Quran: The Final Testament Authorized English Version
Appendix 1, One of the Great Miracles [74:35]
The Quran is characterized by a unique phenomenon never found in any human authored book. Every element of the Quran is mathematically composed — the suras, the verses, the words, the number of certain letters, the number of words from the same root, the number and variety of divine names, the unique spelling of certain words, the absence or deliberate alteration of certain letters within certain words, and many other elements of the Quran besides its content. There are two major facets of the Quran's mathematical system: (1) The mathematical literary composition, and (2) The mathematical structure involving the numbers of suras and verses. Because of this comprehensive mathematical coding, the slightest distortion of the Quran's text or physical arrangement is immediately exposed.
Simple to Understand Impossible to Imitate
For the first time in history we have a scripture with built-in proof of divine authorship — a superhuman mathematical composition.
Any reader of this book can easily verify the Quran's mathematical miracle. The word "God” (Allah) is written in bold capital letters throughout the text. The frequency of occurrence of the word "God” is noted at the bottom of each page. The last page of the text, Page 372, shows that the total occurrence of the word "God” is 2698, or 19x142.
Furthermore, when we add the numbers of all the verses where the word “God” occurs, we obtain a total of 118123, also a multiple of 19 (118123 = 19x6217). Nineteen is the common denominator throughout the Quran’s mathematical system.
This phenomenon alone suffices as incontrovertible proof that the Quran is God's message to the world. No human being(s) could have kept track of 2698 occurrences of the word “God,” and the numbers of verses where they occur. This is especially impossible in view of (1) the age of ignorance during which the Quran was revealed, and (2) the fact that the suras and verses were widely separated in time and place of revelation. The chronological order of revelation was vastly different from the final format (Appendix 23). However, the Quran's mathematical system is not limited to the word “God;” it is extremely vast, extremely intricate, and totally comprehensive.
The Simple Facts
Like the Quran itself, the Quran's mathematical coding ranges from the very simple, to the very complex. The Simple Facts are those observations that can be ascertained without using any tools. The complex facts require the assistance of a calculator or a computer. The following facts do not require any tools to be verified:
1. The first verse (1:1), known as "Basmalah,” consists of 19 letters.
2. The Quran consists of 114 suras, which is 19 x 6.
3. The total number of verses in the Quran is 6346, or 19 x 334.
[6234 numbered verses & 112 un-numbered verses (Basmalahs) 6234+112 = 6346] Note that 6+3+4+6 = 19.
4. The Basmalah occurs 114 times, despite its conspicuous absence from Sura 9 (it occurs twice in Sura 27) & 114 = 19 x 6.
5. From the missing Basmalah of Sura 9 to the extra Basmalah of Sura 27, there are precisely 19 suras.
6. It follows that the total of the sura numbers from 9 to 27 (9+10+11+12+...+26+27) is 342, or 19 x 18.
7. This total (342) also equals the number of words between the two Basmalahs of Sura 27, and 342 = 19 x 18.
8. The famous first revelation (96:1-5) consists of 19 words.
9. This 19-worded first revelation consists of 76 letters 19 x 4.
10. Sura 96, first in the chronological sequence, consists of 19 verses.
11. This first chronological sura is placed atop the last 19 suras.
12. Sura 96 consists of 304 Arabic letters, and 304 equals 19 x 16.
13. The last revelation (Sura 110) consists of 19 words.
14. The first verse of the last revelation (110:1) consists of 19 letters.
15. 14 different Arabic letters, form 14 different sets of "Quranic Initials” (such as A.L.M. of 2:1), and prefix 29 suras. These numbers add up to 14+14+29 = 57 = 19 x 3.
16. The total of the 29 sura numbers where the Quranic Initials occur is 2+3+7+...+50+68 = 822, and 822+14 (14 sets of initials) equals 836, or 19 x 44.
17. Between the first initialed sura (Sura 2) and the last initialed sura (Sura 68) there are 38 un-initialed suras 19 x 2.
18. Between the first and last initialed sura there are 19 sets of alternating "initialed” and "uninitialed” suras.
19. The Quran mentions 30 different numbers: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 19, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 99, 100, 200, 300, 1000, 2000, 3000, 5000, 50,000, & 100,000. The sum of these numbers is 162146, which equals 19 x 8534.
This is a condensed summary of the Simple Facts.
The Literary Mathematical Composition
The Quran is characterized by a unique phenomenon never found in any other book; 29 suras are prefixed with 14 different sets of "Quranic Initials,” consisting of one to five letters per set. Fourteen letters, half the Arabic alphabet, participate in these initials. The significance of the Quranic initials remained a divinely guarded secret for 14 centuries.
The Quran states in 10:20 and 25:4-6 that its miracle, i.e., proof of divine authorship, was destined to remain secret for a specific predetermined interim:
[10:20] They said, "Why hasn't a miracle come down to him from his Lord?” Say, "Only God knows the future. Therefore, wait, and I will wait along with you.”
[25:4-6] Those who disbelieved said, "This is no more than a fabrication by him, with the help of other people.” Indeed, they uttered a blasphemy; a falsehood. Others said, "Tales from the past that he wrote down; they were dictated to him day and night.” Say, "This was sent down from the One who knows `the secret' in the heavens and the earth.” Surely, He is Forgiving, Most Merciful.
The Quranic Initials constitute a major portion of the Quran's 19-based mathematical miracle.
In 1968, I realized that the existing English translations of the Quran did not present the truthful message of God's Final Testament. For example, the two most popular translators, Yusuf Ali and Marmaduke Pickthall, could not overcome their corrupted religious traditions when it came to the Quran's great criterion in 39:45.
[39:45] When God ALONE is mentioned, the hearts of those who do not believe in the Hereafter shrink with aversion. But when others are mentioned beside Him, they rejoice.
Yusuf Ali omitted the crucial word "ALONE” from his translation, and altered the rest of the verse by inserting the word "(gods).” Thus, he utterly destroyed this most important Quranic criterion. He translated 39:45 as follows:
"When God, the One and Only, is mentioned, the hearts of those who believe not in the Hereafter are filled with disgust and horror; but when (gods) other than He are mentioned, behold, they are filled with joy." (according to A. Yusuf Ali)
The expression "When God, the One and Only, is mentioned,” is not the same as saying, "When God alone is mentioned.” One can mention "God, the One and Only,” and also mention Muhammad or Jesus, and no one will be upset. But if "God ALONE is mentioned,” you cannot mention anyone else, and a lot of people — those who idolize Muhammad or Jesus — will be upset. Thus, Yusuf Ali could not bring himself to present the truth of the Quran, if it exposed his corrupted belief.
Marmaduke Pickthall translated "ALONE” correctly, but destroyed the criterion by inserting his personal belief in parentheses; he translated 39:45 as follows:
"And when Allah alone is mentioned, the hearts of those who believe not in the Hereafter are repelled, and when those (whom they worship) beside Him are mentioned, behold! they are glad." (according to Marmaduke Pickthal)
When I saw the truth of God's word thus distorted, I decided to translate the Quran, at least for the benefit of my own children. Since I was a chemist by profession, and despite my extensive religious background — my father was a renowned Sufi leader in Egypt — I vowed to God that I would not move from one verse to the next unless I fully understood it.
I purchased all the available books of Quranic translations and exegeses (Tafseer) I could find, placed them on a large table, and began my translation. The first sura, The Key, was completed in a few days. The first verse in Sura 2 is "A.L.M.” The translation of this verse took four years, and coincided with the divine unveiling of "the secret,” the great mathematical Miracle of the Quran.
The books of Quranic exegeses unanimously agreed that "no one knows the meaning or significance of the Quranic Initials A.L.M., or any other initials.” I decided to write the Quran into the computer, analyze the whole text, and see if there were any mathematical correlations among these Quranic initials.
I used a time-share terminal, connected by telephone to a giant computer. To test my hypothesis, I decided to look at the single-lettered Quranic Initials — "Q” (Qaaf) of Suras 42 and 50, "S” (Saad) of Suras 7, 19, and 38, and "N” (Noon) of Sura 68. As detailed in my first book MIRACLE OF THE QURAN: SIGNIFICANCE OF THE MYSTERIOUS ALPHABETS (Islamic Productions, 1973), many previous attempts to unravel the mystery had failed.
The Quranic Initial "Q” (Qaaf)
The computer data showed that the text of the only Q-initialed suras, 42 and 50, contained the same number of Q's, 57 and 57. That was the first hint that a deliberate mathematical system may exist in the Quran.
Sura 50 is entitled "Q,” prefixed with "Q,” and the first verse reads, "Q, and the glorious Quran.” This indicated that "Q” stands for "Quran,” and the total number of Q's in the two Q-initialed suras represents the Quran's 114 suras (57+57 = 114 = 19x6). This idea was strengthened by the fact that "the Quran” occurs in the Quran 57 times.
The Quran is described in Sura "Q” as "Majid” (glorious), and the Arabic word "Majid” has a gematrical value of 57: M (40) + J (3) + I (10) + D (4) = 57.
Sura 42 consists of 53 verses, and 42+53 = 95 = 19x5.
Sura 50 consists of 45 verses, and 50+45 = 95, same total as in Sura 42.
By counting the letter "Q” in every "Verse 19” throughout the Quran, the total count comes to 76, 19x4. Here is a summary of the Q-related data:
1. The frequency of occurrence of "Q" in Sura "Q" (No. 50) is 57, 19x3.
2. The letter "Q" occurs in the other Q-initialed sura (No. 42) exactly the same number of times, 57.
3. The total occurrence of the letter "Q" in the two Q-initialed suras is 114, which equals the number of suras in the Quran.
4. "The Quran" is mentioned in the Quran 57 times.
5. The description of the Quran as "Majid" (Glorious) is correlated with the frequency of occurrence of the letter "Q" in each of the Q-initialed 5. suras. The word "Majid" has a gematrical value of 57.
6. Sura 42 consists of 53 verses, and 42+53 is 95, or 19x5.
7. Sura 50 consists of 45 verses, and 50+45 is also 95, 19x5.
8. The number of Q's in all verses numbered "19" throughout the Quran is 76, 19x4.
Glimpses of the Quran's mathematical composition began to emerge. For example, it was observed that the people who disbelieved in Lot are mentioned in 50:13 and occur in the Quran 13 times — 7:80; 11:70, 74, 89; 21:74; 22:43; 26:160; 27:54, 56; 29:28; 38:13; 50:13; and 54:33. Consistently, they are referred to as “Qawm,” with the single exception of the Q-initialed Sura 50 where they are referred to as “Ikhwaan.” Obviously, if the regular, Q-containing word “Qawm” were used, the count of the letter “Q” in Sura 50 would have become 58, and this whole phenomenon would have disappeared. With the recognized absolute accuracy of mathematics, the alteration of a single letter destroys the system.
Another relevant example is the reference to Mecca in 3:96 as “Becca!" This strange spelling of the renowned city has puzzled Islamic scholars for many centuries. Although Mecca is mentioned in the Quran properly spelled in 48:24, the letter “M” is substituted with a “B” in 3:96. It turns out that Sura 3 is an M-initialed sura, and the count of the letter “M” would have deviated from the Quran's code if “Mecca” was spelled correctly in 3:96.
This initial is unique; it occurs in one sura, 68, and the name of the letter is spelled out as three letters — Noon Wow Noon — in the original text, and is therefore counted as two N's. The total count of this letter in the N-initialed sura is 133, 19x7.
The fact that "N” is the last Quranic Initial (see Table 1) brings out a number of special observations. For example, the number of verses from the first Quranic Initial (A.L.M. of 2:1) to the last initial (N. of 68:1) is 5263, or 19x277.
The word "God” (Allah) occurs 2641 (19x139) times between the first initial and the last initial. Since the total occurrence of the word "God” is 2698, it follows that its occurrence outside the initials "A.L.M.” of 2:1 on one side, and the initial "N” of 68:1 on the other side, is 57, 19x3. Tables 9 to 18 prove that the initial "NuN” must be spelled out to show two N's.
This initial prefixes three suras, 7, 19, and 38, and the total occurrence of the letter "S” (Saad) in these three suras is 152, 19x8 (Table 2). It is noteworthy that in 7:69, the word "Bastatan” is written in some printings with a "Saad,” instead of "Seen.”
This is an erroneous distortion that violates the Quran's code. By looking at the oldest available copy of the Quran, the Tashkent Copy, it was found that the word “Bastatan” is correctly written with a “Seen” (see photocopy below).
The momentous discovery that "19” is the Quran's common denominator became a reality in January 1974, coinciding with Zul-Hijjah 1393 A.H. The Quran was revealed in 13 B.H. (Before Hijrah). This makes the number of years from the revelation of the Quran to the revelation of its miracle 1393 + 13 = 1406 = 19x74. As noted above, the unveiling of the Miracle took place in January 1974. The correlation between 19x74 lunar years and 1974 solar years could not escape notice. This is especially uncanny in view of the fact that "19” is mentioned in Sura 74.
Y.S. (Ya Seen)
These two letters prefix Sura 36. The letter "Y” occurs in this sura 237 times, while the letter "S” (Seen) occurs 48 times. The total of both letters is 285, 19x15.
It is noteworthy that the letter “Y” is written in the Quran in two forms; one is obvious and the other is subtle. The subtle form of the letter may be confusing to those who are not thoroughly familiar with the Arabic language. A good example is the word "Araany" (أرىنى) which is mentioned twice in 12:36. The letter “Y” is used twice in this word, the first “Y” is subtle and the second is obvious. Sura 36 does not contain a single “Y” of the subtle type. This is a remarkable phenomenon, and one that does not normally occur in a long sura like Sura 36. In my book QURAN: VISUAL PRESENTATION OF THE MIRACLE (Islamic Productions, 1982) every “Y” and “S” in Sura 36 is marked with a star.
H.M. (Ha Mim)
Seven suras are prefixed with the letters “H” (ه) and “M” (م) Suras 40 through 46. The total occurrence of these two letters in the seven H.M.-initialed suras is 2147, or 19x113. The detailed data are shown in Table 3.
Naturally, the alteration of a single letter “H” or “M” in any of the seven H.M.-initialed suras would have destroyed this intricate phenomenon.
`A.S.Q. (`Ayn Seen Qaf)
These initials constitute Verse 2 of Sura 42, and the total occurrence of these letters in this sura is 209, or 19x11. The letter “ `A” (`Ayn) occurs 98 times, the letter “S” (Seen) occurs 54 times, and the letter “Q” (Qaf) occurs 57 times.
A.L.M. (Alef Laam Mim)
The letters “A,” “L,” and “M” are the most frequently used letters in the Arabic language, and in the same order as we see in the Quranic Initials — “A,” then “L,” then “M.” These letters prefix six suras — 2, 3, 29, 30, 31, and 32 — and the total occurrence of the three letters in each of the six suras is a multiple of 19 [9899 (19x521), 5662 (19x 298), 1672 (19x88), 1254 (19x66), 817 (19x43), and 570 (19x30), respectively]. Thus, the total occurrence of the three letters in the six suras is 19874 (19x 1046), and the alteration of one of these letters destroys this phenomenon.
A.L.R. (Alef Laam Ra)
These initials are found in Suras 10, 11, 12, 14, and 15. The total occurrences of these letters in these suras are 2489 (19x131), 2489 (19x131), 2375 (19x 125), 1197 (19x63), and 912 (19x48), respectively (Table 5).
A.L.M.R. (Alef Laam Mim Ra)
These initials prefix one sura, No. 13, and the total frequency of occurrence of the four letters is 1482, or 19x78. The letter “A” occurs 605 times, “L” occurs 480 times, “M” occurs 260 times, and “R” occurs 137 times.
A.L.M.S. (Alef Laam Mim Saad)
Only one sura is prefixed with these initials, Sura 7, and the letter “A” occurs in this sura 2529 times, “L” occurs 1530 times, “M” occurs 1164 times, and “S” (Saad) occurs 97 times. Thus, the total occurrence of the four letters in this sura is 2529+1530+1164+97 = 5320 = 19x280.
An important observation here is the interlocking relationship involving the letter “S” (Saad). This letter occurs also in Suras 19 and 38. While complementing its sister letters in Sura 7 to give a total that is divisible by 19, the frequency of this letter also complements its sister letters in Suras 19 and 38 to give a multiple of 19 (see Page 380).
Additionally, the Quranic Initial “S” (Saad) interacts with the Quranic Initials “K.H.Y. `A.” (Kaaf Ha Ya `Ayn) in Sura 19 to give another total that is also a multiple of 19 (see Page 383). This interlocking relationship — which is not unique to the initial “S” (Saad) — contributes to the intricacy of the Quran's numerical code.
K.H.Y.`A.S. (Kaaf Ha Ya `Ayn Saad)
This is the longest set of initials, consisting of five letters, and it occurs in one sura, Sura 19. The letter “K” in Sura 19 occurs 137 times, “H” occurs 175 times, “Y” occurs 343 times, “ `A” occurs 117 times, and “S” (Saad) occurs 26 times. Thus, the total occurrence of the five letters is 137+175+343+117+26 = 798 = 19x42.
H., T.H. (Ta Ha), T.S. (Ta Seen), & T.S.M. (Ta Seen Mim)
An intricate interlocking relationship links these overlapping Quranic Initials to produce a total that is also a multiple of 19. The initial “H.” is found in Suras 19 and 20. The initials “T.H.” prefix Sura 20. The initials “T.S.” are found in Sura 27, while the initials “T.S.M.” prefix its surrounding Suras 26 & 28.
It should be noted at this time that the longer, more complex, interlocking and overlapping initials are found in the suras where uncommonly powerful miracles are narrated. For example, the virgin birth of Jesus is given in Sura 19, which is prefixed with the longest set of initials, K.H.Y.`A.S.
The interlocking initials “H.,” “T.H.,” “T.S.,” and “T.S.M.” prefix suras describing the miracles of Moses, Jesus, and the uncommon occurrences surrounding Solomon and his jinns. God thus provides stronger evidence to support stronger miracles. The frequencies of occurrence of these initials are presented in Table 6.
What Is A “Gematrical Value”?
When the Quran was revealed, 14 centuries ago, the numbers known today did not exist. A universal system was used where the letters of the Arabic, Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek alphabets were used as numerals. The number assigned to each letter is its “Gematrical Value.” The numerical values of the Arabic alphabet are shown in Table 7.
Other Mathematical Properties of the Initialed Suras
Fourteen Arabic letters, half the Arabic alphabet, participate in the formation of 14 different sets of Quranic Initials. By adding the gematrical value of each one of these letters, plus the number of suras which are prefixed with Quranic Initials (29), we obtain a total of 722, or 19x19x2.
Additionally, if we add the total gematrical value of all 14 initials, plus the number of the first sura where the initial occurs, we get a grand total of 988, 19x52. Table 8 presents these data.
If we add the number of occurrences of each of the 14 letters listed in Table 8 as an initial, plus the numbers of the suras where it occurs as an initial, the Grand Total comes to 2033, 19x107. See Table 9.
Table 10 presents the total frequency of Quranic Initials, plus the total gematrical value of these letters in the whole sura. The Grand Total for all initialed suras is 1089479. This number, in excess of one million, is a multiple of 19 (1089479 = 19 x 57341). The slightest alteration or distortion destroys the system.
Note: The total gematrical value of the Quranic Initials in a given sura equals the gematrical value of each initial multiplied by the frequency of occurrence of that initial in the sura.
Major Parameters of the Quranic Initials (Suras, Verses, Frequency, First Sura, & Last Sura)
Table 11 shows that the sum of numbers of suras and verses where the Quranic Initials are found, plus the initial's frequency of occurrence in that sura, plus the number of the first sura where the initials occur, plus the number of the last sura where the initials occur, produces a total that equals 44232, or 19x2348. Thus, the distribution of the Quranic Initials in the initialed suras is so intricate that their counts and their placement within suras are intertwined to give a grand total that is a multiple of 19.
It is noteworthy that the initial “N” must be counted as two N's. This reflects the fact that the original Quranic text spells out this initial with 2 N's.
