Porträt von Adele Bloch-Bauer I

Prompt: In Porträt von Adele Bloch-Bauer I, wie wird die Seit 1945 der Geschichte und Besitz erläutert?Bitte auf Englisch ausgeben.

United States District Court for the Central District of California

Gustav Klimt#Golden phase and critical success

''Portrait of Fritza Riedler'' (1906), exhibited and criticised alongside the ''Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer'' in 1907

Public poster concerning the departure of the painting from Austria

The decorative motifs: symbols suggestive of [[erotica

Detail showing the jewelled choker given to [[Maria Altmann

File:Adele Bloch-Bauer (detail of motifs).jpg

Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne

File:Klimt - Bildnis Fritza Riedler - 1906.jpeg

Category:Paintings in the Neue Galerie New York

File:Adele Bloch-Bauer (detail of face).jpg

Klimt's ''Schloss Kammer am Attersee III'' (1910), which was swapped for the ''Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I''

In August 1945 Ferdinand wrote a final will that revoked all previous ones. It made no reference to the pictures, which he thought had been lost forever, but it stated that his entire estate was left to his nephew and two nieces—one of whom was Maria Altmann. Ferdinand died in Switzerland in November that year.In 1946 the Austrian state issued an Annulment Act that declared all transactions motivated by Nazi discrimination were void; any Jews who wanted to remove artwork from Austria were forced to give some of their works to Austrian museums in order to obtain an export permit for others. The Bloch-Bauer family hired Dr Gustav Rinesh, a Viennese lawyer, to reclaim stolen artwork on their behalf. Using the records produced by Führer, he traced most of the works to the Galerie Belvedere, and Häuser in Unterach, to Führer's own private collection. Several works were returned to the Bloch-Bauer estate, but no Klimt paintings; to obtain the necessary export permits, the family were forced to let the Austrian state retain Häuser in Unterach am Attersee, Adele Bloch-Bauer I, Adele Bloch-Bauer II, and Apfelbaum I. They were also forced to relinquish any claims on Buchenwald and Schloss Kammer am Attersee III. The Galerie Belvedere based its claim of retention of the Klimt works on Adele's will.In 1998 the Austrian government introduced the Art Restitution Act, which looked again at the question of art stolen by the Nazis. The government formed a restitution committee to report on which works should be returned; government archives were opened up to research into the provenance of works held by the government. Hubertus Czernin, the Austrian investigative journalist, undertook extensive research in the newly opened archives and published a story about the theft of art by the Nazis; with the subsequent refusal of the Austrian state to return the art or to acknowledge a theft had taken place, Czernin described the situation as "a double crime".Altmann, then living in the US, hired E. Randol Schoenberg to act on her behalf. Schoenberg was the son of a woman she had been friends with since they lived in Vienna. They filed a claim with the restitution committee for the return of six paintings: Adele Bloch-Bauer I, Adele Bloch-Bauer II, Apfelbaum I, Buchenwald, Häuser in Unterach am Attersee and Amalie Zuckerkandl. The committee turned down the request, again citing Adele's will as the reason they were retaining the works. The committee's decision recommended that 16 Klimt drawings and 19 pieces of porcelain that had been held by Ferdinand and Adele and which were still at the Galerie Belvedere should be returned, as they fell outside the request of the will.In March 2000 Altmann filed a civil claim against the Austrian government for the return of the paintings. She was informed that the cost of filing (consisting of 1.2% of the amount in question, plus a filing fee), would have meant a fee of €1.75 million. To avoid the prohibitively high costs, Altmann and Schoenberg sued the Galerie Belvedere, and the museums owner, the Austrian government, in the US courts. The Austrian government filed for dismissal, with arguments based on the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (1976). The Act granted immunity to sovereign nations except under certain conditions. Schoenberg showed that three of the conditions pertinent to the case were that Altmann's property had been taken in violation of international law; the property was in the possession of the state in question, or one of its agencies; and that the property had been used on a commercial basis in the US. Over four years of litigation followed as to whether the case could be brought against a sovereign state before it was brought before the Supreme Court in Republic of Austria v. Altmann. In June 2004 the Supreme Court determined that the paintings had been stolen and that Austria was not immune from a claim from Altmann; the court made no comment on the current ownership of the paintings.To avoid returning to the courts in what could have been lengthy litigation process, arbitration in Austria was agreed upon by both parties, although the Austrians had turned down such a move in 1999. Three arbitrators formed the panel, Andreas Nödl, Walter Rechberger and Peter Rummel. Schoenberg gave evidence before them in September 2005 and, in January 2006, they delivered their judgement. They stated that five of the six paintings in question should be returned to the Bloch-Bauer estate, as outlined in Ferdinand's will; only the Portrait of Amalie Zuckerkandl was to be retained by the gallery.After the panel's decision was announced, the Galerie Belvedere ran a series of advertisements that appeared in bus stops and on underground railway platforms. The posters said "Ciao Adele", advertising the last opportunity before the painting left the country and long queues formed around the block. Although there were calls from some Austrians for the state to purchase the five paintings, the government stated that the price would be too high to justify the expense. The paintings were exported from Austria in March 2006 and exhibited together at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art from April to June that year.When Altmann was asked what she wanted to do with the paintings, she stated "I would not want any private person to buy these paintings, ... It is very meaningful to me that they are seen by anybody who wants to see them, because that would have been the wish of my aunt." In June 2006 the Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I was sold to Ronald Lauder for $135 million for his public art museum, at the time a record price for a painting. Eileen Kinsella, the editor of ARTnews, considered the high price was due to several factors, particularly the painting's provenance, the increasing demand for Austrian Expressionism, rising prices in the art world and "Lauder's passion for and pursuit of this particular work". Lauder placed the work in the Neue Galerie, the New York–based gallery he co-founded. The painting has been on display at the location since.Michael Kimmelman, the chief art critic for the New York Times, was critical of the sale, and wrote that "A story about justice and redemption after the Holocaust has devolved into yet another tale of the crazy, intoxicating art market." Altmann said of the sale that it was not practical for her, or her relatives who were also part of the estate, to retain any of the paintings. In November 2006 the remaining four Klimt paintings were sold at Christie's auction house. Adele Bloch-Bauer II sold for $87.9 million, Apfelbaum I for $33 million, Buchenwald for $40.3 million and Häuser in Unterach am Attersee for $31 million. All went to private collections.


Porträt von Adele Bloch-Bauer I

Prompt: Beschreibe die Merkmale der Seit 1945 in  der Porträt von Adele Bloch-Bauer I's Geschichte und Besitz von Porträt von Adele Bloch-Bauer I.Bitte auf Englisch ausgeben.

