This tool is used to model an operator offering telecommunication services. The user can select to model a fixed or a mobile operator, change a number of parameters that can be generally grouped into: geographical, technical, economic, demand and create a scenario that calculates and present economic results such as NPV, IRR, and payback period.
Technoeconomic analysis is a way to quantitatively model business cases by combining economic and technical along with several constraints during cost and revenues calculations. Thus, the main objective of TE analysis is to identify economically viable implementation strategies for effective use of new technologies.
Technoeconomic analysis can be proved a valuable tool for operators, regulators, and telecom companies by supporting decisions related to investment project portfolios. An in depth TE analysis can reveal the most crucial and influencing factors leading to reduced investment risks and optimized return on investments.
In this scenario a fixed operator offering double play services (voice and data) through Fiber to the Curb (FTTC) network in a specific area is modeled.
In this scenario a 3G mobile operator offering voice and data services in an area further divided in urban and rural areas is modeled.
In this scenario a 5G mobile operator offering voice and data services in an area further divided in urban and rural areas is modeled.


No name is more closely associated with high-end audio amplifiers than that of Dan D’Agostino. During his career of more than 35 years, D’Agostino pioneered countless advances in the design of amplifiers, preamplifiers, CD players, and surround-sound processors. He is known as the audio industry’s most passionate promoter of high-quality, high-powered amplification. Makers of the world’s finest loudspeakers rely on D’Agostino-designed amplifiers for their most important demonstrations.
Dan D’Agostino was founder and chief engineer of Krell Industries through 2009. Since the inception of DDMAS in 2011, energized with a new organization and new state-of-the-art designs, the products that bear his name not only achieve new levels of sound quality, they also look like nothing else in the industry. The new designs combine an elegant aesthetic flair coupled to inventive circuit topologies and innovative materials.
Starting with the Momentum Mono amplifier, the D’Agostino product line now extends upwards to the awe inspiring Relentless Mono amplifier and outwards to the new Progression Integrated amplifier. The Relentless Mono Amplifier is an all-out assault on the amplifier category. Capable of driving any speaker to its fullest capability, the extraordinary power output of the Relentless Mono is only matched by its sublime low volume sound quality. The Progression Integrated amplifier connects the high-performance core of D’Agostino products to the exciting world of streaming audio with Tidal, Quobuz, and Spotify services as standard offerings.
As impressive as these designs may sound on paper, the only way you can truly appreciate their warmth, detail and unmatched beauty is to experience them at your nearest Dan D’Agostino Master Audio Systems dealer.
Combining engrossing sound quality, a flexible platform, and striking aesthetics, the Relentless Preamplifier is the ultimate centerpiece for a truly brilliant audio system.
Created for uncompromising listeners and needing three chassis to execute, the Relentless Preamplifier elevates every aspect of preamplifier design. Individual audio chassis and power sections ensure complete isolation from noise. Audio and power signals are carried through interlocking feet shortening signal feeds to the absolute minimum.
The standard model can be augmented with a plug-in digital streaming module including legacy digital inputs, network, and internet music streaming. Tidal, Qobuz, Spotify, and Roon are all directly supported. An iOS app makes for easy, intuitive operation.
The new Relentless Preamplifier is the ultimate in preamplifier design. The preamplifier plays a critical role in musical playback; the point in the reproduction stage when the music signal is particularly susceptible to compromise through noise and distortion. The use of three separate chassis in the design of the Relentless Preamplifier—a dedicated audio chassis for each channel separated by a power supply/control section—addresses these challenges and brings other benefits as well.
Positioned between the two audio channels, the power supply makes use of extensive electrical and magnetic shielding to keep radiated interference out of critical preamplifier circuits. Internal line conditioning circuitry filters RF noise on the AC power and compensates for asymmetric power waveforms and DC on the mains. Power for the preamplifier stages comes from two 150 VA toroidal transformers – one dedicated to the analog circuitry and one for the digital and control circuitry. These transformers drive an 8-amp bridge rectifier and 26,400 microfarads of filter capacitance. The two regulators for the analog stages are scaled-down versions of those used in the Relentless Mono amplifier. The separate digital regulator is a monolithic platform with thermal and current limiting protection in the unlikely event of a fault. The Relentless Preamplifier has nearly as much power supply capability as many power amplifiers.
The input stage in each mono preamplifier is the result of a design experiment for a circuit that hadn’t been used in any previous D’Agostino preamplifier. As part of development, a version was tested in the existing Momentum Preamplifier. The overwhelmingly positive results led directly to the launch of the Momentum HD Preamplifier. From there, the fullest expression of this idea was developed, and the Relentless Preamplifier was underway.
The audio circuit topology starts with a new discrete differential FET input stage featuring a voltage input signal capability of an extraordinary 30 volts. With an input impedance of over 1 M Ohm, the Relentless Preamplifier’s front end is immune to source related electrical issues. In normal operation, component heating can lead to performance and sonic degradation. Developed specifically for the Relentless Preamplifier, a unique circuit maintains a stable bias so that temperature related anomalies are offset thus preserving performance during extended listening.
Featuring only balanced XLR inputs the Relentless Preamplifier topology rejects common-mode input noise over an unusually wide bandwidth. All signal gain is realized in the current domain using proprietary multiple-output current mirrors with nearly 30 times the linearity of other designs. Executed with four-layer circuit boards for superior signal quality. The use of four-layer boards dramatically reduces distortion and propagation levels as compared to the more commonplace, two layer boards.
The analog and digital circuit elements are isolated, including ground planes, from each other. Where necessary, digital control signals are optically coupled to analog circuits. The signal switching relays are hermetically sealed and use gold-plated contacts for maximum signal integrity.
Utilizing no negative feedback anywhere, core D’Agostino circuit concepts include a signal path that is fully complementary and balanced from input to output achieving a frequency response flat to 120 kHz.. The overall result is a musically dense and dynamically rich signal presented to the balanced outputs.
Arguably, the most striking element of the Relentless Preamplifier is the pair of volume controls fronting the two audio chassis. Volume control circuits are often overlooked, if not actively minimized, in preamplifier designs. This is not the case in the Relentless Preamplifier. Each volume control is constructed using 14 separate metal components ensuring the smoothest response and control of the military-grade, high-linearity solid-state switches and discrete precision resistors employed in the volume circuit. The bandwidth and transient response of the Relentless Preamplifier is completely unaffected by the volume setting. As a result, high frequencies sound especially smooth and extended, and music emerges from “jet black” silence.
The volume settings are displayed via the elegant swiss watch inspired volume wands or can be displayed numerically, from 0 to 99.
The Relentless Preamplifier is a two source/two zone preamplifier. This means that the Relentless Preamplifier can simultaneously control the switching and volume of two sources in two separate rooms or zones. Listening sources may be two analog sources or when equipped with the optional digital streaming module, one digital source and one analog source. In a one zone system, either volume control will adjust volume in the main room or Zone 1. If two zone operation is desired, the upper volume control manages the Zone 1 volume and the lower volume control adjusts the Zone 2 volume.
Housed in machined aluminum and copper, the Relentless Preamplifier remote control is a comfortable design operated via touch pad. Control buttons are minimized with most of the operation executed by navigating via a tactile touch pad. Bluetooth 5.0 technology extends the usable range of the remote control and eliminates the line-of-sight issues that plague conventional infrared designs. New for the Relentless Preamplifier is bi-directional remote-control functionality. All adjustments made on the Relentless Preamplifier front panel are reflected on the remote control’s display screen including input, volume, and balance selections.


We’re the mobile and wireless expert group at the Impetus Labs. We offer assistance and solutions no matter where you are in your mobile development lifecycle
We design & build the best possible online experiences and we do it all in-house. we love making websites!
We deliver a wide spectrum of support services that includes setting up office networks, upgrading software, troubleshooting hardware problems and other related assistance.
TECH-TREND, an ICT company formed by industry veterans with more than 20 years of industry experience, entered into the ICT market focusing on business software solutions, security solutions, data networking solutions and telephony systems solut


National / International Conference
Department of CSE organized third National Conference NICE’18 on 18.4.18.
Dr. ANAND LAKSHMANAN, Senior Professor-IIITDM & Unit Head- Ericsson India Global Services graced the occasion as the chief guest for the inaugural function.
Department of CSE is conducted a National Conference on Information and Communication Engineering (NICE’17) on 21.04.2017.
Department of CSE organized National Conference on Information & Communication Engineering System held on 21.4.2011.


