Last year, I wrote an article about a DIY Network cabinet for my flat. This should be a central hub for all network connections and a nice clean space for all network devices such as routers, switches and NAS. This perfectly worked out while living in our flat but needed some adjustments when we moved into our house in late 2020.
As you may remember, one central part of the cabinet was a 24-port gigabit switch. To get the cables to the switch I used a cable throughput and a switching board (which basically are double CAT5 connectors) on the back. So, I had a lot of connectors on the back of the cabinet and only patch cables inside. This was due to the fact that I only had just a few cables coming from the outside. Mainly: One to the printer, one to my desk and one downstairs to the rest of my devices.
This has changed in the house! I wired the house with CAT5 cables, ending up with around 15 CAT5 cables all routing to the switch. So, I mounted the cable throughput I previously had above the switch on the back, where the switching board was. Then, I added a patch panel below the switch. After adding keystones to all cables, and using couplings for the internal devices, I managed to get all devices connected to the patch panel and from there with patch panel to the switch.
The patch cables I used were 15 and 25 cm long – just in case someone has the same issue and tries finding the right length cables. By this I can scale the network cabinet, which is now located in the basement, to serve my whole house. For this, also the FritzBox router now moved inside the cabinet as it does not provide WiFi to the rest of the house anymore. For this I now use multiple Ubiquiti WiFi access points and a Ubiquiti controller located throughout the hose.
Have you built something similar, have questions or comments, share them in the comments below.


The key conditions of the proposed development agreement are:
1) The Development Agreement requires the Mill Farm Partners, L.L.C- to build a 32-unit affordable multi-family complex in the View Point subdivision in Pella with a construction investment of approximately $5.2m million. The units will be Section 42 Housing with half of the units ADA-accessible.
2) The Development Agreement requires the developer to maintain units as Section 42 Housing for at least 30 years. In addition, the agreement restricts the Mill Farm Partners from converting any of the units to
Section 8 Housing prior to the termination date of the agreement which is December 31, 2043.
3) The Development Agreement authorizes property tax: rebates through tax increment financing over a fifteen year period time up to a maximum of $290,000. In addition, the agreement also includes development fee waivers of up to $20,000 (i.e. building permit fee, engineering review fees, etc.).
In other business
-Council approved a resolution for Change Order No. 3 for the Sents Creek Equalization Basin and Lift Station No. 2 Improvements. This resolution approves Change Order No. 3 in the amount of $32,115.53 with C.L. Carroll Co. Change Order No, 3 contains 9 items that were design improvements made during construction and quantity adjustments that were not known prior to starting construction.
-Council approved a resolution accepting Professional Services Agreement between The City of Pella and DeWild Grant
Reckert and Associates Company (DGR) in Connection with the Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) Upgrades in the amount of $58,700 for the design of electrical relays and communication processors for the City’s 12.5kV distribution system to allow them to communicate with the City’s electrical SCADA system thru the electric utility’s fiber optic network. An electrical relay is a protective device that signals the electrical breaker when to open. The advantage of having the relays communicate across fiber is that it will provide enhanced protection and the ability to clear electrical faults and other problems on the system in more timely fashion than we are currently able to. Staff also believes by enhancing communication between the relays we will improve coordination, thereby improving system reliability.


Listen to your favourite music or podcast on the go with these wireless earbuds from Akai. Featuring a built in charging case to ensure power on the go for up to 3-4 hours play time.
The clever case will automatically charge the earbuds when not being used and the lightweight, ergonomic design makes them great for those wishign to travel light.
Featuring Bluetooth technology which can transmit up to 10m so no need to carry your phone during your workout.
With simple touchpad features which allow you to answer, end or reject calls as well as play/skip songs and adjust the volume.


|RS-6 Receiver Frequency Spotting Modification|
|Overview: The RS-6 does not have a spotting function. By adding a small momentary push switch you can find your transmitter frequency on the receiver. The B Plus Path is described below. You might want to read some of path description before accomplishing the simple modification. The Receiver modification is below in the last paragraph.|
NOTE: The toggle switch S-301 on the filter Accessory Unit controls the B + for receive and and transmit. During transmit the RS-6 receiver is inoperative.
B Plus Path with S301 TOGGLE SWITCH ON TRANS:
The 415 Volt source from the power supply enters the filter unit at connector PL3 pin 3 and then is connected to terminal 1 of the toggle switch-- In Transmit this switches the HV is switched to to terminal 3 of the switch.
Terminal 3 then goes to the TRANS socket SO5 terminal pin 2. PIN 2 is inner connected inside the transmitter to transmitter PL 5 Pin 6. Pin 6 then supplies B+ back to the Filter Accessory Unit TRANS socket SO5 pin 6 which then feeds terminal 4 of the toggle switch. (Wonder what rocket scientist did this?)
Terminal 4 of the toggle switch then feeds the B + through choke L301 and then goes to terminal 2 of the toggle switch.
In transmit TRANS mode terminal 2 of the toggle switch feeds terminal 5 of the switch which then goes to pin 3 of the TRANS power socket which then finally feeds the B+ circuit for the transmitter. (Your government tax dollars at work.)
The RS-6 radio system depends on the interconnect present in the transmitter between pins 2 and 6. Since the B+ is removed from the receiver you can not zero beat or hear any signal.
B Plus Path with S301 TOGGLE SWITCH ON RECVR:
The 415 volt line goes to terminal 1 of the toggle switch and connects to terminal 4 of the toggle switch which feeds the TRANS SO5 pin 6 which is again inter connected to pin 2 which then returns to the toggle switch terminal 3 which due to the position of the switch is now open.(Wow)
Terminal 4 of the toggle switch also feeds through
the choke L301 to terminal 2 of the toggle switch which due to the position
of the switch in RECVR goes to terminal 6 of the toggle switch and then
feeds the top of the resistor R301 and R303 for the VR's which supply
B+ to the receiver. Terminal 6 also goes to the pin 4 of the TRANS SOS
plug feeding the transmitter pin 4 which goes to the relay. Since the
relay closes during a transmitter condition when the toggle switch is
switched to transmit (the key is up and not closed ) the flow of B+ stops
Receiver Spotting Modification:
You may enable receiver spotting by modifying the wiring on the Filter Accessory Unit. It will be necessary to temporary jumper terminal 5 of the S301 toggle to provide High Voltage to terminal 6 of the toggle switch. Use a momentary push button switch such as a small micro switch. In the photo of the Filter Accessory Unit the white "spotting" wires are going to the toggle switch, Terminals 5 and 6 on the toggle switch are the ones closest to the VR tubes.


iHoment Photo Frame
How to start?
Plug in power, and press the start button until it open.
How to setup?
When it opens, download mobile app or use device to register, log in, then it is ready to use.
What kind of phone model does it compatible and where to download mobile app?
The ihoment mobile APP is compatible with iOS 7.0 or later for iPhone and Android 4.1 or later. iSO user can download mobile app by searching “ihoment” at Apple App Store. Android user can go to ihoment website (www.ihoment.com/app) to download apk file and setup.
What is the requirement for Internet?
There is no particular requirement for WIFI. Normal Internet can be used. Ihoment can self-adjust according to the network speed. When the network connection is poor, ihoment can adjust the video quality automatically.
How to adjust the volume when using the device?
No matter it is the ihoment or mobile app, you can always swipe screen up and down to adjust volume.
What is one button off the video?
It is the side button of ihoment. When you press the “Off” button, the camera is disabled and you can’t be seen or called and baby cry function is also end.
Why there is a black screen when I have video chat and I can’t be heard?
It is because you are not authorized ihoment to use your camera or microphone when you setup ihoment device. IPhone users need to go to “Setting-Privacy-Camera/Microphone” to authorize. There are some differences of system setting for Android users depend on different brands of phone. For example, Samsung users can go to “Setting- Applications” to authorize ihoment in the authorization page.
Why there comes some noisy voice when I have video or audio chat?
If ihoment device and mobile phone are in the same room when they are connection, there will be some noisy voice, and this noise will have bad interference on users.
Why some parts of the image are not clear when use mobile app to watch video?
Use paper to clean ihoment camera lens and try to keep it clean.
Why ihoment device can’t find WIFI signal at home?
ihoment supports 2.4 G WiFi under 802.11 b/g/n protocol. And make sure ihoment device is within the coverage area of WiFi.
What if ihoment device can’t connect to Internet?
Make sure your home WiFi works well. Maybe your network service has been expired, or your router is unstable and need to be restarted.
How to connect to traditional camera?
Cameras that within the network are shown in the camera list, choose anyone you like to connect. If you can’t find the camera in the list, you can also manually input the name and address of the camera.
What types of files can be supported by ihoment?
Images and Videos
Why my storage devices can be recognized by ihoment?
Ihoment can support SD and USB device. The maximum expanded storage is 64G. If your device is qualified, make sure that your device is not broken.
How to use voice recognition?
You can use your amazon account to log in on ihoment device to authorize Alexa to control ihoment, at the same time, you can also use ihoment voice recognition function to control device.
Where can I buy on-line?
You can buy ihoment on Amazon. The link is: www.amazon.com


EmTroniX is designing and producing turnkey solutions for the space and automotive industry. We are also developing generic electronics that might be used in lots of applications.
These products are developed and manufactured following our customer demand for standard and flexible solutions.
Since 2008, EmTroniX has increasingly invested in the space sector, contributing to lots of projects in the new space industry. We are glad to be able to say our products have been sent around the Moon, soon to Mars and asteroids!
Our latest product development is the LNB board - a key element in satellite communication that can be customized according to our customer needs.
The automotive industry is EmTroniX historical field of expertise. Its founders coming from this sector, we have been able to understand very quickly the automotive manufacturers' expectations and to provide them with highly reliable devices.
These equipment are designed to help them during each step of their product development (from test bench to product lines).
EmTroniX is also developing general electronics that can be adapted to different needs and industries.
This goes from a FMC module with a Quad channel ADC to products developed in partnership with other companies as with Sigfox to help farmers harvesting at the right time by collecting data from the ground.


