🔑 Key Takeaways
- Qualcomm's role in the evolution of data transmission has been significant and the use of undetectable spectrum to transmit invisible messages is mind-bending. Fundrise has democratized real estate investing and raised millions through tech.
- True creativity is built upon a succession of acts, as seen in the development of modern telecommunications, and the book highlights the unlikely success story of Qualcomm and the remarkable achievements of Hedy Lamarr.
- Understanding communication mediums and adapting to their limitations and requirements is crucial in developing effective communication systems. Spread spectrum technology and Claude Shannon's work on information theory paved the way for modern wireless technology and the digital era.
- Being adaptable and curious can lead to career-changing opportunities, as exemplified by the story of Irwin Jacobs and his founding of Qualcomm, a company that revolutionized the wireless industry.
- Linkabit's innovative communication techniques, rooted in efficient use of narrow bandwidth channels, paved the way for mobile technology. Co-founder Irwin Viterbi also co-authored the first digital communications textbook still used today.
- Linkabit's expertise in satellite communication led them to shift from working on NASA and defense projects to commercial ones, which eventually led to their success and expansion with contracts from retail giants like Walmart.
- Qualcomm's founders recognized the potential for digital cellular communication and used their industry expertise to build a better way to provide quality communications than anyone else, ultimately changing the game in the industry.
- By starting small and focusing on a specific technical aspect of the industry, Qualcomm was able to invent a revolutionary technology and gain buy-in from stakeholders, ultimately dominating the cell phone market. Success can come from careful planning and execution, even in a seemingly crowded and competitive industry.
- CDMA technology allows for efficient use of the same frequency for multiple conversations simultaneously, paving the way for modern cellular communication and maximizing spectrum usage.
- Qualcomm's journey, from pioneering CDMA patents that changed the wireless communication landscape to leveraging their expertise to launch the mobile satellite network Omnitracs, highlights the importance of adaptability and innovation in the tech industry. Additionally, their early fundraising efforts remind us of the vastly different landscape for startups today.
- Forecasting future technological advancements and having the financial means to pursue them can lead to successful innovation. Brex offers unique rewards to customers by negotiating with media companies, creating a competitive advantage.
- The 2G spec's shortcomings stemmed from mis-forecasted cell phone popularity and capacity limits, while Europe's mandatory standards allowed for innovation. Standards bodies are crucial for collaboration and independence from government agencies in technology development.
- Belief, confidence, and innovation are essential in developing and bringing new technologies to market, even in the face of obstacles. Qualcomm's patented CDMA technology allowed for superior voice quality, security, and network efficiency, giving them a significant advantage and ultimately leading to their success in the market.
- Qualcomm's CDMA technology, combined with partnerships with infrastructure providers and handset manufacturers, paved the way for a successful wireless network despite challenges, establishing the company as a wireless technology innovator.
- By offering a complete solution and forming strategic partnerships, Qualcomm was able to take advantage of the growth of fabless semiconductor design and become the largest company in the industry.
- By focusing on their semiconductor business and patent licensing, Qualcomm became the largest fabless semiconductor company in the world with $40 billion in annual revenue. However, their activities were criticized for antitrust and caution is advised in pursuing similar strategies.
- Qualcomm's commitment to R&D and strategic acquisitions allowed them to overcome the crash of 2000 and become leaders in wireless technology, leading to their success in the smartphone era.
- Qualcomm faces challenges from multiple lawsuits and competition, but preserved its independence through a blocked takeover by Broadcom. The broader semiconductor industry faces decelerated growth and varied strategies for profitability.
- Qualcomm's unfair patent licensing practices led to a legal battle with Apple, resulting in a settlement. The rise of 5G technology highlights the need for sophisticated electronics and widespread infrastructure.
- Despite previous attempts to develop their own cellular modems, Apple has chosen to use Qualcomm's chips in their next iPhone release, as the development of 5G requires a complex RF frontend that adjusts based on the type of 5G available. Qualcomm's acquisition of NUVIA signals their entrance into the laptop CPU market and highlights the potential for growth in IoT and automotive industries.
- Qualcomm's strategic position in the semiconductor industry is largely attributed to their high-margin licensing fees, strong revenue growth, and cornered resource in patents. While there is competition from NVIDIA, Qualcomm has the opportunity to bet on the intelligent connected edge or AI as mega trends for continued success.
- While Qualcomm's success in IoT, automotive, and 5G RF frontend segments offers a lot of potential, their lawsuits and customer grievances create a risk to their royalties. Their success ultimately depends on their ability to capitalize on opportunities in the intelligent connected edge.
- By evangelizing their technology and strategically patenting some innovations while keeping some trade secrets, Qualcomm's licensing business revenue funds R&D for new products and more IP, making them a leader in the field.
- Qualcomm's success in the future depends on exploring growth opportunities in IoT, automotive, and intelligent connected edge markets. Capturing value in the trillion-dollar market of connected edge is a challenge that lies ahead for the company and the industry.
📝 Podcast Summary
From Small Messages to Megabytes: The Incredible Journey of Data Transmission
The story of how we got from transmitting small messages on a single frequency to having billions of humans concurrently sending megabytes or gigabytes of data every minute, has been an incredible journey of invention and entrepreneurship. Qualcomm has played a significant role in this and is the largest fabless chip company in the world responsible for the mind-bending system of how it all works today. The spectrum that is not detectable to humans still can be used to transmit invisible messages all around us all the time without any of us having any idea. Fundrise, our presenting sponsor for this episode, has democratized real estate investing and has raised $155 million with 35,000 investors for the tech company itself.
The Physical Book Uncovering Qualcomm's Rise to the Top and Hedy Lamarr's Contributions
The book on Qualcomm's rise to the top of the wireless industry is not available in audio or Kindle versions, it must be read physically. The book uncovers the story of Hedy Lamarr's contribution to the Allied war efforts by patenting a novel technique to defeat RF frequency jamming through frequency hopping, which remained confidential for decades. True creativity is characterized by a succession of acts, each suggesting the one after. This is evident in the succession of events that led to the development of modern telecommunications. The book starts with Hedy and her husband, a Nazi arms dealer who brought her to business meetings with Nazi military powers. The book tells the story of how Qualcomm came to rule the wireless industry and showcases the rare diamonds in the rough.
The Journey of Spread Spectrum Technology to the Digital Era
Hedy Lamarr and George Antheil's discovery of spread spectrum technology allowed for efficient use of radio bandwidth and secure communication. The concept of hopping frequencies to evade jamming and sending coded messages was groundbreaking at the time and paved the way for modern wireless technology. However, the technology required incredibly precise time syncing, which was not possible given the state of digital computing during World War II. Claude Shannon's work on information theory and the concept of digital changed that and ushered in the digital era, leading to the modern era of human beings and computing. Communication methods are governed by the medium, and understanding the limitations and requirements of the medium is crucial in designing effective communication systems.
Information Theory, Shannon-Hartley Theorem, and the Story of Qualcomm's Founder
Information theory explains the relationship between how noisy a medium is and how much signal it can transmit, based on the level of entropy or randomness in the message being communicated. The Shannon-Hartley theorem specifies the theoretical limit to signal transmission through a given medium. Irwin Jacobs exemplifies the right place, right time phenomenon as his interest in math and science combined with hotel management education led him to transfer majors and study electrical engineering. His Ph.D. advisor Claude Shannon, the father of information theory, played a pivotal role in allowing Jacobs to establish a career in digital communications. Jacobs eventually founded Qualcomm, a company that revolutionized the wireless industry. The story highlights the importance of staying curious and adaptable in the pursuit of innovation and success.
The Foundations of Mobile Communication Technology
Irwin and Andrea Viterbi founded a consulting company called Linkabit in the early '70s to manage their work with defense and space programs. They developed bandwidth-efficient communication techniques, inspired by old patented spread spectrum technology from World War II, as their work involved efficient use of the available narrow bandwidth channel. This laid the foundation for developing mobile communication technology, which became a significant breakthrough for the industry. Furthermore, Len Kleinrock, a founding partner, left Linkabit to become the founding engineer of the internet. Irwin's background in electrical engineering led him to become a professor at UCSD and teaching digital communication theory, which he co-authored in the first textbook on the topic, still used today.
Linkabit's Shift to Commercial Projects and Success in Satellite Communication System
Linkabit started as a consulting company in the satellite communication system, mainly working on NASA and defense projects. However, they realized that they were doing all the differentiated engineering work while the prime defense contractors were making all the money. So, they shifted their focus to commercial projects. Their expertise in satellite communications got them their first commercial contract, which was building the satellite communication system for Walmart. They then built the video scrambling system for pay TV on the cable system. Linkabit was sold to an east coast radio tech company called MACOM for $25 million in 1980. With over 1500 employees, Linkabit became a big business, and other retailers also started using satellite networks.
How Qualcomm's Founders Drove Innovation in Digital Cellular Communication
The founders of Qualcomm had the foresight to see the potential for digital cellular communication and started the company in 1985. They were aware of the lack of efficient use of channels and the high demand for car phones despite bandwidth limitations. The industry required enormous capex and specialized competencies. Qualcomm was named for quality communications, reflecting their expertise in the industry. The founders were brilliant minds who had made the right decision in selling Linkabit and were well aware of the products they had developed. Their experience in the industry and technical knowledge allowed them to build a better way to provide quality communications than anyone else in the industry at the time.
Qualcomm's Strategy to Dominate the Cell Phone Industry
Qualcomm entered the market with a brilliant strategy to bring terrestrial cell phone networks into the digital era and build the dominant company in this massive industry. They started by doing consulting work and later invented CDMA, Code Division Multiple Access, optimizing satellite communication channels for efficiency. CDMA is a technology that allows multiple conversations to access the same channel at the same time by dividing up digital packets instead of using a single frequency. Even though the idea seemed path-dependent and had a high likelihood of failure, Qualcomm knew the massive opportunity they wanted to pursue and created a specific idea to make it better. They focused on being one small part of the industry, inventing the technical means by which phones communicate with towers, and got all stakeholders on board with their idea.
Understanding CDMA Technology and its Impact on Cellular Communication
Code division multiple access (CDMA) is a digital technology that allows multiple conversations to be transmitted simultaneously on the same frequency. CDMA uses codes to encode each conversation, which allows for maximally efficient use of the spectrum. This technology was patented by Qualcomm in 1986, and it became one of the most valuable patents in history. CDMA is similar to the packet switching used in the internet, where digital packets are transmitted and reassembled on the other side. This technology is an iteration of time division multiple access (TDMA) and frequency division multiple access (FDMA), which allowed for more people to use one frequency. CDMA allowed for the most efficient use of the spectrum and paved the way for modern cellular technology.
From CDMA Patents to Mobile Satellite Networks: The Evolution of Qualcomm
The CDMA patent was a game-changer in wireless communication technology. It allowed for the use of all frequencies available, leading to a more efficient use of mediums for maximum signal transmission. Qualcomm's founding in 1985 with the issuance of the patent in 1986 led to a revolutionary change in the industry. However, before entering wireless, Qualcomm was approached by OmniNet to implement a mobile satellite network specifically for commercial semi-trucks in America, and then networked them up to the distribution centers for retailers, with Walmart being one of their first customers. This led to the founding of Omnitracs and merged with OmniNet in 1988. Qualcomm sold half the equity in their company to raise just a few million dollars, highlighting the different fundraising atmosphere compared to today's startups.
Qualcomm's CDMA Success and Brex's Unique Rewards
Qualcomm's success in developing CDMA technology was due to their correct forecast of Moore's Law and their unique patent that no one else had at the time. Despite people's skepticism, they knew it was technically feasible and had the financial capability to pursue it. The timing was perfect too, as the release of the spec for performance requirements for the 2G networks created a market opportunity for them. Brex, a provider of modern corporate cards and expense software, offers their customers unique rewards, such as billboard campaigns in top cities, that can be redeemed using Brex points. They negotiated with media companies to extend it to all Brex customers.
The Flaws of the 2G Spec and Differences in Standards Bodies
The 2G spec was created at a time when the popularity of cell phones was wildly mis-forecasted. The US standards body set a high bar for the amount of phones that should be able to use the network, but TDMA's capacity limits meant it would not meet the spec. Meanwhile, Europe had already adopted several technologies, including GSM and Ericsson. While the US's industry associations set recommended standards that were not mandatory, Europe's standards were mandatory. Standards bodies are important for innovation and collaboration, and while they are industry associations, they are decoupled from government agencies. Qualcomm was excited about the 2G spec, which was well-suited for its needs, and was able to confirm with the government that using a different technology as long as it met the performance spec was legal.
Qualcomm's Success with CDMA Technology
CDMA was a better technology option than TDMA due to its superior voice quality, security, and 3x-5x more efficiency in operating cell networks. Qualcomm's advantage in power and profit margins due to this technology helped them run the table on their competitors in the market. However, the implementation of CDMA had various challenges such as near-far interference problem, power management issues, and GPS technology that wasn't yet available. Despite these obstacles, Qualcomm was confident in their CDMA technology and patented every single piece of it. This episode highlights the importance of belief, confidence, and innovation in creating new technologies and taking them to market.
How Qualcomm's CDMA Technology Revolutionized Wireless Networks
Qualcomm started as a small San Diego technology startup, and they were successful in convincing PacTel Wireless to fund their prototype. Their CDMA technology was demonstrated successfully in San Diego, Manhattan and later in South Korea. CDMA gradually became a second standard, and they were able to raise millions in IPO and secondary offering. However, replacing a whole ecosystem of technology providers and infrastructure was a massive challenge. Qualcomm partnered with base station infrastructure providers and handset manufacturers like Nokia to build a CDMA wireless network. Four things were required for the success of CDMA wireless network – core IP and technology, CDMA infrastructure, handsets, and wireless carriers. Despite challenges, Qualcomm established its position as an innovator in wireless technology.
How Qualcomm Became the Leader in CDMA Technology
Qualcomm's success in the CDMA market was due to their ability to offer a complete solution, including IP, infrastructure, handsets, and semiconductors. By creating joint ventures with partners like Nortel and Sony, they were able to bootstrap their offerings and spur adoption. Additionally, the advent of fabless semiconductors allowed Qualcomm to design their own chips without having to invest in their own foundries. This was a significant factor in their ability to capture all of the value in the industry. Qualcomm's success was also marked by a series of brilliant strategic decisions, establishing them as the largest fabless semiconductor company in the world, despite not making handsets or infrastructure. Their success was a result of being in the right place at the right time and knowing it.
Qualcomm's Shift to Semiconductor Business Drives Revenue Growth
Qualcomm's strategic decision to focus on their semiconductor business and sell their infrastructure and mobile phone business led to a significant increase in their revenue and set the business model for the future. Their high margin revenue licenses to their patent war chest and relatively high margin semiconductor designs helped them become the largest fabless semiconductor company in the world with close to $40 billion annual revenue. Qualcomm's success story is one of the most impressive business stories, but their activities were also criticized for antitrust by the FTC. The year 2000 marked the height of the tech bubble, and Qualcomm emerged as the single best performing stock for that year.
Qualcomm's Rise, Fall, and Resilience in the Tech Industry
Qualcomm's stock appreciated by 2621% in the year 2000, making it the best-performing stock of the year. However, it didn't stay up for long and crashed down over the next 18 months, becoming only 4x from its pre-1999 high. But despite this, Qualcomm continued to invest in R&D, which led to the development of the vastly superior technology CDMA, making them the leaders in 3G. They later acquired Flarion Technologies for $600 million, which had essential patents for 4G, enabling Qualcomm to continue its business model. Furthermore, they created the Snapdragon unit, which put them in a good position for the modern smartphone era, allowing them to make $20 for every smartphone sold in the world today.
Qualcomm's legal battles and competition within the semiconductor industry
Qualcomm's strategic position has been challenged by multiple lawsuits and competition within the semiconductor industry. The 2009 Broadcom lawsuit and the 2017 lawsuits from the US Federal Trade Commission and Apple regarding Qualcomm's market position as the dominant smartphone modem supplier have impacted the company's ecosystem reputation. The attempt at a hostile takeover by Broadcom was blocked by the Trump administration due to national security concerns, which preserved Qualcomm's independence as an American company and was viewed as a big win. The semiconductor industry is experiencing decelerated growth, and while some companies are splitting out their chip operations and IP, Broadcom's strategy is to roll up the industry and squeeze them for profitability.
Apple vs. Qualcomm: A Patent Dispute that Shook the Tech Industry
Apple sued Qualcomm due to their unreasonable and discriminatory patent licensing practices. Qualcomm had patents on technologies that were a part of an industry standard and leveraged those patents to charge Apple $7.50 per phone sold, which quickly grew to $17 per phone. Apple negotiated the price down to an estimated $10-$18. Qualcomm also stipulated that if Apple ever used a competing supplier, they would owe Qualcomm a billion dollars. Apple switched to using Intel modems, but they fell behind Qualcomm and Apple settled the lawsuit. 5G is an open question and requires incredibly sophisticated electronics to work, needing little base stations on every street corner to transmit high frequency radios.
Apple to Continue Using Qualcomm's Chips for Next iPhone Release in 2023
The development of 5G requires chip makers to have a complex RF frontend that adjusts in real time depending on what flavor of 5G is currently available. Despite Apple's efforts to develop their own cellular modems, they settled with Qualcomm and will continue to use Qualcomm's chips in the next version of the iPhone that comes out in November of 2023. Qualcomm bought NUVIA, a company founded by former Apple Silicon people including the Chief Architect of the A-Series chips, as their ticket into the laptop CPU/System on a chip market and sees a multi-hundred billion dollar opportunity in IoT automotive and the RF frontend.
Examining Qualcomm's Strategic Position in the Semiconductor Industry
Qualcomm is a technological pioneer with a $120 billion market cap and astonishing value capture. They are the largest fabless semiconductor company in the world, bigger than NVIDIA. They make most of their revenue from chips, but licensing fees are a much higher margin business. Qualcomm's revenues are growing 32%, and earnings are growing 47% year over year, making it a high-growth rate company. They have a cornered resource in patents, which Hamilton describes as a canonical description or a corner resource, and this gives them power in the industry. However, there is competition from NVIDIA, and the question is whether to bet on the intelligent connected edge or AI, both mega trends.
Qualcomm's Rise, Competition, and Challenges in the Telecom Industry.
Controlling infrastructure standards in the telecom industry results in network economies and the ability to control both infrastructure and handsets. However, Qualcomm faces competition from companies like Mediatek who make cheaper chips with systems on a chip using stock ARM CPU designs. Qualcomm's success in IoT, automotive, and 5G RF frontend segments may make them a juggernaut in the licensing business, but their constant lawsuits and customer grievances pose a risk to their royalties. The company's process power during its golden years contributed to the wellspring of startups and technology companies that came out of Qualcomm. Ultimately, Qualcomm's success depends on whether they can capitalize on the opportunities presented in the intelligent connected edge which is a $700 billion opportunity according to them.
Qualcomm's Industry Bootstrap Approach and IP Strategy
Qualcomm's success is due to their bootstrap industry approach, which involves evangelizing their technology to create their own competitors so their customers can feel safe with it. They keep some things secret of how to extract the best performance from the innovations to remain the leader. Qualcomm's IP strategy involves patenting some technology and keeping some trade secrets to make money off consulting, implementation fees, and big deals. Their predictable high-margin licensing business revenue enables them to fund R&D, which fuels the flywheel where they get new products and more IP. The patent system exists to enable people to spread the news about their inventions, and the US regulatory system has granted Qualcomm a monopoly, which is perfect execution of the game on the field.
Qualcomm's Shift Towards Growth Businesses
Qualcomm's success in the last decade was due to their excellent business model around mobile technology, but in order for the company to thrive in the next decade, they must focus on growth businesses like IoT, automotive, and intelligent connected edge. Capturing the value in the trillion-dollar market of connected edge, though, remains an open question for the company and the industry. Overall, the Breakpoint event was a huge success and Acquired FM thanks Fundrise, Pilot, Brex, and the Solana foundation for hosting them. Lastly, Acquired FM thanks their listeners and survey takers for valuable insights that will help them continue to grow the show and engage their audience.


