First. Connection problem1.Wired Connection
Frequently Asked Questions: Keyboard does not power up after plugging in.Reason 1: The connection between the Type-C interface and the keyboard interface is loose;
Reason 2: The USB interface of the data cable is loosely connected to the USB interface of the device;
Reason 3: The USB interface of the device is aging, and the functions of power on and data transmission cannot be realized.Solution 1 and 2: Reconnect the data cable to ensure that the interface connection is stable.
Solution 3: Switch the connection port.
*Keyboards and data cables will undergo quality inspections such as power-on and data transmission before leaving the factory, and will leave the factory only after they are confirmed to be normal.
Frequently asked questions: abnormal Bluetooth connection, disconnected Bluetooth
Reason 1: Bluetooth cannot connect with the device;
Reason 2: Bluetooth cannot connect back to the previous device;
Reason 3: Bluetooth is disconnected from the current device.
Solution 1:①Confirm whether the connected device (desktop computer) supports the Bluetooth function (whether there is a Bluetooth module). The system supports Bluetooth does not mean that the device has a Bluetooth module. Without a Bluetooth module, it cannot be connected normally, and a Bluetooth signal receiver is required.
②When searching for Bluetooth signals, press "Fn" + number key "1" (or 2/3) for about 3 seconds. When the backlight of the corresponding number key enters the flashing state, it means that the keyboard enters the matching state. Find the Bluetooth device name (D84KB5.0 or D84KB3.0) of the keyboard in the search window and click to connect.Solution 2:This product supports the connection of 4 devices, of which the Bluetooth signal supports 3 devices, if the connection fails,
① Confirm whether the keyboard has been connected to other devices, use the combination key "Fn" + "1/2/3" to switch and search
②Remove the device name of the previously connected keyboard on the device, and search for the connected keyboard again according to solution 1.
Solution 3: Check whether other devices are involved in the connection; whether the distance between the keyboard and the device is too far; reconnect according to solution 1.
*When the signal is connected, the light flashes slowly for the reconnection state, and flashes quickly for the pairing state.
3. 2.4G Wireless Connection
Frequently Asked Questions: Signal DisconnectionReason 1: The connection between the USB interface of the device and the signal receiver is unstable
Reason 2: The distance between the keyboard and the device is too far
Reason 3: State of the technologySolution 1: The signal receiver replaces the device interface, or inserts the USB2.0 interface;
Solution 2: The new updated D84 series keyboard all add adapter accessories, and the 2.4g connection problem is improved.
Second. The Battery Problem
1.The D84 (new updated model) is equipped with 3750 mAh, and the battery life varies according to the usage environment and intensity.
2.In the wireless connection mode, use the combination key "Fn" + "Backspace" to check the battery level. At this time, the backlight is turned off, and only the backlight of the number "1~0" is displayed. If the remaining power is 50%, the light only displays "1~5". ".
3.When the battery is low, the left Ctrl key enters the slow flashing red light state; when charging, the left Ctrl key enters the red light steady state; until the battery is fully charged, the backlight returns to normal.
Third. System Problems1.Keyboard compatible system: Windows7 or above/Mac OS/IOS/Android;
2.The keyboard is compatible with Windows system by default. When using it on a computer, such as an Apple computer, use the combination key "Fn" + "M" to switch to compatible with Mac OS;
3.In the Mac OS compatibility mode, common functions and input can be realized, and some rare functions may not be realized, which is not fully compatible;
4.When connected with mobile devices (Android/IOS), basic text input functions can be realized.
*If your keyboard appears keys are confusing, please confirm what the system is using, and maybe you may switch the system due to misoperation without knowing it
Fourth. Keys Problem
Frequently asked questions: keys confusion , continuous click/double click, no response.Reason 1: In the case of artificial random pressing, the input of the keyboard will cause the function of the computer to be changed, and there will be a situation of keys confusion, which is manifested as the fixed function of the key will realize other key functions.
Reason 2: The switch is not installed properly when leaving the factory, resulting in abnormal connection between the switch and the circuit board; or the user improperly disassembles the switch, resulting in abnormal connection between the switch and the circuit board.
Solution1: Restart the computer or restore the keyboard to factory settings (press and hold Fn+ESC for about 3 seconds until the light restarts, the restoration is successful)
Solution 2: Check the key switch with the problem, whether the pins of the switch are bent when installed, if so, you can correct the pins and reinstall; if there is no hardware problem, use the factory reset to try.


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Cell Phones these days have become one of the most vital element of our day to day life...it has now become a necessity of every individual...it has a lot of advantages but at the same time the consequences are far more worse.
Synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) is a form of radar in which the large, highly-directional rotating antenna used by conventional radar is replaced with many low-directivity small stationary antennas scattered over some area near or around the target area. The many echo waveforms received at the different antenna positions are post-processed to resolve the target. SAR can only be implemented by moving one or more antennas over relatively immobile targets, by placing multiple stationary antennas over a relatively large area, or combinations thereof. SAR has seen wide applications in remote sensing and mapping.


One of the unique aspects of the Telecom26's Mobile Service Platform is that is allows customers to have significantly more control over the authentication, authorization, and access control services associated with their SIMs. Telecom26's vision is to enable enterprises to maintain and enforce their mobile security policies by enabling control of their mobile subscriptions, services and SIMs through the Mobile Service Platform.
Telecom26's MSP supports all the features associated with both full mobile services as well as M2M, to include Voice SMS, and data services.
What makes us unique is that we allow customers to fully customize their mobile services, such as rate plans, MSISDNs, tariffs, and services.
In building our platform, we have partnered with other GSMA operators from around the world to extend our global reach by tightly integrating our network with other mobile operators in order to achieve worldwide roaming coverage for our full mobile service and M2M solutions. Also, through our relationship with Inmarsat, we are developing unique global access solutions that allow our SIMs to be used virtually anywhere on Earth.


Presidency of the
Council of Ministers
We have met today with a delegation from Sudan headed by the Ambassador Hag Magid Mohammad Al Suwar, Secretary General of the Sudanese Working Abroad. The aim of the meeting was to exchange know-how on diaspora engagement and the programs in place to attract investments.
A delegation of the Fruits and Vegetables Exporters Association, under the chairmanship of Mr. Naim Khalil discussed with IDAL`s Chairman Eng. Nabil Itani the agricultural export subsidy mechanism through the "Exports` Maritime Bridge" approved lately by the Cabinet.
Engineer Itani declared that agricultural exports during the first five months of 2015 recorded a slight drop of only 2%, compared with the same period of 2014.
The Chairman of IDAL Eng. Nabil Itani met the Lebanese Ambassador in Mexico Hisham Hamdan. Both sides stressed the necessity of encouraging the partnership relations between Lebanon and Mexico, particularly by enhancing mutual investments between the two countries.
On July 1st 2015, the Ministry of Telecommunications launched the “Lebanon 2020 Digital Telecom Vision”. This project, valued at over USD 600 million, is a 5 year plan which aims to revamp the telecom infrastructure in the country.
The project aims to make fiber-optic connectivity available throughout the country by the year 2020. The fiber optic network will connect directly to about 15,000 organizations and institutions. A second fiber-optic network will also directly connect to households and offices. This revamp of the internet network will result in an increase in the speed of internet connections from the current 8 megabits per second (Mb/s) to 100 Mb/s.
The project also aims to develop mobile services. It ensures that 4G services will be installed throughout the country in the next two and a half years, paving the way for the installation of 5G connections by 2020. To achieve this goal, the plan is to increase the number of transmission stations to reach 2,000 in the next 2 years, up from the 400 stations currently in place.
This project will also have the benefit of contributing to economic development, attracting FDI and creating job opportunities.


