Broadcasting

Information

via

Display

Names

in

Instant

Messaging

Many

instant

messenger

-LRB-

IM

-RRB-

clients

let

a

person

specify

the

identifying

name

that

appears

in

another

person

's

contact

list

We

have

noticed

that

many

people

add

extra

information

to

this

name

as

a

way

to

broadcast

information

to

their

contacts

Twelve

IM

contact

lists

comprising

individuals

were

monitored

over

three

weeks

to

observe

how

these

individuals

used

and

altered

their

display

names

Almost

half

of

them

changed

their

display

names

at

varying

frequencies

where

the

new

information

fell

into

seventeen

different

categories

of

communication

supplied

to

others

Three

themes

encompass

these

categories

Identification

-LRB-

who

am

I

-RRB-

Information

About

Self

-LRB-

this

is

what

is

going

on

with

me

-RRB-

and

Broadcast

Message

-LRB-

I

am

directing

information

to

the

community

-RRB-

The

design

implication

is

that

systems

supporting

person

to

person

casual

interaction

such

as

IM

should

explicitly

include

facilities

that

allow

people

to

broadcast

these

types

of

information

to

their

community

of

contacts

K.

-LSB-

Computers

and

Society

-RSB-

Organizational

Impacts

Computer-supported

collaborative

work

Design

Experimentation

Human

Factors

Millions

of

people

use

instant

messenger

-LRB-

IM

-RRB-

clients

daily

to

communicate

with

friends

relatives

co-workers

and

even

online

dating

contacts

With

this

explosion

of

use

researchers

have

taken

to

studying

instant

messaging

and

its

impact

Much

of

the

research

regarding

IM

has

been

focused

on

its

primary

uses

maintaining

awareness

of

a

contact

's

presence

and

availability

how

people

-LRB-

usually

dyads

-RRB-

converse

via

text

chat

and

how

they

exploit

other

features

such

as

file

sharing

and

receipt

of

notifications

For

example

studies

of

IM

use

in

the

workplace

expose

how

it

supports

collaboration

communication

and

project

activities

-LSB-

-RSB-

as

well

as

its

negative

effects

-LSB-

-RSB-

such

as

disruption

-LSB-

-RSB-

In

more

social

contexts

researchers

found

a

positive

relationship

between

the

amount

of

IM

use

and

verbal

affective

and

social

intimacy

-LSB-

-RSB-

IM

also

proves

important

in

the

life

of

teens

where

it

helps

support

the

maintenance

of

their

social

relationships

-LSB-

-RSB-

Other

computer-mediated

communication

tools

such

as

MUDs

-LRB-

Multi-User

Domains

or

Multi-User

Dungeons

-RRB-

IRC

-LRB-

Internet

Relay

Chat

-RRB-

and

broadcast

messaging

tools

also

allow

spontaneous

real-time

-LRB-

or

synchronous

-RRB-

communication

with

other

users

However

there

are

significant

differences

between

them

IM

is

predominately

used

between

people

who

are

known

to

each

other

outside

of

cyberspace

e.g.

friends

and

associates

IM

conversations

are

also

private

and

tend

to

be

between

pairs

of

people

They

are

also

person

centered

and

not

group

centered

while

a

contact

list

may

collect

one

's

buddies

these

lists

are

not

shared

across

contacts

In

contrast

MUDs

and

IRC

are

public

channels

where

any

conversation

is

heard

by

all

people

currently

in

the

MUD

or

IRC

Most

tend

to

be

used

by

strangers

i.e.

those

who

are

unknown

to

each

other

in

real

space

and

usually

involve

more

than

two

individuals

Indeed

the

norm

is

for

participants

to

protect

their

anonymity

by

displaying

a

pseudonym

rather

than

their

real

names

Any

personal

messages

that

are

posted

are

usually

in

relation

to

their

virtual

identity

However

a

few

experimental

MUD-like

systems

do

focus

on

teams

where

they

provide

its

members

with

rich

awareness

information

of

one

another

and

more

power

in

their

collaboration

tools

e.g.

Sideshow

-LSB-

-RSB-

Notification

Collage

-LSB-

-RSB-

or

Community

Bar

-LSB-

-RSB-

Broadcast

messaging

tools

-LSB-

-RSB-

sit

in

the

middle

where

real-time

messages

usually

comprising

notifications

and

announcements

-LRB-

not

conversations

-RRB-

are

sent

to

large

groups

of

people

who

are

somehow

associated

with

one

another

e.g.

Tickertape

-LSB-

-RSB-

The

big

win

of

IM

is

that

it

provides

one

's

ad

hoc

set

of

contacts

with

awareness

of

one

's

online

state

which

in

turns

serves

as

an

estimate

of

one

's

availability

for

conversation

While

not

completely

accurate

-LSB-

-RSB-

even

this

minimal

information

suffices

to

create

opportunities

for

lightweight

text-based

conversations

and

to

reduce

the

equivalent

of

telephone

tag

While

many

research

systems

go

far

beyond

IM

in

the

rich

awareness

information

they

give

to

others

-LSB-

e.g.

-RSB-

questions

remain

about

privacy

implications

of

distributing

this

information

IM

contacts

are

identified

by

the

system

through

e-mail

addresses

While

unique

these

email

addresses

may

be

cryptic

Permission

to

make

digital

or

hard

copies

of

all

or

part

of

this

work

for

personal

or

classroom

use

is

granted

without

fee

provided

that

copies

are

not

made

or

distributed

for

profit

or

commercial

advantage

and

that

copies

bear

this

notice

and

the

full

citation

on

the

first

page

To

copy

otherwise

or

republish

to

post

on

servers

or

to

redistribute

to

lists

requires

prior

specific

permission

and/or

a

fee

GROUP

November

Sanibel

Island

Florida

USA

Copyright

ACM

to

a

human

viewer

e.g.

a

person

may

not

be

able

to

infer

that

is

really

Gregor

McEwan

Consequently

the

designers

of

most

IM

clients

include

a

feature

that

lets

a

person

create

and/or

change

their

display

name

at

any

time

this

name

is

shown

to

others

instead

of

the

email

address

For

example

in

MSN

Messenger

-LRB-

Figure

-RRB-

a

person

can

raise

the

Personal

Settings

dialog

by

selecting

the

drop-down

menu

attached

to

their

name

-LRB-

i.e.

Stephanie

in

the

figure

-RRB-

and

edit

the

Display

name

text

field

which

we

also

call

the

display

field

within

it

All

contacts

immediately

see

this

new

name

Because

we

are

heavy

IM

users

we

noticed

that

many

of

our

contacts

change

their

display

field

to

do

more

than

simply

identify

or

label

themselves

Figure

illustrates

this

where

we

see

that

various

people

have

used

this

feature

to

publicly

broadcast

what

they

are

doing

-LRB-

e.g.

anitsirK

Marking

-RRB-

or

an

event

in

their

life

-LRB-

e.g.

Employed

-RRB-

or

a

personal

state

of

mind

-LRB-

e.g.