In a GSM network, when a Mobile Station (MS) is switched on, the International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) attach procedure is executed. This procedure is required for the Mobile Switching Center(MSC) and Visitor Location Register (VLR) to register the MS in the network. If the MS has changed Location area (LA) while it was powered off the IMSI attach procedure will lead to a Location update.
When the MS is switched on, it searches for a mobile network to connect to. Once the MS identifies its desired network, it sends a message to the network to indicate that it has entered into an idle state. The Visitor Location Register (VLR) checks its database to determine whether there is an existing record of the particular subscriber.
If no record is found, the VLR communicates with the subscriber’s Home Location Register (HLR) and obtains a copy of the subscription information. The obtained information is stored in the database of the VLR. Then an acknowledge message is sent to the MS. Steps for IMSI attach procedure are as follows:
1.The MS will send a Channel Request message to the BSS on the RACH.
2. The BSS responds on the AGCH with an Immediate Assignment message and assigns an SDCCH to the MS.
3. The MS immediately switches to the assigned SDCCH and sends a Location Update Request to the BSS. The MS will send either an IMSI or a TMSI to the BSS.
4. The BSS will acknowledge the message. This acknowledgement only tells the MS that the BTS has received the message, it does not indicate the location update has been processed.
5. The BSS forwards the Location Update Request to the MSC/VLR.
6. The MSC/VLR forwards the IMSI to the HLR and requests verification of the IMSI as well as Authentication Triplets.
7. The HLR will forward the IMSI to the Authentication Center (AuC) and request authentication triplets.
8. The AuC generates the triplets and sends them along with the IMSI, back to the HLR.
9. The HLR validates the IMSI by ensuring it is allowed on the network and is allowed subscriber services. It then forwards the IMSI and Triplets to the MSC/VLR.
10. The MSC/VLR stores the SRES and the Kc and forwards the RAND to the BSS and orders the BSS to authenticate the MS.
11. The BSS sends the MS an Authentication Request message to the MS. The only parameter sent in the message is the RAND.
12. The MS uses the RAND to calculate the SRES and sends the SRES back to the BSS on the SDCCH in an Authentication Response. The BSS forwards the SRES up to the MSC/VLR.
13. The MSC/VLR compares the SRES generated by the AuC with the SRES generated by the MS. If they match, then authentication is completed successfully.
14. The MSC/VLR forwards the Kc for the MS to the BSS. The Kc is NOT sent across the Air Interface to the MS. The BSS stores the Kc and forwards the Set Cipher Mode command to the MS. The CIPH_MOD_CMD only tells the MS which encryption to use (A5/X), no other information is included.
15. The MS immediately switches to cipher mode using the A5 encryption algorithm. All transmissions are now enciphered. It sends a Ciphering Mode Complete message to the BSS.
16. The MSC/VLR sends a Location Updating Accept message to the BSS. It also generates a new TMSI for the MS. TMSI assignment is a function of the VLR. The BSS will either send the TMSI in the LOC_UPD_ACC message or it will send a separate TMSI Reallocation Command message. In both cases, since the Air Interface is now in cipher mode, the TMSI is not compromised.
17. The MS sends a TMSI Reallocation Complete message up to the MSC/VLR.
18. The BSS instructs the MS to go into idle mode by sending it a Channel Release message. The BSS then deassigns the SDCCH.
19. The MSC/VLR sends an Update Location message to the HLR. The HLR records which MSC/VLR the MS is currently in, so it knows which MSC to point to when it is queried for the location of the MS.
IMSI detach is the process of detaching a MS from the mobile network to which it was connected. The IMSI detach procedure informs the network that the Mobile Station is switched off or is unreachable.
At power-down the MS requests a signaling channel. Once assigned, the MS sends an IMSI detach message to the VLR. When the VLR receives the IMSI detach-message, the corresponding IMSI is marked as detached by setting the IMSI detach flag. The HLR is not informed of this and the VLR does not acknowledge the MS about the IMSI detach.
If the radio link quality is poor when IMSI detach occurs, the VLR may not properly receive the IMSI-detach request. Since an acknowledgment message is not sent to the MS, it does not make further attempts to send IMSI detach messages. Therefore the GSM network considers the MS to be still attached.
Implicit IMSI detach
The GSM air-interface, designated Um, transmits network-specific information on specific broadcast channels. This information includes whether the periodic location update is enabled. If enabled, then the MS must send location update requests at time intervals specified by the network. If the MS is switched off, having not properly completed the IMSI detach procedure, the network will consider the MS as switched off or unreachable if no location update is made. In this situation the VLR performs an implicit IMSI detach.


WHAT IS A CLOUD VoIP?
Cloud-based phone systems have become very popular otherwise also known as internet calling, hosted PBX, or Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP). It is because of the increase in the universality of cloud storage across all aspects of a business.
A cloud VoIP is a phone service that allows you to make calls over the internet rather than a traditional analog phone that uses copper wires or optical fibers to make a connection.
VoIP will allow you to make or receive calls anywhere as long as there is an internet connection. You can call from a variety of devices such as your laptop, smartphone, tablet, or desktop computer. Also, you can use the same business phone number anywhere for both making and receiving calls. There are still more you can get when your business transitions into a hosted VoIP option.
HOSTED VoIP vs. TRADITIONAL PHONE SYSTEM
A lot of businesses are shifting to hosted phone systems because of the convenience. Another attractive feature is its low cost compared to its counterpart. If you want to determine if VoIP is the right solution for your business? Here is a comparison to the traditional phone lines.
Traditional telephones work by connecting phone systems to the public network. It is usually housed by the business itself, in an equipment room, or phone closet. These networks use ISDN or PSTN.
In more modern setups the traditional phones can work through VoIP. This uses the current phone lines with the existing internet connections. Because it only uses the internal network, calls on the same network do not have to use the internet. This would be a good choice if the company has a large amount of intra-company calls from the same geographical location.
Cloud VoIP takes the concept further. The phones are not routed through the traditional networks at all. Thus, it allows you to make calls over the internet instead of using traditional LAN lines. Hence, any computing device can use cloud calling for voice communication.
A network provider will handle all the necessary technologies you need. The service provider is always upgrading the back end and firmware upgrades.
CLOUD VoIP FEATURES
There are many features cloud-based phone systems have to offer. Analog phones can be somewhat limited in their features, while cloud phones can add and update features as they become available. These are some of the features.
- Cloud communication is the complete bundle of communication services. It includes telephony, instant messaging, video conferencing, and any other form of communication. All this is included in the bundle.
- A unified communications solution consolidates your business phone system, voicemail, instant message or chat, video conferencing, and faxing. Aside from that, it can also integrate with email, web apps, social media, and tools like a CRM.
- Working remotely needs a business to have an easy and reliable video conferencing solution. Many cloud-based phone systems offer video conferencing as part of their packages, so you don’t have to pay extra for it as an add-on feature.
- These cloud phones are internet-based so you do not get long-distance charges when you receive international calls. Long-distance and international calling are included as free features in most cloud phone packages. This is a good feature that will save you from spending more.
- This feature enables users to receive or place calls on multiple devices from the same number. When the work number is called, both the user’s desk and smartphone, for example, will ring, and the user can choose which one to answer. You can also transfer calls between devices.
- Cloud system providers are using AI to provide customer service and perform functions like speech-to-text and sentiment analysis. This saves manual labor and will let employees do other tasks.
- Instant messaging is text-based communication. It allows for real-time communication that can be run through several devices, including desktop computers and smartphones. Instant messaging adds a layer of communication that is responsive and leaves information in writing that can be referenced later.
- Call forwarding enables you to forward incoming calls to your cell phone or any other number you want. It takes calls to one number and redirects them to another line. Cloud-based call forwarding essentially works just like traditional call forwarding.
- Have you heard an automated voice menu that you often use in business calls? That is an auto attendant. With auto-attendant, it helps reduce the communication workload of persons in the business. Once the calls are properly directed, individuals can take calls or further automation services can resolve issues (e.g., voicemail).
- Collaboration tools include file sharing, video or audio conferencing. Also, it includes real-time project contributions and other tools that help people work together without being in the same room or country.
- Voicemail-to-email transcribes a voicemail and sends it as an audio file to an email address. This allows the recipient to access their voicemail without using a voice mailbox. The emailed file is accessible with a wider range of devices. Typically, it will not clog or exceed data limitations. It allows the recipient to revisit the voicemail for as long as necessary.
- Cloud integrations combine a large number of resources into a single cloud package or suite. The same service provider that allows for large-scale data storage and analytics can also handle voice calls. By consolidating services through integrated platforms, powerful tools are made accessible and easy to use.
BENEFITS OF A CLOUD VoIP
Forget about the days of running sixteen cables through your building for each workstation, or of trying to workspace around the phone lines.
With Cloud VoIP phones, you can plug an ethernet cord in the phone and the other one into the computer. Both of the systems get internet. That will save you the problem of finding the exact spot in your office where both the internet and phone cords reach.
Also, you don’t need to worry about your phone when unprecedented circumstances happen. Phone service continues as usual, and administrators can reroute calls to best suit operations. Isn’t it great?
Undoubtedly, VoIP systems are equipped with all the standard features of phone systems. Also, it has additional features like integrated mobile apps, voicemail, and email integration, call recording, conferencing, interoffice paging, on-hold music, unlimited calling, directory assistance, and many more.
Good thing, every user’s phone can be customized. Cloud VoIP phone systems come packaged with an online portal. Each phone can have user-specific quick dials, ring groups, and much more.
There are also a host of management features offered with a Cloud VoIP system. These include an admin panel where a qualified user can access call logs, a call flow system, reporting, user-specific information, and extension customization.
VoIP additional lines are affordable and simple to set up. These are very helpful in scaling up the growth of your business.
With Cloud VoIP phone systems, it improves productivity and the ability for your employees to communicate effortlessly wherever they are working. Moreover, the improvements are because the phone system supports cloud-based business applications and teleconferencing tools.
Indeed, a cloud VoIP is a cost saver. It saves the costs on the installation, monthly fees, and maintenance. Aside from that, Cloud VoIP systems are the cheapest phone solutions on the market today. Truly, it is a huge help especially for those who are still starting.
READY FOR IT?
During this uncertain time, many small to medium-sized businesses are struggling to keep up. A lot of industries have been affected during this pandemic. As a result of this global health crisis, many people are working from their homes. They opt for extendiorporate phone communications to so many locations. For smaller IT departments, it can be a real challenge. For this year, given those possible situations, it is right to consider moving to a cloud-based phone system.
Do not settle with an out-of-date and expensive system. Your organization could embrace a whole new remarkable idea of running a business.