!ACCEZZ Mini USB IOS Adapter Type-C Female To lighting Male For Apple Adapter For iphone X XS XR 8 7 Plus Sync Charger Converter
1.data transmission + device charging,
2.Does not support earphone!!!There is no OTG function
3.The adapter can only use USB A to Type-c cable, the adapter does not support connecting Type-c to Type-c cables
The data transmission function of this adapter is to use a Type-C cable that supports data transmission to connect to the computer / laptop. It does not support mobile storage devices such as hard disks and U disks.
Material: Aluminum alloy
Compatibility: type-c to lighting charging adapter
Color: black / silver
1.type-c cable will also be compatible for iPhone
y using this converter. Do not need to buy more and more cables.Lightweight yet durable, easy to carry
2.Widely compatible with for iPhone XS/XR/XS MAX/X / 8 / 8 Plus / 7 / 7 Plus / 6s Plus / 6s / 6 Plus / 6 / 5s / 5c / 5 / iPad Pro / iPad Air / Air 2 / iPad mini / mini 1/ mini 2 /mini 3/ iPad 4th gen / iPod Touch 5th gen / iPod nano 7th gen .
3.Charge and Sync at High Speed.Sync and Charge at fast speeds on your devices. Our technology teams make thousands of tests to ensure 100% safety for your device.
If you have any question, please feel free to contact us and we will try our best to serve you.
Dear Russian friends, please write your full name in the order due to Russian policy, Thank you!
Welcome drop ship/wholesales