Chasing

Insanity

-RRB-

Other

examples

we

saw

include

using

the

display

field

as

a

way

to

publicize

personal

status

specify

location

post

comments

ask

questions

and

even

post

popular

culture

references

These

obviously

augment

IM

's

preset

availability

messages

-LRB-

i.e.

away

busy

be

right

back

-RRB-

in

far

richer

ways

than

the

system

was

explicitly

designed

to

support

We

believed

that

people

's

appropriation

of

the

IM

display

name

feature

into

a

public

broadcast

facility

is

a

phenomenon

worth

exploring

Why

was

this

space

being

appropriated

for

messages

broadcast

to

an

entire

contact

list

What

were

users

trying

to

communicate

to

others

and

how

is

this

information

different

than

that

in

a

normal

IM

conversation

How

often

do

these

messages

or

alternate

communications

occur

To

answer

these

and

other

questions

we

conducted

a

three

week

study

where

we

monitored

changes

in

each

person

's

display

field

within

contact

lists

held

by

various

users

of

MSN

Messenger

We

tracked

how

often

contacts

changed

their

display

name

and

what

these

changes

were

We

also

categorized

these

changes

into

communication

purposes

After

briefly

summarizing

some

related

work

we

describe

the

methodology

used

to

acquire

display

name

usage

data

This

is

followed

by

our

results

a

discussion

of

the

findings

implications

of

the

work

and

recommendations

for

future

work

There

are

a

variety

of

articles

describing

how

people

identify

themselves

on

the

Internet

usually

in

MUDs

and

IRC

Yet

most

of

these

stress

how

identity

is

formed

through

pseudo-anonymity

-LSB-

-RSB-

i.e.

where

a

person

creates

a

virtual

identity

to

project

a

different

persona

of

who

they

are

while

protecting

their

real

identity

People

's

choices

of

names

and/or

avatars

are

usually

one

part

of

identity

creation

This

work

is

not

particularly

applicable

to

IM

as

people

on

a

contact

list

are

typically

known

to

one

another

Grinter

Palen

's

-LSB-

-RSB-

study

of

teen

use

of

IM

is

far

more

relevant

and

partially

reflects

our

own

interests

While

their

work

broadly

considers

IM

as

an

emerging

feature

of

teen

life

they

do

mention

that

teens

found

the

preset

availability

messages

to

be

too

impersonal

To

combat

feelings

of

exclusion

or

to

avoid

being

rude

teens

would

personalize

the

display

name

area

to

include

a

message

which

explains

their

unavailability

changes

in

their

local

environment

-LRB-

i.e.

Going

quiet

because

Mom

just

arrived

-RRB-

and

for

justifying

their

lack

of

presence

on

the

system

-LRB-

i.e.

Out

for

dinner

-RRB-

The

use

of

IM

names

to

broadcast

messages

is

an

everyday

world

phenomenon

and

has

been

anecdotally

noticed

by

non-scientists

For

example

one

reporter

noted

in

a

newspaper

article

that

changes

to

her

display

name

are

her

main

form

of

IM

communication

rather

than

actual

chat

conversations

-LSB-

-RSB-

Social

scientists

talk

more

generally

about

computer

mediated

communications

and

how

they

can

be

used

to

build

communities

Etzioni

and

Etzioni

-LSB-

-RSB-

argue

that

in

order

to

form

and

sustain

bonds

a

community

of

connected

individuals

needs

what

they

call

interactive

broadcasting

This

is

composed

of

two

major

elements

the

ability

to

broadcast

messages

to

many

people

within

the

community

simultaneously

and

the

ability

for

those

addressed

by

the

message

to

provide

feedback

not

just

to

the

message

originator

but

to

other

message

recipients

as

well

In

this

context

a

broadcast

message

can

be

considered

a

request

for

interaction

from

some

-LRB-

or

all

-RRB-

members

of

a

group

-LSB-

-RSB-

A

variety

of

designers

have

implemented

this

broadcast

capability

into

their

systems

For

example

IRC

Notification

Collage

-LSB-

-RSB-

Community

Bar

-LSB-

-RSB-

and

Tickertape

-LSB-

-RSB-

are

all

tools

that

implement

interactive

broadcasting

A

message

-LRB-

which

may

include

multimedia

information

-RRB-

can

be

posted

and

broadcast

to

the

group

and

it

is

possible

for

everyone

to

view

the

information

without

directly

contributing

to

the

conversation

Those

who

want

to

respond

can

do

so

in

full

view

of

all

users

All

these

systems

allow

for

communal

feedback

i.e.

where

everyone

sees

the

response

Unlike

IM

however

these

systems

include

a

strong

notion

of

a

common

group

by

providing

a

public

space

for

interaction

In

summary

there

are

discussions

of

how

broadcasting

information

contributes

to

community

building

and

there

are

systems

that

are

based

on

public

dissemination

of

information

within

a

group

However

excepting

a

few

discussions

of

this

Figure

MSN

Messenger

modified

display

names

are

visible

phenomenon

-LSB-

-RSB-

there

has

been

no

real

analysis

of

how

people

have

appropriated

the

display

name

feature

of

IM

Given

the

importance

and

widespread

of

IM

we

believe

this

analysis

is

critical

if

we

are

to

understand

how

we

can

improve

IM

systems

This

study

investigates

how

people

use

the

display

name

feature

in

IM

clients

to

broadcast

information

other

than

one

's

name

We

do

this

by

capturing

changes

in

each

person

's

display

field

as

they

appear

in

contact

lists

over

time

and

over

everyday

use

by

asking

people

to

explain

what

these

changes

meant

and

by

counting

categorizing

and

analyzing

these

changes

Research

questions

We

wanted

to

identify

three

main

behavioural

patterns

within

our

captured

data

At

what

frequency

do

users

change

the

information

in

their

display

field

when

using

an

IM

client

such

as

MSN

Messenger

What

are

the

main

communication

categories

that

represent

the

information

held

by

these

display

field

changes

What

is

the

frequency

distribution

of

these

categories

A

fourth

interesting

but

secondary

question

was

Are

changes

to

the

display

name

related

to

the

demographics

of

age

or

sex

Participants

We

had

two

classes

of

participants

Our

primary

participants

were

those

who

made

their

contact

list

available

to

us

Our

secondary

participants

were

those

who

comprised

the

people

on

the

contact

lists

Twelve

participants

were

recruited

as

primary

participants

all

Computer

Science

graduate

students

or

faculty

at

the

University

of

Calgary

They

ranged

in

age

from

to

and

were

regular

users

of

MSN

Messenger

These

participants

provided

access

to

their

IM

contact

lists

They

were

also

willing

to

annotate

the

collected

data

While

the

number

of

contacts

on

each

person

's

list

varied

somewhat

this

variance

was

irrelevant

to

our

study

Our

secondary

participants

were

the

contacts

found

on

the

contact

lists

of

the

primary

participants

These

contacts

covered

a

broad

range

of

demographics

and

social

relationships

i.e.