Grand Total = 43423+295+514 = 44232 = 19x2328.
A special mathematical coding authenticates the number of verses where the Quranic Initials themselves are found. As detailed in Table 11, all Quranic Initials occur in Verse 1, except in Sura 42 (initials in Verses 1 and 2). This fact is supported by the remarkable mathematical phenomenon detailed in Table 12. If we multiply the first two columns of Table 12, instead of adding, we still end up with a Total that is divisible by 19 (see Table 13).
Obviously, it is crucial to have two different initialed verses in Sura 42 in order to conform with the Quran's mathematical code. The fact that Verse 1 of Sura 42 consists of the two Quranic Initials “H.M.” and the second verse consists of the three Initials “ `A.S.Q.” has perplexed Muslim scholars and orientalists for 14 centuries.
By the end of this Appendix, the reader will see that every element of the Quran is mathematically authenticated. The elements we are dealing with now are “the number of Quranic Initials in each initialed sura” and “the number of verses that contain Quranic Initials.” Tables 11 through 13 have dealt with these two elements.
Additional mathematical authentication is shown in Tables 14 and 15. In Table 14, we have the numbers of all initialed suras added to the number of verses in each sura, plus the number of verses containing initials, plus the gematrical values of those initials. The Grand Total is 7030, or 19x370.
Remarkably, if we multiply the first two columns of Table 14, instead of adding them, we still get a Grand Total that is divisible by 19 (Table 15).
The number of verses per sura, and the numbers assigned to each verse are among the basic elements of the Quran. Not only are these elements authenticated mathematically, but both initialed and un-initialed suras are independently coded. Since we are now dealing with the initialed suras, Table 16 presents the numbers assigned to these suras, added to the numbers of verses in each sura, plus the sum of verse numbers (1+2+3+ ... + n). The Grand total is 190133, or 19x10007.
By adding the number of every sura to the number of the next sura, and accumulating the sums of sura numbers as we continue this process to the end of the Quran, we will have a value that corresponds to each sura. Thus, Sura 1 will have a corresponding value of 1, Sura 2 will have a value of 1+2=3, Sura 3 will have a value of 3+3=6, Sura 4 will have a value of 6+4 = 10, and so on to the end of the Quran. The total values for the initialed and the un-initialed suras are independently divisible by 19. The values for the initialed suras are shown in Table 17.
The values calculated for the un-initialed suras add up to a total of 237785, which is also a multiple of 19 (237785 = 19x12515).
Mathematical Coding of Special Words The Word “God” (Allah)
 As shown earlier the word “God” occurs in the Quran 2698 times, 19x142.
 The numbers of verses where the word “God” occurs add up to 118123, also a multiple of 19 (118123 = 19x6217).
These simple phenomena gave us many difficulties while simply counting the word “God.” We were a group of workers, equipped with computers, and all of us college graduates. Yet, we made several errors in counting, calculating, or simply writing the counts of the word “God.” Those who still claim that Muhammad was the author of the Quran are totally illogical; he never went to college, and he did not have a computer.
 From the first Quranic Initials (A.L.M. 2:1) to the last initial (N. 68:1), there are 2641, 19 x 139, occurrences of the word “God.”
 The word “God” occurs 57 times in the section outside the Initials (Table 18).
 By adding the numbers of the suras and verses where these 57 occurrences of the word “God” are found, we get a total of 2432, or 19x128. See Table 18.
 The word “God” occurs in 85 suras. If we add the number of each sura to the number of verses between the first and last occurrences of the word “God,” both verses inclusive, the Grand Total comes to 8170 or 19 x 430. An abbreviated representation of the data is shown in Table 19.
 The Quran's dominant message is that there is only “One God.” The word “One,” in Arabic “Wahed” occurs in the Quran 25 times. Six of these occurrences refer to other than God (one kind of food, one door, etc.). The other 19 occurrences refer to God. These data are found in the classic reference INDEX TO THE WORDS OF QURAN.
The crucial importance of the word "ONE" as the Quran's basic message is manifested in the fact that the Quran's common denominator, 19, happens to be the gematrical value of the word "ONE."
As pointed out later in this Appendix, all God's scriptures, not only the Quran, were mathematically coded with the number “19.” Even the universe at large bears this divine mark. The number 19 can be looked upon as the Almighty Creator's signature on everything He created (see Appendix 38). The number “19” possesses unique mathematical properties beyond the scope of this Appendix. For example:
 It is a prime number.
 It encompasses the first numeral (1) and the last numeral (9), as if to proclaim God's attribute in 57:3 as the “Alpha and the Omega.”
 It looks the same in all languages of the world. Both components, 1 and 9, are the only numerals that look the same in all languages.
The Lord our God is ONE!
Therefore, you shall worship the Lord your God with all your heart, with all your soul, with all your mind, and with all your strength.
[Deuteronomy 6:4-5] [Mark 12:29] [Quran 2:163, 17:22-23]
 It possesses many peculiar mathematical properties. For example, 19 is the sum of the first powers of 9 and 10, and the difference between the second powers of 9 and 10.
We now understand that the universal coding of God's creations with the number 19 rests in the fact that it is the gematrical value of the word “ONE” in all the scriptural languages — Aramaic, Hebrew, and Arabic.
The number 19, therefore, proclaims the First Commandment in all the scriptures: that there is only ONE God.
As shown in Table 7, the Aramaic, Hebrew, and Arabic alphabets used to double as numerals in accordance with a universally established system. The Hebrew word for “ONE” is “VAHD” (pronounced V-AHAD). In Arabic, the word for “ONE” is “WAHD” (pronounced WAAHED). See Table 20.
The Word “Quran”
The word “Quran” occurs in the Quran 58 times, with one of them, in 10:15, referring to “another Quran.” This particular occurrence, therefore, must be excluded. Thus, the frequency of occurrence of “this Quran” in the Quran is 57, or 19x3.
Two other grammatical forms of the word “Quran” occur in 12 verses. These include the word “Quranun” and the word “Quranahu.” One of these occurrences, in 13:31 refers to “another Quran” that cause the mountains to crumble. Another occurrence, in 41:44, refers to “a non-Arabic Quran.” These two occurrences, therefore, are excluded. Table 21 shows a list of the suras and verses where the word “Quran,” in all its grammatical forms, occurs.
A STRONG FOUNDATION
The Quran's first verse, “In the Name of God, Most Gracious, Most Merciful,” known as Basmalah, consists of 19 Arabic letters. Its constituent words occur in the Quran consistently in multiples of 19.
Professor Cesar Majul looked at the gematrical value of more than 400 attributes of God, and found only four names whose gematrical vaues are multiples of 19:
As noted above, the only Divine Names whose gematrical values are divisible by 19 correspond exactly to the frequencies of occurrence of the Basmalah's four words. The figure below illustrates this remarkable phenomenon:
The Five Pillars of Islam
Although the Quran provides numerous important commandments governing all aspects of our lives (see for example 17:22-38), five basic “pillars” have been traditionally emphasized. They are:
Shahaadah: Bearing witness that there is no other god besides God.
Salat: Observing five daily Contact Prayers.
Seyaam: Fasting during the ninth month of the Islamic calendar (Ramadan).
Zakat: Giving away 2.5% of one's net income as a charity to specified people.
Hajj: Pilgrimage to Mecca once in a lifetime for those who can afford it.
Like everything else in the Quran, these are mathematically structured.
1. One God (Shahaadah)
As mentioned earlier, the word "ONE” that refers to God occurs in the Quran 19 times. The reference to God "ALONE” occurs 5 times, and the sum of the sura and verse numbers where we find these five occurrences is 361, 19x19.
The "First Pillar of Islam” is stated in 3:18 as "LAA ELAAHA ELLA HOO” (There is no other god besides Him). This most important expression occurs in 19 suras. The first occurrence is in 2:163, and the last occurrence is in 73:9. Table 22 shows that the total of sura numbers, plus the number of verses between the first and last occurrences, plus the sum of these verse numbers is 316502, or 19x 16658.
Also, by adding the numbers of the 19 suras where LAA ELAAHA ELLA HOO occurs, plus the verse numbers where this crucial expression is found, plus the total number of occurrences (29), the Grand Total comes to 2128, or 19x112. The details are shown in Table 23.
2. The Contact Prayers "Salat"
The word "Salat " occurs in the Quran 67 times, and when we add the numbers of suras and verses of these 67 occurrences, the total comes to 4674, or 19x246 (see INDEX OF THE QURAN).
3. Fasting (Seyaam)
The commandment to fast is mentioned in 2:183, 184, 185, 187, 196; 4:92; 5:89, 95; 33:35, 35; & 58:4. The total of these numbers is 1387, or 19x73. It is noteworthy that 33:35 mentions fasting twice, one for the believing men, and the other for the believing women.
4. The Obligatory Charity (Zakat) & 5. Hajj (Pilgrimage to Mecca)
While the first three "Pillars of Islam” are obligatory upon all Muslim men and women, the Zakat and Hajj are decreed only for those who can afford them. This explains the interesting mathematical phenomenon associated with Zakat and Hajj.
The Zakat charity is mentioned in 2:43, 83, 110, 177, 277; 4:77, 162; 5:12, 55, 7:156; 9:5, 11, 18, 71; 18:81; 19:13, 31, 55; 21:73; 22:41, 78; 23:4; 24:37, 56; 27:3; 30:39; 31:4; 33:33; 41:7; 58:13; 73:20; and 98:5. These numbers add up to 2395. This total does not quite make it as a multiple of 19; it is up by 1.
The Hajj Pilgrimage occurs in 2:189, 196, 197; 9:3; and 22:27. These numbers add up to 645, and this total does not quite make it as a multiple of 19; it is down by 1.
Thus, Zakat and Hajj, together, give a total of 2395+645 = 3040 = 19x160.
THE QURAN'S MATHEMATICAL STRUCTURE
The Quran's suras, verses, words, and letters are not only mathematically composed, but also arranged into a superhuman structure that is purely mathematical, i.e., the literary content has nothing to do with such an arrangement.
Since the physical construction of the Quran is purely mathematical, it would be expected that the numbers mentioned in the Quran must conform with the Quran's 19-based code.
A total of 30 unique numbers are mentioned throughout the Quran, and the sum of all these numbers is 162146, a multiple of 19 (162146 = 19x8534). Table 24 lists all the numbers mentioned in the Quran, without the repetitions.
The numbers which are mentioned only once in the Quran are: 11, 19, 20, 50, 60, 80, 99, 300, 2000, 3000, 5000, 50000, and 100000.
All the numbers mentioned in the Quran, with repetitions, occur 285 times, and this number is a multiple of 19; 285 = 19x15.
The Numbers of Suras and Verses
The numbering system of the Quran's suras and verses has been perfectly preserved. Only a few unauthorized and easily detectable printings deviate from the standard system that is divinely guarded.
When we add the numbers of all suras, plus the number of verses in every sura, plus the sum of verse numbers, the Grand total for the whole Quran comes to 346199, 19x19x959. Table 25 is an abbreviated presentation of these data. Thus, the slightest alteration of a single sura or verse would have destroyed this system. As shown in Table 16, if we consider only the 29 initialed suras, these same data produce a Grand Total which is also a multiple of 19. It follows that the data for the un-initialed suras are also divisible by 19. Table 26 is an abbreviated presentation of the same data related to the 85 un-initialed suras.
Superhuman Numerical Combinations
Let us write down the number of each verse in the Quran, preceded for each sura by the number of verses in that sura. Thus, Sura 1, which consists of seven verses, will be represented by the number 7 1234567. What we are doing here is forming long numbers by writing the numbers of verses next to each other. To find the number representing Sura 2, you write down the number of verses in this sura, 286, followed by the number of every verse, written next to each other. Thus, the number representing Sura 2 will look like this: 286 12345.....284285286. The two numbers representing the first two suras are:
7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 & 286 1 2 3 4 5.....284 285 286.
Putting these two numbers together to form one number representing the first two suras, we get this number:
7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 286 1 2 3 4 5.....284 285 286.
This process is continued until every verse in the Quran is written down, thus forming one very long number encompassing the number of every verse in the Quran. The number representing the whole Quran is a multiple of 19 & consists of 12692 digits, which is also a multiple of 19.
Instead of putting the total number of verses in every sura ahead of the sura, let us put it at the end of every sura. Thus, the number representing Sura 1 will look like this: 1234567 7, instead of 7 1234567. The number representing Sura 2 will look like this: 12345.....284 285 286 286 instead of 286 12345.....284285286. The numbers representing the first two suras will look like this:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7 & 1 2 3 4 5.....284 285 286 286.
Putting these two numbers together to form a longer number representing the first two suras, we get a number that looks like this:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7 1 2 3 4 5.....284 285 286 286.
Since we are putting the total number of verses per sura at the end of each sura, we must put the total number of numbered verses (6234) at the end of the Quran. The last numbers, therefore, represent the last sura (123456 6), followed by the total number of numbered verses in the Quran (6234):
1 2 3 4 5 6 6 & 6234 >>> 1 2 3 4 5 6 6 6234.
Putting together all the verses of all the suras, produces a long number that consists of 12696 digits, and is a multiple of 19.
Now let us include the number of every sura.
Write down the number of every verse in every sura, followed by the number of the sura, followed by the number of verses in the sura. Thus, the number representing Sura 1 looks like this: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 7. The number representing Sura 2 looks like this: 1 2 3 4 5 .....284 285 286 2 286. The number representing the last sura (No. 114) looks like this: 1 2 3 4 5 6 114 6. The total number of numbered verses (6234) is added at the end. This number, representing the whole Quran, is a multiple of 19; it looks like this:
Instead of putting the total number of verses in every sura after the sura, let us now put it ahead of the sura. Thus, the number representing Sura 1 looks like this: 7 1234567 1, instead of 1234567 1 7, and the number representing Sura 2 looks like this: 286 12345.....284 285 286 2, instead of 12345.....284 285 286 2 286. This very long number representing the whole Quran is a multiple of 19.
Now, let us write down the number of every verse in every sura, followed by the sum of verse numbers for every sura. Sura 1 consists of 7 verses, and the sum of verse numbers is 1+2+3+4+5+6+7 = 28. Thus, the number representing Sura 1 looks like this: 1234567 28.
The sum of verse numbers for Sura 2 is 41041 (1+2+3+ ... + 286). Thus, the number representing Sura 2 looks like this: 12345...284 285 286 41041.
The number representing the last sura, which consists of 6 verses, looks like this: 123456 21, since 1+2+3+4+5+6 = 21.
The complete number, representing the whole Quran, consists of 12836 digits and is a multiple of 19. It looks like this:
Remarkably, if we take the “Fifth No.” shown above and reverse the order of verse numbers and sum of verse numbers, i.e., move the sum of verse numbers, and put it ahead of the sura, the resulting long number is still a multiple of 19.
Even writing the suras backward, i.e., reversing the order of suras by starting with the last sura and ending with the first sura, and placing the sum of verse numbers after the verses of each sura, the product is still a multiple of 19.
Write the sum of verse numbers for the whole Quran (333410), followed by the number of numbered verses in the Quran (6234), then the number of suras (114). Every sura is then represented by its number followed by its number of verses. The numbers representing Suras 1 and 2 are 1 7 and 2 286. The complete number, covering all suras of the Quran, consists of 474 digits, and is a multiple of 19 — it looks like this:
Now let us reverse the order of sura number and its number of verses as presented in the “Eighth No.” Thus, the numbers representing the first two suras look like this: 7 1 & 286 2, instead of 1 7 & 2 286. The complete number also consists of 474 digits and is still a multiple of 19. It looks like this:
If we write down the sum of verse numbers for Sura 1 (28), followed by the sum of verse numbers for Sura 2 (41041), and so on to the end of the Quran, and placing the Grand Sum of verse numbers (333410) at the end, the resulting long number (Tenth No.) consists of 377 digits, and is a multiple of 19.
If we write down the number of suras in the Quran (114), followed by the total number of numbered verses (6234), followed by the number of every sura and its sum of verse numbers, the final long number (612 digits) is a multiple of 19.
Lest anyone may think that any Quranic parameter is left un-guarded with this awesome mathematical code, let us look at more parameters.
If we write down the number of suras (114), followed by the number of numbered verses, followed by the Grand Sum of verse numbers in the whole Quran (333410), followed by the numbers of every sura and its verses, we end up with a very long number (12712 digits) that is a multiple of 19.
If we write down the numbers of verses in every sura next to each other, we end up with a 235-digit number that is a multiple of 19. To do this, write down the total number of numbered verses in the Quran (6234), followed by the number of verses in every sura, then close with the total number of numbered verses in the Quran. The final long number looks like this:
If we write down the number of numbered verses in the Quran (6234), followed by the number of suras (114), followed by the number of every verse in every sura, then close with the number of verses in the Quran (6234) and the number of suras (114), the final number consists of 12479 digits, and is a multiple of 19.
Another long number that consists of 12774 digits is formed by writing down the number of every verse in every sura, followed by the number of every sura added to its number of verses. Sura 1 consists of 7 verses, and the total 1+7 is 8. Therefore, the number representing Sura 1 looks like this: 1234567 8. Since Sura 2 consists of 286 verses, the number representing Sura 2 looks like this: 12345...286 288. This is done for every sura in the Quran. The final combined number consists of 12774 digits, and is a multiple of 19.
More specialized features are in Appendices 2, 9, 19, 24, 25, 26, 29, and 37.
Last Minute Discovery
Mr. Abdullah Arik made the following discoveries just before printing time:
1. If we write down the number of verses in every sura, followed by the sum of verse numbers, and keep all number justified to the left, the total of all left-justified numbers is 4,859,309,774, or 19x255753146 (Table 1).
2. Do the same as above, except write down the number of every verse, instead of the number of verses. The total this time consists of 757 digits and is still a multiple of 19 (Table 2).
3. Do the same as above, but justify everything to the right, and write down the sura number, followed by the number of verses in that sura, followed by the number of every verse in the sura, and finally, the sum of verse numbers. The total consists of 759 digits and is also a multiple of 19 (Table 3).
GOD BE GLORIFIED.
A Witness From the Children of Israel [46:10]
[46:10] Proclaim: “What if it is from God, and you disbelieved in it? A witness from the Children of Israel has borne witness to a similar phenomenon, and he has believed, while you have turned too arrogant to believe. God does not guide the wicked."
All praise and thanks are due to God who has willed that His miracle of the Quran shall be revealed at this time. He has distinguished the following individuals and blessed them by revealing through them many portions of this momentous discovery: Abdullah Arik, Mohamoud Ali Abib, Lisa Spray, Edip Yuksel, Ihsan Ramadan, Feroz Karmally, Ismail Barakat, Gatut Adisoma, Ahmed Yusuf (of Lagos), Cesar A. Majul, Muhtesem Erisen, Emily Kay Sterrett and Cecilia Albertha Wallen.


