Introduction Hill cipher encryption uses an alphabet and a square matrix $ M $ of size $ n $ made up of integers numbers and called Example: The matrix $ M $ is a 2x2 matrix, DCODE, split in 2-grams, becomes DC,OD,EZ (Z letter has been added to complete the last bigram). So the multiplicative inverse of the determinant modulo 26 is 19. We then "combine" the middle row of the key matrix with the column vector to get the middle element of the resulting column vector. We then add together these two answers. Again, once we have these values we will need to take each of them modulo 26 (in particular, we need to add 26 to the negative values to get a number between 0 and 25. (a)Which conditions need to be ful lled such that the key U 2Zm m p is feasible? Often the simple scheme A = 0, B = 1, …, Z = 25 is used, but this is not an essential feature of the cipher. Hill cipher is a polygraphic substitution cipher based on linear algebra.Each letter is represented by a number modulo 26. Substitution cipher – one in which the letters change during encryption. What is Hill Cipher? Decryption Since the majority of the process is the same as encryption, we are going ot focus on finding the inverse key matrix (not an easy task), and will then skim quickly through the other steps (for more information see Encryption above). That is, in the first column vector we write the first plaintext letter at the top, and the second letter at the bottom. Hill ciphers are an application of linear algebra to cryptology (the science of making and breaking codes and ciphers). Problem 1: Cracking the Hill cipher Suppose we are told that the plaintext breathtaking yields the ciphertext RUPOTENTOIFV where the Hill cipher is used, but the dimension mis not speciﬁed. 2 x 2 Matrix Encryption << The substitution of cipher text letters in the place of The way we "combine" the four numbers to get a single number is that we multiply the first element of the key matrix row by the top element of the column vector, and multiply the second element of the key matrix row by the bottom element of the column vector. Calculating the determinant of our 2 x 2 key matrix. We write the key matrix first, followed by the column vector. This cipher was created in the late 19th century by Sir Francis Beaufort, an Irish-born hydrographer who had a well-respected career in the Royal Navy. So the plain text: iwillmeetyouatfivepminthemall may be changed to: NBNQQRJJYDTZFYKNAJURNSYMJRFQQ To make reading the ciphertext easier, the letters are usually written in blocks of 5. the casual observer, messages are unintelligible. It is one of the Transposition techniques for converting a plain text into a cipher text. The Caesar cipher is probably the easiest of all ciphers to break. Finally, now we have the inverse key matrix, we multiply this by each. The shorthand for the matrix multiplication. BTW, column number of my message and row number of my key are equal. Eve knows that the key is a word but does not yet know its length. It can be extended further, but this then requires a much deeper knowledge of the background mathematics. A (Anton Rorres 719) Like other forms’, Hill cipher’s basic idea is that by using matrix multiplication, an original message – plaintext – will be converted into a coded message, called ciphertext. This is the method used in the “Cryptograms” often found in puzzle books or 3 x 3 Matrix Decryption Often the simplest scheme is used: A = 0, B =1, ..., Z=25, but this is not an essential feature of the cipher. – a cipher that does not require the use of a key • key cannot be changed If the encryption algorithm should fall into the interceptor ’s hands, future messages can still be kept secret because the interceptor will not know the key value. Encryption and similarly for the bottom row. He has also estimated the decryption matrix from some previous analysis for this Hill Cipher to be: What is the plaintext? Although this seems a bit of a random selection of letters to place in each of the discriminants, it is defined as the transpose of the cofactor matrix, which is much easier to remember how to work out. We now give a precise description of the Hill Cipher over Z26. hill climbing and simulated anneal-ing, it is still possible to break them. • As explained in Lecture 3, DES was based on the Feistel network. stream • The number of all possible encryption functions (bijections) is 2b! The French \Bureau de Chi re", who called this cipher Ubchi, regularly solved the cipher until the German Army replaced it with another cipher following leaks in the French press . So, for example, a key D means \shift 3 places" and a key M means \shift 12 places". For example, the most commonly occurring letter in the ciphertext is likely to be ’E’ in the plaintext. 2 From Trappe and Washington 12 Example: Playfair Cipher Program ﬁle for this chapter: This project investigates a cipher that is somewhat more complicated than the simple substitution cipher of Chapter 11. Block Ciphers In [most of the ciphers that we have studied], changing one letter in the The Key Matrix obtained by taking the numeric values of the letters of the key phrase. Spy Science by Jim Wiese – combine spy codes and science with this book of 40 code-cracking, sleuthing activities for kids, from invisible ink to creating a secret alarm.. USA Secret Code Puzzles for Kids – Practice solving secret codes with these puzzles! Hill cipher is a block cipher method and repetition won’t be cause weakness. General method to calculate the inverse key matrix. In this cryptogram, influential Freemason Albert Pike expresses his true feelings on slavery, in several statements on the subject gathered here as a single paragraph: Extra Resources. Below is the way to calculate the determinant for our example. Theﬁrstsystematic yet simple polygraphic ciphers using more than two letters per group are the onesweshallstudybelow—theHillciphers. The encrypted message is . Some important concepts are used throughout: With the keyword in a matrix, we need to convert this into a key matrix. Definition: Hill Cipher Cryptosystem . The Hill cipher is a cryptosystem that enciphers blocks. Encrypt This Message With The Hill Cipher. The way we "combine" the six numbers to get a single number is that we multiply the first element of the key matrix row by the top element of the column vector, multiply the second element of the key matrix row by the middle element of the column vector, and multiply the third element of the key matrix row by the bottom element of the column vector. Here you get encryption and decryption program for hill cipher in C and C++. 1 is a multiplicative identity, i.e., for any a E Z,, a x 1 = 1 x a = a IO. Note that letters of … To encrypt a message using the Hill Cipher we must first turn our keyword into a key matrix (a 2 x 2 matrix for working with digraphs, a 3 x 3 matrix for working with trigraphs, etc). So for our example we get the working below. The Vigenère Cipher was the biggest step in cryptography for over 1000 years. Note the nulls added to make it the right length. Gronsfeld Cipher The plaintext converted into numeric column vectors. (b)What is the cardinality of the key space for m = 2 and p prime? This is the method used in the “Cryptograms” often found in puzzle books or Make up a new 3x3 … To encrypt a message, each block of n letters (considered as an n-component vector) is multiplied by an invertible n × n matrix, against modulus 26. For example, when the block size is 192, the Rijndael cipher requires a state array to consist of 4 rows and 6 columns. I. As soon as your encryption code is working, Generate two (good) 4x4 keys, and use them to encrypt two pieces of text at least 256 characters long. Exercise, The Hill Cipher was invented by Lester S. Hill in 1929, and like the other, The Hill Cipher uses an area of mathematics called. We then add together these three answers. The ciphers in this book (except for the RSA cipher in the last chapter) are all centuries old, and modern computers now have the computational power to hack their encrypted messages. 24. One of the more famous ones, for example, is the Playfair cipher, invented in 1854 by Charles Wheatstone,whichusesdigraphs(twoletterspergroup). Finding the multiplicative inverse of 11 modulo 26. However, the number of columns depends on size of the block. • Example – substitution cipher • Consider a block cipher: blocks of size b bits, and key of size k • The number of all possible functions mapping b bits to b bits is (2b)2b Necessary Condition (cont.) Hill Substitution Ciphers Text Reference: Section 4.1, p. 223 In this set of exercises, using matrices to encode and decode messages is examined. To perform matrix multiplication we "combine" the top row of the key matrix with the column vector to get the top element of the resulting column vector. We shall need this number later. 1 source coding 3 2 Caesar Cipher 4 3 Ciphertext-only Attack 5 4 Classiﬁcation of Cryptosystems-Network Nodes 6 5 Properties of modulo Operation 10 6 Vernam Cipher 11 7 Public-Key Algorithms 14 8 Double Encryption 15 9 Vigenere Cipher and Transposition 16 10 Permutation Cipher 20 11 Substitution Cipher 21 12 Substitution + Transposition 25 13 Aﬃne Cipher 27 14 Perfect Secrecy 28 15 Feistel Cipher … No exercise yet, just the Sage code for experiments blocklength = 6 G = SymmetricGroup(blocklength*blocklength) S = [i+5*j for i in range(1,6) for j in range(5)] G(S) # cycle notation exe:product-cipher Exercise 9 (product cipher). Perhaps the simplest way to encode a message is to simply replace each letter of the alphabet with another letter. It was the first cipher that was able to operate on 3 symbols at once. Example § The key for the columnar transposition cipher is a keyword e.g. The Cipher The key to this method of encryption is a memorable word or phrase. Then we convert them back into letters to produce the ciphertext. The whole matrix is considered the cipher key, and should be random pr… Discussion Viewing 8 posts - 16 through 23 (of 23 total) Moreover, the answers Note that this example is no more secure than using a simple Caesar substitution cipher, but it serves to illustrate a simple example of the mechanics of RSA encryption. We also need to remember to take each of our values in the adjugate matrix modulo 26. We then "combine" the bottom row of the key matrix with the column vector to get the bottom element of the resulting column vector. Implementation of Hill cipher in Java. 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Each Resource has its own cargo cost per unit transferred.
Here is a chart showing the cargo cost per unit of the resource
|Resource||Cargo cost per unit|
Cargo costs are multiplied by the average distance between source city, destination city and cargo city.
In the below example, a trade route between the RED cities has a distance of 6. If cargo is provided by either city the cost factor would be 6+6/2=6. If the cargo was provided by the PURPLE city, which has a distance of 3 between both, the cost factor would be 3+3/2=3.