fellow

students

workmates

friends

family

members

and

other

relatives

While

the

display

names

used

by

these

people

were

collected

as

data

they

were

not

contacted

directly

Materials

and

Data

Capture

Each

participant

-LRB-

whether

primary

or

secondary

-RRB-

used

their

own

pre-existing

and

unaltered

MSN

Messenger

client

on

their

own

computer

-LRB-

running

Windows

-RRB-

for

everyday

purposes

We

wrote

a

logging

program

to

collect

all

contact

list

data

from

each

primary

participant

It

monitored

every

person

's

display

field

as

it

appeared

in

the

contact

list

The

software

worked

by

tapping

into

the

programming

API

of

MSN

Messenger

-LRB-

regardless

of

its

version

-RRB-

to

monitor

activities

within

it

This

logging

program

was

given

only

to

the

primary

participants

No

special

software

was

needed

by

the

secondary

participants

as

their

data

was

captured

via

the

logging

software

on

the

primary

participant

's

computer

The

primary

participants

installed

our

software

on

whatever

computers

they

wished

When

installed

it

worked

in

tandem

with

MSN

Messenger

to

collect

data

on

everyday

IM

usage

in

the

field

The

program

monitored

whether

the

participant

was

logged

in

to

MSN

Messenger

If

logged

in

it

recorded

the

initial

set

of

display

names

and

any

display

name

changes

of

the

secondary

participants

on

the

contact

list

The

initial

set

of

display

names

were

needed

to

notice

if

a

change

occurred

since

the

primary

participant

's

last

login

As

part

of

our

analysis

we

used

the

standard

features

of

Microsoft

Excel

to

sort

and

consolidate

the

data

files

Relevant

data

was

then

transferred

to

Minitab

v.

to

tally

distributions

calculate

any

statistics

and

create

visual

representations

of

the

data

Further

analysis

of

the

categories

of

communication

used

in

the

display

field

was

conducted

using

paper

cut-outs

and

post-it

notes

to

create

an

affinity

diagram

this

is

detailed

later

Method

Once

primary

participants

agreed

to

participate

in

the

study

we

gave

them

instructions

on

how

to

install

the

logging

program

on

their

computer

We

did

not

have

to

be

present

for

this

so

people

could

install

it

on

whichever

computers

they

regularly

used

be

it

at

work

or

at

home

The

program

then

ran

automatically

the

only

indication

of

its

operation

was

a

small

red

notebook

icon

appearing

in

the

participant

's

system

tray

This

icon

allowed

a

participant

to

abort

the

collection

process

if

they

wished

but

chose

this

option

Data

was

collected

for

approximately

three

weeks

but

did

require

the

person

to

be

logged

onto

MSN

Messenger

If

a

primary

participant

was

not

logged

on

no

data

about

their

contacts

was

recorded

This

meant

that

some

display

field

changes

of

secondary

participants

could

have

been

missed

Analysis

At

the

end

of

three

weeks

the

primary

participants

were

instructed

to

open

the

data

file

with

Excel

and

indicate

the

sex

and

approximate

age

of

each

listed

contact

member

in

a

pre-designated

column

For

each

display

name

change

they

were

also

asked

to

categorize

the

type

of

information

the

contact

was

trying

to

broadcast

to

others

We

did

not

predefine

any

categories

Participants

created

their

own

category

labels

and

categorized

names

into

them

however

they

wished

We

chose

this

approach

because

we

felt

that

participants

would

have

a

far

better

understanding

of

the

true

meaning

of

a

person

's

display

field

changes

than

someone

unfamiliar

with

the

contact

we

also

felt

that

as

recipients

of

this

information

their

interpretation

was

important

We

also

believed

that

they

would

generate

a

greater

and

therefore

richer

breadth

of

categories

Once

the

categorizations

were

completed

the

data

files

were

transferred

to

the

primary

investigator

The

investigator

consolidated

all

of

the

data

files

into

one

master

file

and

removed

any

duplicate

entries

These

duplicate

entries

occurred

for

two

reasons

More

than

one

person

had

a

particular

contact

on

their

list

Each

time

a

participant

logged

in

their

entire

contact

list

was

recorded

in

the

data

file

If

a

contact

had

not

changed

their

name

while

the

participant

was

offline

a

duplicate

entry

was

created

When

duplicate

entries

occurred

all

but

the

earliest

occurrence

of

the

display

name

change

was

removed

A

category

list

was

created

for

each

primary

participant

based

on

his

or

her

individual

categorizations

of

display

name

changes

Because

these

category

names

could

differ

between

participants

we

needed

to

re-categorize

these

names

into

a

master

category

list

To

do

this

all

categories

were

printed

on

separate

slips

of

paper

for

easy

sorting

We

then

created

an

affinity

diagram

to

resort

these

categories

where

entries

from

all

the

lists

were

sorted

into

groups

based

on

similarity

These

groups

then

formed

a

master

category

-LRB-

see

Figure

-RRB-

A

master

category

title

was

then

chosen

that

best

represented

the

theme

for

the

grouping

After

this

master

list

was

established

the

entries

in

the

consolidated

file

were

then

re-categorized

based

on

these

new

divisions

this

would

allow

us

to

create

a

distribution

profile

We

should

mention

that

many

entries

into

the

display

field

contained

more

than

one

textual

element

each

of

which

could

be

categorized

differently

When

this

happened

we

treated

the

display

field

as

holding

multiple

entries

An

example

of

this

is

shown

here

where

the

contact

's

display

field

contains

two

elements

Johnboy

could

be

categorized

as

a

Name

Variation

while

yonge

eglington

-LRB-

a

street

junction

in

Toronto

-RRB-

is

categorized

as

an

indicator

of

Location

In

this

case

this

display

field

entry

would

be

split

into

two

text

fragments

where

each

fragment

would

be

counted

in

the

category

that

best

fit

As

we

will

see

these

types

of

dual

entry

usually

occurred

because

people

tend

to

keep

their

names

-LRB-

or

an

identifying

variation

thereof

-RRB-

visible

to

others

in

order

to

identify

themselves

Occasionally

a

display

field

would

contain

two

elements

where

neither

were

identifiers

For

example

the

text

shown

here

is

categorized

as

two

elements

packing

is

an

Activity

and

sad

to

be

leaving

is

a

Mood

Only

rarely

did

display

field

entries

contain

more

than

two

elements

Our

first

research

question

was

At

what

frequency

do

users

change

the

information

in

their

display

field

when

using

an

IM

client

such

as

MSN

Messenger

Before

answering

this

question

recall

that

the

recording

of

display

field

changes

of

a

secondary

participant

on

a

contact

list

only

happened

when

the

primary

participant

was

logged

on

to

MSN

Messenger

If

the

primary

participant

was

logged

out

no

display

field

changes

to

their

contacts

were

recorded

While

a

single

change

would

be

noted

by

comparing

the

last

recorded

version

of

the

contact

's

display

field

to

the

one

recorded

when

the

primary

participant

logs

on

multiple

changes

during

the

logout

period

would

be

lost

This

means

we

can

not

calculate

the

exact

display

name

change

distribution

across

all

contacts

Still

our

numbers

should

be

a

good

estimate

of

what

happens

At

the

very

least

they

represent

a

lower

bound

that

somewhat

underestimates

how

often

display

fields

changes

occur

The

data

certainly

suffices

to

indicate

the

range

of

activities

and

individual

differences

across

people

Figure

illustrates

the

distribution

of

contacts

according

to

how

often

they

changed

the

contents

of

the

display

field

Our

results

show

that

of

our

contacts

-LRB-

people

-RRB-

never

changed

the

contents

of

the

display

field

during

the

three

week

period

For

the

remaining

of

contacts

-LRB-

people

-RRB-

we

counted

a

total

of

display

name

changes

or

an

average

of

display

name

changes

per

person

over

the

three

week

period

or

up

to

times

a

week

Never

Rarely

Weekly

Several

times

a

day

Daily

Several

times

a

week

Figure

Distribution

of

contacts

according

to

how

often

they

change

the

display

field

contents

Figure

Example

affinity

diagram

used

to

group

participant

categorizations

into

master

categories

However

this

average

is

misleading

for

we

also

found

that

people

change

their

display

names

at

different

frequencies

We

created

six

rate

change

categories

Based

on

a

contact

's

data

we

placed

each

contact

into

the

category

that

best

estimated

that

contact

's

change

rate

Figure

displays

this

distribution

of

contacts

among

the

six

rate

change

categories

We

see

that

the

of

contacts

who

change

their

display

name

do

so

at

different

rates

About

-LRB-

-RRB-

of

contacts

change

their

names

from

once

to

several

times

a

day

About

of

them

change

their

names

less

often

from

once

to

several

times

a

week

-LRB-

-RRB-

The

final

change

it

rarely

i.e.