Laureate Online Education Computer Forensics © All rights reserved 2005 – 2012. The Computer Forensics module, in all its parts: syllabus, guidelines, lectures, discussion questions, technical notes, images, projects and any additional material is copyrighted by Laureate Online Education B.V. Computer Forensics Seminar for Week 7: Network Forensics II In the last seminar, we learned how to apply AAA principles to network forensic practices and network forensic investigations at physical and data link layers. In this seminar, we will discuss network forensic investigations at network, transport, session, presentation, and application layers. Network and Transport Layers Forensic Investigation An Internet IP address consists of a network address and a host address. The network address is unique among the entire Internet; the host address is unique within the local area network that the device is connected to. Thus, each IP address is uniquely identifiable on the Internet. Each network gets its network address from the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), and each device gets the host portion of its IP address from the network owner. Thus, a network address ends with 0’s (e.g., 192.168.0.0). IP addresses ending with 255 are used to denote broadcast addresses (e.g., 192.168.0.255). The IANA has reserved the following three blocks of the IP address space for private internets (local networks): 10.0.0.0-10.255.255.255 172.16.0.0-172.31.255.255 192.168.0.0-192.168.255.255 Note that private networks use the above private IP addresses that are unique within their networks, but any two private networks can use the same “address space” as long as they are not directly connected to each other (they may be connected to each other via the Internet using Network Address Translators, or NAT). Also, IP addresses in the range of 169.254.0.0- 169.254.255.255 are reserved for Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA). For example, Microsoft Windows has an APIPA feature that will automatically assign an IP address to a computer on which it is installed. This occurs when the TCP/IP protocol is installed and set to obtain its IP address automatically from a Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) server, and when there is no DHCP server present or the DHCP server is not available. After the network adapter has been assigned an automatic IP address, a computer can communicate with any other computers on the local network that are also configured by APIPA or have static IP addresses manually set to the 169.254.xxx.yyy address range with a subnet mask of 255.255.0.0. Domain Name Service: Devices on the Internet are referred by their IP addresses. But humans are generally not good at remembering numbers and prefer to use memorable names such as http://www.yahoo.com. The Domain Name Service (DNS) was developed to solve this problem. DNS is a distributed global database that is accessible from anywhere on the Internet for mapping human-readable names such as http://www.tcpdump.org to its corresponding numeric IP address. The DNS database is managed and controlled by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) through accredited registrars. The owner of each domain is responsible for updating its name services for mapping memorable addresses to their corresponding numeric IP addresses. Most name servers also support reverse lookups (i.e., to map numeric IP addresses to human memorable addresses). In Windows or UNIX environments, one can use the command “nslookup”1 to map IP addresses and domain names (it can also do 1 Please note that these utilities are run under the DOS facility in Windows. Seminar 7: Network Forensics II 2 reverse lookups). Another tool for querying DNS is called “dig” (Domain Information Groper), available on UNIX systems and in the NetScanTools for Windows. The following servers are often useful for gaining further information about IP addresses: 1. http://www.arin.net/ for North American addresses 2. http://www.ripe.net/perl/whois for European addresses 3. http://www.apnic.net/ for Asian-Pacific addresses 4. http://www.nic.mil/ for USA military addresses 5. http://www.dotgov.gov/ for USA government addresses 6. http://www.networksolutions.com/whois/index.jhtml for general search It should be noted that the above servers can be used to obtain the contact information of a specific domain. However, this information is furnished by the person who provided the registration information. It is not verified for accuracy, and it is possible to register an address and include inaccurate or totally false contact names, addresses, and phone numbers. Another useful tool for IP address tracing is “traceroute” in UNIX and tracert1 in Windows. This tool can be used to see what route the packets are taking to get to their destination. These tracing techniques can list all the hops on the route for your packet to arrive at the target computer. If you want to trace the route between two other computers that are not located in your place, you may use other traceroute servers available from (trace routes). Since traceroute tools need to send packets to the computer that you are examining, the suspect may get warned by your packet. Thus, if you do not want to tip off the suspect, you should not use this investigation method. The investigative results from traceroute can be used to confirm or question the contact information obtained from the DNS database (e.g., from the whois application or the above servers). For example, if a suspect site’s contact information from the DNS database is in Germany but traceroute tells us that the route stops in Russia, it is reasonable to suspect that something is wrong. But we should also be aware that many corporations outsource their web sites to a third party, so it is not necessarily wrong that corporate contact information is different from its website location. When more than one application services run on a single computer (with one IP address), they are distinguished by the port numbers. For example, web service normally runs on the port 80 (of course, you can set the port to a different number, but then the client needs to know your web port). The link [TCP/UDP ports] contains frequently used TCP/UDP ports. A modem or cable connection often assigns a dynamic IP address. Thus, each time you connect to the Internet via a modem or cable, you may get a different IP address. This makes it impossible for you to have a human-memorable and to run a server on your home computer if you do not have a fixed IP address. Dynamic DNS is a technique used to solve this problem. In other words, dynamic DNS techniques allow anyone to associate a friendly, easy-to-remember domain name with an Internet-connected computer, even if its Internet connection uses dynamic IP address assignment. Attacks on TCP/IP and TCP/IP-related digital evidence: Let us first review the three-step handshake protocol for TCP connection establishment. If a device Alice wants to establish a TCP connection with a device Bob, Alice will first send a request packet “SYN sequence number x” to Bob. After Bob receives this packet, it will send a packet “SYN sequence number y, ACK x+1” to Alice. Alice then needs to send a packet “FIN: ACK y+1” to Bob. After these three steps, a TCP connection between Alice and Bob is established. One of the well-known attacks on TCP/IP protocol is IP spoofing. In this attack, Carol wants to impersonate Alice and establish a TCP connection with Bob. That is, Carol pretends to be Alice and get connected with Bob. In order for Carol to be successful, she needs to finish the above three-step handshake protocol. For the first message, Carol can easily claim Alice’s IP address in her first packet. However, Bob will then send the second message to Alice’s IP address. Since Alice has not initiated the first message, Alice may just ignore this packet or send an error message to Bob. Carol can only be successful if she can complete the following: Seminar 7: Network Forensics II 3 1. Stop Alice from responding to Bob. This can be achieved by Carol via a denial of service attack on Alice’s machine, and it is always possible. 2. Send a packet “FIN: ACK y+1” to Bob. Carol will be successful in this case only if she knows the value of y. So it is essential for Carol to get the value of y. This kind of IP spoofing attack remained primarily a theoretical academic claim until Robert Morris, whose son wrote the first Internet Worm, discovered a security weakness in earlier implementations of the TCP protocol. That is, when Bob replies to Alice, the reply sequence number y is always chosen in predictive way. In other words, Carol can predict the value of y with high probability (and thus be successful in IP spoofing attacks). More discussion on this topic can be found in Bellovin (1989). Fortunately, recent versions of TCP implementation use relatively strong random generators to generate the value y, thus avoiding IP spoofing attacks based on sequence number prediction. TCP/IP protocol plays a central role in networks, and it is central for a digital investigator to find and exploit TCP/IP-related data during network crime investigations. Network traffics are volatile, and it is impossible to capture all network traffics in all networks. Thus, log files become the most important source for investigations. In particular, network-related log files can help an investigator to gain an initial understanding of what occurred and which hosts were involved. The major log files that can be used for this purpose include authentication log, application logs, and operating systems logs. Log and authentication log files generally contain information about which user logged in the system from which IP address or phone number. It may also contain failed logs. For example, in the seminar 5 assignment, we used the utmp and wtmp log files on Linux machines to investigate the activities of your colleagues on the Laureate Linux server machine. In addition to authentication logs, most applications (e.g., server software) log users’ activities on a network. For example, the FTP server transfer logs (“xferlog”) contain the information about which user deleted which files on the server and which IP address the user is logged from. Similarly, web servers log “timestamp, data requested by client, client IP address” when receiving a request from a client. Some web pages may also place cookies on clients’ machines, which can be used to link acquired digital evidence. Web bugs have been used by many marketing companies to examine the web pages that a particular individual views and to learn about his/her interests. This same approach can be useful in an investigation for determining who was using a specific computer at a certain time. However, the offenders may use anonymous services such as anonymizer, Anonymity 4 Proxy, JAP, and findnot service to hide their IP addresses. Most operating systems log important events such as system reboots, errors, modem usage, and network interface cards being put into promiscuous mode by a sniffer. In particular, UNIX was designed with networks in mind; log files on UNIX systems generally retain more TCP/IP-related information than Windows event logs. Though server computers and desktop computers can store sufficient network log information, and constraint network devices (e.g., routers and switches) have limited memory space to store logs, these network devices are usually configured to send a copy of their logs to a remote log server. In addition to log files, most network devices maintain state tables about the current or very recent state of connections between computers. For example, the command “show conn detail” on Cisco PIX firewall will list all recent connections. As we have noted, the ARP table in computers and switches contains recently used (IP, MAC address) pairs. TCP/IP-related data may also be found in RAM on servers and network devices. The content of RAM may contain IP addresses and other useful data relating to network activities. Some of the RAM content may only be acquired RAM dumping, since they are not available from the command line. Some forensic tools can be used to capture these volatile network-related data. For example, EnCase Enterprise Edition has the function to immediately capture a snapshot of volatile data that exist in the RAM memory of a server or workstation and account for time zones Seminar 7: Network Forensics II 4 and clock synchronization. These data include users on a system, TCP and UDP port information, open files, running processes and applications, live Windows registry, network interface details, and system resources. Though log files contain sufficient information for forensic investigation, attackers have always tried their best to avoid the recording of their activities or to delete the log files. We mentioned in seminar 6 that the first step for an attacker to intrude into a system is to identify the target. In this step, port-scanning tools such as nmap are generally used. Most operating systems will log all activities related to port scanning. However, the attacker may try to avoid leaving traces by using stealth or proxy scans. Examples of stealth port scanning include TCP SYN, TCP FIN, and IP header fragmentation. An example of proxy port scan is FTP proxy bounce attack. The TCP SYN (half-open) port scanning works as follows: 1. The scanner sends a SYN packet to a target port (i.e., the first message in the TCP handshake protocol). 2. If a “SYN y ACK x+1” is received, this indicates the port is listening (i.e., the target sends the second message in the TCP handshake protocol). 3. If a RST is received, this indicates the port is not listening. 4. If “SYN y ACK x+1” is received, the scanner breaks the connection by sending an RST (reset) packet. Since few sites log incomplete TCP connections, this kind of port scanning generally leaves no traces on the server machine. In a TCP FIN port-scanning process, the attacker does not initiate a regular three-step TCP handshake protocol. Instead, the attack ignores the first two messages and directly sends the third message “FIN ACK y+1” to the target machine with a random y value. The idea for TCP FIN port scanning is that closed ports tend to reply to FIN packet with the proper RST, and open ports, on the other hand, tend to ignore the packet in question (this is required TCP behavior). However, some systems (in particular, Microsoft systems) do not follow this rule. They send RST regardless of the port state; thus, they are not vulnerable to this type of scan. This method is often used to discriminate between a UNIX server and an NT server. Since TCP FIN port scanning is not a complete TCP connection, most servers will have no log files for this kind of scanning. More details about TCP FIN port scanning can be found at Uriel Maimon (P49). In a fragmentation scanning, instead of just sending the scanning packet, the attacker breaks the scanning packet into a couple of small IP fragments. In this way, the TCP header is also split into several packets. Thus, it is hard for the packet filter loggers to record what is going on. In particular, the attacker may use overlapping fragment attacks to record confusing log information at the filtering devices [overlapping attacks]. Before we describe the FTP bounce attacks, we briefly review the FTP protocol. In the FTP protocol (see [FTP protocol]), the client Alice first establishes a TCP connection with the server Bob at port 21. This 21 channel is normally called the command channel. In order for Alice (client) and Bob (server) to transfer non-command data (e.g., files), Alice chooses a free port on her machine (e.g., 5001) and sends the packet “IP address, port (e.g., 5001)” to Bob. After Bob gets this packet, Bob will initiate a TCP connection from his port 20 to the above IP address at above port (e.g., 5001). Note that normally, Alice gives Bob her own IP address, but Alice has the choice to give other IP addresses. This feature is called “proxy” ftp connection. In other words, by using this feature, you can connect from evil.com to ftp.target.com, and ask ftp.target.com to establish a connection with victimmachine.com. The FTP bounce attack–based port scanning works as follows: 1. The scanner connects to an FTP server: ftp.some.com. 2. The scanner requests ftp.some.com to initiate a data transfer process to victimmachine.com at port xxx using the PORT FTP command. Seminar 7: Network Forensics II 5 3. The scanner uses the LIST FTP command to try to list the current directory. The result is sent over the server data transfer process channel to target.com. 4. If the victimmachine.com is listening on the port xxx, the transfer will be successful (generating a 150 and a 226 response). 5. Otherwise, the scanner gets the message “425 Can’t build data connection: Connection refused.” This process is straightforward in that the victimmachine.com machine does not have any traces of the hacker’s machine. Instead, it only sees the connection from ftp.target.com and may log the ftp.some.com’s IP address. Since this attack scan TCP ports from a “proxy” ftp server, the attacker could connect to an FTP server behind a firewall, and then scan ports that are more likely to be blocked by the firewall. Note that some FTP servers have finally realized this problem and have disabled the proxy feature. But there are still numerous FTP servers that enable this feature for hackers to exploit. It should be noted that this protocol flaw “can also be used to post virtually untraceable mail and news, hammer on servers at various sites, fill up disks, try to hop firewalls, and generally be annoying and hard to track down at the same time”. Using NetBIOS protocol for investigation: NetBIOS protocol is used by Windows to provide file- and print-sharing services across a WAN. The tool nbtstat can be used to associate a user with an IP address. From a local investigative computer, we can run the following command against either the suspect’s IP address or a specific machine name: nbtstat –a 192.168.100.001 nbtstat –A suspect.business.com If the machine is reachable, it will return the following information about the remote machine: the machine name, the Windows NT domain the computer is registered in, and the MAC address. Since the MAC address is unique (if the suspect has not modified it), this information can be used to identify a computer after it has been seized. There are also some commercial tools such as “Essential NetTools” from TamoSoft that will help us to do NetBIOS search and analysis. Internet Application Layer Forensic Investigation The Internet provides the infrastructure for many different application services that can be related to the crime case under investigation. Application software is used to access Internet services. For example, Netscape, Mozilla Firefox, and Internet Explorer are used to access web services; pine, elm, Lotus Notes, web browsers, Eudora, and Outlook are normally used to access email services. Although there are numerous Internet services, the major services are WWW services, email services, newsgroup services, online chat services, and peer-to-peer services. In the following paragraphs, we discuss forensic investigations in these services. Email: Two kinds of servers are involved for email communications: one for outgoing and one for incoming mail. An email client connects to a mail server to retrieve incoming emails using one of the three different mail access protocols: Post Office Protocol (POP), Internet Mail Access Protocol (IMAP), or Microsoft’s Mail API (MAPI). Each individual has a mailbox on the mail server to hold all incoming emails. The email client can download and delete emails from her mailbox on the server using one of these email access protocols. Outgoing email uses a different protocol called Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP). SMTP protocol itself does not require any authentication. A user can just toss an outgoing message into a SMTP mail server, which will relay it to other mail servers that will again relay it to other servers until the mail reaches its final destination. Since SMTP is a simple protocol without authentication, anyone can telnet to a SMTP server at port 25 to send a message with a forged return address to anyone in the world. Forged emails can also be sent via simple configuration of regular email clients. For example, if you use Eudora as your daily email reader, you can use the following procedures to create a forged email: 1. Select Tools?Options. Seminar 7: Network Forensics II 6 2. Choose “Sending Mail” and modify the “Email address” field with the new value [email protected] Alternatively, you can select the “Getting Started” and modify the “Real Name” and “Email address field” with your choice. 3. Create a message (e.g., to yourself) and send it. 4. Check your email box; you should receive an email with the faked return address. If you check the header information of the forged email that you have just received, you will find out that even if the message was from a spoofed address, your machine IP address is recorded in the originating host IP address field. When emails are relayed via different SMTP servers, SMTP-relaying servers keep track of the IP address of the system connecting to them and insert that IP address into the header of the message. Web-based free email is becoming increasingly popular, and the Internet browser is becoming one of the major email processing tools. Free email services are often used by offenders to hide their identities. Fortunately, some providers of free email service are including the originator’s IP address in the header information. For example, the following is the header of a spam email that I have received: From : Danielle [email protected] Sent : Tuesday, August 23, 2005 9:01 PM To : Subject : look at theseHunnies! Received: from oihtbadocvny.com ([188.8.131.52]) by mc10-f3.hotmail.com with Microsoft SMTPSVC(6.0.3790.211); Tue, 23 Aug 2005 13:01:45 -0700 Received: from 184.108.40.206 by 220.127.116.11.oihtbadocvny.com (Postfix) with SMTP id 13663 X-Message-Info: HWvf2uiueYQn/EqvWvuBt5MAmXCn4Hr1XQNnGB9Q6wM= Return-Path: [email protected] X-OriginalArrivalTime: 23 Aug 2005 20:01:45.0946 (UTC) FILETIME=[7D4A33A0:01C5A81D] From this we know that the email was sent out from the IP address 18.104.22.168 (more information about this IP address can be found at http://ws.arin.net/whois, as mentioned earlier). Using this information, we can find out who sent this email by issuing a subpoena for the email provider (in this case, oihtbadocvny.com) in the email logs and a subpoena for the ISP that owns that IP address. Most email client programs hide the header information from the user. But generally we can find the header information with some effort. In most programs, if we click File then Properties, an option to view the header is displayed. For web-based email systems, we normally need to configure the mail display options. For example, for hotmail.com, we can click Options first, then Mail Display Settings, and choose the Full choice for Message Headers. The header information for Outlook Express can be viewed by clicking File, then Properties, and then Details. To view the header information in Outlook, we can click on View and then Options. Then we get a list of submenus: Previous, Next, Encoding, Message Header, Options, and Toolbars. By clicking on Options, we get the Message Options window, which shows the Internet headers for the chosen message. Eudora hides the header information by default. The icon “Blah, Blah, Blah” in Eudora provides the information we need. We conclude our email discussion with an example. In 1999, 51-year-old Rocha registered an email account [email protected] from a Charlotte, North Carolina, public library and, using this email account, opened a bank account in the Paritate Bank in Riga, Latvia. Rocha then bombed Lowe’s stores in Asheboro and Salisbury, North Carolina, and planted a third bomb at a Concord, North Carolina, store. Anonymous letters were sent to the Lowe’s stores, asking them to transfer US$250,000 to the bank account in the Paritate Bank so that the bombings could stop. After the money was transferred, the bombings stopped. During the investigation, the FBI obtained all log files relating to this email account from hotmail.com and traced the case to the computers in the library that were used by Rocha. When Rocha got the money, he was too happy to remember his normal practice and accessed the email account [email protected] with the computer in his Greensboro home. He was finally identified and caught. For more details, see [Low-Attack]. Seminar 7: Network Forensics II 7 News group postings: Usenet is a distributed bulletin board with topics that millions of people worldwide can contribute to and read. If you are not familiar with Usenet and have not configured a client such as “tin” in UNIX systems to read newsgroup postings, the best place to start is http://groups.google.com/. Similar to forged emails, it is relatively easy to post messages to newsgroups with forged identities. Usenet can provide a forum for people to publicly ask technical questions. Thus, it may contain information related to the suspects or organizations involved in the investigation. By searching a suspect’s name or involved organization names on a newsgroup archive such as http://groups.google.com, we may get valuable clues to further our investigation. Similar to email investigations, the headers of newsgroups postings play an important role in our investigation. In http://groups.google.com/, the header information for posts could be found by clicking “show options” and then clicking “Show original”. IRC and IM: IRC (Internet Relay Chat) is one of the largest chat networks. Anyone can access the IRC channels by installing an IRC client (see [IRChelp] for details). Most stolen credit card numbers and cracked passwords are traded in different IRC channels. There are different IRC networks such as Undernet, DALnet, Efnet, and IRCnet, and each individual can create his own chat room on one of these IRC networks. Many IRC chat rooms are created specifically for the discussion of unlawful activities and the exchange of illegal materials. To make things worse, IRC has the capability for direct client connection (DCC), which enables criminals to have a private conversation and exchange files without being seen by anybody else. Therefore, it is important to collect digital evidence from IRC channels. Law enforcement organizations focus on automatic IRC chat logs analysis (you cannot watch thousands of IRC channels manually) to identify potential criminals. If you have identified that your suspect uses IRC, you should begin to record his/her activities in IRC rooms. For example, when you identify a suspect in an IRC room, you may use the whois command in most IRC clients to get the suspect’s information such as IP address and other personal information (if she/he has provided it). If your suspect often uses one specific IRC channel, you should use an automated program that continuously monitors activity in that channel. A utility called DataGrab facilitates monitoring activities on IRC and gathers whois and DNS information. However, it may be necessary for you to get an appropriate authority before you can monitor a channel. Instant messages such as Hotmail messenger, Yahoo messenger, Google Talk, and Skype are becoming popular. It is also important for monitor these channels when necessary (with appropriate authority, of course). Peer-to-peer networks: A host on a peer-to-peer network simultaneously functions as server and client, downloading files from peers while allowing peers to download files from it. The most popular peer-to-peer networks are KaZaA, Gnutella, eDondey, and Freenet. Movies, images, music, and pirated software are exchanged on these sites. As an investigator, if you want to identify computers that are involved in exchanging an illegal document “PiratedVersion”, you may install the peer-to-peer client and search for this document. Then you can try to download it (please note that you may also need to get appropriate authority before you can do this). When the file is being transferred from a peer, the associated IP address can be viewed using netstat. However, some peer-to-peer clients can be configured to connect through a SOCK proxy to conceal the peer’s actual IP address, and other peer-to-peer clients may connect to the network using anonymous network services such as findnot. Since these services are generally provided by organizations that are under different jurisdiction, you will not be able to recover the identity of suspect. For example, most servers for the findnot anonymous service are located in Malaysia.