United States District Court for the Central District of California

Gustav Klimt#Golden phase and critical success

''Portrait of Fritza Riedler'' (1906), exhibited and criticised alongside the ''Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer'' in 1907

Public poster concerning the departure of the painting from Austria

The decorative motifs: symbols suggestive of [[erotica

Detail showing the jewelled choker given to [[Maria Altmann

File:Adele Bloch-Bauer (detail of motifs).jpg

Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne

File:Klimt - Bildnis Fritza Riedler - 1906.jpeg

Category:Paintings in the Neue Galerie New York

File:Adele Bloch-Bauer (detail of face).jpg

Klimt's ''Schloss Kammer am Attersee III'' (1910), which was swapped for the ''Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I''

In August 1945 Ferdinand wrote a final will that revoked all previous ones. It made no reference to the pictures, which he thought had been lost forever, but it stated that his entire estate was left to his nephew and two nieces—one of whom was Maria Altmann. Ferdinand died in Switzerland in November that year.In 1946 the Austrian state issued an Annulment Act that declared all transactions motivated by Nazi discrimination were void; any Jews who wanted to remove artwork from Austria were forced to give some of their works to Austrian museums in order to obtain an export permit for others. The Bloch-Bauer family hired Dr Gustav Rinesh, a Viennese lawyer, to reclaim stolen artwork on their behalf. Using the records produced by Führer, he traced most of the works to the Galerie Belvedere, and Häuser in Unterach, to Führer's own private collection. Several works were returned to the Bloch-Bauer estate, but no Klimt paintings; to obtain the necessary export permits, the family were forced to let the Austrian state retain Häuser in Unterach am Attersee, Adele Bloch-Bauer I, Adele Bloch-Bauer II, and Apfelbaum I. They were also forced to relinquish any claims on Buchenwald and Schloss Kammer am Attersee III. The Galerie Belvedere based its claim of retention of the Klimt works on Adele's will.In 1998 the Austrian government introduced the Art Restitution Act, which looked again at the question of art stolen by the Nazis. The government formed a restitution committee to report on which works should be returned; government archives were opened up to research into the provenance of works held by the government. Hubertus Czernin, the Austrian investigative journalist, undertook extensive research in the newly opened archives and published a story about the theft of art by the Nazis; with the subsequent refusal of the Austrian state to return the art or to acknowledge a theft had taken place, Czernin described the situation as "a double crime".Altmann, then living in the US, hired E. Randol Schoenberg to act on her behalf. Schoenberg was the son of a woman she had been friends with since they lived in Vienna. They filed a claim with the restitution committee for the return of six paintings: Adele Bloch-Bauer I, Adele Bloch-Bauer II, Apfelbaum I, Buchenwald, Häuser in Unterach am Attersee and Amalie Zuckerkandl. The committee turned down the request, again citing Adele's will as the reason they were retaining the works. The committee's decision recommended that 16 Klimt drawings and 19 pieces of porcelain that had been held by Ferdinand and Adele and which were still at the Galerie Belvedere should be returned, as they fell outside the request of the will.In March 2000 Altmann filed a civil claim against the Austrian government for the return of the paintings. She was informed that the cost of filing (consisting of 1.2% of the amount in question, plus a filing fee), would have meant a fee of €1.75 million. To avoid the prohibitively high costs, Altmann and Schoenberg sued the Galerie Belvedere, and the museums owner, the Austrian government, in the US courts. The Austrian government filed for dismissal, with arguments based on the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (1976). The Act granted immunity to sovereign nations except under certain conditions. Schoenberg showed that three of the conditions pertinent to the case were that Altmann's property had been taken in violation of international law; the property was in the possession of the state in question, or one of its agencies; and that the property had been used on a commercial basis in the US. Over four years of litigation followed as to whether the case could be brought against a sovereign state before it was brought before the Supreme Court in Republic of Austria v. Altmann. In June 2004 the Supreme Court determined that the paintings had been stolen and that Austria was not immune from a claim from Altmann; the court made no comment on the current ownership of the paintings.To avoid returning to the courts in what could have been lengthy litigation process, arbitration in Austria was agreed upon by both parties, although the Austrians had turned down such a move in 1999. Three arbitrators formed the panel, Andreas Nödl, Walter Rechberger and Peter Rummel. Schoenberg gave evidence before them in September 2005 and, in January 2006, they delivered their judgement. They stated that five of the six paintings in question should be returned to the Bloch-Bauer estate, as outlined in Ferdinand's will; only the Portrait of Amalie Zuckerkandl was to be retained by the gallery.After the panel's decision was announced, the Galerie Belvedere ran a series of advertisements that appeared in bus stops and on underground railway platforms. The posters said "Ciao Adele", advertising the last opportunity before the painting left the country and long queues formed around the block. Although there were calls from some Austrians for the state to purchase the five paintings, the government stated that the price would be too high to justify the expense. The paintings were exported from Austria in March 2006 and exhibited together at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art from April to June that year.When Altmann was asked what she wanted to do with the paintings, she stated "I would not want any private person to buy these paintings, ... It is very meaningful to me that they are seen by anybody who wants to see them, because that would have been the wish of my aunt." In June 2006 the Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I was sold to Ronald Lauder for $135 million for his public art museum, at the time a record price for a painting. Eileen Kinsella, the editor of ARTnews, considered the high price was due to several factors, particularly the painting's provenance, the increasing demand for Austrian Expressionism, rising prices in the art world and "Lauder's passion for and pursuit of this particular work". Lauder placed the work in the Neue Galerie, the New York–based gallery he co-founded. The painting has been on display at the location since.Michael Kimmelman, the chief art critic for the New York Times, was critical of the sale, and wrote that "A story about justice and redemption after the Holocaust has devolved into yet another tale of the crazy, intoxicating art market." Altmann said of the sale that it was not practical for her, or her relatives who were also part of the estate, to retain any of the paintings. In November 2006 the remaining four Klimt paintings were sold at Christie's auction house. Adele Bloch-Bauer II sold for $87.9 million, Apfelbaum I for $33 million, Buchenwald for $40.3 million and Häuser in Unterach am Attersee for $31 million. All went to private collections.


Porträt von Adele Bloch-Bauer I

Prompt: Fokussiere dich auf Porträt von Adele Bloch-Bauer I und erkunde erkläre die Vermächtnis.Bitte auf Englisch ausgeben.

United States District Court for the Central District of California

Gustav Klimt#Golden phase and critical success

''Portrait of Fritza Riedler'' (1906), exhibited and criticised alongside the ''Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer'' in 1907

Public poster concerning the departure of the painting from Austria

The decorative motifs: symbols suggestive of [[erotica

Detail showing the jewelled choker given to [[Maria Altmann

File:Adele Bloch-Bauer (detail of motifs).jpg

Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne

File:Klimt - Bildnis Fritza Riedler - 1906.jpeg

Category:Paintings in the Neue Galerie New York

File:Adele Bloch-Bauer (detail of face).jpg

Klimt's ''Schloss Kammer am Attersee III'' (1910), which was swapped for the ''Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I''

The history of the Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I and the other paintings taken from the Bloch-Bauers has been recounted in three documentary films, Stealing Klimt (2007), The Rape of Europa (2007) and Adele's Wish (2008).The painting's history is described in the 2012 book The Lady in Gold: The Extraordinary Tale of Gustav Klimt's Masterpiece, Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer, by the journalist Anne-Marie O'Connor.The history, as well as other stories of other stolen art, is told by Melissa Müller and Monika Tatzkow in Lost Lives, Lost Art: Jewish Collectors, Nazi Art Theft, and the Quest for Justice, published in 2010.The portrait is featured in the memoir of Gregor Collins, The Accidental Caregiver, about his unusual bond with Adele's niece Maria Altmann, published in August 2012.In 2015 Altmann's story was dramatised for the film Woman in Gold starring Helen Mirren as Maria and Ryan Reynolds as Schoenberg. The painting of Adele - Maria's aunt - was the centerpiece for the story.The story of Adele Bloch-Bauer and Maria Altmann formed the basis for the 2017 novel Stolen Beauty by Laurie Lico Albanese.Altmann died in February 2011, aged 94. Schoenberg, who had worked on a 40 per cent conditional fee throughout, received $54 million for the sale of Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I and $55 million for the sale of the remaining four paintings. After he donated over $7 million for the building of the new premises of the Los Angeles Museum of the Holocaust, he said that he had "tried to do good things with the money". He subsequently specialised in the restitution of artwork plundered by the Nazis.Elements of the portrait have been noted by art critics to have influenced the painting First Lady Michelle Obama, by Amy Sherald in 2018.