计算机系统网络和电信(Computer Systems Networking and Telecommunications)专业历年毕业人数及留学生毕业人数占比
拥有计算机系统网络和电信(Computer Systems Networking and Telecommunications)专业的Top大学列表Computer Systems Networking and Telecommunications : A program that focuses on the design, implementation, and management of linked systems of computers, peripherals, and associated software to maximize efficiency and productivity, and that prepares individuals to function as network specialists and managers at various levels. Includes instruction in operating systems and applications; systems design and analysis; networking theory and solutions; types of networks; network management and control; network and flow optimization; security; configuring; and troubleshooting.
|计算机系统分析师||Computer Systems Analysts||4.083||$44.59||$92,740|
|信息安全分析师||Information Security Analysts||0.738||$47.93||$99,690|
|计算机网络架构师||Computer Network Architects||1.107||$51.86||$107,870|
|计算机网络支持专家||Computer Network Support Specialists||1.306||$32.46||$67,510|


Watching TV on my iTouch with MiFi
Earlier this month I wrote how much I was looking forward to the new Verizon MiFi device. I was so looking forward to this product I showed up at the Verizon store the day it was released. This credit card size device allows me to be my very own personal Wi-Fi “Hotspot”.
Using my laptop when I travel the MiFi replaces my old Verizon USB modem and provides the same bandwidth. As a bonus, the MiFi allows up to 5 connections so my wife and/or grandkids can also use their laptops if we’re stuck in an airport.
One of the main reasons I really wanted the MiFi was to use with my Apple iTouch. I didn’t want an iPhone (which has less memory) to use as my cell, but I did want something to connect me to Twitter, Facebook and other online services. The iTouch supports Wi-Fi so I only had connectivity when I was near a hotspot. Now, I AM a Wi-Fi hotspot where ever I go.
Watching TV on my iTouch, using Slingbox via MiFi
The same week the MiFi was announced, Slingbox announced Apple had finally approved their iPhone application but with one condition. It wouldn’t allow streaming over the AT&T network but it could use Wi-Fi as a connection. Slingbox is a device connected to my TV/TiVo and the Internet which allows me to watch my TV while I’m out of the house. I figured using the Slingbox software was a great way to test the speed of the MiFi. The result is a B+.
So far the only problem I had was obtaining my new MiFi. Verizon announced they would be available on Sunday, May 17th. When I called my local Verizon store they said, they had plenty and I could come pick one up. I wasn’t happy at all when I arrived to find out, I could only order one which wouldn't arrived until Wednesday. I later found out each store was supplied two units and that they were only to be given to new customers. Verizon that’s a big FAIL.
I’ve been using mine for 10 days now and I love it. Riding in the car, waiting to see my doctor, sitting around the pool, looking up something(showing off) at a friends house it’s a great toy. The battery life spec says four hours and so far it has lived up to its claim. The battery died on my iTouch before the MiFi lost power. For more specifications on the MiFi, click here.


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RDM8800 card reader is a module based on PN532 chip customized for 13.56MHz NFC RFID card, compatible with RDM6300 interface, which can read data directly from the serial interface.
Unlike ordinary RFID modules, RDM8800 integrates LGT8FF8A chip, compatible with Arduino library, thus we can modify the firmware to suit our own needs. Itead Studio also released the source codes of RDM8800 firmware, and users can make secondary development based on it.
With ISO 14443 Type A protocol
With ISO 14443 Type B protocol
: Version 1.0 firmware does not support ISO 14443 Type B at present, which requires users to make secondary development.


