Ad Hoc Wireless Networks:
Introduction. Issues in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks. Ad Hoc Wireless Internet.
MAC Protocols for Ad Hoc Wireless Networks:
Introduction, Issues in Designing a MAC Protocol for Ad Hoc Wireless Networks. Design Goals of a MAC Protocol for Ad Hoc Wireless Networks. Classifications of MAC Protocols. Contention-Based Protocols. Contention-Based Protocols with Reservation Mechanisms. Contention-Based MAC Protocols with Scheduling Mechanisms. MAC Protocols in Directional Antennas. Other MAC Protocols.
[T1, T2][No. of Hrs. 11]
Routing Protocols for Ad Hoc Wireless Networks:
Introduction to Routing algorithm, Issues in Designing a Routing Protocol for Ad Hoc Wireless Networks. Classifications of Routing Protocols. Table-Driven Routing Protocols. On-Demand Routing Protocols. Hybrid Routing Protocols. Routing Protocols with Efficient Flooding Mechanisms. Hierarchical Routing Protocols. Power-Aware Routing Protocols.
Transport Layer and Security Protocols for Ad Hoc Wireless Networks:
Introduction. Issues in Designing a Transport Layer Protocol for Ad Hoc Wireless Networks. Design Goals of a Transport Layer Protocol for Ad Hoc Wireless Networks. Classification of Transport Layer Solutions. TCP Over Ad Hoc Wireless Networks. Other Transport Layer Protocols for Ad Hoc Wireless Networks. Security in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks. Network Security Requirements. Issues and Challenges in Security Provisioning. Network Security Attacks. Key Management. Secure Routing in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks.
[T1, T2][No. of Hrs. 12]
Wireless Sensor Networks:
Introduction. Sensor Network Architecture. Data Dissemination. Data Gathering. MAC Protocols for Sensor Networks. Location Discovery. Quality of a Sensor Network. Evolving Standards. Other Issues.
Hybrid wireless Networks:
Introduction. Next-Generation Hybrid Wireless Architectures. Routing in Hybrid Wireless Networks. Pricing in Multi-Hop Wireless Networks. Power Control Schemes in Hybrid Wireless Networks. Load Balancing in Hybrid Wireless Networks.
[T1, T2][No. of Hrs. 11]
Wireless Geolocation Systems:
Introduction. What is wireless Geolocation? Wireless Geolocation System Architecture. Technologies for Wireless Geolocation. Geolocation Standards for E-911 Services. Performance Measures for Geolocation Systems. Questions. Problems.
Recent Advances in Wireless Networks:
Introduction. Ultra-Wide-Band Radio Communication. Wireless Fidelity Systems. Optical Wireless Networks. The Multimode 802.11 -IEEE 802.11a/b/g. The Meghadoot Architecture, introduction to vehicular sensor networks.
[T1, T2] [No. of Hrs. 11]
[T1] Siva Ram Murthy, C. and Manoj,B. S., Adhoc Wireless Networks Architectures and Protocols, Prentice Hall, PTR, (2004) 2nd ed.
[T2] Perkins, Charles E., Ad hoc Networking, Addison Wesley, (2000) 3rd ed.
[R1] Toh, C. K., Ad hoc Mobile Wireless Networks Protocols and Systems, Prentice Hall, PTR, (2001) 3rd Edition.
[R2] Pahlavan, Kaveh., Krishnamoorthy, Prashant., Principles of Wireless Networks, - A united approach - Pearson Education, (2002) 2nd ed.
[R3] Wang X. and Poor H.V., Wireless Communication Systems, Pearson education, (2004) 3rd ed.
[R4] Schiller Jochen., Mobile Communications, Person Education – 2003, 2nd ed.
[R5] Carlos De Morais Cordeiro and Dharam P Agrawal, “Adhoc and Sensor Networks- Theory & Applications”, 2nd Ed, Cambridge Univ Press India Ltd


The Apptalk Ninja SDK integrates into your mobile application swiftly in 3 easy steps:
Sign up and download the Apptalk SDK for iOS or Android from GitHub or use the POD package manager.
Follow the instructions in the SDK integration guide to insert the required code snippet.
Log in anytime to monitor the communication of your applications with other devices.
All your stored data is accessible through our easy to use web interface.
Pinpoint broken device connections by monitoring all communications of your mobile application.
Detailed logs help you find errors in seconds to help drill down on broken device connections.
The dashboard gives you insight into the health of your application, while detailed session pages allow the tracking of communications and errors.
Integrations with all the other tools you use keep your team notified and let you know when things go wrong.
We have great prices and flexible payment plans for you, that will fit both your needs and your budget.
Apptalk Ninja helps mobile application developers debugging the errors of communication between smartphones and connected hardware devices.
© Apptalk Ninja, Ltd.


Datavoice can build a bespoke solution to meet the needs of a particular communications application. If you have a specific requirement that can’t be met with a standard product offering, Datavoice can work with you to design, develop and construct a solution tailored to your requirements. Having already developed solutions like this for Defence and Law Enforcement agencies, Datavoice is well positioned to consolidate a range of technologies into an appliance or application that is purpose built to deliver outcomes for the most demanding of situations.
Solutions for Law Enforcement
Datavoice has developed a range of solutions to meet the specific needs of law enforcement agencies and crisis negotiation teams.
Datavoice can provide solutions that integrate a range of communication protocols including telephony, external carrier side connectivity, audio, video, call recording, network as well as SMS and social media, into a series of portable and robust appliances that are designed to address the challenges of communicating in the most demanding of circumstances.
Solutions for Defence
Datavoice has significant experience with the design and construction of deployable tactical communication systems for Defence Force applications. This equipment has been designed to be used where deployed forces remain in a remote location for extended periods of time.
We can also modify standard Unified Communications hardware for applications such as Push to Talk (PTT) and speakerphone disablement, addressing the need for security in environments where background conversations must not be over heard on the telephone.
Push to Talk Modifications
Datavoice is highly experienced with the modification of standard Unified Communications handsets and terminals for applications such as Push to Talk (PTT) and the disablement of speakerphone and hands free functionality. This is particularly useful for organisations requiring security in environments where background conversations must not be over heard.


The HyperX Cloud Virtual 7.1 Surround Sound USB Sound Card is the perfect upgrade for your stereo headset. Take your headset to the next level and get the audio advantage that Plug N Play Virtual 7.1 Surround Sound¹ provides. Instantly mute the mic, engage surround sound audio, and adjust mic and headphone volumes with the convenient audio control box. The sound card’s digital signal processing will give your microphone enhanced noise cancellation, and the extra long braided cable gives you room to connect from couch to console.
¹ Virtual 7.1 surround sound effect output as a 2 channel stereo signal to be used with stereo headphones.


Consortium obtains license to operate telecommunications services in Ethiopia
Global Partnership for Ethiopia, an international consortium established to deliver transformational economic and social impact in the country, has been licensed to operate telecommunications services in Ethiopia.
The consortium, led by Safaricom, a member of the Vodafone group, will set up a new operating company in Ethiopia that aims to start providing telecommunications services from 2022.
Other consortium partners include Vodacom Group; Vodafone Group; Sumitomo Corporation – one of the largest international trading and business investment companies; and CDC Group – the UK’s development finance institution and impact investor.
Ethiopia has a population of over 112 million, making it the second largest country in Africa in terms of population. It is one of the last countries in the world to introduce competition in the telecommunications industry, a rigorous process launched by the government in 2019 as part of its economic reform program, with the support of the International Finance Corporation.
The reforms aim to create jobs, reduce poverty and grow the local economy in an inclusive and sustainable manner. The provision of accessible, affordable and high-quality mobile and internet connectivity by the Partnership will enable greater social inclusion as millions more Ethiopians access quality telecommunications services, according to consortium officials.
In addition, increased connectivity in Ethiopia will also boost the economy, affecting over a million jobs through training and digital skills, and improving the productivity of countless micro and small and medium enterprises.


Nokia has announced the new mobile phones Nokia X60 and X60 Pro, to be launched this year.
Jun 30, 2021 @Abdo_Alwardi
Nokia has announced two new phones Nokia X60 and Nokia X60 Pro, which will be launched this year. These two phones are expected to be the first Nokia phones with the Hongmeng system.
It is reported that Nokia mobile phones are planning to connect to the Hongmeng system. If all goes well, the Nokia X60 could become the first Nokia mobile phone with the Hongmeng system. For Nokia mobile phones, this is undoubtedly an excellent opportunity to hand it over.
The Nokia X60 display is a curved screen and is equipped with a large battery of 6000 mAh. It will be equipped with a main camera lens of up to 20 megapixels, which will focus on the high-end camera functions. Based on the currently exposed configuration.
It can be said that Nokia X60 integrates a variety of high-spec parts, along with Huawei's proprietary operating system HarmonyOS (HarmonyOS).