In summer 2015 we moved the scoreboard to a new custom built shed, which housed a new solar panel power supply. As part of the commissioning project, we needed to replace the d-link wireless access point that used a 12v AC (weird!) power supply to a tp-link wireless access point that would work at 12v DC.
As we are using DNS allow the laptop to connect to the Raspberry PI, we need to setup the wireless controller DHCP settings to distribute the IP address of the Pi.
Other than that, nothing complex is required from the wireless access point, other than it needs a LAN port to plug the Raspberry Pi in to. We suggest setting up WPA2 security on the wireless network, which makes sure that only the scorer can connect to the scoreboard URL.


TC-Electronic Creates Dedicated Stereo Loudness Solution for TV, Radio & Mobile
(Risskov, Denmark, 28 August 2014) Leading loudness authority TC Electronic announces the arrival of Loudness Pilot, a new multiple stereo and mono loudness controller and true-peak limiter.
Loudness Pilot has been designed specifically for TV and Radio stations with a fit-for-purpose design featuring two stereo audio tracks. Now, busy broadcasters can find peace of mind on a focused unit, fully compliant with all major loudness and broadcast standards. TC Electronic has priced Loudness Pilot so that uncompromised audio processing is within reach of all users.
"With our new Loudness Pilot you get outstanding loudness processing for stereo and can evolve with the standards without breaking the budget." -Thomas Valter, V.P. of Business Management, Broadcast & Production at TC Electronic.
Meeting the Challenges of Local & Regional
Broadcasters often need to transmit two signals simultaneously in different languages. Loudness Pilot transforms this into an effortless process, on a single unit - with all of the dual redundancy features welcomed by users across the industry. The unit even automatically switches over to another audio-stream, should a secondary language not be available. It launches with five different versions: SDI 1, 2 or 3 streams and AES balanced or unbalanced.
When transmitting both to TV and to a mobile platform simultaneously, Loudness Pilot delivers a signal fully compliant with TV standards - optimizing the signal to the mobile platform at the same time.
"If you have to stream to a mobile platform your signal will probably need to be a bit louder. In the absence of set standards for this area, we recommend that broadcasters aim at -16 LUFS/LKFS for this signal. You can set Loudness Pilot perfectly for each of your transmissions."
Peace of Mind and Pricing - Within Reach
Loudness Pilot is purpose built and its focused design in both the SDI and AES versions also includes the option to add the renowned TC Loudness Radar Meter and 24/7 logging as a separate license.
It is also packed with dual redundancy features so that the signal will never be in jeopardy. Not only are there dual fuses and dual fans - there are also dual power inputs and a Relay Bypass feature (on both SDI and AES versions) that passes the stream directly from input to output no matter what happens.
TC Electronic has long been involved in setting international loudness standards with uncompromised audio processing. Loudness Pilot harnesses this technology with masterful algorithms that preserve the details of broadcast audio.
Loudness Pilot Main Features
- Quality Loudness Control - from Recognized Loudness Authority Developers at TC Electronic
- Dual Stereo on SDI or AES - for Dual Language Content or Two Simultaneous Platforms
- The Ultimate in "Fail-Safe" - with Dual Power, Dual Fuses, Dual Fans, and Relay Bypass, plus automatic switchover to another audio-stream
- Evolving with the Standards - Compliant with all major broadcast standards, including ITU BS.1770-3, ATSC A/85, EBU R128, ARIB TR-B32, OP-59 and more. Today as well as tomorrow
- Radar Meter Option - Instant overview of Loudness History, Momentary Loudness, True-peak Level, Program Loudness and Loudness Range


Virgin Media has announced that it is extending its network and connecting up to 1,200 homes and businesses in Portadown.
As part of its ‘Project Lightning’ network expansion programme, the company is expanding its ultrafast broadband network across Northern Ireland.
Work is underway already with completion expected by the end of 2019.
Lord Mayor of Armagh, Banbridge and Craigavon, Councillor Julie Flaherty, said: “This is brilliant news. We are delighted to see ultrafast broadband being rolled out to up to 1,200 homes and businesses in the area.
“Whatever you do online can be done better with fibre broadband so investing in a network with speeds more than 16 times faster than the current average is a tremendous boost. Good connectivity is essential in the modern world with the rise of on-line services, it allows businesses and homes to make the most of the internet.”


By Bruce Schechter
Personal Area Network Technology Permits Individuals to Pass Identifying Information to Other People and to Machines Simply by Touching Them
Technology under development at IBM’s Almaden Research Center is designed to pass digital information between two individuals or between an individual and a device via a simple touch. To develop such personal area networks, or PANs, Almaden scientist Thomas G. Zimmerman developed technology that, in effect, transforms the human body into a copper cable. Zimmerman foresees initial use of PANs to identify people to devices that they own, such as automobiles and telephones.
A gentle touch. A firm handshake. A pat on the back. A lingering caress. All can communicate an enormous amount of emotion, understanding and compassion from one person to another. Now, Thomas G. Zimmerman, a scientist at IBM’s Almaden Research Center, has demonstrated how a touch can also be used to communicate unemotional digital information.
When businessmen equipped with Zimmerman’s technology shake hands, tiny computers in their pockets automatically exchange business cards across a fleshy personal area network, or PAN. As part of a PAN, a person would be instantly known to properly equipped cars or telephones, eliminating the need for keys or coins. Merely touching the telephone receiver or the car’s door handle would establish a data link across which identifying information could flow.
“Imagine a world,” Zimmerman says, “where everything is open to you and available to you.” PANs make this a possibility by allowing the human body to be a network across which electronic devices can freely communicate.
Wacky world of electronic invention
Zimmerman has been musing about the interaction of humans and computers since 1982 when, as he puts it, he “first surfaced in the wacky world of electronic invention.” His debut invention was spectacular: the data glove, the staple of virtual reality that first allowed humans to reach into cyberspace. He worked for Atari for a while before going off to found several companies, including the virtual reality pioneer VPL Research, which he started up with Jaron Lanier. Eventually, he was drawn to MIT’s Media Lab, where “all these cool things were happening under one roof.” There, he would be serendipitously led to the invention of the personal area network.
Some of the coolest things, Zimmerman soon discovered, were taking place in Neil Gershenfeld’s Physics and Media Group. Gershenfeld had been working with the renowned cellist Yo Yo Ma on ways in which technology could expand the expressive capabilities of his instrument. Gershenfeld was searching for a way to measure the details of Ma’s bowing and fingering without interfering with his instrument.
Gershenfeld hit on a method known as near-field coupling. In essence he placed electrical antennas on Ma’s cello and bow. Pairs of these antennas formed capacitors. As Ma moved his bow across his instrument, he changed the capacitance of the circuit. By measuring the capacitance it was possible to determine the position of Ma’s bow accurately.
In effect, Gershenfeld converted Ma’s bow into a computer mouse. The only problem was that a hand placed between the antennas also affected the capacitance, interfering with the position measurement. The interference problem had Gershenfeld baffled. At this point Zimmerman joined the group and discovered the source of the interference. With the help of a rubber glove stuffed with hamburger meat, he demonstrated that some of the signal was passing through the human body.
This human interference proved advantageous when the magicians Penn and Teller came to the Media Lab looking for some high-tech tricks. Penn wanted to baffle his audiences by playing a set of “air drums.” Zimmerman and Gershenfeld decided to use Penn’s body as one of the antennas in the system by having him sit on a chair with an electrode built into its seat. Four antennas suspended in front of the chair allowed Penn to play 128 different, invisible drums. The audience was amazed.
Making devices communicate
The final inspiration came when another group at the Media Lab asked Zimmerman and Gershenfeld to help develop a network that could connect all the devices a gadget-hungry person might carry. As electronic devices have become steadily smaller and cheaper, many people now walk around adorned with a half dozen or more information and communication devices – pagers, cell phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), wristwatches and electronic games.
“None of these devices can talk to any of the others, which is both inconvenient and inefficient. A page comes in and the silicon-laden recipient has to reach into a pocket, read the number, perhaps punch it into a PDA to find out who is calling and then punch it into a cellular phone. In effect, he or she is devoting considerable mental capabilities to emulating an extremely low-bandwidth communication network.”
Zimmerman and Gershenfeld saw that modulating the electrical signal flowing through Penn’s body in the air drum trick – for example, turning it on to represent a 1 and off to represent a 0 – could enable the body to carry digital information. Using low frequency and low power would ensure that the signal would not propagate very far beyond the body; thus, only devices worn by the user, or by people or devices in direct contact with the user, could detect it. The current involved is extremely tiny and totally unnoticed by the user, whose body has been transformed into a meaty version of a copper cable: a personal area network.
“The near-field effect used to make PAN possible has many advantages over other methods of short-range wireless communication. Even low-powered radio waves travel far enough to make eavesdropping and interference a real problem. Since the human body acts like a bag of salt water and shadows radio waves, a device on your lapel might not be able to communicate with one in your back pocket. In addition, the radio spectrum is already crowded, and the licensing requirements for radio communications are complex and vary from country to country. Infrared communication is limited by line of sight.”
Zimmerman understood that security is a serious problem for PANs. Touching a person equipped with a PAN is like tapping a phone line. This is an advantage when an exchange of information is desired, but a problem when privacy is important. Since coming to IBM in 1995, Zimmerman has collaborated with Almaden’s Prabhakar Raghavan and Don Coppersmith of the Thomas J. Watson Research Center to develop a security method using encryption that makes the PAN data look like a stream of random bits to would-be eavesdroppers.
CEOs holding hands
The version of the PAN that Zimmerman has been showing off is about the size of a pack of cigarettes. On the back of the PAN devices are metal plates, one of which must face the body while the other faces outward to establish a ground connection with the earth. The bandwidth of the PAN is relatively small, about that of a low-speed modem. That’s not sufficient to transmit video but more than enough to carry identification, financial or medical information.
At a recent show, Zimmerman enlisted several CEOs from some of the world’s largest corporations to hold hands, forming one of the highest-priced data networks in history. Information on the card of the CEO on one end of the network flowed through the intervening bodies and was detected by the card at the far end.
High-tech business cards are unlikely to be the first applications of PANs. For that to catch on, it will be necessary for almost everyone to be equipped with the cards. Instead, Zimmerman believes that PANs will be used to identify people to devices. “Imagine a thing like this,” he says, fishing a credit-card-sized device from his pocket. “It just sits in my wallet and I never take it out. I pick up a pay phone and it autodials my calling card number. So I dial the phone just as if it were my home phone. An ATM machine is just my top drawer at home with the cash in it. You just grab your car door and open it. It’s really locked; but as soon as you grab it, the PAN uploads your ID, the car acknowledges that it’s you and it unlocks.”
Information, in Zimmerman’s vision, will become contagious, flowing freely from person to person and computer to computer. By doing so, it will give a new twist on what it means to keep in touch.
Bruce Schechter is a science writer based in Los Angeles. He is currently writing a book on the life and times of Paul Erdös.
Check also this article
Propagation Characteristics of Intra-body Communications for Body Area Networks
Human body as a communication medium : DigInfo