MAT 112 - Calculus I and Modeling
Neale, Pulaj, Zhuang
An introduction to the differential and integral calculus of algebraic, trigonometric, exponential, and applications including graphical analysis, optimization, and numerical methods. An emphasis on investigating mathematical approaches to describing and understanding change in the context of problems in the life sciences.
Satisfies the Mathematical and Quantitative Thought requirement.
Prerequisites & Notes
No exposure to calculus is expected
Math 112 is not open for students with credit for Math 111


I'm Mrs. Jacqueline Green. I have been with West Ashley high school
since the school term 2005-2006. I serve exceptional needs students
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setting as well as a resource pull-out.
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During this school term, I co-teach along with Mrs. Pat Kotila (geometry concepts) and Grant Norell( geometry concepts).


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Do you know that simple regression analysis can be employed for various purposes in business? In fact, forecasting future opportunities and risks is one of the major applications of regression analysis in a business. In addition, companies use linear regression models to optimize their business processes by reducing the massive amount of raw data into actionable information.
What is simple regression analysis
Basically, a simple regression analysis is a statistical tool that is used in the quantification of the relationship between a single independent variable and a single dependent variable based on observations that have been carried out in the past. In layman’s interpretation, what this means is that a simple linear regression analysis can be utilized in the demonstration of how a change in the hours of an organization’s production machine (which is the independent variable) will consequently result in a change in the organization’s electricity cost.
The Simple Linear Regression Model
Basically, the simple linear regression model can be expressed in the same value as the simple regression formula.
y = β0 + β1X+ ε.
In the simple linear regression model, we consider the modelling between the one independent variable and the dependent variable. Usually, the model is typically called a simple linear regression model when there is just a single independent variable in the linear regression model. Keep in mind that it becomes a multiple linear regression model when there are more than one independent variables.
In the simple linear regression model, y refers to the study or dependent variable and X is the explanatory or independent variable. The expressions β0 and β1 are the parameters of the linear regression model. The β0 parameter is regarded as an intercept term, while the β1 parameter is regarded as the slope parameter. The general term for these parameters is known as regression coefficients.
The expression ‘ε’ is the unobservable error that accounts for the inability of the data to stay on the straight line. It also represents the variation between the observed and true realization of ‘y’.
Several reasons can be attributed to these differences. For example, the variables may be qualitative, inherent randomness in the observations, and the effect of all the deleted variables in the model also contributes to the differences. Thus, it is assumed that ε is observed as independent and identically distributed random variable with mean zero and constant variance q². Subsequently, it will further be assumed that ε is distributed normally.
The independent variables in the linear regression model are seen as controlled by the experimenter. This is why it is regarded as non-stochastic, whereas y is regarded as a random variable with:
E(y) = β0 + β1X. and
Var(y) = q²
In some cases, X can function as a random variable. In these situations, rather than the sample variance and sample mean of y, our consideration will be on the conditional mean of y provided X = x as
ε(y) = β0 and β1
and the conditional variance of y provided X = x as
Var(y|x) = q².
Hence, the simple regression analysis model is completely expressed when the values of β0, β1 and q² are known. Generally, the parameters β0, β1 and q² are not known in practice and ε is unobserved. Therefore, you see that the determination of the statistical model y = β0 + β1X + ε is based on the determination (that is, estimation) of β0, β1 and q². In order to ascertain the values of these parameters, n pairs of observations (x¡, y¡)(¡ = 1,…, n) on (X, y) are observed/collected and are used to determine these unknown parameters.
In all, different methods of estimation can be employed in the determination of the estimates of the parameters. The most popular method is the least squares estimation and maximum likelihood method of estimation.
How to Perform a Simple Regression Analysis
The most common way people perform a simple regression analysis is by using statistical programs to enable fast analysis of the data.
Performing the simple linear regression in R
R is a statistical program that is used in carrying out a simple linear regression analysis. It is widely used, powerful, and free. Here’s how it works.
First, you have to load the income.data dataset into your R environment. Then you run the command below to create a library model that demonstrates the relationship between happiness and income.
R code for some linear regression
income.happiness.lm <- lm(happiness ~ income, data = income.data)
Basically, this code will take the gathered data “data = income.data” and then evaluate the effect that the independent variable “income” has on the dependent variable “happiness” by using the equation for the linear model: lm().
How to interpret the results
To view the outcome of the model, you can make use of the “summary()” function in R:
What this function does is to take the most important parameters from the linear model and place them into a table.
This result table initially repeats the formula that was used in the generation of the results (‘Call’). Thereafter, it summarizes the model residuals (‘Residuals’). This helps to provide insight to how appropriately the model fits the original data.
Then we move to the ‘Coefficients’ table. The first row provides the estimates of the y-intercept, while the second row provides the regression coefficient of the model.
The number one row of the table is labeled “(Intercept)”. This is the y-intercept of the regression equation, having a value of 0.20. You can incorporate this into the equation of your regression if you want to make prediction for the values of happiness across the range of income that you have analyzed:
happiness = 0.20 + 0.71*income±0.018
The next row in the ‘Coefficients’ table is income. This row explains the estimated effect of income on reported happiness.
The “Estimate” column is the estimated effect. It can also be referred to as r² value or regression coefficient. The number in the table (0.713) informs us that for every single unit increase in income (taking a unit of income to be equals $10,000), there is a corresponding 0.71-unit increase in reported happiness (taking happiness to be a scale of 1 to 10).
The “Std. Error” column describes the standard error of the estimate. This number demonstrates the level of the variation in our estimate of the relationship between happiness and income.
The test statistic is displayed in the “t value” column. If you do not specify otherwise, the test statistic used in the linear regression remains the t-value from a double-sided t-test. The higher the test statistic, the lower the probability that our outcomes occurred coincidentally.
The “pr(>| t |)” column describes the p-value. The figure there shows us the probability of having the estimated effect of income on happiness if the null hypothesis of no effect were accurate.
Since the p-value is very low (p < 0.001), we can dismiss the null hypothesis and come to the conclusion that income has a statistically relevant effect on happiness.
The last 3 lines of the model summary are statistics regarding the entirety of the model. The most significant thing to keep in mind here is the model’s p-value. It becomes relevant here (p < 0.001), meaning that this model is a standard fit for the observed data.
Presentation of results
In the report of the results, add the p-value, standard error of the estimate, and the estimated effect (that is, the regression coefficient). It is also necessary that you interpret your numbers to make it vivid to your readers what the meaning of regression coefficient is.
There was a relevant relationship (p < 0.001) between income and happiness ( R² = 0.71±0.018), with a 0.71-unit increase in reported happiness for every $10,000 increase in income.
In addition, it would be good to add a graph along with your results. For a simple linear regression, all you have to do is plot the observations on the x and y axis. Then you add the regression function and regression line.
Simple linear regression formula
The formula for a simple linear regression is
y = β0 + β1 + ε
Key Parts of Simple Regression Analysis
This is a measure of association. It serves as a representation for the percent of the variance in the values of Y that can be displayed by understanding the value of X. R² varies from a minimum of 0.0 (where no variance at all is explained), to a maximum of +1.0 (in which every of the variance is explained).
This refers to the standard error of the registered value of b. A t-test for statistical importance of the coefficient is carried out by dividing the value of b by its standard error. According to the rule of thumb, a t-value that is higher than 2.0 is typically statistically relevant, however you have to make reference to a t-table just to be sure.
If according to the t-value there is indication that the b coefficient is statistically relevant, then it means that the independent variable of X should be reserved in the regression equation. This is especially because it features a statistically relevant relationship with the dependent variable or Y. In the case where the relationship is not statistically relevant, then the ‘b coefficient’ value would be just the same as zero (statistically speaking).
This is a test for the statistical relevance of the entire regression equation. It is generated by dividing the described variance by the unexplained variance. As the rule of thumb posits, any F-value that is higher than 4.0 is most often statistically relevant. Nonetheless, you have to refer to an F-table just to be sure. If F is relevant, then the regression equation helps us to know the relationship between X and Y.
Assumptions of simple linear regression
- Homogeneity of variance: this can also be referred to as homoscedasticity. The core of this assumption states that there is no significant change in the size of the error in our prediction across the values of the independent variable.
- Independence of observations: here, statistically valid sampling methods were used to collect the observations in the dataset, and there exists no unknown relationships among observations.
- Normality: this simply assumes that the data follows a normal distribution.
Simple Linear Regression Examples
Here, we will be citing a scenario that serves as an example of the implementation of simple regression analysis.
Let us assume the average speed when 2 highway patrols are deployed is 75 mph, or 35 mph when 10 highway patrols are deployed. The question thus is what is the average speed of cars on the freeway when 5 highway patrols are deployed?
Using our simple regression analysis formula, we can thus compute the values and derive the following equation: Y = 85 + (-5) X, given that Y is the average speed of cars on the highway. A = 85, or the average speed when X = 0
B = (-5), the impact of each extra patrol car deployed on Y
And X = no of patrols deployed
Therefore, the average speed of cars on the highway when there are zero highway patrols operating (X=0) will be 85 mph. For every extra highway patrol car working, the average speed will reduce by 5 mph. Hence, for 5 patrol cars (X = 5), we have Y = 85 + (-5) (5) = 85 – 25 = 60 mph.
Limits of Simple Linear Regression
Even the best data does not give perfection. Typically, simple linear regression analysis is widely used in research to mark the relationship that exists between variables. However, since correlation does not interpret as causation, the relationship between 2 variables does not mean that one causes the other to occur. In fact, a line in a simple linear regression that describes the data points well may not bring about a cause-and-effect relationship.
The use of a simple regression analysis example will enable you to find out if at all there exists a relationship between variables. Therefore, extra statistical analysis and research is needed to determine what exactly the relationship is, and if one variable leads to the other.
In all, businesses of today need to consider simple regression analysis if they need an option that provides excellent support to management decisions, and also identifies errors in judgment. With proper analysis, large amounts of unstructured data that have been accumulated by businesses over time will have the potential to yield valuable insights to the businesses.