The VONTAR H618 is another cheap-range Android box that we found on AliExpress, another small multimedia box that will go unnoticed.
The VONTAR H618 Box comes with Android 12 as OS and is based on Quad Core Allwinner H618 SoC which don’t have hardware decoding support for AV1 codec and is a small evolution of the Allwinner H616 processor. The rest of its specifications do not stand out, and it is that it has fairly standard hardware suitable for using this box as a multimedia centre up to 4K UHD resolutions or for installing and using apps of all kinds, including emulators and games, without too much graphic demand.
Remember that with the VONTAR H618 you cannot watch video in the highest quality in the apps of paid streaming platforms, since it does not have DRM certifications.
VONTAR H618 Specifications
Inside the VONTAR H618 TV-Box we find a low consumption SoC Allwinner H618 manufactured in 28 nm. This is a chip that integrates 4 ARM Cortex-A53 processors capable of reaching 1.5 Ghz and an ARM Mali-G31 MP2 GPU.
We have the usual versions of this Android Box for sale with 2/4 GB of DDR3 RAM and 16/32/64 GB of eMMc storage memory that we can expand thanks to the micro SD card slot included on the side of the box plastic circle.
In the field of wireless connectivity, we have a good configuration with dual-band Wi-Fi aC with internal antenna and Bluetooth 4.0. As connectors in its plastic box we find 2 USB 2.0 ports, 10/100 LAN network connector, AV interface for analogue audio and video output and an HDMI 2.0a video output port that allows us to take video up to 4K@60fps resolutions.
A simple infrared remote control, power supply and HDMI cable are delivered with the VONTAR H618 to be able to start using this Box just by taking it out of the box and connecting it to our TV.


Tom Evans Audio Design pre-amps include:
- The Vibe ($6,000) is a DC coupled preamp that has five sets of stereo inputs, one pair of record out, and two pairs of outputs enabling up to four sets of mono power amps to be driven. The output stages are capable of driving 100 meters of cable! The output stage is relay protected and has DC detection and DC protection. The volume is controlled by a 24 step DACT attenuator with channel matching of plus/mius 0.05db, attenuation accuracy plus/minus 0.05 db, THD 0.0001. The 5 way switch used for input switching.
- Two optional power supply upgrade for the vibe $4,950
- The Vibe and Pulse – two power supplies ($10.950). The Pulse power supply provides the Vibe preamp with the ultimate in ultra low noise class A regulator technology. The transformer used to power The Pulse is designed and manufactured in house. It was developed to eliminate Radio Frequency (RF), unwanted hash, sounds like glare. The sonic benefit of adding The Pulse to The Vibe is an obvious increase in dynamic range and resolution coming from a black background. The Pulse 2 is a one box PSU and looks like a mini Linear A.
The amps include two products, very different in design:
- The Linear A amp ($8,900) is a 25 wpc hybrid Class A single ended stereo power amp. This amplifier is a new precision design with extremely low distortion. Although the Linear A is only rated at 25.2 watts p/c, it is able to produce 150 decibels of dynamic range. The output transformers have been designed to produce real power into loudspeaker impedances of 5 ohms and above. Recommended loudspeaker sensitivity of 87 db or higher.
- The Linear B amp ($17,000) is a new breed of power amp. It uses Differential Global Feedback, a world first. As a 55 watt mono amplifier, The Linear B is able to produce 150 decibels of dynamic range. The output transformers have been designed to produce real power into loudspeaker impedances of 3 ohms and above.
Tom Evans electronics contain phase error correction circuitry. To ‘get’ what they are really capable of you need a speaker that will show the spatial cues (because of this the ear / brain is able to make much more sense of what it is being fed, it sounds like more information gets in) needed to reproduce a real stereo picture in true perspective. So you can now see the importance of this speaker design to Tom Evans.
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WhatsApp has recently launched its latest feature, screen sharing, designed to improve the video call experience on its platform. This move puts the messaging app in direct competition with mainstream video conferencing platforms, including Microsoft Meet, Google Meet, Zoom, and Apple's FaceTime.
The announcement regarding screen sharing was made today by Meta's CEO, Mark Zuckerberg, via a Facebook post and on his Instagram account. This feature offers users the ability to share documents, photos, or even their shopping cart with their contacts during a video call.
Initially launched for a select group of Android beta testers in late May, accessing screen sharing on WhatsApp involves tapping or clicking the 'Share' button. Users can then select to share either a specific app or their whole screen. This process closely resembles how screen sharing functions on other video-conferencing platforms like Google Meet and Zoom.
WhatsApp has begun a phased rollout of the screen-sharing feature on Android, iOS, and Windows Desktop platforms. Consequently, users may not access the feature right away, but it will soon become available.
In addition to screen sharing, WhatsApp also introduced landscape mode support for video calling, offering a more comprehensive and immersive viewing experience compared to the existing portrait mode. This enhanced viewing could be especially beneficial when utilizing the screen-sharing feature.
WhatsApp has had video calling functionality since November 2016 and is progressively introducing enhancements to maintain a competitive edge. For instance, iOS users recently received picture-in-picture support for video calls on WhatsApp, and the option to share short video messages in chat conversations has also been added, given the increasing importance of video communication for lots of users.
Screen sharing has been a key feature of video-conferencing platforms for some time now — Apple's FaceTime, for instance, introduced SharePlay in 2021, a native screen-sharing functionality for iOS users. WhatsApp aims to go even further, however, by extending this functionality to not only iOS but also Android and desktop users.