Accepting that 5G will likely be a complement rather than a replacement for 4G for some time will further help prevent unnecessary technology upgrades if the enterprise can already access the required performance from existing networks
The potential performance benefits of 5G networks intrigue enterprises, but service providers have provided few granular details about the availability and full specifications of existing and planned 5G coverage, compatible endpoints and planned 5G corporate service plan structures, reports Gartner.
“This opacity raises the risk of enterprise buyers acquiring proprietary or early-stage 5G services at premium prices and with limited usability, or delaying inordinately their planning for 5G services to support roadmapped projects that might benefit from the technology,” writes Gartner analyst Bill Menezes.
In a recent research, Menezes lists basic questions corporate buyers should ask mobile service providers or resellers when evaluating or discussing the potential benefits of 5G-based services that are already available, or will emerge over the next four years.
These questions were based on the assumption that by next year, 7 per cent of communications service providers (CSPs) across the globe will have a commercially viable wireless 5G service, shown significant progress from 5G proofs of concept or started commercial network construction.
Question 1: ‘What will we need 5G for?’
Ask carriers to provide detailed specifications on the performance, throughput and endpoint capabilities offered by their 5G solutions, and the timescales to deliver these, advises Gartner
Avoid “5G washing”, which Gartner describes as non-5G-based services as part of a “5G ecosystem”. These may include services based on combinations of licensed, unlicensed and shared spectrum bands.
“Accepting that 5G will likely be a complement rather than a replacement for 4G for some time will further help prevent unnecessary technology upgrades if the enterprise can already access the required performance from existing networks,” says Gartner.
Question 2: ‘Where and when can we get 5G?’
Gartner advises “lifting the uncertainty over 5G availability” by requiring mobile carriers to provide detailed terms and data on current and planned coverage, timelines for endpoint types and availability, and specifics about corporate plan structures.
Ask for terms similar to those offered for 4G services, such as “zero rating” of applications that will not count against monthly usage caps and limits on certain types of usage, such as using a 5G smartphone as a mobile hotspot.
Question 3: ‘What will 5G cost us?’
Avoid paying a premium for 5G services compared with 4G Long Term Evolution (LTE) by asking carriers to provide current and planned rate plans, plus their approach for applying available corporate discounts to 5G purchasing, says Gartner.
Enterprises should also compare available 4G performance with available 5G performance at needed locations.
Corporate buyers are advised to negotiate for 5G services to be included in standard 4G LTE corporate handheld device plans for no additional fee. This mirrors the approach that service providers generally took after launching 4G LTE service, says Gartner.
Question 4: 'How will 5G perform?'
Gartner says service providers have promoted 5G as a “game-changing” service suitable for high-risk use cases where network performance failures could prove costly or catastrophic.
Given this, and despite cellular service providers’ past reluctance to offer network SLAs, buyers should require SLAs with significant penalties for nonconformance, says Gartner.
The SLA should include key performance indicators on data download and upload speeds, end-to-end latency, jitter, network availability, or other metrics relevant to the required performance of applications that are reliant on a 5G connection.
Moreover, where service providers are proposing 5G to replace existing, mature technologies such as a wireless LAN, businesses should ask for SLAs relevant to the performance of specific applications that are currently on the WLAN, says Gartner.
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Nowdays is pretty common to transfer data between web applications via Web Services to clients that require information on different interfaces such as REST, XMLRPC, JSON, JSON-RPC, SOAP and others.
Lets imagine the following scenery: we have a frontend application using the domain http://a.com and this application wants to use data provided by a backend site located in domain http://b.com. For security this type of communication is blocked and the end user will be only able to get the information from http://a.com, this scenario is exemplified in the following image.
To enable this kind of communication is requiered that your backed server (http//b.com) returns the specific HTTP Headers to enable CORS comunication. Below you can see an example of HTTP Header required.
Access-Control-Allow-Credentials:true Access-Control-Allow-Headers:X-CSRF-Token Access-Control-Allow-Methods:POST,ADD,GET,PUT,DELETE,OPTIONS Access-Control-Allow-Origin:http://localhost:8080
The header Access-Control-Allow-Credentials is only used if your request require some kind of authentication. You can read more information about all HTTP Headers at Access Controls - CORS.


