How to connect Samsung mobile to TV
Connecting the Samsung mobile phone to the TV wired using an HDMI adapter. The Samsung phone can be connected to the user’s TV by using an (HDMI) adapter, which comes with two ends; One of them is of the Micro USB type, while the second end is of the HDMI type. The following explains how to use this tool to connect the Samsung phone to the TV screen:
Secure an HDMI adapter to make the connection through it. This device can be obtained through many electronic sales sites over the Internet.
Secure HDMI connection; To connect it to the other end of the converter device.
Connect one end of the adapter to the port for charging via the Samsung device.
Connect one end of the HDMI cable to the empty input on the adapter.
Connect the other end of the HDMI connection to its input on the TV.
Turn on the TV, then set the Input Source on the device to be set to the HDMI source that was connected to the cable.
Waiting for the mobile screen to appear on the TV.
Use a USB connection
Using a USB cable is one of the ways through which a Samsung phone can be connected to a TV, as this method is suitable for browsing any files on the device. Such as photos, video clips, or any other types of files. The following steps explain how to use this link to connect your Samsung phone to your TV:
Secure USB connection. Securing a USB adapter that contains at one end a USB port, and at the other end the port for charging Android phones in general, and Samsung phones in particular. This port is known as the MHL port.
Connect your Samsung phone to the compatible end of the USB adapter.
Providing a power source for the adapter, whether using an external source or a USB port.
Connect the USB connector to the compatible end of the adapter, then connect its other end to the USB port on the TV.
Turn on the TV, then set the Input Source on the device to be set to USB.
Connect your Samsung mobile to the TV wirelessly
Using a Chromecast device You can use a Chromecast device to connect Android phones to your TV. Like Samsung phones, this method allows you to connect the phone and display its screen on the TV screen. This is done by following the following steps:
Make sure that the Samsung phone you want to connect to the TV is running an Android operating system of a later version (Android 5.0).
Secure the Chromecast device and connect it to the TV you want to connect to the Samsung phone.
Download the Google Home application via your Samsung phone. Open the application on your phone, then choose the (Chromecast) option.
Choose the Cast my Screen option that appears at the bottom of the application screen.
Click on the Agree option when a warning message appears stating that the phone screen will be mirrored on the TV screen. You can also click on the Stop mirroring option to separate the broadcast of the Samsung phone screen from the TV screen.
The user must connect both the Chromecast device and the Samsung phone to a single Wi-Fi network in order for the connection between the phone and the TV to be successful using this device.
Use a Roku device
The following steps explain how to use the Roku device, which is considered one of the devices through which you can connect phone devices that run the Android operating system. Including Samsung with the TV wirelessly:
Connect your Roku device to your TV.
Connect your mobile device and Roku device to the same Wi-Fi network.
Open the settings menu on your Samsung phone.
Choose the Display option, then choose the Cast option.
How to connect a Samsung mobile to a smart TV
Using the Wi-Fi Direct feature All Samsung phones include the Wi-Fi Direct feature, through which the phone screen can be displayed on smart TVs, which must be activated on both the phone and the smart TV, and to activate the display using Wi-Fi Direct. On Samsung phones, you must follow the following steps:
Swipe across the top of your Samsung phone’s screen to the bottom to bring up the quick settings menu.
Click on one of the sharing options; Such as screen reflection or smart display.
Choose the TV you want to connect to the Samsung device.
Enter the connection code if requested.
Use the Quick Connect feature
The Quick Connect feature can be used on Samsung devices running the Android Marshmallow operating system or earlier versions to connect the phone to the TV, through which the contents of the phone can be viewed. Such as photos, video clips, and other files, but it should be noted that it is not possible through this method to mirror the phone screen via the TV, and the following steps explain how to use this feature to connect the phone to the TV:
Swipe down from the top of the Samsung phone screen to open the quick settings menu.
Click on the speed dial option or the phone search option, and search for nearby devices.
Click on the option to activate speed dialing.
Click on the option to search for nearby devices.
Click on the name of the TV device, and the phone will be connected to it. Click on the share icon appearing on the phone screen.
Click on the speed connection option or the transfer files to the device option.
Click on the Agree button or the Allow button.