Model : Sony SRS-XB33| Colour : Black
SRS-XB33 support EXTRA BASS sound which is achieved on the XB wireless speaker line up through Sony’s renowned audio technology. Backed by Sony’s newly developed X-Balanced Speaker Unit, these speakers provide high sound quality and powerful sound pressure for a richer, deeper, and more rewarding listening experience. The unit’s non-circular shape ensures maximum punchy bass, by increasing sound pressure around the speaker’s diaphragm. The new speakers added to the Extra Bass series have an IP67 rating which makes them dustproof, rustproof, and waterproof. The speakers are also saltwater resistant making them the best travel partners for a visit to a beach, forest, or dessert. The speakers spot a shockproof durable design which has gone through various levels of extensive shock testing and can withstand the inevitable knocks, bumps, and scrapes. With built-in Google Assistant manage your day, simply by asking your assistant, enjoy entertainment, connect with friends, get information, listen to music and notifications, set reminders and much more through hands-free, voice-controlled experience. The built-in microphone in the speakers allows it to catch ambient sound competitively and ensure a seamless hands-free music experience. Switch effortlessly between songs and calls by just pressing the multi-function button and a built-in mic enables you to take hands-free calls from selected smartphones. The party connect feature lets one connect up-to 100 compatible wireless speakers with BLUETOOTH® technology to sync the music and lights to ensure everyone dances to the same beat. The music festival atmosphere created by the speaker. The SRS-XB33 speakers lets one create a music festival atmosphere with the multi-colour line light, tweeter light and speaker light all in sync with the beat. The Sony | Music Centre app can be used to control the music from the dance floor which lets one select their favourite playlist, cue the next song or turn the lighting on/ off to suit the mood. The lights and gesture control of the SRS-XB33 can be handled through the “Fiestable” companion app that helps in creating a lively club feeling straight from one’s smartphone.
IP67 rating: Waterproof and rustproof
Water proof so you’ve got no worries using it by the sea, pool or even washing it.
IP67 rating: Dustproof for outdoor activities
Take your speaker wherever you like no matter how dusty the surface.
Shockproof, built to last
The SRS-XB33 can withstand the inevitable knocks, bumps and scrapes that come with everyday use.
Light up the party
Speaker light & multi-color line light flash in sync with the beat and can change color.
Enjoy powerful sound anywhere
Enjoy deep, punchy sound wherever you like with Sony EXTRA BASS speaker.
Get things booming with Party Connect
Connect up to 100 wireless speakers with BLUETOOTH technology and the music and lights sync-up.
Richer, deeper, more rewarding listening
Developed by Sony, the X-Balanced Speaker Unit achieves high sound quality and powerful sound.
Hear it like it’s live
Bring your party to life with a unique three-dimensional sound experience – creating festival vibes.
Lasts all day long
Up to a 24-hour battery life means the SRS-XB33 can party even longer than you can.
USB Type-C and USB charging ports
Efficiently charge with USB Type-C and charge your smartphone via USB connection.
Stand it up or on its side
Horizontal or vertical – the XB33 sits securely so you can always find space for it.


AT&T’s 5G rollout continues with a slate of new cities
AT&T (NYSE: T) has added 13 more cities to its low-band 5G network, including large metro areas like Boston, St. Louis, and Atlantic City, and smaller cities like Wichita, Kansas and Dayton, Ohio, bringing the total number of cities on the list to 32. The carrier continues to expand its sub-6GHz network, which has broad range but slower speeds than the mmWave version of its 5G, which thus far AT&T has limited to business customers.
SurgePhone Wireless Announces Launch of $30 Unlimited Plan
Surge Holdings, Inc. (OTCQB: SURG), developer of the SurgePays™ Marketplace Network for convenience stores, bodegas and community markets that provide products to the underbanked, today announced the launch of the SurgePhone Wireless Unlimited Plan with unlimited talk, text and nationwide LTE data for only $30 a month, taxes and fees included.
Anthony Nuzzo, President of Surge, stated, “The SurgePhone Wireless Unlimited Plan provides an unmatched value proposition for the market of 100 million no-contract “pay as you go” customers in the United States. We believe this disruptive product will attract more convenience stores to the SurgePays™ Marketplace due to retailers looking to cash in by selling the retail SIM kits and additionally making monthly commissions from processing the $30 payments. This product, along with our complementary $10 Basic plan rounds out our branded wireless offerings. Incentivizing discounts for our customers using SurgePhone, the SurgePays™ Prepaid Debit card and our recently launched rewards programs will help build brand loyalty within our Surge ecosystem.”
SurgePhone Wireless is also offering a $10 a month starter plan with unlimited text, 16 hours of talk and 1 Gig LTE data. These two plans are supported by one of the nation’s leading wireless LTE networks, offering exceptional wireless coverage and data speed. Customers can activate the SurgePhone Unlimited Plan in any unlocked GSM wireless device while saving an average of 50% off typical unlimited phone plans. Both plans are now available on www.surgephone.com.
T-Mobile ‘very close’ to blockbuster merger with Sprint
T-Mobile (NYSE:TMUS) and Sprint (NYSE:S) are in talks to reprice their pending merger deal. In April 2018, T-Mobile announced an all-stock deal valued at $26.5 billion to acquire Sprint. Currently, the deal is worth $40 billion due to recent share price gains in T-Mobile stock. T-Mobile is seeking to lower the merger deal price.
Deutsche Telekom announced “most successful” fiscal year in company’s history
Revenues of Deutsche Telekom increased by 6.4 percent to 80.5 billion euros (86.9 billion U.S. dollars) in 2019 compared with the previous year, the German telecommunications giant announced on Wednesday.
It was the “most successful year in the history of the company”, Deutsche Telekom announced. Adjusted earnings (EBITDA AL) rose by 7.2 percent to 24.7 billion euros while net profit increased by 78.5 percent to 3.9 billion euros.
Verizon to double the number of cities with its 5G mobile service in 2020.
Verizon (NYSE: VZ) plans to double the number of cities covered by its superfast 5G wireless network by the end of the year while expanding coverage in the areas where it already has service. The company said on Thursday that it hopes to offer 5G for mobile customers in 60 cities (up from 31 at the end of 2019) and 10 cities for home 5G Internet service (up from five). The carrier did not name the new cities. “We have the opportunity to continue our journey to be the leader on 5G,” Verizon CEO Hans Vestberg said at a meeting with investors in New York on Thursday. “We’re not only expanding markets, we’re also expanding coverage in all the markets.”
“This is a historic day for Deutsche Telekom,” said Tim Hoettges, chief executive officer (CEO) of Deutsche Telekom, adding that the telecommunications company had confirmed its “position as the clear number one in our industry in Europe with these record results.”


Indoor TV Antenna Product Advantage:
- Enjoy free HD &4K channels --with ANTAN TV antenna no more need
to pay huge bill on TV You can watch over-the-air network
broadcasts in uncompressed HD including abc cbs Fox NBC pbs the Cw
Univision and plus more Enjoy all of local news weather sitcoms
kids and sports programs with no monthly contract and save around
- Full HD crystal clear tv-ourr smart new booster built-in the most
advanced smart IC chip and the most advanced crystal clear
3g&4g filter technology to filter out cellular and FM signals
resulting in a clearer picture with low noise enabling more free TV
programs with enhanced Gain and range
- High Quality 16ft Coaxial Cable &USB Power Adapter-- ANTAN
Digital TV Antennas Include Standard 2 5C2V Coax Cables With
Stronger Copper Wiring This Coaxial Cable of Durable Construction
Removes Signal Interference Bringing Superior HD Reception And
Powerful Signal Reliability Smart USB Power Adapter With Built-In
Overvoltage Protection Will Help You If there Is Not USB Output For
Connecting TV Antenna To The Power Supply
Indoor TV Antenna Product Specifications:
|Type||Indoor TV Antenna|
Set up guide:
1 : Connect the end of attached coaxial cable to the ANT/IN
connector on the back of the TV or Digital Converter Box,Plug the
USB plug into the USB port of the TV or Digital Converber Box.
2 : Hand held the antenna,near the window, place it horizontally or
3 : In the TV's or STB's setup menu, set the tuner mode to" Antenna
"or" Air "For more detailed instructions,please refer to your TV
4 : In the TV's or STB's setup menu,set TV to"scan"for
channels.This can sometimes be listed as
auto-program,auto-scan,channel search or channel scan.Consult the
TV manual or detailed instructions.
5 : If reception is sporadic,try moving the antenna to another
location and rescanning the TV until optimal postition is found.
6 : Fix the antenna at the optimal position you found.
1.The actual receivable range may highly dependents on your
distance and location. Areas with large obstructions such in
valleys, mountains,etc,. will reduce effective range.
2.Always re-scan channels after moving the indoor antenna, the
result may be better.
3.If use a flat HDTV, Please go through your TV manual to make sure
the TV has built-in tuner for free view or you have to install a
extra freeview box.
4.Before you buy, please find out what channels are available in
your area by visiting "antennaweb.org" or "antennapoint.com"
5.Keep the antenna away from the sources of interference, keep the
antenna away from those big power consumption devices, such as air
conditioner, elevator, hair dryer and microwave oven etc.
Pacakge Content :
1 x Indoor Digital TV Antenna with 16.5FT Coaxial Cable
1 x Signal Amplifier Booster for Antenna
1 x Universal Connector
1 x Manual
Indoor TV Antenna Product Pictures:


SM Fused Fiber Couplers
Phoenix single mode fiber couplers are designed for the 2 micron, 1300nm, C-band and L-band wavelength ranges. They are made by fusing and tapering two fibers together. The optical signal directed through the input fiber will be split into two at the fusion point. Phoenix can offer a variety of split ratios (with tap ratios from 1% to 50%). The couplers are available in 1x2, 2x2 and 2x4, 3x3, 4x4 configurations.


The THUMP-BOX is a mini Bluetooth speaker system that turns any surface into a sound producing speaker!
Thump Box. Mini Blue tooth Speaker w/Sonic Wave Technology.
Mini Bluetooth Speaker System with Sonic Wave Technology
Antigravity Batteries introduces the next generation in SOUND: The THUMP-BOX is a mini Bluetooth speaker system that turns any surface into a sound producing speaker! Just place the Thump-Box on your coffee table, counter-top, bookshelf, cabinet, wood floor, or even a cardboard box and your sound is amazingly transmitted into the room! The Patented Sound Wave technology transmits micro-vibrations directly into your furniture or other surface producing a full rich sound quality that surrounds you. This mini speaker system will astound you with how it produces the sound through your furniture and more.
- Connects with any Bluetooth Devices (Phones, Tablets, Computers) or connects directly inline with the supplied 1/8″ (3.5mm) STEREO Phone Cable to any Phones, Tablets, Computer, and Stereo Systems, etc.
- Accepts phone calls, with ability to talk back using its built in Microphone.
- LED-Lighted Touch-Pad Keys on the top of the THUMP-BOX for easy control.
- Solid Aluminum Body and High Quality build.
- Approximately 4-6 hours of play time (depending on the volume unit it set at).
- 1-Year Warranty.
Included in Box
- 1pc Antigravity THUMP-BOX Bluetooth Speaker.
- 1pc 36″ USB to Micro-USB Cable (used to charge Thump-Box). The Thump-Box can also be charged by any computer, your MICRO-START, or a charger with Micro-USB tip.
- 1pc 36″ 1/8″ (3.5mm) STEREO Phone Cable to attach directly to your Phone, or other Device if you choose to connect directly rather than using the Bluetooth connection. This cable can also be used to link multiple Thump-Boxes together.
- 1pc Instruction Manual.
- 26W Power Output.
- Touch-Pad Controls.
- Line In and Line Out Ports (3.5mm) – can link multiple units together.
- Charges via USB Cable (provided).
- 1400mAh built-in Lithium Battery (approx. 3-4 hours play time).
- Dimensions: 56mm x 56mm x 75mm (2.25″ x 2.25″ x 3″).