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The Classic DAC is a digital/analog converter: it converts the music supplied by your digital sources (CD player, streamer, smartphone) and by your computer into an analog signal, which is what, suitably amplified by the amplifier, drives the loudspeakers .
It is equipped with a complete range of digital input connections, including a USB 2.0 port, an I2S port in PS Audio format and a Bluetooth© audio module, through which you can connect any source to the Classic DAC.
Its outputs, single-ended and balanced, allow you to connect it to any amplifier.
It is equipped with an infrared remote control and a Bluetooth Low Energy module through which it can be controlled from any smartphone thanks to the free app provided by M2Tech on the Apple Store and Google Play.
It is designed with great attention to the quality of signal transfer and with sound quality first in mind. Its USB interface is galvanically isolated from the computer’s USB bus and is powered by a local supply internal to the DAC. This prevents possible noise from the computer from affecting the sound quality. The output stages that transfer the signal from the integrated conversion circuit to the analog outputs are made with discrete component circuits making use of very high level components: film capacitors, anti-inductive resistors, low noise transistors. The section that generates the fundamental clocks for the conversion is made with very low phase noise quartz oscillators fed by a dedicated regulator, also with very low noise.
The Classic DAC supports PCM format from 44.1 kHz to 768 kHz, with resolution from 16 bit to 32 bit. It also supports DSD format from 64x to 512x in native and 64x to 256x in DoP.
It recognizes and decodes MQA© encoding on all wired inputs, while it recognizes and decodes aptX© HD encoding on the Bluetooth© connection.
M2Tech has adopted MQA to support Master quality playback and streaming. MQA is an innovative coding algorithm which captures the original quality of Master sound; “folds” the file into a smaller size for easy streaming or downloading; and authenticates the file when played on an MQA-enabled device.
M2Tech recognizes the sonic and technical benefits of MQA, therefore all M2Tech DAC products will include MQA in their format decoding pool.
Visit www.MQA.co.uk for more information.
Download the Android or iOS app to control the Classic DAC


Our External Liaison Officer / Immediate Past President Harish Pillay represented ISOC.SG at IoT Asia 2016
This year’s IoTAsia was all about closing the gap between the vision and the implementation. This IoTAsia Associations Round Table brought together 18 organizations from Singapore, EU, Japan and Taiwan to exchange ideas on how to promote innovation and collaboration across the various associations and societies to spur the adoption of IoT solutions. Discussions narrowed around standards (eg, the Singapore Standard SS584 Multi Tier Cloud Security (http://www.dnvba.com/sg/certification/management-systems/mtcs-ss584/Pages/default.aspx) and the other standards around IoT that has been developed by the Singapore IT Standards Committee (www.itsc.org.sg). These standards if widely adopted across countries will help increase industry and product innovation.
About the event
Since 2014, IoT Asia has been a key industry platform for governments, industry and technology leaders to foster closer partnerships and in turn create opportunities for the public and private sectors to embrace the Internet of Things. There were focused conference tracks on Smart Cities, IoT Data Analytics, Design Applications, Wearables and Industrial IoT. The event was organised by SIAA and SingEx Exhibitions.


And the connection rarely if ever drops out which is a pretty huge accomplishment in my opinion. See Guide for accessing motherboard. The Jabra Elite Sport Wireless battery life lasts for just three hours, but the case provides an extra two charging cycles. Weight only 64 grams, one of the lightest headsets available. They have a pretty accurate heart-rate sensor which, when paired with the robust Jabra Sport Life app, lets you track pretty much anything. Otherwise, the wires will need to be replaced.
All black, minimal ear buds that you can discretely pop in and out of your ear throughout the day. For such professionals, hands-free calls are not an optional benefit, they're a requirement. Once I figured it out, I had no problem keeping these in my ear whether I was running or commuting on the train. This is what makes the Jabra 9450 an excellent headset to use for effective multitasking in the office. Overall, it sounds like Jabra played it safe and took off a little more than was necessary to avoid any painful sounds and I agree with the decision since these are sitting right in my ear, but the choice is kind of noticeable and cymbals, tambourines, and hi-hats are just barely there. But they do come with a charging case that lets you recharge it 2 more times for a total of 9 hours of listening times.
It has a maximum range of 150m or 490 ft perfect for fast-paced multitasking office work. Because of this, you can move openly in your space or workplace as well as multitask such as typing on your computer or searching for a file while chatting on your phone. That is why finding a quality headset with a good range is very important. I found that just the largest pair of memory foam tips with no ear wings worked perfectly but your mileage may vary. Some offices use for more mobility and some use for work efficiency and range. There are plenty of options out there but the most they do is just work.
Fill out the form and a Jabra representative will contact you. For people who are truly mobile and work on the go Our calls on the move solutions are for those who work with a high degree of mobility outside the office. It also has a long boom arm that allows optimum voice pick-up for a clearer reception and the Duo headset that channels sound to both ears also guarantees to decrease background office noise. Though the Jabra Elite Sport Wireless connect linearly, they do so efficiently, minimizing lag. Range in wireless headsets are an important factor to consider. Open the device and make sure that all of the wires between the speaker and the motherboard are connected. Mids Overall the mids kind of battled with the low end.
Contact sales Our team of product experts can help you find the best solution for your company. The top button lets you open up the Jabra Sport app if you tap it, or start a workout by holding it down. Also, make sure that there is no fraying of the wires. The blend of a flex boom and noise canceling receiver with cutting edge Digital Signal Processing mean your voice can be heard clearly at all times. It has two gadgets — desk and softphone — that are conveniently connected by a stylishly functional touch screen base.
With a long effective headset range you will be able to move and work freely in the office. . Unfortunately these are still kind of large and will probably jut out of your ears. Bluetooth makes life hassle-free by removing the need for a telephone cord which limits your mobility in the office. For people that talk on the phone for a living Our call centric solutions are for agents, civil servants, traders and financial advisers who make their living over the phone by listening and talking to customers in order to raise customer satisfaction by solving their problems. It also has 13 hours of battery time, the most of any wireless headset.
The most distance any wireless headset on the market today. A wireless headset with two speakers that allows workers to accept calls from their office desks and softphone all with one headset, it has an effective talk range of up to 450 feet and 10 hours of talk time. That said the fact these these are already so close to your ears means that songs tend to sound a little muddy as the lows really push through their limits. It popped open and sent the right earbud flying under my seat. Pretty impressive considering all of the features these have packed into them. You can easily switch between any one of the 5 devices with the touch panel on the base. If the wires are disconnected, simply reconnect them if possible.
A dual microphone Noise Blackout system with advanced Digital Signal Processing practically eliminates all background noise, so your voice can always be heard clearly. With a 150m talking range it is one of the top choices for companies and offices. Just enough time for a decent run or workout. It has three different wearing styles, a dual microphone with Noise Blackout technology, and triple connectivity for use with desk, soft and mobile phones. It also comes with a microphone that has advanced digital signal processing that helps your voice to be heard clearly on the other end.
Looking for a Plantronics wireless headset remote answering device alternative other the? The audio signal has to get sent from the source device to one of the earbud, from that earbud to the other one, and then has to playback with no delays and skips. The low end definitely had more of a say then the rest of the frequencies. Their all black look makes it easy to keep a covert look while listening. They need to make calls while driving from one sales meeting to the next or when moving from one location to another. The Jabra Elite Sport Wireless earbuds are as minimal as it gets. They can decide to handle calls straightforwardly from the headset, by means of the computer or the touch screen, and the interactive set-up feature that guarantees a quick and comfortable setup process.


We provide simple standalone CCTV through to very complicated integrated IP systems that work in unison with Access Control, Intruder Alarms and Fire Systems to offer clients with a single front end that can manage complex buildings.
Wireless data networks have changed the face of business. But, setting-up and maintaining a stable and secure wireless data network that delivers reliable performance requires expertise.
Briss Technologies designs and deploys robust Wi-Fi network services that adhere to security best practices and improve the overall flexibility of your IT infrastructure.
For networks to support todays demands and operate efficiently, it is critical that the right foundation be designed, installed and maintained to deliver the reliability and speeds needed for your home & business.
Briss Technologies designs and deploys robust network services that adhere to security best practices and improve the overall flexibility of your IT infrastructure.
HD / UHD Matrix
Technically recognized as an HDMI multi-input / multi-output switch or a Video / Audio Router. An HDMI matrix switch makes it possible to connect our Sources (AKA – Cable BOX/DVD Players) for Video/Audio Distribution to Displays.
HDMI matrix switchers are ideal for sports bars, home theaters, retail spaces, restaurants, commercial applications like stadiums, and much more.
The emergence of the Internet of Things (IoT) has opened up a whole new world of innovation in connected solutions to run homes smarter and more efficiently. From HVACR, to lighting, security, and beyond, Briss Technologies offer control and automation to users to allow them to manage nearly any system with the touch of a button.
Wireless Alarm Solutions
An alarm system is designed to detect intruder presence at your premises. Alarm systems can be either hard wired or wireless The purpose of an intruder alarm system is:
To protect the physical assets and people within a premises
To deter crime and vandalism
To ensure a prompt armed response service is dispatched in response to an alarm signal
We believe that all systems should be regularly maintained and serviced to ensure that systems are working at all times to their best ability.
We offer Service and Maintenance agreements on all of our products including CCTV, Remote CCTV, Intruder and Access Control Systems.


