable Interval Timer (PIT) chip to drive the PC Speaker with varying pulse widths. Unfortunately, the PIT chip was only clocked at 1.2MHz. If the PWM frequency was set to 22KHz, this gave only 54 different output levels (1,193.182KHz / 22KHz = 54). If a PWM frequency of 11KHz is used, 108 possible output levels can be achieved (1,193.182KHz / 11KHz = 108), but this puts the unwanted PWM pulse frequency well into the human ear's audible frequency range, producing an undesirable 11KHz squeal on top of the audio.
Standard 8-bit audio has 256 different output levels (2 ^ 8 = 256), so playing audio on the PC Speaker had to be scaled down to the lower resolution. This made the sound quality fairly poor, but still recognizable.
More information about programming the PC's internal speaker using the PIT chip can be found here: Programming the PC Speaker.
Also during this period, some folks wired together a pile of resistors to their PC's Parallel Port to produce an 8-bit Binary Weighted DAC. This type of DAC used a specially designed resistor voltage divider network to produce the analog output. The resulting audio using this hardware could in theory be significantly better than the PWM PC Speaker method, but in practice it was difficult to get exact resistor values to make this solution work very well. Plus, not all parallel ports behaved properly either (some have internal pull-up/down resistors, etc).
High Speed Microcontrollers
Today's microcontrollers provide significantly better hardware. For example, the PIC24HJ64GP206 from Microchip provides 8 PWM pins, clocked at up to 40MHz. If a PWM frequency of 78KHz is used, each PWM output would be capable of producing 512 different output levels (40,000KHz / 78KHz = 512), or in other words, 9 bits of resolution. 10-bit resolution could be achieved, but this would limit the playback frequency to 39KHz.
What would it take to get to 16-bit resolution? Unfortunately, using the PWM technique by itself would require a clock rate of over 2.89GHz to achieve 16-bits of resolution. 2.89GHz divided by a PWM frequency of 44.1KHz allows for 16-bit resolution (2890137.6KHz / 44.1KHz = 65536). Few devices other than highly advanced microprocessors from Intel or AMD can operate at these frequencies. Obviously, using PWM alone is not going to be a feasible solution with today's equipment.
Extending Resolution by Weighting Pins
Fortunately, there is another way to increase the resolution of our DAC without having to resort to extreme clock rates. If we combine the PWM DAC with the Weighted DAC concept, we can use two or more PWM pins together to create a hybrid DAC design. By weighting each PWM pin with an appropriate resistor value, we can create a resistor voltage divider network that allows each PWM pin control over a particular significant bit range of the input audio sample data.
Refer to the schematic diagram at the right and the calculation table to the left. In this example, PWM pin 1 is connected to a 1K resistor, while PWM pin 2 is connected to a 256K resistor. If the microcontroller is powered at 3.3V, you can see that PWM pin 0 provides far less voltage swing on the final output than PWM pin 1 (roughly +/- 12.8mV), thanks to the 256K resistor on it's output.
This is a much greater difference than the traditional Binary Weighted Resistor DAC. Because we are using PWM pins, not only can we turn each pin on or off (binary), but we can also use PWM to turn each pin on or off for very short periods of time. This is the hybrid Resistor/PWM DAC. PWM pin 1 can produce very large swings in the average output voltage (most significant bits), while PWM pin 0 can produce very small swings in the average output voltage (least significant bits).
PWM allows us to "chop" the average output voltages down into smaller pieces. By applying the correct duty cycles to both PWM pin 1 and PWM pin 0, it should be possible to produce 65536 different average output voltage levels (16-bit), all with only 8 bits worth of different output levels produced on each PWM pin by itself. By combining the two PWM pin outputs through the resistor voltage divider network, we have greatly eased the clock rate requirements of our pure PWM DAC to achieve a 16-bit hybrid DAC.