Smart measurement technology is indispensable due to the challenges of the energy transition – this is the only way can optimize existing and new stations and plants to meet demand. Holger Biermann of Stadtwerke Tuttlingen GmbH reports on how data acquisition with EFEN-SGIM Module works and what advantages result from it.
„Electromobility is picking up speed“ states Mr. Holger Biermann, team leader of the technical customer service of Stadtwerke Tuttlingen GmbH (swt). The swt itself now has 8 e-vehicles in its fleet. „We deliver quality of life“ promises the lettering on the cars. After many years with the company, Ms. Manuela Renner, Marketing Officer, can confirm: these are not empty words, but the guiding principle of swt: the enthusiasm to ensure a sustainably functioning infrastructure in both the energy and leisure sectors.
However, the energy and mobility turnaround are known to be a double-edged sword. The energy supply is becoming more volatile and high-load windows can no longer be accurately predicted due to loads from decentralized feeders and grid loads from charging stations and wall boxes. In order to meet these challenges and continue to deliver the „quality of life“ in the future, swt needs an overview of the grid load. The information at what time and at what level the grids are under load needs to be retrievable “ in real time and preferably from a PC,“ Mr. Biermann specifies.
Ms. Renner explains that sustainability has an enormous influence on swt’s economic activities: „We think carefully before we invest“. Limited human and monetary resources are used consciously after careful consideration. „Of course, we rely on partners providing support five years from now“, Mr. Biermann adds, “EFEN is already established on the market with very good products.“ Moreover, swt and EFEN share a long-term partnership.
The existing problem: network expansion is finite. „There is not endless space in the sidewalks,“ Mr. Biermann points out, so the task of reinforcing the network is proving difficult. Consequently, it is essential to utilize the networks according to demand. The first step to do that is to record the measurement data with an accurate time stamp. In fact, this is also the prerequisite for being able to control the systems in the future as needed, explains Mr. Biermann.
swt would like to be able to read out all the relevant data quickly and flexibly when requests are made for an increase in power or for new charging stations. These were the initial requirements that swt placed on a system and which, according to Mr. Biermann, have now been implemented „to our complete satisfaction“ through the use of the modular Smart Grid Interface Module (SGIM).
Mr. Biermann is enthusiastic about the system: it is particularly advantageous that it „can be retrofitted without any problems and can even be used on a mobile basis“. The measured values are sent to the control center via Mod-Bus and to the password-protected SGIM cloud via GSM where the data can be read out by any computer at any time if required. Out of interest, he currently reads the data every week. It is also possible to set an alarm where the system will report if a feeder somewhere reaches its limits. „So far, everything is in the green,“ Mr. Biermann assures us.
Currently, several new transformer stations are being built. swt adds about two per year. Two years ago, the first new compact station with smart metering technology was already put into operation equipped with the SGIM for busbar mounting in combination with the EFEN E³-NH-La-Lei Gr.2. The most important insight today is that the existing and required performances differed significantly. „I think we’re about halfway there at the moment,“ Mr. Biermann reports on one project. In other words, by using smart technologies, in this specific case the SGIM, the overcapacity can be identified and therefore, the networks can be optimized according to the actual demand saving costs and valuable resources.
Get advice on our smart solutions from your known contact person or our SalesServiceCentre at +49 6123 7045 0 or firstname.lastname@example.org!


Full Form GPRS
What Is Full Form GPRS? GPRS stands for general packet radio services. It is based on GSM infrastructure. It becomes very popular because of access over the radio medium. A cell phone with a sim card offers internet and voice services to the mobile user. Net packets flow from device to the Internet Service Provider and vice-versa. Enables an individual to navigate web sites, make Voice over IP calls within a cellphone, connect on VPN, etc. Initially, the telecom network was supporting only voice and SMS, then a separate parallel core network was developed for data or packer support. The Full Form GPRS empowers packet-based service within the radio interface. This means utilizing a mobile phone, which connects to the cellular network over radio port that a subscriber can use services.
Like any other agency over GSM, GPRS additionally utilizes standard protocols and processes. These are described at the European Telecommunications Standards Institute(ETSI). Mobile apparatus having configurations for GPRS profile along with network have GPRS settings configured in database in-home network. On the roaming side, a committed node named SGSN added for GPRS registration and net packets flow from device to home network and vice-versa. In LTE, the roaming node MME.
Advantages of GPRS
- It provides a higher data transfer rate than fixed telecommunication networks. Its optimum speed is 171.2 kbps, nearly 3 times quicker than fixed-telecommunication speed.
- It provides instant connection and data transport.
- It’s very cheap.
- it’s innovative and superior applications. It provides internet applications over cellular and facilitates Web surfing – commerce, etc.
- What’s necessary to use GPRS?
An application with a GPRS modem
- A GSM/GPRS network
- A Subscriber Identity Module card with GPRS service
- A station with access or the GPRS network


Now that the software part of my project is done I’m moving on to the prototyping stage. I’m beginning by testing a couple of the components I purchased. The first is this powered USB hub. In addition to allowing me attach more devices to my Pi it can also power it. This will allow me to run a single power line into my case rather than two (one of the Pi and a second for a powered hub).
I plugged it in and it worked just fine. It successfully powered the Pi and the Pi was able to recognize devices I plugged into the hub.
The next item to test is my shutdown circuit. As anyone who has used a Raspberry Pi is aware it does not have a power button. To power it on you plug in a power source. Shutting it down is a bit more complex though since you have to send a shutdown signal to the OS and allow it to power down before removing the power. I don’t want to deal with that process once I get the Pi installed in my case so I ordered this shutdown switch from Mausberry Circuits. This circuit sits in between the power source and the Pi and connects to an external switch. When the switch is closed the circuit passes the power along to the Pi which allows it to boot. When the switch is opened the circuit sends a shutdown signal to the Pi via GPIO which tells it to shut down the OS. Once the shutdown process is complete the circuit removes power from the Pi. Ultimately I want to attach this circuit to my Dreamcast case’s power switch but for now I’ll just test it by wiring it to a breadboard.
Before I actually wire up the circuit I need to install the program that will watch the GPIO for the circuit’s shutdown signal. Mausberry Circuits provides a bash script that will do this using a while loop to pole the GPIO. However, I’ve heard some complaints that this continuously running loop can steal system resources. After some research I ran across this Python program. It is programmed to wait for the shutdown signal from the GPIO rather than polling the GPIO constantly to see if the signal has been sent.
I’ve installed the program and wired up the circuit. It’s time to test it.
And it works! When I close the switch the Pi boots. When I open the switch the shutdown signal is being interpreted correctly and power is removed when the shutdown is complete.
Two of the main items I chose to run my project are working like I wanted. Time to move on to the next step.


What is Fibre Optics?
Who invented fibre optics?
1840s: Swiss physicist Daniel Colladon (1802–1893) discovered he could shine light along a water pipe the basis of fibre optic. The water carried the light by internal reflection.
1870: An Irish physicist called John Tyndall (1820–1893) demonstrated internal reflection at London’s Royal Society. He shone light into a jug of water. When he poured some of the water out from the jug, the light curved round following the water’s path. This idea of “bending light” is exactly what happens in fibre optics. Although Colladon is the true grandfather of fibre-optics, Tyndall often earns the credit.
1930s: Heinrich Lamm and Walter Gerlach, two German students, tried to use light pipes to make a gastroscope—an instrument for looking inside someone’s stomach.
1950s: In London, England, Indian physicist Narinder Kapany (1927–) and British physicist Harold Hopkins (1918–1994) managed to send a simple picture down a light pipe made from thousands of glass fibres. After publishing many scientific papers, Kapany earned a reputation as the “father of fibre optics.”
Technologists and investors know about the rapid rise and subsequent slump in the fibre-optics installation industry during the past several years. Some have likened these changes to the swings in the semiconductor industry during the 1960’s. Although sales remain slow, it is clear that the industry will come back bigger than ever.
The industry is expected to recover for the same reason that fibre optics became of interest initially—use of the Internet and the pressure for faster downloads and transfers continue to increase rapidly. Indeed, the demand for increased bandwidth in the next few years is expected to grow at an unprecedented rate.
Single Mode Fibre Optic Cable
Single mode fibre is used for both interbuilding and intrabuilding backbone cable. At distances up to 3 km, single mode fiber will deliver data rates up to 10 Gbps with a bandwidth of 20Ghz. Its operating wavelengths are 1310 nm and 1550 nm. Single mode fibre’s primary uses are full motion video and any applications requiring extremely high bandwidth.
Multimode Fibre Optic Cable
As an intrabuilding backbone cable at distances of under 2 km, multimode fibre optic cable will deliver data rates up to 1 Gbps. Its operating wavelengths are 850 nm and 1300 nm. For distances of 100 m or less, the bandwidth is virtually unlimited. Multimode fibre is used for voice, data, security, and video systems.
A fibre optic cable is made up of 100 or more incredibly thin strands of glass or plastic known as optical fibres. Each one is less than a tenth as thick as a human hair and can carry 10 million telephone calls.
Fibre-optic cables carry information between two places using entirely optical (light-based) technology. Suppose you wanted to send information from your computer to a friend’s house down the street using fibre optics.
You could hook your computer up to a laser, which would convert electrical information from the computer into a series of light pulses. Then you’d fire the laser down the fibre-optic cable. After travelling down the cable, the light beams would emerge at the other end. Your friend would need a photoelectric cell (light-detecting component) to turn the pulses of light back into electrical information his or her computer could understand.
So the whole apparatus would be like a really neat, hi-tech version of the kind of telephone you can make out of two baked-bean cans and a length of string!