Panasonic Hybrid IP PBX system is a powerful communications tool designed to support businesses in today’s Converged Networking age. The KX-TDA100 business telephone system ideal for companies with 25 to 65 users who would like to take advantage of the benefits of connecting to a PRI or T-1 Circuit as well as having the ability to have remote IP Phones connected to the system. Model No. KX-TDA100D Hybrid IP-PBX Getting Started Thank you for purchasing a Panasonic Hybrid IP-PBX. Please read this manual carefully before using this product and save this manual for future use. This smart hybrid PBX is a cost-effective legacy and IP communication system for companies with up to 250 employees; that can be flexibly configured and expanded according to the specific requirements of their business. Expand up to 288 extensions. Hybrid IP-PBX Model No. KX-NS500 PC Programming Manual Thank you for purchasing this Panasonic product. Please read this manual carefully before using this product and save this manual for.
Panasonic's Hybrid IP PBX system is a powerful communications tool designed to support businesses in today's Converged Networking age. The KX-TDA30 provides advanced telephone and messaging solutions, efficient and flexible communications, DECT Wireless Mobility as well as Voice-Over-IP. 19/12/2007 · How to Set-up an Enterprise Asterisk-based PBX in 10 Minutes including coffee break - Duration: 7:23. Xorcom IP PBX, Hotel PBX, Multi Tenant PBX 222,511 views. Panasonic's Hybrid IP-PBX expandable up to 56 extensions and 12 incoming lines featuring support for SIP trunks or analog lines.
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“There are 7 billion people on Earth. 5.1 billion own a cell phone. 4.2 billion own a toothbrush. (Mobile Marketing Association Asia, 2011)“
Mobile Marketing can be defined as “the use of the mobile medium as a means of marketing communication”, the “distribution of any kind of promotional or advertising messages to customers through wireless networks”. A more specific – and perhaps more germane definition given the surge in location based marketing – is the following: “using interactive wireless media to provide customers with time and location sensitive, personalized information that promotes goods, services and ideas, thereby generating value for all.
The Mobile Marketing 411
- SMS: (short message service): Also known as ‘texting’: Advertisers can send relevant marketing messages in form of texts
- MMS: (multi-media message service): Marketing messages that utilize multiple, rich media elements such as images, video and audio
- Mobile Applications: The ads can be hosted inside the application design and logic. The applications comprise of managed platforms, virtual machines, native applications and widgets
- Bluetooth Wireless Proximity Based Marketing: It works like local TV advertising on cable or network channels where a customer in a particular location will be served custom ads for that area. You will receive an ad or a message based on the location your wireless device is picking up
- Location-Based Marketing: Delivers multi-media directly to the user of a mobile device dependent upon their location via GPS technology
- QR Codes (quick-response barcodes): Allows customers to quickly learn more about a business, by visiting a mobile version of their business page on a mobile phone that is enabled to scan the bar code
- Pay Per Call Mobile (also called click-to-call): Pay per call is advertising that generates a billable event only when the reader of the ad does something—in this case, makes a phone call. A mobile ad can contain a phone number that the customer can select and call instantly from their cell phone
- Voice Marketing: Voice broadcasting calls numbers from a computer managed list and plays a pre-recorded message to the customer
- Mobile Banner Ads: Like standard banner ads for desktop web pages but smaller to fit on mobile screens and run on the mobile content network
- OTT messaging services, also referred to as next-generation messaging services, offer Web-based messaging services to mobile users who subscribe to the same service (and/or use the same handset). Assuming the customer has a flat-rate mobile Web package these messages are free or almost free
- Augmented reality (AR) is a live, direct or indirect, view of a physical, real-world environment whose elements are augmented bycoputer generated sensory input such as sound, video, graphics or GPS data. (Watch this space. AR will be HUGE by 2015.)
- Social Media Marketing: Mobile SMM Refers to the process of gaining traffic or attention through social media sites applications like Facebook, Linkedin, Google + and Twitter.
The Dollars: When looking at revenue generated, the dollars spent on mobile marketing are not even the beginnings of the pimple on the ass of “traditional” media like print and broadcast – let alone web. Sure, traditional media is dying an ugly death with aging baby boomers driving the bus who are still struggling to keep up with the frenetic evolution of online marketing, but mobile and it’s big brother “social marketing” are still way behind in market share.
Mind-share is another matter all together. Mobile devices are in the pockets of more than 2/3rds of the global population.
Mobile marketing may be in it’s infancy but the reach of mobile devices is jaw-dropping.There are 7 billion people on Earth. 5.1 billion own a cell phone. 4.2 billion own a toothbrush. (Mobile Marketing Association Asia, 2011)
Theses stats from viralblog.com tell an astounding story about the relevance of mobile and the increasing importance of mobile marketing – and more importantly “intelligent” mobile marketing – on the consumer.
- It takes 90 minutes for the average person to respond to an email. It takes 90 seconds for the average person to respond to a text message. (CTIA.org, 2011)
- Mobile coupons get 10 times the redemption rate of traditional coupons. (Mobile Marketer, 2012)
- 91% of all smart phone users have their phone within arm’s reach 24/7 – (Morgan Stanley, 2012)
- 44% of Facebook’s 900 million monthly users access Facebook on their phones. These people are twice as active on Facebook as non-mobile users (Facebook, 2012)
- Mobile marketing will account for 15.2% of global online ad spend by 2016. (Berg Insight, 2012)
- It takes 26 hours for the average person to report a lost wallet. It takes 68 minutes for them to report a lost phone. (Unisys, 2012)
- 70% of all mobile searches result in action within 1 hour. 70% of online searches result in action in one month. (Mobile Marketer, 2012)
- 9 out of 10 mobile searches lead to action, over half leading to purchase. (Search Engine Land, 2012)
- 61% of local searches on a mobile phone result in a phone call. (Google, 2012)
- 52% of all mobile ads result in a phone call. (xAd, 2012)


Features and Benefits
– Audio and Video Conferencing features allow users to move between instant messaging to voice to video chat.
– Users can join a scheduled online meeting, start a conference call and invite other people into the conversation.
– Users can share any application from their desktop, give control to others, transfer files, create a whiteboard and share a PowerPoint presentation.
– Users can integrate existing Microsoft products such as Outlook and SharePoint. Users can create online meetings directly from Outlook, check the availability of a colleague whilst on SharePoint, to name a few
– Rich presence information helps employees find each other and choose the most effective way to communicate at a given time. Instead of e-mailing documents back and forth for approval you can work in real time.
– Users connect anywhere Internet connection is present without any requirement of Virtual Private Network (VPN) even if they are 1,000 miles away and don’t have HISlync.
– LHIS host HISlync on our own N3 servers and network; maintaining control over sensitive servers and network; maintaining control over sensitive data that would otherwise be transmitted over public telephone networks and third party conferencing platforms, making it more secure than competing products.
– Mobile and home workers can collaborate with colleagues by PC, phone or smart phone and not come into the office.


The Evolution of Telecommunication
There are numerous social benefits that can be acquired from the telecommunication industry which makes it essential for the economy as well as the people of the state. The fiscal strength does not play a role in the influence of the importance of the telecommunication industry in the same manner as the socio economic-strength does not also play a role since telecommunications is already the center of every nation.
The popular land line telephone systems are the most recent telecommunication systems. Networks of wired television cable systems are made known to us by the telecommunication industry as the years went by. In connection to this, there were also a lot of other telecommunication means that are being created as time passes by with the advancement in technology. The use of cellular phones and internet connections are the most popular means of telecommunication that we have these days. The application of internet technology on cellular phones was introduced that is why GPRS or the General Packet Radio Service has gained popularity, too.
the development in telecommunications has actually made the world a united village. The application of telecommunication technology has made the world a better place to live in since people are now able to communicate with each other even if they are from different parts of the world. Aside from communication, people are now able to send out information to different parts of the world with seconds.
There are two major fields in communication, if I may speak broadly. The principal distributions are the wireless technology and the wired technology. Since our childhood days, we have been utilizing the wired telecommunication media like the telephone and the television among many. Networks of wired internet are also the same as these classes.
Wireless telecommunication technology has gained tremendous boost up with recent years. Media like cell phone, cell phone GPRS and wireless internet connections are just among the few examples of wireless telecommunication technology. People all over the world prefer these wireless devices from the telecommunication systems since it can save them all the hassle in utilizing it and it is also portable so you can bring it anywhere you go without having to worry if there is a wire that you need to think about.
We all know that technology is fast changing in our society now a days.
What we fail to consider at times, is the cost of all these technological advancements brought about by the telecommunication industry. There is still no denying the fact that these telecommunication industries have helped a lot in establishing peace in the whole world and improving social relationships with people all over the world. Social dimensions of the device have become a prominent theme in advertisements from telephone companies as years pass by since it started appealing to the emotions of the consumers and at the same time it is able to stress out the importance of socially communicating with others and staying connected with your loved ones.


Scientists in the 1800s believed that a substance known as ether allowed light to travel through space. While physicists denounced this with the discovery of photons, the idea lives on through what is known as the Ethernet or the way in which bits of information travel through computer networks.
In the 1970s, Xerox charged a man by the name of Robert Metcalfe with the job of coming up with a way of enabling the computers at the Palo Alto Research Center to share data. He was inspired by an earlier experiment in networking called the Aloha network that began at the University of Hawaii in the late 1960s and developed a radio network for communication among the Hawaiian Islands using a common radio channel. However, all stations used the same network causing the information to collide, get garbled, and need to be resent. As traffic increased, so did the collision rate.
Metcalfe took this information and developed a new system that included a mechanism that detected when a collision occurred. The original network was known as the Alto Aloha Network and had a data transmission rate of 2.94 Mb/s. The name was soon changed to Ethernet using the word ether to describe how the cables carry bits to all stations in a similar manner as the old “luminiferous ether” was thought to disseminate electromagnetic waves through space.
In 1980 the Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), Intel, and Xerox (DIX) announced the first standard for 10 Mb/s Ethernet and the license for use could be purchased for $1,000. In 1982, Xerox gave up its trademark on the Ethernet name and as a result, the Ethernet standard became the world’s first open, multivendor LAN standard.
At the same time, Metcalf began working for the company that is now 3Com and then went on to accept a position as Professor of Innovation and Murchison Fellow of Free Enterprise at the University of Texas Cockrell School of Engineering in 2010.
Ethernet prospered in the 1980s. However, installing coaxial cables in buildings was difficult and connecting computers to the cables was also a challenge. Both a thinner cable, as well as a twisted one were both introduced in this decade. The thinner one made installation easier and the twisted one made troubleshooting easier. It was not long after that the technology truly took off.
The speed of the Ethernet in the 80s was around 10 Mb/s. In 1995, it jumped to 100 Mb/s and the use of fiber optics began. Not three years later, in 1998, the Gigabyte Ethernet was introduced bringing speeds of a billion bits per second to fruition. In 2003 and 2006, the speed increased again.
Both the twisted-pair and fiber optic Ethernet inventions coincided with the development of networking switches. These switches have Ethernet interfaces or ports while the operation of switch protocols is not part of the Ethernet standard. Therefore, you can build a wide variety of networks with switches including those for manufacturing with the use of industrial Ethernet switches.
Through the use of Ethernet switches the Ethernet, LAN, and the internet continues to evolve to heights Metcalf could have never imagined when he first began his research.