Porträt von Adele Bloch-Bauer I

Prompt: ErkundeErkläre die Vermächtnis dieses Kunstwerks, Porträt von Adele Bloch-Bauer I.Bitte auf Englisch ausgeben.

United States District Court for the Central District of California

Gustav Klimt#Golden phase and critical success

''Portrait of Fritza Riedler'' (1906), exhibited and criticised alongside the ''Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer'' in 1907

Public poster concerning the departure of the painting from Austria

The decorative motifs: symbols suggestive of [[erotica

Detail showing the jewelled choker given to [[Maria Altmann

File:Adele Bloch-Bauer (detail of motifs).jpg

Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne

File:Klimt - Bildnis Fritza Riedler - 1906.jpeg

Category:Paintings in the Neue Galerie New York

File:Adele Bloch-Bauer (detail of face).jpg

Klimt's ''Schloss Kammer am Attersee III'' (1910), which was swapped for the ''Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I''

The history of the Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I and the other paintings taken from the Bloch-Bauers has been recounted in three documentary films, Stealing Klimt (2007), The Rape of Europa (2007) and Adele's Wish (2008).The painting's history is described in the 2012 book The Lady in Gold: The Extraordinary Tale of Gustav Klimt's Masterpiece, Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer, by the journalist Anne-Marie O'Connor.The history, as well as other stories of other stolen art, is told by Melissa Müller and Monika Tatzkow in Lost Lives, Lost Art: Jewish Collectors, Nazi Art Theft, and the Quest for Justice, published in 2010.The portrait is featured in the memoir of Gregor Collins, The Accidental Caregiver, about his unusual bond with Adele's niece Maria Altmann, published in August 2012.In 2015 Altmann's story was dramatised for the film Woman in Gold starring Helen Mirren as Maria and Ryan Reynolds as Schoenberg. The painting of Adele - Maria's aunt - was the centerpiece for the story.The story of Adele Bloch-Bauer and Maria Altmann formed the basis for the 2017 novel Stolen Beauty by Laurie Lico Albanese.Altmann died in February 2011, aged 94. Schoenberg, who had worked on a 40 per cent conditional fee throughout, received $54 million for the sale of Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I and $55 million for the sale of the remaining four paintings. After he donated over $7 million for the building of the new premises of the Los Angeles Museum of the Holocaust, he said that he had "tried to do good things with the money". He subsequently specialised in the restitution of artwork plundered by the Nazis.Elements of the portrait have been noted by art critics to have influenced the painting First Lady Michelle Obama, by Amy Sherald in 2018.


Porträt von Adele Bloch-Bauer I

Prompt: Wie erläutert Porträt von Adele Bloch-Bauer I seine Vermächtnis?Bitte auf Englisch ausgeben.

United States District Court for the Central District of California

Gustav Klimt#Golden phase and critical success

''Portrait of Fritza Riedler'' (1906), exhibited and criticised alongside the ''Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer'' in 1907

Public poster concerning the departure of the painting from Austria

The decorative motifs: symbols suggestive of [[erotica

Detail showing the jewelled choker given to [[Maria Altmann

File:Adele Bloch-Bauer (detail of motifs).jpg

Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne

File:Klimt - Bildnis Fritza Riedler - 1906.jpeg

Category:Paintings in the Neue Galerie New York

File:Adele Bloch-Bauer (detail of face).jpg

Klimt's ''Schloss Kammer am Attersee III'' (1910), which was swapped for the ''Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I''

The history of the Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I and the other paintings taken from the Bloch-Bauers has been recounted in three documentary films, Stealing Klimt (2007), The Rape of Europa (2007) and Adele's Wish (2008).The painting's history is described in the 2012 book The Lady in Gold: The Extraordinary Tale of Gustav Klimt's Masterpiece, Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer, by the journalist Anne-Marie O'Connor.The history, as well as other stories of other stolen art, is told by Melissa Müller and Monika Tatzkow in Lost Lives, Lost Art: Jewish Collectors, Nazi Art Theft, and the Quest for Justice, published in 2010.The portrait is featured in the memoir of Gregor Collins, The Accidental Caregiver, about his unusual bond with Adele's niece Maria Altmann, published in August 2012.In 2015 Altmann's story was dramatised for the film Woman in Gold starring Helen Mirren as Maria and Ryan Reynolds as Schoenberg. The painting of Adele - Maria's aunt - was the centerpiece for the story.The story of Adele Bloch-Bauer and Maria Altmann formed the basis for the 2017 novel Stolen Beauty by Laurie Lico Albanese.Altmann died in February 2011, aged 94. Schoenberg, who had worked on a 40 per cent conditional fee throughout, received $54 million for the sale of Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I and $55 million for the sale of the remaining four paintings. After he donated over $7 million for the building of the new premises of the Los Angeles Museum of the Holocaust, he said that he had "tried to do good things with the money". He subsequently specialised in the restitution of artwork plundered by the Nazis.Elements of the portrait have been noted by art critics to have influenced the painting First Lady Michelle Obama, by Amy Sherald in 2018.


Porträt von Adele Bloch-Bauer I

Prompt: Wie wird die Vermächtnis in Porträt von Adele Bloch-Bauer I diskutiert?Bitte auf Englisch ausgeben.

United States District Court for the Central District of California

Gustav Klimt#Golden phase and critical success

''Portrait of Fritza Riedler'' (1906), exhibited and criticised alongside the ''Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer'' in 1907

Public poster concerning the departure of the painting from Austria

The decorative motifs: symbols suggestive of [[erotica

Detail showing the jewelled choker given to [[Maria Altmann

File:Adele Bloch-Bauer (detail of motifs).jpg

Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne

File:Klimt - Bildnis Fritza Riedler - 1906.jpeg

Category:Paintings in the Neue Galerie New York

File:Adele Bloch-Bauer (detail of face).jpg

Klimt's ''Schloss Kammer am Attersee III'' (1910), which was swapped for the ''Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I''

The history of the Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I and the other paintings taken from the Bloch-Bauers has been recounted in three documentary films, Stealing Klimt (2007), The Rape of Europa (2007) and Adele's Wish (2008).The painting's history is described in the 2012 book The Lady in Gold: The Extraordinary Tale of Gustav Klimt's Masterpiece, Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer, by the journalist Anne-Marie O'Connor.The history, as well as other stories of other stolen art, is told by Melissa Müller and Monika Tatzkow in Lost Lives, Lost Art: Jewish Collectors, Nazi Art Theft, and the Quest for Justice, published in 2010.The portrait is featured in the memoir of Gregor Collins, The Accidental Caregiver, about his unusual bond with Adele's niece Maria Altmann, published in August 2012.In 2015 Altmann's story was dramatised for the film Woman in Gold starring Helen Mirren as Maria and Ryan Reynolds as Schoenberg. The painting of Adele - Maria's aunt - was the centerpiece for the story.The story of Adele Bloch-Bauer and Maria Altmann formed the basis for the 2017 novel Stolen Beauty by Laurie Lico Albanese.Altmann died in February 2011, aged 94. Schoenberg, who had worked on a 40 per cent conditional fee throughout, received $54 million for the sale of Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I and $55 million for the sale of the remaining four paintings. After he donated over $7 million for the building of the new premises of the Los Angeles Museum of the Holocaust, he said that he had "tried to do good things with the money". He subsequently specialised in the restitution of artwork plundered by the Nazis.Elements of the portrait have been noted by art critics to have influenced the painting First Lady Michelle Obama, by Amy Sherald in 2018.


Venus von Urbino

Prompt: Fokussiere dich auf Venus von Urbino und erkunde erkläre die abstract.Bitte auf Englisch ausgeben.