Intercom systems are used for myriad purposes, both in houses and offices. Although, the primary function being that of providing additional security to your workplace or residence by enabling the person to see who has arrived at the front door, there are many other purposes that are served by installing an intercom system. There are two kinds of intercom systems: audio intercom systems and video intercom systems.
Although, intercom systems have gained a lot of popularity in recent times, you must know your needs and requirements before purchasing one. You must analyze whether you need to go for intercom systems and if yes, then of what type. Below cited are some reasons as to why people opt for intercoms:
- Adding security to home or office is a major reason of installing video intercom systems. These enable you to see the visitor who has arrived at the door and also to talk to him before allowing him to enter.
- If you have elderly people in your house then installing video intercom is a good idea as it will allow them to see who has arrived without reaching the door. The can even open the door with the aid of remote control that my video intercom has. Thus, these shall cause minimum mobility which is a great advantage for old people.
- Many people also install intercoms in their house for purpose of listening to music. This will allow you to distribute music throughout your house and therefore, a great gadget for music lovers. Most intercom systems have in-built radio and one can also attach them to mp3 players.
- Intercom systems are also used in schools, colleges, educational institutions, shopping malls and even offices to relay information to fellow students or colleagues. This is a handy way to convey emergency messages and notifications.
Thus, if you feel that you need to install an intercom system then you needs to choose one of a good brand. It is better to opt for Aiphone intercom system as it is the most popular in the market.