In the simplest of metric terms, a decibel is one-tenth of a bel. But, historically, bel was a unit created to honor Alexander Graham Bell who invented the telephone. In the early days with telephone wires, they noticed that the signal strength would decay over a long distance. In order to determine power requirements to connect people for communications, they determined that they could use the ratio of power levels. As a start, it had to be based on a minimum amount of power required for a person to hear on the telephone. They found that the signal power level to generate an angular frequency of 5000 radians per second would be that minimum value as determined by an average number of people. They used this mark as a reference point in the ratio of power levels. Because of the large variations in values, they simplified the equation on a base-10 log scale and dividing the bel unit by 10. Thus, creating the measurement of decibel.
Today, this same method is used to measure sound. Like frequency waves that travel through the telephone wires, pressure waves travel through the air as sound. This sound pressure is what our ears can detect as loudness, and it has a pressure unit of Pascals (Pa). As an example, a small sound pressure would be like a whisper while a large sound pressure would be like a jet engine. This is very important to know as high sound pressures, or loudness, can permanently damage our ears.
With sound pressures, we can determine the Sound Pressure Level (SPL) which is measured in decibels (dB). Similar to the equation for the telephone power signals above, the SPL also uses a ratio of sound pressures in a base-10 logarithmic scale. For a minimum reference point, an average human can just start to hear a sound pressure at 0.00002 Pa. So, the equation for measuring sound levels will use this minimum reference point as shown in Equation 1.
L = 20 * Log10 (p/pref)
L – Sound Pressure Level, dB
p – Sound pressure, Pa
pref – reference sound pressure, 0.00002 Pa
Why is this important to know the decibels? OSHA created a chart in 29CFR-1910.95(a) that shows the different noise levels with exposure times. This chart was created to protect the operators from hearing loss in work environments. If the noise level exceeds the limit, then the operators will have to wear Personal Protection Equipment (PPE), or suffer hearing damage. EXAIR offers a Sound Level Meter, model 9104, to measure sound levels in decibels. It comes calibrated to accurately measure the sound to determine if you have a safe work environment.
There is a term that is used when it comes to loud noises, NIHL. This stands for Noise Induced Hearing Loss. Once hearing is damaged, it will not come back. To keep your operators safe and reduce NIHL, EXAIR offers many different types of blow-off products that are designed to decrease noise to a safe level. So, here’s to Alexander Graham Bell for creating the telephone which can be used to contact EXAIR if you have any questions.
Photo of Telephone by Alexas_Fotos. CC0 Create Commons


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1. Consider the following output for an ACL applied to a router using the access-class command. What can a network administrator determine from the displayed output?
Default IP Access List 2
10 allows 192.168.10.0, wildcard bits 0.0.0.255 (2 matches)
20 deny (1 game)
Traffic from two devices was allowed to go in on one port on the router and out on another port on the router.
Two devices could access the router via SSH or Telnet.
Two devices connected to the router have the IP addresses 192.168.10.x.
Traffic from a device was not allowed to enter one port on the router and be forwarded to another port on the router.
2. On which router to run the show access-lists command?
On each router through which the packet referenced in the ACL traverses
on the router that forwards the packet referenced in the ACL to the final destination network
on the router forwarding the packet referenced in the originating network ACL
on the router where the ACL is configured
3. Look at the following output. What does the statement of 4 parties mean?
10 permission 192.168.1.56 0.0.0.7
20 permission 192.168.1.64 0.0.0.63 (4 match(es))
30 deny any (8 Spiel(e))
Four packets were allowed through the router to reach the destination network 192.168.1.64/26.
Four packets destined for the 192.168.1.64 network were rejected.
Four packets were allowed through the router from PCs on the 192.168.1.64 network.
Four packets coming from any IP address were rejected.
4. See the exhibition.
An ACL has been configured on R1 with the intention of denying traffic from the 172.16.4.0/24 subnet to the 172.16.3.0/24 subnet. All other traffic on the 172.16.3.0/24 subnet should be allowed. This default ACL was then applied outbound to interface Fa0/0. What conclusion can be drawn from this configuration?
Only traffic from the 172.16.4.0/24 subnet is blocked and all other traffic is allowed.
The ACL must be applied to all interfaces from the exit of R1.
All traffic is blocked, not just traffic from the 172.16.4.0/24 subnet.
The ACL must be applied to the FastEthernet 0/0 interface of the R1 entry to comply with the requirements.
In this situation, an extended ACL must be used.
5. If a router has two interfaces and routes both IPv4 and IPv6 traffic, how many ACLs can be created and applied?
6. Which function requires the use of a default named ACL instead of a default numbered ACL?
the ability to specify source and destination addresses to use when identifying traffic
the ability to filter traffic based on a specific protocol
the ability to add additional ACEs in the middle of the ACL without deleting and recreating the list
the ability to filter traffic based on a wide range of protocols and destinations
7. What type of ACL statements does Cisco IOS typically reorder as the first ACEs?
lowest sequence number
8. A network administrator sets up an ACL to restrict access to specific servers in the data center. The intent is to apply the ACL to the interface that is connected to the data center LAN. What happens if the ACL is incorrectly applied to an interface in the inbound address instead of the outbound address?
The ACL analyzes the traffic after it is routed to the exit interface.
All traffic is denied.
ACL is not working as expected.
All traffic is allowed.
9. Which single access list statement matches all of the following networks?
Access List 10 Permission 192.168.16.0 0.0.15.255
Access List 10 Permission 192.168.16.0 0.0.3.255
Access List 10 Permission 192.168.0.0 0.0.15.255
Access List 10 Permission 192.168.16.0 0.0.0.255
10. What is the fastest way to remove a single ACE from a named ACL?
Create a new ACL with a different number and apply the new ACL to the router interface.
Use the no access-list command to remove the entire ACL, and then recreate it without the ACE.
Use the keyword no and the sequence number of the ACE to delete.
Copy the ACL in a text editor, delete the ACE, and copy the ACL back to the router.
11. A network administrator must configure a default ACL so that only the administrator's workstation with IP address 192.168.15.23 can access the virtual terminal of the main router. Which two configuration commands can accomplish the task? (Choose two.)
router1 (config) # access list 10 permission 192.168.15.23 0.0.0.0
router1(config) # access list 10 permission 192.168.15.23 0.0.0.255
router1 (config) # access list 10 permission 192.168.15.23 255.255.255.255
router1 (config) # access list 10 permission 192.168.15.23 255.255.255.0
router1(config) # access list 10 allowed host 192.168.15.23
12. What does configuring an ACL with only ACEs that deny traffic do?
The ACL blocks all traffic.
The ACL can only be applied to the output.
The ACL allows any traffic that is not specifically denied.
The ACL can only be applied to incoming messages.
13. Take a look at the exhibition.
If the network administrator has created a default ACL that only allows devices connecting to the R2 G0/0 network to access devices on the R1 G0/1 interface, how should the ACL be applied?
Input on interface R1 G0/1
Output at interface R1 G0/1
Output on interface R2 S0/0/1
Entry on interface R2 G0/0
14. Take a look at the exhibition. Which command would be used in a default ACL to allow only devices on the network attached to the R2 G0/0 interface to access networks attached to R1?
Access List 1 Permission 192.168.10.96 0.0.0.31
Access List 1 Permission 192.168.10.0 0.0.0.255
Access List 1 Permission 192.168.10.128 0.0.0.63
Access List 1 Permission 192.168.10.0 0.0.0.63
15. In which configuration would the outbound ACL location be preferred over the inbound ACL location?
When an outgoing ACL is closer to the source of the traffic flow
when an interface is filtered by an outgoing ACL and the network attached to the interface is the source network that is filtered within the ACL
if a router has more than one ACL
when ACL is applied to an output interface to filter packets coming from multiple input interfaces before the packets leave the interface
16. Which statement describes a difference between inbound and outbound operational ACLs?
Inbound ACLs can be used on routers and switches, but Outbound ACLs can only be used on routers.
Incoming ACLs are processed before packets are routed, while outgoing ACLs are processed after routing is complete.
More than one ingress ACL can be configured on a network interface, but only one egress ACL can be configured.
Unlike outbound ALCs, inbound ACLs can be used to filter packets based on various criteria.
17. Which address is required in the command syntax of a standard ACL?
destination IP address
Ursprungs IP address
destination MAC address
18. An administrator has configured an access list on R1 to allow SSH administrative access from host 172.16.1.100. Which command applies the ACL correctly?
R1 (config-if) # IP access group 1 disabled
R1 (configuration line) # class 1 access disabled
R1 (config-if) # IP access group 1 in
R1 (configuration line) # access class 1 in
19. Which three statements are generally accepted as best practices when placing ACLs? (Choose three.)
Filter unwanted traffic before it reaches a low-bandwidth connection.
Place extended ACLs close to the IP address of the traffic source.
For every ingress ACL placed on an interface, there must be a corresponding egress ACL.
Place the default ACLs close to the destination IP address of the traffic.
Place extended ACLs close to the destination IP address of the traffic.
Place the default ACLs close to the IP address of the traffic source.
20. See exhibition. A router has an existing ACL that allows all traffic from the 172.16.0.0 network. The administrator tries to add a new ACE to the ACL that rejects packets from host 172.16.0.1 and receives the error message shown on the screen. What actions can the administrator take to block packets from host 172.16.0.1 while allowing all other traffic from the 172.16.0.0 network?
Add the new deny ACE manually with a sequence number of 15.
Add a deny of any ACE to access list 1.
Add the new deny ACE manually with a sequence number of 5.
Create a second access list that denies the host and apply it to the same interface.
21. What type of router connection can be secured with the access class command?
22. When would a network administrator use the clear access list counters command?
when buffer is low
when removing an ACE from an ACL
when troubleshooting an ACL and need to know how many packets match
while getting a baseline
23. Match each statement with the example subnet and the placeholder described in it. (Not all options are used.)
Place the options in the following order:
192.168.15.65 255.255.255.240 ==> the first valid host address in a subnet
192.168.15.144 0.0.0.15 ==> subnet address of a subnet with 14 valid host addresses
Host 192.168.15.12 ==> all bits of the IP address must match exactly
192.168.5.0 0.0.3.255 ==> Hosts in a subnet with SM 255.255.252.0
192.168.3.64 0.0.0.7 ==> Address with a subnet of 255.255.255.248
24. See exhibition. What happens to the 10 ACE access list if the router is rebooted before other commands are implemented?
Access list 10 ACEs are removed.
It is listed on the 10 ACE access list.
The 10 ACE access list is not affected.
The ACEs of the wildcard masks in access list 10 are converted to subnet masks.
25. Which three directives describe the processing of ACL packets? (Choose three.)
An implicit deny rejects all packets that do not match an ACE.
Each packet is checked against the conditions of each ACE in the ACL before a forwarding decision is made.
Each statement is only checked until a match is found or until the end of the ACE list is reached.
A packet may be rejected or forwarded as indicated by the appropriate ACE.
A packet that does not meet the conditions of an ACE is forwarded by default.
A packet denied by one ACE may be allowed by a subsequent ACE.