Technology has always been used by people to make work easier or more productive. In today’s world, however, it has become a crucial partner that gives organisations the opportunity to not just do things better but to tackle entirely new business challenges. Ground breaking advances in areas such as speech recognition and automated voice to text have made it made it much easier for humans to interact naturally with technology and machines.
The benefits can be seen across many industries and the medical sector is just one example of a profession that is using new dictation technology to support more efficient working and enhance patient treatment and care. Automated voice to text technology is being used to capture patient notes more effectively and has now progressed to be capable of dealing with highly complex subject matters. At GoReport we have harnessed the power of this same technology within our products and introduced it to the property and built environment sectors, revolutionising the entire surveying and reporting process.
GoReport has taken the surveying and reporting process to a whole new level with the launch of our innovative dictation feature. Surveyors are now able to speak their way through on-site surveys using a blue tooth headset connected to an iPad. There isn’t a requirement for an internet connection as the dictation feature allows for offline working. Once the surveyor connects to the internet, their dictated notes will automatically be uploaded to the cloud, transcribed and inserted into the relevant sections of their report under the appropriate headings. Using a pen, paper, a Dictaphone and sending recordings off to be transcribed is increasingly becoming a thing of the past as more surveyors embrace this new technology and enjoy the many benefits it brings.
To find out more on how the dictation technology within our solutions can make life easier for you, increase your business efficiency and accuracy of your reports contact +44 (0) 28 9691 0018 or email@example.com


DATA & SECURITY
Xceed electrical can implement voice and data cabling within your home or office.
Adding a phone outlet, broadband or NBN connection or just simply a data point.
We can help you get connected. Security is the front line of defence for your home or office and protecting your family and assets are vital. We can design and install the perfect security system for your home or office from alarm sensors, access control, intercom systems and security CCTV cameras to cover all areas of security for your home or office.
Much like automation, the perfect security system can be tailored to the needs required to protect your assets. Peace of mind is always at ease with your smart phone handy to take control.
Data & telephone cabling & networks
Security alarms & CCTV systems
Security lights & sensors
Security networking and Wi-Fi networking
Access control systems
Wired and wireless systems options available


Net neutrality is a founding principle of the Internet which guarantees that telecoms operators do not discriminate their users' communications and remain mere transmitters of information. It ensures that all users, whatever their resources, access the same and whole network. But this principle is now undermined as operators develop business models restricting access to the Internet, by throttling or blocking access to specific online content, services or applications (protocols, websites, etc.), or limiting their users' ability to publish information.
In the face of such attempts to undermine the decentralized architecture of the Internet, and the freedom of communication and innovation it enables, lawmakers must guarantee Net neutrality. Internet access providers must be sanctioned if they discriminate Internet communications, be it according to the source, the recipient, or the nature of the information being transmitted. Failing this, only users able to pay for privileged access will enjoy the network's full capabilities.


DMX 512 is a protocol standard in digital communication networks mostly used in lighting. The signal is transmitted from a controlling master device to slave devices. Multiple DMX devices can be daisy chained together in any order, just make sure you only have one master device per chain. Our Processor is the DMX master and all our DMX Driver are slaves. We usually refer to a DMX daisy chain as a 'DMX Bus'.
Once all the DMX drivers are in place, each one will need to be configured to a specific address. This is how the master DMX device tells the slave DMX device what to do.
The network (also referred to as a universe) can be split or expanded across parallel busses using a DMX splitters. Our DMX splitters also act as DMX Amplifiers. This amplification helps ensure a strong signal between the devices.
DMX Address and Universes
DMX is a relatively simple protocol, but it does have some limitations. The DMX protocol only supports 512 addresses on a single DMX bus. This could be an issue on very large installation that need a many different lighting loads. When this becomes a problem, you will need to setup different DMX universes. A DMX universe is just a different DMX bus. But that also means you will need to an additional DMX master, CBNA Gateway, to control that universe. How and what you connect to each DMX universe is really up to you, but it will impact what you need to configure.
Make sure there is only one Gateway per DMX universe. Or else, two DMX masters that are sending commands to the address can cause the lights to behave erratically, thus creating a DMX address conflict.
This doesn't mean that you can not have DMX drivers with the same address. It just mean that if 2 DMX drivers have the same address, they will do the same thing. This can help save the on address space for large installations.
For example, lets say you have a large room to install luminaries in, which requires twelve 36Watt luminaries. Each 36Watt luminary needs to occupy a whole port on a CBNA-200-Z4. This means each CBNA-200-Z4 can only power four 36Watt luminaries. So to power all twelve 36Watt luminaries, you would need 3 CBNA-200-Z4 and each CBNA-200-Z4 listens to 20 address. So in this scenario, if all 3 CBNA-200-Z4 listen to the same address, you would be able to save 40 DMX addresses, thus allowing you to control to control all twelve light as if there where only four.
Colorbeam currently has many different DMX drivers. But the 2 most common drivers are the:
- DMX-SR2112 which is used for RGB and Bi-White luminaries.
- SRPC2108 which are used for LED tapes and some outdoor lights.
- CBNA-200-Z4 which is used for the RGB luminaries that have a RJ45 connector.
The main difference between the DMX-SR2112 and the SRPC2108 is the kind of electrical output. The DMX-SR2112 supplies electricity as constant current (Amps). While the SRPC2108 supplied electricity as constant voltage (Volts).
The DMX Amplifier is used to insure the strength of the DMX signal. Typically we recommend not connecting more than 6 DMX devices on the same chain. The DMX Amplifier will help you create new chains, all the while being connected to the same DMX universe.
When the DMX Amplifier is successfully connected to a Gateway, it's status light indicator will light up green. If it's light is red, that means it isn't receiving any DMX signals and you may want to double check your DMX Wires.


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Description : Lan over the Internet. Create a virtual private network across the internet allowing you to act like a network and even play network games across the internet directly. You can password your networks so that only people you allow can join. The connection is direct after initial set up, so no server lag! Instant, Zero Configuration VPN!
This is a real gem from the makers of the earlier reviewed LogMeIn system, allowing users to access their home computer screen via a web browser. Hamachi does much more that just enabling you to play network games over the net, but it’s a really good use for it. Its widely used for gaming, so much so that people have even developed tools for enabling easy connection with games like Age of Empires 3, making direct network games across the Internet (although it wouldn’t work for me).
I confess, I tested this with a 1995 game of Yu-Gi-Oh, which makes me more retro than cool, but hey. It worked like a charm, especially because you could only play multiplayer over a network. There are websites devoted to the cataloging of Hamachi networks, from C&C 3 to Call of Duty 4. An increasing number of people are starting to use Hamachi to play their cracked downloaded games which can’t connect to the online servers, although downloading cracked games isn’t recommended at all!
To connect to a VPN (Virtual Private Network) using Hamachi, both ends must have the client installed. The host creates a network name, and the guest simply types in that name to connect to the network. Access can be restricted with a password if needs be, just to keep it truly private.
One feature I really did like, is the ability to chat using the client as well. If your running a gaming network, I can see how this would come in rather handy! This is done by right clicking and then clicking chat on a user in the network. The right click menu on a user also allows you to ping, block or evict them from the network. You can even set encryption and compression settings in the advanced menu.
Security is always an issue with networks of any kind. Hamachi promises total security with its mediation server, which uses RSA key-pair. The mediation sever is only used to set up an IP tunnel, so after your established, it looks rather secure. You can also use password protection, network locking, membership approval eviction and ban, and you can also add network admins. For those of you obsessed with security, they have a page devoted to it HERE, which they call their "Security Architecture." Grate if you speak network and encryption.
The GUI is really intuitive and easy to understand. Now that’s something I haven’t said in a while, but it’s true for this app. Naturally this is the free version. The Premium version doesn’t have much a normal user would want, however if you want to use this as a corporate networking tool, then here are some factors you may consider. Free version limits 64 networks and 16 users in each, doesn’t allow user ban or network locking, and only uses low bandwidth relays on their server. As a bonus to the Premium, you can set it to run as a Windows System Service, for always on always in use VPN’s. The price yearly is cheap compared to other kinds of networking solutions on a large scale.
Conclusion : When networking computers with internet access, think twice before going to buy cables. Although the service may not work beyond 2010 due to IP address issues, its a solution worth thinking about considering the cost of £/$ 0 for most uses. Really simple and easy to set up a network with friends and family to allow easy file sharing and network gaming across the web.
Website : https://secure.logmein.com/products/hamachi/list.asp
Download : Page – Direct
Size : 986 KB


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Last Updated: 2021-05-14 by Georgiana Rice