The AAT15061 is a boost DC-DC converter for white LED applications. This powerful device is equipped with an internal MOSFET capable of supporting up to 13 3.2V/20mA LEDs. Additionally, the current-setting resistor between the FB pin and GND pin maintains consistent LED currents essential for uniform brightness.
With a fixed high operation frequency of 1.4MHz, the device design allows the use of smaller external components and saves PCB size. The AAT15061 also features an internal soft-start mechanism to effectively reduce inrush current, and a fool-proof 44V OVP protection function to prevent misuse. The AAT15061 is available in space-saving TSOT23-6 (TSOT26) and SOT23-6 (SOT26) packages ideal for the portable backlighting applications.


With the growth of renewables as an alternative to traditional fossil fuels, the dangers of climate change and the impact of global warming, there is a need for all of us to be more energy efficient.
As a tenant, one way to monitor your energy efficiency and potentially keep your energy bills down in your rental home is by installing a smart meter.
Put simply, smart meters are gas and electricity meters which automatically send meter readings to your provider. Rather than standard meters, which use decades old technology and require households to track their own readings and submit them to suppliers for more accurate bills, smart meters use a secure national communication network to wirelessly send your actual energy usage to the supplier.
They are installed with a smart energy monitor to show you how much energy you are using in pounds and pence, demonstrating how energy efficient your home is. Real-time usage information, including cost and kilowatt hour use, is also displayed.
So, to summarise, the main advantages of installing a smart meter are:
- more accurate bills, rather than estimates bills or the need for the supplier to visit your home to read your meter every so often
- a greater understanding of your household’s energy usage, so you can change your energy habits accordingly
- the possibility of more innovative energy tariffs; the idea being that when energy supplier has a better understanding of your usage patterns, innovations can be introduced to make tariffs cheaper, easier to understand and more flexible
There are, however, some issues with smart meters that should take into account before using one.
Meters can, on occasion, experience signalling problems. If your meter is located in a place where the signal is weaker (for example, the basement) you may be unable to receive a signal strong enough to send information remotely to your supplier. Your supplier will advise on whether you are eligible for a meter or not if this is the case.
Some smart meters can lose smart functionality and some aren’t currently compatible with solar panels or microgeneration. If this is the case, your supplier will not be able to offer you smart meters just yet.


Sometimes there is need to convert line level signals to such signal that it can be connected to microphone input. Because the line level signals are typically in range of 0.5..2V and the microphone signals are in millivolt range, quite much attenuation is needed to match the signal levels. This means that typically you will need 40-50 dB of attenuation.
Consumer audio line (-10dBu) level to microphone matching can be done using a "40 dB L-pad attenuator". This circuit is indeed quite simple:
+Line level input -----R1----+-- +Mic level output | +----R2----+ | Ground (input)----+--------------- Ground (output) R1 = 10 kohm R2 = 100 ohmCircuit technical data:
Professional audio audio line level (+4dBu) to microphone matching can be done using a "50 dB L-pad attenuator". This circuit is indeed quite simple:
+Line level input -----R1----+-- +Mic level output | +----R2----+ | Ground (input)----+--------------- Ground (output) R1 = 33 kohm R2 = 100 ohmCircuit technical data:
+Line level input -----R1----+-- +Mic level output | +----R2----+ | Ground (input)----+--------------- Ground (output)
The attenuation of the circuit is determined by equation:
attenuation (in dB) = 20 * log10 ( (R1 + R2) / R2 )
This equation is quite accurate when the impedance of the mic input where this circuit is connected has much higher impedance than the resistance of R2. Typical microphone inputs in equipments have input impedance of 1.5 kohm or higher (which is much higher than 100 ohms).
Component selection tips:
Those value ranges generally works bets for audio applications.
The circuit itself can be built to a small metal box or even can be fitted inside an audio connector. The resistors in this circuit do not need more than 1/4W power rating (even lower ratings will do). I would recommend using metal film resistors in this circuit, because they are less noisy than cheap carbon film resistors.
I don't recommend building the circuit to a plastic box because we are playing with low level microphone signals, so the interference from nearby equipments or cellular phones can be a signnificant if you build this circuit to a plastic box or without any box. If you plan to use the circuit in any serious audio system do yourself a favor and build a circuit to a good metal box.
Unbalanced microphone inputs of audio equipments are very sentitive to all noise in the system, especially when you connect something else than a flowating microphone to them. Usually at short distances there are no problems in usign the adapter. If you get any 50/60 Hz noise problems, put an audio isolation transformer to the input or output side of my circuit.
Balanced Taper Pad: 50dB (for 600 ohm impedance, XLR connector)
XLR in XLR out 1 ------------------ 1 2 ---R1---+---R2--- 2 | R3 | 3 ---R1---+---R2--- 3Component values:
R1 = 300 ohms R2 = 300 ohms R3 = 4 ohms
---R1---+---R2--- | -> Z1 R3 Z2 -> | ---R1---+---R2---
R1 = ((Z1 + Z2)* 0.994 + (Z1 - Z2))/4 R2 = ((Z1 + Z2)* 0.994 - (Z1 - Z2))/4 R3 = (Z1 + Z2) / attenuation
Example: Z1=600 ohms Z2=600 ohms attenuation=317.3 (=50 dB)
Then R1=298 ohms, R2=298 ohms, R3=3.78 ohms
A BLAST FROM THE PAST !
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Contents of this page can be used freely for non-pecuniary purposes - making sure you acknowledge the great work done by Tomi Engdahl !