Radiofrequency (RF) Shielding is a physical or electronic protection method that shields individuals who may be exposed to radiofrequency radiation. Many solutions to RF shielding include RF Barrier, Faraday Cage, and RF Safe Room. This article will explain what Radio Frequency Shielding is and how it can help eliminate the effects of Radio Frequency Radiation.
What is RF Shielding?
RF shielding is a physical or electronic protection method that shields individuals who may be exposed to radiofrequency radiation. The term “shielding” often refers to an electrical or mechanical barrier that blocks electromagnetic radiation from entering the shielded region. The most common shielding technologies are Faraday cages, magnetic shielding devices and air conditioning systems. Motion sensors use magnetic fields to detect the motion of nearby objects. For example, radar helps drivers avoid collisions with other traffic by detecting neighboring vehicles and alerting drivers by sending out a signal of speed and direction.
In telecommunications, shielding means raising the antenna above the interference. Radio communications are used to refer to methods that reduce electromagnetic radiation exposure. Radiofrequency (RF) shielding provides a mechanism for RF radiation from entering or being absorbed by a shielded region at a particular frequency. RF shields are designed so that any RF energy cannot enter the region being shielded, thus reducing the amount of RF energy reaching the keepers of sensitive equipment.
Radiofrequency radiation travels through air and water and is commonly used for transmitting signals such as voice, data and television signals over long distances. It generates electric and magnetic fields surrounding the radio waves traveling along their transmission path.
Radio Frequency Shielding
There are two basic types of shielding: Faraday Cage and RF Safe Room. In the case of the Faraday Cage, the geometry is such that electromagnetic waves cannot penetrate inside one side, yet electromagnetic energy can still pass onto the next side. The opposite is true for an RF Safe Room. The shield does not entirely prevent signals from entering its enclosure; however, they are absorbed and then reduced to harmless levels.
Magnetic shielding includes different materials such as metal mesh suspending above towers or transformers to reduce radio frequency interference. This can be used in open air or inside a faraday cage (no metal parts).
Specially constructed enclosures of metal sheets are used for radiofrequency shielding. The shielding effectiveness of such compartments can be enhanced by making them double-walled.
Faraday cages: It is a metal enclosure that completely shields radiofrequency radiation. Assume you are in an airplane, and you can see the cell bars around the whole plane. This is a Faraday Cage, and it shields you from interference due to radio waves between cities where there is a strong airwave connection.
Air-conditioning: By using special filters such as “mesh band filters,” helps reduce harmful electromagnetic fields (EMF), which cause harm to human bodies in indoor environments.
RF Safe Rooms: It is a wholly shielded room with layers of electromagnetic material installed in the walls, floor, and ceiling. The shielding can also be done using special filters such as “mesh band filters.”
Radio Frequency Shielding Solutions
Several solutions to RF shielding include RF Barrier, Faraday Cage, and RF Safe Room. Below you will find examples of these solutions and how they reduce the harmful effects of Radio Frequency Radiation. Here are two examples:
RF Barrier: For factories where machinery may be affected by electromagnetic fields, it is possible to install an RF Barrier to shield against various types of interference, including radio frequency interference (RF).