What's in this article?
Multi line phone system??
Small businesses today require efficient and reliable communication systems, and multi-line phone systems offer just that.
With numerous options available in the market, it can be challenging to choose the right system that suits your business needs.
In this article, we’ll be exploring seven of the best multi-line phone systems for small businesses, their features, benefits, and pricing, to help you make an informed decision.
Why Multi line phone system Are Essential for Small Businesses
Small businesses require a phone system that is both flexible and scalable.
They need to handle a growing number of calls as the business expands.
Multi-line phone systems can accommodate multiple lines, allowing the business to handle more calls at the same time.
This ensures that no call goes unanswered, improving customer satisfaction and increasing sales.
DONT HAVE TIME TO READ FULL ARTICLE ?
TAKE ME TO COMPARITION CHART SO THAT I CAN DECEIDE EASYLY`
What Are The Best Multi line phone system?
The following are the best multi-line phone systems for small business owners.
Cisco 8841 (Over all best multi line phone system)
You may boost your company’s efficiency with the aid of the Cisco 8841 VoIP’s high-quality VoIP connections, which are suitable for even the most crucial of business needs.
You may retain your current telecommunications infrastructure in place while taking use of VoIP and all its bells and whistles.
The Cisco 8841 VoIP is a great option for those who spend their time both in and out of the workplace, thanks to its five-way navigation cluster and intuitive design.
In addition, the four context-aware soft keys provide instant access to the most utilized functions.
The Ethernet switch in this phone allows you to link your computer, VoIP adapter, and phone to a single network connection.
- The Cisco 8841 is a standard IP phone that has the following key features:
- Voice Over IP (VoIP) technology for high-quality voice communication
- 5-inch color display for ease of use and clear visibility
- Support for up to 4 lines, making it suitable for small to medium-sized businesses
- Integration with Cisco Webex Teams for team collaboration
- Energy-efficient design, including Energy Efficient Ethernet (EEE) and Power over Ethernet (PoE) support
- Compatibility with Cisco Unified Communications Manager and Cisco Business Edition 6000 for easy deployment
- High-fidelity wideband audio for enhanced voice clarity
- Gigabit Ethernet support for high-speed data transfer
- Support for advanced security features, such as secure boot and secure production signing.
- Overall, the Cisco 8841 is a reliable and feature-rich IP phone that is ideal for businesses that want to improve their communication and collaboration capabilities.
How the Cisco 8841 Works :
The Cisco 8841 IP telephone operates by following these steps:
- Network Connection: The 8841 is connected to a business’s local area network (LAN) using an Ethernet cable. This connection allows the telephone to communicate with other IP devices and the internet.
- Registration: The 8841 registers with the Cisco Unified Communications Manager (CUCM), which acts as the central call processing system. The telephone sends its MAC address and IP address to the CUCM, and the CUCM assigns a device profile to the telephone.
- Call Processing: When a call is placed, the 8841 sends a request to the CUCM to establish a connection. The CUCM processes the request and establishes a connection with the recipient’s IP telephone.
- Voice Transmission: Once the connection is established, voice data is transmitted between the two telephones using Voice over IP (VoIP) technology. The CUCM uses advanced compression and prioritization algorithms to ensure high-quality voice transmission.
- Call Features: The 8841 provides businesses with a range of advanced call handling features, such as call forwarding, call waiting, voicemail, and more. These features are managed and configured through the CUCM.
- Management and Maintenance: The CUCM provides a web-based management interface that allows businesses to easily configure and manage the 8841, as well as other IP telephones and communication devices. The 8841 also has a color display screen for ease of use and clear visibility.
In conclusion, the Cisco 8841 IP telephone operates by using the CUCM and VoIP technology to provide businesses with reliable and high-quality voice communication.
To find out how much the phone costs, you’ll need to talk to Cisco and ask for a sales rep to call you.
VTech DS6151 2-Line Answering System
The VTech DS6151 2-Line Answering System is a cost-effective and feature-rich solution for small businesses.
This phone system has a 2-line capacity, which allows you to manage two lines simultaneously, perfect for small businesses with a moderate volume of incoming calls.
Key features of VTech DS6151 2-Line Answering System
The VTech DS6151 2-Line Answering System offers a number of key features that are designed to make your life easier. Here are just a few of the standout features:
- 2-Line Operation: This system is designed to work with two separate phone lines, giving you the ability to handle both personal and professional calls with ease.
- Digital Answering System: The digital answering system on the VTech DS6151 is one of the best in its class. It provides clear and high-quality recordings of your messages, ensuring that you never miss an important call.
- Call Screening: This feature allows you to screen calls and determine who is calling before you answer the phone. You can even block unwanted callers from leaving a message.
- Large Display: The large and easy-to-read display on the VTech DS6151 makes it easy to see who is calling, the time and date of the call, and more.
- DECT 6.0 Digital Technology: This technology provides clear, interference-free communication and a range of up to 1,000 feet.
How the VTech DS6151 2-Line Answering System Works
The VTech DS6151 2-Line Answering System is incredibly easy to use.
Simply plug the system into your phone jack and you’re ready to go.
When someone calls your line, the answering system will automatically answer the call and record a message.
You can then listen to your messages at any time by pressing a button on the answering system or by calling in from another phone.
The VTech DS6151 2-Line Answering System costs $88.95 at the time of writing.
FAQS About the VTech DS6151 2-Line Answering System
MiVoice 5330e IP Phone:(multi line phone system)
The MiVoice 5330e IP Phone is designed for businesses of all sizes.
With its advanced features and intuitive interface, this phone is a great investment for any organization looking to streamline communication and improve productivity.
This phone is equipped with a large, high-resolution display, making it easy to navigate and use, even for those who are not familiar with the latest technology.
Key features of MiVoice 5330e IP Phone
- Advanced call handling capabilities, including call forwarding, call waiting, and three-way calling.
- Large, high-resolution display for easy navigation and clear call-related information.
- Voicemail, speed dialing, and built-in speakerphone for added convenience.
- Headset jack for hands-free calling.
- Intuitive interface and clear, concise instructions for easy setup and use.
- Customization options to tailor the phone to specific needs and preferences.
- Compatibility with most existing phone systems.
- Large, user-friendly keypad for easy dialing.
- High-quality audio for clear, consistent call quality.
- Durable design for long-lasting use.
How the MiVoice 5330e IP Phone Works
- Connect the phone to your network using an Ethernet cable and power it through Power over Ethernet (PoE).
- Configure the phone to work with your existing phone system, including call handling features such as call forwarding, call waiting, and three-way calling.
- Utilize the phone’s large, high-resolution display to view incoming calls, missed calls, and other call-related information.
- Access advanced features and capabilities, such as voicemail, speed dialing, and the built-in speakerphone.
- Use a headset, if desired, for hands-free calling by plugging it into the headset jack.
- Customize the phone to fit your specific needs and preferences.
- Utilize the phone’s intuitive interface and clear, concise instructions for easy setup and use.
- Enjoy improved communication and productivity in your business.
In each step, the MiVoice 5330e IP Phone’s advanced technology and versatile capabilities work together to provide a comprehensive and efficient communication solution for your business.
The Nextiva X-835 is an easy-to-install and operate multi-line phone system that may meet your needs.
Having 12 lines means you’ll seldom have to put callers on wait while handling many calls.
The Nextiva X-835 also allows you to set up many pages, where you may save commonly used shortcuts.
The phone already has Ethernet connections built in, but you can add even more functionality with a simple USB dongle.
- Advanced VoIP technology for clear and high-quality voice communication
- 7-inch color touch screen display for ease of use and clear visibility
- Support for up to 16 lines, making it suitable for small to large-sized businesses
- Integration with Nextiva’s unified communications platform for a seamless communication experience
- Full-duplex speakerphone for hands-free communication
- Gigabit Ethernet support for fast data transfer speeds
- Support for advanced call handling features, such as call forwarding, call waiting, and more
- Multiple line appearances, allowing users to manage multiple calls simultaneously
- Easy installation and configuration with Nextiva’s intuitive web-based management platform
- Overall, the Nextiva X-835 is a feature-rich IP telephone that is designed to provide businesses with a comprehensive and cost-effective communication solution.
How the Nextiva X-835 Works
The Nextiva X-835 works as an IP telephone that utilizes Voice over IP (VoIP) technology to make and receive calls. Here’s how it works:
- Network Connection: The X-835 connects to a business’s LAN (Local Area Network) through a standard Ethernet cable. This allows it to communicate with other IP devices and the internet.
- Call Processing: The X-835 uses the Nextiva platform to process calls, which converts voice into data packets and transmits them over the internet to the recipient’s IP telephone.
- Call Quality: The Nextiva platform uses advanced compression and prioritization algorithms to ensure high-quality voice transmission. The X-835 also features full-duplex speakerphone technology for clear audio.
- Features and Functions: The X-835 provides businesses with a range of advanced call handling features, such as call forwarding, call waiting, voicemail, and more. It also offers integration with Nextiva’s unified communications platform, allowing businesses to manage all their communication needs in one place.
- Management and Maintenance: The Nextiva platform provides a web-based management interface that allows businesses to easily configure and manage the X-835, as well as other IP telephones and communication devices.
In conclusion, the Nextiva X-835 works by leveraging the Nextiva platform and VoIP technology to provide businesses with a reliable and feature-rich IP telephone solution.
The Nextiva X-835 may be purchased for $149.99, or you can choose for the $6.00 monthly payment plan.
RCA ViSys 25424RE1
RCA ViSys 25424RE1 is a business telephone system that offers advanced features and capabilities to businesses.
With its four-line capability, the system can manage multiple calls simultaneously, making it ideal for small to medium-sized businesses.
The telephone system comes with a variety of features that can help businesses streamline their communication and improve their operations.
- Call Blocking: The RCA ViSys 25424RE1 comes with a call blocking feature that lets you block unwanted calls from telemarketers and spammers. Simply add the numbers you wish to block to the call block list, and you won’t have to worry about being disturbed by them anymore.
- Intercom: The intercom feature of the RCA ViSys 25424RE1 enables you to communicate with other handsets in the system, without having to go through the hassle of calling them. This makes it easy to keep in touch with your family and colleagues, even when you’re not near your phone.
- Hands-Free Speakerphone: The hands-free speakerphone feature of the RCA ViSys 25424RE1 allows you to make or receive calls without having to hold the phone to your ear. This makes it ideal for multitasking, as you can work on other tasks while talking on the phone.
- Digital Answering System: The digital answering system of the RCA ViSys 25424RE1 lets you record and store incoming messages, even when you’re not at home. Simply set the answering system to the desired length of time, and you’ll never miss a call again.
- Caller ID: The caller ID feature of the RCA ViSys 25424RE1 displays the name and number of the person calling you, so you can easily identify who’s calling before you pick up the phone. This helps you to stay organized and avoid unwanted calls.
- Expandable Up to 5 Handsets: The RCA ViSys 25424RE1 is expandable up to 5 handsets, so you can easily add more handsets as your needs change. This makes it ideal for households or offices that need multiple lines.
- DECT 6.0 Technology: The RCA ViSys 25424RE1 uses DECT 6.0 technology, which provides clear, interference-free communication. This technology also helps to extend the range of the system, so you can use your phone from further away.
How the RCA ViSys 25424RE1 Works
- Cordless design: The RCA ViSys 25424RE1 consists of a base unit and multiple cordless handsets, allowing for greater mobility and convenience. You can make and receive calls from any location within range of the base unit.
- DECT 6.0 technology: The RCA ViSys 25424RE1 uses DECT 6.0 technology, which provides clear, interference-free communication and improved range compared to traditional cordless phones.
- Digital answering system: The RCA ViSys 25424RE1 has a digital answering system that allows you to record and store incoming messages. The answering system can be activated and managed from any of the handsets.
- Caller ID: The RCA ViSys 25424RE1 features a large, easy-to-read LCD display that shows the caller ID of incoming calls. You can also store and manage a directory of up to 50 contacts.
- Intercom function: The RCA ViSys 25424RE1 has an intercom function that allows you to communicate directly between the handsets without going through the base unit. This can be especially useful in larger households or offices.
- Expandability: The RCA ViSys 25424RE1 is expandable up to a maximum of 5 handsets, so you can add additional units as needed to accommodate your growing needs.
- Hands-free speakerphone: The RCA ViSys 25424RE1 has a hands-free speakerphone that allows you to make and receive calls without having to hold the phone. This can be especially useful when multitasking or working in a busy environment.
Overall, the RCA ViSys 25424RE1 is a user-friendly and feature-rich cordless phone system that provides clear and reliable communication for both home and office use.
Comparing the Top Multi-line phone systems
A Comparison Chart for “VTech DS6151, MiVoice 5330e, Cisco 8841, Nextiva X-835, and RCA ViSys 25424RE1″
When it comes to choosing the best office phone system for your business, it’s essential to compare different features and benefits.
This Comparison chart presents a side-by-side comparison of five of the most popular office phone systems on the market:
|Feature||VTech DS6151||MiVoice 5330e||Cisco 8841||Nextiva X-835||RCA ViSys 25424RE1|
|Display||2.5-inch LCD||5-inch color||4.3-inch||3.5-inch LCD||1.8-inch LCD|
Based on the comparison chart, it appears that the Cisco 8841 would rank the highest in terms of features and functionality.
It has the largest display, the most lines, and supports VoIP, HD voice, and a mobile app.
Additionally, it has a speakerphone, headset jack, and supports conference calls.
However, it is also the most expensive phone among the five options.
If you have a specific budget or priority in mind, it may be best to consider all the features and make a decision based on your specific needs and requirements.
Benefits of Multi-Line Phone Systems for Small Businesses
Improved Customer Service
With advanced features like auto attendant and Interactive Voice Response (IVR), multi-line phone systems can provide customers with quick and efficient access to the information they need, reducing wait times and enhancing the customer experience.
Multi-line phone systems help streamline call handling, reducing the amount of time employees spend on the phone and freeing them up to focus on other tasks.
With features like call forwarding and conference calling, multi-line phone systems help employees stay connected, no matter where they are.
Conference calling enables multiple parties to participate in a call, making it easy for teams to collaborate and communicate effectively.
By reducing the need for separate phone lines for each employee, multi-line phone systems can help businesses save money on monthly phone bills.
With features like call forwarding and voicemail, employees can stay connected and respond to calls even when they’re away from their desks.
Many multi-line phone systems offer web-based management tools that make it easy for businesses to manage their phone systems from anywhere.
As a business grows, multi-line phone systems can be easily expanded to meet the changing needs of the organization.
Multi-line phone systems are designed to provide reliable and secure communication, ensuring that important calls are never missed.
By providing customers with quick and efficient access to the information they need, multi-line phone systems can help businesses stay ahead of the competition and improve their bottom line
Key Features of Multi-Line Phone Systems for Small Businesses
This feature greets callers and provides them with options for reaching the right department or individual.
It helps route calls to the right person, improving efficiency and reducing wait times.
Voicemail allows callers to leave a message if no one is available to take the call.
This ensures that all messages are captured, even if the intended recipient is unavailable.
Call forwarding allows calls to be redirected to another phone number, ensuring that important calls are never missed.
This feature is particularly useful for employees who are working remotely or on the go.
Conference calling enables multiple parties to participate in a call, making it ideal for team meetings and group discussions.
This feature improves collaboration and communication between team members
Call holding allows a call to be placed on hold while the recipient attends to another task.
This feature helps ensure that calls are not missed and improves call handling efficiency.
Call transfer enables calls to be transferred to another extension or department.
This feature helps route calls to the right person, improving efficiency and reducing wait times.
Caller ID displays the phone number and name of the caller, allowing recipients to identify the caller and prepare for the call.
This feature helps improve customer service and can be used to prioritize calls.
Call recording allows calls to be recorded for training, quality control, and dispute resolution purposes.
This feature is essential for businesses that need to maintain accurate records of customer interactions.
Call queuing ensures that calls are handled efficiently, even during periods of high call volume.
Callers are placed in a queue and are answered in the order in which they were received.
Interactive Voice Response (IVR):
IVR provides callers with a menu of options, allowing them to quickly reach the department or individual they need.
This feature reduces wait times, improves efficiency, and enhances the customer experience.
In conclusion, a multi-line phone system is an essential tool for small businesses looking to improve communication, streamline call handling, and enhance the customer experience.
With advanced features such as auto attendant, voicemail, call forwarding, and conference calling, a multi-line phone system can help businesses stay competitive and remain efficient in a fast-paced business environment.
When choosing a multi-line phone system, factors such as cost, features, scalability, and ease of use should be considered.
By selecting a system that includes the key features outlined in this article, businesses can improve productivity, enhance customer service, and realize cost savings.