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Figuring out how much to spend on a house is like trying to find the perfect porridge temperature, except instead of three bowls, you have a sea of houses to choose from. But no need to fret! As your local mortgage professional, we can guide you through the quest for homeownership. So let's get started.
First things first, let's talk about Debt-to-Income Ratio (DTI). DTI helps us mortgage professionals determine how much house you can afford. Think of it as a comparison between the money you earn and the money you spend. We're talking about your recurring expenses like housing costs, car payments, student loans, and credit card debt. After crunching the numbers, we'll get a DTI percentage.
Here's what that might look like. Let's say you earn $2,000 a month, and your monthly debts add up to $600. Divide $600 by $2,000, multiply by 100, and we've got a DTI of 30%. Not bad!
Most lenders prefer a DTI ratio of around 43% or lower to qualify for a conventional mortgage.
But how does DTI translate into the overall cost of your dream home? Let's assume a 6% interest rate on a 30-year fixed-rate mortgage, which would mean that your monthly principal and interest payments will be around $650 for every $100,000 borrowed.
So now let's divide your DTI (30%) of your monthly income by $650, and multiply by $100,000.
($600/$650) x $100,000 = $92,307
Congratulations, you've just estimated your maximum mortgage amount!
Add your planned down payment (let's say $10,000), and you know roughly how much home you can afford to buy.
So using our example, $10,000 down plus $92,307, your total home purchase price would be $102,307.
Now, keep in mind that this calculation is just a sneak peek. It doesn't include other expenses or debts. You'll also want to consider those. Plus, items like child support, downpayment assistance programs, and the current mortgage rate increase your buying power.
Remember, it's best to consult a mortgage professional for the most accurate calculations and to help you navigate this intricate process with expertise. Use this scenario to get an estimate, but we also encourage you to use our online calculator and contact us for an obligation-free consultation. Then, you'll be on your way to finding a home that's not too hot, not too cold, but just right.


Among Gann’s many speculative techniques, perhaps the most famous is the one known as the Square of Nine, one of his most mysterious calculations and trading systems. According to some acquaintances of Gann, he was wearing a miniature Square of the Nine when he came to speculate on the stock exchange floors. Gann believed that each minimum ... GANN Square of 9, Gann Square of Nine, Square of 144 and the Hexagon are some of the many works from Gann that are popular. The Gann square of nine gets its name because if you look at the above chart again, the number 9 represents the completion of the first square. It is also known as a 9x9 chart, or simple square of 9. Thank you for you article named – “Gann Square of Nine – How to Trade Using This Forecasting Tool”. I kindly request that you send to my email address, information on where I can find some examples of using the “Gann Square-Of-9” (indicator) to trade the Forex using Metatrader 4. Looking forward to your reply. Best Regards, Al Gann was the first to identify repeating price cycles and discover the link between price and time. Throughout this trading career, Gann earned more than 2 million dollars. In this article, we’ll cover the mystical Square of Nine. Plus, we’ll find out how the Gannzilla tool can help you analyze the market and make calculations in a faster ... This indicator adds Gann Square of 9 Levels directly to ANY chart. Making it easy to monitor key support and resistance levels and set price alerts. This helps in timely entries and exits saving precious trading capital. Based on static Gann numbers. 1,2,3 & even 4 digit Gann numbers & their decimals. Works on charts with prices from 1 – 1,00,000. Different colors & widths for 1,2,3 & 4 ... The first target was given as 467.4 as per the above Gann Square of Nine method and it was achieved at around 2:45 pm as the scrip went upto 469 levels. As the first target was achieved, the stop loss order was re modified as 467.4 and waited for next Target 472.82.But, within few minutes, it came back to 467.25 and triggered the stop loss order and the scrip was sold at 467.4 levels. Besides Gann square of Nine, we also know about Gann Fan, Gann retracement, Gann Box, but I appreciate Gann Square of Nine; it is the foundation of my TA style. In TradingView, I cannot upload image so I cannot show how Gann Square of Nine works.
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At Whitwick St John the Baptist, children will be encouraged to see mathematics as both written and spoken language.
Our Maths curriculum is based on the outcomes set out in the National Curriculum Programme of Mathematics. We use a published scheme (White Rose Maths Hub) to support our planning and progression. We have selected this scheme, as we believe it supports our vision, values and whole school drivers and ensures the subject is taught systematically and progressively
At Whitwick St John, we believe basic skills of mathematics are vital to the successful futures of all our pupils to enable them to reason, problem solve and assess risk in a range of contexts.
Our pupils are encouraged to deepen their understanding of mathematics as they move through concrete, pictorial and abstract representations of different mathematical content.
Our rigorous curriculum allows the children to make better sense of the world around them making links between the mathematics they experience in school and that of everyday life.
Mrs Halom ensures that all the aspects of the Mathematics National Curriculum is taught and implemented effectively.
If you would like to find out more about our Maths curriculum please contact Mrs Halom.
Please find attached our calculation policy. It has been designed to match the expectations within the National Curriculum and has been split into the appropriate year groups. The policy covers addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.
Mrs Noon (Headteacher)
Whitwick St John the Baptist
Tel: 01530 832116
© 2013 - 2023 Whitwick St John the Baptist. All rights reserved.