Any repetitive signal can be represented as the rotation of a vector around a point. If the length of the vector is fixed and the rate of rotation is constant the end of the vector will continuously trace a circle. Each pass around the circle represents one complete cycle of the signal.
Let us set an arbitrary point at the top of the circle. The instant that the vector passes through this point defines a fixed location on the repetitive signal. Between leaving this reference point and returning to it the vector sweeps out an angle of 2P radians. The angle between the reference point and the moving vector is the instantaneous phase of the signal. In fact, the vector really traces a spiral in phase space because the center point moves along a time line. The time line is at right angles to the plane in which the vector rotates.
The frequency with which the rotating vector passes the reference point is also the frequency of the signal. For the moment we will let the vector take the same time on each sweep around the circle, so that the signal frequency is constant.
Suppose now that we have a second vector rotating around the same center point. Its length is unimportant; we will say that both vectors are one unit long, without defining the nature of the unit. If the rate of rotation of this second vector is the same as that of the firsts, we can say that it represents a second signal at the same frequency. The vectors need not coincide. If the second vector stays a constant distance behind the first, we say that the phase of the second signal lags the first by so many radians. If the two vectors overlap, the signals are said to be in phase. If they lie along a rotating diameter, so that they always point in opposite directions, we say that the signals are in anti-phase. If the vectors form a constant right angle, we say that the signals are in quadrature.
It is frequently convenient to refer a real signal to either another real signal as a phase reference, or to relate it to a perfect theoretical signal at its nominal frequency that starts in-phase at some arbitrary point in time. The phase relationship between the real signal and this theoretical reference signal is fundamental to understanding phase, frequency and logic-induced modulation.
Suppose the real signal vector starts to pull away from the reference. The increasing phase lead tells us it must be rotating faster. The rate of increase of phase difference is a measure of the difference in frequency between the signal and the reference. So, if a signal continuously increases its phase with respect to its reference, it has been shifted upwards in frequency. Note that a constant rate of increase in phase angle means a fixed increase in frequency.
Frequency is thus seen to be the first derivative of phase, in both the absolute and relative cases, and, correspondingly, phase is the time integral of frequency. The infinite nature of a steady oscillation spiraling down its time line makes this integral increase without limit. To make the mathematics more tractable we often choose to refer to phase angles modulo 2 P, that is, to treat each pass through the reference point on the phase circle as though it had reset the radian count to zero. On occasion this mathematical convenience can obscure the precise nature of a modulated signal.
It should now be apparent that what is commonly called "frequency modulation" is in fact periodic phase modulation. If the modulating signal is also a periodic sinusoid, the signal vector will be seen to lead the reference vector for some time. Then it will pass back through the in-phase condition and lag for some time. The total amount of lead or lag accumulated by the carrier during each half-cycle of the modulating signal is kept well below P, to reduce the chances of the detector losing count of whole cycles, but this is not an inherent property of this type of modulation; in principle the only restriction is that the long-term average phase difference must be zero, to prevent the signal from acquiring a permanent frequency shift.
So, if "frequency modulation" really means periodic phase modulation, what is "phase modulation"? This is a nebulous term, open to many interpretations.
In communications systems, the term "phase modulation" (or "phase-shift keying") is only applied to carrier signals that are modulated with some form of binary information. In such a scheme one entire cycle of the carrier will be either shifted by P radians, to produce an anti-phase cycle, or shifted by P/2 radians, to produce a positive or negative quadrature cycle, or by some other exact sub-multiple of one cycle. These abrupt phase changes are a convenient way to pack more information onto a given carrier than simple amplitude or frequency modulation would permit. Because the frequency of the carrier is not changed by this modulating process, a simple phase-locked-loop detector with a long time constant will suffice to demodulate them. The output of the phase comparator can be seen to follow these abrupt phase changes while the averaged signal passing through the loop filter tracks slow drifts in the center frequency. With appropriate design constants the same simple PLL with its long loop constant will accurately extract the "frequency" modulation from an analog-modulated carrier.
Obviously, for our purposes in dealing with LIM, this definition of "phase modulation" will not serve to describe the difference between "phase" and "frequency" modulation. For that explanation, we have to leave the comfortable world of steadily varying signals and consider the meaning of phase and frequency in the digital environment.
Any cycle of a repetitive pure digital signal has only two identifiable points where it changes state. In principle we can disregard the portion of the signal between these points. This leaves only the edges. We can represent these by a pair of delta functions. Because the delta functions are discontinuous, we describe such a signal as discrete or sampled.
In practice, we represent one of these points by the positive transition of the wave form and the other by the negative transition.
If the signal is a perfect square wave, these points are equally spaced in time and the entire wave form has a single characteristic frequency. With such a symmetrical wave form we can apply the concepts of phase and frequency described above for a continuous sinusoidal signal. Then adding a constant increment of phase will shift its frequency. Alternately adding and subtracting phase will phase-shift it, and so on. Quadrature square-wave signal pairs, both of the same frequencies but separated in phase by P/2 radians, are very common.
However, we can do fancier tricks with these wave forms. By shifting the time of occurrence of only one of the edges we create a pulse-width modulated signal. The frequency of such a wave form is not changed by this process. The time between successive similar edges is unchanged, and the signal is still of constant amplitude. Yet it carries information in the relative positions of the positive and negative edges. The phase of such a signal is changed in a way that has no counterpart in the continuous domain. One set of edges remains in-phase with a reference square-wave, while the other edges move freely to lead or lag the reference.
Under these conditions the concept of applying a single phase number to describe the state of the modulated wave form is meaningless.
Worse yet, we can phase-shift the positive edge of the wave form, with respect to a stable reference signal, and make this shift independent of the shift that is occurring on the negative edge. If a real reference signal is available, this would permit a single PWM wave form to carry two unrelated modulating signals. Generally no such stable reference is available, and, since both edges are moving, the signal also contains frequency modulation because the sum of the time from any positive edge to the next positive edge is no longer constant.
What happens if we feed such a signal through a detector consisting of a digital divider followed by a phase-locked-loop with a variable loop filter, such as is found in the LIM Detector?
First, the divider throws away one edge entirely. This is proper, since the reconstruction system only uses one edge to set its critical timing. You have to choose the right edge for the results to be meaningful, and the detector comes equipped with a polarity (slope) switch for this purpose.
Then, the edge position modulation, (i.e., LIM) on the selected input edge appears on both edges of the divided-down wave form. This is because the divider flips on one edge, ignores the next edge, flops on the third edge, ignores the fourth edge and so on. Both the flip and the flop are timed by the same-polarity jittery edges. The timing errors are propagated through the entire divider chain in the same manner.
The jitter timing is unchanged by the division process but the overall average period of the divided wave form fed to the detector is doubled at each division. Because of this, the relative amplitude of the jitter is reduced by the division process. The scaling is linear, a 6 dB reduction for each divide-by-two ahead of the detector.
Finally, the observed signal at the output will depend in some way on the loop time-constant in the detector. The detector is a very fast comparator. It compares the instantaneous phase of the input signal with one derived from a VCO. It is followed by two filters. One filter averages the output and feeds it back to the VCO to make this "reference" oscillator track some aspect of the input signal, while the other conditions the comparator output for further processing. In the LIM Detector, the output filter is a simple brick-wall low-pass with a corner frequency of 20 KHz. Its sole purpose is to remove LIM signals that are not likely to cause audible degradation but which might be aliased back into the audio band when the signal is analyzed using a digital sampling spectrometer.
The properties of the PLL loop filter are clearly what determine the appearance of the output from the LIM detector. If we suppose the LIM signal has components at all frequencies, from a few hertz to several MHz, then we can ask the question "What output will be observed for a short loop time-constant, and what will be seen if the time-constant is made very long?"
If the time-constant is short, the "reference" frequency from the VCO will track all changes below the corner frequency of the filter and will track changes that occur at a rate above its corner frequency in a manner that follows the roll-off of the filter. So, if we use (say) a two-pole filter with a 1KHz corner frequency, all LIM signals below 1 KHz are attenuated (with a residual that represents the finite conversion gain of the VCO), and signals of constant amplitude above 1 KHz will appear to increase (from this residual) at 12 dB per octave.
If the time-constant is very long, the "reference" frequency will remain relatively constant. This allows all the LIM signals to be detected. In fact, this is also an approximation, since a long time-constant means a filter with a very low corner frequency.
Suppose the time constant is ten seconds; then all variations below 0.1 Hz are suppressed, and the LIM signals above this frequency rise at the same 12 dB per octave as the VCO feedback falls. Now at 20 Hz, the feedback will be reduced by 92 dB, and will be effectively zero. The result will be a flat response to the LIM signals in the 20 Hz to 20 KHz range.
Now we have assumed repetitive interfering signals of constant amplitude in this discussion. In practice, the modulation on internal supply rails (which is the main cause of LIM) is usually the sum of many digital events that have a low correlation to each other. This means that the statistics of the displacement of the critical clock edge from its theoretical position usually approximate those of Gaussian noise. As is well known, the energy density of this type of random noise is constant, so that the energy per octave doubles in successive octaves. What is less well known is that this type of signal has components which increase in amplitude with increasing frequency, but the power density spectrum (the kind displayed by FFT analyzers) uses constant-bandwidth bins, so that the displayed spectrum of a Gaussian noise signal is flat. Of course, if the loop time-constant is set short enough, the flat spectrum will be tilted by the tracking effect described above.
Putting a meter, even a good "true RMS" meter, on such a wave form is likely to produce results that are less meaningful than might be expected. By varying the statistics of the wave form, or the bandwidth being averaged almost any reading can be obtained. (How accurate is your meter at 20 KHz and 20 Hz?) Analysis with a spectrum analyzer is de rigueur here.
Phase and frequency modulation are different names for the same process. Phase comparators with long loop constants measure this modulation process. Phase comparators with short loop constants measure the same process but slant the results. LIM is a form of random wide-band frequency modulation. You must measure the statistics to produce meaningful numbers.
Updates are performed on Meitner and Museatex products at our Calgary facility.
Email us at email@example.com or call (403) 284-0723 for more information.)\


Cable tray is a support system used for cable laying, usually made of metal or non-metallic materials. Its main function is to provide support and protection cables inside buildings or industrial facilities, enabling them to safely pass through different parts such as walls, ceilings, and floors.
Specifically, cable trays can be used in the following areas:
1. Support cables: The cable tray provides a stable platform to support the cables in the air. It can carry multiple cables and be organized and isolated as needed to facilitate cable routing, maintenance, and repair.
2. Protection of cables: Cable trays can prevent cables from being damaged due to bending, tension, or external impact. It can provide appropriate protection for cables to prevent them from being damaged by substances such as pressure, moisture, chemicals, etc.
3. Manage cables: The cable tray system can also help manage cable routing, making it clear and orderly. Through reasonable layout and identification, it is easier to identify, locate, and track cables, thereby simplifying maintenance and troubleshooting processes.
In addition, cable trays also have characteristics such as fire resistance, corrosion resistance, and conductivity to meet the needs of different occasions. It is widely used in various fields such as buildings, factories, subways, power facilities, communication networks, and is one of the necessary equipment for cable laying and management.
This article is provided by Shandong Cable Tray, and our website is: We will provide you with wholehearted enthusiasm and welcome your visit!