The Internet has run out of unused IPv4 addresses. Some regions of the world still have some local supply left but it is a matter of time until those supplies run out as well. IPv6 is the protocol designed to solve the address shortage and to eventually replace IPv4. Until that happens IPv4 and IPv6 will be used side by side because many existing systems still need IPv4 to function.
IPv4 is currently still needed but there are not enough IPv4 addresses. That means that to be able to use IPv4 the addresses have to be shared with NAT. When providing content to the Internet the use of NAT by the internet service provider on the side of the user can have a negative impact.
This document shows how to IPv6-enable content to avoid or mitigate that impact.
Content providers currently can use the IPv4 addresses of their audience for several purposes, including:
Analyzing visitor behaviour
Security / auditing
When internet service providers use more and more IPv4 NAT, which is inevitable, the content provider loses such functionality. In addition to this it makes the visitor’s experience dependent on the quality, capacity and availability of the service provider’s NAT devices.
When content providers make their content available over both IPv4 and IPv6 these problems can be mitigated. Modern web browsers choose the protocol that works best for the user, so having two protocols available increases the likelihood of a good user experience. There is usually also a preference for IPv6 over IPv4. When offering both protocols the user will start using IPv6 when possible, which avoids the drawbacks mentioned about IPv4 NAT.
The downside of supporting two protocols is that it does require some extra effort, but when using the right tools this is not as hard as it might seem. If the service provider of the content provider provides these tools it is hardly any effort at all.
2. Overview of possible solutions
2.1 Native IPv6
Supporting IPv6 natively everywhere is the preferred option. It avoids any complications caused by translations and it provides the most information to the server. It does mean that every device along the path to the server must handle IPv6 traffic. This includes routers, firewalls, load balancers and of course the server itself.
If all devices support IPv6 then this is the preferred option. If not all devices are IPv6 compatible then the best way forward is to choose one of the other solutions for now and to make sure that when replacing that device it is replaced by an IPv6 compatible one . The public RIPE-554 document provides guidelines for buying IPv6 compatible equipment.
More detailed information on how to implement this see section 3 and section 4.
2.2. Letting the load balancer handle it
When it is not possible to implement native IPv6 everywhere then another approach has to be found. If the only parts of the infrastructure that does not support IPv6 are the servers or the applications on the servers then most IPv6 compatible load balancers can be configured in such a way that incoming requests over IPv6 are sent to the servers over IPv4.
2.3. IPv6-to-IPv4 proxy
One option is to implement a reverse proxy server that acts like an IPv6 server on one side and an IPv4 client on the other. It can then proxy the request from IPv6 clients to the IPv4 servers. The placement of the proxy server depends on which part of the network can support IPv6. If the load balancer is the only device that is not compatible with IPv6 then the proxy server is best placed between the firewall and the load balancer.
If the firewall is not IPv6 compatible then the proxy server can be placed in front of the firewall. This does require extra attention to the protection of the proxy server as it can no longer benefit from the protection of the firewall.
More detailed information and examples of how this can be implemented see section 3 and section 5.
There is always the option of asking the service provider to provide the proxy server. This doesn’t require any changes to the local infrastructure and is a very quick way to make content reachable over IPv6. Hosting your own reverse proxy server in an external datacenter is also an option.
2.3.1. Protocol level choice
The proxy server can be implemented on layer 4 (TCP) or layer 7 (HTTP/HTTPS). Each has its own benefits and drawbacks.
2.3.2 IPv6-to-IPv4 proxy on layer 4
Translating on layer 4 is the easiest to configure. The only information needed is the IPv6 address and port number to listen on and the IPv4 address and port number to forward traffic to. The content of the traffic is passed transparently, so this works independent of the application protocol. When multiple websites are hosted on a single IPv4 address the proxy can handle all of them at once without any additional configuration.
The downside is that this method can therefore also not include any useful information in the protocol. All requests from IPv6 clients arrive from the IPv4 address of the proxy server. The layer 4 proxy server has no way to inform the server what the address of the real client is.
This method can therefore not mitigate the loss of information that IPv4 NAT at the client’s service provider causes. It is however much still easier to provide good performance and reliability as there is no dependency on third-party NAT implementations.
2.3.3. IPv6-to-IPv4 proxy on layer 7
Translating on layer 7 provides more features but is also harder to configure. The proxy has to know which application protocol is being used and has to be configured accordingly. If the proxy service is for HTTPS websites then the proxy server needs the private keys and certificates for those websites. This requires extra maintenance when a key rollover takes place or when certificates expire. It might also be a concern when the proxy server is provided by the service provider.
The benefit of this method is that the proxy server can include additional information in the request, such as an X-Forwarded-For HTTP header which shows the IPv6 address of the client. With this information the loss of information caused by IPv4 NAT can be mitigated.
Another possible method is to implement NAT64 gateways. These are very similar to an IPv6-to-IPv4 proxy on layer 4 in that they are independent of the application protocol being used. However, instead of accepting an IPv6 TCP connection from a client and creating a new IPv4 TCP connection to the server the NAT64 gateway translates the IPv6 TCP connection directly into an IPv4 connection.
More detailed information and examples of how this can be implemented see section 3 and section 6.
While this seems more efficient it has a drawback. When translating the IPv4 response packets coming from the server into IPv6 packets for the client there is a problem: an IPv6 header is 20 bytes larger than an IPv4 header. A maximum-size IPv4 packet will result in a too large IPv6 packet. This means that the IPv6 packet has to be fragmented. Although this completely conforms to the specifications, experience has shown that many currently deployed IPv6 systems have problems handling these fragments. To avoid these problems the server must therefore be configured to send response packets with a smaller maximum size.
2.4.1. MTU problems
Because the standard ethernet MTU (Maximum Transmission Unit, the maximum packet size) is 1500 bytes the maximum reply packet size from the server must be 1480 bytes long, leaving 20 bytes available for replacing the IPv4 header with an IPv6 header.
However, when one connection somewhere between the client and the server has an MTU which is smaller than 1500 then fragmentation is needed again. Such smaller MTUs are common on for example IPv6 tunnels and DSL connections. The IPv6 standards dictate that every link must support an MTU of at least 1280 bytes. If the server is configured to never send IPv4 reply packets larger than 1260 bytes then the IPv6 packets sent by the NAT64 gateway will not be larger than 1280 bytes, which must be supported everywhere without fragmentation.
2.4.2. Places where a NAT64 gateway can be deployed
As with the proxy solution there are several possible places to deploy a NAT64 gateway. Some firewalls provide NAT64 as a feature. If such a firewall is already deployed this can be the best place to do the translation.
Placing the NAT64 device just before the load balancer makes sure that the firewall can protect the device and it provides maximum flexibility for firewall policy configuration.
If the firewall does not support IPv6 then the NAT64 device can be placed outside the firewall. As with deploying a proxy server outside the firewall this setup requires extra attention to securing the NAT64 device.
Of course the service provider might provide NAT64 services to its customers. If the service provider does not offer this as a service it is also possible to run a NAT64 gateway in an external datacenter yourself. That way no part of the internal network has to be IPv6 enabled.
3. Implementing IPv6, generic steps
When implementing IPv6 it is important to verify that all equipment in the network between the internet connection and the device that will handle or translate the IPv6 traffic is compatible with IPv6. The public RIPE-554 document provides a list of features that are important to support when implementing IPv6 and it provides guidelines for buying IPv6 compatible equipment.
It is also important to verify that all software that deals with IP addresses is compatible with IPv6. This includes operating systems, server applications and supporting applications such as log file analysers, security tools, management tools etc. This is of course only relevant in case those systems see IPv6 addresses, for example in a log file or in an X-Forwarded-For HTTP header.
While IPv4 and IPv6 are similar in many respects there are also many differences. The most noticeable ones are about addresses. IPv6 has much longer addresses than IPv4 and provides a lot more flexibility to the network administrator. To be able to deal with this flexibility the network administrator should have a good understanding of how IPv6 works.
3.4. Addressing plan
When implementing IPv6 in your own network you will need IPv6 addresses and an IPv6 connection to the internet. Usually your ISP can provide you with both. When you get your IPv6 address assignment it will usually be a /48 sized address block. This means that you have 65.536 subnets available, with an almost unlimited number of IPv6 addresses per subnet. Making an addressing plan for your network is important for a structured and manageable deployment. SURFnet, the Dutch National Research and Education Network, has written a manual on how such an IPv6 addressing plan can be written.
Before deploying IPv6 on your production network it is a good idea to build a lab environment to test and experiment with IPv6. Make sure that you are comfortable with running an IPv6 network.
Make sure to include monitoring the IPv6 working, reachability and performance of your service in the same way as you monitor IPv4. Ultimately the client application chooses to use either IPv4 or IPv6. When one of the protocols breaks your users will be affected. IPv6 reliability is as critical as IPv4 reliability to the experience of your users.
When the service is reachable over IPv6 that reachability should be advertised in DNS. That way the user’s systems know that it can reach the service over IPv6 and will start to use it. As long as the IPv6 address of the service is not advertised your users will not know about it, which can be very useful when testing the IPv6 deployment.
Advertising IPv6 addresses in DNS is done with an AAAA record. If your service is called www.example.com and its IPv4 address is 192.0.2.80 then the existing DNS record will look like:
www.example.com. IN A 192.0.2.80
If its IPv6 address is 2001:db8:abc:123::80 then include the following DNS record next to the existing A record:
www.example.com. IN AAAA 2001:db8:abc:123::80
Clients now will see both the A record for IPv4 and the AAAA record for IPv6 and they now know that they can use both protocols to reach the service.
4. Implementing native IPv6
When implementing IPv6 natively in your network it is important to verify that all equipment in the network path between the internet connection and the servers is compatible with IPv6. Please refer to section 3 for advise on how to do this.
When implementing IPv6 natively the implementation should follow the structure of the IPv4 network. This makes IPv6 easier for the network administrators to understand the topology, which makes the management of the network less error prone. And when a failure occurs it makes it much easier to find the cause.
The same goes for firewall policies and load balancer configuration. Remember that your users will use both protocols so make sure that the service behaves identically over both. Your user shouldn’t even notice which protocol is being used. That technical detail is irrelevant for the user’s experience.
4.3. Benefits and drawbacks of this solution
The benefit of this solution is that you are now completely prepared for the current and future internet. You offer both protocols to your users, all your systems can deal with IPv6 and you have all the possible information available to you. The problems and loss of information caused by IPv4 NAT are avoided wherever possible.
The drawback is that you will need to implement IPv6 everywhere. There might be existing hardware or software that is not IPv6 compatible. These components will have to be upgraded or replaced, which will probably take money and effort.
If this option is available to you then it offers the best performance and most possibilities.
5. Implementing IPv6-to-IPv4 proxy
When implementing native IPv6 is not possible then using reverse proxy servers to make services available over IPv6 is the second best option. When choosing this option the major choices are on which protocol level to implement it and where to place the proxy.
Using a layer 4 proxy is the easiest. It doesn’t require any knowledge on the proxy server other than the addresses and port numbers. The downside is that it is not possible for example to add extra headers to an HTTP or HTTPS request to make the IPv6 address of the client known to the web server.
Using a layer 7 proxy provides more flexibility because that makes it possible for the proxy to add information to the request sent to the server. The downside is that the proxy server needs to know about every website that it should proxy and it must have all the SSL/TLS keys and certificates for any HTTPS websites. If including an X-Forwarded-For header the load balancers, web servers, application server software and supporting software might need to deal with IPv6 addresses in that header, so check if that is the case.
When deciding on the location of the proxy server the first step is to decide on whether to host the proxy server internally or externally. When the proxy server is hosted internally then at least part of the internal network has to be IPv6 enabled. When using an external proxy server, for example by letting the service provider provide one, then the internal network does not need to change. Then using an internal proxy server then the best place for that server is behind the firewall and before the load balancer, if possible.
When using haproxy as a layer 7 proxy with SSL/TLS then haproxy needs access to the private key and the corresponding certificate for that website. Both the key and the certificate need to be in one PEM encoded file. The following example shows the listen part:
listen website1-ssl bind 2001:db8:abc:123::cafe:443 ssl crt /etc/haproxy/website-ssl.pem mode http option forwardfor server website1 192.0.2.1:443 ssl
This example accepts connections over SSL/TLS, adds the X-Forwarded-For header to the request and then forwards it over SSL/TLS to the IPv4 server.
An alternative approach when it is not possible or desirable to have the private key on the proxy server is to treat SSL/TLS connections as regular TCP connections. The proxy server will only see the encrypted traffic, so it will not be possible to add the X-Forwarded-For header to the request.
listen website1-ssl-passthrough bind 2001:db8:abc:123::cafe:443 mode tcp server website1 192.0.2.1:443
5.6. Benefits and drawbacks of this solution
The major benefit of this solution is that not all parts of the network need to be IPv6 enabled. Certain problems caused by IPv4 NAT can be mitigated. It is for example possible to implement access control and rate limiting on a proxy server. The logs on the proxy server can also be used for security and auditing. Depending on whether or not the X-Forwarded-For header is added to the request by the proxy server the IPv6 address of the client can also be used on the servers for these purposes as well as for example behaviour analysis and geo-location.
The downside of this approach is that it adds an extra network element for IPv6 traffic, which can make monitoring, debugging and system and network administration more complex.
The choice for using NAT64 is usually because a device such as a firewall already offers this possibility. Otherwise using a reverse proxy as described above is easier and less error prone.
6.2. Technical overview
In these examples we use these addresses and ports:
- The IPv4 address of the real server:
- The IPv6 address that the proxy server listens on:
NAT64 maps the whole IPv6 address to an IPv4 address, so it applies to all protocols and ports.
In this example we will use a Juniper SRX series firewall as the NAT64 gateway. First the firewall must be told which IPv4 address to forward the traffic to:
root# set security nat destination pool server1 address 192.0.2.1/32
Now we need to map the traffic sent to the IPv6 address to this IPv4 address:
root# top root# edit security nat destination rule-set server1-dest root# set from zone untrust root# set rule rule-1 match destination-address 2001:db8:abc:123::cafe/128 root# set rule rule-1 then destination-nat pool server1
With only this configuration the packet is in an invalid state. The source address of the packet is still an IPv6 address while we changed the destination address to an IPv4 address. Packets can either be completely IPv4 or completely IPv6, but not mixed. So now we need to change the source address of the packet to IPv4 as well. We’ll use the IPv4 interface address of the firewall as the new source address:
root# top root# edit security nat source rule-set server1-source root# set from zone untrust root# set to zone untrust root# set rule rule-2 match source-address 0::/0 root# set rule rule-2 match destination-address 192.0.2.1/32 root# set rule rule-2 then source-nat interface
Now the server needs to be adjusted so that it only sends IPv4 packets with a maximum size of 1260 bytes. How this is done depends on the server operating system, but usually an MTU option can be found in the network adapter settings.
6.3. Benefits and drawbacks of this solution
A major drawback of this approach is that it requires changes in the IPv4 behaviour of the servers. They must be configured with a smaller MTU, which will affect all IPv4 traffic. If an existing device already offers NAT64 it can be a fast way to deploy IPv6 though, and it has been used as such by several organisations.
Many organisations will need to deploy IPv6 to some extent and many services will need to become IPv6 enabled. Service providers should offer services to assist their customers with the transition to IPv6.
Most important is making IPv6 connectivity available to their customers. Organizations need to be able to connect to the IPv6 internet to get experience, monitor their IPv6 services and in the future for connecting to IPv6-only services.
Those organisations will also have to IPv6 enable their own services for their users. The best option is for every organisation to fully deploy IPv6 in their own networks, but this is often not a reasonable short term option. Service providers should offer reverse proxy based services to their customers so they can make their services and content available over IPv6 without making any changes to their own infrastructure.
Service providers also have the knowledge and experience to make such reverse proxy service robust, reliable and well performing. While providing such proxy services is a temporary solution, it will be a solution that will be usable in many years to come.
In the future a similar service might well be the only way to make IPv6 services hosted by the customer available over IPv4.