once

or

twice

over

the

three

week

period

The

person

who

had

the

highest

display

field

change

rate

is

worth

added

discussion

as

it

suggests

what

happens

with

contacts

who

used

this

feature

heavily

This

person

changed

her

display

field

early

in

the

morning

and

notified

contacts

when

she

arrived

at

school

Around

pm

the

changes

started

again

continuing

until

approximately

pm

when

she

went

to

bed

Her

changes

would

incorporate

details

on

what

was

occupying

her

time

Changes

would

state

particulars

when

she

was

studying

babysitting

or

watching

TV

and

her

emotional

reactions

to

these

events

If

she

found

something

entertaining

or

interesting

on

TV

she

would

post

quotes

If

she

was

bored

she

would

put

out

a

request

for

someone/anyone

to

call

In

essence

this

person

used

her

display

field

as

a

web

log

where

she

recorded

and

disseminated

information

to

her

community

Even

though

we

had

no

further

knowledge

of

this

person

a

sense

of

who

she

was

and

what

her

life

was

garnered

through

all

the

changes

that

she

made

to

her

display

name

Communication

categories

Our

second

research

question

was

What

are

the

main

communication

categories

that

represent

the

information

held

by

these

display

field

changes

After

analyzing

the

categories

created

by

our

primary

participants

through

the

affinity

diagramming

process

we

identified

seventeen

master

categories

These

are

listed

below

in

alphabetic

order

A

description

of

each

category

is

given

along

with

illustrative

examples

taken

from

our

data

Many

examples

contain

more

than

one

textual

element

usually

an

identifier

as

we

present

them

as

they

appeared

in

the

display

field

To

protect

confidentiality

name

information

has

been

changed

Activities

include

things

or

activities

that

a

person

has

done

in

the

past

is

currently

involved

in

or

is

about

to

participate

in

the

future

It

also

includes

countdowns

to

an

upcoming

event

Examples

include

Amy

House

hunting

Joe

was

drunk

on

a

Tuesday

shameful

Braced

done

my

portfolio

Adverts

include

advertisements

or

promotions

for

items

or

events

and

things

that

people

have

for

sale

Easton

Synergy

Grip

Flex

Iginla

Blade

Left

-LRB-

Brand

spanking

new

-RRB-

headachey

Tim

Stuart

Tribute

and

Fundraiser

November

ask

for

details

Comments

are

personal

comments

expressions

of

an

individual

's

opinion

and

general

statements

on

how

they

view

things

in

the

world

around

them

Jan

-LSB-

et

-RSB-

Airlines

are

Evil

Bee

undocumented

code

should

be

illegal

Nancy

you

do

n't

need

English

to

live

in

Vancouver

Default

contains

only

the

default

unaltered

entries

to

the

display

field

After

installation

the

IM

client

displays

a

person

's

e-mail

address

in

the

field

These

may

or

may

not

actually

contain

a

person

's

name

as

part

of

the

email

address

johnsmith@hotmail.com

Directions

contain

entries

where

a

reader

is

being

directed

to

a

web

site

or

link

Examples

are

Bee-http

jessie

-LCB-

-RCB-

CHECK

THIS

Constructed

Fun

contains

entries

that

contain

puns

inside

jokes

humorous

statements

and

items

placed

for

the

amusement

of

others

Melanie

me

come

see

its

a

lunar

eclipse

kate

where

what

do

you

call

a

fish

with

no

eyes

f

sh

Huffy

Home

is

where

you

hang

your

Joe

Like

a

Vermin

trapped

for

the

very

first

time

Handles

contains

those

display

name

entries

that

hold

a

person

's

handle

A

handle

is

like

a

well

known

nickname

it

is

a

consistent

title

or

name

that

people

give

themselves

to

represent

their

identity

on

the

internet

As

we

will

see

later

IM

handles

are

not

used

for

the

pseudo-anonymity

purposes

as

found

in

IRC

public

forums

hunnybear

Iceman

spidermax

Location

contains

information

about

a

person

's

current

location

or

future

destination

It

can

also

contain

travel

information

Many

times

this

location

information

is

permanently

attached

to

the

display

name

when

localized

at

a

particular

computer

as

in

home

or

work

This

label

can

indicate

to

others

the

type

of

communications

that

are

appropriate

Mat

Singh

going

home

in

days

In

the

dominican

republic

Dan

James

-LSB-

Office

-RSB-

mike

lab

meeting

Messages

contain

information

of

significance

directed

at

an

individual

on

a

person

's

contact

list

or

to

the

group

as

a

whole

darren

thanks

nate

for

the

halo

hookup

SirMe

Happy

Birthday

Angie

Melanie

Nick

ill

be

on

the

or

whatever

bus

at

the

college

school

Mood

contains

entries

that

give

indications

of

a

person

's

mood

feelings

health

or

state

of

being

i

give

up

Adam

feels

rejected

britney

disoriented

haze

Joe

as

if

shot

in

the

head

yet

still

charging

blindly

forward

Bee

double

espresso

whee

Maggs

Not

Feeling

Well

Name

contains

entries

of

a

person

's

given

name

This

category

contains

no

nicknames

handles

or

variations

on

the

name

Rebecca

Fred

Jones

Notices

contains

entries

that

give

notice

of

a

particular

event

share

news

or

display

announcements

DBosch

-LSB-

We

're

home

owners

-RSB-

Tracey

down

lbs

Jennifer

party

is

cancelled

NaKuL

new

msn

login

Gretchen

Holy

Cole

's

coming

to

vancouver

Presence

contains

items

which

provide

more

detailed

information

about

a

person

's

online

presence

or

availability

beyond

the

standard

status

indicators

Bee

really

am

busy

only

msg

me

in

emergency

Melanie

off

for

family

time

mike

reading

at

my

desk/disregard

-LRB-

Away

-RRB-

status

Flickerin

be

Back

at

Questions

contain

rhetorical

questions

and

questions

that

are

posed

to

stimulate

response

This

category

also

contains

questions

that

are

requests

for

assistance

similar

to

those

that

appear

in

company

broadcast

messaging

systems

when

a

person

is

searching

for

an

expert

in

a

given

area

-LSB-

-RSB-

Luke

Anyone

took

I

need

some

help

with

cilog

Joe

who

keeps

messing

with

my

chair

Shri

Needin

a

Physics

Toolkit

w/Dynamics

Collisions

Fields

any

ideas

Melanie

Anyone

have

a

working

printer

Quotes

contains

quotations

taken

from

movies

tv

books

plays

or

lyrics

from

music

It

also

contains

references

to

pop

culture

Dusit

If

you

can

dodge

a

wrench

you

can

dodge

anything

king

jeremy

the

wicked

oh

rules

his

world

Andrea

so

long

and

thanks

for

all

the

fish

Unknown

contains

all

the

entries

in

which

the

meaning

of

the

text

is

too

cryptic

that

it

could

not

be

categorized

by

either

the

primary

participant

or

the

investigator

It

is

assumed

that

once

deciphered

that

each

of

these

entries

could

be

placed

in

one

of

the

other

sixteen

categories

-LSB-

nts

perri

-RSB-

Andy

Ah

-LRB-

In

-RRB-

jd

SkRoNk

yeh

social

ppl

Variations

contain

entries