Tm 11 5985 357 13 technical manual operators organizational and direct support maintenance manual for antenna group oe 254 grc nsn 5985 01 063 1574. Tm 11 5985 357 23p technical manual organizational and direct support maintenance repair parts and special tools list for antenna group oe 254 grc. Tor tor is an encrypted anonymising network that makes it harder to intercept internet communications or see where communications are coming from or
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In order to pick the best office phone, https://vdrglobal.net/how-to-choose-a-business-name it is crucial to consider a few elements. For example , the phone must be compatible with multiple systems. If it is not really, it will not work effectively. You can also buy a phone without conference calling capacities. Conference calling is normally not needed if you are only making use of the phone to get internal conversation. In significant offices, specific processes can be required just like meeting in several offices or conducting meetings over the Internet.
Another feature of any office cellular phone is their capability to keep an eye on conversations. You need to use this characteristic to listen to interactions and help improve call quality. During conferences with senior citizen staff or customers, it is helpful to hear what workers are saying. As well, you can use this feature to monitor junior staff and present assistance. This is especially useful when you need to give guidance to a subordinate. Yet , you should make sure to consider the constraints of each function before getting an office mobile phone.
The main function of an office phone strategy is the auto-attendant. An auto-attendant welcomes incoming callers and provides a menu of options. It can then course the caller to the accurate department or perhaps extension. This kind of feature will save you time by simply automating procedures. Furthermore, it can help you transform your life business’ standing by offering a much more personalized system. Moreover, your workplace phone system can be handled from a central dash. You can even record your phone calls and take care of payments along with the same system. An office cellphone system will that your company operates easily.


Step 2: Configure the router.
So far I have two 2900 switches and a. Tutorial 1 - Basic network configuration.
Step 4: Verify connectivity end-to-end connectivity.
Use the console connection on PC-A to display and verify the switch configuration.
. Notice how the prompt changes as you navigate through the IOS configuration modes. Now we have just done the basic VLAN configuration like creating VLAN and assigning switch ports to VLANs.
So far I have two 2900 switches and a. 1. This behavior is expected and not a bug in Cisco Packet Tracer or real switches.
In the Wireless Router configuration window click on the GUI tab to view configuration options for the Wireless Router. .
com, are designed to deliver advanced networking capabilities, providing an optimized and secure networking environment.
Step 7. i want to ask about connection between switch and router.
Note: You can determine the VTP domain name ( VTP_domain_name in the example above) by issuing the show vtp domain command on the switch.
May 23, 2023 · Cisco Catalyst 9000 series switches, available at Router-switch. Enable MLS on the interface so that it can participate in the shortcut process. 168.
. Exploring Internet of Things with Cisco Packet Tracer. then connect between router and switch. This first video demonstrates basic use of Packet Tracer 8. Network Engineer Stuff.
Below listed steps will be followed to configure the SSH as follows.
. com, are designed to deliver advanced networking capabilities, providing an optimized and secure networking environment.
Enable MLS on the interface so that it can participate in the shortcut process.
After configuring the Cisco Router’s interface and the TCP/IP settings of the computers, click Switch and click the CLI tab in the window that opens.
Check the model number of your shiny new switch.


EFIS737PRO is an expansion modules and require MCP737PRO to operate.
EFIS737PRO reproduce the EFIS selector located on the Boeing 737NG cockpit glareshield. Through a jumper EFIS737 can operate as captain or F/O selector (with Project Magenta only). EFIS737 have backlight controlled by the MCP737PRO and support all functions. The module is directly powered by the MCP737PRO and do not require any configuration. EFIS737PRO is directly powered and drived by the MCP737PRO through a single 5 pole cable (provided) and like all others CPflight modules have a second socket to allow the connection ot further devices (daisy chain).
Note: EFI737PRO is fully compatible with Project Magenta, PMDG 737 series, Flight Deck software, LVLD767 and with Microsoft Flight Simulator X Boeing 737-800.
Note: Flightsimlabs driver (payware) allow the CPflight hardware to work with PMDG737 and 747 series