Single electrical outlet plug with a built in wi-fi receiver for wireless control through the AZzardo Smart Home system.
It can also be voice controlled with the Google Assistant or Amazon Alexa.
Inside the applications futher settings can be set, such as schedule and groups for you to get your home automation.
- Input Voltage: 110-2400V AC
- Output Power: 16A (3680W)
- IP Class: IP20
- Dimensions: 54 x 54 x 39mm


The raw data we collect is only accessible to the project staff.
We can identify a computer's hardware addresses (MAC addresses, IP addresses) but not its owner's name.
We log information about which computers (referenced by hardware addresses) are connected to the wireless network at particular times. We know that a particular device was connected to a particular antenna in the network at a particular time. We do not know the identity of the owner of that device. We do know how much data was transmitted. We do not look at the content of this data.
The filenames and content of the information you transfer on the network is referred to as the payload. Our study only looks at the network and application-layer headers (for common applications such as some web browsing and peer-to-peer filesharing). We never examine the payload.
We do not capture or record any data (notably no passwords, credit card numbers, etc.), you may use on the network.
We do not examine the URLs that you browse on the web. We do log the host addresses contacted by Dartmouth wireless users, for statistical purposes, but we never associate sites with users. For example, we monitor the number of on-campus and off-campus connections made, the number of different places connected, the time connected and amount of data transferred, but the identity of the specific sites is never examined or released.
For telephone connections conducted over the wireless network, we record the hardware address of the device, as above, as well as the telephone numbers of origin and destination. Again we use this information only for statistical purposes (e.g., how many phone calls are on-campus, how many local, how many long-distance, how many foreign). We never examine the content of the call (or even record the call itself).
We may release the data to other researchers, after anonymization: we randomize the hardware address and IP address of the computer, randomize the address of any computer it contacts, and randomize all telephone numbers used. We will never release any data that will identify any user, their specific data, or the destination of their network or telephone connections.
All of the data that we collect could be collected by anyone with a computer connected to the Dartmouth wireless network. As the wireless medium is a broadcast medium, any data that you send or receive over the network can be observed by anyone else in the vicinity.
With questions, or for more information, blitz David Kotz.
Or, see the results of an earlier study.
The use of participants in research is overseen by the Dartmouth College Committee for the Protection of Human Subjects. This study (CPHS #17325: Measuring the Dartmouth Campus-Wide Wireless Network) has passed the committee's review. Our project proposal description can be found here.
Document last updated


20 May YuuZoo Joins Nokia’s Global Media Network
YuuZoo ( www.yuuzoo.com ), the fast growing new global mobile content, media and advertising firm has joined Nokia’s Global Media Network. As part of the agreement, advertisers will be offered ad placements on the YuuZoo extensive mobile network in Nokia’s Global Media Network.
YuuZoo is today live with over 1 billion mobile users worldwide in markets that include the US, China, India, Germany and the UK. Says Thomas Zilliacus, Chairman & CEO of YuuZoo : “We are proud to partner with Nokia’s Global Media Network. Our global footprint gives advertisers an integrated, flexible and hassle-free way to interact with customers locally, regionally as well as globally.”
Announced in February, 2008, the global Nokia Media Network is a premium advertising network including over 70 leading publisher and operators as well as Nokia media properties. Nokia enables advertisers to place ads on high quality and brand-safe publisher and operator mobile Web pages, as well as Nokia properties, representing an unprecedented global consumer reach around the globe.
“Nokia is building upon an unrivaled understanding of the mobile consumer, our relationships with blue chip publishers and top tier operators, and a legacy of campaign optimization through analytics to create a high-performing solution for advertisers,” said Vice President and Head of Nokia Interactive, Mike Baker. “The biggest brands in the world trust us with their mobile advertising because they know the Nokia Media Network enables them to reach the largest, highest quality audience on mobile and provides the best ROI.”
The agreement between YuuZoo and Nokia takes effect immediately.
YuuZoo ( www.yuuzoo.com ) operates globally, and today offers more than 1 billion consumers in North America, Europe and Asia the ability to subscribe to a wide range of content and services that they can download and use on their mobile devices. Built on one of the industry’s most advanced and robust technology platforms and offering a huge library of content from close to 400 leading global and local content providers, YuuZoo can through its billing agreements with more than 160 carriers in close to 50 countries provide users across the world with a new mobile world at their fingertips.
In addition to content, the company offers a broad range of highly targeted advertising opportunities for advertisers wanting to reach the billions of mobile users worldwide. Principal offices are located in Singapore, Los Angeles, New York and Helsinki.
Nokia is the world leader in mobility, driving the transformation and growth of the converging Internet and communications industries. Nokia makes a wide range of mobile devices and provides people with experiences in music, navigation, video, television, imaging, games and business mobility through these devices. Nokia also provides equipment, solutions and services for communications networks. For more information, visit http://www.nokia.com.


April 2018 sees Kogan launch NBN plans in Australia. This bring with it a lot of hype and this article aims to bring an unbiased view on your options when comparing Kogan, Tangerine Telecom and Mate Communicate. Continue reading
Every NBN users wants the speed and reliability promised by the NBN in the huge amount of advertising that is currently underway across Australia as NBN becomes available to Aussies. Unfortunately the blistering speeds are not being seen by users who have connected to NBN. Continue reading
HFC or Hybrid Fibre Coaxial is becoming more and more popular as the method of NBN rollout in built up metro areas. This technology utilises the existing cable networks that had been laid to provide cable TV and internet services. This means that NBN do not need to lay new cables to connect these homes to the NBN. Continue reading
A new broadband network is coming to Australia in the form of the nbnTM. Previously known as the National Broadband Network and in 2015 rebranded to simply nbnTM. The NBN will bring superfast broadband to every home and business in Australia. Continue reading
Thanks for finding us on the web. We will be posting some great advice on how to choose your nbn™ provider. Please check back soon for more information.