With the advent of technology, the majority of businesses wish to utilize new things for improving efficiency. It is excellent for generating useful insight via data. There are different reasons why business owners prefer managed connectivity services. It involves diverse things like hardware, service agreements, network support, and others. It is a proactive approach for many businesses today. Managed connectivity is a good choice for businesses to stay online at all. If you are a business owner, you can gain the efficient support for business needs. It is the perfect way to solve the network issue and others.
It is suitable for improving the performance of the business. The business owner wants to set up high performance network and enjoy the great reliability. You can speak with the best expert and take care of everything in the company. It is the best solution to avoid downtime and lost revenue. You can enjoy the professional network management and monitoring. It is simple and easy to detect the issue. It is the best approach to access the remote issue resolution. The expert can monitor everything perfectly and identify the issue. You can discover the improved security in an organization. Internet management keeps the business safe from the different attacks.
Protect the valuable asset:
Managed connectivity service provider helps business owners in different forms. You can gain the perfect support at any time. You can enjoy a vast range of services like wide area network setup and connection, SD-WAN, SD-security, MPLS, and a lot more. It is the best option for business owners to manage a robust network and enhances productivity. You can get rid of a network issue in the business with the help of professional service. With managed connectivity services, the business can outsource everything in business to get the valuable outcome. Business owners manage the perfect connectivity and gain peace of mind.
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Best for performance insight:
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Starting from the year 2020, the business world will be revolutionized by the 5th Generation Mobile Networks/Wireless Systems (IMT-2020; 5G) in many ways out of your imagination. Not gonna dive into the technical aspects of this new amazing communication standard, but generally speaking, it only takes you a matter of minutes to download full UHD (4K/8K) movie, comparing with current 4G LTE requires an hour for a short HD movie. The capacity (1000X vs 4G) of increased MIMOs wireless bandwidth (~10Gbps) will be sufficient to power thousands and thousands of connected devices at homes and workplaces. Not only it will provide a massive amount of connectivity (Ultra low-cost Machine-to-Machine), but importantly, the 5G will increase 10% battery life than 4G and have 90% energy saving per provided service (up to 15 years on 2 AA batteries). The easy-to-implement, truly immersive experience will then disrupt today's daily living style and every aspect in the business world.
Growth Business Categories:
Retail/O2O Business Model
Distribution Channel of Physical and Virtual Goods
VR and AR
Home and Work Clouds in Real-Time Collaboration
Smart City: Autonomous Driving (includes Drones), Traffic Systems, Massive Metering
Impacts to Network Operators and Telecom Carriers
...Endless Possibilities in Both Hardware and Software Applications
Advanced Quality of Services (QoS) and User Experience (UX) in communication are definitely going to bring in new revenue streams to many businesses, but also possibly allows a newcomer to crush the existing system in your industry. After all, there are always an upside and a downside when a new technology introduced. 5G connectivity will formally elevate our data communication to a new peak. Imagine that the data packet as a vehicle and the 5G as a super-highway during the traffic hours; Assuming X number of vehicles passing thru the highway at 10Mph already created congestion and more inbound vehicles waiting at each enhance will only grow more traffic to it. But if the legal speed increased 10X, the congestion is going to ease the same infrastructure and more traffic will be permitted. But, at the same time, the super-highway and vehicles are also required upgrades to boost their structural strengths and performance to manage operation under the new speed. Last but not least, a new driving policy required for lanes change and forth on to avoid a collision and other hazards. In consumers' perspective, one interesting aspect is how data usage will be charged by carriers, definitely worth to monitor and discuss. By the end, how enterprises and consumers devour their data will dramatically shift in their physical stage, and more importantly, the mental stage. Furthermore, handheld mobile devices become the centerpiece of our daily living at home, office and everywhere we go.
At Mobile World Congress (MWC) 2017 in Barcelona, Spain, 5G is one of the hottest attractions and many press media has extensive coverages of the technology development. Therefore, I would strongly encourage you to study the potential impact to your business.
"Imagine the Unimaginable."
Thanks for reading! :) Please leave me a message and press ⭐ below if you liked this article. Your feedback would mean a lot to me and other readers.


26 - 30 September2017 - INFOTECH International Exhibition of Information Technologies / Plovdiv, International Fair Plovdiv
The International Specialized Exhibition INFOTECH presents companies from the most rapidly developing IT sector. It demonstrates new solutions that correspond to the changes in production and business, imposed by the Industrial Revolution 4.0 and to the new requirements of users from industry and households. MAJOR EXHIBITION CATEGORIES: Hardware
Internet solutions and services
Data exchange and text communication
Video and radio communications, multimedia
Office equipment and consumables
Global communication systems (GPS, GPRS)
View all fairs and exhibitions HERE.


4 CAMERA 6 CHANNEL 4K ULTRA HD CCTV HOME BUSINESS KIT
- 1 x SPRO 5MP DVR 4 channel – DHDVR06-B3-V2 2TB HDD pre installed
- 1 x 8MP SPRO cameras in Grey 2.8mm – DHD80-28RG-50M-M
- 4x 18m BNC readymade cable for each camera selected
- 1 x 5A 4 Way In-line PSU
- 1x 2m HDMI cable
- 1 x DVR Power supply (3PIN UK TYPE) & mouse
4 CAMERA 6 CHANNEL 4K ULTRA HD CCTV HOME, BUSINESS KIT
This is a complete system, if you do not select a HDD then there will be no recording, its highly recommend you select a HDD unless you have your own. A monitor is needed to view the CCTV however you can use a smart TV or connect to the internet and view on your smart device or PC. To connect to the internet and view online you will also need a LAN cable to connect the DVR to your Internet router or use a powerline adaptor. Also the cameras are waterproof and outdoor however like all CCTV cameras the connection to the cable is not waterproof. For outdoor use you might need a junction box or a deep base, see the camera spec sheet for the correct bases. We sell the bases and junction boxes too, please message is or visit our shop for more information. Also you might want to add different cameras on to this DVR, no problem this DVR can handle TVI, CVI, AHD and CVBS (analogue) cameras up to 8MP.
All cameras and recording devices (NVR’s/DVR’s) are covered by a 1 year warranty.
The SPRO B3 recorders can record up to 8MP when in CVI mode, 8MP when using TVI or 5MP when using AHD. The extra IP channels will also be recorded at 8MP. They also have advanced features such as face detection and tripwire. As standard the B3 range of DVRs support audio over co-ax, alarm over co-ax, IP audio over CAT5e, 4K video over co-ax and PTZ control over co-ax meaning less cabling for you.


|FC-4||Application||7||Application||Upper Layer Protocol|
|FC-2||Framing Protocol||4||Transport||Lower Layer Protocol|
FC-2 defines three classes of service
The frame is the basic unit of information interchange and is created using 4 byte words (MSB in byte 0 and LSB in byte 3).
- R_CTL = routing control flags (FT = Frame Type)
- FT-0 link control: Ack, link_response, link_command
- FT-1 data: FC-4 Device_Data, FC-4 Vide_Data, and Link_data (link services)
- D_ID = Destination ID - the WWN of the dest N_port
- S_ID = Source ID - the WWN of the source N_port
- TYPE of FC-4 upper layer protocol being used:
- CP IPI-3 peer, master, or slave
- IPI-3 peer, master, or slave
- SCSI FCP
- Fibre Channel Services
- SBCCS channel or control unit
- F_CTRL - Frame control flags:
- Abort sequence condition
- Invalidate X_ID
- Exchange context
- Pause/continue sequence
- Fill bytes
- Sequence context
- First sequence
- Chained sequence
- Last sequence
- End sequence
- New X_ID assigned
- Sequence initiative
- SEQ_ID - the sequence ID contains an unsigned binary number identifying the sequence of which the frame is a part. the SEQ_ID is assigned by the sequence initiator and is unique for a specific D_ID and S_ID pair, while the sequence is open.
- DF_CTL - the data field control flags identify optional headers (network, association, or device) in the data field and frame header extension.
- Network header consists of two 8-byte fields that are used for communication between and FC port and a non-FC network port, e.g. ethernet port
- Association header consists of a 32-byte field that contains a process associator and an operation associator.
- Device header is a 16-, 32-, or 64-byte field that is entirely defined by the desired FC-4 protocol mapping documents, SCSI, TCP/IP, or HiPPI, for example.
- SEQ_CNT - the sequence count contains an unsigned binary number identifying the order of frame transmission within a single sequence or multiple consecutive sequences for the same exchange. For example, 0 is the first frame, 9 is the tenth frame, and so on. The sequence count of each subsequent data frame is incremented by one.
- OX_ID - the originator exchange ID field identifies the exchange ID assigned by the originator of the exchange. This field is also used by the originator exchange status block to track the progress of a series of sequences that comprise an exchange.
- RX_ID - the responder exchange ID field is assigned by the responder to provide a unique, locally meaningful identifier at the responder for an exchange established by an originator and identified by an OX_ID.
- PARAMETER - this field is a relative offset for data or link control information.
There are two types of frames: data and Link control frames.
Data frames include
Link control frames include
Class 1 service is circuit switched and creates a dedicated circuit and bandwidth between two nodes on the fabric. When the connection is no longer needed, the circuit is torn down.
The upper layer protocols allow for connectionless communication to occur when resources are available. Mixed mode traffic is handled by sub-fabric processing.
When only a fraction of the bandwidth is requested, a virtual circuit is established. The remaining resources are available and managed by the QoS facilitator as a class 4 service.
Class 6 is multicast and reliable.
Fibre Channel Level 4 Protocol Mapping - SCSI
required Fibre Channel protocol (FCP) frames required for SCSI mapping:
FC-AL : Fibre Channel - Arbitrated Loop


