The instruments (‘Mercuri Coherer with a telephone detector’) are still there in the science museum of the Calcutta University. Twenty years after the telephone was invented and music was first sent down a telephone line, Guglielmo Marconi sent radio signals. FM radio uses “frequency modulation” to transmit a combination of waves that reproduce the audio signal for broadcasting, thus the initials “F” and “M.” Frequency Modulation transmits information over a carrier wave that varies (unlike AM, where the frequency wave remains steady). Marconi’s Coherer, which he used in 1901, was the exact copy of that of Bose.
The range of coverage of all two-ways varies depending on the radios’ usage locations. Marconi (1874-1937) was born in Italy and studied at the University of Bologna. Broadcasting Becomes Widespread (1922-1923) – Led by Westinghouse‘s 1920 and 1921 establishment of four well-financed stations — located in or near Pittsburgh, Boston, Chicago and New York City — there was a growing sense of excitement as broadcasting activities became more organized. He sent and received his first radio signal in Italy in 1895.
During the 1860s: Scottish physicist, James Clerk Maxwell predicted the existence of radio waves; and in 1886, German physicist, Heinrich Rudholph Hertz demonstrated that rapid variations of electric current could be projected into space in the form of radio waves similar to those of light and heat. In today’s world, commercial and public broadcast radio stations, in addition to Internet and Satellite radio, continue to be major sources for delivering news, entertainment, general information and data transmission. 02/04/2010. In 1892, Stubblefield handed his friend Rainey T. Wells a box and told him to walk away some distance. One approach used to generate continuous-wave signals was high-speed electrical alternators. Audion and Vacuum-tube Receiver Development (1907-1916) – Lee DeForest invented a three-element vacuum-tube detector which he called an Audion, but initially it was so crude and unreliable that it was little more than a curiosity. During the sunlit hours of the day, AM waves travel by what is known as “groundwave;” bouncing around the earth’s curve over a specific distance from the signal transmitter. Pre-War Vacuum-tube Transmitter Development (1914-1917) – AT&T initially developed vacuum-tubes as amplifiers for long-distance telephone lines. Alternator-Transmitter Development (1891-1922) – Radio signals were originally produced by spark transmitters, which were noisy and inefficient. The development of broadcasting in the early 1920s brought significant challenges and changes, which resulted in passage of the Radio Act of 1927, and the formation of the Federal Radio Commission. Meanwhile, a few people wondered how to pay for all this. Category: history. Few actually know of Tesla’s radio inventions. So experimenters worked to develop “continuous-wave” — also known as “undamped” — transmitters, whose signals went out on a single frequency, and which could also transmit full-audio signals. The next year Marconi opened the first radio factory in Chelmsford, Essex and established a radio link between Britain and France. Marconi went on to introduce short wave transmission in 1922. Word Origins – Reviews of the history of the words “radio”, “broadcast” and “ham”. In 1898 Marconi flashed the results of the Kingstown Regatta to the offices of a Dublin newspaper, thus making a sports event the first “public” broadcast. But Marconi’s wireless telegraph transmitted only signals. Meanwhile, in 1919, due to pressure from the U.S. government, American Marconi’s assets were sold to General Electric, which used them to form the Radio Corporation of America. Lodge and Popov are also often credited with being the first persons to transmit and receive radio signals — in 1894, one year before Marconi allegedly did it but two years after Branley and six years after Hertz. A link with the USA was established in 1901.
Internet Radio, also called webcasting, streaming, net-radio and e-radio, is a method that allows music and other programming to be transmitted through the Internet. HD Radio allows radio stations to broadcast their programming digitally; allowing for more stations on the frequency band and clearer “CD quality” reception without audio distortion. During the 1860s: Scottish physicist, James Clerk Maxwell predicted the existence of radio waves; and in 1886, German physicist, Heinrich Rudholph Hertz demonstrated that rapid variations of electric current could be projected into space in the form of radio waves similar to those of light and heat.
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Applications Powered by the TerraLens Platform
Kongsberg Geospatial has developed several specialized geospatial applications powered by the TerraLens platform. These applications have been developed for specialized, mission-critical applications that include UAS mission management, ATC simulation and training, ISR Big Data analysis, and sensor and platform integration for Command and Control.
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While the move gets formalised after the Bill receives a green signal from Parliament, it is being seen with a lot of hope and excitement by companies looking to begin satellite communications in India.These include not only OneWeb, which is backed by Sunil Mittal’s Bharti group, but also others, such as, Elon Musk’s Starlink, American Viasat, and Jeff Bezos’ Project Kuiper.
While Starlink has approached the department of telecom (DoT) for getting the global mobile personal communication by satellite (GMPCS) services licence, One Web and Mukesh Ambani’s Jio (in partnership with Luxembourg-based SES) have already got the approval.
There is a process and procedure that Trai adopts when recommending pricing for spectrum where it is allotted administratively. While the broader terrestrial spectrum is auctioned by DoT, on reserve pricing recommendations from Trai, airwaves are also given out administratively for many services – towards national security and defence, in-flight and maritime connectivity, needs of central and state governments, and for roads, railways, metro, regional rail, inland waterways, airports, ports, pipelines, shipping, and other transport systems.
The government has decided to opt for administrative allocation in satellite communications as technically the spectrum for this purpose is a common resource and no exclusivity can be provided. This has been the practice across most of the markets where satellite-based telephony is provided.
Market analysts said satellite communications will likely be a niche area, with expected market share at only about 1% of the connectivity business, even when the handful of companies begin operations.
K Guru Gowrappan, Global President of Viasat Inc, said the company welcomes the Telecommunications Bill’s proposal to assign spectrum administratively. “Satellite spectrum auctions are impractical and come with a high cost. Satellite systems do not use spectrum exclusivity but rather share it globally through coordination.”
Lt. Gen. AK Bhatt (Retd.), DG of Indian Space Association (ISpA), called it a “progressive and forward-looking decision” and said the decision to allocate satellite spectrum through a globally-harmonised administrative method will help spur growth in the nascent space sector. “By allocating the spectrum administratively, India can align itself with international standards, promote global cooperation and also help drive innovation, create opportunities for startups, and strengthen the country’s position in the global satellite market.”


Renewable sources of energy are the way for sustainability now and in the future. Among the many naturally renewable sources, solar energy definitely tops the list with yearlong availability. Solar energy has found its use in many fields, including high-tech industries and household purposes. And thanks to the rising prices of other fuel/energy sources like oil and coal and the environmental concerns induced by global warming, solar energy has become a popular choice.
We dont look any more in awe of solar panels over a rooftop. With growing solar farms, there is also the need to have better control and tracking of solar energy transmission, especially through long distances. And energy transmission through the normal wire cables will not work in favor of solar energy. This is where the fiber optics cable comes into the picture.
Fiber optics – what and why
Many of us would have heard the name of optical fiber or the fiber optics in connection with the internet. However, that is not their only field of application. Thanks to their ability to transmit at high speeds and sustain extreme conditions, fiber optics finds a valuable place in many applications, specifically in those concerning solar energy.
With strands of glass fibers encapsulated in an insulated case, the fiber optics cable is the best for high performance and long-distance transmission of networks. They offer a higher bandwidth and allows for data transmission over long distances. They are the backbone of todays internet, telephone, and cable systems across the world.
Fiber optics are not just preferred because of their ability to handle high capacity to transmit solar energy. While that is one of the reasons, there are also other factors which has made this an ultimate choice for solar energy applications.
- Data carried by the fiber optics cable is at the speed of light, which means that the transmission rate is almost immeasurable relatively when compared with the copper wire transmissions.
- The transmission through fiber optics does not cause any kind of electromagnetic interferences (EMI). This saves on the retransmission and security issues, which is the biggest drawback with copper-based networks.
- It can easily withstand fluctuations in temperature, climatic conditions and are even good to use underwater. They are insulated to high voltages, unwanted signals, glitches in current, and many others.
- With regard to the solar panels, fiber optics offer you the most feasible tracking ability.
- Fiber optics is used for transmitting concentrated sunlight, which is then used for the generation of heat, daylight, and electricity.
Fiber optics in solar energy applications
While solar energy is potentially available almost all through the year in many places across the world, it is not always available either. The best example would be the night times. That is why there is a reason to store this energy and use it later in the future when required.
When we speak of storing solar energy, which is quite a powerful one, it is not easy. While the challenge has been overcome with the use of supercapacitors, there was again the question of monitoring and tracking the charge state of these devices.
The fiber optics provided the much-needed solution by helping you to monitor the charge flow in these supercapacitors. Also, given that they transmit light at a faster speed, they are used in many different solar energy applications like solar lighting.
With climatic changes inevitable and renewable energy being the only sustainable possibility, in the long run, solar energy applications have become a worthy choice to invest in. With fiber optics, your investment is secured for the long run since they can withstand many extremities in factors while handling solar energy transmissions.


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We provide advanced access control systems for projects of all sizes. Our comprehensive solutions are flexible and meet many different use cases.
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REMTECH secures premises of all sizes, from retail stores to warehouses and multi-facility institutions. Our solutions provide video surveillance in real-time, in all settings, day and night. We offer a number of solutions for all install situtations, including solar-power and weatherproof capabiltiies.
REMTECH provides camera integrations which provide clients with real-time video feeds, stream analytics, night/day viewing, and various installation scenarios. Our licensed experts create solutions for comprehensive coverage of all anlges of your business/site.
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Media Distribution Services designs and installs comprehensive, integrated data, voice and video solutions that maximize infrastructure investment. Design services range from riser cable and premise distribution systems to multi-floor, campus-wide and multi-facility environments. R&D’s comprehensive menu of services include:
REMTECH has RCDD’s (Registered Communications Distribution Designers) and LAN, WAN specialist to provide standards compliant designs for virtually every type of premise wiring architecture available. Media Distribution Services employ and sub-contract to expand its work force as necessary.
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REMTECH offers a wide variety of networking solutions from wired to wireless, Category 6+ to Fiber Optic to fulfill all your data, video and audio transmission needs. We provide you with solutions that meet your specific needs.