The ANU Wireless Network is part of the Information Commons. ANU staff,
students and affiliates can access the wireless network from many
areas across campus.
There are currently two InfoCommons wireless networks in
operation on campus: ANU-Secure and ANU-Access. It is recommended
that you use the ANU Secure network because it has greater security
and will enable you to access more ANU services (e.g. access to
central file spaces). ANU-Secure also offers much higher speeds than ANU-Access
You may need to use ANU-Access if you are connecting
using an older computer or a mobile device.
2013-05-16 – New supplicants are now available:
2012-08-03 - Finding your MAC Address guides now available. Windows tracing instructions added
2012-07-25 - Android and Blackberry configuration guides are now available


Internet speed test measures the network speed. You can test speed on mobile network, a wired connection, or your local Wi-Fi anywhere.
Measuring your internet speed metrics helps you identify the root cause of your connectivity issues and improve your online experience.
Your device's ability to transmit data, such as videos, images, and text messages, over the internet is measured by the upload speed. While less important than download speed, it is still essential for efficient web communication. Check your upload speed now with our internet speed test online. It should be more than 4 Mbps.
The download speed measures your device's ability to retrieve data from the internet. This internet speed metric is especially important for most online activities, such as browsing and streaming, that rely on data retrieval. Check your download speed now with our broadband speed test tool. It should range between 4-8 Mbps.
Ping or latency is the duration it takes for data to be exchanged between your device and the internet. Slow ping response times can result in lagging and dropping in your online activities. Perform a ping test whenever your internet speed is slowest. Use our speed test tool to check if the latency rate is above or below the average of 40 to 60 ms.
Our data speed test tool generates a detailed report with precise measurements of internet speed metrics, including download speed, upload speed, latency, and jitter. With powerful diagnostic capabilities, it is an invaluable resource for common internet users, network administrators, and IT professionals required to troubleshoot connectivity issues.
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The internet connection test report will include the following results, which can help you diagnose a weaker or slower internet connection:
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A reliable and fast-performing internet connection is essential in today's fast-paced world. Whether you are working from home, streaming movies, or playing games, slow internet speeds can be frustrating as it results in time waste. That's why testing your internet speed is so important, from checking connection reliability to identifying issues in performance to improving connection speed.
There can be many reasons you should test the internet speed given below.
Ultimately, it can help you accurately diagnose why your connection is lagging and dropping, helping you implement the proper technique for improving the internet speed.
Try resetting your modem and router, closing unused applications, clearing cache and cookies, or using an ethernet cable instead of WiFi. These techniques can help alleviate network congestion, free up bandwidth, and provide a stable and faster internet connection for a better online experience. If nothing works, then know it is time to call your ISP and upgrade your internet plan.
The recommended broadband speed depends on internet usage. For regular browsing and streaming, 10 Mbps is sufficient. Anyhow, for high-definition streaming and online gaming, a speed of more than 25 Mbps is preferred.
Many online tools are available to test internet speed—but not every tool works effectively, both in accuracy and efficiency. We have developed this net speed test to be precise and faster. It gives you an error-free measurement of your download and upload speeds, ping rate, and jitter levels.
Access our speed test internet tool and select your ISP. Run it and you will get an accurate reading of your internet speed. It will effectively measure all internet speed metrics, helping you test the speed you get at home.
It is recommended that the internet speed for gaming should range between 50 Mbps and 80 Mbps for downloading and 10 Mbps to 20 Mbps for uploading. The better your internet speed is, the smooth and lag-free gaming experience you will get.
The most important thing for internet speed is the download and upload speed. Download speed determines how fast is my internet and you can access data from the internet, whereas the upload speed determines how quickly you can send data to the internet. Your internet connection will be stable only with fast download and upload speeds. Ensuring seamless internet browsing, streaming, gaming, and other online activities is crucial.
We Are Also Available In Other Languages


AllAfrica.com: Mobile Phones ‘Powerful’ in Promoting Health, Advocates Say
This week in Washington policy, health, telecommunication and development representatives have gathered to draft strategies to improve healthcare systems through mobile technology in developed and developing communities alike. The “mHealth Summit” is designed to “advance the discussion around ways mobile technology can increase the access, efficiency and effectiveness of health systems.” While basic needs, like those outlined in the UN Millennium Development Goals, are still waiting to be realized in many parts of the world new, creative solutions are required in order to meet them.
As mobile phone use is dramatically increasing across Africa the potential to use these resources to increase the efficiency of health care systems is remarkable. In fact of the “five billion subscribers today, almost 70 percent of them are in the developing world.” These devices are a reliable resource to send information, in some cases medicinal, from remote areas previously disconnected from available resources. For example, one village could immediately notify another when health care professionals or medical supplies are nearby.
Mobile technology initiatives have already proven to be successful in increasing the efficiency of healthcare in Africa. In Uganda, mobile phones have dramatically reduced the diagnosis time for HIV positive infants from three months to two weeks. Local clinics in isolated areas can send blood samples to hospitals which test the sample and return the results via SMS. This allows the children to begin treatment much sooner and greatly increases their chances of survival. As a result “the number of HIV-positive infants receiving treatment has more than doubled, from 40 per cent to more than 90 per cent in the last two years.”
An article from the Center for International Health and Development at Boston University titled “Can the ubiquitous power of mobile phones be used to improve health outcomes in developing countries?”: http://www.globalizationandhealth.com/content/2/1/9
An article from aidsmap entitled “Mobile phone messages improve adherence and HIV control in Kenyan trial”: http://www.aidsmap.com/page/1540898/
An article from Smart Planet entitled “Bill Gates: mobile health technology will save lives, help overpopulation”: http://www.smartplanet.com/people/blog/pure-genius/bill-gates-mobile-health-technology-will-save-lives-help-overpopulation/4908/
A video from CNN titled “Cell phones save lives in Rwandan villages” : http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=video&cd=1&ved=0CDwQtwIwAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Frss.cnn.com%2F~r%2Frss%2Fcnn_health%2F~3%2F-cUnc_exaTs%2F&ei=xBLbTIfINcH98AaUqLXCCQ&usg=AFQjCNHj4YCzO3ft2eKGlpfNATEw3PgqGA&sig2=eKY7NRaNvg_bgZdQBihI9g
1. Can you think of other types of aid that could be enhanced through the use of mobile devices?
2. Are there any concerns with the use of mobile devices for healthcare? What about patient privacy or the accuracy of information passed through a cell phone? How could these concerns be overcome?
 Nakkazi, Esther. "Mobile Technology Doubles HIV Treatment Rate in Babies." SciDev.Net. 1 Nov. 2010.


Getting footage directly from your camera to anywhere in the world is now a reality with Sony’s new CBK-WA100 wireless adapter and Ci℠. Simply shoot, upload to Ci and let your team start reviewing footage right away, no matter where they are. Whether you are transmitting dailies from a field location, monitoring recorded images quickly on-site or remotely sharing edited work on Ci’s cloud platform, Sony puts the power of wireless connectivity and cloud flexibility in your hands – delivering the workflow of the future, today.
Sony adds a whole new level of wireless connectivity to its line of professional camcorders with the new wireless adapter, model CBK-WA100. The adapter connects directly to Sony cameras and is capable of transmitting proxy files directly to a broadcast station or to a cloud environment, significantly accelerating the ENG workflow – all without loss of quality, speed or ease of use. Workflows have evolved and the CBK-WA100 wireless adapter is on the forefront of that evolution.


The size and complexity of today's Telecom networks is continuously growing, and with it the cost of planning these networks. Network planning has to reach a delicate balance between cost, network performance, and up-time of business critical services. To successfully master this task, ISG experts enable Telecom operators and vendors to develop complex networks with superior planning that leads to low cost and high performance. We offers its planning services across the entire span of all telecom networks elements.
Complementing to its planning service, we offers network design for board-level design, special systems packaging, and custom design. With its in-depth knowledge and consultative approach, Nextel can accelerate time to market, reduce risk, and lower deployment lifecycle costs, by providing robust, highly-differentiated network design. This includes the following:
Creating solutions for our clients existing network along with meeting the challenges that arise as new networks develop. Network field services are managed and overseen by our teams of engineers and outdoor technical experts that are ready for the challenge. They are stationed out in the field, relying on one another, and rely on their outdoor and technical skill sets to see the job done right.
Ensuring a safe working environment while in the field for our teams is of the highest priority at Intelligent Solutions Group. Whether doing a site survey, site development, or installing a new tower we see that strict safety protocols are followed at all times.
To guarantee the best coverage, capacity and performance, our skilled engineers and project managers will work hard to optimize the network and provide a dependable service.
Copyrights© 2010 ISG. All rights reserved.