Admission to the program is highly competitive. In order to be considered for the RIBN program, academic requirements include:
- A high school diploma or its equivalent plus satisfactory completion of the following course requirements:
- Four units of English
- Two units of a language other than English
- One unit of American History
- Three units of mathematics (algebra I, algebra II, and geometry). Other math such as statistics is encouraged but not required.
- One unit of a laboratory science (other than Chemistry)
- One Unit of Chemistry (Required) - must be within the last 5 years
Students must also have:
- An SAT score of a minimum of 500 in Critical Reading and 500 in Math OR ACT score of a minimum 22 in English/Reading and 22 in Math
- An unweighted cumulative grade point average (GPA) of 3.0 on a 4.0 scale in high school courses
- A Test of Essential Academic Skills exam (TEAS V ®) score at or above the Proficient level or a minimum of 63 points
Admission to the program is highly competitive. After meeting all RIBN program admission requirements, applicants will be ranked numerically based on the following criteria:
- GPA is weighted as 25% of the score
- SAT or ACT score is weighted as 25% of the score
- TEAS V ® (Test of Essential Academic Skills) Exam is weighted as 50% of the score
Applicants will be notified of their admission status in the spring.
Transfer students are also welcome to apply to RIBN. Please contact the Student Success Advocate for specific Transfer requirements.