After integrating XRP transfers with Microsoft’s flagship email app Outlook, the independent XRP developer known as SchlaubiD is now bringing the leading digital asset to Gmail.
Through a Google Chrome extension, users can now send XRP to one another through Gmail. The extension utilizes the XRP Tip Bot API, and allows users to send up to 5 XRP to anyone they want via email, even if the receiver doesn’t have an XRP address.
As with any new platform that enables the sending and receiving of cryptocurrencies, users will need to do their due diligence to make sure the transmission is secure.
Do you use Gmail and XRPTipBot? Great! Send MoneyMessages with the new Chrome extension within Gmail. Try it out now https://t.co/eo7HZjEA8u
Happy weekend 🙂#xrpthestandard, #xrp, #XRPcommunity pic.twitter.com/XCH88DEZsK
— SchlaubiDev (@SchlaubiD) March 29, 2019


Our traffic signals come in 8″ and 12″ aluminum or polycarbonate. Their unique design permits the user to interchange all of the components between the aluminum and polycarbonate signals as desired.
Hand / Man LED Signal
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- Operating temperature -40º C to +75º C
- Operating voltage – 120 VAC (Other voltages available)
- Dimensions- A1 Ped. Bucket
- Housing – Water Tight
Traffic Signal Hardware
Additionally, we provide high-quality framework and traffic parts for all your traffic signal maintenance needs. Our wide range of traffic signal and pedestrian safety signage hardware includes Pedestrian Pushbuttons, Mounting Assemblies, Traffic Mounting parts, Span Wire, Pipes & Fittings, Adjustable Push button Frame, Bars, and Housing, Signs 5″ x 7″ & 9″x12″, Adapter Bars, Diameter Housing, Microswitches, and more. Contact us for your traffic signal hardware needs.


The @CITY research initiative brings together 15 partners from the automotive industry, supply industry, software development and universities. Subdivided into the two projects @CITY and @CITY-AF, concepts, technologies and prototypical applications are developed, enabling automated driving in complex urban areas. The aim is to make the city traffic of the future as safe, comfortable and efficient as possible for all road users. The research initiative is supported by the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action (BMWK) with a funding volume of around 20 million euros.
The Institute of Ergonomics is represented in the project @CITY-AF and will conduct research in the subproject “Human-Vehicle-Interaction” . This subproject deals with the interaction between the three protagonists: vehicle users, automated vehicles and other road users. The Institute of Ergonomics will work on the question of how everyday human forms of communication in traffic (eye contact, gestures etc.) can be “translated” to automated systems without misunderstandings.
In order to maintain the traffic flow and to resolve (possible) conflicts, road users communicate through explicit and implicit signals continuously. Although communication between different road users is typical for the urban traffic area, it is still only partially researched. In the future scenario of highly automated driving (SAE L3), the vehicle has to assume the communicative function of a human driver. This results in far-reaching questions regarding the future communication between vehicle users, automated vehicles and other road users in mixed traffic in urban areas.
To investigate these issues, the following task steps in the @CITY project are being worked on: First of all, scenarios in which communication between road users (including car drivers, pedestrians and cyclists) occurs are comprehensively described. Subsequently, relevant communication channels for the transmission of information between automated vehicles and other road users are identified. The knowledge gained should be transferred to the design of an automated communication concept and implemented prototypically. Finally, user studies should be carried out taking into account comprehensibility, security, acceptance by the users and targeting of communication in urban transport.
Use cases and scenarios of communication between road users in urban traffic areas were documented in a catalogue. The detailed analysis of selected scenarios provides communication sequences that serve as a starting point for the human-centred development of external human-machine interfaces (eHMI) on the vehicle.
The human-centred designs and evaluations of eHMIs of automated vehicles for communication with other road users show that other road users benefit more from eHMI design solutions that not only signal the automation status, but also provide signals about the system’s perception of other road users and signals about the intention of the automated vehicle. The eHMI principles developed in the project are presented as an application-oriented catalogue of recommendations, with the help of which the development and evaluation of eHMIs for automated vehicles can be accompanied in practice in a targeted manner, e. g. by using the eHMI principles as a checklist.


192.168.1.1 represents a private IP address which is by and large used by routers as their default IP address. As this is used as default option by most of the makers, there’s an excellent chance of clashes. This really is because of the fact that multiple network devices like routers originating from exactly the same manufacturer are connected to matching network. This IP address falls within certain ranges of addresses which may be utilized as the Internet that is private.
How to Avoid IP address battles? The issue of IP address contradictions is best avoided by a great router in service. The router is embedded with an attribute like DHCP client server that facilitates the IP homework endeavor which takes place without human intervention. So each of the computer amuse themselves with a unique address which eliminates the chance of any other computer to get the same address in that private network thereby preventing any brushes.
Usability of 192.168.1.1 which routers can use. There’s absolutely no restriction on the type of routers which can use this private IPv4 address. Any modem, computer and internet apparatus can be arranged using 192.168.1.1 IP address. But it’s not urged to go for it because of address divergences which can later show up in connectivity problems.
With the press of go can load you with choices of change of settings. For this your browser should support the internet standard requirements. You can set up a username and password by configuring your device.
There is a possibility of your personal computer to encounter with another system of similar shape. In this case you are highly advised to create an entire backup of your computer settings before subjecting to correction. Because you may wind up in losing your Internet connection in case your settings seem to be erroneous in the course of configuring your network system, this should be done with supreme attention.
The 192.168.1.1 is quite routine among those consumers who situate their routers for small areas. This IP address is likewise non-routable like 192.168.1.1. One cannot really find these forms of addresses outside the private network.
This IP 192.168.1.1 address is found as a default in case of D-Link router meant for its built in webpage access. From this place you’ll be able to access the settings of the modem by default and play with address filtering, WEP, MAC, LAN network settings and so forth.
Any effort from the external source to remap your settings when your default IP address is privatized, is best shielded by your router settings. And these router settings may well not have prevented this unwanted access of outside efforts if it wasn’t a private IP address.


New sdr from Icom, IC-7610. It replaces old Ic-7600- many rumors.
In Ham Fair 2016, Tokyo, Icom seems to announce the new Ic-7610, sdr direct sampling based radio like Ic-7300. It will be ready for market in 1 or 2 years. The price about 3.000$, 100W, HF-6m, 13.8VDC, 25A, 16bit ADC, dual watch, at least 100db spectrum scope dynamic range.


Area Ham Radio Information
Fremont KC8MSE Repeater
Output: 146.920 pl 107.2
Input: 146.320 pl 94.8
Repeater has backup power.
Skywarn, ARES, RACES primary repeater
145.540 Simplex - Newaygo County Simplex
White Cloud Repeater
145.450 (-) pl 94.8
Skywarn, ARES, RACES secondary repeater
For Newaygo County ham radio emergency communications, check out www.newaygoares.org.
One of the primary missions of ham radio is public service providing communications support in disasters. Hams have been responsible for saving countless lives in times of disaster when traditional means of communications may be overloaded or nonfunctional. This has been proven time and again, as events on September 11, 2001 and Hurricane Katrina have shown.
Email Wes Bustraan, W8WJB at firstname.lastname@example.org for more information.
There is a ham radio breakfast get-together on the second Saturday of every month at McDonalds in Fremont. It starts at 8:00am. Everyone is invited, licence or not.
Newaygo County Emergency Management coordinates a community CERT team for Newaygo County. This is where you want to be if you want to volunteer to help out for disasters and other events. You can find out more by visiting the county Emergency Services page at http://www.countyofnewaygo.com/EmergencyServices.aspx. If you join our team, you will receive training in emergency prepardness, disaster operations, first aid, search and rescue, communications and many other skills. We are always looking for good people.