where

the

identifier

is

a

variation

on

the

person

's

name

This

can

include

an

abbreviated

version

of

the

full

name

a

nickname

in

which

the

given

name

is

still

identifiable

or

a

variation

in

the

way

the

letters

of

the

name

are

printed

or

ordered

DiAnNe

kev

Maggs

timbob

Einahpets

Category

Distribution

Frequency

Our

third

research

question

was

What

is

the

frequency

distribution

of

these

categories

First

the

logged

display

fields

were

analyzed

to

reveal

a

total

of

elements

-LRB-

recall

that

some

display

fields

could

have

more

than

one

information

element

in

it

-RRB-

Second

each

element

was

then

located

in

a

single

communications

category

that

best

represented

its

meaning

Figure

shows

these

category

counts

in

two

sections

The

top

part

plots

the

Name

Variations

and

Handle

categories

We

separated

these

Identification

categories

from

the

other

categories

because

the

information

they

contain

satisfy

the

original

purpose

of

the

display

field

i.e.

to

hold

identifying

information

The

frequency

distribution

of

the

remaining

categories

are

then

listed

The

bar

representing

the

counts

of

the

number

of

elements

within

each

of

these

categories

are

further

distinguished

into

three

groups

The

lightest

section

of

each

bar

represents

the

group

of

category

elements

that

were

the

only

element

contained

by

the

display

field

The

medium

coloured

section

shows

the

number

of

category

elements

whose

text

coexisted

with

another

element

found

in

one

of

the

three

Identification

categories

in

the

display

field

The

darkest

section

of

the

bar

groups

category

elements

whose

text

coexisted

in

the

display

field

with

another

element

found

in

any

category

other

than

the

three

Identification

categories

The

figure

shows

that

approximately

or

of

the

categorized

elements

were

in

one

of

the

three

Identification

categories

i.e.

Name

-LRB-

-RRB-

Variations

-LRB-

-RRB-

or

Handle

-LRB-

-RRB-

This

makes

sense

for

meaningful

self-identification

is

the

expected

use

of

the

IM

display

name

feature

The

darkly

colored

regions

of

their

bars

also

reveal

that

identification

elements

in

total

coexist

with

other

pieces

of

information

in

the

display

field

over

-LRB-

-RRB-

of

the

time

For

example

the

Name

was

included

with

other

elements

-LRB-

-RRB-

of

the

time

Similarly

Variations

and

Handles

was

included

Figure

Bar

chart

displaying

category

distribution

-LRB-

-RRB-

and

-LRB-

-RRB-

in

conjunction

with

other

elements

Note

that

there

are

no

medium

coloured

regions

in

these

bars

This

is

because

elements

within

the

Name

Variations

and

Handle

categories

never

co-existed

with

each

other

They

only

occurred

in

conjunction

with

elements

in

the

other

category

types

The

other

categories

of

communication

identify

information

unrelated

to

identification

Collectively

these

categories

comprise

the

other

of

the

total

number

of

elements

-LRB-

of

total

-RRB-

Within

these

elements

we

see

that

the

most

frequent

categories

of

communication

used

are

Mood

at

-LRB-

-RRB-

Comments

at

-LRB-

-RRB-

Activities

at

-LRB-

-RRB-

Location

at

-LRB-

-RRB-

Messages

at

-LRB-

-RRB-

followed

by

Quotes

Notices

and

Fun

The

other

categories

occur

less

often

but

still

at

a

significant

level

The

modest

size

of

the

lightly

coloured

section

of

all

these

categories

suggest

that

this

information

often

appeared

in

tandem

with

other

categories

Most

of

time

this

was

one

of

the

Name

Variations

or

Handle

elements

as

represented

by

the

medium-coloured

section

in

each

bar

Still

the

presence

of

the

darkly

coloured

bar

sections

showed

that

two

non-identifier

category

elements

may

coexist

in

a

display

field

Demographics

of

People

Who

Change

Their

Display

Names

Our

final

research

question

was

Are

changes

to

the

display

name

related

to

the

demographics

of

age

or

sex

The

contacts

comprised

somewhat

more

males

than

females

The

primary

participants

reported

males

females

and

male/female

-LRB-

the

account

was

known

to

be

used

by

a

couple

-RRB-

The

sex

of

the

remaining

contacts

was

not

reported

The

dominant

age

range

of

the

contacts

was

between

years

old

Table

summarizes

the

age

demographics

of

the

contacts

as

reported

by

our

primary

participants

Since

the

exact

age

of

each

contact

was

sometimes

uncertain

we

used

age

group

categories

to

capture

their

estimated

ages

We

then

analyzed

whether

age

or

sex

of

a

person

was

related

to

the

number

of

changes

that

person

made

First

we

removed

records

for

those

contacts

whose

sex

was

not

reported

We

then

performed

a

chi-square

analysis

on

the

remaining

contacts

to

determine

whether

there

was

a

relationship

between

sex

and

the

rate

that

a

person

changed

their

display

field

Sex

and

display

name

change

rate

were

found

to

be

independent

-LRB-

N

-RRB-

p

That

is

no

relationship

exists

between

the

sex

of

a

person

and

how

often

a

person

changes

the

display

name

We

performed

a

similar

chi-square

analysis

for

age

and

display

name

change

rates

where

unreported

people

were

excluded

Age

groups

were

collapsed

into

three

age

ranges

to

and

This

was

done

for

analytic

reasons

since

several

cells

in

the

chi-square

analysis

would

have

contained

counts

of

less

than

one

with

the

original

divisions

Age

range

and

name

change

rates

were

found

to

be

not

independent

-LRB-

N

-RRB-

p

That

is

a

relationship

exists

between

the

age

of

a

person

and

their

likelihood

of

changing

their

display

name

This

result

will

be

examined

further

in

the

discussion

The

most

important

thing

revealed

by

our

study

is

that

a

good

number

of

people

persistently

used

the

display

name

feature

to

publicly

broadcast

information

about

themselves

to

their

friends

and

that

this

happened

outside

of

individual

chat

sessions

They

did

this

in

spite

of

the

fact

that

IM

display

fields

are

not

explicitly

designed

to

be

a

public

broadcast

system

This

suggests

that

systems

should

be

designed

to

better

support

this

kind

of

broadcast

activity

Details

are

discussed

below

Interpreting

the

results

People

change

the

information

in

their

display

field

From

this

study

we

have

learned

that

the

changing

of

the

information

in

an

IM

display

field

is

not

an

oddity

or

something

done

occasionally

by

certain

individuals

Rather

it

is

a

popular

behaviour

of

users

in

our

study

changed

their

display

name

and

did

so

several

times

a

week

or

more

This

behaviour

happens

in

spite

of

the

fact

that

the

Instant

Messenger

client

we

studied

does

not

make

changing

the

display

name

immediately

accessible

-LRB-

e.g.