Spin Radar System
For this semester MTT-S is creating a radar system for the Spin Scooters using the Acconeer's XM122 Radar sensors. The intent of this radar system is to display obstacles in the rider's blind spots and notify them before a collision occurs. The radar sensor will detect objects within 5 meters of the XM122 radar sensor and then objects will be displayed on an LCD screen, once the radar is too close to an obstacle, the buzzer and LED will signal the rider to be careful and slow down. We hope that through this project, the members of MTT-S would be able to understand how microwave signals are received and transmitted using the radar sensors and display as well as gain more knowledge about microprocessors and its functionality. Furthermore, this project hopes to decrease the number of scooter accidents on campus. In future semesters if the club wishes to continue building the radar system, we hope to have a similar implementation for bicycles and even for cars.
RailFUN and FM Radio Workshop
In addition to working on the power amplifier and wireless harvester to prepare for IMS (International Microwave Symposium), we worked on an electromagnetically powered projectile launcher. This involved three main tasks including circuit design, mechanical design, and CAD design. We also worked on a FM radio workshop where we designed PCB and worked with radio signal logics to make personal FM radios.
Microwaves in Internet Delivery
Purdue IEEE MTT-S spent the year focusing on competing for a second time in a row at the area's largest conference, IMS (International Microwave Symposium), in their student design competitions. Moreover, the officers as well as some of the more-involved members spent the fall semester developing a workshop for an FM transmitter. This included tasks such as circuit design, PCB layout, and documentation. Every Thursday, members learned about various topics such as classes of power amplifiers, modulation schemes, and RF front end components. Knowledge gained on these topics will help out as the club prepares to compete in the IMS student design competitions next summer. Check out our demo video!


Unwanted RF in your rig
is a problem!
Many low-band operators have Beverages or other receive antennas that are located close to the transmit antenna. When strong RF comes into the ham shack from those receive antennas, bad things can happen!
Most modern HF radios do not switch or otherwise protect the receiver when the external antenna input is used. As a result, RF picked up by the receive antenna is connected directly to the radio circuits. We are aware of such problems as the power supply regulator shutting down, synthesizers becoming unlocked, auto-tuners going haywire, and just about anything else you can imagine. It is also quite possible to damage the receiver front-end components or other circuitry in the rig if the RF is strong enough.
What is a Receiver Isolator/Protector?
Fortunately, the answer is usually easya receiver isolator/protector that disconnects the culprit antenna during transmit! That is exactly what the RIP-1 does. This product uses a DPDT relay to completely disconnect a receive-only antenna during transmit to keep RF from getting into the rig and causing problems. Both the shield and the center conductor are disconnected to keep RF that may on the shield from getting to the radio. A resistor is switched into the ciricuit at the receiver input to assure stability.
The PRE-1 is not a complicated circuit, but we have selected the right components and design choices:
A relay with good RF characteristics and 5 amp contacts capable
of handling well over 100 watts
Loop-through connection that goes between your radio and amplifierno modification to your radio equipment
A rugged, but compact die-cast aluminum case
Simple connection with phono (RCA) plugs and a source of 12 VDC
(a DC power connector is supplied to use with your shack supply, or use a regulated 12 VDC plug-in power supply (wall wart)
Dont let your rig become R.I.P. from RF Use the RIP-1 to protect it!
RIP-1 Circuit Diagram:
How to Connect the RIP-1:
back to PRODUCTS page
AY Technologies * antennas
by K9AY * www.aytechnologies.com


Removes a virtual serial port with non-standard name.
BOOL FtVspcRemovePort( LPCTSTR lpszPortName );
[in] Virtual serial port name.
|ftvspcErrorFailed||1||The operation has not been completed.|
|ftvspcErrorNoSuchPort||101||There is no such port.|
|ftvspcErrorPortAttached||200||This port is already attached.|
|ftvspcErrorPortInUse||201||This port is opened by serial application.|
|ftvspcErrorMarkedForDeletion||202||This port is marked for deletion.|
If COM port has been removed successfully, the function returns TRUE.
If COM port is occupied by a serial application, the function returns TRUE and sets last error code to ftvspcErrorPortInUse. COM port will be removed on COM port close. This COM port appears with MarkedForDeletion flag enabled when enumerate virtual serial ports.
If any application is attached to the COM port, the function returns FALSE and sets last error code to ftvspcErrorPortAttached.