At Bayview Technologies we offer a comprehensive portfolio of optical fibre cables and connectivity for professional installations of all sizes. We partner with the industry’s leading manufacturers,such as Belden. Our range of fibre products encompass all media types, including LC, SC, MTRJ, ST and MPO.
When choosing to purchase fibre products from us you can be safe in the knowledge that all our products will meet and exceed the most stringent industry standards, including OM1, OM2, OM3 and OS1.
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Twilio launched in private beta last week (and is now available for all), and is promising to bring some radical changes to web telephony services by enabling web developers through its simple REST API, and a simple pay as you go billing philosophy.
Thanks to Twilio you no longer have to deal with complex infrastructures, telecom programming languages, and stacks of PBX software to implement inbound and outbound phone applications.
Twilio’s CEO Jeff Lawson says that while many other web telephony services already exist (like Asterisk, an open source project), these technologies tend to be very complex and difficult to use, even for experienced developers. Lawson says that Twilio is looking to commoditize these phone services by making them much more accessible to developers, by introducing a set of very intuitive commands.
The Twilio REST API primarily consists of 5 commonly used phone actions:
- Gather a phone number
Thanks to these, its very easy to replicate some of GrandCentral’s core functionality in only around 15 lines of code!
Twilio is adopting the cloud service model, where no contracts are required and where you are charged flat fees for calls depending on the number of minutes used and the number of phone numbers needed.
We really like Twilio, as it has comoditized what used to be a dark art which usually involved a lot of hardware, software and lines of complex code to achieve. Plus its a perfect example of a really attractive startup prime for an aquisition, featuring a great idea, great packaging, a talented team, and some great team experience (CEO Jeff Lawson was a Product Manager for AWS).
Check it out at Twilio.com


RF Energy Concepts Sec. 101 Rev. August 21, 2007 ///
New 2014 Grav. Constants
Light Speed vs Special Relativity Force Interactions RF Energy Concept
< RF Energy Concept <RF Energy_Iono. > Demo.s RF Energy > RF Energy Links >
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Russian translation of this article by Genchi Info
Image via NRL
Fig. A1 Natural RF Radiant Energy Spectra of Ionosphere
Circa, Spring 1986 S. V. Byers
The Radio Frequency ( RF) Energy is demonstrated when a resonant radio frequency energy flow is established between two reflectors, and the broadband RF energy of the ionosphere maintains the resonant radio energy at a frequency determined by the natural conditions of the ionosphere.
A specific application of the RF resonance phenomenon is the creation of a resonant RF energy flow between the reflecting ionosphere and a tuned, resonant, vertically reflecting antenna system for the extraction of useful energy. The ionosphere provides two of the main functions. It provides the upper reflector and furnishes its random broadband RF energy to the radio frequency [ RF ] energy resonance. The resonance may be initiated by transmitters or natural pulses of cosmic or atmospheric energy.
The frequency of the resonance is preferably determined by the dominant echo frequency of the Ionospheric layer, and the matching tuned resonant frequency of the antenna system. From ionosounding test data the most likely frequencies for RF resonance, will be from 4.5 to 7 megahertz. The spectrum analyzer graph of the natural Ionospheric RF energy, Fig. A1, displayed at the heading of this paper also demonstrates that the predominance of energy occurs in the same 4.5 to 7 MHz range.
Natural RF Radiant
Energy Spectra of Ionosphere
For 20 minute period
The natural RF energy in the ionosphere pumps the resonance and no artificial energy is required to maintain the resonant energy flow. It is recognized that for every energy application system, a source and sink system must exist for the transformation of the potential energy into the desired form of useful work. A heat engine will not function unless there is a heat sink available. A hydro plant will not operate unless there is a lower level sink to accept the flow. For this RF Ionospheric system there must be a reflector, a receiving antenna and the all important sink (matched impedance resistive load). The reflection function would normally be shared between a ground plane and a tuned antenna.
The referenced work by others, shows that 50 kilowatts of electrical energy has been successfully extracted from the resonant flow with no apparent reduction of signal strength. The primary radiation causing ionization of the ionosphere is thought to be ultraviolet solar radiation. Yet the process does not need direct solar radiation to maintain the energy flow and has been shown to operate through the night. It is well known that the Ionospheric layers change in the night shadow. It is fortunate for this process that the ionosphere persists through the night.
Cosmic and terrestrial radiation may contribute energy to the ionization process. A geo perspective of the resonant energy available includes more than just a local vertically reflecting ionosphere and antenna system. The two conducting spheres, the earth-sphere and the ionosphere, must be involved, acting as a resonant waveguide with the atmosphere as an insulating medium. It is not yet known what factors may limit the usable energy available from this process, other than radio interference, aviation safety and public safety.
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From the ionogram, it is seen that the effective height indicated is 250 km, is 155 miles, is 820 K feet. This is of course deduced from the timing of the echo and where the velocity is taken as 300,000 km/sec. The first echo must have taken 1.66 milli-seconds for a round trip. The three subsequent echoes would be the second, third and fourth multiples of the 1.66 ms time. The one directional trip timing would be 0.833 ms , corresponding to a height of 250 km. The number of wavelengths between reflectors is found to be 4,580 from the frequency of 5.5 megahertz for 0.833 ms.
It is not evident if the dominant 5.5 megahertz resonance frequency is determined by the conditions of the ionosphere or the antenna system. My limited search of ionograms reveal that a large percentage contain multiple reflections. It is assumed that a normal ionosounding installation would not be specifically designed with a highly resonant and reflective antenna system. Multiple reflections can interfere with the desired data. With a proper resonant reflecting antenna system, it is possible to establish continuous resonance and extract useful power from the ionosphere.
It seems logical to expect that any Earth--Ionosphere resonance will only occur at a frequency below the existing MUF (maximum usable frequency). Energy frequencies above the MUF pass through the Ionosphere and are lost to space. The frequencies below the MUF are trapped (reflected) within the space between the ionosphere and Earth and are known to propagate very long distances with multiple skips (echoes ? ). These multiple skips are a close example of the continuous RF resonance that we wish to establish at one location. in order to obtain energy.
The following RF information is from an ARRL http://bplinterference.wikispaces.com/ web discussion concerning the argument that BPL (Broadband Power Line ) internet transmission will degrade shortwave radio use.
Quote from A Good's works :
Q: Isn't long distance HF communications more an infrequent anomaly rather than a common occurrence?
Ans: HF propagation in an area varies on the time of day and on solar activity. It's usually possible to communicate on some HF band to various places in the world 24 hours a day. During the day, the D, E, and F layers form a thicker layer of ionization. This thicker layer absorbs lower frequencies (below 5 Mhz or so), and enables farther propagation of frequencies between 15 and 30 Mhz. At night, the D, E, and F layers combine. This causes the upper frequency limit (called Maximum Usable Frequency or MUF) to drop, usually to about 14 or 15 Mhz. During this time, frequencies below 5 Mhz will propagate better. This is why you can hear many AM broadcast radio stations at night, and most AM radio stations decrease their power at night to avoid interference
Q: Why doesn't my 802.11 WiFi or cellular phone radio signal travel around the world?
Ans: 802.11 WiFi uses 2.4 Ghz frequencies (2400 Mhz) which is considered microwave frequencies, cellular is 800 Mhz, and PCS is around 1.3 Ghz. These do not bounce off of the ionosphere, but travel right through it. The reflective characteristics of the ionosphere diminish above about 30 Mhz. Also, microwave frequencies are much more susceptible to absorption by precipitation and water vapor.
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The second major demonstration of this RF energy process
is from the work of Dr. T Henry Moray. The book, The Sea of
Energy 5th edition by Mr. John Moray, documents experiments
where his father, Dr. Moray, obtained up to 50 KW from a
simple long wire antenna and his still secret detecting
equipment. He was able to power lights, heaters, and
specially designed motors. The book gives more than enough
documentation and description to erase any doubts about its
The book was available from ,
Cosray Research Institute, 2505 South 4th East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84155.
This author has no association with Moray interests. This knowledge of their work has been taken solely from the book.
Dr. Moray first started experimenting with obtaining energy from an antenna in 1909 when work with crystal radios was popular. He was able to light a 16 candle power carbon arc light at half power with an antenna and ground. From antenna experience it is known that a one quarter wavelength horizontal antenna that is one sixth of a wavelength above a reflecting surface reflects its dominant energy in the vertical direction. Assuming a resonance at 5 mega hertz, the wavelength is about 200 ft. Therefore if Dr. Moray had used a 50 ft. horizontal wire about 33 ft. above the conductive water table he would have had all of the requirements to establish resonance with the ionosphere. The ground in the Salt Lake valley is highly salty, and conductive and therefore is a good reflector. Cosmic or atmospheric noise pulses have been seen by this author to establish echoes off of the ionosphere and may have initialized the resonance for Dr. Moray. Dr. Moray continued his dedicated research into the 1940's.
Even though he was able to extract 50 KW, [67hp] from his
devices, he was not able to obtain a patent. The patent
office reasoning for denying the patent, as stated by the
"No natural source of electric wave energy is known to the Examiner and proof of the existence of such a source is required."
There is no indication in the book that Dr. Moray ever believed that his system was resonating with the ionosphere. He apparently believed that the energy was being taken from the cosmic background radiation and the disassociation of matter. The antenna systems revealed in the book show no evidence of being designed for a specific frequency or for vertical reception and reflection. The Moray book indicates their energy system consisted of two sections. The first section being an antenna, a resonant circuit, a ground, and a switch to the second section. The second section contained a rectifying detector, ion tubes and transformers forming sub-harmonic resonant circuits to transform the energy to a frequency and voltage compatible with the loads.
Quote: From page 31 of his book, "When his device was set up, he could connect it to an antenna and a ground, and by PRIMING it first and then TUNING it as he primed it, the device would draw electrical energy. This high frequency electric energy produced up to 250,000 volts and it lighted a brighter light than witnesses had ever before seen. Heavy loads could be connected to the device without dimming the lights that were already connected to it. This device worked many miles from any known source of electrical energy, such as transmission lines or radio. The device produced up to 50 kw of power and worked for long periods of time."
PRIMING the device consisted of stroking the iron core in
the resonant circuit with a strong magnet. The stroking and
TUNING of the resonant circuit continued as long as 5 to 10
minutes, "then" the switch was closed and the
lights obtained power. When the antenna or ground wire was
momentarily opened and closed the lights would go out and
then return, if the re-closure was soon enough. If
there was a delay before the re-closure, the lights would not
come back on without re-priming.
It seems clear that the priming and tuning was establishing resonance with the ionosphere. The priming would furnish the energy for the first reflections, and the tuning was adjusting the antenna and tank circuit to a frequency compatible with the ionosphere and the reflective antenna/ground system.
The book places proprietary and technical importance on the detector, tubes and circuits used to capture the cosmic energy and reduce the frequency to a usable level. Yet, on page 48 is a paragraph that indicates the detector and complex sub-harmonic circuits are not necessary.
Quote: "Dr. Moray made one demonstration not mentioned above to a writer while he only was present. It consisted of lighting a 100 watt globe from CONNECTIONS WITH THE ANTENNA only. It was noted that while this light was burning the lights inside the trunk burned dimly and then assumed their usual brightness when the other lights were taken off. "
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There is no clear reason why exotic proprietary detectors and ion tubes should be necessary to extract usable energy. A simple non-inductive load resistor matched to the antenna should produce heat. Moray's original antenna experiments which lit a 16 candle power carbon arc light did not use any proprietary equipment. Fluorescent lamps can be directly excited by these frequencies. Tube type diode rectification may be necessary at high power levels with this frequency range of 2 to 13 megahertz. Industrial induction heating uses these frequencies directly. Radio operators refer to the critical frequency of the ionosphere as the highest frequency that will vertically reflect from the ionosphere.
Radio link operators report that,... as they increase their circuit frequency toward the maximum critical frequency, exceedingly strong reception develops. If the circuit frequency is increased further, the signal penetrates the ionosphere and communication is lost.
This suggests that maximum energy may be available just below the critical frequency. The reports from ham radio operators about the large increase in signal strength when nearing the critical frequency of the ionosphere, prompted this research of this RF energy process.
The works of Nikola Tesla with energy transmission via
antennas may have been close to this process. It appears
that his equipment was operating in the kilohertz region.
This resonance appears mainly above two megahertz. Below two
megahertz the absorption in the D layer normally inhibits
reflection for the power levels used in radio.
Theory predicts the system should operate independently of the grounding wire and ground reflector. If two reflecting antennas were placed in orbit with an adequate portion of the ionosphere between them , a resonant flow should be possible. The following experiment by Dr. Moray shows that the system can operate without a grounding conductor.
Quote from page 187, circa 1943:
" He put it in the back of the automobile, with a bank of lights as the resistive load, and drove the car with his family from Salt Lake City to Ashton, Idaho, into Wyoming, back to Salt Lake City and to Denver, letting the device operate continually."
The fact that the unit operated and was later restarted in Denver is also significant. Denver is at 5000 ft altitude and does not have the reflective, salty and moist ground found in Salt Lake City. This seems to indicate that the process can be independent of ground conductors and the Salt Lake City ground reflection conditions. A single satellite with a gravity gradient tether antenna may also be able to use the process. Any planet or moon with an ionosphere should provide some form of RF resonant energy. Ionosounding from earth satellites is common and shows that the ionosphere will reflect upward. The topside ionogram records have not yet been searched for echoes or reflections.
Continued >> Next Pg >
Web page address URL https://energy-gravity.com/RFenergy_Iono.html
Web site by: email@example.com
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Public Protection and Disaster Relief (PPDR)
European agencies are working together in the Electronic Communications Committee to establish a harmonised frequency band for public-safety broadband services.
A new Project Team FM49 has been established and shall focus on medium term and long term (before year 2025) spectrum realisation and develop a roadmap on the timeframes and necessary steps needed. The evaluation of suitable bands for European-wide harmonisation of spectrum (both below and above 1 GHz), will take into account cross-border-communication issues and PPDR application requirements including issues such as inter-operability needs.
Public safety broadband requirements from industry and public safety users have already been described in the ETSI System Reference Document TR 102 628 and were sent from ETSI to the ECC Frequency Management Working Group (WGFM).
The formation of the new project team FM49 follows a series of events in the past where the WG FM of Electronic Communications Committee of CEPT organised a workshop on spectrum needs for the public protection and disaster relief (PPDR) communication systems in March 2010, later followed by an EU workshop organised by DG Information Society and Media (INFSO) of the European Commission in March 2011.
Another action taken was to send out a questionnaire on the radio spectrum demand for PSS by the ECO, which had been developed by the WGFM. Based on the responses received, WGFM identified some main conclusions based on these responses to the questionnaire:
- The use of existing and new data applications (high speed data) by PPDR users will increase rapidly;
- Increased data usage, especially for mission critical communications, will have a significant effect on the frequency need and justifies requirements for additional spectrum;
- There are many requirements and conditions for the use of PPDR, which lead to the need to use dedicated PPDR networks. However, in addition to the dedicated networks, commercial / public networks are and will also be used for non-mission critical data applications.
Existing ECC deliverables for PPDR purposes include the ECC Decision (08)05 on the harmonisation of frequency bands for the implementation of digital PPDR radio applications in the 380-470 MHz range and ECC Recommendation (08)04 on the identification of frequency bands for the implementation of BBDR (Broadband Disaster Relief) radio applications in 5 GHz as well as ECC Decision (06)05 regarding Air-Ground-Air operation (AGA) of the Digital Land Mobile Systems for the Emergency Services and ERC Decision (01)19 regarding DMO frequencies for Emergency Services.
The new FM49 aims at bringing together the regulatory authorities as well as the array of stakeholders and experts in telecommunications used for public protection and disaster relief purposes. This will facilitate the collection of further information and exchange of views and ideas concerning the future PPDR systems, especially the broadband systems and is a unique opportunity to discuss some key issues related to PPDR and the frequency bands to be used for these systems in the future.
Link to the FM49 webpage: here
05 February 2013, 14:15