through

direct

manipulation

-RRB-

people

had

to

raise

menus

dialog

boxes

and

form

fill

the

text

People

use

the

display

field

for

identification

to

give

information

about

self

and

to

broadcast

messages

People

used

the

limited

text

that

could

be

displayed

in

the

display

field

in

rich

ways

Seventeen

different

categories

were

needed

to

describe

the

various

communications

placed

in

the

display

field

Stepping

back

three

themes

encompass

these

categories

The

first

theme

is

Identification

who

am

I

The

second

theme

is

Information

About

Self

this

is

what

is

going

on

with

me

The

third

theme

is

Broadcast

Messages

I

am

directing

information

to

the

community

These

are

described

separately

in

the

following

three

sections

Identification

is

fundamental

Identifying

oneself

to

personal

contacts

by

typing

one

's

own

name

in

the

display

field

is

the

original

purpose

of

this

feature

the

name

replaces

the

default

email

address

as

a

way

to

uniquely

identify

a

person

This

proved

necessary

because

e-mail

addresses

are

a

poor

substitute

for

a

name

some

email

services

enforce

cryptic

email

addresses

and

others

are

so

oversubscribed

that

all

but

the

rarest

names

are

already

taken

Table

Age

distribution

of

contact

group

Age

Group

Count

Percent

N

Unreported

While

people

identified

themselves

in

several

ways

inserting

one

's

real

Name

or

a

recognizable

Variation

of

it

-LRB-

e.g.

initials

or

nicknames

-RRB-

proved

the

two

most

common

communication

categories

Handles

was

also

popular

-LRB-

a

constant

representative

name

that

superficially

resembles

nicknames

in

IRC

or

discussion

groups

on

the

Internet

-LSB-

-RSB-

-RRB-

Regardless

of

the

differences

between

these

categories

in

all

cases

the

names

variations

or

handles

presented

are

not

used

to

maintain

pseudo-anonymity

or

complete

anonymity

as

in

IRC

or

MUDs

Rather

the

identifier

is

something

that

the

contact

group

uses

to

recognize

a

known

individual

Another

indicator

of

the

importance

of

the

Identification

categories

is

that

many

users

keep

their

name

visible

even

when

they

add

extra

information

to

the

display

field

-LRB-

the

black

bars

in

the

three

identification

categories

and

the

grey

bars

in

the

other

categories

in

Figure

-RRB-

People

do

this

in

spite

of

the

limited

display

space

in

a

normally

sized

IM

window

about

display

field

characters

are

viewable

As

well

the

usual

order

of

this

information

is

a

name

followed

by

the

extra

information

A

typical

example

is

illustrated

in

Figure

This

inclusion

of

identity

is

likely

done

as

a

courtesy

behaviour

so

that

others

can

distinguish

between

contacts

without

resorting

to

deciphering

the

e-mail

address

Extra

information

is

usually

about

self

Of

the

remaining

categories

the

majority

of

them

provide

information

about

self

Elements

in

these

about

self

categories

dominate

the

frequency

count

-LRB-

of

the

non-name

elements

-RRB-

with

the

top

four

categories

providing

information

about

Mood

Comments

Activities

and

Location

These

top

categories

all

present

information

about

the

person

at

a

moment

in

time

they

annotate

how

they

are

feeling

what

they

are

doing

or

where

they

are

Similarly

the

lesser

used

Presence

category

indicates

if

they

are

available

thus

augmenting

the

preset

status

indicators

while

Quotes

and

Fun

are

indirect

indicators

of

state

of

mind

and

personality

traits

Obviously

these

people

want

to

disclose

an

additional

level

of

information

revealing

personal

state

and

action

to

their

community

of

friends

close

contacts

and

collaborators

The

regular

association

of

this

kind

of

information

with

one

's

name

means

that

this

information

is

truly

about

self

this

is

in

sharp

contrast

to

the

personas

found

in

chat

systems

where

people

construct

an

artificial

pseudonym

identity

through

avatars

or

nicknames

-LSB-

-RSB-

People

want

to

be

able

to

broadcast

information

without

involving

conversation

Most

of

the

remaining

categories

-LRB-

about

of

the

non-name

elements

-RRB-

contain

communicative

messages

intended

for

the

group

In

particular

Messages

Notices

Questions

and

Directions

are

categories

that

either

provide

information

thought

to

be

of

interest

to

the

group

or

are

posted

to

stimulate

a

response

Most

of

these

are

undirected

e.g.

Does

anyone

know

Occasionally

a

message

may

be

specifically

directed

to

an

individual

yet

this

is

done

in

a

forum

public

to

the

community

of

contacts

Clearly

people

are

adapting

the

IM

display

field

into

a

form

of

public

broadcast

communication

facility

they

are

thus

fulfilling

one

element

of

the

broadcasting

system

described

by

Etzioni

and

Etzioni

-LSB-

-RSB-

Since

each

user

's

contact

list

contains

a

different

set

of

names

a

responder

-LRB-

who

may

change

their

display

name

to

respond

to

another

's

broadcast

message

-RRB-

is

likely

not

sending

that

response

to

the

same

community

of

people

This

hampering

of

responses

suggests

that

display

names

are

less

effective

for

creating

the

running

dialogs

common

to

IRC

MUDs

and

other

public

broadcast

systems

-LSB-

-RSB-

Asynchronous

messaging

In

MSN

Messenger

the

direct

chat

facility

is

session

based

That

is

direct

chat

can

not

be

used

by

one

person

to

leave

information

for

a

currently

Offline

participant

to

read

later

In

contrast

the

display

name

persists

across

sessions

meaning

that

asynchronous

communication

to

offline

participants

is

possible

For

example

consider

the

message

SirMe

Happy

Birthday

Angie

that

was

found

in

the

Messages

category

By

including

this

in

his

display

name

SirMe

is

leaving

an

asynchronous

message

that

Angie

-LRB-

and

others

-RRB-

can

see

when

they

come

on

line

Younger

users

may

change

their

display

names

more

frequently

than

older

users

sex

does

not

make

a

difference

The

demographics

of

our

study

suggest

some

demographic

trends

which

are

described

below

However

we

caution

that

due

to

the

way

we

collected

data

the

demographic

findings

and

how

they

relate

to

display

name

changes

are

at

best

tentative

First

the

age

ranges

of

our

secondary

contacts

-LRB-

as

being

years

old

-RRB-

were

likely

heavily

influenced

by

the

fact

that

these

contacts

were

culled

from

the

lists

of

only

primary

participants

-LRB-

from

years

old

-RRB-

most

of

whom

were

within

the

age

group

weighing

the

data

with

a

similar

age

range

Second

our

data

is

incomplete

as

display

field

change

data

for

secondary

contacts

was

not

collected

when

their

associated

primary

contact

was

off

line

Third

ages

of

secondary

participants

were

estimated

which

affects

the

analysis

we

could

do

In

spite

of

this

tentative

flavour

we

include

our

results

as

they

suggest

trends

and

future

areas

of

study

We

saw

a

fairly

balanced

number

of

males

and

females

in

our

sample

were

male

were

female

The

chi-square

analysis

for

sex

and

display

field

change

rates

indicated

that

the

two

variables

are

independent

i.e.