|RYA First Aid - RYA SRC VHF Radio - Shorebased Courses - Sea Safety Advice|
RYA VHF Marine Radio (SRC)
A one-day course for anyone who owns a fixed or hand-held marine VHF radio.
The Short Range Certificate is the minimum qualification required by law to operate a VHF radio fitted with Digital Selective Calling (DSC) on any British vessel voluntarily fitted with a radio.
A radio is an important piece of safety equipment on board and it is vital to understand the correct procedures. Unnecessary transmissions could block out a Mayday distress call.
All new VHF sets are either fitted, or can be interfaced, with DSC allowing calls to specific vessels. If you hold the ‘old’ VHF licence (pre-1999) you need to upgrade your qualification if you purchase new equipment. This can be done by attending this one-day course or, if no tuition is required, you can enter for direct examination.
Course topics include:
The course will be taught using training radios, each stundent being provided with there own radio for duration of course.
This will be examined by a short written test and practical assement after the course by an instructor who did not teach you.


The GPS Phone Tracker is an app that enables you to monitor and track other individuals using a phone. You can use this technology to locate your family members' and friends' present location and where they have been for the last three days.
The app uses street and satellite maps, and it employs the phone's robust functionality of GPS combined with the well-known internet mapping technique to build a secure and permission-based structure.
If you have the GPS Tracker app on your phone, you can follow your kids' movements throughout the day, know the location of your family members, and locate friends. Also, the application can help you find stolen or lost phones. Read on to learn more about this app.
How to Download GPS Phone Tracker
To download this app, you need to locate your Google Play Store, and in the search box type “GPS Phone Tracker”. Wait for it to download, and then click on “Install”. The app will be installed into your device, and you can then launch it.
Once you successfully install this app, you can start tracking right away. When registering, you will have an access interface where you can see all the target device's data.
This portal can be accessed remotely once you have your password and a stable internet connection. You can quickly locate your phone online if you lose it or if it gets stolen.
Features of GPS Phone Tracker
How does the GPS Phone Tracker app work? This app operates by turning on a GPS tracking system that reveals where the target device is located.
This app has more than twenty-five features that include GPS, Call, SMS, among others. The app is used to track GPS location, viewing call logs, and monitoring captured videos or images. Also, it can offer free SMS tracker, and you can track WhatsApp and other chats.
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a system of navigation that links several satellite connections. Consequently, these satellites give exact location information about the multiple devices all over the world and send signals through to the ground.
The GPS receiver then subsequently links to this signal and compares the sending and reception time.
Tracking Mobile Phones
Today, many phones have an in-built GPS tracking system with them. Whereas the standard GPS accompanying Androids or iPhones might not be sensitive to deliver precise address location of the phone, it can narrow that location to a confined region.
This can help you narrow down where your lost phone is, or where your target device is. For Androids, tracking of phones can be activated by the Android Device Manager, whereas or the iPhones, monitoring can be done using "Find My iPhone".
Limitations of GPS Phone Tracker
However, the GPS tracking system in your device has some limitations. If you need a precise location of your target device, it may be impossible from your in-built GPS phone tracker. Moreover, these trackers can be turned on or off.
For instance, if your phone is stolen, the thief is likely to turn off your GPS so that you cannot view the location of your phone from a different device.
Yet, you can still do some things to stop other people from disabling your capacity to track a phone via GPS. For instance, on an iPhone, you can activate an option within your settings, which requests a password before the tracking of the phone's GPS is disabled.
This security feature may only make things difficult for the thief, but not completely prevent them from navigating around it.
GPS Phone Tracker is easy to use and handy in enabling you to find lost phones, or tracking another phone that you are targeting. Download the app from Google Play store and begin tracking today.


Emergency service is one of the basics of the Amateur Radio Service and there is sometimes confusion about ARES (Amateur Radio Emergency Services), the ARRL arm of emergency services and RACES (Radio Amateur Civil Emergency Service), the government arm of amateur emergency services. Schuylkill County relies on a group of dedicated and skilled individuals who comprise our ARES/RACES team and provide the backbone of our Auxiliary Communications Network.
If you are interested in participating, or finding out more about the vital link that amateur radio provides in an emergency, please contact Robert McClintock, the ARES/RACES contact for Schuylkill County. He can be reached at: firstname.lastname@example.org.
Below is information about local amateur groups organized in Schuylkill County and the Amateur Radio Relay League.
The Schuylkill Amateur Repeater Association (SARA) website can be accessed by clicking here.
The Tamaqua Wireless Association (W3TWA) website can be accessed by clicking here.
The ARRL Eastern Pennsylvania Section (EPA) can be accessed by clicking here.


Beställ 40-pin-GPIO-kabel för Raspberry Pi på nätet redan idag. Här har vi samlat mer information om produkten 40-pin-GPIO-kabel för Raspberry Pi inom kategorin Raspberry Pi.
40-pin-GPIO-kabel för Raspberry Pi. Används bl.a.
för att ansluta egenbyggda projekt. Kompatibel med samtliga modeller som har 40-pin-GPIO-kontakt.
Raspberry Pi TV-uHATThe Raspberry Pi TV-uHAT is an add-on board for the Raspberry Pi. It enables you to expand the functionality of your Raspberry Pi board by receiving digital terrestrial TV broadcast systems which includes DVB-T and DVB-T2. The TV-uHAT is a compact module which comes in a newer form to previous models. It takes up minimal space and can be integrated into your design easily, without the need for lots of extra space. Looking for inspiration?The Raspberry Pi TV-uHAT enables you to receive and watch TV via a Raspberry Pi board. You could also use it to create a TV server from which you stream over a network from other devices. Raspberry Pi is a flexible platform which enables you to design and prototype your ideas. If you need some inspiration there is a whole community around Raspberry Pi which is there to help you with blogs and forums: https://www.raspberrypi.org/Which Pi does it work with?The TV-uHAT can be used on all Raspberry Pi boards when running as a server for other devices on the network. The performance when receiving and viewing TV on a Pi can vary between models. It is recommended that you use a Raspberry Pi 2, 3 or 3+ with the TV-uHAT for optimal TV streaming. What is DVB?DVB stands for Digital Video Broadcasting and is a standard for transmitting broadcast Television. DVB standard is widely adopted across the world and you can check if your country has adopted this standard on the DVB website: https://www.dvb.orgWhat’s on board?Sony CXD2880 TV tuner40-way headerAerial adaptorMechanical spacersOther Features:Supported TV standards: DVB-T2, DVB-TReception frequency: VHF III, UHF IV, UHF VChannel bandwidth:DVB-T2: 1.7MHz, 5MHz, 6MHz, 7MHz, 8MHzDVB-T: 5MHz, 6MHz, 7MHz, 8MHzWhat is a Raspberry Pi HAT?HAT stands for “Hardware Attached on Top”. They are add-on boards, or extension boards, which mount directly onto your Raspberry Pi. There are a range of HATs available which are designed to add different functionalities to your Raspberry Pi computer. Adding a HAT to your Pi opens up opportunities for new innovations.
Mer information finns på produktens sida.


TelePacket has come up with high quality VoIP Optimization software solution to cater to the needs of the IP Communications industry. VoIP termination service providers often face issues in their business because of high bandwidth cost and VoIP blockage. To deal with these kinds of issues, Telepacket offers its flagship product, TP optimizer which helps the IP termination service providers to save on bandwidth costs thereby improving the margins in their business. It works as a VoIP bandwidth saver for the service providers in increasing their business revenue.
Our expertise of working in the IP industry enables us to provide innovative VoIP Optimization and VoIP anti blocking solutions to VoIP termination service providers in those geographies, where SIP blockage exist and international bandwidth costs have a large impact on their business. We have set up an advanced research and development team, with deep expertise in IP technology to develop high end software required for telecom industry.Read More Download Brochure
TP Optimizer reduces bandwidth consumption by 5 times, compressing the media streams without affecting the voice quality. Read More
TP Optimizer does not require any static IP because it can easily work with public internet such as Wi-Max, DSL, Wi-Fi, 4G, 3G etc.
Equipped with VoIP anti blocking solution feature, TP Optimizer can pass VoIP calls even in SIP blocked countries.