Northstar has been a leader in the US marine electronics industry for over 35 years, and now offers a range of solutions that combine navigation, radar, and entertainment functionality. Boat builders and boat owners alike value Northstar's systems.
Northstar - Marine Electronics
Automatic ID System
8000i Integrated System
High Def Digital Radar
Chart / Sonar Combos
Fishfinders / Sounders
For Product Related Concerns (Technical Support and Repair Services):
PHONE (Toll-free in US) - 1-800-NAVIG8R or 1-800-628-4487
PHONE (Direct) - 603-324-2042
FAX - 603-324-2043
Basics & Buying Guide
The type of radar most commonly found on recreational boats is termed X band radar, operating in the 8 to 12 GHz frequency range. Because the X band operates on a higher frequency than other types, the wavelength is small (2.5 to 4 cm) and is more sensitive. This allows it to detect smaller particles such as rain, making the X band a valuable tool for weather tracking. Because the signal at these high frequencies is scattered and absorbed easily, it is generally used for short ranges.
Boaters usually think of using radar in limited visibility conditions such as at night or in fog or heavy rain. But radar can also be used as an extra set of eyes in good weather conditions, allowing you to "see" distant objects.
The type of radar most commonly found on recreational boats is termed X band radar, operating in the 8 to 12 GHz frequency range.
Because the X band operates on a higher frequency than other types, the wavelength is small (2.5 to 4 cm) and is more sensitive. This allows it to detect smaller particles such as rain, making the X band a valuable tool for weather tracking. Because the signal at these high frequencies is scattered and absorbed easily, it is generally used for short ranges.
A radar consists of a display, a transceiver (transmitter and receiver) and an antenna or scanner.
Radio frequency energy (RF), generated by the transceiver, is emitted by a rotating antenna, bounces off reflective objects and is returned. The time it takes for the RF energy to arrive at the target and return is measured by the transceiver, which calculates the distance to the target. The transceiver also computes which direction the antenna is pointing on each rotation and determines a target bearing. The size, shape, distance and bearing of the target are then displayed on a screen.
Display screens are measured on the diagonal like TV screens and can range in size from 5.5 to 15 inches. They may be either color or several levels of monochrome. Screen size, type, resolution and contrast are factors that will influence how well you can read the screen in a variety of light conditions. High-resolution and high-contrast monochrome displays with back lighting offer good visibility in a variety of lighting conditions but all displays are best used in subdued lighting. Another contributory factor to visibility is the screen type, LCD or CRT.
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screens are available in either monochrome or color, but the color display will have readability limitations in daylight conditions, especially direct sunlight. Because LCDs are thin and lightweight, they're suited to locations where space is at a premium. Most LCDs are described in the manufacturer's specifications as either full VGA (Video Graphics Adapter) or ¼ VGA. Full VGA consists of 640 X 480 pixels and is usually found in larger displays such as radar or permanently mounted chartplotters. The ¼ VGA units offer only 320 X 240 pixels and are typically found on handheld and portable chartplotters. The LCD monochrome screen is a good choice for use most lighting conditions.
CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) displays have a higher pixel count (full VGA) than LCD screens, and have bright, high-contrast screens that are readable in most light conditions except bright sunlight. CRT displays take up more space and use more power than LCD displays.
The shape and width of the antenna, or scanner, determines the shape of the radar's beam. Most antennas available to recreational boaters are either the more popular radome (closed array) or the open array type. In addition to the shape, the transmit power determines the signal strength or "visibility" range of your radar unit. This is important in weather conditions that require you to use your radar to begin with since fog and rain absorb RF energy, reducing range. RF energy emissions by radar are line-of-sight, making the mounting height a consideration. Follow the manufacturer's recommendations on this.
The narrower antenna found in radomes produces a wider horizontal beamwidth which runs from about 4 to 7 degrees, producing less separated targets. A radome encloses the moving parts of the antenna within a plastic housing to protect them. These are primarily found mast-mounted on sailboats or on smaller powerboats where it's difficult to find an out-of-the-way mounting location.
Open array antennas are wider, as much as 8 feet, and produce a narrower horizontal beamwidth, usually less than 3.5 degrees. This enables the antenna to focus the transmitted RF energy, and provides better target separation and a longer range than the radomes. Because the antenna rotates without the protection of a cover, it must be mounted clear of obstructions and crew.
Like high frequency radios,radar uses its own language and it's important to know the basic language in order to understand what you're buying. Below are the more common terms used.,
Attenuation is the loss of signal on either side of the transmit pattern. Sidelobes can be reflected back as interference and the radar's capability to suppress this interference is listed by the manufacturer as a negative number relative to the main transmission signal's positive number; the lower the negative number the better.
Bearing Accuracy should be within +/- 1 to 2 degrees and are relative to your boat's position only.
Clutter is unwanted signals, echoes or images that radar picks up and displays, interfering with reading of the desired signals.
EBL, Electronics Bearing Line, measures the relative bearing of a target from your location.
Gain Control is an adjustment for the sensitivity of the receiver allowing you to adjust the intensity of the return signals for the best image.
Horizontal Beam Width should be as small as possible. Radar emissions measured in the horizontal plane determine resolution; the smaller the horizontal beamwidth, the better the resolution.
Interference Rejection disregards signals caused by other radars operating in the immediate area.
Maximum Range is determined primarily by the transmit power, antenna height, and pulse length. Other factors contribute such as the transceiver's sensitivity, weather, and the size, shape and reflectivity of the target.
Minimum Range is the shortest distance where the signals transmitted don't interfere with the signals being bounced back. This distance is determined primarily by the mounting height and the vertical beam width. As the antenna mounting height is increased, the minimum range is increased.
Overall Noise Figure is the number that determines the usable display
area near the center of the screen. A low overall noise figure provides
for a larger usable display area picking up smaller targets with
weak return signals.
Rain Clutter Control allows you to optimize the image for weather conditions by suppressing the reflected RF energy from rain, minimizing the loss of targets in the clutter. Unlike other radars else on the recreational boating market the Company "Northstar" has introduced a revolutionary new radar system - "solid-state".
Radar system that provides superior target separation and detection. In additional low power consumption and mount anywhere.
Range Discrimination is the distance that radar is able to distinguish two broadside targets that are in line with each other. The transmitted pulse length determines range discrimination. The smaller the range discrimination, the better. If two targets are closer than the range discrimination, you will not be able to tell them apart.
Sea State Clutter Control permits you to enhance the image by minimizing the reflection of echoes from waves in a seaway.
Transmit or Output Power is designated in kW, usually 2 or 4 kW for most recreational marine radars. This figure is the maximum peak power transmitted. A higher transmit power produces a longer signal range with cleaner, clearer return signals.
Vertical Beam Width; radar emissions measured in the vertical plane.
VRM, Variable Range Marker, or range ring, measures the distance to a target. Zoom allows you to enlarge any area on the display for greater detail.
There are many other terms used in the language of radar and your manufacturer's instruction manual will define those terms and tell you how they relate to operating the radar and getting the most out of it.
If you plan to buy, purchase a radar system with an antenna that fits your boat and your boating style. For instance, open array antennas are usually not the best choi for sailboats.
Keep the maximum height of your antenna installation in mind when buying a radar. Since the signals are line of sight, antenna height is directly connected to maximum range. Buying a 32-mile radar to mount 10 feet above the water is a waste of money.
Buy the largest, highest resolution display you can afford.
A 2 kW transmit power usually provides enough signal strength for the average boater. If you boat in an area that typically has dense fog or heavy rain the majority of the time, consider purchasing a higher transmit power.
There are many videos on the marine market that instruct you on both how to use and how to read radar, purchase one when you purchase your radar.
Installation is for professionals unless you're knowledgeable with electronics. The unit must be tuned after installation. If you do this yourself, pay to have the dealer you purchased it from check out both the tuning and installation to avoid warranty problems later.
Practice using your new radar in good conditions until you become familiar with the way targets display on the radar screen. Then when poor visibility strikes, you will know what the display is showing you.
A radar consists of a display, a transceiver (transmitter and receiver) and an antenna or scanner. Radio frequency energy (RF), generated by the transceiver, is emitted by a rotating antenna, bounces off reflective objects and is returned. The time it takes for the RF energy to arrive at the target and return is measured by the transceiver, which calculates the distance to the target. The transceiver also computes which direction the antenna is pointing on each rotation and determines a target bearing. The size, shape, distance and bearing of the target are then displayed on a screen.


228 Mobile Phones Reported Stolen every HOUR
Recent crime statistics indicate that about 228 mobile phones are reported stolen in the UK every hour, as reported by BBC News in 2010 .
Whilst some of these phones are later found again, the scale of mobile phone theft is simply staggering.
Other figures show that up to 100,000 of the handsets turning up with phone recycling companies may have been stolen, according to the police database of stolen items. The police have also piloted mobile phone scanners in London, which can tell if a phone is on a national database of stolen property and which led to several hundred stolen phones being found. Other police forces are also doing trials of similar technology in a bid to cut mobile crime figures.
Most phones are now blocked by mobile network operators in the UK within 48 hours of the theft being reported, so the stolen mobiles often end up sold abroad by criminals where they can continue being used. Of course, stolen phones can also be used to rack up hundreds or thousands of pounds of call charges between being stolen and the theft being reported when noticed and the handset subsequently being blocked from the phone network.
With the measures currently in place, the profitability of mobile phone crime is falling, however that is little help to the hundreds of thousands of consumers who continue to have theirs stolen.