I recently installed Ubuntu Linux on my old PowerMac G4 “QuickSilver” tower. During the installation, I needed to use my internet connection over WiFi to download the installation packages. I tried using Linux’s WiFi support with my Mac’s AirPort card, but to no avail. It could see the access points, but not actually connect to them. So I decided to use a network cable to connect to my Windows Vista laptop to share its WiFi connection. I got the Vista ICS (Internet Connection Sharing) working using some easy-to-find instructions online.
Windows’s ICS still did not work because the DNS server provided by Window’s DHCP server was the local PC’s network address (in my case 192.168.0.1). The Windows DNS proxy, for some reason, did not work and so I could not resolve any site, even though I could ping existing IP addresses. I have read several accounts online (including this one) saying that the DNS proxy in Windows is very fragile and often does not work. The default resolv.conf configuration created by dhclient from Window’s DHCP server is like such:
To get the DNS resolution working without jumping through hoops, I figured I could just use a simple third-party DNS proxy. After maybe 5 minutes of searching, I found the open-source Acrylic DNS Proxy. It is a very simple proxy which runs as a Windows Service and provides local DNS caching. It can be configured in 1 minute: all you need is the IP address of your ISP’s DNS servers (which can be found in your router’s Status Info pages, amongst other places).
After I got Acrylic DNS Proxy running, the default 192.168.0.1 DNS provided by Windows started working. The Linux internet connection shared from the PC was working and I could install Ubuntu and download the necessary updates. As a welcome side effect, DNS resolution for often-accessed pages under Windows was also quicker, thanks to the primary purpose of the DNS proxy 🙂
As a side note, Eclipse is brutally slow on my PowerMac G4 867MHz with Linux ! I think we forget how slow large Java programs are until we try them on machines that are 5 years old 🙂


Using Distributed Video Coding (DVC), the complex task of exploiting the source statistics can be moved from the encoder to the decoder. Such a DVC decoder needs side information to exploit the statistics. In common DVC codecs, the side information is obtained by interpolating the current frame from already decoded frames. This paper proposes an interpolation technique for the side information that uses motion compensation with sub-pel accuracy, and compares different interpolation filters for calculating the sub-pel values. Using a six tab Wiener filter, we observe a gain of up to 1.8 dB for the DVC coded frames.
Download Full PDF Version (Non-Commercial Use)


Vibration Monitoring Box Receives Key Approval
Hazardous Area Class 1 Division 2 approval; 8-channel junction box converts installed sensors to wireless operation
IMI Sensors (IMI), a division of PCB Piezotronics Inc., has received CSA approval of its Echo Wireless Vibration Monitoring System (model CS672A01) for vibration monitoring in Class 1 Division 2 Hazardous Area applications.
The new certification contains the following approval: Class I, Div. 2, Groups A, B, C and D, T4 (-20°C < Ta < 70 C).
The company said possible vibration monitoring applications include placement on motors, pumps and fans, especially those in remote, inaccessible and hazardous locations.
The wireless technology of the system supplements the collection of route-based data on healthy machines and allows plant operators to focus their manpower on higher value tasks such as fault analysis to diagnose unhealthy machinery, IMI said.
It also enables the collection of machine health monitoring data in hazardous areas, eliminating the need to collect routine measurements from dangerous places.
The 8-channel junction box instantly converts installed industrial sensors to wireless operation. The default transmission interval is 8 hours, but it is also user-programmable, IMI said.


Met launches network services tower procurement
Force commences tender for potential suppliers of telephony, WAN and call routing services under five year, £240m contract
The Mayor's Office for Policing and Crime (MOPAC) has issued a tender to provide the Metropolitan Police Service (MPS) with network communication services as part of the force's Total Technology Programme Infrastructure (TTPi) plan.
Under the proposed contract, which is valued between £100m and £240m, the contracting authority is looking for a range of services including telephony, WAN, LAN and a call-routing system that will support emergency and non-emergency calls.
TTPi was established to implement a service tower operating model for the delivery of ICT Services across the MPS and to procure replacement contracts that align with and support this model.
Set to run over an initial five year period, which can be extended for a further 24 months, the contract relates to the procurement of MPS' network tower component of the TTPi strategy.
"This procurement in structured into two lots: Lot A covers WAN, LAN, telephony, inter-network gateways and co-ordination of other suppliers in the network tower; including suppliers for the services that are not the subject of this procurement," said the tender notice. "Lot B covers provision and management of a call routeing system to support emergency and non-emergency calls." Mobile voice and data services are not however included within the scope of the procurement.
MOPAC is expected to consider separate contracts for each lot, or consider a single supplier for all of the required services sought through the tender.
Potential bidders have until October 16 to express interest in the contract, with invitations to tender (ITT) scheduled to be dispatched to selected candidates on December 7.
Once awarded, the introduction and delivery of the network services will be coordinated by MPS' Service Integration and Management (SIAM) supplier, which will appointed under a separate contract that went to market last December.
As part of the procurement of the MPS network tower, which is scheduled to be operational at the end of 2016, the force earlier this year held a number of supplier and industry engagements led by Public Services Network (PSN) trade association Innopsis.


The History of USSD and its entrance into Africa
If you asked a random person in the city of Lagos, Accra, or Nairobi what USSD was, you’d have as much chance of getting a correct answer as if you’d asked them whether they had seen snow before.
Despite being widespread in its use, Unstructured Supplementary Service Data (USSD) is not a recognisable term for most Africans. We know its different iterations e.g. telco recharge codes, bank codes, mobile money codes, etc. But the history and meaning of the term itself are somewhat of a foreign concept to most of us. And it’s not for a strange reason.
Although USSD has found a home in Africa, it is not an African invention—far from it.
The creation of USSD
To understand the origins of USSD, we have to go back to 1983 Europe, just as the mobile technology age was about to take off.
The year is 1983 and the European Union (EU) is debating what digital cellular voice communication standard to adopt for its member nations.
After much debate and 4 years of research, the Union settles on a standard called the GSM “Global System for Mobile Communications” in 1987. A year after, in 1988, the European Commission, the trade body that handles the business of the EU, created the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI). The ETSI’s job was to harmonize and standardize information and communications technology across the EU.
It was the ETSI that would go on to create the basis of USSD technology in March 1997. A couple of engineers from the Institute published a document titled GSM 02.90. The document covered a protocol for technical communications between mobile network operators’ computers and their users’ mobile devices.
Over the next few mobile phones began to take off, engineers realised that there would be a need for a protocol to facilitate easy communication between a user’s device and the network operator’s computers. This need resulted in the creation of the USSD protocol, developed from the recommendations of GSM 02.90.
Initially, the USSD protocol was only used for querying the mobile network operator’s computers for things like buying airtime, checking balance, etc.
USSD’s entrance into Africa
Africa’s colonial ties with Europe meant that when mobile technology would finally penetrate the continent in the early 2000s, the GSM was the standard adopted by most countries. This was despite the presence of competing technologies like the CDMA, which was used by the USA and Russia.
Other regions where mobile technology had penetrated earlier relied on post-paid plans to keep users connected, which meant users didn’t have to query the operators’ networks too often.
However, the lack of buying power in Africa meant that telcos had to innovate with sachetized prepaid plans to keep people connected. This also meant that African users had to query their operators’ networks more often than their counterparts in other regions. Telcos resorted to USSD so that people could recharge their phones and perform other functions.
That move heralded the popularity of USSD codes in Africa with codes like *556# for MTN Nigeria, *456# for Safaricom, and *100# for Vodacom becoming synonymous with mobile phone use.
USSD goes mainstream
In 2007, Safaricom launched M-PESA—a mobile phone-based money transfer, financing, and micro-financing service. Through a clever workaround, Safaricom allowed people to transfer money into their M-PESA wallets and withdraw it from a network of agents including airtime resellers and retail outlets acting as banking agents. This allowed people in underserved areas to access basic financial services at a rate they had not been able to before.
The internet had very minuscule penetration in Africa at the time, so Safaricom had to figure out a way to help users perform transactions. In Kenya, the company went with Sim Tool Kits (STKs), which are telco-owned apps that are auto-installed on every sim card. These apps are light and can easily be installed on feature phones. STKs proved to be a major hit with the Kenyan market with M-PESA users creating 2 million accounts in only the first year.
The resounding success of M-PESA in Kenya led to its launch in neighboring Tanzania in 2008 by Vodacom—an affiliate company of Safaricom. In Tanzania, Vodacom went with USSD instead of STKs. That also proved to be a resounding success and the herald of USSD’s success as the main tool for accessing digital financial services in Africa.
M-PESA’s success was copied, tried, and tested in different parts of Africa with differing levels of success. However, the utility of USSD to financial transactions only grew stronger even in places where mobile money did not succeed e.g. Nigeria, South Africa, etc.
In Nigeria, for instance, iterations of M-PESA’s mobile money were tried out, however, regulations and market peculiarities meant they never took off. Banks, however, succeeded in powering mobile banking through USSD codes with Fidelity Bank and GTBank pioneering the way in 2014.
While USSD did not begin as an original African invention, it has become synonymous with the continent. People across Africa rely on the technology to pay bills, perform banking transactions, recharge their phones, access insurance, and perform countless other kinds of transactions.