HP Printer Offline problem represents that there is a network issue between printer. The primary trait of printer offline problem is on the taskbar window you will see the off-line status in front of your printer name. To fix this error, you need to use the control panel to reset your printer to network defaults, and then you will have to run the wireless setup wizard. Also, ensure that you have connected your printer and computer to the same network, and there should be strong signal strength. Also, you can contact your network provider to increase the internet router bandwidth. HP Printer offline problem is solved.


Highest connectivity quality with 99.5% coverage. Swisscom has had the best mobile network in Switzerland for years. We are also a global leader and, thanks to almost 700 partner networks in 230 countries, ensure excellent mobile coverage.
We enable secure and seamless networks
- Our networks are constantly being developed and are state-of-the-art, such as the energy-efficient networks Narrowband IoT and LTE-M. The very good coverage and high building penetration capacity of the new wireless technologies NB-IoT and LTE-M enable you to receive connectivity in basements, deep underground or in remote areas.
Intuitive and simple management of all your connected IoT devices. Manage your national or global IoT use cases in the central portal according to your needs. You and your employees will receive access to a detailed online training recording to instruct you on how to use the Connectivity Management Platform (CMP) Mobile platform self-services efficiently.
Manage your connectivity
- You will receive a neat overview of key figures such as usage diagnoses or cost parameters of your IoT devices directly in the dashboard. The Connectivity Management Platform Mobile enables you to implement your business case for your IoT solution locally as well as on a global scale - all from one source and on one invoice.
Stay in control of your expenses: With two flexible tariff models to choose from you have no hidden costs, and pay only what you use. These tariff plans and extensive functionalities CMP Mobile creates the basis for making work processes more efficient, to reduce costs or enable new IoT use cases.
Two flexible tariff models
- Every IoT application has different connectivity requirements. Choose the ideal offer for your IoT solution: Choose between two different IoT Connectivity Mobile tariff models ** and create the basis for your success in IoT with CMP Mobile. Optionally, another 40 or 90 SIM cards can be added to the order: 40 SIM cards - CHF 39.00 90 SIM cards - CHF 79.00
- *Roaming allowed in EU. The following countries are included: Andorra, Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, Germany, Estland, Faroe Islands, Finland, France, Gibraltar, Greece, Great Britain, Guernsey, Ireland, Iceland, Isle of Man, Italy, Jersey, Croatia, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, Netherlands, Norway, Austria, Poland, Portugal, Romania, San Marino, Sweden, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Czech Republic, Hungary, Vatican, Cyprus.
- **Please contact our IoT Specialized Sales for further individual tariff models. The contact address can be found in "Policies and Support".
Central Management of your IoT devices: Monitor the data traffic of your IoT SIM cards over the comprehensive and simple web platform. Monitor, analyze and manage your IoT devices from anywhere and at anytime.
Simple, efficient and reliable
- The CMP Mobile forms the basis for centrally organizing the connectivity of all end devices. The user interface is easy to use and equipped with useful tools: The user can find individual SIM management, usage overviews as well as detailed reports for full cost control in the portal. No matter where your connected devices and objects are, connectivity management becomes a no-brainer. CMP Mobile is continuously developed to meet the essential requirements of any IoT solution. It also allows you to manage all of your connectivity, be it local or remote, from a single platform.
The two flexible tariff models IoT Lite and IoT Smart include each 10 3-in-1 SIM card and are characterized by tiered prices for the use of SIM cards.
IoT Lite or IoT Smart
- When placing an order for IoT Lite or IoT Smart, one-time costs of CHF 69.00 are charged. The monthly recurring costs adjust flexibly depending on the consumption per SIM card in the corresponding month: Depending on the amount of data consumption over a month, the price is adjusted according to the table for that month. Note: After 30 days the SIM cards cost a minimum of CHF 1.00 or CHF 1.50 even if they are not used.
- Optionally 40 or 90 SIM cards can be added to the order (CHF 39.00 or CHF 79.00)
- Sample calculation: For a national smart vending use case, you need around 25 MB per vending machine per month to send status updates. With 10 vending machines in use, the costs with IoT Lite add up to CHF 30.00 for one month.
- Note: Technical support is only available via e-mail.
IoT SIM cards
10 SIM cards are included with every order. In addition to each order, a further 40 or 90 SIM cards can optionally be added for CHF 39.00 or 79.00. The 3-in-1 SIM looks like a normal-sized SIM card, from which you can break out the SIM chip if necessary in order to reduce it to micro or nano format. The SIM card is guaranteed to fit into every IoT device.
- Optionally further 40 or 90 SIM cards can be added to the order for CHF 39.00 or CHF 79.00.


The main objective of the app is to provide, in real-time, useful navigation information and speech-to-text/text-to-speech, which enables a user to locate their parked vehicles and decide on which route to follow back to their vehicles, both in an indoor and outdoor space. In order to provide such information, the system must use the 3D building maps and GPS. This kind of solution is known as a micro-navigation system . Two main aspects should be addressed by this system to provide navigation support: (1.) Detection of the position of the user’s parked vehicle (user will have to click on “Parked” on the app, and the system will store the direction of that place). (2.) Provide navigation information back to the parked vehicle (user will have to click on “Return” on the app, and the system will trace back the direction of the “Parked” and provide navigation information).
In order to deal with these issues the app uses the interaction among several components as a platform to capture and process the user and environment information, and to generate and deliver navigation information to users while they are in indoor and outdoor areas. The app’s main components are the following: GPS, 3D building maps, Admin back-End running a software application that coordinates the whole system, and a smartphone that delivers the navigation information to the user. When the user arrives at a parking lot, he/she should click “parked” on the app, and the admin-back end stores the information and direction and provided through the help of GPS, digital compass and 3D building maps. By the time the user returns, they request navigation information by clicking “Return” on the app. The software application instantly tries to determine the user’s position, and that of the place he/she pressed “parked” and provide navigation information back to the vehicle. The user’s position and movements are detected through GPS, by signal coverage to the user’s smartphone, and the admin back-end releases the stored information of the last clicked “Parked” to the user’s smartphone.
There will also be a slot on the app for bookings for those individuals who are on the go most of the time. We will offer hotel, car rental, flights, events, etc, bookings on the app but this service will only be found on our premium version of Motor-Lounge, which will require users to pay the annual fee of $250 dollars for all these services. For our standard version, users will be able to enjoy benefits like parking fee quotes and tollgate charges of the road they will be using before driving on that road and for any mall, public places they will be using and also users will be able to know how much they will be paying for parking before they even approach paying station. The standard version will be downloaded for free.
What makes this app so unique
- It offers users benefits of finding their parked vehicles even in the most congested places and gives users knowledge of charges for each particular place they park at or national roads they use without users getting to that place first. It also give users the advantage to make their bookings, quick and fast without going through thousands of websites.
Why we need your support
- To be able to develop the app
- To test the prototype of the app
- To set-up an admin back-end
The main objective of the app is to provide, in real-time, useful navigation information and speech-to-text/text-to-speech, which enables a user to locate their parked vehicles and decide on which route to follow back to their vehicles, both in an indoor and outdoor space.
See Campaign: http://www.appsfunder.com/us/fund-apps/project/motor-lounge-app


Shenzhen AiYSEN technology co.,LTD is a professional manufacturer in bluetooth speaker products and wireless solution, the company is headquartered in Shenzhen, and its factories are located in Dongguan and Shenzhen. We specialize in design and manufacture of wireless bluetooth speakers, bluetooth headset, wireless charger, car charger, wireless car chargers, and other wireless electronic products, and provide one-stop OEM/ODM service to our customers.
Our mission is to provide cost-effective products with reliable quality, quick lead-time and good after-sale service to our customers. With commitment to price and quality, our skilled engineers are engaged in advancing down cost solution and the technicians make full inspection on all our products before shipment.
Welcome to us and let's do better business!
Why choose us?
1. Over 10 years of Bluetooth development and production experience.
2. Over 10 years of OEM/ODM experience.
3. Full production Capability: Design-Molding-Injection-Painting-SMT-Assembly-Testing-Delivery-Service.
4. Low defects: Controlling defective products within 3‰.
5. Fast delivery: 25 days for larger order
6. Long warranty: 12 months