How to choose the right PLC? These 8 steps are enough.
PLC ( Programmable Logic Controller Control system, programmable logic controller, designed for industrial production, a digital operation of electronic devices. It uses a kind of programmable memory for its internal storage program, execution logic operation, sequential control, timing, counting and arithmetic operation, and other user oriented instructions, and controls the various types of machinery or production process through digital or analog input / output, which is the core part of industrial control.
Characteristics of PLC control system
From switch control to sequential control and arithmetic processing, it is from bottom to top.
Logic control, timing control, count control, step (sequential) control, continuous PID control and data control DDPLC have the functions of data processing, communication and networking.
A PC can be used as the main station, and multiple PLC as the slave station.
A PLC can also be used as the main station, with multiple PLC as the slave stations, which constitute the PLC network. This is more convenient than using PC as the master station. When users are programming, they do not need to know the communication protocol.
PLC network can be used as an independent DCS/TDCS or a subsystem of DCS/TDCS.
It is mainly used for sequential control in industrial process. The new PLC also has closed-loop control function.
8 steps of design and selection of PLC The level of system design will directly affect the performance of the control system and the reliability of the equipment. The selection of PLC is very important. How to select the appropriate PLC according to different control requirements and design a control system that runs smoothly, reliably, safely and practically, is easy to debug and easy to maintain? In the design of PLC system, the system plan should first be determined. The next step is to design and select PLC. The choice of PLC is mainly to determine the specific type of PLC manufacturer and PLC. For distributed system and remote I/O system, we also need to consider the requirement of network communication. So how to select PLC specifically? There should be the following aspects.
1. the choice of PLC manufacturers
To determine the manufacturer of PLC, we should consider the requirements of equipment users, designers' familiarity with different manufacturers' PLC, design habits, consistency of supporting products, and technical services. Considering the reliability of PLC itself, in principle, as long as it is a product of a large foreign company, there should not be a problem of poor reliability. Generally speaking, for the occasion of controlling independent equipment or simpler control system, supporting Japanese PLC products has certain advantages in terms of cost performance. For the distributed control system and remote I/O system with large scale network communication function and high openness, the PLC produced in Europe and the United States has more advantages in network communication function. In addition, for some special industries (such as metallurgy, tobacco, etc.), we should choose to have a PLC system which is reliable and reliable in operation.
2. estimation of input and output (I/0) points
The number of input / output points of PLC is one of the basic parameters of PLC. The determination of I/O points should be based on the sum of all input / output points required by the control equipment.
In general, the I/O point of PLC should have an appropriate margin. Usually, according to the statistics of input and output points, and then increase the 10% to 20% expansion margin, as input and output points to estimate data. In actual ordering, we need to adjust the number of input and output points according to the product characteristics of manufacturer PLC.
3. PLC memory capacity estimation
Memory capacity refers to the size of the hardware storage unit that the programmable controller itself can provide, and the memory capacity of various PLC can be found from the basic parameter table of the PLC. For example, SIEMENS's S7-314 PLC user program storage capacity is 64KB, S7-315-2DP PLC's user storage capacity is 128KB.
The program capacity is the size of the storage cell used by the user program in memory, so the memory capacity should be greater than the program capacity. In the design stage, because the user application program is not yet compiled, it is necessary to estimate the program capacity.
How to estimate program capacity? In many documents, different formulas are given. In general, they are 10~15 times the number of I/O points, plus 100 times the number of analog I/O points, which is the total number of words in the memory (16 bits for one word). In addition, the remaining amount is considered at 25% of this number.
4. the choice of PLC communication function
Now the communication function of PLC is becoming more and more powerful. Many PLC support various communication protocols (some need to have corresponding communication modules), and choose the appropriate communication mode according to actual needs when choosing. The communication network of PLC system mainly has the following forms:
In order to reduce the CPU communication task, according to the actual needs of the network, we should select communication processors with different communication functions, such as peer to peer, fieldbus, industrial Ethernet, etc.
PC is the main station, and multiple PLC of the same type are composed of simple PLC network.
1 PLC as the main station, the other PLC with the same type as the slave station, forming a master-slave PLC network.
The PLC network is connected to a large DCS through a specific network interface as a subnet of DCS;
A dedicated PLC network (the PLC communication network of each manufacturer).
5. selection of PLC models
Type of PLC: PLC is divided into two types: the whole body and the modular type.
The overall PLC has fewer I/0 points and is relatively fixed, so the user has little choice and is usually used for small control systems. Representatives of this category of PLC include: SIEMENS's S7-200 series, Mitsubishi Co's FX series, Omron Corporation's CPM1A series and so on.
The modular PLC provides a variety of I/O modules that can be inserted on the PLC substrate, so that users can reasonably select and configure I/O points of the control system according to needs. Therefore, the modular PLC configuration is more flexible, and is generally used in large and medium-sized control systems. For example, SIEMENS's S7-300 series and S7-400 series, Mitsubishi Co's Q series, Omron Corporation's CVM1 series and so on.
6. the choice of I/O module
The selection of digital input and output module:
The application of digital input and output module should be considered. For example, for input module, the application level of input signal level and transmission distance should be considered. The output module also has many kinds, such as relay contact output type, AC120V/23V bidirectional thyristor output type, DC24V transistor drive type, DC48V transistor drive type and so on. Usually the relay output and output module has the advantages of low cost and wide voltage range, but the service life is short and the response time is long. The surge absorbing circuit needs to be added when used for inductive load. The bidirectional thyristor output module has fast response time, which is suitable for frequent open and close, inductive low power factor load occasions, but the price is more expensive, and the overload capacity is poor. In addition, the input and output modules can be divided into 8 points, 16 points and 32 points according to the number of input and output points.
The selection of analog input and output module: The analog input module can be divided into three types according to the analog input signal type. Current input type, voltage input type, thermocouple input type, etc. The current input type usually has a signal level of 4 to 20mA or 0 to 20mA; the voltage input module usually has a signal level of 0 to 10V and -5V to +5V. Some analog input modules can be compatible with voltage or current input signals.
The analog output module also divides the voltage output module and the current mode output module, and the current output signal usually has 0 ~ 20mA and 4 ~ 20mA. Voltage output signals usually have 0 ~ 10V, -10V~+10V and so on. The analog input and output module can be divided into 2 channels, 4 channels and 8 channels according to the number of input and output channels.
The function modules include communication module, positioning module, pulse output module, high-speed counting module, PID control module, temperature control module, etc.
When choosing PLC, it is necessary to test the possibility of matching the functional modules. The choice of function modules involves two aspects: hardware and software.
After the PLC type and specification are roughly determined, the basic specifications and parameters of each component of PLC can be determined one by one according to the control requirements, and the models of each component module can be selected. When choosing module models, the following principles should be followed. Generally speaking, as PLC, there are many kinds of modules that can meet the control requirements. The choice should be based on the principle of simplifying line design, convenient use and minimizing external controllers.
In terms of hardware, we should first consider that functional modules can be conveniently connected to PLC, and PLC should have relevant connections, installation locations and interfaces, cables and other accessories.
In software, PLC should have corresponding control functions, which can facilitate programming of functional modules. For example, MITSUBISHI's FX series PLC can easily control the corresponding functional modules through the "FROM" and "TO" instructions.
For example, for the input module, priority should be given to the input form that can be directly connected to the external detection element, so as to avoid using the interface circuit. For the output module, the output module that can directly drive the load should be selected first, and the intermediate relay and other components should be minimized. When selecting type, we should take into account the unification and general-purpose of each module of PLC and avoid excessive types of modules. This will not only help procurement, reduce spare parts, but also increase the interchangeability of all components of the system, providing convenience for design, debugging and maintenance.
When selecting components of PLC system, compatibility should be fully considered. In order to avoid the problem of poor compatibility, manufacturers of the main components of PLC system should not be excessive. If possible, try to choose the same manufacturer's products.
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PLC switch DI/DO expansion module
● According to the number of points, it can be divided into 8 points, 16 points, 24 points, 36 points, 40 points and 64 points switch expansion modules;
● The switch modules above 8 o’clock all have 485 communication ports, which support stand-alone use and can be used as remote IO;
● 8 points, 16 points switch module 24VDC power supply, 16 points above the switch module 24VDC or 220VAC power supply optional;
● The switch module with 24VDC power supply has no DC24V power output;
● 220VAC power supply switch module, in addition to pure output, other modules (such as DI, XD) have 24VDC power output;
● It can be used as a switch expansion module for any host;
● The module has Ethernet and RS485 communication ports and can be installed in a distributed manner as a remote IO unit.


At Stetner we utilize best practices and industry knowledge in instillation and design. Licensed-certified electricians with years of experience can help get your business connected to VOIP phone systems for internet delivery of voice communications and multimedia sessions, but we can also help with security systems. Whether you need better security with networked security cameras or other security systems, we can design and install it for you. And if you have increasing data loads for your business, we can help you increase your data and logistical systems through cable tray installation. If you have other areas of technological design that you are interested in, please connect with our design team to see our expanding list of services within the technologies field.


In the current world, information is the most vital thing. It is, therefore, not a surprise that lots of people will be glued on their electronic gadgets such as their laptops or phones trying to get the information needed. Besides, lots of business in telecommunication or data processing are focused more on the network they are using to ensure that this is a possibility. When you have a business that deals with such, you may have to consider installing a network cable to help with the data transmissions.
As a business, you want to ensure that there is efficiency and, therefore, you need to consider using a network that has great speed and can transmit over long distances. You notice that the weather will not always be favorable and a network cable that can withstand any environmental condition may be the kind of cable you look at. When looking for a network cable to satisfy all of these needs, you may need to consider incorporating the fiber optics cable in you system.
the manufacturers of the fiber optic cables have an impact on the quality of the cables you will be buying. The sheer number of the fiber optic cable manufacturers in the market has been attributed to the increased need for such cables and getting to identify the right manufacturer now is not an easy task. You find that your choice for the right fiber optics cable manufacturer can be made easier as there are some factors that you can assess and some are mentioned in this article.
How much the fiber optics cable cost should be one of the things that you get to critically assess. You may need to check on whether or not the manufacturer’s prices falls within your budget range. However, different manufacturers will have different costs. There are those times when an expensive fiber optic cable does not imply that the cable is of high-quality and very low cost also implies compromise on the quality. Therefore, you can check on the reputation of the manufacturer before investing since with an irrefutable manufacturer, the cables are bound to be of high-quality.
The warranty policy the fiber optics cables you are to buy has must be checked to buy from the right manufacturer. The warranty gets to reveal the longevity of your fiber optics cables as it shows the quality it has. The manufacturer will ensure that the better the quality, the more the length of time it has on the warranty policy.