Routing with Solaris
How to get your packets from point a to point b
Last Revised: March 9, 2000
This article is the second in a two part series. In the first article I discussed how to configure, modify and troubleshoot network interface cards. This second article will discuss routing issues for systems with two or more network interface cards. I will not be discussing gated nor any routing protocols, such as RIP or OSPF. This article will focus only on implementing static routing tables. Throughout this article I will be using the octet method for denoting subnet masks, as opposed to the more modern method of using a /. Example, I will be designating a class C network as 255.255.255.0, as opposed to /24. I decided to use the older notation as this is what Solaris uses. If you have any questions about IP addressing or subnetting, I highly recommend you first review IP Subnetting Tutorial.
Routing has always fascinated me, it is amazing how a system knows where to forward a packet. In this article, I will discuss how Solaris 2.6 knows just that, where to forward a packet. The first part of this article I will explain and setup some basic static routes. In the second part of the article I will cover some of Solaris 2.6's more advanced capabilities, specifically VLSM (Variable Length Subnet Masks).
Routing is the process of forwarding a packet from point A to point B. Solaris does this by building a routing table. When it forwards a packet, it first refers to the routing table to decided where to send the packet. The key to successful routing with Solaris is building a proper routing table. You start building your routing table with your first network interface device.
When you configure a network interface device, the kernel automatically builds a static routing table. For example, lets say you are on a system that has a single interface, elx0. You configure the device to have an IP address of 22.214.171.124, with a netmask of 255.255.255.0. To see the routing table the kernel has built, use the command netstat -nr.
Routing Table: Destination Gateway Flags Ref Use Interface ----------------- -------------------- ----- ----- ------ --------- 126.96.36.199 188.8.131.52 U 1 20 elx0 127.0.0.1 127.0.0.1 UH 0 94 lo0
Here we see the system's routing table. The first column is Destination, which network does the packet want to go to. The second column is Gateway, the IP address the packet must go to get to the destination (the next hop). The third column is Flags, which denotes interface information, such as U for up, and G for Gateway. The fourth column is Ref, which denotes how many times that specific MAC address is referenced in the routing table. The fifth is Use, or how many packets have gone through the interface. The last column is Interface, it show the device the packet must go through if the destination is the local network.
In the example above we have two routes. The bottom one, 127.0.0.1, is the standard loopback route. All systems have this route, the kernel uses it to talk to itself. The second entry is a result of the elx0 interface. This entry says if you need to get to a node on the 184.108.40.206 network, go to 220.127.116.11, which is the system interface. This entry is called the local network entry and is added by default. The kernel assumed that because elx0 has an IP address of 18.104.22.168 and a netmask of 255.255.255.0, it must be connected to the local network 22.214.171.124. Thus, if you want to talk to any node on the 126.96.36.199 network, the kernel knows exactly where to send the packet.
Any time you add a new interface, the kernel adds a routing entry similar to the one above. It assumes that the new interface can talk to the local network. Your system can now talk to the local network, 188.8.131.52. But what about other networks, such as the Internet? If you were to attempt to talk to any node on any other network, such as 184.108.40.206, you would get the following error.
lisa #ping 220.127.116.11 ICMP Net Unreachable from gateway lisa (18.104.22.168) for icmp from lisa (22.214.171.124)
The system has no idea how to reach this node. To fix this, we need to give the system a default route. When the kernel is given a destination it does not know, it sends it to the default route. The default route is usually the IP address of another router. This router takes the packet and does one of two things with it. If the destination is local to the router, it sends the packet to the local destination. If not, the router sends the packet upstream to another router. This process repeats itself until the packet has reached its destination.
By default, Solaris uses a routing protocol to dynamically determine the default route, RIP or Route Discovery. During the init process, the /etc/rc2.d/S69inet will attempt to find a router running route discovery (/usr/sbin/in.rdisc). If this fails after three attempts, the script then launches /usr/bin/in.routed, otherwise known as RIP. However, we will use neither method. Instead, we are going to manually set the default route. When the default route is manually set, neither routing protocol is initiated. The advantages to this are a simpler and more secure system to administer.
You manually define the default route with the file /etc/defaultrouter. This file consists of a single entry, the IP address of the default router. This file is read during the init process (specifically /etc/rc2.d/S69inet) and added to the routing table. For this system, we have identified the default router as 126.96.36.199. This is the IP address of the router that connects us Internet. If our system does not know a packet's destination, it sends the packet to the default router. With our default route, the new routing table would looks as follows
Routing Table: Destination Gateway Flags Ref Use Interface -------------------- -------------------- ----- ----- ------ --------- 188.8.131.52 184.108.40.206 U 2 20 elx0 default 220.127.116.11 UG 0 20 127.0.0.1 127.0.0.1 UH 0 30 lo0
Based on this table, the system now has two choices for forwarding a packet. If the destination is on the 18.104.22.168 network, the packet is sent to the local network. However, if the destination is any other network, then the packet is sent to the default router. Notice that the default router, 22.214.171.124, is on the local network. If the default route is not on the local network, the system cannot reach the default router.
To define the netmasks of your network, you use the file /etc/netmasks. This file is read during the bootup process, defining the makeup of your networks. Here is an example of a /etc/netmasks file.
# # The netmasks file associates Internet Protocol (IP) address # masks with IP network numbers. # # network-number netmask # # The term network-number refers to a number obtained from the Internet Network # Information Center. Currently this number is restricted to being a class # A, B, or C network number. In the future we should be able to support # arbitrary network numbers per the Classless Internet Domain Routing # guidelines. # # Both the network-number and the netmasks are specified in # "decimal dot" notation, e.g: # # 126.96.36.199 255.255.255.0 # 188.8.131.52 255.255.255.0 172.16.1.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.240
This file defines the network 184.108.40.206 as a standard class C network. However, the file also defines 172.16.1.0 as a class C network, even though it is normally a class B network. Last, we see the network 192.168.1.0 broken down even smaller as a 16 IP subnet. We discuss subnetting later in the article.
Up to this point we have been discussing singled homed system. Single homed systems have one of two choices, talk to the local network, or to the default router. Things get more complicated when you add a second interface. Your system now becomes multi-homed, and potentially a gateway. A multi-homed host is any system with two or more interfaces, usually on different networks. A gateway is any multi-homed system that routes packets between different networks.
Lets take a look at what happens when we add a second interface. We add the interface elx1 to our system, with an IP address of 10.1.6.1, netmask 255.255.255.0.
Routing Table: Destination Gateway Flags Ref Use Interface -------------------- -------------------- ----- ----- ------ --------- 220.127.116.11 18.104.22.168 U 2 20 elx0 10.1.6.0 10.1.6.1 U 1 123 elx1 default 22.214.171.124 UG 0 20 127.0.0.1 127.0.0.1 UH 0 30 lo0
Looking at the routing table, you notice only one change, the addition of interface elx1. If a packet is destined for any node on the 10.1.6.0 network, the packet is forward out the elx1 interface.
However, there is another, and far more important change not seen here, IP forwarding has just been enabled on this machine. Basically, IP forwarding means the system will route packets between networks. Based on the table above, the gateway will forward a packet one of two ways. If it does not know the destination, it will forward the packet to the default router. If the destination is on one of the two local networks, then the packet will be forwarded to its destination.
IP forwarding is enabled during the init process, in /etc/rc2.d/S69inet. If the system detects more then 2 interfaces (including the loopback) ip forwarding will be enabled by default. Your system is now a gateway.
You can have a system with 2 or more interfaces and not forward packets if you want. This is done one of two ways. First, by touching the file /etc/notrouter. During the init process, /etc/rc2.d/S69inet will look for this file. If it finds it, it turns off ip forwarding by executing the following command.
ndd -set /dev/ip ip_forwarding 0
You can manually turn off ip forwarding any time by executing the same command.
The route command allows you to manually change the route table. You can add, delete or change routes in real time. For example, lets say the IP address of the default router has changed, but you cannot afford to reboot the system. You have to change the IP address of the default route without rebooting. You do this with the route command. The syntax is simple,
route change default 126.96.36.199 1
This command changes the default router from 188.8.131.52 to a .5. The syntax is simple, type the network information as you want it to appear in the routing table. The last number at the end of the command is the metric, or how many hops to the next gateway. Any node, including a router, on the local network is a hop of 1. The route add command allows you to add additional routes to the routing table, just as route delete removes them. If you want to make a route command permanent, add the command to the bottom of /etc/rc.2/S69inet. The init script will execute the route command and update the routing table.
Starting with 2.6, Solaris supports VLSM (Variable Length Subnet Mask). VLSM means a network can be variably subnetted into smaller networks, each smaller network having a different subnet mask. What that means to you is that life just got a lot easier.
Under Solaris 2.5.1 or earlier, you could only define a single subnet for a network. For example, if you defined the network 10.1.6.0 with a 255.255.255.0 subnet mask as we have done, older versions of Solaris would assume that any network starting with 10 was a 255.255.255.0 subnet mask. You have now locked yourself in. You had to manually add an individual route for any 10.0.0.0 network that did not have this subnet. This could easily reach into the hundreds!
VLSM does not make this assumption, it gives you flexibility in setting up your routing tables. You can have as many different subnets as you want for a network. Lets take a look at an example. Our current routing table (see example from above) is configured for two local networks and a single default route for everything else (the Internet). However, this system is to be the gateway for a large corporation, the company's firewall. This means all inbound and outbound traffic must go through it.
The corporation is made up of an internal 10.0.0.0 network, which is subnetted into over 100 smaller networks. Each smaller, subnetted network has a different subnetmask. For example
10.15.146.0 255.255.254.0 (510 hosts) 10.128.112.0 255.255.248.0 (2046 hosts) 10.220.160.0 255.255.240.0 (4094 hosts)
Here you see the company's various, different networks. We have to create a routing table that routes all default traffic to the Internet, but at the same time routes anything on the 10.0.0.0 internally. Remember, our internal network is really over a hundred smaller 10.0.0.0 networks, all variably subnetted.
First, we have to identify the internal router. In our case, we will use 10.1.6.5. This is the IP address of the router on the internal network. Notice how this router is on the local network of interface elx1. Now, since we are using Solaris 2.6, which support VLSM, we need only 1 command to route all the variably subnetted 10.0.0.0 networks
route add net 10.0.0.0 10.1.6.5 1
With this single command, we have taken care of all routing issues, something possible only with VLSM. Lets take a look at the routing table and explain what I mean.
Routing Table: Destination Gateway Flags Ref Use Interface -------------------- -------------------- ----- ----- ------ --------- 184.108.40.206 220.127.116.11 U 2 20 elx0 10.1.6.0 10.1.6.1 U 2 123 elx1 10.0.0.0 10.1.6.5 U 0 0 default 18.104.22.168 UG 0 20 127.0.0.1 127.0.0.1 UH 0 30 lo0
The first line states that if your destination is on the 22.214.171.124 network, the network is local to the interface elx0. If your destination is on the 10.1.6.0 network, the network is local to the interface elx1. If your destination is on any 10.0.0.0 network EXCEPT to 10.1.6.0, the packet is forwarded to the gateway 10.1.6.5. Last, if the destination meets none of the above criteria (the Internet), the packet is forwarded to the default router, 126.96.36.199.
You may be confused as to how does the system know where to forward anything on 10.1.6.0. By looking at the routing table, you see two entries that would work, one for 10.1.6.0 and one for 10.0.0.0, both work for 10.1.6.0. The system always selects the most specific path first.
Now, if this was on a system that did not support VLSM, such as 2.5.1, things would be MUCH uglier. As stated earlier, the 10.0.0.0 is variably subnetted into smaller networks. Without VLSM, you would have to manually add a static route for each separate network with the route add command. If you do not, the kernel will assume that all the 10.0.0.0 networks are subnetted the same, causing all sorts of interesting routes. As you can see, VLSM is extremely powerful.
I decided to discuss CIDR, as it is easy to confuse with VLSM and they are both closely related. Defined in 1993 by rfc 1519, Classless Inter-Domain Routing is used for routing aggregation, also known as supernetting. Simple stated, this means lumping several networks into one. The purpose is to reduce routing tables, which are beginning to overload backbone routers. An example would be taking 256 class C networks and defining them as a single network, aggregating them together. You can define the networks 188.8.131.52 - 184.108.40.206 with the single routing entry of 220.127.116.11 subnet mask of 255.255.0.0.
CIDR aggregates several networks together for simpler routing, compared to VLSM which variably subnets a network into smaller networks. Confused? Don't feel bad, so is half the Internet. To learn more, I highly recommend you read 3Com's Whitepaper on IP addressing, VLSM, and CIDR at http://www.3com.com/nsc/501302.html
The key to successful routing is your routing tables. By defining a proper routing table, your packets will get from point A to point B. VLSM is a standard that allows greater flexibility and in developing a proper routing table. Remember, a happy gateway is a happy network.
Figuring out subnet masks and CIDR aggregation can be quite challenging. However, for the brain dead like me there exists an AWESOME little tool called IP Calculator from Net3 Group Inc. This freely distributed Windows tool is a great way to solve all your subnetting problems. I HIGHLY recommend it.
Download ip_calculator.zip 603 KB
For you Unix weenies, there is a Unix version of this tool, located at http://www.interloper.net/~dan/software
Lance Spitzner enjoys learning by blowing up his Unix systems at home. Before this, he was an Officer in the Rapid Deployment Force, where he blew up things of a different nature. You can reach him at firstname.lastname@example.org.
Thanks to Lance Spitzner for permission to re-publish the article.
Copyright © 2000 by Lance Spitzner. All rights reserved.