File:Uffizi Venus of Urbino August 2022.jpg

Category:Mythological paintings by Titian

Image:Edouard Manet - Olympia - Google Art ProjectFXD.jpg

[[Guidobaldo II della Rovere, Duke of Urbino

File:Giorgione - Sleeping Venus - Google Art Project 2.jpg

''Venus of Urbino'' displayed at the [[Uffizi

File:Angelo Bronzino - Portrait of Guidobaldo della Rovere.jpg

The Venus of Urbino (also known as Reclining Venus) is an oil painting by Italian painter Titian, depicting a nude young woman, traditionally identified with the goddess Venus, reclining on a couch or bed in the sumptuous surroundings of a Renaissance palace. Work on the painting seems to have begun anywhere from 1532 or 1534, and was perhaps completed in 1534, but not sold until 1538. It is currently held in the Galleria degli Uffizi in Florence.The figure's pose is based on the Dresden Venus, traditionally attributed to Giorgione but for which Titian completed at least the landscape. In his own painting, Titian has moved Venus to an indoor setting, engaged her with the viewer, and made her sensuality explicit; some even believe the figure is engaging in masturbation.Interpretations of the painting fall into two groups; both agree that the painting has a powerful erotic charge, but beyond that, it is seen either as a portrait of a courtesan, perhaps Zaffetta, or as a painting celebrating the marriage of its first owner (who according to some may not have commissioned it). This disagreement forms part of a wider debate on the meaning of the mainly Venetian tradition of the reclining female nude, which Titian had created, or helped to create, some 25 years before with the Dresden Venus of around 1510–11. For Charles Hope, "It has yet to be shown that the most famous example of this genre, Titian's Venus of Urbino, is anything other than a representation of a beautiful nude woman on a bed, devoid of classical or even allegorical content." Even the indefatigable finder of allegories drawing on Renaissance Neoplatonism, Edgar Wind, had to admit that in this case "an undisguised hedonism had at last dispelled the Platonic metaphors".


Venus von Urbino

Prompt: ErkundeErkläre die abstract dieses Kunstwerks, Venus von Urbino.Bitte auf Englisch ausgeben.

File:Uffizi Venus of Urbino August 2022.jpg

Category:Mythological paintings by Titian

Image:Edouard Manet - Olympia - Google Art ProjectFXD.jpg

[[Guidobaldo II della Rovere, Duke of Urbino

File:Giorgione - Sleeping Venus - Google Art Project 2.jpg

''Venus of Urbino'' displayed at the [[Uffizi

File:Angelo Bronzino - Portrait of Guidobaldo della Rovere.jpg

The Venus of Urbino (also known as Reclining Venus) is an oil painting by Italian painter Titian, depicting a nude young woman, traditionally identified with the goddess Venus, reclining on a couch or bed in the sumptuous surroundings of a Renaissance palace. Work on the painting seems to have begun anywhere from 1532 or 1534, and was perhaps completed in 1534, but not sold until 1538. It is currently held in the Galleria degli Uffizi in Florence.The figure's pose is based on the Dresden Venus, traditionally attributed to Giorgione but for which Titian completed at least the landscape. In his own painting, Titian has moved Venus to an indoor setting, engaged her with the viewer, and made her sensuality explicit; some even believe the figure is engaging in masturbation.Interpretations of the painting fall into two groups; both agree that the painting has a powerful erotic charge, but beyond that, it is seen either as a portrait of a courtesan, perhaps Zaffetta, or as a painting celebrating the marriage of its first owner (who according to some may not have commissioned it). This disagreement forms part of a wider debate on the meaning of the mainly Venetian tradition of the reclining female nude, which Titian had created, or helped to create, some 25 years before with the Dresden Venus of around 1510–11. For Charles Hope, "It has yet to be shown that the most famous example of this genre, Titian's Venus of Urbino, is anything other than a representation of a beautiful nude woman on a bed, devoid of classical or even allegorical content." Even the indefatigable finder of allegories drawing on Renaissance Neoplatonism, Edgar Wind, had to admit that in this case "an undisguised hedonism had at last dispelled the Platonic metaphors".


Venus von Urbino

Prompt: Wie erläutert Venus von Urbino seine abstract?Bitte auf Englisch ausgeben.

File:Uffizi Venus of Urbino August 2022.jpg

Category:Mythological paintings by Titian

Image:Edouard Manet - Olympia - Google Art ProjectFXD.jpg

[[Guidobaldo II della Rovere, Duke of Urbino

File:Giorgione - Sleeping Venus - Google Art Project 2.jpg

''Venus of Urbino'' displayed at the [[Uffizi

File:Angelo Bronzino - Portrait of Guidobaldo della Rovere.jpg

The Venus of Urbino (also known as Reclining Venus) is an oil painting by Italian painter Titian, depicting a nude young woman, traditionally identified with the goddess Venus, reclining on a couch or bed in the sumptuous surroundings of a Renaissance palace. Work on the painting seems to have begun anywhere from 1532 or 1534, and was perhaps completed in 1534, but not sold until 1538. It is currently held in the Galleria degli Uffizi in Florence.The figure's pose is based on the Dresden Venus, traditionally attributed to Giorgione but for which Titian completed at least the landscape. In his own painting, Titian has moved Venus to an indoor setting, engaged her with the viewer, and made her sensuality explicit; some even believe the figure is engaging in masturbation.Interpretations of the painting fall into two groups; both agree that the painting has a powerful erotic charge, but beyond that, it is seen either as a portrait of a courtesan, perhaps Zaffetta, or as a painting celebrating the marriage of its first owner (who according to some may not have commissioned it). This disagreement forms part of a wider debate on the meaning of the mainly Venetian tradition of the reclining female nude, which Titian had created, or helped to create, some 25 years before with the Dresden Venus of around 1510–11. For Charles Hope, "It has yet to be shown that the most famous example of this genre, Titian's Venus of Urbino, is anything other than a representation of a beautiful nude woman on a bed, devoid of classical or even allegorical content." Even the indefatigable finder of allegories drawing on Renaissance Neoplatonism, Edgar Wind, had to admit that in this case "an undisguised hedonism had at last dispelled the Platonic metaphors".


Venus von Urbino

Prompt: Wie wird die abstract in Venus von Urbino diskutiert?Bitte auf Englisch ausgeben.

File:Uffizi Venus of Urbino August 2022.jpg

Category:Mythological paintings by Titian

Image:Edouard Manet - Olympia - Google Art ProjectFXD.jpg

[[Guidobaldo II della Rovere, Duke of Urbino

File:Giorgione - Sleeping Venus - Google Art Project 2.jpg

''Venus of Urbino'' displayed at the [[Uffizi

File:Angelo Bronzino - Portrait of Guidobaldo della Rovere.jpg

The Venus of Urbino (also known as Reclining Venus) is an oil painting by Italian painter Titian, depicting a nude young woman, traditionally identified with the goddess Venus, reclining on a couch or bed in the sumptuous surroundings of a Renaissance palace. Work on the painting seems to have begun anywhere from 1532 or 1534, and was perhaps completed in 1534, but not sold until 1538. It is currently held in the Galleria degli Uffizi in Florence.The figure's pose is based on the Dresden Venus, traditionally attributed to Giorgione but for which Titian completed at least the landscape. In his own painting, Titian has moved Venus to an indoor setting, engaged her with the viewer, and made her sensuality explicit; some even believe the figure is engaging in masturbation.Interpretations of the painting fall into two groups; both agree that the painting has a powerful erotic charge, but beyond that, it is seen either as a portrait of a courtesan, perhaps Zaffetta, or as a painting celebrating the marriage of its first owner (who according to some may not have commissioned it). This disagreement forms part of a wider debate on the meaning of the mainly Venetian tradition of the reclining female nude, which Titian had created, or helped to create, some 25 years before with the Dresden Venus of around 1510–11. For Charles Hope, "It has yet to be shown that the most famous example of this genre, Titian's Venus of Urbino, is anything other than a representation of a beautiful nude woman on a bed, devoid of classical or even allegorical content." Even the indefatigable finder of allegories drawing on Renaissance Neoplatonism, Edgar Wind, had to admit that in this case "an undisguised hedonism had at last dispelled the Platonic metaphors".