An F-16 Fighting Falcon receives upgrades at Misawa Air Base, Japan, Jan. 27, 2012. Upgrades to the F-16s include an Onboard Oxygen Generation Systems, Beyond Line of Sight Communications, and Embedded Global Positioning and Inertial Navigation Systems. These systems will improve the lethality of the aircraft. (U.S. Air Force photo/Airman 1st Class Kia Atkins)
Mike Venson, Lockheed Martin avionics technician, checks systems on an F-16 Fighting Falcon after it received upgrades at Misawa Air Base, Japan Jan. 27, 2012. Misawa's F-16s are undergoing several upgrades that will improve their lethality. (U.S. Air Force photo/Airman 1st Class Kia Atkins)
Lockheed Martin employees install upgrades to an F-16 Fighting Falcon at Misawa Air Base, Japan, Jan. 27, 2012. Upgrades to the Misawa fleet started September 2011 and are scheduled to be finished by October 2012. These systems will improve the lethality of the aircraft. (U.S. Air Force photo/Airman 1st Class Kia Atkins)
by Airman 1st Class Kia Atkins
35th Fighter Wing Public Affairs
2/7/2012 - MISAWA AIR BASE, Japan -- Since September 2011, Misawa Air Base's F-16s have been going through a series of upgrades that improve the aircraft's technology, making them more efficient in a war-time environment.
Upgrades include Onboard Oxygen Generation Systems, Beyond Line of Sight Communications, and Embedded Global Positioning and Inertial Navigation Systems.
Installation of the OBOGS is part of a Time Compliance Technical Order modification that replaces the conventional oxygen system with equipment that will enable the aircraft to generate its own oxygen.
Prior to this upgrade, it took up to four maintainers to service the aircraft with the needed liquid oxygen. The new system is self-sufficient, allowing maintainers to focus on other duties and eliminating the need for liquid oxygen for the aircraft.
"During Temporary Duty assignments, there is a lot of equipment that's sent away to service oxygen," said Tony Montes, Lockheed Martin aircraft maintenance supervisor. "If an aircraft diverts somewhere, we don't have to worry about setting up and sending liquid oxygen to them."
The TCTO modification that will be upgrading the current communications system to the BLOS uses satellite communication technology to give F-16s the capability to communicate over large distances and in rugged terrain. Before this upgrade, ground troops could not communicate with pilots unless they were in the line of sight.
The BLOS upgrade allows F-16s to deploy to different areas of the world where satellite communications are necessary.
Modifications like the EGI will combine the F-16's current Global Positioning and Inertial Navigation Systems. The EGI requires less equipment making the aircraft lighter, while improving the navigation system.
"All the upgrades that we are getting expand the capabilities of our aircraft," said Master Sgt. Andrew Kauffman, 35th Maintenance Group wing avionics manager. "In my opinion, these upgrades increase our mission readiness by giving us top of the line systems. So the next time we deploy, we'll have the best avionics systems out there."
Upgrades to each of the F-16s take approximately 15 duty days to complete. The scheduled completion date for all upgraded F-16s is October 2012.
"As with any technologically advanced aircraft, it's only as good as the technology of the day," said Montes. "So as technology improves, you also have to improve the aircraft. Instead of building a new aircraft and spending that much money, you just make the one that you have better."
2/7/2012 11:47:32 PM ET Amazing reporting and AWESOME photos


Native Union : Drop Wireless Charger
DROP WIRELESS CHARGER
Made for iPhone and Qi Compatible Devices
DROP Wireless Charger provides fast and secure charging for iPhone 8 and above, plus all other Qi compatible devices. Designed with a silicone tread, it keeps your device in place while charging and prevents overheating for optimum charging speed, up to 10W.
F E A T U R E S
- Wireless charging, also known as inductive charging, is a way to charge your smartphone, accessory or other compatible device by placing it on a wireless charging device. It eliminates the need for charging cables.
- Tested by an independent laboratory and has been CE, FCC, and Qi certified.
- LED light on the back that will be on while the device is charging.
- Fully compatible with all NATIVE UNION cases. If your non-NATIVE UNION case is simply a protective case, as long as its back panel is no thicker than 3mm, wireless charging should work fine. However, if the back panel is thicker, or if the case contains a battery or other metal, it may prevent the phone from wirelessly charging.
- For the iPhone 8, iPhone 8 Plus, and iPhone X, iPhone Xs, iPhone Xs Max, and iPhone XR, DOCK WIRELESS CHARGER will charge your phone at 5 Watts (equivalent to 1 Amp). For all non-Apple Qi compatible devices, DOCK WIRELESS CHARGER will charge your device at 10 Watts (equivalent to 2 Amps). Wireless charging is highly impacted by the heat of the charger and temperature of the room.
- Packaging is 100% recyclable


Main / Music / Packetcheck
File size: 303mb
GL's enhanced PacketCheck™ is a comprehensive PC based Ethernet / IP test tool with BERT and Throughput testing abilities. The application truly takes confusion out of Ethernet testing at all protocol layers - from raw Ethernet frames to IP/UDP packets. PacketCheck™ makes use. GL's PacketCheck™ is a complete PC based Ethernet / IP test tool that provides multi stream capabilities with BERT, Throughput, Delay, and Impairment testing. 2 days ago Speaking to the press, Mr. Vijay Kulkarni CEO of the GL Communications Inc said , “PacketCheck™ is a complete PC based Ethernet / IP test.
Popular Alternatives to PacketCheck for Linux, Windows, Mac, Android, Android Tablet and more. Explore apps like PacketCheck, all suggested and ranked by. GL's enhanced PacketCheck™is a complete PC based Ethernet / IP test tool with BERT, Throughput, Delay, and Impairment testing functions. GL's PacketCheck™ is a PC based Ethernet test tool that is designed to check frame transport ability, and throughput parameters of Ethernet and IP networks.
PacketCheck - Software Ethernet Read more about layer, frames, ethernet, statistics, packetcheck and packet. Main Features. Test Ethernet traffic of up to Mbps bandwidth. Generates full duplex IP, UDP, or Ethernet frame traffic to transmit and/or receive traffic on.


This product is not available at the moment, please comment or contact us for more
Brand : Hoco
U60 Soul secret USB to Micro-USB charging data cable 1.2m current 2.4A nickel zinc alloy connectors and TPE braid
1. Length: 1.2 meters. Weight: 19g.
2. Synchronous charging and data transmission, the maximum current is about 2.4A.
3. Material: nickel-zinc alloy + TPE.
4. Wire core specification: 120 enameled wire OD=2.5mm.
5. 90 degree angled shape.


This course teaches how computers are networked together, basic concepts of network infrastructure, network hardware, protocols, and services. Students will also gain hands-on experiences with Windows Server, Window-based networking, network management tools, DNS, TCP/IP, names resolution process, and network protocols and topologies.
- Network Infrastructures: The graduate analyzes the characteristics of various network topologies and access methods.
- Wired and Wireless Networks: The graduate analyzes standards, procedures, and protocols used in wired and wireless networking technologies.
- Network Hardware: The graduate analyzes network hardware capabilities important to the development of network infrastructure.
- Open Systems Interconnection (OSI): The graduate analyzes the layers specified in the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model used to design, maintain, and troubleshoot networks.
- Protocols and Services: The graduate analyzes the various applications and affordances of network protocols and services.
Microsoft Official Academic Course. (2011). 98-366: MTA networking fundamentals. NJ: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN-10: 0470901837


Malta Chamber of SMEs participates during SMILES final conference
17 September 2021
The final conference gives important recommendations for the future of EU Semester from SMEs’ perspective...
Have you ever been annoyed for not being able to borrow a friend's or a colleague's mobile phone charger because it wasn't compatible with your phone? This era is coming to an end. A common charger compatible with mobile phones of all brands is the simple idea that the Commission has been pushing for many years.
Thanks to the cooperation between fourteen companies and the European Commission the solution is there: onechargerforall.eu. New technical standards for data-enabled mobile phones were published on 29 December 2010. Today, Vice President Antonio Tajani receives a sample of a compatible common charger from Bridget Cosgrave, Director-General of DIGITALEUROPE, the largest Association of European digital technology industry.
"I welcome the roll out of new chargers for mobile phones based on the new EU standard. This is genuine good news for the European consumer. Now we await the arrival of the new charger and compatible mobile phones on the shelves. I urge industry to speed up their introduction in the market to enable citizens throughout the EU to enjoy the advantages of a common charger as soon as possible" said European Commission Vice President Antonio Tajani, responsible for industry and entrepreneurship.
This marks the start of an implementation process triggered by the European Commission. The support of the Commission has enabled manufacturers to deliver this benefit to European consumers in a relatively short period of time. The EU has achieved the common charging solution using a common-sense approach that benefits everyone – without the need for any new regulation. The Commission will work with industry so that European consumers can profit from the initiative as soon as possible.
The publication of the standards in December 2010 means that mobile phone manufacturers can now proceed with required design and testing changes for chargers ensuring compatible phones are safe and interoperable. Compatible data-enabled mobile telephones of different brands can now operate with the same common charger – a big step forward for mobile phone users. The fourteen manufacturers have agreed to introduce the new common mobile phone chargers onto the European market in the course of 2011.
Incompatibility of mobile phone chargers causes not only inconveniences for users, but is also an important environmental issue in the European Union. Mobile phone users who wish to replace their mobile phones are often required to purchase a new charger, regardless of the condition of the existing one.
Following a request from the European Commission, fourteen major mobile phone manufacturers agreed to sign a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to harmonise chargers for data-enabled mobile phones sold in the EU. The MoU signatory companies include Apple, Emblaze Mobile, Huawei Technologies, LGE, Motorola Mobility, NEC, Nokia, Qualcomm, Research In Motion (RIM), Samsung, Sony Ericsson, TCT Mobile (ALCATEL mobile phones), Texas Instruments and Atmel.
Following a mandate from the European Commission, the European Standardisation Bodies CEN-CENELEC and ETSI issued the harmonised standards to be adhered to by data-enabled mobile phones compatible with the new common charger as of 2011. The common charger solution is based in the Micro-USB connector technology. For phones that do not have a Micro-USB interface an adapter is allowed under the Memorandum of Understanding.
The agreement covers data-enabled mobile phones, i.e. those that can be plugged into a computer to exchange for example pictures, files and music. Data-enabled mobile phones are already predominant on the market. So called smartphones are a segment of data-enabled mobile phones.
The Malta Chamber of SMEs represents over 7,000 members from over 90 different sectors which in their majority are either small or medium sized companies, and such issues like the one we're experiencing right now, it's important to be united. Malta Chamber of SMEs offers a number of different services tailored to its members' individual requirements' and necessities. These range from general services offered to all members to more individual & bespoke services catered for specific requirements.
A membership with Malta Chamber of SMEs will guarantee that you are constantly updated and informed with different opportunities which will directly benefit your business and help you grow. It also entails you to a number of services which in their majority are free of charge and offered exclusively to its members (in their majority all free of charge).