Functions of a Cell Phone Jammer
A cell phone jammer blocks mobile signal within a specified radius. Some years back the use of cell phone jammers was only left for the security department. Currently, the use of jammers have been employed in many areas such as phone usage restricted work places and religious places. The device will prevent your phone from call of receiving of calls, therefore, guaranteeing zero phone distraction in a meeting. The jammers works in the same principle that is used for blocking of radio waves. The jammers are available in different sizes and operating range. Large devices are always known to have a bigger working range. A jammer is considered to be of a good quality if it can block both speaking and listening signals.
A cell phone jammer for signal jamming is a simple device that operates electronically using an on/off button. It has a bulb lights when it is in operation. Majority of the small jammers relies on electrical energy from a battery while large jammers relies on electricity from plug in power sockets. The antenna is used for sending and receiving signal, larger jammers usually have an external jammer. A standard cell phone jammer is always made up of a voltage-controlled oscillator, tuning circuit, noise generator, and an RF amplification which are required to perform specific tasks.
The portable cellular phone jammer is capable of regulating the frequency at which it broadcasts its signal because of the tuning circuit while the voltage-controlled oscillator is meant for production of enough radio signals to block the mobile signals. Noise generator produces random electric output while in a specified range to block mobile signal while the RF amplification enhances the power of radio frequency to levels that can jam a signal.
The working principle of a cell phone jammer is similar to that of a radio jammer. It operates by producing radio frequencies similar to the ones that a mobile phone operates on. The frequencies are meant to cause interference with the existing mobile frequencies. Cell phone jammers are group into two broad categories depending on the mobile signals targeted. The first category is the one that block the radio frequency signals between cell phones and the jammers are always small. The other group is meant for large and powerful jammers. The large jammers usually target the radio frequency signals between the mobile phone tower and the satellite. To gain more knowledge on where to find the right signal jammers, go to http://www.thefreedictionary.com/jammer.
The jammers are always available in different sizes and quality. Portable, remote control, adjustable, and school cell phone jammers are some of the types of jammers available. The use of cell phone jammers are not restricted to the ones mentioned above since you can also install them in your home if you want privacy.


The world's first intelligent flow system with real-time data integration for traffic and parking optimizationPlay Video
With the smart traffic- and parking management system TAPS, LTS AG has the world's first completely new energy self-sufficient ground sensor and precise real-time software that ensure the dynamic detection of vehicles on the road (Smart Traffic) and the stationary detection of objects in parking lots and parking garages (Smart Parking).
How it works
The digital future of traffic
The TAPS sensor detects the object
and transmits the received signal via a proper radio protocol to the TAPS Gateway.
With this associated gateway, the TAPS vehicle detection sensor calibrates itself completely on installation
After processing, the received data is sent directly to the custom infrastructure via the desired interface.
With the user-friendly TAPS Software Suite, the desired data can thus be retrieved, displayed and evaluated in real time.
Easy integration: Wide-ranging application options with virtually any commercially available interface enable easy integration into existing traffic systems like LTE, Wifi and optical interface to copper line.
Cost-efficiency: The high-quality and low-maintenance TAPS sensor with V4A housing and safety glass is resistant to any weather conditions and provides reliable protection for a period of more than ten years. Together with simple installation, TAPS reduces installation and maintenance costs by up to 50% compared to the induction loop.
Environmentally friendly technology: In addition to reducing CO2 emissions through more efficient and faster traffic flows, the TAPS sensor completely energy self-sufficient. The ground sensor is therefore self-sustaining and does not rely on batteries and accumulators.


Eton - Solarlink Radio / Flashlight - FR500
When your outdoor adventures take you off the grid, you need a device that can fill multiple needs. The Et n FR500 is a compact unit that you can toss in your rucksack and take anywhere. It functions as an AM, FM, and shortwave radio with NOAA weatherband. It also has a flashlight, an emergency beacon, and an emergency siren. Plus, you can use it to charge your cell phone or MP3 player. This little wonder can be powered with the hand crank, or solely by the sun solar panels make this a very green device. Of course, battery power and AC power are also options.