RNS is here to help!
Enrichment Activities will continue to follow our signature STEAM intergraded curriculum offering your child comprehensive, thematic based activities designed to support and nurture students across all areas of development, including social-emotional, physical, language, cognitive, and creative.
Every month, the class will investigate a new
theme and explore the world around them through literacy, science, social studies, mathematics, and art activities. They will learn to ask questions, problem solve and discover a joy of learning.
The addition of before and after care is also available.


DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
The department of mathematics was opened concurrenly with the departments of physics and chemistry in 1994
Mathematics is like the central nervous system.it involves a large number of students studying it with physics, chemistry, geology, statistics, electronics and computer science.
The department is stepped by experience lecturers. All are young and good not only at the subject but quite enthusiastic about games and sports,quize, competitions, seminars and other etra curricular activities.
Students are involved in various projects such as working out assignments,participating in seminars and extension lecturers delivered by senior lectueres.the departement offers plenty of promise for expansion.
Mathematics is Prince of the Science and Engineering- C. F. Gauss
In this era of emerging technologies & advanced sciences, developed nations are focusing on applied research by using knowledge linkages between
scientists, engineers, and researchers. Mathematics & Statistics form the backbone for knowledge development for scientists and engineers. Our focus is to produce engineers equipped with modern mathematics tools with strong understanding towards real world and engineering problems.
I strongly believe that nobody becomes prominent Engineer/Scientist without significant knowledge of Mathematics
A world leader in mathematics and computer science.
The values that guide our decisions, strategies and actions are:
Conduct research that has worldwide impact and recognition;
Provide learning opportunities of unmatched breadth and depth;
Produce graduates that are in worldwide demand; and
Undertake educational outreach and community engagement that increases mathematical and computing literacy nationally and globally.
|MD YAKOOBPASHA||M.SC,B.Ed||13 YEARS|
|B SANDHYA RANI||M.SC,B.Ed||9 YEARS|
|M RAMA||M.SC B.Ed||8 YEARS|
|M MOUNIKA||M.SC||4 YEARS|
|J SUNISHA||M.SC||4 YEARS|
Chartered certified accountant
Research scientist (Mathematics)
Secondary school teacher


Mainly it can help expose your site to millions and help brand your site or company. It is referred to as a variable because the value can change between data units in a population, and could change in value with time. A mean is a number frequently known as the average.
Since fixed expenses typically represent the biggest chunk of your finances, the money that you save within this category can be rather substantial. https://www.buyessay.net/ You would like to get as many as possible, but you just have 13 dollars. Frequently, insurance businesses handle annuities since they are extremely great at knowing how long individuals will live.
The Ugly Secret of What Is a Variable in Math
Matlab lets you create symbolic math expressions. As a consequence the variable can occasionally change accordingly. It can be used in ScreenMath.
First we calculate TCBV at every moment, and just subtract these 2 variables. In addition, we know now that we are able to decide on any letter for our variable. Any letter you may think of can serve as a variable.
We still don’t have labels connected to the values of the new variable. https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/544/01/ The sort of variable (numerical or string) is determined while the variable is made. Single-character names are generally utilised to be a sign of auxiliary variables (for example, a loop variable could be named i).
The scripts necessary for each sort of database are provided below. During its simplest, it is a way of grouping together a variety of instructions so that they can be repeatedly executed. The precise first line is created from the type code.
Variables are indispensable for computer programs to acquire the job finished. PHP supports the notion of variable functions. It denotes the capability to access the contents of a specific variable at a particular point in the program.
Where to Find What Is a Variable in Math
In case the numbers in the middle match up you can multiply. In the end, your target is to find the x by itself on a single side of the equation. Specifically, it is simple to establish how long ago a specific record was logged.
A great grasp of Calculus is needed however. You will understand that using variables in Algebra is really an easy practice. Then the math is done to be in a position to generate a number.
A particular type of equation is known as the function. You are going to learn how to address equations mentally using the multiplication table and you’ll also learn to recognize a remedy to an equation with given numbers in addition to by employing inverse operations. You’re able to address a simple equation in your head using the multiplication table.
The outcome of the operations are set to missing values. In order to receive accurate results, he needs to know the one factor that is causing the results of the experiment. In that situation, you’ve got two levels.
Even when this is impossible, QuickMath may have the ability to offer you approximate solutions to almost any amount of accuracy you require. In a lot of instances, you can discover certain solutions to your equations. There’s no solution since this is an inconsistent equation.
A matrix is simply a two-dimensional group of numbers. To find out how much will have to be invested to get a particular payment, you may use the Present Value of an Annuity formula. A number alone is called a Constant.
To begin with, find the worth of the term that consists of x, then locate the worth of the whole expression. In addition, it adds the string value for a label to the numeric price. In this instance, you will typically be provided a numerical value for each variable, and you’ll need to get the response.
What About What Is a Variable in Math?
A simple way to keep in mind is to insert the names of the 2 variables you’re using within this sentence in they way that makes the most sense. Should you do a search on the phrase learning objective, you’re likely to discover a lot of partially overlapping definitions and at times contradictory ones. There is an assortment of ways variables can be described consistent with the ways they are from time to time studied, measured, and presented.
Actually, whenever you are searching for some type of relationship between variables you’re attempting to see if the independent variable causes some sort of change in the other variables, or dependent variables. As a consequence, HTML math utilizes the ISO entity names for symbols as opposed to the TeX names. Besides basic operators, the list of mathematical expressions is quite impressive and it’s unlikely you could possibly require them all.
This distinction is extremely relevant once you’re investigating cause-effect relationships. There are several methods for writing an identity function. Within this example, we’re not evaluating an expression, thus we are not going to be coming up with a value.
You simply employed a variable to assist you solve a vital issue and help you maximize your double bacon cheeseburger intake. The final step is to divide the loose jelly beans on a single side of the equation in the exact number of groups since there are bags. You can imagine a level for a sub type of the IV.
Put simply, exponents are another means to write MULTIPLICATION. They should always begin with a letter. You may use any letter you pick.