Zero-knowledge proofs are a highly ingenious cryptographic method that allows a prover to demonstrate their knowledge of certain information to a verifier without revealing the actual information itself.
This technological concept was first proposed by researchers at MIT in the late 1980s. However, it wasn’t until the recent rise of blockchain technology that zero-knowledge proofs were truly widely applied in practice.
This article will briefly outline the development history and basic principles of zero-knowledge proof technology.
The development history of cryptography can be divided into three stages: classical, modern, and contemporary. Classical cryptography originated in the military field, focusing on how to securely and reliably transmit information. The Vigenère cipher, which employed multiple substitution tables, greatly increased the difficulty of decryption. Modern cryptography emerged from information theory and was formalized by figures like Shannon. The introduction of the RSA algorithm marked the beginning of the modern cryptography era, addressing the key distribution problem.
The invention of zero-knowledge proofs opened a new chapter in contemporary cryptography research.
In 1985, the GBC protocol proposed by Goldreich, Micali, and Wigderson achieved interactive zero-knowledge proofs. In 1991, Fiat and Shamir introduced a method to transform interactive zero-knowledge proofs into non-interactive proofs. In 1994, the PICCS protocol reduced the proof length. Subsequently, various types of zero-knowledge proofs such as SNARKs and STARKs emerged, each with its own characteristics. With the advent of blockchain technology, their applications have rapidly expanded.
Zero-knowledge proofs allow a prover to demonstrate to a verifier that they possess certain information without revealing the actual information itself. The basic idea can be illustrated using a Sudoku game. The prover, Alice, designs a Sudoku puzzle for the verifier, Bob, that Bob cannot solve. To prove that she has the solution, Alice prepares 81 cards with numbers from 1 to 9. She arranges these cards face up according to the puzzle and face down in a 9×9 grid according to the solution. Bob randomly selects a row or column for verification, and Alice reorders the cards based on Bob’s choice to ensure that the selected row or column satisfies the Sudoku requirements. This process is repeated multiple times until Bob is convinced that Alice indeed has the solution.
Throughout history, zero-knowledge proof technology has evolved from “interactive proof systems” to “non-interactive proof systems.” Early proof systems required multiple rounds of interaction between the prover and verifier to complete the proof, which was inefficient and inconvenient. Researchers then proposed non-interactive proof systems, where trusted third parties generate verification parameters in advance. The prover only needs to construct a proof based on these parameters and send it to the verifier once, without the need for multiple rounds of interaction. This greatly improved efficiency.
The most common zero-knowledge proof protocol currently is zkSNARK. It achieves the separation of proof and verification by flattening computer code, introducing constraint systems, employing elliptic curve encryption, and using a series of technical measures. Validators can verify that the prover has correctly performed the computation as required without needing to know the solution.
zkSNARK has also spawned various algorithms in terms of efficiency, data volume, etc., such as Sonic, Plonk, and others. With the development of dedicated hardware, the computational cost of zero-knowledge proofs is expected to decrease significantly.
Another type of zero-knowledge proof protocol is zk-STARK. Unlike zk-SNARKs, which rely on specific mathematical hardness assumptions for security, zk-STARK is based on cryptographic hash functions, making its security more closely related to determinism. However, zk-STARK proofs tend to be larger in size and less efficient. As algorithms continue to be optimized, zk-STARK is evolving towards practicality.
Zero-knowledge proof technology has immense value in protecting privacy data. It has already been applied in many blockchain projects, such as the privacy coin Zcash and Layer 2 solutions like zkRollup. As the technology continues to advance, zero-knowledge proofs are bound to bring even more possibilities to the blockchain world.
In the future, we can expect their role to expand to various scenarios, including financial transactions, medical data, digital identities, and more. They will also promote the development of blockchain scalability and layered architecture. Current challenges include the need for large-scale trusted setups, efficiency, and usability hurdles. With the progress of dedicated hardware and protocol standardization, zero-knowledge proofs are poised to play a larger role in the future of blockchain.