Content - Data Communication
2.4GHz Satellite Switch
Customer: Hirschmann Electronics GmbH & Co. KG
Eight satellite channels and one terrestrial broadcast channel are routed individually to four users with automatic channel selection via either analogue signals or digital DiSEq Protocol. Initial prototypes were developed on a thin film substrate with a ceramic base and integrated passive components, during the 4th Framework EC-Project «LAP».
This first system was designed with an additional laminate carrier and four controller ICs for the digital switching protocol with subsequent commercialisation of the system being realised using a Sequential Build Up (SBU) laminate.
- increased functionality and efficiency
- reduced complexity of the motherboard
- reduced of manufacturing costs (obviating need for ASIC design)
«ASAP» Asset Surveillance & Protection
Customer: European Commission, 5th Framework Project (FP5)
The objective of the «ASAP» project was to introduce a new concept for an affordable, accurate and user-friendly asset surveillance and protection system in Europe. The scientific and technical challenge was to research, develop and evaluate a designated wireless, info-mobility system that includes end units, system infrastructure and inter-connection databases.
«ASAP» provides a comprehensive smart tracking and protection system by integrating data with existing information databases of the transport operators; enabling the user to track, locate and monitor in real time, all types of freight, including hazardous materials, as they are transported across Europe. Capable of monitoring the state of the freight online, the «ASAP» end unit includes sensors for various applications, such as temperature for freezer containers, gas sensors for bromide transporters and sensors for the surveillance of container doors.
«ASAP» sensors provide valuable add-on information on freight status and can communicate critical situations quickly and efficiently to emergency forces, helping to reduce risk and subsequently insurance premiums, e.g. in case of a leak from a hazardous material, or other problems the «ASAP» system will notify the transportation company, operating company and if required, the relevant environmental authorities.
Omnipresent and seamless access can be made available to customers, transportation operators, insurance companies and other involved parties, with location and status information accessible to both the mobile user and via the Internet.
- unobtrusive installable IP65-proof housing
- sensors & their interface to the communication unit
Customer: ETH Zurich [TIK]
Based on a Bluetooth radio and a micro controller, the BTnode is an autonomous wireless communication and computing platform which serves as a demonstration platform for research in mobile and ad-hoc connected networks (MANETs) and distributed sensor networks.
The BTnode was jointly developed at the Swiss Federal Institute of Science and Technology (ETH, Zurich) by the Computer Engineering and Networks Laboratory (TIK) and the Research Group for Distributed Systems. The BTnode is currently being used in two major research projects, i.e. NCCR MICS and Smart-Its.
Art of Technology was responsible for the industrialisation of the ETH prototype design and subsequent production of small to medium volumes.
Measuring Permafrost in the Swiss Alps
Customer: ETH Zurich [TIK]
Permafrost is a thermal subsurface phenomenon; made-up of rock, ground and debris which is frozen throughout the year within the steep alpine bedrock. Not visible at the surface, Permafrost thaws during the summer months and can seriously affect slope stability leading to dangerous natural hazards which may hinder the safe operation of man-made infrastructure in the surrounding area.
PermaSense devices are installed and operated at high altitude in mountain regions with a permafrost environment. As such, the system and all of its component parts must run reliably at low temperatures and be able to withstand large, daily temperature changes (in excess of 40°C) depending on sun irradiation, wind and snow. Due to the fact that the PermaSense devices are only accessible by helicopter during summer, making a 2 - 3 year maintenance-free operation absolutely mandatory, the design of the system also had to take into consideration the following, in order to ensure long-term, reliable operation:
- extreme daily weather variations
- danger from lightning, avalanches, rockfall, frost / ice and snow
- limited power available from the battery
- restricted space for electronics and battery
- low production volumes & time frame
Data is collected via a flexible, distributed wireless sensor network (WSN) which has been specially adapted to the geophysical sensors, thereby enabling reliable and high-quality measurements in the extreme environmental conditions. The system developed featured, in addition to the in-mast integration of the GPS receiver and antenna, a 2-axis inclinometer, all electronics and cables and a 12V photovoltaic system, the following:
- wireless system with low latency data transmission
- temperature measurements with sensor bars and thermistor chains
- sensor nodes with "crack meter"
- 2-dimensional measurement of gap movement
Our Contribution: miniaturised wireless sensors
- design and industrialisation based on functional (hardware) model
- development of Wireless-GPS system (hardware)
- specialised sensors and electronics in a robust package
- low sampling rates (1-60 min)
- battery operated (3 years lifespan)
- devices networked together with wireless data transfer
- production of small batches of all product variants
- 6 months from concept to first production batch


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The HF bands are full of activity - there is always something interesting on one band or another. There is a good variety of HF transceivers for these bands and they represent excellent value.
From the mobile/basestation budget transceivers, through the mid range ones to the really top end ones, there is something that everyone can buy.
* Can't see what you want - just enter a different description in the search box.
When selecting an HF transceiver to buy there are many different points to consider. Some points to consider are included below.
- Base station / mobile or portable: Whilst many will want to use a mobile / base station HF rig for mobile applications because of their size, etc, many will want to use them because they offer a relatively low cost way of getting a high performance transceiver for the HF bands. As one would expect, the usability of the mobile/ portable rigs because of their size is not always as easy, and also the performance is not as good, although more than adequate for many stations. Connoisseurs with large antennas and who are chasing DX would obviously notice the difference, but those with more modest stations would find them quite adequate.
- Power output: Typically most HF transceivers give an output power of around 100 watts. Some of the really top range ones give around 200 watts. For those wanting to run the full legal limit, there is always the option of using an additional linear amplifier.
- Modes: For HF operation single sideband, SSB, and CW are essential and also the capability to run the variety of data modes is essential. AM is often provided, but this is normally of little use as very few people use it. Reception of AM is quite useful if reception of the AM broadcast bands is envisaged. FM is also often a necessity for 10 metre and 6 metre (50MHz) operation as there are significant levels of FM activity on these bands.
- Sensitivity : Most receivers are very sensitive these days and the sensitivity of the amateur radio transceiver is often more than good enough for most bands. The reason for this is that the received noise is normally much greater than that generated within he receiver. The exceptions to this may be the higher frequency bands like ten metres (28 MHz) and six metres (50 MHz) where the received noise might be much less. Typical signal to noise ratios may be of the order of 0.5µV for a 10dB signal to noise ratio. The performance may degrade for the lower frequencies.
- Frequency coverage: In terms of the frequency coverage of an amateur radio HF transceiver, there are two main issues to assess.
- Transmitter coverage / amateur bands: The first and foremost consideration for the frequency coverage of the amateur radio transceiver, is whether it covers the required amateur radio bands. Most current amateur radio HF transceivers cover the bands between 10metres and 10 metres. Often they have the ability for 5 MHz, but this is worth checking. Many also cover 50 MHz and some over 70 MHz, but it is worth checking that all the required bands are covered. Some very old second had rigs may not cover the WARC79 bands of 10 MHz, 18 MHz and 24 MHz.
- Receiver coverage: Often the receiver within the HF transceiver will cover a relatively wide band. Some cover from around 150 kHz up to 60 MHz or more, but this is dependent upon the actual rig. Check the performance is what you need.
- CTCSS: FM repeater operation on the 10 or 6 metre bands is envisaged using the ham radio HF transceiver then a CTCSS capability is needed as many of these repeaters require a CTCSS tone. Fortunately most modern transceivers have this capability as standard, but check.
- Selectivity: Most modern transceivers offer very good levels of selectivity for modes like AM, FM, SSB, and CW, etc Typically good crystal filters will be used.
- Strong signal handling: One of the major differences between the lower cost amateur radio HF transceivers and the really high end ones is in the strong signal handling capability.
Any HF transceiver will represent a relatively large investment, so it is always worth checking out the reviews on the various ham radio websites as well as within other publications, etc.
Generally the HF rigs on offer to buy from the popular manufacturers represent really excellent value, but the different rigs are set to appeal to different budgets, and also the small differences between the manufacturers may mean that one appeals to one individual more than another - it is a matter of personal preference.


What is a Satellite?
A Satellite is a moon, planet, or machine. Anything that orbits a planet or star. For example, Mars is a satellite because it orbits the Sun. Likewise, Earths moon is a satellite because it orbits the Earth.
Mars and the moon are only two examples of natural satellites. However, there are thousands of artificial satellites orbiting the Earth. Many of satellites have similar jobs.
Why are Satellites important?
Satellites are important because they have the ability to collect more data quicker than instruments on the ground.
Satellites are often used instead of telescopes because Satellites fly above the clouds and dust in the atmosphere.
Some satellites take photos of Earth in order to allow meteorologists to predict the weather and monitor hurricanes and some Satellites take pictures of other planets, the sun, black holes, and galaxies. These pictures help scientists better understand universe.
However, most satellites are used for communication and tv signals & phone calls. Especially in todays world.
If you have ever used a GPS then you should know that importance of Satellites. GPS or Global Positioning System is a group of more than 20 satellites that pin point your location & send directions to your device.
How do Satellites Work?
No matter the size of a satellite most satellites operate in a similar fashion. Satellites have an antenna and a power source. The antenna sends and receives information and The satellite is usually powered buy a solar panel or battery. The solar panels create energy by turning sunlight into electricity.
How do Satellites get into Space?
The majority of satellites are launched from space rockets. Once the rocket bridge is his destinations the satellite is in drops into earth orbit. Orbit occurs when the satellites speed is in balance with the pull of gravity. If there is no balance the satellite will lose course and go in that direction until it’s destroyed.


It may be any of the two reasons:
1. The telephone number does not match the country you have registered.
Our system automatically matches the country code of the phone number registered against the country input. This was done as a precaution against fraudulent credit card transactions.
2. The telephone number entered is not valid in our system.
Currently, our system only accepts fixed land line or regular mobile phone numbers.
VOIP numbers will not be accepted.
If you have entered a valid telephone number and the system is still rejecting the sign-up, you may contact us at email@example.com


Our basic system for instant conversations between Deaf and Hearing people.
» Learn more about the Interpretype C2.0
In addition to communicating between Deaf and hearing individuals, the T2.0 adds the ability to translate languages between English and Spanish or French speaking individuals.
» Learn more about the Interpretype T2.0
A fully automated, real-time, interactive captioning system.
» Learn more about the Interpretype STC2.0
» Extend your system with these optional add-onss.