Do you want to connect your Palm powered device to your LAN or Internet?
From USB cradle/cable, bluetooth/serial without additional network equipment.
Softick PPP allows you to access the Internet or Local Area Network from your Palm OS device using your desktop PC as a fast and cheap gateway. Softick PPP was designed to establish PPP sessions over USB connection, but now it supports Bluetooth/Serial and Irda sessions.
Using Softick PPP, you can connect to the Internet or the local network, browse the Web, get the latest news, chat with friends and read mail from Palm OS devices via USB cradle or cable, without an additional networking equipment.


For more in-depth information about the device properties and precautions to take while working with the memristors download the Knowm Memristors Data Sheet.
Knowm raw research die consists of 9 columns of 20 devices, each column corresponding to a different device size. The top row, not numbered, is a metal continuity row that is used as a diagnostic tool for checking probe station functionality. For devices of size 6μm or less, the device via is round and the size refers to the nominal via diameter. For devices of sizes 10μm, 20μm, and 30μm, the device via shape is square and the size corresponds to the nominal length of a side.
Fabrication Date: July 2015


As of July 2017 the Main Library has deployed additional wi-fi hotspots courtesy of the UP Diliman Network Helpdesk (DilNet).
- DILNET-WIFI – DilNet account login required, research access point (can access electronic databases)
- WiFi@UPD – open access point (no access to electronic databases)
To connect to the library wi-fi, just select them from the list of wireless networks and follow the instructions that appear on your browser.
The legacy Wireless@Mainlib network is still online at the Main Library lobby and north wing (Engineering side). In case the DilNet wi-fi hotspots are loaded, here are the instructions for connecting to it.
For Windows OS:
- Connect to the Wireless@Mainlib network via the Network tray icon.
- Click the Search magnifying glass icon next to the Start button.
- Type in ‘configure proxy server’ without the quotes and click the result that appears.
- At the lower part of the window, click the LAN settings button.
- In the Proxy server section, fill up the following:
- Tick the checkbox for ‘Use a proxy server for your LAN’
- In Address field, type in – proxy.upd.edu.ph
- In Port field, type in – 8080
- Click OK in the LAN settings window and OK in the Internet Properties window for the proxy settings to take effect
For Mac OS:
- Connect to the Wireless@Mainlib network via the Network menu bar icon.
- Open the System Preferences app and click the Network icon.
- Click the Advanced… button at the bottom and go to the Proxies header.
- In the protocols to configure, check and fill up the following:
- Web Proxy (HTTP) – proxy.upd.edu.ph, port 8080
- Secure Web Proxy (HTTPS) – proxy.upd.edu.ph, port 8080
- FTP Proxy – proxy.upd.edu.ph, port 8080
- Socks Proxy – proxy.upd.edu.ph, port 8080
- Click OK to close the proxy settings window and then Apply in the Network window for the proxy settings to take effect
- Connect to the Wireless@Mainlib network, then tap and hold to Modify network.
- Tap the checkbox on Show advanced options
- Set the Proxy to Manual and fill up the following:
- Proxy hostname – proxy.upd.edu.ph
- Proxy port – 8080
- Tap Save for the proxy settings to take effect
For iOS devices:
- Connect to the Wireless@Mainlib network, then after it’s connected tap the network again in Wi-Fi settings to show its properties.
- Set the HTTP Proxy to Manual and fill up the following:
- Server – proxy.upd.edu.ph
- Port – 8080


A finite element test bed for development of feedback control laws for electrostatic mems by balasaheb dnyandeo kawade, b.e. a thesis in mechanical engineering. Recommended Citation. Jain, Ankit, "Fundamental design principles of novel MEMS based "Landau" switches, sensors, and actuators : Role of electrode geometry and. NOVEL RF MICROELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEMS TUNABLE FILTERS WITH ADJUSTABLE SPURIOUS SUPPRESSION A Thesis by VIKRAM SEKAR Submitted to. Design and Characterization of a RF Frequency-Hopping Filter by Deepa Parvathy Ramachandran A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the. RF MEMS switches : survey and analysis. RF MEMS switches have low reliability this thesis surveys the present state of the art of MEMS RF switches. Iv POLYCRYSTALLINE DIAMOND RF MEMS RESONATOR TECHNOLOGY AND CHARACTERIZATION By Nelson Sepúlveda-Alancastro A THESIS Submitted to.
Uncertainty quantification in capacitive RF MEMS switches. Benjamin J Pax, Purdue University. Abstract. Development of radio frequency micro electrical-mechanical. Name: Vikram Sekar , Degree: PhD & Master of Scinece. Thesis Title (PhD): Advances in Filter Miniaturization and Design/Analysis of RF MEMS Tunable Filters. Development of Miniature, Multilayer, Integrated, Reconfigurable RF MEMS Communication Module on Liquid Crystal Polymer (LCP) Substrate. Document Type: thesis: Author Name: Machate, Malgorzata S : URN: etd-1007103-115232: Title: Joule heat effects on reliability of RF MEMS switches: Degree: MS. TUNABLE SUBSTRATE INTEGRATED WAVEGUIDE FILTERS IMPLEMENTED WITH PIN DIODES AND RF MEMS SWITCHES A Thesis by MARCELINO ARMENDARIZ. In this thesis, a bistable buckled. The proposed RF MEMS switch finds a variety of usefulness in RF circuits and systems etd-11132007-105835: Title. 1 Design of Low Actuation Voltage RF MEMS Switch Sergio P. Pacheco1, Linda P. B. Katehi1, and Clark T.-C. Nguyen2 1Radiation Laboratory and 2Center for Microsystems.
CONTACT MODELING OF AN RF MEMS SWITCH A Thesis Presented by Yan Du to The Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering in partial fulfillment of the. RF MEMS switches A Thesis Submitted to the faculty of the Worcester Polytechnic Institute in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the. Rf Mems Switch Phd Thesis Online. Rf Mems Switch Phd Thesis Online. SSN InstitutionsDr.S.RADHA. Professor and Head of Department. Dr S. Radha B.E., M.E.. Rf mems switch phd thesis.custom typeset resume Quality phd thesis chemistry phd thesis dissertation questions autism do you indent paragraphs in a research paper. Newton: A Library-Based Analytical Synthesis Tool for RF-MEMS Resonators Abstract—Newton is a library-based CAD tool with an analytical synthesis engine. Thesis Committee Professor Robert A. MEMS and BST Technologies for Microwave Applications by Yu Liu Both radio-frequency microelectromechanical systems (RF MEMS.
Modeling and Simulation of Microelectromechanical Systems in Multi-Physics Fields Mohammad I. Younis (ABSTRACT) The ﬁrst objective of this dissertation is to. Development of High Performance 6-18 GHz Tunable/Switchable RF MEMS Filters and Their System Implications. by Kamran Entesari A dissertation submitted in partial. RF MEMS DC CONTACT SWTCHES FOR RECONFIGURABLE ANTENNAS _____ A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of San Diego State University _____ In Partial. High-Performance RF-MEMS Tunable Filters by Sang-June Park A dissertation submitted in partial fulﬂllment of the requirements for the degree of. Abstract: Development of radio frequency micro electrical-mechanical systems (RF MEMS) has led to novel approaches to implement electrical circuitry. AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Janakiram Ganesh Sankaranarayanan for the degree of Master of Science in. In a RF MEMS VCO, in addition to the electrical.
MEMS RF Switch. Type: 2SMES-01. White Paper: RF. MEMS Switching: What You Need to Know Structure and Usage of OMRON MEMS Switch 2SMES-01. Thesis advisor, a great resource for all things MEMS, and lent the financial support to. purpose of fabricating piezoelectric RF MEMS . RF MEMS Technology for Millimeter-Wave Radar Sensors by Koen A. P. A. Van Caekenberghe A dissertation submitted in partial fulﬂllment of the requirements for. RF MEMS DSpace/Manakin Repository. Login. English norsk. All institutions. Master thesis. Issue date: 2007. Publisher: Institutt for elektronikk og telekommunikasjon. UNIVERSITY OF OSLO Department of Informatics Two lateral RF MEMS varactors and an experimental switch made using a CMOS-MEMS process Master Thesis Bård.
Document Type: thesis: Author Name: Machate, Malgorzata S : URN: etd-1007103-115232: Title: Joule heat effects on reliability of RF MEMS switches: Degree: MS. A double-actuation RF microelectromechanical system (MEMS) switch with high isolation and low voltage operation for RF and microwave applications is presented. MICRO-ELECTRO-MECHANICAL SYSTEMS (MEMS) INTEGRATED FREQUENCY RECONFIGURABLE ANTENNA by Abdul Zohur A thesis submitted in partial ful. This dissertation presents the design and measurement of high performance RF MEMS metal contact switches capable of achieving mN-level contact and release forces. CiteSeerX - Scientific documents that cite the following paper: RF-MEMS switches for reconfigurable integrated circuits. RF MEMS SWITCHES WITH NOVEL MATERIALS AND MICROMACHINING TECHNIQUES FOR SOC/SOP RF FRONT ENDS A Thesis Presented to The Academic Faculty by.
Thesis (M. Eng.) --Massachusetts. RF MEMS switches : survey and analysis. RF MEMS switches have low reliability, limited power handling capabilities. DEVELOPMENT OF MEMS SENSORS FOR. MEASURMENTS OF PRESSURE, RELATIVE HUMIDITY, AND TEMPERATURE A Thesis Submitted to the faculty of the Worcester. Abstract: In this thesis the advantages of using the reflection coefficient to characterize the dynamic and power handling of RF MEMS device were demonstrated. Big MEMS on Campus - College of. (RF MEMS), Steve Wereley, an assistant professor of mechanical engineering. who did his thesis work on the device.
Coupled Circuit and Device Simulations for Design of RF MEMS VCOs by Manas Behera A THESIS submitted to Oregon State University in partial fulfillment of. Fernandez L J 2005 A capacitive RF power sensor based on MEMS technology PhD Thesis University of Twente. Vähä-Heikkilä T, Kyynäräinen J, Oja A. His current research interests include design and fabrication of M/NEMS resonators, RF MEMS devices, and MEMS relays For her ECE senior thesis research. Investigation of residual and thermal. and thermal stress on membrane-based MEMS. thin films on the MEMS deviceoperation. In this thesis. ELECTROMECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF PZT THIN FILM COMPOSITES FOR RF-MEMS BY SIVAKUMAR NAGA YAGNAMURTHY THESIS Submitted in partial fulfillment of the. Publications of the Resonant MEMS. "RF MEMS passives on high-resistivity silicon substrates. and resonant acoustoelectric amplifiers," Doctoral thesis.