What is the mole of NaCl and H2O ,cal. The mole fraction of NaCl in 200 g aqueous solution content 10% NaCl if At. Wt. H=1 , O=16 , Na=23, Cl=35.5
200 g NaCl aqueous solution consisting of 20 g NaCl [10% NaCl (=200/10 = 20 g NaCl)] and 180 g H2O.
moles of NaCl = Weight / MW = 20/58.5 = 0.342 mole
moles of H2O = Weight / MW = 180/18 = 10 moles


Rob Eastaway challenges you with Diffy Squares in the next installment in our 50 Challenges for 50 Years Anniversary Challenge Book. Rob is an author and speaker, well known for his work making maths accessible to children and parents. His bestselling books include Maths on the Go: 101 Ways to Play with Maths and Why Do Buses Come in Threes? His latest book is called Any Ideas? and his about how to think creatively.
This challenge has several levels and will get your noggin whirring with shapes and numbers – some of the maths things you might like most! There is an ultra-challenge and a genius-challenge for you to have a go at as well.
Members can download the full 50 Challenges for 50 Years book free of charge (normally £7.50).
A hard copy of the full 50 Challenges for 50 Years is also available for £15.00 (including postage and packaging to UK addresses).
You can track your progress using the Challenge Chart. Once you’ve completed as many challenges as you can, send your chart and the answer to or result of the challenge you enjoyed the most to firstname.lastname@example.org and we’ll send you a certificate!