kharagpur, Researchers from G S Sanyal School of Telecommunication at IIT Kharagpur have developed a UAV assisted communication infrastructure for 5G that can serve as an air-borne mobile telecom tower during emergency situations. The system includes an Android-based application fitted to a fleet of drones which are programmed to create emergency communication networks by extending cellular network coverage from the closest available mobile towers.
While 4G is still making inroads in deeper reaches of India, the transition to 5G is eagerly awaited, especially with the popularity of the IoTs triggering a surge in the number of mobile data traffic. But 5G has a lot more to offer than a faster network. The landscape of future 5G access networks is expected to seamlessly and ubiquitously connect everything, and support at least 1000-fold traffic volumes, 100 billion connected wireless devices, and diversified requirements on reliability, latency, battery lifetime, etc. Flying base stations are a feature that enhances wireless capacity and coverage footprint on the ground with ultra-dense traffic demands, to meet the requirements of 5G and B5G cellular communications. Such a UAV-based network is inhabitable for various applications such as setting-up emergency communication networks over disaster regions, acting as a relay or maintain Quality of Service over densely populated areas like concerts, fests, and stadiums.
UAVs, however, have one major challenge – the battery life of the device which is about 45 minutes which makes it difficult to maintain consistency in the service. Further, in an emergency situation, it is crucial to protect critical data within a micro span of time. The research team at IIT Kharagpur comprising of Kirtan Gopal Panda, Shrayan Das, Bharat Dwivedi, Aunullah Qaiser and led by Prof. Debarati Sen, at the G S Sanyal School of Telecommunication set up by HCL co-founder Arjun Malhotra, have responded to this bottleneck.
“Through intelligent programming, we can deploy our 5G-connected drone fleet in a particular location as soon as the first emergency signal is flagged and complete the evacuation of the endangered data in the telecommunication backbone network within the first 3 minutes of the occurrence of a disaster. The drones will relay the data to the rescue server which is located thousands of miles away while restoring the network connection through the nearest mobile tower,” said Prof. Debarati Sen.
In the case of network disruptions, the drones can intelligently avoid it by changing their location and bypassing the jam. In addition to data protection, the localization and rescue based services can be used to locate survivors and provide emergency aid while decreasing the time for first responders. For people traveling to an affected region and devoid of any cellular network, they can be auto-connected to such nearby drone service as they search for the mobile network.
“We have already studied the performance of the UAV network with the APP ‘NerQuake’ in situations of emergency response in disaster management and maintenance of the quality of service by deploying a fleet of four unmanned aerial vehicles. We have used network coverage data of various mobile service providers in the North-Eastern states in verifying the functionality of the APP,” remarked Prof. Sen.
The team has submitted the phase-I report to MEITY, Govt. of India who has been funding the project. The researchers are open to the commercialization of this intelligent UAV system.
“The prospects of this system are wide-ranging. Apart from a disaster situation, these smart drones can be used for crowd management. These can further be used to extract data from smart meters without any manned service at the location or surveillance of remote terrains with the transmission of real-time surveillance data. In agriculture, these UAVs can be used for crop health monitoring and pesticide spray on crops,” added the researchers.
The researchers are also hoping to bring down the cost of such UAV system through reprogramming thus making the system affordable for various public bodies.


题目：Resilient Wireless Sensor Networks for Industrial Monitoring
Hossam Hassanein is a leading authority in the areas of broadband, wireless and mobile networks architecture, protocols, control and performance evaluation. His record spans more than 500 publications in journals, conferences and book chapters, in addition to numerous keynotes and plenary talks in flagship venues. Dr. Hassanein has received several recognitions and best papers awards at top international conferences. He is also the founder and director of the Telecommunications Research Lab (TRL) at Queen's University School of Computing, with extensive international academic and industrial collaborations. He is a senior member of the IEEE, and is a former chair of the IEEE Communication Society Technical Committee on Ad hoc and Sensor Networks (TC AHSN). Dr. Hassanein is an IEEE Communications Society Distinguished Speaker (Distinguished Lecturer 2008-2010).
摘要：We present, Sprouts, a modern Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) platform that utilizes unique service-oriented sensors with an energy-aware architecture. Serviceable sensors allow for the rapid conception of a wide spectrum of applications; efficiently shortening the time gap between design and deployment. The Sprouts platform is the result of an industry related research at Queen’s University, and has successfully attracted some of the biggest industrial companies in Canada including Oil & Gas mining, steel production, and Power Grid monitoring.
We also describe the deployment of the Sprouts platform to monitor the health conditions of the vibration screens and shovel teeth used by Syncrude in the oil sands of Canada. Previous to WSN, wired sensing solutions have been attempted for this project, but failed to sustain integrity in the harsh conditions imposed by the environment. A complete system was developed at Queen’s University Telecommunications Research Lab (TRL) and successfully realized on a miniature working lab model.