This is a list of some of the current projects by QYMRU members. For details please contact the members involved.
- Quantum Control for Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy
- SG Schirmer, J Phillips, F Boy, R Hugtenburg (Swansea Uni), FC Langbein, Max Chandler, Chris Jenkins (Cardiff Uni)
- We are investigating the use of quantum control techniques, computational modelling and machine learning to enhance magnetic resonance imaging.
- Geometry, Control and Characterisation of Quantum Spin Networks
- E Jonckheere (USC), FC Langbein (Cardiff Uni), SG Schirmer (Swansea Uni)
- A quantum information transfer capacity between nodes of a spin network induces a metric on the network that enables us to study the structure of such a quantum network and its intrinsic capabilities in terms of its geometry and curvature. Results show that quantum networks can have a different structure having a major impact on their information transfer and congestion properties. Furthermore, quantum control is used to change the geometry of the network to induce desired connectivity. Simple Bayesian models and machine learning techniques are also employed to characterise parameters of spin networks such as coupling strength, number of nodes and topology.


Once your ADSL service has been connected, you can start using it by following our easy to use setup guides found in your hardware packaging, it couldn't be easier.
1. Connect the filter/splitter provided, to your phone socket.
2. Now using the telephone cable provided connect one into the ‘ADSL Modem’ side if the filter to the DSL port on the back of the modem.
Connect the power plug to the back of the modem and the other end to your power socket then turn the modem on.
Your modem will now complete the setup process for you, please allow 15 minutes for the auto setup to complete.
4. When the WAN and Internet lights are solid your modem will now be connected to the internet.


When it comes to smart locks, WiFi deadbolts take center stage, offering users unparalleled remote access from anywhere in the world. These innovative locks blend traditional security with modern connectivity. Before we delve into the top picks, let’s first understand what sets WiFi deadbolts apart.
What is a WiFi Deadbolt?
A WiFi deadbolt is essentially a smart lock with WiFi connectivity, allowing users to control it remotely. Homeowners seeking to integrate a WiFi deadbolt into their smart home often prioritize security, oversight, and connectivity. While primarily used in residential settings, some WiFi deadbolts are well-suited for commercial spaces, especially WiFi-enabled keypad door locks commonly found in businesses.
Features of a WiFi Deadbolt
A WiFi deadbolt must wirelessly communicate with a router, converting and transmitting signals between the lock and the controlling smart device. Essential features include device integration capabilities, remote access, security push notifications, and robust access control measures.
Now, let’s explore some of the best WiFi deadbolt smart locks and the unique features that set them apart.
Best Choices for WiFi Deadbolt Smart Locks
1. RemoteLock 5i-B WiFi Deadbolt
The RemoteLock 5i-B stands out as a traditional WiFi deadbolt, directly connecting to your wireless router without the need for an additional bridge. Compatible with standard WiFi networks, it offers remote connectivity and robust access control features. With the ability to store up to 1000 user codes, it’s an excellent choice for homeowners, especially those who rent out their properties.
- Direct WiFi connectivity without the need for a bridge.
- Real-time lock history viewing and remote operation.
- Enhanced oversight with alerts and push notifications.
- Requires a small monthly service fee of $0.99.
- Limited integration capabilities compared to some other smart locks.
Make 1st Choice Locksmith your top pick for seamless connectivity and robust access control.
2. August Smart Lock + August Connect
August Smart Lock has been a top contender in the smart lock market, known for its popularity and innovative features. While not a traditional WiFi deadbolt, it relies on the August Connect bridge for secondary wireless connectivity. The August Smart Lock can be installed over existing door hardware, allowing users to customize their security easily.
- Easy installation using existing lock hardware.
- Stylish design that blends with various styles.
- Remote control capabilities with the August Connect.
- Additional cost for the August Connect bridge.
- Reported BLE connection lag.
Choose August Smart Lock for a perfect blend of style and remote control.
3. Danalock V2
Danalock V2 takes a unique approach, allowing users to configure an existing smart device as a WiFi bridge. This eliminates the need for an extra purchase, offering a cost-effective solution. With military-grade AES-256-bit encryption, Danalock prioritizes security while providing multiple wireless protocol options for user flexibility.
- Configurable with existing smart devices as WiFi bridge.
- Strong global smart lock encryption.
- Easy installation similar to the August Smart Lock.
- Less fluid opening motion compared to some smart locks.
Opt for Danalock V2 for a budget-friendly and secure WiFi deadbolt solution.
4. Lockitron Bolt + Bridge
Lockitron Bolt, like August Smart Lock, primarily uses Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) for communication but can be paired with a WiFi bridge, known as Bridge, for enhanced capabilities. Notable for its affordability, Lockitron Bolt offers easy installation with minimal additions to existing hardware.
- Affordable smart lock option.
- Easy installation with minimal hardware changes.
- Access to Lockitron API for programmable actions.
- Additional cost for the Lockitron Bridge.
- Limited integration capabilities.
Consider Lockitron Bolt for an affordable yet customizable WiFi deadbolt.
5. Schlage Sense Deadbolt + WiFi Adapter
Schlage Sense Deadbolt, backed by the trusted name of Schlage, ensures security without compromising on connectivity. With commercial Grade 1 rating and an optional security plate, it boasts high-level security features. The Schlage Sense WiFi Adapter serves as a bridge, enabling remote control and monitoring.
- High-security features with Grade 1 rating.
- WiFi Adapter for remote control and monitoring.
- Free and easily accessible Schlage Sense app.
- Additional cost for the Schlage Sense WiFi Adapter.
Make Schlage Sense Deadbolt your choice for top-notch security and WiFi connectivity.
While the above-mentioned WiFi deadbolts stand out among the options available, remember that security should always be a priority. Choose a WiFi deadbolt that not only provides seamless connectivity but also adheres to the fundamental principles of robust security. Elevate your home’s security with 1st Choice Locksmith, offering top-tier WiFi deadbolt solutions for modern homes.
Select a WiFi deadbolt that aligns with your preferences, and enjoy the convenience of remote access combined with robust security features. After all, in the world of smart locks, staying connected means staying secure.


Email, telecommunications, internet and networks working the right way for your business.
A cloud-hosted Exchange service providing email, contacts, calendars, public folders and spam and virus filtering.
An easy and secure way to send large files to clients and colleagues. Accessible via the web, an Outlook plugin or apps for all common devices.
Get spam, viruses and spoofed emails filtered out of your email before they ever reach your on-premise servers – let alone your inbox.
Office set ups and moves
We can work with your internet service and telecommunications provider to get your internet, phones and other communications all set up and sorted.
Wide Area Networks
Get your staff and offices connected together smartly and efficiently.
Wi-Fi that works
Wireless coverage that gives you maximum mobility and connection strength.
Learn how we can improve your communications


A bouncer is a type of software which proxies a users connection through a central server, so that when the user disconnects, the bouncer keeps the users nick connected. This way, the users IRC account is always online, instead of just whenever they have the Server opened in their client.
This had the benefit of logging all messages sent while the user was absent, so when they reconnect, they can see past messages.
KolymaIRC offers a service knowns as KolymaBNC, which is a free bouncer service that can be used on irc.kolyma.org.
Bouncers offer an array of other helpful benefits as well, including removing annoying identification commands, message logging, and an extra point of security.
How to get a bouncer account


We do not recommended to just blindly purchase any of the wifi newer adapters released and sold by the manufacturers creator because most likely BackTrack 5 would not have the updated drivers to support.
For example, the TL-WN822N USB wireless adapter by TP-link comes with 3 versions.
Weve put some of the USB wireless adapters mentioned above to the tests to determine the signal performance and you can find the results on page.
BackTrack 5, Kali Linux and, aircrack-ng.Alfa awus036NH (Bigger size).99.You can click on the hyperlink to see the list of brands that use the chipset.You can find a few online resources suggesting some USB wireless adapters that are compatible with BackTrack 5, but most of them are either outdated or simply recommend the Alfa awus036H which only supports B and G wireless standards but not.It is relatively easy to get BackTrack running by installing using UNetbootin and booting up the live version from USB but the most important thing is to make sure that your USB wireless adapter supports monitor mode and packet injection.To help you in purchasing the correct adapter, here we list the safest wifi USB wireless network adapter that weve tested to have the best plug and play compatibility with.The chipset on a USB wireless adapter is the most important information but normally is not shown on the product box or even on the device itself.Most of the wireless network adapters listed on the page from the hyperlink above were released a few years back making it difficult to purchase because manufacturers normally releases new products very frequently and phase out the old versions.TP-link TP-WN722N USB Wireless Network Adapter.Alfa awus036NHA.97. Alfa awus036NEH (Smaller size).97.
Awus036EW (Smaller size).97, alfa awus036H USB Wireless Network Adapter.
After screening through the list, here backtrack 5 wifi hack are our recommended USB wireless adapters that have the best compatibility with BackTrack 5, Kali Linux and Aircrack-ng.
Alfa awus036NEH USB Wireless Network Adapter.