Mobile Bug Bounty Hunting? Enter BLE
An overview of BLE Security Vector and Bug Bounty Hunting
Bug Bounty Hunter?
If you are hunting mobile bug bounties you must know by now how difficult it can be to find new kind of vulnerabilities. Common vulnerabilities become less and less attractive as more people join the party. Beside that, more and more companies start using automated vulnerability discovery tools and even out-source the security to penetration testing companies.
There is an area though, which is pretty much unknown by many bug bounty hunters and penetration testers. This area is the communication part between the mobile applications and other devices. The communication can be done via the local WiFi network, indirectly – by connecting to the server through internet, or via Bluetooth.
In this article, we will discuss the attack vectors of Bluetooth Low Energy which affects the security posture of the application and the BLE device.
What BLE is?
BLE stands for Bluetooth Low Energy. BLE for short, is a variation of the Bluetooth protocol, which focuses on low-power consumption and is often used by gadgets, wearable and home automation systems.
How an android application and a device communicate over BLE?
Any modern operating system exposes its API to the developers to communicate with the underlying BLE subsystem. The mobile application developers are not aware much of the details of the protocol as the API abstracts a lot of the heavy work.
Moreover, developers may not use the operating system’s API directly, but instead use a BLE library – a library that may be potentially vulnerable.
So the developers must know how the API/library works. Whats next?
For developers being aware of how the library works is not enough. The developers must understand the profile of the device they wish to communicate with. There are known profiles defined by Bluetooth SIG (organization defined and maintain the Bluetooth protocol). Also, there are custom profiles defined by the vendor of the hardware device. Keep in mind, that the developer and hardware vendor may be the same entity. Most of the time the vendors define their own interfaces which means the developer must implement a custom protocol to communicate with. And this is where you come into the play.
Why does BLE implementation needs testing?
Applications that talk to any kind of hardware device via BLE must be tested for various reasons. First of all, even if no custom protocol is implemented, the configuration must be tested (unencrypted communication and BLE-specific misconfigurations).
Then, if any custom protocol is implemented it must be tested in order to uncover any vulnerabilities in the protocol. The protocol or misconfigurations could lead to denial-of-service, access control issues, Personal Identifiable Information leakage and more.
If you are completely unfamiliar with BLE, here is an introductory post regarding Bluetooth Low Energy.
I don’t have the device required by the app. How can I test the app without it?
It is true that BLE security is a very specialized area which requires a lot of dedication and possibly spending some time in the reverse engineering of the application and some money purchasing tools or the device needed by the app. About the RE, there are patterns one can follow to optimize the time needed to understand what the application does. About the extra purchases: may also need to purchase a hardware device the application needs to communicate in order to trigger the right methods and have a Proof-of-Concept. Also, such devices tend to be expensive. For example, you test a smartwatch application, which needs to talk with the smartwatch – which you don’t have. There is a solution though! You may re-create the device without even having the device. A few good articles doing exactly that can be found here and here.
The Custom Application Protocol
The custom application protocol is the upper layer of BLE, defined by the vendor of the hardware device, and is commonly avoided for testing because of the difficulties of the protocol, the reverse engineering work needed and the lack of knowledge of how things works in BLE.
The application protocol is what can make the device – or application – vulnerable. The application communicates with certain interfaces – named characteristics – which can be left unprotected and may lack security mechanisms. Such interfaces though, are found on the device and therefore, bug bounties must include hardware in their scope so you can be eligible for the bounty. But in case they do, I can assure you very few bug bounty hunters, if any, gets their hands dirty with BLE. If the hardware testing is out-of-scope, the application though, might still be on-scope. On the application-side, the custom protocol must be implemented by the developer and the parsers must be securely implemented and not introduce any vulnerabilities.
Even if you not don’t find any BLE vulnerability in the device or to the application you may find vulnerabilities in the back-end. By playing around with BLE you may trigger endpoints on the back-end which can be vulnerable. Such endpoints would not be triggered otherwise. Such an example can be found here.
In this article we won’t cover how BLE works or how to test a BLE device. We wanted to let you know how much more can be done in bug bounty hunting of mobile applications that connect to IoT devices. We can guide you to the right direction to start this journey the right way. A lot of people have tried but failed to enter this area as they found-out that it’s a daunting task when you have none to tell you where to go and just looking around the internet.
Let us introduce you to the protocol properly and show you how you may start testing BLE apps and devices. Jump into this by subscribing below.
The email series contains the following topics. As soon it is over you are automatically unsubscribed:
Introduction to the BLE Protocol – A gentle introduction to the BLE protocol
Enumeration Phase – How you can enumerate a BLE device using specialized tools
Testing a BLE Device – How you may conduct basic tests
BLE App Misconfigurations – What kind of misconfigurations are found in BLE-related Apps
Mastering BLE Security – The path you need to follow to master in BLE Security.


Welcome to A Bit of Advice Telecommunications Consultants, your telecom solutions
With a combined total of 100+ years experience in the telecommunications industry we can offer
telecom solutions to small, medium, and large businesses.
The world has exploded in terms of technology advancements, supplier options, and marketing techniques. It continues to change and will continue to do so for many years to come. Most people simply do not have the time or experience to analyze their changing needs and the alternatives. This makes it next to impossible for them to understand the most beneficial options as they change from day to day. However, at A Bit of Advice, we have that experience and are willing to work with you to find the solution that suits YOUR needs.
Cellular Network Drive Testing
Long Haul circuit brokerage from T1 up to OC192
Design and implementation of Network Operations Control and Monitoring Center
Develop deployment plan for technical personnel
Oversee maintenance of the network
Oversee restoration after network outages
Manage circuit provisioning on long haul microwave and fiber transport systems
Installation, turn-up, maintenance and operation of terrestrial microwave digital radios, fiber transport systems and associated equipment
Conduct circuit testing and cross-connections
Telecom Services Include:


Frequently Asked Questions
Absolutely. You can order additional automation products at any time. Call our 5-star customer service team and we will integrate them with your existing equipment.
Our system helps to effectively reduce damage caused by common appliance malfunctions, natural disasters, or human error. This greatly reduces the chances of needing to make insurance claims. Contact your insurance agent directly to see if they offer discounts for the features you’ve chosen, which may include our security system enhancements, emergency automatic water shut-off systems, smoke/heat/freeze smart alarm, and more.
Not at all! We professionally install all systems and set everything up for you. Our technician will show you how to control your new system before leaving your property. Then if you have any questions later contact our 5-star customer service representatives and they will be happy to answer any questions you may have.
Not to worry, your automation products won’t be affected, unless you’ve chosen to have your system run off of Wi-Fi; our standard system is connected by GSM, which is far more reliable. This means that internet outages will not affect your system. Access to either the internet or smartphone data will be required to use the IET Security & Automation mobile app.
Our products use z-wave technology: an automation component that allows products (such as door locks, thermostats, lights, etc.) to communicate wirelessly via low frequency channels and be controlled through a smartphone, tablet, or computer. This technology allows you to communicate with your automated features securely and reliably.
Our techs can handle it. IET Security & Automation’s mobile app allows you to manage and view multiple locations whether it’s residential or commercial. Call us at 800.721.1828 and we’ll integrate the multiple systems into your app.
Within seconds of receiving signals from your home or business, we contact the proper emergency responders. We have no control over their workload and therefore cannot predict how quickly they will arrive. To help them respond to actual emergencies, it is important that your call list is current, and your system is functioning properly.
Yes! No matter what company’s sticker is on your security system, chances are good that we can provide monitoring services. Call us today at 800.721.1828 to determine if your system is compatible, and let us demonstrate how affordable monitoring your system can be.


The City of Marshalltown utilizes a Municipal Area Network comprised of multiple file servers, accessed by "PC" workstations. The various buildings housing the equipment are connected by a combination of copper and fiber optic cables, and microwave links. Internet broadband access is also provided via a microwave service.
The IS representative is responsible for:
Providing end-user support to the departments
Assisting administration with systems planning and purchasing
Assuring the on-going stability of the network
The network currently has over 100 workstations, 5 file servers, and an IBM e-Series minicomputer.
The City has established a Technical Committee, consisting of employees who represent the departments. The committee works with the IS representative to establish and maintain a long-range systems plan, and to establish priorities within this plan.
Current Technical Committee members are:
Brian DeMoss, Finance Department
Brad Mauseth, Police Department
Michelle Spohnheimer, Housing and Community Development Director


Since my last update, something has changed: turtle Marco Dalla’s prototype started to work – more or less. As I said in the previous post, the logger didn’t send a signal at first, but after a few weeks we started to receive data. We don’t know what actually happened during the first days after Marco Dalla’s release, but now we can confirm that the GSM network works well at sending information, even from areas quite far out at sea (we received an SMS when the turtle was about 20 kilometres from the Italian coast!).
The bad news is that the GPS is not working as well as the GSM. It seems that the GPS system used by the prototype (which was created by modifying a bird logger) is neither the best nor the quickest method to detect the position of marine animals, which come to the surface to breathe for only a few seconds. This is because the GPS is dormant when underwater and can operate only when it is completely dry. It then needs about another 40 seconds to pinpoint the animal’s position.
Unfortunately, Marco Dalla is a turtle that doesn’t like to stay at the surface for long (nor near the coast) and so most of the time the prototype didn’t have long enough to determine the GPS or send an SMS. In the end, we received 11 SMSs from the logger during the whole period of deployment, from 4 June until 23 July, and each one contained four GPS positions. This result is still very important because it has enabled us to demonstrate that the GSM channel is working well in sending information. Marco Dalla’s PTT stopped working on 18 August and, for now, the prototype is silent too.
Where do we go from here? Well, the next step is to deploy the second Ecotone logger, which has been modified to send an SMS even when it has no GPS position in its memory. In this way we can find out whether it is the GPS positioning that is not working well. This time we attached the logger to a juvenile turtle in the Adriatic Sea, having chosen this particular individual because we know – from previous deployments and the literature – that juveniles seem to stay more on the surface than adults do. Moreover, turtles in the Adriatic tend to remain closer to the coast than turtles elsewhere. Taking these factors into account, we hope to collect more GPS data and receive more SMSs.
Equipped with the prototype and an Argos PTT, the juvenile turtle was released on 3 September in Ancona, central Italy.
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Connectivity issue is the most common issues of all and might lead to several problems.
However, here it is most commonly stated as: sudden network failure at one of the upstream network providers due to which you can’t connect to your host server.
Multiple Tier 1 telecom providers are used by MilesWeb. This helps in bypassing transit networks which reduces the network path between your website and your visitors.
But, it means that when your ISP or its upstream providers face connectivity issues, you or some of your visitors who pass via the problem providers won’t be able to access your website.
However, all other visitors will be able to visit your website easily.


Live Demo: A New Hardware-Based Approach to Secure the Internet of Things
RSA Conference 2016 – Abu Dhabi
November 16, 2016 | 11.20 – 12.10 hrs | Level 1 | Room: Etihad Ballroom 2
Quick look – This session will address four key elements that have introduced serious weaknesses into the IoT: proprietary systems, connectivity, unsigned firmware and lateral movement. Discussion will showcase a new approach to IoT security demonstrating how SoC virtualization and security through separation can address these vulnerabilities, which have already been shown to have potentially life-threatening consequences.
From hospitals dispensing life-saving drugs, to connected cars – embedded computing is transforming the way we live and work. But underlying weaknesses have introduced potentially life-threatening vulnerabilities into the Internet of Things.