Huawei: Unlock 5G potential and strengthen 5G for business
Created : 1 July 2020
Cai Mengbo, Chief Marketing Officer of Huawei Carrier.
World Leading Technology Provider, Huawei hosted their second session of Huawei’s online 5G+, Better World Summit. Through live video streams, analysts, and representatives of operators and industry partners shared their thoughts on how innovative 5G applications could improve industry efficiency and security and bring value to industries such as port, agriculture, healthcare, and iron and steel.
According to the Associated Press, Cai Mengbo, the Chief Marketing Officer of Huawei Carrier BG, delivered the opening speech, calling for unlocking the potential of 5G and solidly strengthening 5G for business.
“5G development has entered a new phase,” Cai Mengbo said, “With over 80 5G networks commercially available worldwide, determining how to leverage 5G to create more value is currently a topic of great interest within the industry.
"Currently, 5G for business is still more of a branding concept, and more solid work needs to be done. To build a positive business cycle, work should be done in four aspects: technology, ecosystem, standards, and business model," Mengbo said.
Huawei’s end-to-end portfolio of products, solutions and services are both competitive and secure. Through open collaboration with ecosystem partners, they have created lasting value for their customers, working to empower people, enrich home life, and inspire innovation in organizations of all shapes and sizes.
Get the latest local and international news straight to your mobile phone for free:


The new internet connection through the park offers un-restricted connection speeds of up to 1 Gigabyte/second! This is available through the world’s fastest network broadband offered by B4RN, allowing you to take advantage of watching high resolution TV, unlimited streaming and surfing the internet without restriction.
The equipment is installed, maintained and owned by the Park and is under loan for the duration of your subscription to the Park Fibre Optic LAN Wi-Fi system.
Once connected to the park fibre LAN, you can also use it for some additional smart features such as the use of mobile phones and other VoIP devices:
Most modern smart phones have this feature built in (dependant on your service provider) and due to the park wide Wi-Fi coverage you are now able to make full use of this feature.
If you have a Vodafone mobile sim, then another great solution for boosting your mobile phone signal is the Vodafone “Sure Signal”. You can buy the Sure Signal directly from a Vodafone retail store or online.
We can install the Sure Signal that you have purchased and also supply and install an additional Ethernet Switch to connect to your Beetham LAN Wi-Fi cable all for a minimal fee.
You will need to have the Beetham LAN connection into your holiday home and a Vodafone account to register the Sure Signal at your holiday home by stating the LA77BS postcode. The Sure Signal only works with a Vodafone SIM on mobile phones that are 3G enabled phones. Simply add your desired list of Vodafone mobile phone numbers that you want to use through it and you’re away!


Single Sided Flexible PCB with Dual Access
|Payment Type:||L/C,T/T,D/P,Paypal,Money Gram,Western Union|
|Terms of Trade:||FOB,CFR,CIF,EXW,FCA,CPT,CIP|
|Min. Order:||1 Piece/Pieces|
|Place of Origin:||China|
Single Sided Flexible PCB with Dual Access
A dual access flexible circuit Board is a single sided flexible circuit Board that is manufactured so that the conductive material can be accessed from both sides of the circuit. Flexible Circuit is a front runner in this technology utilizing specialized lasers and processing to skive open the polyimide layer of the base material to allow for dual access to the single copper layer.
The Advantages of Flexible Circuit Board
As a connective device, the primary benefits of flexible circuits compared to traditional cabling and rigid boards include:
- Reduced wiring errors
- Elimination of mechanical connectors
- Unparalleled design flexibility
- Higher circuit density
- More robust operating temperature range
- Stronger signal quality
- Improved reliability and impedance control
- Size and weight reduction
Assembly Error Reduction – With accurate designs and automated production, flex circuits eliminate human errors once involved in hand-built wire harnesses. With the exception of production-induced errors, circuits are ONLY routed to those points called for by the accurate design plan.
Decreased Assembly Time and Costs – Flex circuits require less manual labor during assembly and reduce production errors. Flex circuits have an intrinsic ability to integrate form, fit and function. Flex circuits eliminate the high cost of routing, wrapping and soldering wires. Complete interconnection systems are installed or replaced, rather than individual hard PC boards. As a result, wiring errors are eliminated and hence manufacturing costs are reduced. Whether it is a low volume production with a complex circuit or high volume production with a simple circuit, assembly time and costs are decreased.
Design Freedom – Unlike rigid boards, flex circuits are not restricted to two dimensions. Because they are as flexible as wires or ribbon cables, flex circuit design options are endless. At Flexible Circuit, we pride ourselves on taking on the most complex of design challenges. Flex circuits can be designed to meet highly complex and unimaginable configurations while being able to operate in the most hostile environments. Flex circuit designs could entail any of the following:
- Highly complex configurations
- Withstand hostile operating environments
- Single- Double- combinations
- Complex interconnections
- Rigid/flex capabilities
- Surface mounted devices
High Density Applications – Flexible circuits allow for minutely narrow lines giving way to high density device population. Denser device populations and lighter conductors can be designed into a product, freeing space for additional product features.
Improved Airflow – Because of their streamlined design, flex circuits allow for the flow of cooling air through an electronic application.
Increased Heat Dissipation – Due to the larger surface-to-volume ratio and compact design of flexible circuits, a shorter thermal path is allowed. Further, the thinner design of flex circuits allows for heat dissipation from both sides of the circuit.
Increased System Reliability – In the past, most circuit failures occurred at an interconnection point. Flex circuits can be designed so that interconnections are reduced, which in turn, increases the reliability of a circuit.
Point-to-Point Wire Replacement – Depending on the number of point-to-point connections in a circuit design, at Flexible Circuit, we guarantee that we can design and build a single flex circuit that can eliminate many (if not all) of those interconnections. At Flexible Circuit, [We Go Where Others Will Not."
Reliability and Durability – A flexible circuit can move and flex up to 500 million times without a failure, in designs that have moving parts. The exceptional thermal stability of polyimide also allows the circuit to withstand applications with extreme heat. The thermal stability of polyimide provides a better base for surface mounting than hard boards. Because the compliant base film places less stress on soldered joints, a thermal mismatch is less likely to occur.
Repeatable Routings – Our circuits are made from precise replicas of artwork for superior manufacturing consistency. The etched circuits replace the solder and hand wiring connections of the rigid board, completely eliminating wiring errors.
Simplified Circuit Geometry – Flexible Circuit Technologies places surface mount electronics directly onto the circuit which results in streamlining the overall design. Intricate patterns that were nearly impossible to achieve with rigid boards are made easily in flex circuits.
Package Size and Weight Reduction – Multiple systems in rigid boards create more weight and utilize more space. Flex circuits contain the thinnest dielectric substrates available. Thinness allows for a more streamlined design, eliminating the need for bulky rigid boards. The elasticity and flexibility allow package size reduction. In addition to package size reduction, package weight reduction is another benefit. With the ever increasing demands of the electronics industries, weight reduction keeps flex circuits very competitive.
Applications of Flexible Circuit Board
Prior to designing a circuit, there are two fundamental structural applications that must be understood and dictate conductor selection:
Static Application – An application where flexible circuits are flexed only to install the circuit and fit it into its application (also known as flex-to-fit or flex-to-install). A static application will typically be made using the less expensive Electro Deposited (ED) copper.
Dynamic Flexing Applications – A situation where the flexible circuit itself is dynamically (repeatedly) flexed during the actual use of the final product. Common examples include flip-type cell phones, laptops, printer heads and robotic arms. A dynamic application will require the use of Rolled Annealed (RA) copper.
The benefits of flexible circuits are realized in most applications requiring high volume flexing and/or a high degree of accuracy. Some common applications include:
- Air bag systems
- Automotive engine controls
- Antilock brakes
- Bar code equipment
- Battery packs
- Cell phones
- Heart monitors and pacemakers
- Fuel pumps
- Hearing aids
- Motion systems
- GPS systems
Learn more about JHY PCB by exploring the manufacturing capability of Flexible PCB below. We can do more than you can imagine.
|PCB Layers||1 - 8layers|
|Laminate||DuPont PI, Shengyi PI|
|Maximum PCB Size(Length x Width)||Single Sided PCB||480*4000mm|
|Double Sided PCB||480*1800mm|
|Minimum Board Thickness||Single Sided PCB||0.05mm+/-0.02mm|
|Double Sided PCB||0.08mm+/-0.02mm|
|Multilayers||As per Gerber|
|Finished Board Thickness||1-6L||0.05mm-0.6mm|
|Min Tracing/Spacing||Copper Thickness 1/3 oz:||0.076mm/0.076mm (1-6L)|
|Copper Thickness 1/2 oz:||0.076mm/0.076mm (1-6L)|
|Copper Thickness 1oz:||0.1mm/0.1mm (1-6L)|
|Min. Annular Ring||4mil|
|Minimum Hole Size||1-6L||0.2mm(8mil) (CNC)|
|Solder Mask Color||Green, White, Blue, Black, Red, Yellow|
|Solder-stop coating---Coverlay||PI and PET film|| |
|Silkscreen Color||White, Black, Yellow|| |
|ENIG(Electroless NickLead-Freeion Gold)||Ni thickness:2-6um|
|Flash Gold||Ni thickness:2-8um|
|Immersion Tin||Tin thickness:0.5-1um|
|Special technologies||Peelable solder mask|
|Stiffener (only for PI/FR4 substrate)|
|Rigid Flex PCB|
Material for Manufacturing Flexible Double Board
Conductors – Copper is the most widely used conductor and comes in various thicknesses to meet each customer`s requirements. Conductor options include:
- Rolled annealed (RA) copper
- Electro deposited (ED) copper
- Silver ink
As the flex circuit market continues to expand, there have been many advances in technology including:
Heat Sinks – Heat sinks can be laminated to flex circuits to dissipate heat away from sensitive components such as LEDs.
Component Assembly –We offer through hole and surface mount capabilities, as well as in circuit testing, conformal coating, and electrostatic protective packaging.
Controlled Impedance – With increasing signal switching speeds, engineers need to understand and control the impedance of traces. With short signal transition times and high clock rates of modern digital circuitry, traces need to be considered transmission lines instead of simple interconnections. With today`s higher speed requirements, controlled impedance traces are designed to minimize electrical reflections and ensure an error free transition between the track and interconnections. If perfectly optimized, controlled impedance allows control of the physical dimensions and material of the cable. Controlled impedance signal transmission requires flexible circuit materials to be uniform in both thickness and electrical properties. At Flexible Circuit Technologies, we have extensive experience in designing and manufacturing flex circuits with controlled impedance.
Crimp Pins – Crimp Pins are mechanically attached a circuit to allow for soldered connections.
Graphic Overlays – Graphic Overlays can be placed over flexible circuits, rigid boards or membrane switches. The overlays provide the user interface with the underlying circuit and typically are used in conjunction with LEDs, LCD displays or dome switches mounted on thie circuits. The overlays are made from polycarbonate, polyester or acrylic materials.
Laser Skived Slots and Holes – Historically, X-acto knives or razor blades were utilized to cut intricate areas of a flex circuit, the successful yield of which depended on the skill of the operator. FCT has dramatically improved this process by utilizing a top-of-the-line laser beam with extremely precise depth control to accurately cut the underlying substrate of a flex circuit. Precise laser beams can skive circuit openings with the utmost precision.
Overmolding – Overmolding is the process by which FCT embeds electronics versus simply placing electronics on the circuit. As electronic devices and required interconnections become more compact, embedding electronic circuitry within the cable assembly is a cost effective alternative to on-board electronics. Most often referred to as smart cables or dongles, these embedded devices can solve many packaging challenges.
Panelization – During the panelization process a stiffener is applied to the boundaries of multiple circuits on a panel so that they can be easily processed through the [pick & place" and wave soldering processes. Once the panel of circuit boards is done, simply clip them out and they are ready to go.
Pressure Sensitive Adhesives (PSAs) – PSAs with a release liner are used in applications where a portion(s) of the circuit needs to be secured to a specific location within the final product. During assembly, the release liner is peeled away and the exposed adhesive allows the assembler to press the circuit into place and keep it there.
Sculptured Flex Circuits – Sculptured flex circuits are special in that the copper conductors vary in depth and thickness in different places. The copper is thin at the most flexible part of the circuit and thick at the interconnection point. Sculptured flex circuits allow for bare metal connections (like a plug in) and remain strong at the solder joint formation. Sculptured fingers provide a more reliable alternative to mechanically fastened crimp pins.
Shielding – Shielding is applied when an application requires limits in electromagnetic and/or electrostatic interference. Protective shielding can be patterned or solid. Either way, it reduces noise and controls impedance of signal lines.
Stiffeners – Stiffeners are applied to flex circuits where additional support is needed such as areas of component assembly or underneath exposed traces that will be plugged in for connection. Common stiffeners are FR4 and polyimide.
Wire Assembly – In certain applications a combination of flex or rigid circuit with traditional wire may be a more economical design that still meets the needs of the customer`s subassembly. At Flexible Circuit Technologies, we have the capabilities to design, source, manufacture and assemble the entire subassembly incorporating the circuit, wiring and components. This level of capabilities and commitment is what differentiates us from other flex circuit suppliers.
Flexible Heaters – Flexible heaters are thin, bendable heating elements, shaped to fit your unique heating equipment needs.
Hot Bar Solder – Hot bar solder connection is a way to eliminate a connector set between the hardboard and the flex circuit. This connection provides an efficient, durable and less expensive alternative to a standard connector set.
Double Sided Flexible PCB Stack Up
Layering or [stack-up" of a single sided flex circuit
Single Sided Flex Circuit with Dual Access
The basic stack-up of a double sided circuit with a PSA based stiffener
Example stack-up of a four layer flex circuit
Four-layer combination rigid flex circuit has four conductive copper layers. Typically, a four-layer has two flexible layers and two rigid layers.
JingHongYi PCB (HK) Co., Limited
Jinghongyi PCB (HK) Co., Limited is a professional manufacturer of high-quality PCB. JHY PCB specializes in quick turn PCB prototypes, small-medium volume PCB. Established in 2011, located in Baoan District, Shenzhen, China, with more than 500 experienced employees, we're able to achieve monthly output 40000 square meters.
PCB Manufacturing Services
As one of leading printed circuit board manufacturers based in China, JHYPCB has been offering international companies of all sizes with high-quality PCB prototype to production services at fair price for 8 years. To make professional and advanced circuit boards, we're committed to adhering to the strictest standards during PCB manufacturing process, we're fully compliant with the ISO 9001:2008 quality management system.
- Save money&time! Achieve peace of mind!
- A professional and trustworthy PCB Prototype manufacturer.
- Fastest PCB Prototype.
- One stop solution for various PCB&SMT Stencil.
- Low cost for simple PCB.
- Affordable price for high-tech PCB.
- Minimum orders 1pcs.
- 24-hour online customer service.
- Professional PCB engineer for one-to-one service.
- Shipment on time.
- Guarantee good service and quality from PCB quotation to delivery.
To deliver true value and convenience to our PCB fabrication clients, we expand our business to components sourcing and turnkey PCB Assembly services ranging from prototype, low-to-middle volume to high volume up to 1 million pcs. We can mount components on circuit boards using surface mount technology (SMT),through-hole technology (THT), and manual insertion:
- High quality assembly services with short lead times
- No minimum order
- No additional charge for stencils
- Free DFM Check
- 100% AOI test and X-Ray test for BGAs package
- Function tests & IC programming based on custom requirements
Our company is approved by UL, TS16949, ISO-9001, and RoHS compliance.
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All boards are produced according to IPC-6012 standards and inspected according to IPC-A-600 in the latest version. Our products are widely applied in communications, industrial control, power electronics, medical equipment, security electronics, consumer electronics, LED, etc. More than 90 percent of them were exported to Europe, North America, South America.
One stop service include
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- Company Name: JingHongYi PCB (HK) Co., Limited
- Representative: Chen Zhi
- Product/Service: PCB Manufacturer , PCB Prototype , Flexible PCB , Multilayer PCB , Aluminum PCB , Rigid Flex PCB
- Capital (Million US $): US$1.5 Million
- Year Established: 2011
- Total Annual Sales Volume (Million US $): US$50 Million - US$100 Million
- Export Percentage: 91% - 100%
- Total Annual Purchase Volume (Million US $): US$10 Million - US$50 Million
- No. of Production Lines: 8
- No. of R&D Staff: 5 -10 People
- No. of QC Staff: 41 -50 People
- OEM Services Provided: yes
- Factory Size (Sq.meters): 1,000-3,000 square meters
- Factory Location: Building 15, Wan Xia Industrial Park, Tongfuyu Industrial Zone, Shajing,Baoan District, Shenzhen, China.
- Contact Person: Ms. Megan
- Tel: 86-1351-0758219
Premium Related Products