Satta Matka, a game has a long and interesting history. No one provides kalyan matka tips on matka fix satta apart from some online websites such as kalyanmatkatipss.mobi. Satta matka is a game where people have the opportunity to earn unlimited money through Kalyan matka.
These type of website offers the best predictions of the game satta matka for the game kalyan matka. The experts offer a separate panel for the members, where members will get an accurate estimate of satta matka. The Sattamatka conjectures provided by Indian matka have a success rate of more than 90 percent.
The Satta Matka game is the best way to win in the game, and satta matka players need ideas about Indian matka result. Most people lose too much in the game of sattamatka, but these websites assure you that you recover your back locks in sattamatka.
How the satta matka is usually played in the Online game website?
The Matka results of Kalyan Matka are reflected twice a day. If you want to see the results of Kalyan satta matka faster, you can visit the online websites. You will get fast and accurate Kalyan satta matka result. Matka Jodi offers exact predictions for Kalyan matka, where your chances of winning will be more than 80 percent. Kalyan Matka cycle, Panna, Jodi or lucky numbers are provided by online websites. Matka Jodi offers membership to Kalyan Matka guessing where matka users will get a username and password to guess exactly Kalyan Matka. Kalyanmatkatipss.mobi is one of the best satta matka sites in the world. You can play the game satta matka with minimal risks and many tips tested by online experts. My experts have 35 years of experience in satta matka gaming. This is how the Satta Matka game is played:Kalyan has two sequences: open and close.This game run is in three ways • Single Patti / PannaThey contain the numbers from 0 to 9 digits. You can choose a digit number from 0 to 9. If you choose 5, the Matka result becomes 690. The sum of these digit numbers, that is, 6 + 9 + 0 = 14, the last digit is 5. Your game is 5. This satta matka game plays the open or close. • JodiThey contain the combination of two single-digit numbers of a number from 00 to 99 digits. You can choose a digit number from 00 to 99. If you choose 45, the result will be 680-45-140. The sum of the opening digit number is 6 + 8 + 0 = 14 and close is 1 + 4 + 0 = 5. The Jodi becomes the 45. These satta matka games must play both open and closed. • Patti / pannaThey contain the combination of three single-digit numbers that mean a number from 000 to 999 digits. You can choose a digit number from 000 to 999 in increasing order. You can choose the 680, 140, etc., then the result becomes all the single-digit numbers that match your digit number, which means that you choose the 680 digit number and you get the result 680. These games satta matka open or close.
You can play the kalyan matka game by getting the right kalyan Matka tips from the reliable websites.


Each node provides storage capacity to your cluster. Elasticsearch will stop indexing if the nodes start to fill up. This is controlled with the cluster.routing.allocation.disk.watermark.low parameter. By default, no new shards will be allocated when a machine goes above 85% disk space.
Clearly you must manage the disk space when all of your nodes are running, but what happens when a node fails?
Let’s look at a three-node cluster, setup with three shards and one replica, so data is evenly spread out across the cluster:
If each node has 1TB of disk space for data, they would hit the per-node 85% limit at 850GB. If one node failed, the 6 total shards would need to be distributed across two nodes. In our example, if we lost node #1, the primary for shard 1 and the replica for shard 3 would be lost. The replica for shard 1 that is on node #2 would be promoted to primary, but we would then have no replica for either shards 1 or 3. Elasticsearch would try to rebuild the replicas on the remaining hosts:
This is good on paper, except each of the remaining two nodes would need to absorb up to 425GB each. The remaining nodes would be full, and no new shards would be created.
To plan for a node outage, you need to have enough free disk space on each node to reallocate the primary and replica data from the dead node.
This formula will yield the maximum amount of data a node can safely hold:
(disk per node * .85) * (node count - 1 / node count)
In my example, we would get:
( 1TB * .85 ) * ( 2 / 3 ) = 566GB
If your three nodes contained 566GB of data each and one node failed, 283GB of data would be rebuilt on the remaining two nodes, putting them at 849GB used space. This is just below the 85% limit of 850GB.
I would pad the number a little, and limit the disk space used to 550GB for each node, with 1.65TB data total across the 3-node cluster. This number plays a part in your data retention policy and cluster sizing strategies.
If 1.65TB is too low, you either need to add more space to each node, or add more nodes to the cluster. If you added a 4th similarly-sized node, you’d get
( 1TB * .85 ) * ( 3 /4 ) = 637GB
which would allow 2.5GB of storage across the entire cluster.
The formula shown is based on one replica shard. If you had configured your cluster with more replicas (to survive the outage of more than one node), note that the formula is really:
(space per node * .85) * ((node count - replica count) / node count)
If we had two replicas in our example, we’d get:
( 1TB * .85 ) * ( 1 / 3 ) = 283GB
So you would only allow 283GB of data per node if you wanted to survive a 2-node outage in a 3-node cluster.


Table of Contents
What Is P-Value & How To Calculate It?
P values are one of the most significant concepts in statistics. In almost every type of statistical test, probability has its integration. Even without these variables, you are not capable of calculating the minor results required in frequency tables.
There are various methods to calculate the p values in statistics. Also, you can calculate this variable from online tools. Among these is the free online p value calculator that is specifically designed by the calculator-online.net site and helps to calculate the probability of an event. Yes, with this online calculator, you can instantly calculate p value as follows:
- P value for Two-Tailed tests
- P value for One-Tailed tests
- Left Tailed p-value
- Right Tailed p-value
Anyhow, coming to the point of discussion now! In the following post, we will be elaborating on how to calculate the p value for all hypothetical tests. Let’s focus!
What Is P Value?
“The particular value that is used to quantify the statistical importance of the results in all kinds of hypothetical tests is known as the p value”
If you do not get the definition, we better suggest you land on the page of the free online p value calculator on which you will get a detailed definition and methods to calculate p value. Also, you can use the calculator for the sake of calculating the probability for any test in a fragment of seconds.
In actuality, p values represent the possibility of obtaining extreme results rather than the actual outputs. But the only condition that must be met is that the null hypothesis must be true. And these results become less accurate if the p value is less.
Range of P Value:
The range of p values lies between 0 and 1. And the p value calculator also gives output within the same range.
A p value less than 0.05 (5%) means that the null hypothesis is rejected.
How To Find The P Value?
There are many methods to calculate the p values. We will resolve an example for your best understanding of the concept. Stay focused!
Statement: (One-Tailed Test)
Suppose you have picked up a ball from a sample received from a production line that has a diameter of 5 cm. Now if the mean and standard deviation of the ball is 6.58 and 1.12 respectively, what would be the p value determination method?
Methods To Calculate P Value:
You can calculate the probability value by using the following methods:
The mean of the sample is equal to the given population mean.
Ho= = 5
The mean of the sample is not equal to the given population mean.
Ho= ≄ 5
One Tail Hypothesis:
The mean for the sample is greater than the population mean.
The mean for the sample is less than the population mean.
Using the given significance level and these predicted results, you can easily get the p value for the sample given by using the p value chart. If you want instant calculations to save time, then using the free p-value calculator is the only best option for you.
In actuality, probability values let you know whether the given data sample has occurred under the null hypothesis or not. The free p value calculator does the same by using the likelihood of the test statistic test which is a great plus. Due to the exact results as calculated by this legitimate tool, professionals and scholars tend to use it for the sake of increasing their statistical computations.
What are Fraction Rules in Maths?
Fraction is the representation of the equal parts of a whole thing. The upper value of the fraction is known as the numerator and the bottom value as the denominator. Numerator represents the selected parts and the denominator indicates the total parts of a whole thing.
For instance you have a pizza and you want to divide it in 4 equal parts now this will be shown in form of fraction as 14.
The rules of fractions are the set of laws to work with them. By keeping these rules in mind, anyone can accurately perform arithmetic operations on the fraction while solving an expression. If the fractions look difficult to you, then visit calculator-online.net and use the free online fraction calculator to do the fractions accurately.
Below we have listed some basic rules of fractions:
Rules for Fraction Addition:
Read the following rules to add two or more fractions accurately:
- Fractions that have different denominators can’t be added directly.
- For adding fractions, get a common denominator and for this, use the least common multiple that is LCM of the denominators.
- After doing that, multiply the numerators with the number that you get after dividing the common denominator with the divisors of fractions.
- Now add the numerators.
Example: Add two fractions 45 and 32
45 + 32 = 8 + 1510
If you are not getting these rules of fractions, then use an online adding fractions calculator to perform the addition with just a few clicks.
Rules for Fraction Subtraction:
Go through the following rules to subtract the fractions:
- If the fractions have uncommon denominators then they can’t be subtracted.
- For doing the subtraction, you should have a common denominator by taking the least common multiple that is LCM of the denominators.
- Now, multiply the numerators with the value upon which the divisor divides the common denominator.
- Simply, subtract the numerators.
Example: Subtract two fractions 53 and 32
53 – 32 = 10 – 96
To reduce the chances of human error, get the assistance of a free fraction calculator.
Rules for Fraction Multiplication:
The multiplication of fractions is a simple task but still there are some rules that should be followed.
Follow the below listed rules to perform the correct multiplication of fractions:
- Numerator is multiplied with the numerator and the denominator is multiplied with the denominator.
- Numerator can’t be multiplied with the denominator.
Example: Multiply the fraction 54 to 32
54 x 32
Now as we know that the numerator can be multiplied with the numerator.
5 x 3 = 15
The denominator can be multiplied with the denominator.
4 x 2 = 8
Now the result is
To save your time and effort, you can use a fraction calculator online.
Rules for Fraction Division:
The division of fractions is a bit difficult, but if you remember the rules then it’s a piece of cake. In the division, the first fraction is multiplied with the reciprocal of the second fraction.
Follow these rules:
- Firstly, change the division sign with the multiplication sign.
- After changing the sign, write the reciprocal of the second fraction.
- Now just multiply the fractions as we do in the multiplication of fractions.
Example: Divide the fraction 54 by 32
By changing the sign:
54 x 32
Reciprocal of second fraction:
54 x 23
Now perform the simple multiplication:
If you are facing difficulty in understanding the rules, then don’t worry because you can utilize an online dividing fractions calculator that just requires the values and does the rest for you rapidly.
How to use an Online Fraction Calculator?
Follow the below listed easy steps:
Add the values in the specified fields and choose the number of fractions two or three from the drop down menu.
Select the appropriate arithmetic operators and click on the calculate button.
When you see the calculation is completed, hit the download icon to save the result on your device storage.
Solving the fractions is no doubt a daunting task, but you can make it easy with the help of an online fraction calculator. As it provides the results with the whole derivation.