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B N A Resources Inc. is here to provide Alabama and Mississippi businesses with the very best in voice and data network cabling solutions. Our services are available to improve your existing voice and data network cabling or to design and install a very new system.
Consistent and effective communication is vital to the way we service our clients. We offer competitive rates, friendly, timely, and cost conscious services, and we utilize only the highest quality equipment.
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No matter what network cabling services you need, you can count on us to go out of our way to help you. Discuss your needs with our network cable installers. They will gladly walk you through your options depending on your requirements and budget. Book an appointment today! Contact us using the number listed on this website to learn more about our network cabling solutions and how can we be of service to you.


Temperature range of -200 ....+1000 Celcius
2, 3 and 4 wire connection
Class A or B
Industrial medical measurement and control application
The SMT160-30 is a three terminal integrated temperature sensor, with a duty-cycle output. Two terminals are used for the power supply of 5 Volts and the third terminal carries the output signal. A duty cycle modulated output is used because this output is interpretable by a microprocessor without A-D converter, while the analogue information is still available
The SMT160-30 (TO18 model) has an overall accuracy of 0.7 °C in the range from -30 °C to +100 °C and an accuracy of 1.2 °C from -45 to +130 °C. This makes the sensor especially useful in all applications where "human" (climate control, food processing etc.) conditions are to be controlled.
The CMOS output of the sensor can handle cable length up to 20 meters. This makes the SMT160-30 very useful in remote sensing and control applications.


Acclaimed JBL speaker technology is now portable and wireless. The EQ7 Wireless Hi-Fi Stereo Speaker System delivers rich, full Sound over Bluetooth from your MP3 player, PC or Music phone. Plus, the built-in MIC lets you use the EQ7 as a speakerphone, with echo cancellation and noise reduction.
Blast music and take calls wirelessly in world-class acoustics with the premium Motorola EQ7. The EQ7 not only delivers wireless music in rich, full sound and elegant style, it also serves as a speakerphone with a built-in microphone, all at an extended wireless range of up to 100m/330ft.
Portable Audio has never sounded this good. A tuned-ported enclosure, combined with four aluminum dome Odyssey transducers driven by powerful neodymium magnets, provide deep rich Bass and smooth response, clear out to 20kHz. The class 1 Bluetooth wireless connection delivers up to 100m/330ft of range for true wireless freedom.
With enhanced sound comes an enhanced experience. You can use the EQ7 as a speakerphone with the built-in microphone. Integrated controls make it easy to Switch between music and calls with the touch of a button.
Jazz up your dinner party or take your music with you. The EQ7 can be powered by the included AC power Adapter or four AA-batteries. And while the EQ7 can easily connect wirelessly with an MP3 player, PC, or Mobile phone using Stereo Bluetooth (A2DP), a 3.5mm standard audio jack also allows wired connection to almost any music source.
- Talk-time in Battery mode: up to 6hrs.
- Music-time in battery mode: up to 6hrs.
- Wireless Range: up to 330ft.
- Bluetooth v2.0
- Bluetooth Profiles: HFP1.5, A2DP1.2, AVRCP1.0
- Codec Support: MP3, SBC
- Class 1 Bluetooth wireless technology range
- Four aluminum-dome Odyssey transducers
- Tuned-ported enclosure for an outstanding listening experience
- Built-in microphone with noise reduction and echo cancellation
- Intuitive, back-lit controls for easy operation
- EasyPair technology for simplified connection to compatible Bluetooth enabled devices
- 3.5mm audio jack for wired connection to music devices
- In the box: EQ7 Speaker, AC power adapter, Quick start guide
- Unit Dimensions: 6.65" x 6.06" x 1.65", Weight: 15.52 oz.