Are you looking for a seamless communication solution between providers and patients for effective engagement? So here is the solution to all your communication problems. We can help you to boost the quality of patient care and improve your patient retention.
Our Ezovion hospital management software has communication means added for better clarity management with your patients. You can directly send SMS messages and WhatsApp texts to your patients via our auto-messaging system. Wherever patient engagement is essential for better transparency you can use your Ezovion auto-messaging solution.
You can send easy reminders for pending appointments, changes in appointments, bills and confirmations of billing done, notifications for insurance claims and processing, prescriptions and medical history details, and other information on your patient’s mobile phones through text messages.


You’ve got to know by now that SMS is a big deal for businesses, but in case you don’t, here’s a quick recap: 99% open rate, 5 second delivery, low cost and exceptional response rate. With some of the results our clients have had, it’s difficult to understand why every business isn’t using it. But that’s not the problem here – SMS is at its best when you’re sending through a tier 1 messaging provider like Textlocal, rather than second rate options like SIM farms and grey routes and here’s why.
Option 1: SIM farms
SIM farms use unregistered SIM cards connected to computers rather than mobile phones. They typically use PAYG (Pay As You Go) SIM cards with unlimited SMS deals offered by the networks, and are commonly associated with SMS spammers, often sending messages about accident or PPI claims. The ICO has been cracking down on these SIM farms, with spammers being fined as much as £500,000 if convicted.
So why would you use them? Businesses are often attracted by the low costs companies using these farms can offer, although there is no way to predict when the messages will arrive and limited customer support.
Option 2: Grey routes
Grey routes offer another exceptionally cheap option for businesses, again fraught with difficulties. A ‘grey route’ is one where the text doesn’t just travel from the sending network to the receiving network – instead, it’s pinged from place to place, making it hard to track so connection costs are reduced. Like with a SIM farm, you’ve got no way of knowing when or even if your send messages will arrive, meaning that your offer could have expired or you could be waking your customers in the middle of the night. When you consider that it’s cheating networks out of connection fees, it’s hardly a surprise that the practice isn’t entirely legal.
Option 3: Tier One connections
Tier 1 messaging platforms like Textlocal have direct connections to the major mobile networks in their country, allowing for extremely fast, guaranteed delivery and superior service. Along with our direct connections to all UK mobile networks Textlocal are a Platinum UK operator partner for EE, Vodafone and O2. It’s not all about speed however – a professional platform will offer you higher levels of service, with Service Level Agreements (SLAs) and other documentation to demonstrate their commitment.
Messenger also offers features you wouldn’t get with grey routes or SIM farms, and even some you won’t get with other professional platforms, such as Email to SMS gateways, unique sender names, attachments, mobile optimised surveys, tickets, vouchers, loyalty cards and more. To find out more about what Textlocal’s Messenger can offer you, click here.