MIFARE and ISO/IEC 14443 Type A are not the same. While MIFARE is often viewed as an extension to or subset of ISO/IEC 14443 Type A, it is a proprietary encryption/conditional access protocol owned and licensed by Philips Semiconductors to multiple vendors of card ICs and reader ICs.
Because MIFARE has been so predominantly used with products employing ISO/IEC 14443 Type A technology, it has mistakenly become synonymous with the standard. However, ISO/IEC 14443 Type A is a completely open standard when used independently of the MIFARE encryption/conditional access scheme.
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Intermec CN3E5C841G2E200 CN3e Mobile Computer, Numeric Phone, 128MB RAM/256MB ROM, 802.11B/G, Bluetooth, Camera 2MP, WLAN FCC, GPS, GPRS EMEA/Asia, Windows Mobile 5 WWE GPRS.
The CN3e base configuration includes WM 5.0 or WM 6.1, 128MB RAM, 256MB ROM, 802.11 b/g, Bluetooth and SmartSystems(tm) client, with choices for a Numeric 10-Key or Numeric Phone keypad layout, as well the EA11 2D imager with scan handle support or 1.3 Megapixel Color Camera. Optional features include: Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver, GSM/GRPS/EDGE or CDMA/1xRTT/EVDO WWAN support.
A 4000 mAh, 14.8 watt hour battery ships with each unit.
Separate Accessories: Docking or charging systems with associated power supplies.
More product information is available at http://www.intermec.com/products/cmptrcn3ef/index.aspx


The FT232R is the latest device to be added to FTDI's range of USB UART interface Integrated Circuit Devices. The FT232R is a USB to serial UART interface with optional clock generator output, and the new FTDIChip-ID?? security dongle feature. In addition, asynchronous and synchronous bit bang interface modes are available. USB to serial designs using the FT232R have been further simplified by fully integrating the external EEPROM, clock circuit and USB resistors onto the device.
Bridge Type: USB to UART Supply Voltage Min: 1.8V Supply Voltage Max: 5.25V Interface Case Style: SSOP No. of Pins: 28Pins Operating Temperature Min: -40


Remote Start Firefighter MKII
The Davey Remote Start Firefighter® is our intelligent remote start Firefighter, offering security and peace-of-mind, to eliminate travel to a remotely located pump.
Activated by SMS, the Remote Start Firefighter provides options to start and stop manually, automatically on a timer, or remotely via an SMS service. The pump can be controlled using input sensors connected to it, for example – if using float sensor, the pump starts or stops when the tank water level is low or high respectively. Other inputs that might turn the pump off are manual start/stop, loss of prime, or a pressure switch.
Importantly; the new built-in modem can connect to 2G, 3G and 4G network depend on which one is available in your area.
Not only for use in emergency situations, you can also use the Davey Remote Start Firefighter for tanker to tanker water travel, irrigation or high head general water transfer.
All registered users will receive SMS feedback and warnings, to ensure you’re kept informed; and the engine is designed to shut down when there is no fuel remaining or the oil alert system has shut down. The SIM in the unit’s control centre is factory fitted and ready to use utilising the Telstra network across Australia. Ongoing use of the SMS function is subject to reception and subscription status.
Models in the range
- 5190HRS2 – Single Stage Impellor
- 5290HRS2 – Twin Stage Impellor


The telecommunications industry has come a long way through out the past two centuries. It all began with the invention of the telephone by Alexander Graham Bell. This took place in 1874 and is said to be the beginning of an era.
Essay The Telecommunication Industry With Orange Senegal. For this sharing, I would like to focus on the telecommunication industry with Orange Senegal, a company which I believe has developed an excellent model to cope with the decline of the voice and reinvent itself.
The telecommunication industry is one of the world most competitive industries. The key to becoming a leader in this industry is technology. A well planned technological forecasting allows a firm to lead the race and acquire large market share. Currently, the industry is saturated with wired and wireless telecommunication technology.
Essay Business Plan For Telecommunications Industry. Business Plan The telecommunications industry is engaged in the sharing of information over long distances by means of technology. Telephone, Internet, television and radio are all aspects of telecommunications, with an emphasis on the first two.
The telecommunications industry has been through some major developments in its era. It started out with a mixture of privately owned and state-owned companies throughout the world. In the first half of the 20th century, the telecommunications industry turned into a relative stable industry, which was completely government-owned.
The telecommunication industry has to deal with more fierce competition in the global marketplace than ever before due to the new human resource concept on knowledge management. “Telecommunications plays a vital role in the fast expanding Mauritian financial services sector.
Telecommunications Industry Essay. Posted on: 09.06.2020 Posted by: admin Comments: 0. Tags: ecological system theory essay, self surveillance essay, stability versus change essay. The Rise Of The Telecommunications Industry. The rise of the Telecommunications industry.
This sample Telecommunications Industry Research Paper is published for educational and informational purposes only. If you need help writing your assignment, please use our research paper writing service and buy a paper on any topic at affordable price. Also check our tips on how to write a research paper, see the lists of research paper topics, and browse research paper examples.
This essay on CSR in the Telecommunications Industry was written and submitted by your fellow student. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly.
Generally, the telecommunications industry in Malaysia is dependent on imports for the majority of its network components as most of the network equipment cannot be sourced locally. Maxis’ networks utilise standard equipment which is available from a limited number of suppliers.
Overview of Telecommunication Industry Essay Sample. The market for mobile services in Malaysia is highly competitive. Prior to the liberalisation of the telecommunications industry in Malaysia, Telekom Malaysia had a virtual monopoly on telecommunications services in Malaysia.
PESTEL Analysis of Telecommunication Industry. The telecommunication industry has gone through a lot of changes to stand out in the competitive business world. The telecommunication industry has experienced a steady GDP growth during the last five years. The subcontinent’s economy is expected to grow momentarily over the next five years.
The Telecommmunications Industry In Zimbabwe Information Technology Essay. Stan. Introduction to the study. A growing trend in the global telecommunications industry is for operators to outsource certain jobs to Managed Services Providers, where work, responsibilities and decision rights are transferred to an external expert entity that may be located within or outside the country.
The Indian Telecommunication Industry Information Technology Essay. India's telecommunication network is the third largest in the world on the basis of its customer base and it has one of the lowest tariffs in the world enabled by the hyper-competition in its market.
Essay on Impact of Telecommunications on National Development and Globalization Telecommunication is the science and technology of communication at a distance by electronic transmission of impulses via telegraph, cable, telephone.Impact Of Globalization On Telecommunications Industry Economics Essay. World is entering into information age which has brought a state of change in the ways the world use to run due to which a marked change is going on in societies, associations, agencies, corporations and industries.This essay, Telecommunications Industry-Marketing of Vodafone, stresses that telecommunications has been one of the rapidly growing sectors in countries all over the StudentShare Our website is a unique platform where students can share their papers in a matter of giving an example of the work to be done.


|Home||» Products||» Cell Modem||» Cell Modem|
Cell ModemThe Nucleus for Wireless Network Solutions.
Backed by the profound experience of the industry, our organization is engaged in manufacturing, supplying and exporting Cell Modem. Generally used for connecting computers to Internet, these modems are manufactured by using high quality components and following industry laid guidelines. A team of knowledgeable experts keeps strict vigil on the entire production process, so as to eliminate defects and maintain higher standards of quality. Offered range of Cell Modem is applauded by the customers for its exceptional performance, low maintenance and longer functional life.
Specifications :Typical Power Consumption :
|Operating Frequency||: 433 MHz operating frequency|
|Working temperature||: 20Ã‚ºC - 65Ã‚ºC|
|Working humidity||: 10%- 90%|
|Setable parameters||: RF baud rate , channel and frequency by RF module software|
|Power supply||: 9 Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 12 VDC.|
|Channel speed rate||: 1200/2400/4800/9600/19200/38400Bit/s|
|Interface data format||: 8E1/8N1/801|
|Interface||: RS232 , RS485|
|Antennas||: (a) Standard (b) High Gain (c) Yagi.|
|Dimensions||: 44mm x 27mm x 8mm.|


RagingWire's technologically advanced, patented electrical infrastructure offers 2N+2 redundancy -- twice the redundancy of a standard Tier 3 data center. As an additional safeguard, our custom-designed N-Matrix™ infrastructure management system monitors and controls the entire electrical distribution system. In addition, it is monitored 24x7 by on-site Operations Control Center engineers. For you, this means an unprecedented level of reliability and an industry leading 100% service level agreement – even during maintenance windows.
RagingWire's electrical infrastructure is concurrently maintainable and fault tolerant with a simultaneous utility outage. At our Virginia data center campus, power from the interconnected Beaumeade substation provides 21.5 megawatts of total power into the facility through hardened, underground electrical conduit. Our Sacramento data center campus has a feed from the local utility substation, as well as our own dedicated and owned 69 kV power substation which feeds directly to our campus. RagingWire offers an unprecendented level of multi-point reliability with a 2N+2 design throughout our power architecture – from industrial generators and uninterruptible power supplies to custom designed power distribution units.
RagingWire's two patents work together to make our power systems the most reliable critical infrastructure in the data center industry. RagingWire customers don't wonder whether or not we're doing the maintenance required to keep our systems in optimal condition - we engineered our infrastructure to account for maintenance and fault conditions without decreasing reliability. RagingWire's first patent encompasses the ability to conduct planned maintenance and correct fault conditions -- to take UPS systems offline for maintenance -- without any interruption in customer power or reliability. The ability to transfer live UPS load without impacting customer IT power allows RagingWire to give a 100% uptime SLA, even during maintenance.
Our second patent covers our massively scalable, phased-build power delivery infrastructure with 100% availability. With this patent, RagingWire improved upon the traditional data center pod-based power design by adding a unique cross-facility power switching fabric that allows live IT power load to be shared or moved across the entire facility, connecting any PDU with any UPS output. Our customers can grow their IT systems without worrying about scalability - we've engineered the current and future power flexibility required to meet their needs.