” How will the 75% driving distance be determined as it is in distance?”
Where there was a number, say, SG drive round 1, SG drive round 2, … replace by 75-pct drive dis round 1, 75-pct drive dis round 2, …
” And the driving distance is calculated by selecting driving distance based on:”
This is already calculated in the ‘standard statistics report’ so that same number should be used. No need to recalculate it.


Doing these blog posts help me remember the great ideas that I have read and helps me plan for how I will use them in my classroom.
1. I have wanted to set up a large number line in my classroom for a while and this blog post gave me the push. Mr Elementary Math posted about a number line that is geared towards younger elementary. To make it appropriate for my 6th graders, I will mix fractions, decimals, percents for students to place on the number line. I want to have this as a station that students can rotate into.
2. Another post from Elementary Math Coach--Math Pictionary. This is the second time I have posted about this and I am actually going to make something for a math station. Students will get an integer operation problem and will draw the algebra tiles that model that problem which their team mates will have to name.
3. The growth mindset is something I am going to talk to my students about the day we get back from winter break. This is one blog posts at Edudemic on the importance of having a growth mindset. I have a bulletin board that focuses on growing in math and I want to make sure I am talking to my students about it.
4. When my students take tests, I do not let them turn it in early. I give them a time and tell them they need to be working on the test until then. My students don't try to turn in the test early, but they will close their test and just sit there until it is time. I ask them to go back and check their work and some students will say "I already did" and others will go through and check that they did all the problems.
I experimented with one class one day and briefly looked through their tests when they said they were done and said "It's not a 100." All of the students went through and some found at least one mistake and changed their answer.
At Who's Who and Who's New, this post explains the levels of checking your work. Something I want to share with my students. There are three levels from make sure you check that you have an answer, checking that your answer is reasonable, and solving the problem again.


This type of thinking requires a high degree of independent exploration. Teachers and textbooks will always be critical resources, but we've seen that students naturally get the most out of the habits that they build and connections that they create for themselves.
To this end, we place an early emphasis on algebraic thinking. Algebra gives students a language to universalize the principles that they uncover, helping them to understand new material more deeply and to draw sophisticated connections. Algebra also offers significant advantages in application. We believe that it helps students develop the critical thinking skills that they will need to solve complex problems and generate their own ideas.
These fundamental goals also shape the day-to-day practice of Senior Math. Some assignments might require fewer problems and more reflection. Students are asked to think, write, and speak explicitly about the core concepts they encounter. We want them to develop mathematical ideas in their own words and on their own terms.
To keep the "common sense" in their "math sense," students also need a great deal of ongoing dialogue. By seeking to balance a high degree of independence with the collective energy of group discussion, we believe we can get the most out of every student's unique abilities, needs, and learning styles - but we also know that Arbor students tend to bring out the best in one another.
Senior Math Sequence
Arbor Seniors work their way through a homegrown algebra curriculum in the form of a series of three textbooks written by Linus Rollman and Greg Neps:
Jousting Armadillos & Other Equations: An Introduction to Algebra
inductive and deductive reasoning; the language of algebra; negative numbers; algebraic functions; single variable equation solving
Crocodiles & Coconuts: Equations in Two Variables
the Cartesian coordinate plane; graphing two-variable equations; functions and formulas; solving simultaneous equations; graphing circles, ellipses, parabolas, and hyperbolas
The Life & Times of Chuckles the Rocket Dog: A Companiable Guide to Polynomials & Quadratics
negative exponents; scientific notation; exponential functions; manipulating polynomials; factoring polynomials; solving quadratic equations; solving and graphing higher-degree equations


Autumn Maths Year 5 Workbook
This book is designed for children wishing to be taught approximately one year ahead of the national curriculum or preparing for common entrance/11 Plus grammar schools.
The emphasis in this term is on preparation for the 11 Plus and resilience, along with confidence and knowledge of maths subjects. (It is expected that children know all their times tables up to 12 and can add and subtract with borrowing. Please note we will check these at the beginning of the term.)
Subjects covered are: place value, shape and angles, measure, fractions, time tables for transport, shapes and nets, directions, data handling, area and perimeter, averages and ratio and proportion. All have worded problems to apply knowledge and they are at an 11 Plus level.
There is also an assessment which shows where a child is in relation to the national curriculum and 11 Plus preparation.
Weekly homework is included. We would also recommend that you buy the GL papers from firstname.lastname@example.org.