Welcome to the online home of the #KPI. This day has been 10 years in the making, and I’ve finally decided to share a formula and data that has helped shape how I’ve thought about sports for a long time.
Over time, I will prove through analytics how precise and accurate the formula is. Numbers, interpretations and rankings will be updated regularly. I’ll look to have some fun, too, both here and with the debut of the site’s Twitter @KPIsports.
The details of the formula can be found here. I’ve also compiled data from the 2012-13 college football and college basketball seasons to allow readers to sample how the math works. The story of how the formula came to be can be found here.
The #KPI measures teams by assigning a value for each team as part of each game (that’s 11,344 values for 5,672 college basketball games in 2012-13 as of Selection Sunday). A team’s season-long #KPI is determined by the sum of each game’s #KPI, divided by games played. Each game is worth exactly the same. In the weighted-RPI, a game can be worth 0.6, 1.0 or 1.4 games depending on its location. The #KPI values the numerator of the equation only, and does not mess with the denominator as the RPI does.
The #KPI also incorporates games against Non-Division I (in basketball) or FCS (in football) competition. It is data and it is a game played, so it counts. Every game is good data to measure a team’s overall performance. Nothing is being left out.
After a decade’s worth of compiling data, I am convinced this is the most accurate metric in judging a team’s performance in a season (Notice I wrote it judges performance, not which team is necessarily better). Stay tuned this Fall and Winter as the formula proves itself. Welcome aboard!
This is the #KPI.