Nowadays, many mobile network companies lock mobile devices to their networks so that they cannot be accessed by any other cellular networks. Hence, to be able to use your locked phone with other network carriers, you are required to unlock the phone with a code which is not an easy job. Therefore, take a tip from the seasoned professionals at M6Repairs and get your phone unlocked. In addition, unlocking your phone allows you to switch your service provider but keeps your phone the same, saving you money. Above all, raise the worth of your mobile and its durability. In conclusion, take advantage of a whole world of alluring rates your current service provider doesn’t want you to know about.


Get Connected to the LIU WiFi network.
The LIU Wi-Fi network uses IEEE 802.11ac access points and provides students, faculty and staff with free and fast Internet access almost everywhere on campus . To use the Wi-Fi network first choose the network suitable for your needs.
LIUAdmin – For administrators only (with permission)
LIUNET – For students, faculty, and staff. (Student’s should have an activated My LIU account. )
LIUNET-guest – For guests to the campus
When you try to access the internet you will be automatically redirected to the Authentication page.


Filebly.com | Download Angry IP Scanner 2021 for Windows 10, 8, 7 (32-bit and 64-bit). Angry IP Scanner is an open-source and cross-stage organization. An Angry IP Scanner is a cross-platform IP address and port scanner that works without settings. After sounding each IP address and therefore checking whether it’s life or not, the scanner also assigns its hostname, specifies the MAC address, and scans the port. IP Scanner is configured to be fast and easy to use.
|Name:||Angry IP Scanner|
|Version:||Latest Version 2021|
|Operating System:||Windows 10, 8, 7 (32-bit and 64-bit)|
Angry IP Scanner for Windows
Angry IP Scanner is a very easy-to-use network IP Scanner, quickly-essentially a cross-platform address and a port scanner. An Angry IP Scanner only sends the ping of each IP provided to check if it is active, it resolves its hostname, selects the MAC address and polish the port, and so on.
An Angry IP Scanner just pings each IP address to check if it’s life, then optionally it fixes its hostname, specifies the MAC address, blocks the port, and so on. With plugin support about each host, it can be expanded to the amount of data collected. This is a cross-stage IP address and a port scanner that works without settings.
An Angry IP Scanner 2021 simply pings each IP address to check if it is active, then otherwise it is completing its hostname, find out the MAC address, scan the port, etc. After sounding each IP address and along with this line check, whether it is active or not, the scanner also sets its hostname, specifies the MAC address, and sweep the port.
With Radmin, you can reach a remote PC in full Control, File Transfer, and Telnet modes. With the help of plugins, an Angry IP Scanner can collect any kind of info about the IP being scanned. Anyone who can make Java code has the ability to extend and write the capabilities of the Angry IP Scanner plugin. Thrust IP Scanner will further accumulate the run-through at start-up.
Sustained features supported include:
- NetBIOS information.
- The IP address range is liked.
- Web server detection.
- Customizable openers.


Tobii Dynavox unveils TD Pilot, a medically certified communication device for people with disabilities. With the release of iPadOS 15, TD Pilot brings Tobii’s eye tracking technology to iPad, enabling people to control the device with their eyes, the company notes in a media release.
TD Pilot empowers people with disabilities such as cerebral palsy, ALS and spinal cord injury to have a voice of their own, live more independently and experience iPad using only their eyes. This eye gaze-enabled communication device for Apple’s iPadOS features tailor-made hardware, software and extensive service and support for people with communication disabilities.
TD Pilot provides native integration of eye tracking in iPadOS and it is an authorized Made for iPad accessory that has been certified to meet Apple performance standards. As a medically certified device, TD Pilot can be prescribed by specialists and delivered through insurance systems worldwide.
“We are immensely proud to launch TD Pilot, a life-changing communication solution that empowers people with disabilities to live their fullest lives. TD Pilot offers customers a medically certified, eye-controlled communication device for iPad. By bringing our world-leading eye tracking technology to iPad, we have created a powerful and easy-to-use solution to support our customers’ needs.”— Fredrik Ruben, Tobii Dynavox CEO
“We are excited that people who need this technology will have the opportunity to control iPad using just their eyes. At Apple, we build foundational technology, including support for eye tracking, into our operating systems to make them accessible, and we’re thrilled that Tobii Dynavox’s TD Pilot is leveraging that to enable people with disabilities to pursue their passions.”— Sarah Herrlinger, Apple’s senior director of Global Accessibility Policy and Initiatives
“Over the last ten years, Team Gleason has worked with leaders in the technology industry for greater access and inclusion for people living with ALS and other disabilities. The release of TD Pilot by Tobii Dynavox and Apple is a significant turning point for accessibility. So many people that need eye tracking technology are forced to abandon their native technology.
“Now, these two companies have integrated eye tracking technology into an iPad, which is a real game-changer. Team Gleason is committed to improving the lives of people living with ALS by delivering innovative technology, and we are eager to get this product out in the ALS community.”— Blair Casey, Chief Impact Officer of charitable non-profit organization Team Gleason
TD Pilot Features
The hardware and software innovations TD Pilot aim in to improve quality of life and provide an intuitive experience for the individuals who use it:
• provides outdoor eye tracking even in bright sunlight;
• supports purpose-built software, like the new app TD Talk, which generates natural-sounding speech using your eyes. It also supports TD Snap, the industry leading platform offering a choice of symbol-supported solutions to facilitate communication and learning;
• offers the Partner Window, a second screen on the back of the device mirroring phrases entered by the communicator, for more natural face-to-face conversation; and
• includes powerful speakers, extended battery, ultra-rugged design, wheelchair mounting and other integrated bespoke accessibility features
[Source(s): Tobii AB, PR Newswire]


Garrett County Government is committed to expanding rural broadband connectivity to its citizens and businesses throughout the county. The goal is for all residents and businesses to have access to and use of information and communication technologies. Currently around 6,000 addresses still lack access to high-speed internet.
The Affordable Connectivity Program (formerly known as the Emergency Broadband Benefit) helps low-income households pay for internet service and connected devices like a laptop or tablet.
Click here to see if you qualify, and sign up to receive broadband service, which can include satellite service and hot spots, at a reduced cost. Then check with your participating provider:
To learn more about our broadband expansion efforts, visit our Press page.
Our county has worked for years to connect our critical infrastructure (schools, hospital, county services, etc.) The county then started working on broader broadband issues, targeting business, organization, and residential access. An original feasibility study was completed in 2012. The study concluded that a public-private partnership using fixed wireless technology (TV White Space [TVWS] and other unlicensed spectrum) is the best solution for the rugged, remote areas of Garrett County. The County partnered with a private Internet Service Provider to deploy this project. To learn more, visit the Historic Efforts page.
A more recent updated study assessed the addresses still in need of service, as well as suggested efforts to reach those addresses. The final study will be published soon.
The County continues to seek and apply for funding to help all area Internet Service Providers to expand their service areas to include unserved addresses in Garrett County. From finding funding for middle mile expansion projects to assisting with infrastructure extensions to businesses and homes, the County remains committed to helping Internet Service Providers reach the remaining unserved customers in the county.
Garrett County is a National Digital Inclusion Alliance Affiliate Member, committed to digital inclusion.


ATEN Full HD HDMI over Ip Extender Transmitter Unit
The ATEN VE8900R Video over IP Receiver delivers visually lossless 1080p AV signals with low latency over long distance via a local network of standard Gigabit network switch. The VE8900R provides an effective, easy-to-use, and economical digital signage solution with the following features and advantages that directly address the challenges system integrators - encounter when implementing AV over IP systems: - Limitless scalability and flexibility
- No complicated IP setup
- No additional server PCs or software required
- Go further for less with daisy chaining Engineered to meet today’s demands of large scale, multi-display, 1080p signal transmission, and designed to be easy to set up and operate, the VE8900R Video over IP Receiver is an ideal product for a wide range of environments, such as trade shows, airports, university campuses, conference centers, and shopping centers.
Type: AV receiver
Cable types supported: Cat5e,Cat6
Maximum transfer distance: 100 m
Connectivity technology: Wired
Serial interface type: RS-232
Power consumption (typical): 4.28 W
Width: 136 mm, Depth: 101 mm, Height: 29.6 mm
Please Note: We rely that the relevant manufacturers provide adequate information for the products we promote. Errors and Omissions could be expected.
Delivery Locations & Estimations
Johannesburg, Pretoria Area
Delivery time: 1-3 working days
Cape Town, Durban Area
Delivery time: 2-4 working days
Delivery time: 3-5 working days
Our picking, packing and delivery is linked to what you order, where you want it delivered and how you choose to pay, so delivery times can vary. Estimates are provided below to help you shop. Once your order has been picked, you will receive a tracking number*.
Certain Gauteng orders go out with local couriers.
Yes, all of our products come out with their factory set warranty (normally 12 months) unless stated otherwise.


Airborne Lidar has revolutionised area-wide 3D data for topography, vegetation, buildings and infrastructure. This article is a good overview of the evolution of sensors and aircraft technology. It also highlights how continued advancements have led to new applications for Lidar technology and the resulting ultra-high-resolution 3D point clouds now utilised by companies worldwide.
Key topics discussed include:
- From Single to Multiple Pulses in the Air
- From Multi-photon to Single-photon Lidar
- From Single-purpose Scanners to Hybrid Sensor Systems
- From Manned to Unmanned Platforms
Further improvements in the fields of sensors, aircraft technology, robotics, automation and miniaturisation will lead to ever higher point densities and industry use-cases. We are now starting to see Lidar and image sensors mounted on multi-rotor and fixed-wing UAV platforms. This is a big deal for the forestry sector. New developments in wireless networks and data transfer will also add more timely data to the management of forestry inventories. The future looks bright.
Click here for the full story (GIM)
Image credit: Sean McBride
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The 5-Minute Rule for Iphone Not Receiving Calls
Underrated Concerns About Iphone Not Receiving Calls My calls are continuously dropped, my voicemail doesn’t get the work done, and my calls are all broken and full of static. Since the manner you might get or earn a call is regarding the mobile phone service that’s supplied out of a wireless tower to send a sign. After all, the very first thing you’ll likely wish to understand about an unknown call is who’s behind it. Needless to say, some unknown calls aren’t so pleasant or sort. You will still receive the calls. You are able to also learn to make calls using Hangouts.
Well then it is not hard to type in the amount to the location and it is going to supply you all the information which you should know to discover your way from point A to point B. From here, you can make sure the number you’re attempting to call isnat blocked. Using a reverse phone lookup, all you will need to do is input the telephone number you will need to find out more about and click search.
Iphone Not Receiving Calls – Is it a Scam?
Verify what the telephone number is based on the phone. The aim of their mobile is so that you may communicate with them. The phone unlocks once you analyze the screen. A cell phone for seniors that are not acquainted with modern cell phones frequently are most useful if they’re basic.