The sound transmission through a single panel can be approximated to a good degree of accuracy using only the mass per unit area (m) and the Modulus of Elasticity (E) of the panel.
At low and mid frequencies the transmission loss (TL or R) is calculated from the well known mass law equation:
TL = 20 log ( mf ) - 48
where f is the frequency (Hz).
At higher frequencies the coincidence effect reduces the sound insulation and the transmission loss is given by:
TL = 20 log ( mf ) + 10 log ( 2fη / πfc ) + 20 log ( π / ρc )
Where fc is the critical frequency (which can be calculated from E), η is the loss factor, ρ is the air density and c is the speed of sound.
For thick heavy panels such as Brick or Concrete additional transmission takes place due to shear waves and the TL at high frequencies is reduced. INSUL takes this effect into account.
At low frequencies the radiation efficiency of a finite sized partition is reduced and the measured transmission loss is greater than the simple mass law. This effect is more pronounced for elements such as windows which are often tested with small areas. However even for normal tests carried out to ISO 140 with an area of 10-12m² the effect is significant at the lowest test frequencies. INSUL can take account of this effect.
A further effect that must be accounted for are the panel modes for light weight timber or steel framed walls. This is especially important for stud spacings of 400mm (16") or less. The STC rating is especially sensitive to this as the first panel mode can often fall in or very close to the 125 Hz 1/3 octave band, and the STC rating can be determined completely by this band due to the 8 dB rule. Reductions of 10 to 13 dB in STC rating can occur by changing stud spacings from 24" to 16".
INSUL predicts the transmission loss of double panel systems in 4 different frequency regions.
At low frequencies the transmission loss is determined primarily by the mass law. The TL increases at 6 dB/octave but INSUL can account for the inefficient radiation of low frequencies (link to section on single panels).
Above the mass-air-mass resonance frequency of the partition (fo) determined by the mass of the panels and the air gap, the TL increases at 18 dB/octave as the two sides become decoupled.
When the cavity width becomes comparable to a wavelength at frequency fl the cavity modes couple the panels together and the TL increases at 12 dB/octave.
Solid connections act as sound bridges between the two panels and the TL is limited to a constant amount above the mass law, and increases at only 6 dB/octave
If you are interested in reading more about the theoretical background that INSUL is based on, the following references provide an excellent introduction.
1. B.H.Sharp, Prediction Methods for the Sound Transmission of Building Elements. Noise Control Engineering Vol 11 1978
2. L.Cremer M.Heckel E.E.Ungar, Structureborne Sound (Springer Verlag,1988)
3. F.Fahy, Sound and Structural Vibration (Academic Press, 1985)
4. J.H. Rindel, Sound Radiation form Building Structures and Acoustical Properties of Thick Plates. COMETT-SAVOIR Course Notes, CSTB Grenoble


Sync for iCloud, designed for Android
The professional email client designed to work with iCloud.
1+ Million Happy Users Worldwide
Sync for iCloud Mail lets you synchronise all of your emails stored on iCloud seamlessly.
Through highly optimised development and testing, Sync for iCloud Mail is very reliable, working flawlessly on the majority of Android devices running the latest version of Android.
Email on the go
Easily receive and send iCloud emails on the go. Sync for iCloud Mail will automatically sync your emails when connected to the internet. Should you lose connectivity, the app will continue syncing after internet connectivity is available again.


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TP-LINK High Gain USB Adapter TL-WN822N is a 300Mbps wireless client that is fully interoperable with IEEE 802.11n/b/g wireless devices, delivering fabulous N speed and reliable signal for online gaming, video streaming or Internet calls. TL-WN822N features its dual external antennas which could bring a wider and further coverage as well as a fashionable and novelty exterior. Also, TL-WN822N provides QSS (Quick Setup Security) button on the device's exterior, easily establishing powerful and robust security at a push of it. Bette still, it comes with a 1.5 meters USB extension cable, convenient for the hardware installation, even for the desktop users.
Incredible N Speed
Complying with the IEEE 802.11n standard, TL-WN822N can easily establish a wireless network and get up to 15X the speed and 5X the range of conventional 11g products. Compared with legacy 54M products, TL-WN822N delivers incredible N speed and reliable signal, allowing you to have a more joyful surfing experience, including sharing files, making Internet calls or watching HD streaming media.
Dual 3dBi external antennas
TL-WN822N features its dual 3dBi external antennas besides the exterior, which can be rotated and adjusted in different directions to fit various operation environments, brings performance enhancement than internal antenna under normal indoor usage.
One button for security setup
Compatible with Wi-Fi Protected Setup™ (WPS), TL-WN822N supports Quick Security Setup that allows users to simply press the "QSS" button on the device's exterior, instantly establishing a highly secured connection. Not only is it faster than normal security setups but more convenient in that you don't need to remember any password!
Desktop-style design & 1.5 meters USB extension cable
Besides the fashionable and novelty exterior, the desktop-style design is beneficial for the signal reception in various application environments, guaranteeing the smooth and stable signal. And TL-WN822N also provides 1.5 meters USB extension cable, convenient for your installation, even for the desktop equipment.
Bundled CD for easy operation
TL-WN822N comes with a CD with utility that helps you complete the software installation and wireless network settings, including security configurations and wireless connection, which is convenient for users, even for novice users.
Selvom vi gør vort bedste for at give fyldestgørende information, så er billederne kun vejledende, og selve varen er ikke nødvendigvis 100% identisk med det viste billede. Produkter kan være vist med ekstraudstyr der ikke er inkluderet eller i andre form- og farvevarianter. Hvis der er forskel mellem produktoverskrift, beskrivelse og billede, så er det produktoverskriften som gælder. Hvis du er i tvivl, så kontakt os gerne. Vi tager forbehold for trykfejl, ændring af priser og specifikationer uden varsel.


THE LIFI OR VLC
LiFi or VLC is a wireless communication technology based on the use of visible light between the blue color (450nm) and the red color (760nm), generated by LEDs. Unlike WiFi, which uses the radio part of the electromagnetic spectrum, LiFi uses the optical spectrum. The LiFi protocol layers are governed by the international standard IEEE 802.15.7 established since 2011 by the IEEE committee.
In addition to data transmission, this technology makes it possible to use LED lighting sources as a positioning beacon: combined with the gyroscopic sensors present in smartphones and tablets, it makes it possible to predict the movements between the two beacons. and give the user a very precise position. Phones can communicate with smart LEDs inside buildings when GPS technology is not available, following the movements between two "beacons". This location can also be used to provide additional personalized services or information to customers and infrastructure managers.
Geodocumentation can be used to deliver the right content at the right time:
- - Information
- – Game
- - User Manual
- - Security rules
Lifelike technology can be used in places such as hospitals where room lamps transmit the patient's medical data to the nurse's trolley. Others may be in museums where media content is displayed on tablets equipped with GEOLiFi, a new digital audio guide. Similarly in supermarkets where the shopping cart can be equipped with a tablet broadcasting micro-localized marketing messages by department. The data collected by these tablets also makes it possible to map customer flows in stores with cold or hot areas.
LIFI IS NOW INTEGRATED IN THE SMARTPHONE.
It is now possible to use the front and back cameras of Apple and Android smartphones to receive the information transmitted by the LED.
Low-speed data is generated locally at the LED luminaire (from sensors, self-diagnostics, etc.) and allows data dissemination and fast matching uses.
Each luminaire emits its operating temperature, its utilization rate and maintenance alerts.
Les informations de maintenance sont collectées et analysées pour optimisation.
LED lighting transmits its local address, a security password for instant matching.
The cars can communicate with the different tools of the road (other car, lights) to prevent an emergency braking, accident, danger zone ...
Light can, for example, become an additional key for your secure transactions.
The high debit
The high-speed LIFI: major advantages that will enable this technology to prevail The high-speed LIFI opens new horizons in terms of Internet connection and offers: - An alternative to radio waves, potentially harmful to health Light waves are harmless to the human body, even beneficial to certain frequencies. The LIFI thus presents an alternative to radio waves, which is particularly important in environments sensitive to WIFI such as hospitals, medical centers, schools, some industrial structures ... - A solution to confidentiality problems While the WIFI crosses walls and ceilings, LIFI information is only permissible in the "cone" of light. It remains confined in the desired space and completely secure, while allowing mobility. There is therefore no risk of remote hacking of data via the LIFI. This system is therefore particularly interesting for sectors whose data are highly confidential (R & D, Defense, banks, security, etc.). - A solution to the problem of saturation of the WIFI band The visible band is 10,000 times wider than the WIFI band, which allows to maintain an optimal level of coverage despite a large number of users. - A solution to the problems of limited flows The theoretical modulation limit of an LED is 1GB / s, which is 10 times more than the WIFI. LIFI is also economical and environmentally friendly since it does not increase the energy consumption of the building that is equipped with it.