Missing the music sharing to multiple headphones? Here’s how you can easily connect multiple wireless headphones to your iPhone.
With removal of headphone jack, it has not become quite tough to share audio with the people you love. Audio sharing on iPhone is still a key need for most people.
When we had the 3.5mm headphone jack, we can simply plug in a 3.5mm jack splitter adapter and connect two pairs of headphones and listen to music. Now that it’s not there on the iPhones (or most phones, for that matter), things have not really been easy for music lovers to share music.
In this article, let us see all the ways to listen to music on multiple wireless headphones at the same time on an iPhone.
Connect multiple wireless headphones with Audio Sharing
Starting with iOS 13.2, Apple has introduced a neat feature to share audio with your friends and family. With this feature, you can listen to music on two wireless headphones at the same time from the same iPhone.
Note: Please note that this method is only applicable to the wireless headphones that come with the Apple H1 or W1 Chip.
Here are the compatible headphone models*:
AirPods (1st generation) or later
Beats Solo3 Wireless
Beats Studio3 Wireless
Beats Fit Pro
*As of writing this article.
If you have any other pair of Wireless headphones, don’t worry, see the next section.
Steps to connect multiple wireless headphones
Here’s how you can use this feature on your iPhone:
- Connect your pair of headphones to your iPhone from the Bluetooth settings.
- Next, while listening to music, click on the Airplay button inside the app you are using to play music or in the control center or from the lock screen.
- Tap on Share Audio.
- Next, depending on the model of the second pair of wireless headphones, follow the steps below accordingly.
– For AirPods or AirPods Pro, hold them close to your device with the AirPods inside the case and open the lid.
– For AirPods Max, hold them close to your device.
– For Beats wireless headphones, put them in pairing mode and hold them close to your device.
- You should be able to see the second pair of wireless headphones and when you do, simply tap Share Audio.
Control audio on connected headphones
Controlling audio on the connect wireless headphones is as intuitive as it gets.
 You can use the seekbar on the app or on the control center or on the lock screen to seek a particular position of the music. You can also play, pause, stop or go to the previous/next track from here.
 You can adjust the volume slider in the middle to control the audio level of the music that will affect both the connected wireless headphones.
 You can individually control the volume on each pair of connected headphones from the volume slider of the appropriate headphones.
You can also control the audio with the audio controls on both the headphones. If you adjust the volume on a particular headphone, only the volume on that headphone is affected and not the both.
Stop music sharing to two wireless headphones
To stop the audio sharing:
- Tap the Airplay button on the app or lock screen or control center.
- Tap the checkmark right next to the headphones.
Connect multiple wireless headphones using a Bluetooth Splitter
This is another method to share audio from the same iPhone to two different wireless headphones at the same time.
Note: This method is applicable to all wireless headphones and not limited to Apple headphones.
We can make use of a Bluetooth Splitter for this purpose. A Bluetooth Splitter helps you connect two wireless headphones at a given time to any device and helps to simultaneously stream music to both the headphones.
Usually, these Bluetooth splitters are made for devices with headphone jack. Fortunately, we have these devices specifically made for iPhone too.
The iPhone Bluetooth Splitter fits right into the lightning port of your iPhone.
You simply connect this device to your iPhone and connect or pair up to two wireless headphones to the Bluetooth Splitter.
That way, when you play some music on your iPhone, while connected to Bluetooth, you will be able to listen to the audio on both the headphones.
Tip: iPhone Bluetooth Splitter is available on Amazon, last I checked. Don’t forget to read the review before buying!
Steps connect two wireless headphones with Bluetooth Splitter
- Put your first wireless headphone in pairing mode.
- Plug in the Bluetooth Splitter to your iPhone.
- The device will auto-pair with the 1st pair of headphones.
- Now, power down the 1st pair.
- Put the 2nd set of wireless headphones in pairing mode.
- Press the button on the Bluetooth Splitter to pair the 2nd pair.
- Power up the first pair too.
- Now, music will be streamed to both pairs of wireless headphones.