Recourier allows users to securely share messages over the Internet with a high degree of certainty the message will not be read by any entity other than the intended recipient.
To securely and anonymously create an encrypted message, simply enter a message and passphrase. The client encrypts the message using the AES-256 encryption algorithm and then uploads the encrypted message to the server. A link to the encrypted message is returned. To decrypt the message, visit the link and enter the correct passphrase.
All of this is accomplished without storing encryption keys or personally identifying information on your computer or on Recourier's servers. The keys are generated temporarily on your computer and are discarded once the encryption or decryption process is complete.
Whether encrypting or decrypting, the passphrase and unencrypted message never leave the client computer and are never received by the server.
From the user's perspective, a plaintext message and passphrase is entered, the encrypt button is clicked, and a link to the encrypted message is returned from the server. Under the surface, though, much more is happening.
To generate the deterministic 256-bit encryption key, the user entered passphrase is salted with a server generated 256-bit random number and run through a 1,000 iteration password based key derivation function (specifically, PBKDF2-HMAC-SHA256). The encryption key is then concatenated with the user passphrase, salted, and run through 1,000 iterations of PBKDF2-HMAC-SHA256 to generate a deterministic 256-bit authentication hash used to verify the decrypting user holds the correct shared secret. The shared secret never leaves the client, and never touches the server. Neither the passphrase nor the encryption key can be derived from the authentication hash.
The encryption engine uses the client generated key, salt, and a server generated random 256-bit initialization vector to compute the ciphertext using AES-256 in CCM mode. As an additional check to the authenticity of the message upon decryption, the plaintext and passphrase are concatenated, salted, and hashed to form a message signature. The signature verifies the plaintext has not been tampered with prior to decryption.
When submitting the encrypted message, the client transmits the ciphertext, message signature, and authentication token. The server stores these three elements along with an 80-bit message ID, and returns a link to the encrypted message so the user or recipient can decrypt the message at a later time.
The passphrase is never transmitted to the server, and is never written to your computer's hard drive.
All communication between server and client is secured using TLS/SSL.
When an encrypted message is stored on the server, the message contents are completely hidden from view. No information about the encryption key or the plaintext message is received or stored by the server; the only known attack at this stage is brute force of the user passphrase. Such an attack underscores the importance of a long, good quality passphrase. The longer the passphrase, the less chance a randomized password guessing attack will guess the key. It is recommended the user passphrase be at least 12 characters in length.
Each encrypted message is generated from a different 256-bit salt and user passphrase, thus making every encryption key different. Determining the key for one message does not directly help an attacker determine the key for another encrypted message. Since each key is only as strong as the passphrase, users can mitigate the efficacy of such an attack by selecting a long passphrase.
Similar to the encryption process, decryption uses AES-256 in CCM mode and happens entirely on the client machine. A client requests a message ID, and the server responds with a 256-bit random salt associated with the stored message. This salt, along with the user entered passphrase generates a 256-bit encryption key. The key, before being able to decrypt an encrypted message, uses the password based key derivation function to compute an authentication token.
Once verified as correct on the server, the authentication token allows the client to receive the initialization vector, ciphertext, and message signature. At this point, the plaintext is generated and the message signature is verified. The decryption is always performed on the client machine, and no evidence of the encryption key or plaintext are transmitted to the server.
While doing the most to mitigate the effectiveness of any attack, this software does not and can not protect against all of the following types of attacks:
SJCL was written by Emily Stark, Mike Hamburg and Dan Boneh at Stanford University.
Recourier is not associated with Stanford University or the SJCL in any way, shape, or form.


After introduced in the Google I/O event 2016, Google Duo APK is now available for Android with the latest version 7.0.146713755.DR7_RC08. The advantages of this application compared to its competitors is security, simple look and knock features. Talk about security, Google claims that the video calling service which uses your phone number as an ID is using end-to-end encryption. This feature makes it similar to the Facetime for the same security level.
In the terms of appearance and how to use, Google Duo looks very simple. You only need to download this app, register your mobile phone number and enter the security code sent via SMS. After that, it will ready to be used. Call a friend to make video calls personally. Set the front or rear camera and video display mode by pressing the round icon at the bottom left. In addition, Duo has Knock features. This mode will display preview of the call you are doing, even before the other person receiving your call. You can show something unique so your friend will be excited to receive the call.
Simple, Quick and Easy. Three words that can represent Google Duo. There is no complicated activation and no so much settings like in other applications. However, because trying to promote the simple concept, this app has fewer features than Facetime. An example is no group call mode or maybe Picture in Picture mode. This app can also run on slower Internet network. So when users can only on 2G or EDGE network, this app still run smoothly. Duo can also switch between Wi-Fi networks and mobile data automatically without disconnect the call.Features of Google Duo 7.0.146713755.DR7_RC08 APK for Android
- Simple interface
- Knock Knock
- High quality video
Google Duo APK 7.0.146713755.DR7_RC08 Latest Version
- Bug fixes
So far, it’s been really good. The connection is quick and the video is flawless on my Nexus 6P. I’m also using Project Fi, so I wanted to test it on the the network. again flawless video and quick connection, with no interruptions. After the couple of phone calls, it used more battery than a regular phone call which is expected. And it used about 100 MB of data total so far. So basically streaming HD video over the network, it’s on par with a HD quality youtube video. Good job!
Developer: Google Inc. Version: 7.0.146713755.DR7_RC08 Requirement: 4.1 and up Price: Free


According to a recent study by Juniper Research, 3.5 trillion business A2P (Application-to-Person) messages will be delivered by 2023, up from an estimated 2.5 trillion in 2019, a 40% growth.
The study A2P Messaging: SMS, RCS & OTT Business Messaging 2019-2023, forecasts that the rich media interactivity of RCS (Rich Communications Suite, also referred to as SMS 2.0) would make the emerging messaging technology popular for retail and marketing business use cases. It claims that this enhanced functionality will drive RCS traffic to an average annual growth of 290% over the next 4 years, and help the growth of operators’ total messaging revenues.
RCS to account for 2% of all A2P traffic by 2023
Despite strong growth, RCS will account for only 2% of all A2P traffic by 2023, the analyst company estimates. What does this mean for brands, advertisers and digital companies that rely on A2P messaging for customer communication, authentication and digital experience improvement?
Juniper research suggests that A2P messaging users will continue to use A2P SMS owing to the familiarity of the protocol. However, there are other advantages that A2P SMS has amassed. The technology is scalable and well supported for any type of enterprise use, with many integration and performance challenges solved over the past decade. Interoperability seems to be key to its longevity as well.
There is an established ecosystem around A2P SMS, there are tools and processes for fast enterprise onboarding and business relationships already in place. A2P SMS is one of the rare vehicles to reach almost any mobile phone on Earth, whereas RCS and OTT messaging options still struggle with reaching such level of ubiquity in the A2P space.
There was expectation that RCS could make a breakthrough at this year’s Mobile World Congress, and that we could see signs of adoption accelerating. Indeed, there were a number of MNO launches, and messaging companies presented outstanding use cases and trials, many of them in partnership with Google. RCS was a topic of considerable interest among industry analysts and trade associations as well. Yet, massive adoption and a sudden increases in number of active users was not seen.
Read more: RCS to go big at MWC19?
Juniper Research expects that the growth of RCS will be mostly driven by new traffic, rather than the migration of existing traffic from SMS.
Future growth of RCS traffic will be driven by users migrating away from dedicated mobile apps. The technology will develop to become the first point of contact for RCS users to engage with brands over mobile devices within 5 years, said research author Sam Barker.
Can OTT players overcome fragmentation? CPaaS could be the answer
The research also found that OTT business messaging platforms, such as WhatsApp for Business, will deliver 236 billion messages by 2023. However, they will continue to suffer from a fragmented user base across multiple messaging applications.
Enterprises see an opportunity to design their communications and business processes to the taste of a modern, digital-oriented consumer by making their brands available on WhatsApp, Viber and other messaging apps. Communication platforms such as Infobip are leading the way in enabling this.
As banking, travel, transportation, healthcare and other verticals are transforming their communications to achieve better customer centricity and user experience, demand is also created for services such as A2P OTT, A2P RCS, omnichannel communications. With A2P OTT, there are some barriers to faster adoption by enterprises. We are able to draw on our global experience in enabling different enterprise verticals for A2P SMS, and help our OTT partners navigate enterprise environments and business messaging requirements, the company says.
Juniper’s study cited the use of CPaaS (Communications-Platform-as-a-Service) solutions as essential to enable fallback onto the ubiquitous SMS protocol to ensure message termination. Additionally, it found these platforms will allow the collection of insightful data, including contact preferences, to enable A2P business users to optimize messaging campaigns.