How Much Is a Cubic Yard?
What Is a Cubic Yard?
A cubic yard is the volume of a cube with the length, width and height of one yard (3 feet or 36 inches). One cubic yard is equal to 27 cubic feet. To help you picture this, the volume of two washing machines is just over a cubic yard.
Because of their shape, dumpster volume is calculated in cubic yards. Knowing how to calculate cubic yards and estimate the amount of debris you have will help you choose the right container size for your project.
What Is the Difference Between a Yard and a Cubic Yard?
A yard measures a two-dimensional area, and a cubic yard measures three-dimensional volume, or how much a space can hold.
What Does a Cubic Yard Look Like?
To measure in cubic yards, you will first need to measure the area in inches or feet and then calculate its volume. Use these steps to determine your volume in terms of yards:
- Measure the length, width and height (or depth) of your debris or the area it is taking up.
- Convert measurements to yards by either dividing measurements in feet by 3 or dividing measurements in inches by 36.
- Once you have your volume in yards, use the equation below to calculate cubic yards.
You can easily calculate cubic yardage by converting all three dimensions of your material into yards and multiplying them. For example, if you dig up a flower bed that is 9 feet long, 3 feet wide and 12 inches deep, you will have one cubic yard of dirt. This is how it breaks down:
- 3 feet equals 1 yard, so 9 feet equals 3 total yards in length.
- The width of 3 feet equals 1 yard.
- The height/depth is 12 inches (1 foot), which equals one-third of a yard.
Multiplying the three dimensions, length, width and height/depth, will give you the total cubic yardage of your debris. In this example, 3 yards x 1 yard x 1/3 yard = 1 cubic yard of dirt.
How Do You Convert Square Feet or Cubic Feet to Cubic Yards?
You can convert area to volume with the right information.
If you know the square footage of your material, you should already know the length and width of it. To convert square feet to cubic yards, you simply need to know the height or depth. Once you have that measurement, multiply the square footage by the height/depth in feet. Divide this number by 27 (the number of cubic feet in a cubic yard) to get a measurement in cubic yards.
If you already have measurements in cubic feet, divide them by 27 to convert to cubic yards.
After you’ve calculated the volume of your debris in cubic yards, it still may be difficult to picture how the dumpster size you’re choosing compares to other disposal methods, such as garbage bags, pick-up truck beds or wheelbarrows. In addition, for some types of project debris that don’t line up as easily as a flower bed, it can be difficult to measure how many cubic yards you’re going to have.
As a point of reference, we’ve broken down how much debris our most common dumpster sizes can hold compared to these other disposal methods:
- 20 cubic yard dumpster: Equivalent to about 110-130 33-gallon trash bags, 6 pickup truck loads or 180-270 wheelbarrow loads.
- 30 cubic yard dumpster: Equivalent to about 170-190 33-gallon trash bags, 9 pickup truck loads or 270-405 wheelbarrow loads.
- 40 cubic yard dumpster: Equivalent to about 230-250 33-gallon trash bags, 12 pickup truck loads or 360-540 wheelbarrow loads.
In addition to volume, the weight of your debris is an important factor to consider prior to disposal. You should also use your measurements to estimate the weight of your debris before your dumpster rental.
The weight of a cubic yard depends entirely on the materials you are disposing of. For reference, the following lists the approximate weight of one cubic yard of common materials:
- 1 cubic yard of mulch weighs about 1,000 pounds, depending on dryness.
- 1 cubic yard of soil weighs roughly 2,200 pounds.
- 1 cubic yard of sand, gravel or stone can weigh more than 3,000 pounds.
- 1 cubic yard of roof shingles can weigh between 4,200 - 7,000 pounds.
- 1 cubic yard of concrete or asphalt weighs about 4,000 pounds.
- 1 cubic yard of drywall weighs about 500 pounds.
- 1 cubic yard of carpet can weigh between 2,300 - 3,200 pounds.
Once you know how to measure the size and weight of your debris in cubic yards, you can confidently select the correct dumpster size for your project. If you’re getting rid of furniture, household junk or another item not listed here, our dumpster size chart is a helpful resource to learn what container size is best for the volume and weight of your materials.
Throwing Away Something Else?
Use our dumpster weight calculator to estimate how much your debris weighs.
Please Note: Volume is not equal to weight in regards to the size of the dumpster. In addition to knowing the total volume of what you’re throwing away, knowing the approximate weight of these items will help you receive the right size dumpster for your project and stay within its weight limits.
Search for Dumpster Rental Prices in Your Area:


Part Of Speech: noun
Definition: A polygon with four sides of equal length and four right angles; an equilateral rectangle; a regular quadrilateral.
Definition: Something characterized by a square, or nearly square, form.
Definition: An L- or T-shaped tool used to place objects or draw lines at right angles.
Definition: An open space or park, often in the center of a town, not necessarily square in shape, often containing trees, seating and other features pleasing to the eye.
Definition: The product of a number or quantity multiplied by itself; the second power of a number, value, term or expression.
Example: 64 is the square of 8.
Definition: A body of troops drawn up in a square formation.
Definition: (1950s slang) A socially conventional or conservative person; a person who has little or no interest in the latest fads or trends: still sometimes used in modern terminology.
Example: Why do you always wear a tie? Don't be such a square!
Definition: The symbol # on a telephone; hash.
Example: Enter your account number followed by a square.
Definition: The central area of a cricket field, with one or more pitches of which only one is used at a time.
Example: An ideal playing area is roughly circular in shape with a central area, the cricket square, measuring 27.44 metres by 27.44 metres and boundaries 45.75 metres from the sides of the square.
Definition: A unit of measurement of area, equal to a 10 foot by 10 foot square, i.e. 100 square feet or roughly 9.3 square metres. Used in real estate for the size of a house or its rooms, though progressively being replaced by square metres in metric countries such as Australia.
Definition: (roofing) A unit used in measuring roof area equivalent to 100 square feet (9.29 m2) of roof area.
Definition: (academia) A mortarboard
Definition: A square meal.
Example: Even when times were tough, we got three squares a day.
Definition: Exact proportion; justness of workmanship and conduct; regularity; rule.
Definition: The relation of harmony, or exact agreement; equality; level.
Definition: The position of planets distant ninety degrees from each other; a quadrate.
Definition: The act of squaring, or quarrelling; a quarrel.
Definition: A vat used for fermentation.


We are searching data for your request:
Quote Official exchange rate ECB Euro / Dollar
These exchange rates are source BCE. They mean the following, for example, for the day XX If the exchange rate is 1.2616, it means that the exchange rate is 1 euro = 1.2616 dollars. In other words, for a check for 1,000 euros (without commissions or expenses) we could obtain 1.2616 x 1,000 = 1,261.6 dollars. If you want to get it the other way around, that is, how many euros is a dollar at, remember to do 1 / 1.2616 ; that is, the inverse of the exchange rate of the day. Therefore, 1 dollar is equivalent to 1 / 1.2616 = 0.7926 euros. This means that if they give us a check for 1,000 dollars, we would obtain (without expenses or commissions) 1000 x 0.7926 = 792.6 euros.