ORA-03113: end-of-file on communication channel
What causes this error?
An ORA-03113 error is an unexpected end-of-file that occurred which could not be handled by SQL*Net.
All connections between a client software and an Oracle Server are created and managed by Oracle Networking or Net8. This is a two way connection between a Net8 Server (Listener) and a Net8 client. After a connection is established between the two, this error may occur when the net8 server is no longer available, or can not respond to Net8 client requests due to problems with the Oracle Server.It can also be due to a network failure. If it occurs at startup a configuration or installation problem is a likely cause. If it occurs after a shutdown some defunct processes may be running.
How to fix it
The cause can be:
Oracle Server Errors
If the failure occurs after a connection is established, a likely cause is a database server error. For example in my personal experiences all versions of Oracle server before 8.1.6 are pretty unstable under Windows NT 4.0 with Service Pack 6.0 and frequent internal errors cause the server to discontinue its operation. In such cases one should see the alert log and will usually have to refer to Oracle Support. In the case mentioned above you should downgrade to Service Pack 5.
Net8 Server (Listener) Errors
This is when the listener fails to respond to Net8 client. The causes for such a failure are numerous. Lack of memory on the server machine where the listener resides, or problems with the host operating system can cause the listener to fail. To make sure that the listener is working correctly one may use the Listener Control Utility (LSNRCTL). One may also restart listener using the host operating system facilities LSNRCTL or to recover from temporary errors.
The Network Connection Failure
This is when the network connection through the network protocol is no longer available. For example when using the TCP, a TCP/IP route must be available between the client machine and the server. This may be tested using the ping utility. There are also situations when a specified protocol is disabled for a machine, say when conflicting IP addresses occur or a router device or software fails. In such cases it may be possible to reach the listener through other protocols like Named Pipes. In such cases you should call for the network administrator to fix the problem or you can change the protocol in use. To change the protocol, change the protocol entry and the parameters for the connection string in use, in TNSNAMES.ORA or for the method in use (Oracle Names or external naming services.) Say in the TNSNAMES.ORA one may start using conn_nmp (Named Pipes) after conn_tcp fails. However bear in mind that in this case the listener must support NMP too for a connection to be established. To have listener support a new protocol one may use Net8 Assistant, LSNRCTL or edit listener.ora manually and restart the listener using the host operating system facilities.


A paperless recorder happens to be such an electronic data recording device, which replaces traditional chart recorders. This electronic data acquisition device is used for continuous monitoring & recording of various process parameters, including temperature. It digitally captures & stores temperature data, providing an efficient & organized way to monitor and analyse temperature trends over time. As it stores data digitally, this eliminates the need for paper charts. So, paperless recorders are used to collect & store data from thermocouples & heating sensors. These recorders can store data for future reference and can also be used remotely to monitor signals.
Henix HI-8003-PLR paperless recorders have a built-in display which allows users to quickly review measured data in real time. Ease of use achieved with informational graphics and touch screen displays Personal delivery of process data with customized displays, Batch recording or continuous data.
Multiple Data Storage: Removable secure digital (SD) port, on-board non-volatile flash, USB flashes storage ports.
Soft touch allows the operator to scroll back in time and review historical trends.
This is having internal memory to store the data upto one year.
Standard RS-232 communication enables users to access on screen data and set up remote monitoring via the RS serial interface.
Touch screen display to enable operators to clearly view process data in different formats.
All have onboard flash data storage capability and Compact Flash cards for data archiving.
This device can serve web pages, allowing numerous people to monitor a system remotely.