Venus von Urbino

Prompt: Fokussiere dich auf Venus von Urbino und erkunde erkläre die Beschreibung.Bitte auf Englisch ausgeben.

File:Uffizi Venus of Urbino August 2022.jpg

Category:Mythological paintings by Titian

Image:Edouard Manet - Olympia - Google Art ProjectFXD.jpg

[[Guidobaldo II della Rovere, Duke of Urbino

File:Giorgione - Sleeping Venus - Google Art Project 2.jpg

''Venus of Urbino'' displayed at the [[Uffizi

File:Angelo Bronzino - Portrait of Guidobaldo della Rovere.jpg

The painting's subject stares straight at the viewer, not embarrassed by her nudity. In her right hand, she holds a posy of roses, while she holds her other hand over her genitals. In the near background is a dog, often a symbol of fidelity. In a different space in the background two maids are shown rummaging through a cassone chest, where clothes were often kept.The detailed depiction of the interior setting is unusual, perhaps unique, for a Titian painting. Titian did work for the 21-year-old Ippolito de' Medici, reluctantly made a cardinal (though not a priest) by his uncle, Pope Clement VII. He was trying to pursue a military career, and was a papal diplomat. On 20 October 1532, he spent the night in Venice with Angela del Moro, or Angela Zaffetta, a leading courtesan in Venice and occasional dining companion of Titian and Aretino, the latter a friend of the cardinal. Titian painted Ippolito's portrait, and it seems likely that he was asked to add a nude portrait of Angela Zaffetta, or that Titian decided to paint one in the hope he would like it.On 20 December 1534, Titian wrote to Ippolito's chamberlain in Rome saying that he had been working on a painting of a woman for the cardinal. Ippolito died in August 1535, and apparently never saw the painting, which was still in Titian's studio when Guidobaldo II della Rovere, the 24-year-old son of the Duke of Urbino came in January 1538 to sit for a portrait. As letters from him and his mother show, he was extremely keen to buy it, and did so some months later; he referred to it simply as "the nude woman", and was worried Titian would sell it to someone else. Later that year he inherited the Duchy of Urbino on the death of his father, hence the painting acquired the name by which it is most commonly known, although it seems it was mostly kept in Pesaro.Alternatively, the painting may have been commissioned by Guidobaldo, possibly to celebrate his marriage in 1534 to the 10-year-old Giulia Varano, which made him Duke of Camerino, or its consummation, which was probably a few years later. Some critics have seen references to marriage in details such as the maids at the cassone, where the corredo or trousseau of clothes generally given to the bride by her husband's family were stored. Rona Goffen sees Venus's hand "caressing" her genitals as such a reference, as it was believed at the time that a female "emission" or orgasm was necessary for conception to take place, and female masturbation was therefore allowed only in cases where the male had ejaculated and withdrawn. The production of heirs was of great concern in elite marriages. Even the little dog on the bed has been brought into the argument; an identical dog is shown in Titian's portrait of the duke's mother Eleonora Gonzaga, the reasoning being that the dog identifies the house as a della Rovere home, and that it remains quiet indicates that the viewer is the husband of the woman.  A recent theory by Józef Grabski suggests that the painting represents an allegory of marital love between the famous Italian poet Vittoria Colonna and her deceased husband, Fernando d'Ávalos. Grabski supports his theory through analyzing various visual clues and symbols, the most prominent being the classic column in front of the trees in the window in the right half, a small detail on the painting that imitates the Colonna Family coat of arms.


Venus von Urbino

Prompt: ErkundeErkläre die Beschreibung dieses Kunstwerks, Venus von Urbino.Bitte auf Englisch ausgeben.

File:Uffizi Venus of Urbino August 2022.jpg

Category:Mythological paintings by Titian

Image:Edouard Manet - Olympia - Google Art ProjectFXD.jpg

[[Guidobaldo II della Rovere, Duke of Urbino

File:Giorgione - Sleeping Venus - Google Art Project 2.jpg

''Venus of Urbino'' displayed at the [[Uffizi

File:Angelo Bronzino - Portrait of Guidobaldo della Rovere.jpg

The painting's subject stares straight at the viewer, not embarrassed by her nudity. In her right hand, she holds a posy of roses, while she holds her other hand over her genitals. In the near background is a dog, often a symbol of fidelity. In a different space in the background two maids are shown rummaging through a cassone chest, where clothes were often kept.The detailed depiction of the interior setting is unusual, perhaps unique, for a Titian painting. Titian did work for the 21-year-old Ippolito de' Medici, reluctantly made a cardinal (though not a priest) by his uncle, Pope Clement VII. He was trying to pursue a military career, and was a papal diplomat. On 20 October 1532, he spent the night in Venice with Angela del Moro, or Angela Zaffetta, a leading courtesan in Venice and occasional dining companion of Titian and Aretino, the latter a friend of the cardinal. Titian painted Ippolito's portrait, and it seems likely that he was asked to add a nude portrait of Angela Zaffetta, or that Titian decided to paint one in the hope he would like it.On 20 December 1534, Titian wrote to Ippolito's chamberlain in Rome saying that he had been working on a painting of a woman for the cardinal. Ippolito died in August 1535, and apparently never saw the painting, which was still in Titian's studio when Guidobaldo II della Rovere, the 24-year-old son of the Duke of Urbino came in January 1538 to sit for a portrait. As letters from him and his mother show, he was extremely keen to buy it, and did so some months later; he referred to it simply as "the nude woman", and was worried Titian would sell it to someone else. Later that year he inherited the Duchy of Urbino on the death of his father, hence the painting acquired the name by which it is most commonly known, although it seems it was mostly kept in Pesaro.Alternatively, the painting may have been commissioned by Guidobaldo, possibly to celebrate his marriage in 1534 to the 10-year-old Giulia Varano, which made him Duke of Camerino, or its consummation, which was probably a few years later. Some critics have seen references to marriage in details such as the maids at the cassone, where the corredo or trousseau of clothes generally given to the bride by her husband's family were stored. Rona Goffen sees Venus's hand "caressing" her genitals as such a reference, as it was believed at the time that a female "emission" or orgasm was necessary for conception to take place, and female masturbation was therefore allowed only in cases where the male had ejaculated and withdrawn. The production of heirs was of great concern in elite marriages. Even the little dog on the bed has been brought into the argument; an identical dog is shown in Titian's portrait of the duke's mother Eleonora Gonzaga, the reasoning being that the dog identifies the house as a della Rovere home, and that it remains quiet indicates that the viewer is the husband of the woman.  A recent theory by Józef Grabski suggests that the painting represents an allegory of marital love between the famous Italian poet Vittoria Colonna and her deceased husband, Fernando d'Ávalos. Grabski supports his theory through analyzing various visual clues and symbols, the most prominent being the classic column in front of the trees in the window in the right half, a small detail on the painting that imitates the Colonna Family coat of arms.


Venus von Urbino

Prompt: Wie erläutert Venus von Urbino seine Beschreibung?Bitte auf Englisch ausgeben.