By Arjun Chandrasekar.
The Simple Moving Average (SMA) is one of many popular technical indicators that investors use to determine bullish or bearish trends. What the SMA tells us is whether the price will stay consistent or reverse. The basis of the SMA is determined by the average of the range of prices in a given period of time. Today we’ll cover a more in-depth explanation of the SMA and then compare it to the Exponential Moving Average (EMA).
To find the SMA of a stock price, you need to first analyze the recent trends of the stock price. Any good technical analysis tool, such as POWER E*Trade or TradeStation, will show you the graphed trend. Then you want to find a time period to average in. Normally, short-term investors use the 10-day or 20-day periods, while long-term investors use the 50-day or 200-day periods. After taking the average of the stock prices, you then want to divide it by the number of time periods.
SMA = (A1 + A2, + … + An)/(n)
A = stock price, An = stock price at period ‘n’, n = total number of periods
Let’s say an investor wants to know the SMA of a startup for a 10-day period. The stock prices for the 10 days in order are: $10, $12, $9, $10, $15, $13, $18, $18, $20, $24. Using the formula above, the calculation would go as follows:
(10 + 12 + 9 + 10 + 15 + 13 + 18 + 18 + 20 + 24)/(10) = 14.90
If we want to compare it to a longer period of time, say the 20-day, we can just change the ‘n’ to 20.
(10 + 12 + 9 + 10 + 15 + 13 + 18 + 18 + 20 + 24)/(20) = 7.45
We can then use these results to determine if a stock price will continue or reverse its current trend.
If you would like to learn more about the stock market or finance, be sure to check out our other articles and subscribe below to receive updates when new ones are published!


computes the diagonal scaling matrices. The diagonal scaling matrices are chosen to try to make the elements of largest absolute value in each row and column of the matrix
have absolute value
. The diagonal elements of
are restricted to lie in the safe range
is the value returned by routine x02amf
. Use of these scaling factors is not guaranteed to reduce the condition number of
but works well in practice.
The computed scale factors will be close to the exact scale factors.
Background information to multithreading can be found in the Multithreading
The complex analogue of this routine is f07atf
This example equilibrates the general matrix
Details of the scaling factors, and the scaled matrix are output.


I write my blog posts in Markdown. Every now and then, I want to include maths formulas (since I'm a mathematician/computer scientist), but Markdown doesn't support displaying maths out of the box. So I have to help myself out differently.
All of the options listed below require sending the LaTeX code to a webservice, which then returns an image with the rendered formula.
Found on https://stackoverflow.com/a/11256862/2668430, this service needs
The variant using QuickLaTeX needs a bit more work in order to use it, but I worked around that using some simple python foo. Here you
I don't really know if that works well when a formula hasn't been rendered for a long time, since they are saved on the remote server (I guess?), but we'll see.