the

sex

of

the

participant

does

not

suggest

how

often

that

person

would

change

their

display

name

However

the

chi-square

analysis

for

participant

age

and

display

field

changes

suggests

that

they

are

related

We

subsequently

examined

the

chi-square

table

data

to

compare

the

observed

count

with

the

expected

count

for

each

cell

of

age

group

crossed

with

rate

Discrepancies

between

the

observed

and

expected

counts

indicate

a

pattern

where

younger

users

are

more

apt

to

frequently

change

their

display

name

when

compared

to

older

users

This

trend

may

reflect

a

computer

generation

gap

where

younger

users

would

be

more

apt

to

change

their

display

name

It

could

also

reflect

a

culture

gap

where

younger

users

are

using

it

for

social

reasons

-LSB-

-RSB-

while

older

users

are

using

it

for

workplace

purposes

-LSB-

-RSB-

While

the

chi-square

test

determined

that

the

two

variables

are

not

independent

it

does

not

provide

details

on

how

the

two

variables

are

related

If

true

values

of

age

and

average

change

rates

were

available

instead

of

our

estimated

categories

-LRB-

a

subject

of

a

future

study

-RRB-

other

statistical

analyses

could

be

used

to

reveal

this

detail

Figure

A

typical

display

field

showing

how

people

retain

identity

-LRB-

Name

-RRB-

followed

by

other

information

-LRB-

Activity

-RRB-

Implications

for

practitioners

People

persistently

use

the

display

field

not

only

to

identify

themselves

to

their

community

of

contacts

but

to

reveal

personal

information

about

self

and

to

broadcast

messages

They

do

this

in

spite

of

the

fact

that

the

display

field

facility

was

designed

for

other

purposes

the

IM

community

co-opted

this

feature

to

fill

their

real

desires

and

needs

The

first

major

implication

is

that

IM

and

similar

facilities

need

first-class

interface

features

that

let

people

broadcast

identifying

information

information

about

self

and

public

messages

Because

some

people

change

this

information

fairly

often

this

information

should

be

easy

to

create

and

alter

e.g.

through

direct

manipulation

Some

of

these

capabilities

are

only

now

being

supplied

by

a

few

major

IM

vendors

For

example

the

new

version

of

MSN

Messenger

-LRB-

v.

-RRB-

released

shortly

after

our

study

was

performed

-RRB-

includes

a

dedicated

space

for

adding

and

editing

a

personal

message

-LRB-

Figure

top

-RRB-

A

person

can

directly

alter

this

text

by

clicking

within

it

no

menus

or

dialog

boxes

have

to

be

navigated

or

raised

Other

people

see

this

personal

information

as

visually

distinguished

text

e.g.

the

italicized

text

within

the

contact

list

-LRB-

Figure

bottom

-RRB-

The

personal

information

message

is

also

proprietary

to

the

machine

similar

to

the

display

picture

Thus

people

can

set

unique

location

labels

to

various

computers

if

desired

i.e.