File:Uffizi Venus of Urbino August 2022.jpg

Category:Mythological paintings by Titian

Image:Edouard Manet - Olympia - Google Art ProjectFXD.jpg

[[Guidobaldo II della Rovere, Duke of Urbino

File:Giorgione - Sleeping Venus - Google Art Project 2.jpg

''Venus of Urbino'' displayed at the [[Uffizi

File:Angelo Bronzino - Portrait of Guidobaldo della Rovere.jpg

The painting's subject stares straight at the viewer, not embarrassed by her nudity. In her right hand, she holds a posy of roses, while she holds her other hand over her genitals. In the near background is a dog, often a symbol of fidelity. In a different space in the background two maids are shown rummaging through a cassone chest, where clothes were often kept.The detailed depiction of the interior setting is unusual, perhaps unique, for a Titian painting. Titian did work for the 21-year-old Ippolito de' Medici, reluctantly made a cardinal (though not a priest) by his uncle, Pope Clement VII. He was trying to pursue a military career, and was a papal diplomat. On 20 October 1532, he spent the night in Venice with Angela del Moro, or Angela Zaffetta, a leading courtesan in Venice and occasional dining companion of Titian and Aretino, the latter a friend of the cardinal. Titian painted Ippolito's portrait, and it seems likely that he was asked to add a nude portrait of Angela Zaffetta, or that Titian decided to paint one in the hope he would like it.On 20 December 1534, Titian wrote to Ippolito's chamberlain in Rome saying that he had been working on a painting of a woman for the cardinal. Ippolito died in August 1535, and apparently never saw the painting, which was still in Titian's studio when Guidobaldo II della Rovere, the 24-year-old son of the Duke of Urbino came in January 1538 to sit for a portrait. As letters from him and his mother show, he was extremely keen to buy it, and did so some months later; he referred to it simply as "the nude woman", and was worried Titian would sell it to someone else. Later that year he inherited the Duchy of Urbino on the death of his father, hence the painting acquired the name by which it is most commonly known, although it seems it was mostly kept in Pesaro.Alternatively, the painting may have been commissioned by Guidobaldo, possibly to celebrate his marriage in 1534 to the 10-year-old Giulia Varano, which made him Duke of Camerino, or its consummation, which was probably a few years later. Some critics have seen references to marriage in details such as the maids at the cassone, where the corredo or trousseau of clothes generally given to the bride by her husband's family were stored. Rona Goffen sees Venus's hand "caressing" her genitals as such a reference, as it was believed at the time that a female "emission" or orgasm was necessary for conception to take place, and female masturbation was therefore allowed only in cases where the male had ejaculated and withdrawn. The production of heirs was of great concern in elite marriages. Even the little dog on the bed has been brought into the argument; an identical dog is shown in Titian's portrait of the duke's mother Eleonora Gonzaga, the reasoning being that the dog identifies the house as a della Rovere home, and that it remains quiet indicates that the viewer is the husband of the woman.  A recent theory by Józef Grabski suggests that the painting represents an allegory of marital love between the famous Italian poet Vittoria Colonna and her deceased husband, Fernando d'Ávalos. Grabski supports his theory through analyzing various visual clues and symbols, the most prominent being the classic column in front of the trees in the window in the right half, a small detail on the painting that imitates the Colonna Family coat of arms.


Venus von Urbino

Prompt: Wie wird die Beschreibung in Venus von Urbino diskutiert?Bitte auf Englisch ausgeben.

File:Uffizi Venus of Urbino August 2022.jpg

Category:Mythological paintings by Titian

Image:Edouard Manet - Olympia - Google Art ProjectFXD.jpg

[[Guidobaldo II della Rovere, Duke of Urbino

File:Giorgione - Sleeping Venus - Google Art Project 2.jpg

''Venus of Urbino'' displayed at the [[Uffizi

File:Angelo Bronzino - Portrait of Guidobaldo della Rovere.jpg

The painting's subject stares straight at the viewer, not embarrassed by her nudity. In her right hand, she holds a posy of roses, while she holds her other hand over her genitals. In the near background is a dog, often a symbol of fidelity. In a different space in the background two maids are shown rummaging through a cassone chest, where clothes were often kept.The detailed depiction of the interior setting is unusual, perhaps unique, for a Titian painting. Titian did work for the 21-year-old Ippolito de' Medici, reluctantly made a cardinal (though not a priest) by his uncle, Pope Clement VII. He was trying to pursue a military career, and was a papal diplomat. On 20 October 1532, he spent the night in Venice with Angela del Moro, or Angela Zaffetta, a leading courtesan in Venice and occasional dining companion of Titian and Aretino, the latter a friend of the cardinal. Titian painted Ippolito's portrait, and it seems likely that he was asked to add a nude portrait of Angela Zaffetta, or that Titian decided to paint one in the hope he would like it.On 20 December 1534, Titian wrote to Ippolito's chamberlain in Rome saying that he had been working on a painting of a woman for the cardinal. Ippolito died in August 1535, and apparently never saw the painting, which was still in Titian's studio when Guidobaldo II della Rovere, the 24-year-old son of the Duke of Urbino came in January 1538 to sit for a portrait. As letters from him and his mother show, he was extremely keen to buy it, and did so some months later; he referred to it simply as "the nude woman", and was worried Titian would sell it to someone else. Later that year he inherited the Duchy of Urbino on the death of his father, hence the painting acquired the name by which it is most commonly known, although it seems it was mostly kept in Pesaro.Alternatively, the painting may have been commissioned by Guidobaldo, possibly to celebrate his marriage in 1534 to the 10-year-old Giulia Varano, which made him Duke of Camerino, or its consummation, which was probably a few years later. Some critics have seen references to marriage in details such as the maids at the cassone, where the corredo or trousseau of clothes generally given to the bride by her husband's family were stored. Rona Goffen sees Venus's hand "caressing" her genitals as such a reference, as it was believed at the time that a female "emission" or orgasm was necessary for conception to take place, and female masturbation was therefore allowed only in cases where the male had ejaculated and withdrawn. The production of heirs was of great concern in elite marriages. Even the little dog on the bed has been brought into the argument; an identical dog is shown in Titian's portrait of the duke's mother Eleonora Gonzaga, the reasoning being that the dog identifies the house as a della Rovere home, and that it remains quiet indicates that the viewer is the husband of the woman.  A recent theory by Józef Grabski suggests that the painting represents an allegory of marital love between the famous Italian poet Vittoria Colonna and her deceased husband, Fernando d'Ávalos. Grabski supports his theory through analyzing various visual clues and symbols, the most prominent being the classic column in front of the trees in the window in the right half, a small detail on the painting that imitates the Colonna Family coat of arms.


Venus von Urbino

Prompt: Im Kontext von Venus von Urbino, erkunde erkläre die Spätere Geschichte und die Beschreibung.Bitte auf Englisch ausgeben.

File:Uffizi Venus of Urbino August 2022.jpg

Category:Mythological paintings by Titian

Image:Edouard Manet - Olympia - Google Art ProjectFXD.jpg

[[Guidobaldo II della Rovere, Duke of Urbino

File:Giorgione - Sleeping Venus - Google Art Project 2.jpg

''Venus of Urbino'' displayed at the [[Uffizi

File:Angelo Bronzino - Portrait of Guidobaldo della Rovere.jpg

In 1624, as the Papacy moved to fully annex the duchy to the Papal States, the della Rovere court moved to Pesaro, where the painting hung in the Villa Imperiale. It joined the Medici family collections in 1633 when the last della Rovere, Vittoria della Rovere, married Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany. It was moved to the Uffizi in 1736, and has remained there ever since, apart from visits to exhibitions which in the 21st century have included Madrid, Brussels, Tokyo, Venice, and Urbino. It has long been famous, as is shown by its prominent placing at the front of the gallery group portrait by Johan Zoffany of the Tribuna of the Uffizi of the 1770s.In his 1880 travelogue A Tramp Abroad, Mark Twain called the Venus of Urbino "the foulest, the vilest, the obscenest picture the world possesses." He proposed that "it was painted for a bagnio [brothel], and it was probably refused because it was a trifle too strong", adding humorously that "in truth, it is a trifle too strong for any place but a public art gallery". Twain does this to juxtapose the artistic license (for nudity, for example) allowed in painting, as opposed to the restrictions and Victorian morality imposed on literature in the "last eighty or ninety years". In the same passage, Twain also mocks the fig leaves placed in the 19th century on nude statues in Rome, which had "stood in innocent nakedness for ages."The Venus of Urbino was one of the inspirations for Édouard Manet's 1863 Olympia, in which the figure of Venus is replaced with the model Victorine Meurent.