Switching power supply technology belongs to power electronic technology. It uses power converter to transform electric energy. By changing electric energy, it can meet all kinds of electric requirements. Because of its high efficiency and energy saving can bring huge economic benefits, it has attracted the attention of all aspects of society and has been rapidly promoted.
Taking the AC-DC transformation as an example, compared with the traditional phase control power supply adopting the power frequency transformation technology, the high-frequency rectifier power supply adopting the high-power switch tube is a leap in technology. It can not only get different voltage levels conveniently, but also get rid of the bulky power frequency transformer and filter inductor capacitor. Due to the use of high frequency power conversion, the volume and weight of the power supply device is significantly reduced, and it is possible to coordinate with the host volume of the device, and the electrical performance is further improved.
The use of switching power supply for the country to save a lot of copper, steel and floor space. Due to the improvement of conversion efficiency and energy consumption, the room temperature around the power supply is reduced and the environment of the staff is improved. The wide use of switching power supply in China's Posts and telecommunications sector has greatly promoted its wide application in other fields. It is worth pointing out that in recent two years, the DC operation power supply of power system has been launched aiming at the national investment of 400 billion yuan for the transformation of urban and rural power supply projects and the improvement of the quality of power transmission and distribution. It has begun to use switching power supply to replace the traditional phase control power supply. Some domestic communication companies have launched a series of products.
At present, there are more than 300 domestic independent research and development and manufacturers of switching power supply, and more than 10 have formed scale. Domestic switching power supply has occupied a considerable market, and the series of power supply products independently developed by some large companies have been widely recognized, and have a considerable advantage in the power market competition, and a small number of them have begun to export.


Modern businesses can only run with reliable Internet access, but sometimes, unexpected Wi-Fi issues pop up. Troubleshooting this technology can help you maintain a stable Internet connection. Follow these tips for minimizing Wi-Fi problems to ensure your business can operate smoothly.
Common Wi-Fi Problems and How To Fix Them
If you can’t connect to your Wi-Fi network or are struggling with sluggish Internet speeds, you can try to fix the problem with a few simple steps. Below are some of the most common issues business owners experience with their Wi-Fi connections. Follow these tips for minimizing Wi-Fi problems at your business.
Slow Internet Speeds
For a business always moving forward, you can’t be bogged down by a poor Internet connection. If slow speeds hinder your business operations, there are several ways to troubleshoot the issue. First, ensure your router is in the same area as all your Internet access points and, if necessary, install more routers to increase your overall bandwidth.
Close any unused tabs and programs that may slow down your computer connection. In addition, clear your cache and all cookies from your system to promote faster browsing. You can reset your router to improve its performance as a last resort.
Signal Out of Range
Depending on the strength of your signal, you could have trouble connecting to the Internet. Your Wi-Fi router emits either a radio frequency or infrared signal to your devices so they can access the Internet. You can minimize Wi-Fi problems related to a poor signal by:
- Keeping your router in a central location
- Moving your devices closer to your router
- Removing any furniture or obstacles that could block the Wi-Fi signal
- Installing a wireless repeater to extend the signal
If your devices can’t find your network, the issue may lie in your router. Try disconnecting your router, waiting 30 seconds, then plugging it back in. This is usually a quick fix, but if the problem reoccurs, you should consider upgrading your router.
These devices provide optimum Internet access for about three years before they start to deteriorate. Program a new router if yours is at least three years old for a more stable Internet connection. If your router is relatively new, it’s likely that it can’t support all of your devices and requires an upgrade to a better system.
Devices Can’t Fully Connect
Does your device show the Wi-Fi display, but you can’t use the Internet? This common connectivity issue may happen for a few reasons. Restart your device or hit the reset button on your router to try to fix the problem.
Minimizing Wi-Fi problems like an unstable connection is often possible when you adjust your device or router. If the problem persists, connect your device to the router using an ethernet cord. A successful connection means the issue boils down to your Wi-Fi, whereas a lack of Internet means your service is down. In that case, call your Internet service provider to check for outages in the area.


IP address is a number to specify the computer or mobile phone equipment, such as a server that resides on a computer network with the IP address.
Although there is little to be aware of everyday, IP address is also used to display the Web site now. Because, to view the Web site, you need to specify where on the Internet Do you have a Web server from a PC, because we do not If you do not specify a computer that delivers Web server html files as well.
You really can access IP address?
You can connect to the device if you specify whether to connect to the IP address of what number, if it will be able to access from the external equipment is present. I'd like to do this in practice.We will want to try to access the IP address "Google.co.jp" will always know if people are using the Internet.
Let's try to access the web server is the IP address of "Google.co.jp" to "18.104.22.168". 22.214.171.124
I want to make sure that it does not change in any way when they are accessed using the URL page and normally accessed by IP address.www.google.co.jp
Normally I do not like this, you can either access the WEB site in the IP address.
The reason for the number specified in the instrument
IP address exists approximately 4,300,000,000. Address that you can use is a little more actually, the machine is connected to the Internet in the hundreds of millions. On the Internet we are relaying communication when the router machine that sends data from the server browser.
You can allocate the device connected to the Internet a number, so you can specify the destination when the router is to specify the destination "from what number, if what number here" to the Fu that, and do not in some hundreds of millions I am able to choose from among the devices efficiently wax on the Internet.
Why you know the culprit from the IP address
The police can also catch a criminal Gyona~tsu cyber crime on the Internet have not seen anyone. Why?
Such as a Web server, logging to keep track of information such as the IP address of the connecting TV. Web server on the server side, it is possible to know the IP address for notifying our own IP address, so always required when asked to send the data.
That said there are a lot how this IP address, the number, it does not have the same IP address assigned to multiple devices absolutely. Postal been so that they no longer have the same address the next is assigned to more than one home, because I can no longer transmit data.
Because IP addresses are managed so as not to overlap, it is possible to identify the perpetrator or knowing who was using when the IP address. In addition, it identified more than an organization that manages the IP address exists are there possible.
IP addresses are managed by an organization called ICANN (The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers). IP address of us, APNIC to manage the region Pacific Ocean Asia under its management JPNIC (Asia Pacific Network Information Centre), under its management (Japan Network Information Center, Japan Network Information Center) is ISP (each I have been using borrowed from the ISP, what was allocated to Internet Service Provider).
It is that of the organization that provides the connection to the Internet and our ISP is called in Japanese operators and Internet connection.
Because information can be from what number of what number IP address that has been allocated where the ISP is anyone know, if you contact the provider, and I know which subscribers Did you use the IP address to that time .
This information is personal information, such as if the institution of police, you can know.
Why you do not know even know the IP address criminal
In some cases, a criminal case can not be identified as virus remote operation that took place in 2012. Why?
In the IP address assigned to the device on the Internet that have been connected to that server, IP addresses remain in the log, such as a Web server, it does not know the exact access is whether was done really.
On the Internet, there is a thing called an open proxy, by receiving data using these, request access to the server to open proxy, sent from the Web server from the open proxy, the log of the Web server from the open proxy not only left a record that had access, I need not tell the Web server for the IP address of their own.
Other, also that the real culprit is, as I did in the incident virus remote control just to access the Internet through a computer that performs the hacking into computers of others, we live in without the knowledge of the access destination IP addresses of their .
Also, you can hide IP address by using the technology Tor was used to remotely control the computer criminal incidents virus remote control has made hacking (Tor, The Onion Router) that.
In addition, it becomes difficult to make the law enforcement agencies of the Japanese investigation is through a foreign server etc..
マスタリングTCP/IP入門編第5版 竹下 隆史 (著), 村山 公保 (著), 荒井 透 (著), 苅田 幸雄 (著) 発行所：株式会社オーム
小悪魔女子大生のサーバーエンジニア日記 ーインターネットやサーバーの仕組みが楽しくわかる aico,株式会社ディレクターズ（著） 発行所：株式会社技術評論社 ２０１１年２月２５日 初版 第１刷発行 ２０１１年4月15日 初版 第3刷発行
IPアドレス - Wikipedia
正引き・逆引きを実際に行ってみる : ■分かりやす～いコンピュータ技術情報
IPアドレス - Wikipedia
インターネットサービスプロバイダ - Wikipedia
素朴な疑問◆Q＆A - IPアドレスから身元がわかるか：ITpro
【遠隔操作ウイルスの戦慄】（上）弄ばれる警察 「完敗」グリコ・森永事件以来の衝撃 - MSN産経west
遠隔操作ウイルス事件 - Wikipedia
Tor - Wikipedia
公開プロキシ - Wikipedia


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1984: William Gibson, author of "Neuromancer," is the first to use the term "cyberspace." 1985: Symbolics.com, the website for Symbolics Computer Corp.
Credit for the initial concept that developed into the World Wide Web is typically given to Leonard Kleinrock. Licklider, the first director of the Information Processing Technology Office (IPTO), provided the backbone for the ubiquitous stream of emails, media, Facebook postings and tweets that are now shared online every day.
1981: The National Science Foundation (NSF) provided a grant to establish the Computer Science Network (CSNET) to provide networking services to university computer scientists.
1982: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP), as the protocol suite, commonly known as TCP/IP, emerge as the protocol for ARPANET.
The NSFNET was essentially a network of networks that connected academic users along with the ARPANET.
1987: The number of hosts on the Internet exceeds 20,000. 1989: com becomes the first commercial provider of dial-up access to the Internet.