You’ve likely heard the term “Internet of Things” at some point from a colleague, an article, or an advertisement. But the term is broad and can cover an overwhelming amount of information.
Imagine the world where everything in our lives is connected to the internet and each other, from smartphones and computers to our home’s lights, windows, thermostats, water system and more. The world where all of these devices can be in constant communication and controlled by users remotely via voice command or the simple push of a button. With the rapid growth of the internet of things (IoT), this level of home automation has become a reality.
To help clarify how the Internet of Things works, we’ve laid out some applications for the IoT, along with some specific devices and examples.
Applications Of The Internet Of Things
Smart Home: The smart home is likely the most popular IoT application at the moment because it is the one that is most affordable and readily available to consumers. From the Amazon Echo to the Nest Thermostat, there are hundreds of products on the market that users can control with their voices to make their lives more connected than ever.
Wearables: Watches are no longer just for telling time. The Apple Watch and other smartwatches on the market have turned our wrists into smartphone holsters by enabling text messaging, phone calls, and more. And devices such as Fitbit and Jawbone have helped revolutionize the fitness world by giving people more data about their workouts.
Smart Cities: The IoT has the potential to transform entire cities by solving real problems citizens face each day. With the proper connections and data, the Internet of Things can solve traffic congestion issues and reduce noise, crime, and pollution.
Connected Car: These vehicles are equipped with Internet access and can share that access with others, just like connecting to a wireless network in a home or office. More vehicles are starting to come equipped with this functionality, so prepare to see more apps included in future cars.
Internet of Things Devices & Examples
Amazon Echo – Smart Home: The Amazon Echo works through its voice assistant, Alexa, which users can talk to in order to perform a variety of functions. Users can tell Alexa to play music, provide a weather report, get sports scores, order an Uber, and more.
Fitbit One – Wearables: The Fitbit One tracks your steps, floors climbed, calories burned, and sleep quality. The device also wirelessly syncs with computers and smartphones in order to transmit your fitness data in understandable charts to monitor your progress.
Barcelona – Smart Cities: The Spanish city is one of the foremost smart cities in the world after it implemented several IoT initiatives that have helped enhance smart parking and the environment.
AT&T – Connected Car: AT&T added 1.3 million cars to its network in the second quarter of 2016, bringing the total number of cars it connects to 9.5 million. Drivers don’t have to subscribe or pay a monthly fee for data in order for AT&T to count them as subscribers.
How IoT & smart home automation will change the way we live
The Internet of Things is set to disrupt the way we live and work, but for now, let’s focus on the “live” portion of that statement.
Smart homes filled with connected products are loaded with possibilities to make our lives easier, more convenient, and more comfortable. Imagine that you’re driving home on a hot summer day. But rather than turning the air conditioner on when you get home and wait for your house to cool, you simply use your smartphone when you leave your office to tell your smart thermostat to lower the temperature.
Or imagine that you’re cooking dinner, and you ask Alexa, the voice assistant on the Amazon Echo, to read you today’s biggest news stories so that you can focus on chopping those vegetables.
There is no shortage of possibilities for smart home IoT devices, and home automation seems to be the wave of the future. Below, we’ve compiled a detailed guide on how the IoT and house automation will change our way of life.
Smart Buildings and Smart Homes
The number of smart home devices shipped will grow from 83 million in 2015 to 193 million in 2020. This includes all smart appliances (washers, dryers, refrigerators, etc.), smart home safety and security systems (sensors, monitors, cameras, and alarm systems), and smart home energy equipment, like smart thermostats and smart lighting.
The first and most obvious benefit to smart homes is a convenience, as more connected devices can handle more operations (lighting, temperature, etc.) and free up the resident to perform other tasks.
But beyond this, smart home IoT devices can help reduce costs and conserve energy. In our example above, you’d have a comfortable and cool apartment when you get home, but you could also leave your air conditioner off when you’re not home, which would lower your electric bill and reduce energy consumption. Smart lights would function in a similar way.
Of course, there are disadvantages, as well. Smart home devices are typically more expensive than their non-connected counterparts, so consumers would certainly feel the hit in their wallets at first.
Consider than connected LED bulbs cost $15 on average, compared to $8 for nonconnected LED bulbs. However, the cost of these connected bulbs has dropped in the last two years, so the prices of smart home IoT devices could decline even further and make them more affordable to the average consumer.
Smart House IoT Devices
Several stellar smart home IoT devices have already hit the market and made their way into thousands of houses around the world.
Amazon Echo, arguably the first and most recognizable name in this space. The device functions as a central hub for your other smart home gadgets, and its voice-activated assistant, Alexa, provides the convenience that few other products can match. Amazon also offers two sister products, the Tap and the Dot.
Nest, one of the more famous smart home device manufacturers, has created a Learning Thermostat that can automatically adjust the temperature based on your location and uses a far-field sensor to determine the time and temperature from a distance. And thanks to a recent update, it now works with Alexa, too.
The August Smart Lock provides enhanced security for the home, is easy to install, and works with Siri through the Apple HomeKit.
And for smart bulbs, there’s the Lifx Color 1000, which can change color as necessary, and the Philips Hue Wireless Dimming Kit for your white-light needs.


WANAKA | G
Noise Reduction Ground Reference Unit
Inspired by the magnificently placid Lake Wanaka in Otago, New Zealand, the Wanaka Noise Reduction Ground Reference Unit by Montaudio is an audiophile-grade grounding device that provides a pristine reference ground for Hi-Fi digital and analogue audio equipment.
Developed and hand-built in-house, the fully passive Wanaka incorporates a proprietary multistage process of frequency-tuned noise reduction, dissipation, stray signal attraction and recombination to simulate an ideal natural ground. By carefully attracting and discharging any stray high frequency electrical noise on the signal ground, which often arises from environment RF interference and stray magnetic fields, the signal-to-noise ratio for the sound system is optimised, resulting in enhanced depth and clarity of music.
The Wanaka is available in two distinct models – the G1 and the Reference grade GR. The G1 is perfectly suited to the entry and mid-level Hi-Fi audio equipment, whilst the GR with its dedicated Left and Right channel inputs are designed for Reference grade equipment.
The Wanaka G1 begins its noise processing with an audiophile-grade, rhodium-plated binding post for the incoming ground signal. The signal then passes through the in-house hand-built nano Noise Reduction Module (nNRM) developed specifically with nano-sized materials to handle frequency-tuned noise reduction. Finally, the remaining signal is further processed through its three carefully orchestrated stages to dissipate the noise energy. All stages are connected via silver hybrid cables that are cryogenically treated in-house in a state-of-the-art facility.
The Reference grade Wanaka GR ups the ante with a balanced internal structure design. Operating on the same principles as the G1, the GR provides individual binding post but incorporated the more advanced and sophisticated dual nano Noise Reduction Module Plus (nNRM+) for the Left and Right channel inputs, delivering approximately 200% more noise attraction and 400% more dissipation capacity, ensuring the cleanest possible reference ground. Additionally, a final stage of recombination is used to equalise and fine tune the Left and Right channel grounds, with each stage connected via in-house cryogenically treated monocrystalline copper and silver cables.
The Wanaka supports operation in two innovative multi-unit modes with the proprietary W-Link, which is a push switch controlling the grounding or isolation of its feet. When multiple units of the same model are stacked, the W-Link of the top Wanaka unit can be pushed in to connect it to the bottom unit, with the two sharing the same ground. Alternatively, with the W-Link in the ejected position following a further press, the Wanaka operate in isolation mode with no direct shared ground. Special dedicated cables for the Wanaka have been carefully designed to provide a range of connection options to both analogue Hi-Fi audio equipment as well as digital equipment such as network switches, allowing a full range of connectivity options.
The Wanaka noise reduction ground reference unit is the most versatile and effective reference ground system on the market, combining both stray signal attraction as well as dissipation within a single unit. Dressed in signature Montaudio design with premium wood chassis, the Wanaka will look and sound right at home with any treasured HiFi audio system.
Meticulous, Innovative, Sublime – be dazed by its transformative capability.
Net Weight: Approx. 11.5kg
Dimensions: 440mm x 325mm x 90mm
2x RCA to BFA 1.5M GR Monocrystal Silver + Monocrystal Copper Ground Cables are Included
Net Weight: Approx. 4kg
Dimensions: 220mm x 245mm x 85mm
1x RCA to BFA 1.5M G1 Silver Plated + Non-Plated High Purity Copper Ground Cable is Included
Customised Wanaka GR & G1 Ground Cables are available in the following terminations:
Banana BFA, Spade, RCA, Male-XLR, Female-XLR, BNC, RJ45, USB-A, USB-B. Contact your local distributor/dealers for more information.
Dr Richard J Varey's music and hi-fi experience blog
"What I can say is the image is noticeably more impressive – crisper, more forward, more nuanced with differing timbral characters and layers rendered more distinctly, especially drums and bass guitar. Dynamics and detail are enhanced, delivering a more natural sound."


Defeating HTTP Strict Transport Security
This tutorial covers attacks on HTTP Strict Transport Security, sometimes known as STS or HSTS. Yes that's right, we have so many acronyms we're now nesting them. Macronyms to the intellectual elite.
A history lesson
To understand what HSTS is you need to understand the history of MITM (Man In The Middle) attacks on digital communications. In the beginning there was HTTP, The browser (Alice) could communicate with the web server (Bob).
Alice <------> Bob
However an adversary Eve could perform a MITM attack on connection by telling Alice that she is Bob, and telling Bob she is Alice, both Bob and Alice send their communications to Eve who logs the information, potentially modifies it and then lets it pass on to the real destination, both Bob and Alice are non the wiser.
Alice <------> Eve <------> Bob
To secure communications HTTPS was invented, a secure version of HTTP which simply layered HTTP inside an SSL connection, this did 3 things, it provided Secrecy, Integrity and Authenticity.
SSL works using public key cryptography, Alice and Bob both have a public and private key, the public keys are shared first, messages from Alice are signed and encrypted with Bobs public key and only Bobs private key can decrypt them, and vice versa. Now Eve cannot read the communications, she can see the exchange of public keys across the wire however she cannot decrypt the message without somehow discovering the private keys first.
This worked well for some time, until Moxie Marlinspike did us all a favour, he educated us.
SSL strip is an attack on HTTPS connections written by Moxie, his thesis is that most HTTPS connections on the internet are not initiated by the user typing "HTTPS" into the address bar, but rather encountered by a HTTPS link provided in an existing HTTP context or by the web server redirecting HTTP requests to HTTPS ones.
SSL Strip simply monitors the plain text HTTP connections, any responses from the web server back to the client that includes HTTPS hyper-links are re-written to be HTTP, and any redirect responses the server sends are also re-written from HTTPS to HTTP, internally SSL Strip keeps track of what it has modified. The client is forced to communicate with SSL Strip in HTTP but SSL Strip faithfully presents a HTTPS connection to the web server using its own public/private key pair.
Alice <---HTTP---> Eve <---HTTPS---> Bob
HSTS was created as a solution to attacks like SSL Strip. It introduces a new header inside HTTP communications called Strict-Transport-Security, the server includes this header which tells the browser to only use SSL connections on the specified domain in future and for how long, if the browser supports HSTS headers correctly it will create a new policy to always use SSL until the expiry date elapses.
This creates only 2 points of attack for adversaries.
1) The host name and underlying DNS system to verify it, if secure DNS isn't used then domains can spoofed and pointed to attackers servers.
2) The expiry time of the policy, after the expiry time has been reached the browser reverts to normal behaviour which is to connect over regular HTTP unless specified otherwise.
Both of these vectors have been exploited recently.
SSL Strip 2
Leonardo Nve presented a talk at Blackhat Asia 2014 where he introduced an improved version of Moxies original tool SSL Strip. SSL Strip 2 performs MITM attacks on DNS requests forcing requests from the browser to be sent directly to the attacker.
NTP and time shifting with Delorean
Network Time Protocol (NTP) is a widely used protocol for synchronizing time across a network, most major Operating Systems implement some form of NTP to keep the system time as accurate as possible, there are several revisions of NTP including ones which implement secure time updates with cryptographically signed messages (v4 onwards) however no major operating systems currently support this out of the box making almost everyone vulnerable to MITM attacks on time updates.
Each operating system behaves differently with regards to when time updates occur and with what frequency, as well as a maximum delta change from the current time/date that is allowed in a single update. Step in Jose Selvi with new MITM tool called Delorean which focuses on MITM attacks on NTP, you can find his whitepaper here.
Using Delorean and time shifting the Operating Systems internal clock, any software that relies on the internal clock such as the browsers checking for expired policies can now be fooled by adversaries. Forcing the internal clock to the expiration date of the policy and then modifying all future HTTP request to remove the HSTS value from the header will prevent the browser from forcing SSL usage and all existing SSL downgrade attacks will work as normal.