Venus von Urbino

Prompt: Erkunde Erkläre die Spätere Geschichte über die Beschreibung dieses Kunstwerks, Venus von Urbino.Bitte auf Englisch ausgeben.

File:Uffizi Venus of Urbino August 2022.jpg

Category:Mythological paintings by Titian

Image:Edouard Manet - Olympia - Google Art ProjectFXD.jpg

[[Guidobaldo II della Rovere, Duke of Urbino

File:Giorgione - Sleeping Venus - Google Art Project 2.jpg

''Venus of Urbino'' displayed at the [[Uffizi

File:Angelo Bronzino - Portrait of Guidobaldo della Rovere.jpg

In 1624, as the Papacy moved to fully annex the duchy to the Papal States, the della Rovere court moved to Pesaro, where the painting hung in the Villa Imperiale. It joined the Medici family collections in 1633 when the last della Rovere, Vittoria della Rovere, married Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany. It was moved to the Uffizi in 1736, and has remained there ever since, apart from visits to exhibitions which in the 21st century have included Madrid, Brussels, Tokyo, Venice, and Urbino. It has long been famous, as is shown by its prominent placing at the front of the gallery group portrait by Johan Zoffany of the Tribuna of the Uffizi of the 1770s.In his 1880 travelogue A Tramp Abroad, Mark Twain called the Venus of Urbino "the foulest, the vilest, the obscenest picture the world possesses." He proposed that "it was painted for a bagnio [brothel], and it was probably refused because it was a trifle too strong", adding humorously that "in truth, it is a trifle too strong for any place but a public art gallery". Twain does this to juxtapose the artistic license (for nudity, for example) allowed in painting, as opposed to the restrictions and Victorian morality imposed on literature in the "last eighty or ninety years". In the same passage, Twain also mocks the fig leaves placed in the 19th century on nude statues in Rome, which had "stood in innocent nakedness for ages."The Venus of Urbino was one of the inspirations for Édouard Manet's 1863 Olympia, in which the figure of Venus is replaced with the model Victorine Meurent.


Venus von Urbino

Prompt: In Venus von Urbino, wie wird die Spätere Geschichte der Beschreibung erläutert?Bitte auf Englisch ausgeben.

File:Uffizi Venus of Urbino August 2022.jpg

Category:Mythological paintings by Titian

Image:Edouard Manet - Olympia - Google Art ProjectFXD.jpg

[[Guidobaldo II della Rovere, Duke of Urbino

File:Giorgione - Sleeping Venus - Google Art Project 2.jpg

''Venus of Urbino'' displayed at the [[Uffizi

File:Angelo Bronzino - Portrait of Guidobaldo della Rovere.jpg

In 1624, as the Papacy moved to fully annex the duchy to the Papal States, the della Rovere court moved to Pesaro, where the painting hung in the Villa Imperiale. It joined the Medici family collections in 1633 when the last della Rovere, Vittoria della Rovere, married Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany. It was moved to the Uffizi in 1736, and has remained there ever since, apart from visits to exhibitions which in the 21st century have included Madrid, Brussels, Tokyo, Venice, and Urbino. It has long been famous, as is shown by its prominent placing at the front of the gallery group portrait by Johan Zoffany of the Tribuna of the Uffizi of the 1770s.In his 1880 travelogue A Tramp Abroad, Mark Twain called the Venus of Urbino "the foulest, the vilest, the obscenest picture the world possesses." He proposed that "it was painted for a bagnio [brothel], and it was probably refused because it was a trifle too strong", adding humorously that "in truth, it is a trifle too strong for any place but a public art gallery". Twain does this to juxtapose the artistic license (for nudity, for example) allowed in painting, as opposed to the restrictions and Victorian morality imposed on literature in the "last eighty or ninety years". In the same passage, Twain also mocks the fig leaves placed in the 19th century on nude statues in Rome, which had "stood in innocent nakedness for ages."The Venus of Urbino was one of the inspirations for Édouard Manet's 1863 Olympia, in which the figure of Venus is replaced with the model Victorine Meurent.


Venus von Urbino

Prompt: Beschreibe die Merkmale der Spätere Geschichte in  der Venus von Urbino's Beschreibung von Venus von Urbino.Bitte auf Englisch ausgeben.

File:Uffizi Venus of Urbino August 2022.jpg

Category:Mythological paintings by Titian

Image:Edouard Manet - Olympia - Google Art ProjectFXD.jpg

[[Guidobaldo II della Rovere, Duke of Urbino

File:Giorgione - Sleeping Venus - Google Art Project 2.jpg

''Venus of Urbino'' displayed at the [[Uffizi

File:Angelo Bronzino - Portrait of Guidobaldo della Rovere.jpg

In 1624, as the Papacy moved to fully annex the duchy to the Papal States, the della Rovere court moved to Pesaro, where the painting hung in the Villa Imperiale. It joined the Medici family collections in 1633 when the last della Rovere, Vittoria della Rovere, married Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany. It was moved to the Uffizi in 1736, and has remained there ever since, apart from visits to exhibitions which in the 21st century have included Madrid, Brussels, Tokyo, Venice, and Urbino. It has long been famous, as is shown by its prominent placing at the front of the gallery group portrait by Johan Zoffany of the Tribuna of the Uffizi of the 1770s.In his 1880 travelogue A Tramp Abroad, Mark Twain called the Venus of Urbino "the foulest, the vilest, the obscenest picture the world possesses." He proposed that "it was painted for a bagnio [brothel], and it was probably refused because it was a trifle too strong", adding humorously that "in truth, it is a trifle too strong for any place but a public art gallery". Twain does this to juxtapose the artistic license (for nudity, for example) allowed in painting, as opposed to the restrictions and Victorian morality imposed on literature in the "last eighty or ninety years". In the same passage, Twain also mocks the fig leaves placed in the 19th century on nude statues in Rome, which had "stood in innocent nakedness for ages."The Venus of Urbino was one of the inspirations for Édouard Manet's 1863 Olympia, in which the figure of Venus is replaced with the model Victorine Meurent.


Venus von Urbino

Prompt: Fokussiere dich auf Venus von Urbino und erkunde erkläre die Skulpturen.Bitte auf Englisch ausgeben.

File:Uffizi Venus of Urbino August 2022.jpg

Category:Mythological paintings by Titian

Image:Edouard Manet - Olympia - Google Art ProjectFXD.jpg

[[Guidobaldo II della Rovere, Duke of Urbino

File:Giorgione - Sleeping Venus - Google Art Project 2.jpg

''Venus of Urbino'' displayed at the [[Uffizi

File:Angelo Bronzino - Portrait of Guidobaldo della Rovere.jpg

Lorenzo Bartolini developed the same theme in sculpture with his Venus (about 1830), based on the painting that his friend J.A.D. Ingres copied for him from the Titian version. The original sculpture is located at the Musée Fabre in Montpellier; a copy is at the Lady Lever Art Gallery, Port Sunlight, near Liverpool.