In the presence of His Highness Prince Dr. Turki bin Saud bin Mohammed Al Saud, President of King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST) and Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Technology Development and Investment Company (TAQNIA), and His Excellency Mr. Sulaiman bin Abdullah Al-Hamdan, Minister of Transport and President of General Authority of Civil Aviation (GACA), Saudi Arabian Airlines has signed a strategic partnership with the TAQNIA Space company exclusively to provide Saudia’s fleet with broadband Internet access, voice calling, and live-TV services.
“This new partnership with TAQNIA Space comes as part of the transformation program initiatives (2020) which is being implemented in Saudi Arabian Airlines and all its companies arising from privatization, which include the modernization and development of the fleet and provide the latest in-flight connectivity and entertainment services that meets Saudia passengers’ expectations. Implementation of the new inflight connectivity services will start by mid of 2017,” said the Director General of Saudi Arabian Airlines, Saleh Bin Nasser Al-Jasser.
“The partnership with Saudia comes as a part of Saudi Arabia Vision 2030. Broadband services to be provided under this partnership will be the first of its kind in the MENA region and will be covering all Saudia flights, long-haul and domestic, ”said the CEO of TAQNIA Space company, Abdullah Al-Osaimi.
Al-Osaimi highlighted the rapid technological developments the telecom market has witnessed in the mobile SATCOM industry, especially in aeronautical, railway, and maritime services applications.
“The near future will witness many similar projects and partnerships that TAQNIA Space will have with regional and international commercial and private airlines,” said Mr. Abdullah Alosaimi, Chief Executive Officer of TAQNIA Space Company.


EzyPost™ is a single integrated mail portal enabling us to connect and exchange EDI message with post offices worldwide. It helps us to meet the diverse requirements of all post offices and reduce the complexities during connections.
EzyPost’s integrated barcode scanning function, performed by handheld devices in real time, helps to minimise the working procedures of our staff to update mail consignment status.
The performance reports generated by EzyPost™ enable us to measure our service performance thus helps to standardise our service quality to our desired level.
In this ever-changing market, it is critical for us to manage our service quality and costs in an efficient way. We appreciate GLS’s EzyPost™ solution which has enabled us to stay competitive.


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Chesterton, Indiana, July 13, 2018: Northwestern Indiana Telephone Co. (NITCO) and the Town of Chesterton, Indiana announced this week that the new fiber optic communications and data network is now open for business!


FREMANTLE has disappeared from the NBN roll-out map when previously it had been slated for super-fast broadband within three years.
Greens senator Scott Ludlam says evidence given to a senate NBN committee, which he’s a member of, makes it clear the port city will be stuck with copper and not receive optic fibre to homes.
“Huge sections of the metro area suffer sub-standard telecommunications and Abbott’s solution is to pull the plug,” he says.
Last year the committee was shown pictures of the degraded copper network with duct tape and plastic bags used in pits to keep water out.
Tech-savvy senator Ludlam says portsiders will “now miss out on a world-class, fast broadband service” because of the government’s abandonment of the fibre-to-the-home NBN rollout. The Coalition admits its version of the NBN is inferior to Labor’s, but says it will be billions of dollars cheaper and is good enough.
“Farmers, regional architects, designers and software developers in WA could have been conducting business with people across the world with fast broadband,” Senator Ludlam says. “There is no reason why WA has to miss out and be subjected to broadband dropouts just because the Abbott government doesn’t have the foresight to install a world class telecommunications network.”
by BRENDAN FOSTER


As broadband and wireless internet services are more widely available to us all, the telecommunications industry is feeling the impacts as well.
The first effects were in providing an alternate means of routing digitized phone calls via conventional phone systems, so that your home phone calls, for example, might be digitized and routed via the internet instead via conventional wire means. The result was that the phone companies, who were transmitting these calls often through services and lines in the internet that they were not even maintaining, were able to achieve higher profits through these channels than through the traditional routing methods.
With the availability of very low cost to virtually “no cost” Voice Over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services such as Skype, Apple’s iChat, AOL and Yahoo “Audio” Instant Messenging services, and others, that whole world is changing rapidly. And, with the introduction of special “phones” which link directly into “WiFi” wireless networks, which are becoming more prevalent — and “free”, the price of consumer telephony is likely to drop substantially in the next few years.
What do you see as the impact of these developments on the traditional telecommunications markets? How do you think they may respond? And what do you see as the business opportunities for new strategic developments in this arena?
If you would have not listened to the episode of “Stranova Strategic Edge” that this refers to, or would like to listen to it again, please click below:communications computing entrepreneurship Internet Business Stranova Strategic Edge VoIP


TELKOMNIKA Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering (ISSN: 2302-4046, e-ISSN: 2087-278X, Ei Compendex Indexed) is a monthly peer reviewed International Journal in English. The aim of TELKOMNIKA is to publish high-quality articles dedicated to all aspects of the latest outstanding developments in the field of electrical engineering. Its scope encompasses the applications of Telecommunication and Information Technology, Applied Computing and Computer, Instrumentation and Control, Electrical (Power), and Electronics Engineering.
Focus and Scope：
The aim of TELKOMNIKA is to publish high-quality articles dedicated to all aspects of the latest outstanding developments in the field of electrical engineering. Its scope encompasses the applications of Telecommunication and Information Technology, Applied Computing and Computer, Instrumentation and Control, Electrical (Power), and Electronics Engineering.
Included are Antenna and wave propagation, Artificial intelligence, Artificial intelligent & expert system for control systems, Biomedical imaging & image processing, Biomedical informatics & telemedicine, Biomedical physics, Biomedical system design & projects, Biomedical transducers & instrumentation, Circuit & system, Cognitive systems, Communication, Communication electronics & microwave, Communication network & systems, Complex adaptive control systems, Computation & language, Computational complexity, Computational engineering, finance & science, Computational geometry, Computer architecture, Computer network & security, Computer networks, Computer science & game theory, Computer security, Computer vision and pattern recognition, Computers & society, Control & intelligent systems, Cryptography and security, Data engineering (data & knowledge level modeling), Data structures & algorithms, Databases, Dependable computing, Design & implementation of application specific integrated circuits (ASIC), Digital libraries, Digital signal processing application, Discrete mathematics, Distributed computing system, Distributed, parallel & cluster computing, Electric power generation, Electric traction, Electrical engineering materials, Electrical measurements, Electromagnetic compatibility, Electronic design, Electronic instrumentation using CAD (computer aided design) tools, Electronic materials, Embedded system, Factory automation, FACTS (flexible alternating current transmission systems), Fault detection & diagnosis, Formal languages & automata theory, FPGA (field programmable gate array) design & application, Fuzzy logic, Fuzzy logic & neural network for control systems, General literature, Genetic algorithm, Graphics, High performance computing, High voltage apparatuses, High voltage insulation technologies, Human computer interaction, Human-machine interface, Hybrid and switching control, Image based control systems, Implementation of neural nets, fuzzy logic & artificial intelligence in industrial systems, Informatics information search engine, Information management practices, Information retrieval, Information theory, Information theory & coding, Instrumentation, Intelligent systems, Interferometric radar image processing, It (information technology) governance, Knowledge based management system, Knowledge discovery in data, Lightning detection & protection, Logic in computer science, Mathematical software, Measurement & testing, Medical imaging equipment & techniques, Microelectronic system, Mobile processing, Modeling and identification of control systems, Modeling & simulation, Modulation & signal processing for telecommunication, Motion control, Multiagent systems, Multimedia, Natural language processing, Network traffic modeling, Networking & internet architecture, Networking technology, Neural network & evolutionary computing, Next generation media, Next network generation, Non linear & stochastic controls, Numerical analysis, Operating systems, Optical communication technology, Optimal control systems, Parallel & distributed computer, Performance modeling, Pervasive computing, Power economic, Power electronics & drive control techniques, Power quality, Power system analysis, Power systems, Process optimization & scheduling, Programming (languages, methodology & paradigm), Radio communication, Renewable energy, Robotic instrumentation, Robotics, Robotics engineering, Robust & adaptive controls, SCADA (system control and data acquisition), Sensors & actuators, Software engineering (lifecycle, management, process, tools & methods), Stochastic systems, Symbolic computation, System control & signal processing, System-on-a-chip (SOC), Telematics services, Telemedicine system, Transmission & distribution, Virtual/augmented reality, VLSI (very large-scale integration) design, Wireless and mobile communications.
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