From managing assets and resources to smart monitoring of infrastructure, from enabling smooth city operations to connecting citizens to e-governance, communication networks serve as the very backbone of smart cities. Smart City building is no easy task with the government facing challenges in channeling finances to Smart Cities, building coordination among multiple stakeholders, retrofitting existing cities, and creating utility services to meet energy demands.
As a result, this segment is now in need of vendors that can bring innovative techniques and technologies to not only tackle these challenges but to also equip smart cities with more potential for energy conservation, operational savings, public safety, and improved resource management.
Perfectly understanding these demands of the industry, CIOReview released a list of “20 Most Promising Smart City Solution Providers.” This catalog encompasses a set of skilled new-age vendors that have translated their acquired expertise into successful technology deliveries. These companies have the capabilities to fulfill the need for cost-effective and flexible solutions and add more value to the Smart City landscape.
Inventum Technologies is featured in CIO Review Magazine in “20 Most Promising Smart City Solution Providers 2018”
Inventum is an end-to-end solutions company with a strong made-in-India portfolio. Creating ripples in a market dominated by international players, Inventum has developed some of the most cutting-edge communication and networking products right here in India that are now competing in the global marketplace. The company is currently leading the smart city segment with over 12 smart city projects.
Inventum’s product portfolio includes an array of aggregation and edge Routers, Broadband Network Gateways (BNG), Virtual Routers (SDN/NFV), Carrier-Grade NAT (CGN), WLAN and OSS/BSS solutions targeting high performance and scalability that smart cities demand.
Governing bodies, municipalities, and network owners further benefited from Inventum’s operational and billing support systems that help identify users, usage patterns, locations, and a plethora of data points. Inventum’s technology can also be leveraged to measure footfalls in public locations such as transport stations which in turn can be used to better plan and equip the infrastructure with such facilities.
Inventum’s lawful monitoring solutions are aimed at the achievement of enhanced security, another key feature of smart cities. With the ability to track, decode, and record illegal activities over the Internet, the company’s router and network probe can be useful for the police, NIA, etc. On top of that, the long-term digital evidence storage capability of these systems can prove to be crucial in the judicial system to ensure the highest level of safety and protection for citizens.
CIOReview is a technology magazine that talks about enterprise solutions that can redefine the business goals of enterprises tomorrow. It is the leading source that shares innovative enterprise solutions developed by established solutions providers, and upcoming hot enterprises and is a neutral source for technology decision-makers.
For more details on Inventum’s smart city solutions, click here.
Full details about the 2018 Vendors list can be found at https://smart-city.cioreviewindia.com/vendors/2018/


Digitization – the Killer Enabler
by John de Ridder
In the never ending quest for the “killer apps” that drive the uptake of broadband, one that we seem to have overlooked is digitization – which I’d call the ‘killer enabler’ of applications that undermines traditional carrier and regulatory models.
The following are some key insights on how digitization has changed the rules of the telecommunications industry. The impact the roll-out of broadband networks has had on key stakeholders is detailed in my update of the regulatory tool-kit for infoDev and the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) .
Networks used to be built vertically around specific applications (e.g. voice or PayTV) but digitization ‘de-layers’ networks so that content or applications are no longer network specific. Next Generation Networks can support all applications over a single all-IP data network.
As data protocols are application agnostic, they create a problem for traditional operator business models which use applications and content services (e.g. calls) to subsidise carriage (i.e. the line rental or mobile handset). Digitization separates carriage and content services allowing ‘over-the-top’ (OTT) content and application services (e.g. Skype and Netflix).
As policy makers and regulators focus on getting more broadband, there has been a shift in access policy. Traditionally, the focus has been on opening legacy copper networks to competition from new entrants. Unsurprisingly, incumbents complained that cost-based access-pricing was too low. They claimed this made them reluctant to invest in fibre access networks to improve broadband services. That made it a policy issue.
There is no clear best practice yet. It is too early to say which approaches work best and how country-specific circumstances might affect outcomes. Some countries have allowed ‘regulatory holidays’ so that the terms of access are determined commercially (e.g. USA). Many countries are determined to see ‘open access’ carried forward from copper to fibre networks; especially when they are supported by public investment.
Open access on fibre does not allow the same unbundling options that are available on copper networks (e.g. full or partial line-sharing). With the few exceptions where point-to-point fibre is deployed, the most common form of access will be bitstream.
Broadband networks displace switched interconnection with IP interconnection which makes the regulator’s task lighter because the access bottle-neck is removed.
Access pricing for fibre based fixed access networks poses a dilemma for regulators. If they apply traditional cost based approaches to the large investments made in pushing fibre deeper into access networks, regulated prices will hinder the migration of customers from existing copper-based networks, which are largely written-down. Again, there is no clear best-practice on how to adapt existing costing methods and manage the transition.
Of course, with digitization service providers can go ‘over the top’ to deliver content and services to end customers. IP interconnection will be sufficient .
IP interconnection has existed in the internet system for many years with no regulation of ‘peering and transit’ arrangements. Many of these are similar to the ‘bill and keep’ (also known as ‘sender-keeps-all’) arrangements that apply to Receiving Party Network Pays mobile regimes; so for RPNP the transition is simple. For the more common situation in mobile and fixed networks, the transition is helped where termination rates are low. Again, the regulator’s task should become easier; once transitional issues are resolved.
The switched PSTN model is dying and there is divergence in regulatory approaches to the emerging world of next generation networks. Many regulators (rightly) hesitate to act too swiftly as whatever they do will shape the market. Operators of broadband networks will have to move swiftly to shift their business models towards charging for traffic.
 Digitization is a key theme in the update of Module 2 (Competition and Pricing) of the infoDev/ITU tool kit for regulators at http://www.infodev.org/en/Publication.1140.html


How the Best IT Products Company Is Going to Be Helpful to You
Setting up a system that helps your company in succeeding be critical. It is possible for companies to gain a lot of advantages when they are gaining the profits because that is the main reason why they form the companies in the first place. There are companies that now able to get success faster because of the implementation of new technology that is available today. The one thing that you can be very sure of is that you will always be able to have an easier time if you decide to ensure that you’re going to implement the same in your company. Ensuring that you have the necessary Internet infrastructure system will be very important for you. Quite a number of IT products will be required for the operations within your company. Some of these are going to be related to the communications systems that you have been using in addition to the Internet connections. It will also be critical for you to invest in ensuring that you have been able to get a very good network for the company.
After investing in the systems however, it can be very difficult for you to manage this on your own and that is why you need companies that provide IT products. A number of specific companies today will be willing to provide you with network management solutions. Network management is all about ensuring that the system is working properly and efficiently all the time. The IT products companies will also give you network monitoring one of the most critical things. The network monitoring is going to be very critical because it determines a lot in terms of ensuring that every problem that arises with you network has been dealt with immediately. You also get to have configuration backup systems that are very important for the protection of your data. The companies that usually do this ensure that they have been able to give you network configuration backup in a way that will be helpful to your organization.
Network documentation will be an important process that will be implemented or employed by these companies using the solutions available. They also provide you with PSA integrations and also network mapping services. They also provide you with network performance services that will ensure that the performance has been properly monitored. They also provide RMM integrations, unique for SNMP monitoring and many others. They also provide you monitoring of the cloud network.


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Pro Capture Quad SDI£699.00
Magewell Part Number: 11090 Four-channel SDI Capture Card
- Captures SD/HD/3G-SDI x 4
The Pro Capture Quad SDI Card from Magewell is a normal-profile PCIe Gen2 x4 card. It allows for capturing 4 channels of SDI input. The card supports multiple color sampling modes, 10- and 12-bit color depths, up to 8 audio channels at 48 kHz, and output resolutions up to 2048×2048 with frame rates up to 120 fps. The card is also capable of numerous video processing features, including cropping, scaling, de-interleaving, aspect ratio conversion, color format conversion, video frame rate conversion, and video OSD composition.


Stationary system for monitoring rope deformation and damage
The author's damage detection system with built-in adaptive scaling allows machine vision technology to receive and analyze information about the state of the rope in real time, making it possible to increase safety and automate the tracking process.
The video stream from IP cameras is analyzed by a neural network, and specially developed software monitors the state of the rope and issues an alert when a defect is detected. The system is used in household and load-lifting elevators, mine shaft hoisting machines.
— IP camera
— elevator cabin