The Internet of Things (IoT) is – at its most profound levels – about creating digital representations of real-world objects. It is a phenomenon that draws on rapid developments within IT, ICT and telecommunications to spark insights and to help companies create entirely new types of services and business areas. Our IoT solutions
The future of Internet of Things
As we move into the Networked Society, there will be an expansion not only in the scale of connectivity, but more importantly, in its scope. This is also key to Ericsson’s vision of the Networked Society, in which connectivity and the IoT will be the jumping off points for entirely new ways to collaborate, innovate and socialize.


Steps is a simple 4 step voltage/gate sequencer. An external clock patched to the CLK input moves the sequencer along. An unquantized analog voltage is sent to the dual identical CV outputs. The amplitude of the CV signal is set with the corresponding knob.
Outputs G1 – G4 make up a simultaneous gate sequencer. These spit out a 5V gate during the corresponding step regardless of the CV knob position.
With the RST (reset) input, the sequencer can be forced to return to step 1 at anytime. This is activated via a small push-button switch, or with a CV signal. Ordinarily, the sequencer loops at 4 steps, but by patching a gate output into RST even smaller 2-3 step operation is possible.
The specific uses for this utility module are nearly unlimited, but some effective patches involve using this sequencer in combination with another sequencer to get longer musical phrases. Or for programmed pitch variations with drum modules, filters, etc…
- Eurorack 8hp
- current draw 10 mA @ +12V
- current draw 3 mA @ -12V
- CV output range 0 – 5V
- Inputs accept anything >2V as HIGH


LG Electronics India is planning this year to add 22,000 new retailers to its present tally of 18,000 dealers across the country to grab a major market share in the emerging handset market .This will present dealers network to 40,000 dealers.
“We have planned out an aggressive marketing strategy to market our products. This is the first step of our business strategy,” said H S Bhatia, National Product Group Head GSM Mobile Phones.
LG has also planned to open two brand shops in Delhi, which will be exclusively for marketing and promotion of mobile phones. “We are planning to increase the number of brand shops to 20 by 2006. The whole of Northeast and Jammu and Kashmir is an emerging market with cellcos flowing there to launch their services,” Bhatia added.
The company having lined up an array of new handsets to be launched by 2007, is planning to launch 21 new models during 2007. LG would be launching around seven 3G enabled phones once the government comes up with the policy for the operators.
“LG is accepted as the No.1 handset manufacturer of 3G handsets in Europe and America. We are optimist about the market here in India,” he added.


Overview of radar including physical principles, system components, the processing chain and typical applications. Detection and the radar equation including statistical detection theory and CFAR. Propagation, scattering and clutter including attenuation, radar cross section, target fluctuations and ground clutter for airborne radar. FMCW radars including the Doppler effect, pulse compression, ambiguities and OTHR radar systems. Matched filters for radar including examples and relation to detection theory. Pulsed radars including spectrum, ambiguities and ghosting and pulse Doppler radar. Radar waveforms and ambiguity functions and their role in system design. Antennas and phased arrays including beam-forming, direction of arrival estimation, adaptive arrays and STAP. Imaging and classification including SAR, ISAR and high range resolution radar.
Lecturer Prof. Douglas Gray, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Adelaide
- Dozent/in: Otmar Loffeld
Projektpräsentationen der 7 Teilprojekte des DFG-Forschungspaketes Dynamisches 3D-Sehen


How to fix “Failed to obtain IP address” error on Android
A wireless range expander increases the area your wireless network can cover. The IP address of a wireless range expander is important because it allows you to load up a Web-based access page remotely and edit important settings.
Without this access page you wouldn't be able to edit the setting or configurations. That is like having a personal computer but not being able to input any information.
Checking the local IP address of your Linksys router
Different manufacturers use different default IP addresses so this guide will teach you how to find static IP address. Set up the wireless range expander next to a personal computer with an Ethernet controller. Plug the Ethernet cable into the wireless range expander and then into the computer. Write down the numbers next to the options that say "Default Gateway.
When prompted, enter admin for the user name and password for the password, both in lower case letters. For some reason its not even assigning the default access address I will try your idea vaios Reset to factory defaults and reconfigure the AP.
Why am I getting the “Failed to obtain IP address” error?
The time that you spend in looking for the IP address, the AP has already been reconfigured twice To continue this discussion, please ask a new question. Heavy email load impacting Cloud Help Desk:. Get answers from your peers along with millions of IT pros who visit Spiceworks.
Any help as i don't want an open unsecured network going for long. Popular Topics in Wireless.
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Can't find a wireless access point's IP address after changing router IP/LAN settings - Super User
Have you checked the manufacturers support site yet? Vaios81 May 28, at UTC. Vaios81; never heard of "Fing", but looks like a great and handy tool. Verify your account to enable IT peers to see that you are a professional.
ignamant.cl/wp-includes/81/2093-buscar-ubicacion.php S May 28, at UTC. Lucas May 28, at UTC. For a phone app its actually very helpful : Don't know if they got something for desktops tbh. I tried the arp -a command.


RFID Technology: Introduction and Application
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology is one of the most promising and fastest growing auto-identification and data capture technologies currently. It serves to automatically identify objects, collect information about them, and transfer and record this information into a back end computer system where it can be further transformed into business intelligence. In this era where information technology is becoming increasingly advanced, where businesses are continuously improving their operation performance, and where customers are demanding faster service, it is essential to implement automatic identification systems, such as RFID, to streamline workflow and provide more accurate and timely service support. Find out more about RFID technology, its operating mechanisms, and the current application trends in this white paper.
Saving Lives with Intelligent In-Vehicle Systems
Approximately 1.2 million people die from traffic injuries and accidents each year. It has now become first priority for governments to ensure road safety and decrease fatalities through the implementation of in-vehicle emergency call systems. In the event of an accident, this system automatically dials the emergency number and utilizes GPS and wireless communication to transmit location information and crash status to related response centers for emergency support. Currently, the Pan-European eCall and the Russian ERA GLONASS are under development, and full scale operation will start in 2013. In addition to the direct benefit of saving lives and increasing emergency response times, the automotive and telecommunications industry may also benefit from the provision of new services based on the emergency call platform. Find out more about the eCall and ERA GLONASS and their impacts on the future telematics industry in this white paper.
Global Navigation Satellite Systems: The Present and the Future
‘Global Navigation Satellite System’, or ‘GNSS’ in short, is a generic term used for a constellation of satellites with worldwide coverage that function to send positioning and timing signals to receivers located on Earth. Devices integrated with GNSS receivers allow us to locate and be located on the world map. The most well known and mature system – GPS – is developed and maintained by the United States of America. However, as different nations look towards system independency, other GNSS such as GLONASS, GALILEO, and COMPASS are expected to mature soon. This white paper investigates these seperate systems and related fleet and asset management applications.


Google is all set to refresh one of the most widely employed internet service, Gmail in a few weeks. The Android and iOS clients both use Material Design, but the web client's interface hasn't been updated for years. Some of the features of the new Gmail were detailed in media reports. Gmail will let users configure expiration date for expiring mails such as a week, month, multiple years, and more.
Google is planning to redesign Gmail for the web with plans to integrate some of the features available on its mobile app, to make it more clean and user-friendly. It is still not clear whether the Gmail service users will be able to send the confidential/self-destructing emails to the other email platforms or not.
The new "confidential mode" button, as demonstrated by the text just above it in the screenshot, prevents emails from being forwarded, downloaded, copy/pasted, or printed. The recipient will not be able to take a print out of this email or can not copy/paste the content as well.
Uber acquires Brooklyn bicycle company for reported $100 million
In response to that feedback, Uber added a privacy setting so that drives can hide their earnings if they want. When Uber was launched it offered ride-sharing for its users who could summon transportation via the app.
While this technology may have a multitude of uses for Google's products such as improved voice detection of their smart-speakers or better voice recognition of users during Google Hangout chats, the security implications of this technology are also quite worrying. When someone receives an email sent with Confidential Mode, it will contain an embedded link that will allow them to view the secure content.
Expectedly, the updated Gmail could be on the lines of its mobile app. Users will be able to select a date when the email will expire, after which the receiver will no longer be able to see the email.
The Gmail web interface is set to be provided a fresh new makeover, G Suite admins are reported to have been informed. The message behind the link disappears after some time, but this doesn't mean that the intermediate email also disappears. It is unclear if the "confidential" expiring mails will be end-to-end encrypted.