home

or

work

The

Community

Bar

-LRB-

CB

-RRB-

-LSB-

-RSB-

is

a

multimedia

groupware

system

being

developed

by

collaborators

in

our

laboratory

Elements

of

its

design

are

partially

influenced

by

our

study

results

People

within

an

ad

hoc

group

inhabit

places

and

all

see

the

equivalent

of

a

contact

list

within

a

place

For

example

Figure

shows

a

place

called

IM

Paper

and

three

participants

within

it

To

support

Identification

each

participant

is

represented

by

a

Presence

item

which

shows

running

video

-LRB-

or

photo

-RRB-

of

them

their

name

To

support

Information

about

self

the

Presence

item

also

includes

optional

personal

information

-LRB-

which

may

wrap

across

multiple

lines

-RRB-

that

persists

across

login

sessions

A

person

can

quickly

modify

this

personal

information

by

a

popup

raised

whenever

he

or

she

moves

their

mouse

over

their

item

-LRB-

Figure

right

side

-RRB-

To

support

Broadcast

Messages

it

also

lets

people

broadcast

and

respond

to

public

messages

to

all

people

in

the

group

This

public

broadcast

is

not

available

in

MSN

Messenger

For

example

Figure

-LRB-

bottom

-RRB-

illustrates

a

public

text

chat

dialog

that

lets

anyone

in

the

group

post

messages

all

see

its

contents

and

all

can

post

responses

Not

shown

is

a

sticky

note

facility

where

a

person

can

post

a

persistent

message

to

all

Finally

certain

categories

of

information

are

supported

For

example

Directions

are

satisfied

by

letting

people

post

a

web

item

-LRB-

not

illustrated

-RRB-

a

thumbnail

of

a

web

page

of

interest

that

others

can

navigate

to

via

a

single

button

press

Another

implication

of

our

study

is

that

people

use

many

different

categories

of

information

especially

when

describing

self

which

in

turn

suggests

that

people

are

trying

to

provide

others

with

a

rich

picture

of

themselves

Yet

most

systems

even

the

current

ones

shown

above

only

let

people

set

one

attribute

of

themselves

in

their

personal

message

space

-LRB-

although

they

may

combine

these

in

a

text

fragment

-RRB-

Perhaps

future

systems

will

let

people

construct

an

avatar

of

sorts

with

multiple

attributes

that

distinguish

these

categories

so

that

-LRB-

say

-RRB-

mood

location

and

activity

are

treated

independently

rather

than

compete

for

a

small

space

While

these

-LRB-

and

likely

other

-RRB-

systems

suggest

point

design

solutions

to

our

implications

what

is

important

is

that

our

study

has

placed

this

work

on

a

solid

intellectual

footing

It

provides

details

of

what

people

have

done

and

has

identified

the

categories

of

information

that

people

supply

For

example

we

suspect

that

MSN

Messenger

's

inclusion

of

a

personal

information

field

arose

because

its

designers

noticed

that

people

were

moulding

the

technology

to

suit

their

needs

and

they

wanted

to

fix

the

interface

to

better

fulfill

these

needs

In

contrast

our

study

helps

designers

understand

why

Figure

MSN

Messenger

separates

editing

and

display

of

names

and

personal

messages

Figure

Snapshot

of

Community

Bar

displaying

personal

message

space

within

presence

item

appropriation

occurred

in

the

first

place

Looking

at

the

categories

of

communication

that

are

used

in

messages

found

in

the

display

name

space

we

saw

that

most

are

personal

or

about

the

self

In

taking

over

this

space

users

are

not

hacking

to

make

IM

do

totally

different

things

Rather

they

are

adding

richness

to

their

identity

beyond

their

simple

name

label

They

are

expressing

identity

and

they

own

this

expression

by

using

a

text

field

that

only

they

can

alter

We

also

saw

that

there

is

some

use

of

the

display

field

for

public

broadcasting

of

messages

This

suggests

that

there

is

a

problem

with

the

way

we

compartmentalize

systems

IM

systems

with

no

real

notion

of

groups

or

public

broadcast

versus

IRC

and

similar

systems

where

public

broadcasts

dominate

The

real

solution

likely

amalgamates

both

a

system

that

somehow

supports

both

public

and

private

discussions

between

ad

hoc

-LRB-

and

perhaps

non-overlapping

-RRB-

groups

To

our

knowledge

only

very

few

systems

-LRB-

such

as

the

Community

Bar

above

-LSB-

-RSB-

-RRB-

are

trying

to

tackle

this

fusion

of

genres

Most

studies

of

communication

using

instant

messenger

clients

have

been

focused

on

the

activities

within

the

main

chat

window

In

contrast

this

study

examined

how

contacts

appropriate

IM

technology

to

publicly

broadcast

information

by

adding

extra

text

to

their

display

name

We

exposed

patterns

of

behaviour

where

we

saw

that

almost

half

of

the

contacts

we

monitored

change

their

display

names

with

varying

frequencies

We

established

a

set

of

seventeen

communication

categories

for

the

different

types

of

personal

messages

added

to

the

display

field

We

saw

that

people

did

want

to

identify

themselves

-LRB-

the

Name

Variations

and

Handles

category

-RRB-

and

that

these

were

true

identities

that

contacts

would

recognize

versus

anonymous

pseudonyms

not

known

by

others

within

the

social

group

We

also

saw

that

the

most

popular

communications

were

those

that

added

personal

information

about

self

a

person

's

psycho-physiological

status

one

's

current

activities

details

of

their

location

and

expressions

of

personal

comments

and

opinions

We

also

saw

that

people

occasionally

used

it

to

broadcast

messages

to

the

group

a

facility

not

otherwise

available

in

IM

These

findings

suggest

that

personal

information

and

public

broadcast

of

messages

currently

supported

through

this

creative

appropriation

by

users

should

be

provided

as

a

first

class

interface

feature

in

IM

design

This

is

just

the

first

of

a

set

of

studies

that

could

be

done

Much

has

been

discovered

although

these

results

should

be

verified

and

refined

further

For

example

modest

refinements

of

our

study

protocol

would

allow

us

to

more

precisely

capture

the

frequency

of

changes

within

the

display

field

and

their

distribution

within

the

different

communication

categories

However

we

suspect

that

the

actual

categories

of

communication

will

not

change

dramatically

We

would

also

like

to

consider

the

author

's

intentions

of

a

display

name

change

along

with

the

recipient

's

opinion

More

importantly

we

intend

to

study

behaviour

and

communication

patterns

within

systems

that

provide

explicit

support

for

personal

information

supply

-LRB-

such

as

MSN

-RRB-

and

public

broadcast

-LRB-

such

as

the

Community

Bar

-RRB-

Many

thanks

to

all

those

who

participated

in

this

project

and

took

precious

time

to

make

communication

category

evaluations

for

their

many

contacts

display

name

changes

their

input

was

invaluable

Special

thanks

to

Gregor

McEwan

and

Michael

Boyle

for

their

advice

both

on

intellectual

content

and

on

our

recording

software

This

work

was

funded

in

part

by

the

NSERC

Nectar

Research

Networks

program

-LSB-

-RSB-

Bechar-Israeli

H.

-LRB-

-RRB-

From

Bonehead

to

cLoNehEAd

Nicknames

play

and

identity

on

internet

relay

chat

J.

Computer-Mediated

Communication

-LRB-

-RRB-

-LSB-

-RSB-

Cadiz

J.

J.

Venolia

G.

D.

Jancke

G.

Gupta

A.

Designing

and

Deploying

an

Information

Awareness

Interface

Proc

ACM

CSCW

-LRB-

-RRB-

-LSB-

-RSB-

Cameron

A.

F.

Webster

J.

-LRB-

-RRB-

Unintended

consequences

of

emerging

communication

technologies

Instant

Messaging

in

the

workplace

Computers

in

Human

Behaviour

-LSB-

-RSB-

Cutrell

E.

B.

Czerwinski

M.

Horvitz

E.

Effects

of

instant

messaging

interruptions

on

computing

tasks

In

Proc

ACM

CHI

Extended

Abstracts

-LRB-

-RRB-

-LSB-

-RSB-

Etzioni

A.

Etzioni

O.

-LRB-

-RRB-

Face-to-face

and

computer-mediated

communities

a

comparative

analysis

The

Information

Society

-LSB-

-RSB-

Fitzpatrick

G.

Parsowith

S.

Segall

B.

Kaplan

S.

-LRB-

-RRB-

Tickertape

Awareness

in

a

single

line

Proc

ACM

CHI

-LRB-

-RRB-

-LSB-

-RSB-

Greenberg

S.

Rounding

M.

-LRB-

-RRB-

The

Notification

Collage

Posting

Information

to

Public

and

Personal

Displays

Proc

ACM

CHI

-LRB-

-RRB-

-LSB-

-RSB-

Grinter

R.

E.

Palen

L.

-LRB-

-RRB-

Instant

messaging

in

teen

life

Proc

ACM

CSCW

-LRB-

-RRB-

-LSB-

-RSB-

Hu

Y.

Wood

J.

F.

Smith

V.

Westbrook

N.

-LRB-

-RRB-

Friendships

through

IM

Examining

the

relationship

between

instant

messaging

and

intimacy

J

Computer-Mediated

Communication

-LRB-

-RRB-

-LSB-

-RSB-

Isaacs

E.

Walendowski

A.

Whittaker

S.

Schiano

D.

J.

Kamm

C.

-LRB-

-RRB-

The

character

functions

and

styles

of

instant

messaging

in

the

workplace

Proc

ACM

CSCW

-LRB-

-RRB-

-LSB-

-RSB-

Jania

F.

-LRB-

-RRB-

Broadcast

Messaging

Messaging

to

the

masses

Queue

-LRB-

-RRB-

-LSB-

-RSB-

McEwan

G.

and

Greenberg

S.

Supporting

Social

Worlds

with

the

Community

Bar

To

appear

in

Proceedings

of

ACM

Group

Sanibel

Island

Florida

Nov

-LSB-

-RSB-

Nardi

B.

A.

Whittaker

S.

Bradner

E.

Interaction

and

outeraction

instant

messaging

in

action

In

Proc

ACM

CSCW

-LRB-

-RRB-

-LSB-

-RSB-

Piepmeyer

A.

I

've

been

replaced

by

a

screen

name

The

Daily

Utah

Chronicle

October

Ive-Been

shtml

-LSB-

-RSB-

Rennecker

J.

Godwin

L.

Theorizing

the

Unintended

Consequences

of

Instant

Messaging

for

Worker

Productivity

Sprouts

Working

Papers

on

Information

Environments

Systems

and

Organizations

-LRB-

Summer

-RRB-

Retrieved

Dec

-LSB-

-RSB-

Tang

J.

C.

Begole

J.

-LRB-

-RRB-

Beyond

instant

messaging

Queue

-LRB-

-RRB-

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Turkle

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-RRB-

Life

on

the

Screen

Identity

in

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York

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