FPI / October 12, 2022Geostrategy-Direct
By Richard Fisher
China and Russia continue the integration of their respective Beidou and Globalnaya Navigazionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema (GLONASS) navigation satellite (navsat) systems — at a time when China and Russia are also developing their military entente to very likely include nuclear war cooperation.
In October 2021, China and Russia held the eighth meeting of the “China-Russia Project Committee on Major Strategic Cooperation in Satellite Navigation.”
In the latest move, on Sept. 27 Russian Roscosmos CEO Yury Borisov and the chairman of the China Satellite Navigation System Committee, He Yubin, signed a contract to build three ground stations on the other’s territory for their respective navigation satellite systems.
A press release noted that Russia’s GLONASS stations will be located in Changchun, Urumqi and Shanghai, and China’s Beidou navsat ground stations in Obninsk, Irkutsk and Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.
The new ground stations will allow continued integration of signals from the 35 Beidou navigation satellites and 24 of the GLONASS constellation.
In early February 2022, Russia’s Sputnik quoted Chinese military expert Qian Liyan saying:
“BeiDou and GLONASS each have their own advantages. If they could be deeply linked or even interoperable, they could form an ideal navigation system, which would not only facilitate cross-border transport between the two sides in peacetime, but also improve the stability and survivability of the whole navigation system by relying on each other in wartime.”
Building ground stations in the other’s country will increase the accuracy of the Beidou and GLONASS constellations; With ground augmentation systems Beidou can provide accuracy to the millimeter level.
But while ground station augmentation is useful for fixed areas like airports to assist airliner or combat aircraft automatic landing, ground augmentation cannot be extended everywhere, especially to the oceans.
So, China is planning a constellation of 160 100-kilogram satellites for Low Earth Orbit (LEO) that will provide global coverage and take the place of ground augmentation systems.
Full Text . . . . Current Edition . . . . Subscription Information
FPI, Free Press International


Let’s learn about ADC in LPC2148 ARM7 Microcontroller. Microcontrollers are very useful especially when it comes to communicate with other devices, such as sensors, motors, switches, memory and even other microcontroller. As we all know many interface methods have been developed over years to solve complex problem of balancing need of features, cost, size, power consumption, reliability etc. but ADC Analog-to-Digital converter remains famous among all. Interfacing analog sensors using ADC is simple and efficient technique to read data from sensor. Let’s have a look at basics and then we will look at real world example project.
What is ADC & its Resolution?
Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) is used to convert analog signal/voltage into its equivalent digital number so that microcontroller can process that numbers and make it human readable. The ADC characterized by resolution. The resolution of ADC indicates the number of digital values. Let’s take example: In LPC2148 microcontroller we have in-built 10-bit ADC. So for 10-bit ADC resolution is 10-bit and maximum value will be 210=1024. This means our digital value or discrete level lies between 0 to 1023. There is one more term important to understand while dealing with ADC and it is step size. Step size is the minimum change in input voltage which can be resolved by ADC. The concept of step size is closely associated with the resolution of ADC.
So in this case we can measure minimum 2.23 mV (Approx.) with our microcontroller. This is how step size defines an accuracy of ADC circuit.
Introduction: ADC in LPC2148 ARM7 Microcontroller
The ADC in LPC2148 ARM7 Microcontroller is 10-bit successive approximation analog to digital converter. The features are listed as:
- LPC2148 has two inbuilt ADC Modules, named as ADC0 & ADC1.
- ADC0 has 6-Channels (AD0.1-AD0.6).
- ADC1 has 8-Channels (AD1.0-AD1.7).
- ADC operating frequency is 4.5 MHz (max.), operating frequency decides the conversion time.
- Supports power down mode.
- Burst conversion mode for single or multiple inputs.
There are several registers associated with ADC feature but we will mainly discussing about ADC Control Register (ADCR) & ADC Global Data Register (ADGDR). For more details on register description keep datasheet in hand UM10130, Chapter: 19.
Let’s have a look at table which illustrate ADC related channels and pins:
Registers of ADC in LPC2148 Microcontroller
There are several registers which will be used to setup and configure ADC feature in LPC2148. The two registers we will be concerning about: ADCR (A/D Control Register) and ADGDR (A/D Global Data register).
|ADCR||A/D Control Register: The ADCR register must be written to select the operating mode before A/D conversion can occurs.|
|ADGDR||A/D Global Data Register: This register contains ADC’s DONE bit and the result of the most recent A/D conversion.|
|ADSTAT||A/D Status Register: This register contains DONE and OVERRUN flag for all the A/D Channels, as well as the A/D interrupt flag.|
|ADGSR||A/D Global Start Register: This address can be written (in the AD0 address range) to start conversions in both A/D converters simultaneously.|
|ADINTEN||A/D Interrupt Enable Register: This register contains enable bits that allow the DONE flag of each A/D channel to be included or excluded from contributing to the generation of an A/D interrupt.|
|ADDRx||A/D Channel x Data: ‘x’ varies from 0 to 7|
Programming Steps: ADC in LPC2148 ARM7 Microcontroller
- Configure input pin as analog input pin for ADC block
- Select channel we wish to use in our conversion
- Select clock for conversion & start conversion
- Wait for conversion to complete
- Read 10-bit conversion result
- Convert this result i.e. ADC output into decimal number
- Display reading on serial emulator or display device
Example Project: In this example project we will be using 10K POT to provide analog input at ADC Channel 0 i.e. Pin P0.28 of LPC2148 Microcontroller. To read ADC count from POT we will configure UART0 of LPC2148 and read data on terminal emulator (PuTTY). When we vary resistance of POT the change in ADC count will reflect on PuTTY terminal in real time. The circuit connection shown as:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: ADC in LPC2148 ARM7 Microcontroller
Source Code: ADC in LPC2148 ARM7 Microcontroller
/* PROJECT NAME: ADC (Analog to Digital Converter) */
/* Device: LPC2148 */
/* Filename: main.c */
/* Language: C */
/* Compiler: Keil ARM */
/* For more detail visit www.binaryupdates.com */
char String="Wel-Come to BINARYUPDATES.COM, ADC and UART Configured @LPC2148 \n\r Serial Communication @ 9600 baudrate, 8 bits, no Parity, 1 Stop bit\n\r\n";
char adcreading ;
void ADC_Init (void)
PINSEL1 = 0x01000000 ; // P0.28, AD0.1
unsigned int ADC_GetAdcReading()
unsigned int adcdata;
AD0CR = 0x01200302 ; // Select AD0.1, Select clock for ADC, Start of conversion
while(!((adcdata = AD0GDR) & 0x80000000)) // Check end of conversion (Done bit) and read result
return((adcdata >> 6) & 0x3ff) ; // Return 10 bit result
unsigned int delay, adc;
initClocks(); // Set CCLK=60Mhz and PCLK=60Mhz
adc = ADC_GetAdcReading();
sprintf(adcreading,"ADC0 CH1= %u",adc); // read data in decimal format
//sprintf(adcreading,"ADC0 CH1= 0x%03X",adc); // read data in hexx format
for(delay=0; delay<10000000; delay++); // delay
The project is fully tested and functioning. We only have to compile and download .hex file onto LPC2148 Microcontroller. To see output on computer we will have to configure PuTTY to establish serial communication to read ADC results on PuTTY.
IMPORTANT: After loading .hex file, Make sure that you’re not into ISP Mode. We will be using same UART0 for programming as well as for receiving ADC result. In case if you’re using STK2148-UltraLite Board then turned off SW7 switches to read ADC Data on PuTTY.
Once we have done with all settings, just open console. And we will start receiving ADC results on PuTTY, sent by LPC2148 Microcontroller. Here is an output from our project:
This is how we can program internal ADC in LPC2148 ARM7 Microcontroller to read analog input from any device. In future post we will explore topics such as multiple ADCs and External ADC interfacing etc. We hope this post will help you to get your ADC up-running. If you have any question then please feel free to drop comment. Thanks…!!!!


Dedicated to portable applications, The A631 is ultra compact (W108XD147XH72))
and has excellent battery life. It is, as a result, the perfect printing device
for route sales and inventory control, retail, test & measurement and hospitality
industry. An optional carrying case is available as well.
The A631 is also available with a Bluetooth wireless technology interface class 2
and can work together with portable terminals emitters such as PDA's, laptop
computers and mobile phones up to 10m of distance with a 1MB/s data transmission
flow, while maintaining the printer's performance.
A631 Technical Specifications
- Weight: Only 300 gms
- Ultra compact design
- Clamshell design - Easy paper loading
- Warranty support in India
- Available with battery and Bluetooth
(PDF 127 KB)