Kokaquilts... where there's lots started... and even a few finishes!
Ok, you've got me stumped! I can only see four complete hexagons :-)
Well...there's 2 blue hexis, 1 pinky one, 1 yellow one and 1 grey one!!! L
I can't see the grey one. Perhaps the colours are a bit off on my computer screen. Or you are messing with me!!
My math Brain can see 9
Thanks so much for taking the time to leave me a comment. I love to hear your thoughts. For those of you who are a 'no-reply' blogger, I will respond within the comments section, so please do check back if you've asked a question or wish to chat. Happy sewing!


I hate math. I’ve always hated math. I’m so bad at math that even math is like “you know what? You look like you’re in pain. I’m just going to balance your checkbook for you.” I was never so happy as when I finished the final exam of the last math class I would ever have to take in college, thanking God that I was done for the rest of my life. Then I became a parent.
The first few years of school weren’t too bad. I could handle the questions she had about her math homework from Kindergarten through about fourth grade. Fifth grade came and I scraped by. Now we’re in sixth grade, and my child is in Advanced Honors Math (she does NOT get this from me). When she has math homework questions these days, I stare at the problems thinking, “when did they start giving math homework in Mandarin? Isn’t it hard enough already?” I really wished I had paid more attention in math class as I was growing up. Thank goodness for Google.
It got me thinking, though. What other things should we have thought through a little more before we were parents? Yeah, those of you nodding your heads, I know what you did “back then” (I’m not here to judge). If you realized then that your life choices were going to matter when you became a parent, would you have done a few things differently? I think it’s hard to say because until you’re a parent, you can’t fathom how much you’re going to love those little creatures. And when you’re young, becoming a parent is a “maybe, someday, we’ll see, I think I might…” if you think of it at all.
There’s not much we can do about our past now, we just need to move forward being the best examples we can for our kids, being thankful that Facebook wasn’t around when we were young, and destroying any photographic evidence of college that they might stumble upon.
I need to get back to my day now, in which I will do no Algebra, as I haven’t for over 20 years (I knew I was right about stinkin’ Algebra).


If you are just getting started with Sudoku, you may not know where to start from and how to go about it. That’s because Daily Sudoku can be quite hard or easy, depending on the difficulty level you choose. If you don’t understand the rules well, it can get even more challenging.
But once you understand the basics of the game, you will enjoy Sudoku more because this classic game is very fun and addictive. If you are a Sudoku beginner and looking for tips to help you play this game successfully without having to stretch your mind, you are in the right place. This article discusses Sudoku tips for beginners. Let’s explore them.
- Look for the easiest to play.
When you initially begin to play a Sudoku puzzle, pinpoint the areas where adding a number will be the simplest. This is typically where there is a densely packed square or row of nearly full numbers. Sometimes, particularly with the Easy-level Sudoku puzzles, you can rapidly determine the ideal place a number by using the process of elimination. For instance, if square 1 already has the numbers 1 through 7, you know that you simply need to decide the ideal place squares 8 and 9. Pay attention to the rows that feed into that square or row because you might rapidly fill in the gaps by eliminating one or both of the numbers.
- Look for any missing numbers.
Sudoku is a logical process of elimination where the goal is to place numbers where they do not already exist. A number cannot be inserted again if it already occupies a row or square. Your task is to continue to think and to look for chances to add numbers to empty cells. In a Sudoku puzzle, for instance, if the top row already has the digits 1, 7, 8, 5, 9, and 2, it signifies that the numbers 3, 4, and 6 are still needed. To rule out any of the three missing numbers, look in the adjacent rows.
- Avoid guessing as much as possible.
Sudoku doesn’t call for guesswork. You would be better off not guessing if you are unsure of whether a particular number belongs in a particular location.
- Keep going
Daily Sudoku encourages the “roving eye”; if you get stuck, try not to focus too intently on one particular area of the grid. Instead, observe whatever fresh ideas occur to you as your eyes and mind stray to a different location on the grid where you haven’t yet positioned any numbers.
- Keep reassessing
Asking oneself, “What changed?” after adding a new number to the Daily Sudoku grid is a good habit to get into. What have you learned as a result of entering that number? What happens in the adjacent squares, for instance, if you successfully set the number 5 in a horizontal row? Every time you put a number down, you have the chance to maybe put down more numbers in adjacent rows and squares (depending on which other numbers in those places are already known). One of the most satisfying features of playing Sudoku is that each step you take gets you closer to the answer.


Around 240 BC, , a Greek mathematician, poet, and astronomer, calculated the Earth’s circumference using shadows, math and the position of the Sun in the sky. The IYL 2015 by the University of Buenos Aires recreates this experiment on a global scale and invites secondary school students from around the world to make measurements and calculate the Earth’s circumference.
Schools around the world will partner up through the Eratosthenes website and combine their measurements to calculate the size of the Earth. All measurements will take place at solar noon within a few days in September 2015, click for more information.
Join Eratosthenes to measure the size of the Earth using the Sun in the International Year of Light 2015. To register a school or educational institution click . The deadline for registration is September 1st 2015.


Cat Sudoku – A roll-and-write Sudoku game with many twists.
Player: 1 to 6
Time: 20 minutes
Type: Family, Sudoku, roll-and-write
Where to buy? Click here to buy from Taiwan Boardgame Design
Cat Sudoku is a roll-and-write sudoku game for 1 to 6 players. In the game, players take turns to roll four dice and all players simultaneously write the numbers on their sudoku puzzle papers. Similar to traditional Sudoku, players should avoid putting the same number into the same row or column in their puzzle, or they will get minus points! The game ends when players fill in all the spaces in the puzzle. The player with the highest points wins the game.
Cat Sudoku comes with four different sudoku puzzles (themed with four seasons of Kyoto) at three different difficulty levels, so that you can enjoy this game with a variety of gaming groups.
Board Game Geek
French Review by Inod
Review by Juegos Roll & Write
Comprehensive Review from What’s Eric Playing?


The All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) has relaxed the eligibility norms for Master of Computer Applications (MCA) course according to a report. Earlier students with only mathematics background in +2 were eligible to take admission in MCA course. The rule has now been amended, according to the new rule either students should have mathematics as a subject in +2 or in graduation.
Number of MCA seats are being left out across all states, since students with BCA, BA, B.Sc without studying Mathematics at the higher secondary school level are ineligible for MCA. It is unclear whether NITs too fall inline with the new eligibility norms or not, NIMCET as of now doesn’t allow students without mathematics in +2.
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Pablo Maldonado, Ph.D.
Pablo Maldonado is an applied mathematician and data scientist, as well as an expert on the future of Artificial and Augmented Intelligence. He teaches courses on Mathematics and Statistics at NEWTON.
What is the most interesting thing you’re working on at the moment?
I’m in the process of redesigning my courses to use collaborative learning techniques — I’ve seen great success with this approach in other countries, and I’m really excited to bring it to my students.
What is your favourite part of your role at NEWTON?
When my students realise that maths classes are not as terrible as they thought they would be! Sometimes they’re even surprised to find that they enjoy it!
What does your research focus on right now?
I supervise students working on reinforcement learning, which is a branch of artificial intelligence in which algorithms are used to solve problems in pricing and decision-making in complex systems.
Tell us one interesting thing about yourself.
I am a martial arts enthusiast (krav maga, kickboxing), and also an aspiring actor (film/TV). There’s a big overlap between teaching and acting!
Watch Pablo in conversation with NEWTON’s Vice-Chancellor Anna Plechata Krausova as they discuss whether AI is coming to take our jobs.


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