Sports betting is an exciting mix of sport and the potential to win big! Figuring out your potential payouts is a vital part of this thrilling hobby. Whether you’re a pro or starting out, understanding how to calculate your winnings can enhance your betting experience.
To work out potential payouts, consider several factors. These include the bookmaker’s odds (decimals, fractions, or moneyline), the amount wagered, and the type of bet placed. The odds show the chance of a result occurring.
For decimal odds, multiply your wager by the decimal odds. For example, £100 on a team with odds of 2.5 = £250 (£100 x 2.5). Fractional odds = multiply your bet by the fraction + 1. So, £50 on a team with fractional odds of 5/1 = £300 (£50 x (5/1 + 1)).
For moneyline odds, positive and negative numbers are used. To calculate potential winnings for positive odds, divide your bet by 100 and multiply by the odds. For instance, £200 on an underdog with moneyline odds of +250 = £700 (£200 / 100 x 250 + 200).
Tip: Don’t forget to read the terms and conditions of each bet to ensure accurate calculations and no surprises when it’s time to collect your winnings.
Remember, calculating potential payouts is key to sports betting. By getting a grip on the odds and using these calculations, you can judge the profitability of a bet and make the right decision. Good luck!
Understanding Odds in Sports Betting
Understanding Odds in Sports Betting
Odds are an integral part of sports betting, providing crucial information about the potential payouts. To make informed betting decisions, it is essential to understand how odds work and what they represent.
To simplify a complex topic, let’s use a table that demonstrates the different types of odds commonly used in sports betting:
|Type of Odds||Definition||Example|
|Fractional||Shown as a fraction such as 5/1, indicating the potential profit relative to the stake.||Betting £1 at 5/1 odds would yield a £5 profit if the bet wins, plus the initial stake.|
|Decimal||Shown as a decimal such as 6.00, representing the total payout including the initial stake.||Betting £1 at 6.00 odds would lead to a total payout of £7 if the bet wins (including the initial stake).|
|Moneyline||Commonly used in American sports, it shows the amount that would be won on a $100 bet for positive odds or the amount that needs to be bet to win $100 for negative odds.||Odds of +150 would mean a $150 profit on a $100 bet, while odds of -200 would require a $200 bet to win $100.|
Understanding these different odds formats enables bettors to compare them effectively, be it at a bookmaker’s shop or online. Whether fractional, decimal, or moneyline odds, they all serve the same basic purpose of indicating potential payouts.
Now, here’s a pro tip: It’s crucial to shop for the best odds among different bookmakers. By doing so, you can maximize your potential payout and increase your chances of long-term profitability.
Understanding different types of odds: it’s like decoding a secret language, except instead of finding treasure, you’re just trying to figure out if your team will win or if it’s time to drown your sorrows in ice cream.
Explaining the Different Types of Odds (Decimal, Fractional, American)
Exploring the world of sports betting needs an understanding of the different types of odds. These are decimal, fractional and American. Each has its own intricacies and nuances.
Decimal odds are popular in Europe and Australia. This shows how much you can win per unit you bet. For example, betting £10 on a match with decimal odds of 2.50 means a potential win of £25.
Fractional odds are popular in the UK. They show the potential winnings as a fraction of the stake. So, betting £10 on a horse race with 5/1 odds would give you £50.
American odds are used in America. They come in two forms – positive and negative. Positive shows how much you’d win from a £100 bet, while negative shows how much you need to bet to win £100. For instance, American odds of +250 means a £100 bet could win you £250.
Bookmakers sometimes offer unique variations or combinations tailored to specific events or markets. Oddsmakers consider various factors such as team form, player injuries, weather conditions and historical data when setting betting lines. They help in determining the accurate probabilities for each outcome.
Calculating payouts with decimal odds can be like doing math in a foreign language – though not understood, you still hope for a jackpot.
Calculating Potential Payouts Using Decimal Odds
When it comes to calculating potential payouts in sports betting using decimal odds, there are a few key steps to keep in mind. By understanding how decimal odds work and employing a simple formula, you can quickly determine the potential payout for any given bet.
To demonstrate this process, let’s create a table that outlines the necessary calculations and showcases the results. This will help you visualize the steps involved and make the process more accessible.
Bet Amount (£)Decimal OddsPotential Payout (£)102.5025.00201.7535.00503.00150.00
In this table, the “Bet Amount (£)” column represents the amount of money you are placing on a bet. “Decimal Odds” indicates the odds given for the specific event or match, presented in decimal format. Finally, the “Potential Payout (£)” column provides the amount you could potentially win if your bet is successful.
To calculate the potential payout, you simply multiply the “Bet Amount (£)” by the “Decimal Odds.” For example, if you bet £10 with decimal odds of 2.50, your potential payout would be £25. Similarly, a £20 bet with odds of 1.75 would result in a potential payout of £35. This formula allows you to determine your potential winnings with ease.
It’s important to note that decimal odds incorporate the initial stake into the potential payout. Unlike fractional odds, where the potential profit is separate from the stake, decimal odds provide a clearer picture of the total amount you could receive if your bet is successful.
In the world of sports betting, understanding how to calculate potential payouts is crucial for making informed decisions. Being knowledgeable about decimal odds and their calculations can give you an edge when it comes to evaluating potential betting scenarios. Knowing how to bet on the World Cup can help ensure you make the most of every bet placed.
So, the next time you place a bet, take a moment to consider the potential payout using decimal odds. Armed with this information, you can make more informed choices and potentially increase your winnings.
Remember, gambling should be done responsibly, and it’s always prudent to consult reliable sources for accurate odds and information.
Decimals may look intimidating, but calculating potential payouts with them is easier than finding a decent pizza topping for pineapple lovers.
Step-by-Step Guide on Calculating Potential Payouts with Decimal Odds
Calculating potential payouts with decimal odds is key for sports bettors. It helps you figure out the profitability of your bets and make smart decisions.
Follow these 6 steps to work out the payouts:
|1||Find the decimal odds. For example, if the odds are 2.5, you’ll get £2.50 for each £1 you bet.|
|2||Decide how much you want to wager.|
|3||Multiply your stake by the decimal odds to get your total potential payout.|
|4||Add back your original stake to the total payout.|
|5||Weigh the risk-reward ratio: Higher odds mean higher risk and reward.|
|6||Make an informed call. Use the analysis to decide whether to place a bet or not.|
It’s important to remember that sports betting outcomes can’t always be predicted. Do your research before betting.
John was a betting enthusiast who had a knack for accurately predicting football matches. He saw a game with decimal odds of 4.0 and his favorite team was playing. He put down £50 and his team won.
This meant a total potential payout of £200 (4 x £50), including a profit of £50 from his original stake. This teaches us the importance of understanding decimal odds and using them to evaluate payouts.
Calculating Potential Payouts Using Fractional Odds
Calculating Potential Payouts Using Fractional Odds
Fractional odds are commonly used in sports betting to calculate potential payouts. These odds represent the ratio of the potential profit to the amount staked. To determine the potential payout using fractional odds, you need to understand the format and make some simple calculations.
To illustrate this, let’s consider a hypothetical football match between Team A and Team B. The bookmaker offers the following fractional odds for each team: Team A at 2/1 and Team B at 3/2.
Using these odds, we can create a table to calculate the potential payouts:
|Team||Fractional Odds||Staked Amount||Potential Profit||Potential Payout|
In this table, we assume a £10 stake for each team. To calculate the potential profit, we multiply the stake by the numerator of the fractional odds and divide it by the denominator. For Team A, the potential profit is (£10 * 2)/1 = £20. Similarly, for Team B, the potential profit is (£10 * 3)/2 = £15.
To determine the potential payout, we add the potential profit to the stake. For Team A, the potential payout is £10 (stake) + £20 (profit) = £30. For Team B, the potential payout is £10 (stake) + £15 (profit) = £25.
It’s important to note that the potential payout represents the total amount you would receive if your bet is successful, including the return of your initial stake.
Understanding how to calculate potential payouts using fractional odds is essential for making informed betting decisions. By knowing the potential payout, you can assess the potential risk and reward of a particular bet.
In the world of sports betting, calculating potential payouts using fractional odds has been a tried and tested method for decades. Bookmakers have used this system to provide transparent information to bettors, enabling them to make knowledgeable choices when placing their bets. So, the next time you consider placing a bet, make sure you understand how to calculate the potential payouts using fractional odds.
Fractional odds may seem confusing at first, but once you wrap your head around them, you’ll be calculating potential payouts like a mathematically-inclined sports fanatic with a dark sense of humor.
Step-by-Step Guide on Calculating Potential Payouts with Fractional Odds
Figuring out payouts with fractional odds requires careful steps. Here’s a guide:
|1. Find Fractional Odds:|
|– Look for the fractional odds given by the bookie, like 2/1 or 5/2.|
|– The first number is potential profit & the second number is the stake.|
|2. Calculate Potential Profit:|
|– Divide the first number by the second and add 1. E.g. 2/1 = 2/1 + 1 = 3.|
|– Multiply this by your stake to get potential profit.|
|3. Work Out Total Payout:|
|– Put your original stake and potential profit together for total payout.|
|– E.g. bet £10 on 2/1 odds = £30 profit, so £10 + £30 = £40 total payout.|
|4. Learn Different Odds Formats:|
|– Get used to formats such as decimal and moneyline.|
|– Converting between formats helps compare different markets.|
|5. Think About Margin & Value:|
|– Bookies add margin to guarantee profit no matter the result.|
|– Find bets with value, i.e. odds higher than expected.|
It’s not just calculatin’ payouts with fractional odds, other elements are needed for success. Strategy & research are key, plus practice makes perfect when it comes to identifying value bets. Calculating payouts with American odds is simpler than understanding NFL draft picks!
Calculating Potential Payouts Using American Odds
Calculating Potential Payouts Using American Odds can be a complex task, but fear not, we’ve got you covered. To help you navigate through the intricacies of sports betting, let’s explore how to calculate your potential payouts using American odds.
Let’s begin with a comprehensive table that will assist us in understanding the calculations involved. Take a look at the table below:
In the table above, we have different types of bets along with their corresponding odds, stake, profit, and potential payout. The calculations follow a specific formula that takes into account the odds and the amount wagered.
Now, let’s delve into some key details. It’s important to remember that negative odds indicate the amount you need to bet in order to win $100, while positive odds represent the potential profit on a $100 bet. This knowledge will help you make more informed betting decisions.
In addition, understanding the concept of parlays and teasers is crucial. A parlay involves combining multiple bets into one, while a teaser offers the ability to adjust the point spread or total of a game. These strategies can be enticing, but be sure to assess the associated risks before diving in. Casinos ban you for winning if they suspect you‘re taking advantage of their promotional offers.
Now that you have a clearer understanding of calculating potential payouts using American odds, seize the opportunity to make well-informed bets. Don’t let the fear of missing out keep you on the sidelines. Take a leap and put your newfound knowledge into action. Remember, the thrill of sports betting lies in both the potential payout and the excitement of the game. Good luck!
Calculating potential sports betting payouts might make your head spin faster than a blackjack dealer on a winning streak!
Step-by-Step Guide on Calculating Potential Payouts with American Odds
Calculating potential payouts using American odds can be tricky. But, with the right know-how and help, it’s totally doable! Follow this step-by-step guide to get the info you need for accurate payouts.
Step 1: Convert American odds to decimal odds. Use this formula: Decimal Odds = (100 / American Odds) + 1. If the American odds are +250, work it out like this: Decimal Odds = (100 / 250) + 1 = 1.40.
Step 2: Calculate the implied probability. Use this formula: Implied Probability = 1 / Decimal Odds. Using our example, the implied probability would be: Implied Probability = 1 / 1.40 = 0.71 or 71%.
Step 3: Work out your potential payout. Use this formula: Potential Payout = Stake x Decimal Odds. For instance, if you bet £50 on a game with decimal odds of 1.40, your potential payout would be £70 (£50 x 1.40).
Be aware that these steps may differ depending on the rules and regulations of sportsbooks and bookmakers.
With practice and a better understanding of betting odds, calculating potential payouts won’t be such a challenge anymore. Applying these steps will help make smarter bets and increase your chances of winning.
Don’t miss out on winning money! Learn this art and you’ll make more confident bets and have a fun and rewarding betting experience. Start using these steps now and watch your betting skills improve!
In sports betting, calculating potential payouts is key. To do this, check bookmaker’s odds. These represent the likelihood of an outcome. Compare these to get the best ones with higher payouts. Then, calculate the potential payout by multiplying your stake with the decimal odds given. Click here to learn more about calculating your payouts.
An example: Team A vs Team B match. Bookmaker offers 2.50 decimal odds. If you bet £100 on A winning, your return would be £250 (£100 x 2.50). Including your original stake, you’ll get £250.


Working at the Broad Institute early in his career, Michael Schnall Levin was discovering he was a biologist at heart. He’d begun his studies in physics then done his PhD in mathematics. But he'd wanted “to do math that had an application in the real world.” It was at the Broad that Michael came in contact with the new tools that were revolutionizing biology.
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Offering a front row seat to the Century of Biology, veteran podcast host Theral Timpson interviews the who's who in genomics and genomic medicine.