Venus von Urbino

Prompt: ErkundeErkläre die Skulpturen dieses Kunstwerks, Venus von Urbino.Bitte auf Englisch ausgeben.

File:Uffizi Venus of Urbino August 2022.jpg

Category:Mythological paintings by Titian

Image:Edouard Manet - Olympia - Google Art ProjectFXD.jpg

[[Guidobaldo II della Rovere, Duke of Urbino

File:Giorgione - Sleeping Venus - Google Art Project 2.jpg

''Venus of Urbino'' displayed at the [[Uffizi

File:Angelo Bronzino - Portrait of Guidobaldo della Rovere.jpg

Lorenzo Bartolini developed the same theme in sculpture with his Venus (about 1830), based on the painting that his friend J.A.D. Ingres copied for him from the Titian version. The original sculpture is located at the Musée Fabre in Montpellier; a copy is at the Lady Lever Art Gallery, Port Sunlight, near Liverpool.


Venus von Urbino

Prompt: Wie erläutert Venus von Urbino seine Skulpturen?Bitte auf Englisch ausgeben.

File:Uffizi Venus of Urbino August 2022.jpg

Category:Mythological paintings by Titian

Image:Edouard Manet - Olympia - Google Art ProjectFXD.jpg

[[Guidobaldo II della Rovere, Duke of Urbino

File:Giorgione - Sleeping Venus - Google Art Project 2.jpg

''Venus of Urbino'' displayed at the [[Uffizi

File:Angelo Bronzino - Portrait of Guidobaldo della Rovere.jpg

Lorenzo Bartolini developed the same theme in sculpture with his Venus (about 1830), based on the painting that his friend J.A.D. Ingres copied for him from the Titian version. The original sculpture is located at the Musée Fabre in Montpellier; a copy is at the Lady Lever Art Gallery, Port Sunlight, near Liverpool.


Venus von Urbino

Prompt: Wie wird die Skulpturen in Venus von Urbino diskutiert?Bitte auf Englisch ausgeben.

File:Uffizi Venus of Urbino August 2022.jpg

Category:Mythological paintings by Titian

Image:Edouard Manet - Olympia - Google Art ProjectFXD.jpg

[[Guidobaldo II della Rovere, Duke of Urbino

File:Giorgione - Sleeping Venus - Google Art Project 2.jpg

''Venus of Urbino'' displayed at the [[Uffizi

File:Angelo Bronzino - Portrait of Guidobaldo della Rovere.jpg

Lorenzo Bartolini developed the same theme in sculpture with his Venus (about 1830), based on the painting that his friend J.A.D. Ingres copied for him from the Titian version. The original sculpture is located at the Musée Fabre in Montpellier; a copy is at the Lady Lever Art Gallery, Port Sunlight, near Liverpool.


Prager astronomische Uhr

Prompt: Fokussiere dich auf Prager astronomische Uhr und erkunde erkläre die abstract.Bitte auf Englisch ausgeben.

File:Prague Astronomical Clock Detail.jpg <!-- replacing Image:Prazsky orloj kalendar detail.jpg -->

File:Rekonstrukce Staroměstské radnice 1AAB1356.jpg

Category:Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic

Category:Towers completed in the 15th century

Category:Clock towers in the Czech Republic

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1410

The Moon sphere is seen showing approximately a quarter moon

Category:Buildings and structures in Prague

National Heritage Inspectorate (Czech Republic)

Apostles in the New Testament#Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 3.jpg

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 4.jpg

The Prague astronomical clock or Prague Orloj (Czech: Pražský orloj [praʃskiː orloj]) is a medieval astronomical clock attached to the Old Town Hall in Prague, the capital of the Czech Republic.The clock was first installed in 1410, making it the third-oldest astronomical clock in the world and the oldest clock still in operation.


Prager astronomische Uhr

Prompt: ErkundeErkläre die abstract dieses Kunstwerks, Prager astronomische Uhr.Bitte auf Englisch ausgeben.

File:Prague Astronomical Clock Detail.jpg <!-- replacing Image:Prazsky orloj kalendar detail.jpg -->

File:Rekonstrukce Staroměstské radnice 1AAB1356.jpg

Category:Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic

Category:Towers completed in the 15th century

Category:Clock towers in the Czech Republic

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1410

The Moon sphere is seen showing approximately a quarter moon

Category:Buildings and structures in Prague

National Heritage Inspectorate (Czech Republic)

Apostles in the New Testament#Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 3.jpg

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 4.jpg

The Prague astronomical clock or Prague Orloj (Czech: Pražský orloj [praʃskiː orloj]) is a medieval astronomical clock attached to the Old Town Hall in Prague, the capital of the Czech Republic.The clock was first installed in 1410, making it the third-oldest astronomical clock in the world and the oldest clock still in operation.


Prager astronomische Uhr

Prompt: Wie erläutert Prager astronomische Uhr seine abstract?Bitte auf Englisch ausgeben.

File:Prague Astronomical Clock Detail.jpg <!-- replacing Image:Prazsky orloj kalendar detail.jpg -->

File:Rekonstrukce Staroměstské radnice 1AAB1356.jpg

Category:Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic

Category:Towers completed in the 15th century

Category:Clock towers in the Czech Republic

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1410

The Moon sphere is seen showing approximately a quarter moon

Category:Buildings and structures in Prague

National Heritage Inspectorate (Czech Republic)

Apostles in the New Testament#Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 3.jpg

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 4.jpg

The Prague astronomical clock or Prague Orloj (Czech: Pražský orloj [praʃskiː orloj]) is a medieval astronomical clock attached to the Old Town Hall in Prague, the capital of the Czech Republic.The clock was first installed in 1410, making it the third-oldest astronomical clock in the world and the oldest clock still in operation.


Prager astronomische Uhr

Prompt: Wie wird die abstract in Prager astronomische Uhr diskutiert?Bitte auf Englisch ausgeben.

File:Prague Astronomical Clock Detail.jpg <!-- replacing Image:Prazsky orloj kalendar detail.jpg -->

File:Rekonstrukce Staroměstské radnice 1AAB1356.jpg

Category:Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic

Category:Towers completed in the 15th century

Category:Clock towers in the Czech Republic

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1410

The Moon sphere is seen showing approximately a quarter moon

Category:Buildings and structures in Prague

National Heritage Inspectorate (Czech Republic)

Apostles in the New Testament#Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 3.jpg

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 4.jpg

The Prague astronomical clock or Prague Orloj (Czech: Pražský orloj [praʃskiː orloj]) is a medieval astronomical clock attached to the Old Town Hall in Prague, the capital of the Czech Republic.The clock was first installed in 1410, making it the third-oldest astronomical clock in the world and the oldest clock still in operation.


Prager astronomische Uhr

Prompt: Fokussiere dich auf Prager astronomische Uhr und erkunde erkläre die Beschreibung.Bitte auf Englisch ausgeben.

File:Prague Astronomical Clock Detail.jpg <!-- replacing Image:Prazsky orloj kalendar detail.jpg -->

File:Rekonstrukce Staroměstské radnice 1AAB1356.jpg

Category:Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic

Category:Towers completed in the 15th century

Category:Clock towers in the Czech Republic

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1410

The Moon sphere is seen showing approximately a quarter moon

Category:Buildings and structures in Prague

National Heritage Inspectorate (Czech Republic)

Apostles in the New Testament#Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 3.jpg

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 4.jpg

The Orloj is mounted on the southern wall of Old Town Hall in the Old Town Square. The clock mechanism has three main components – the astronomical dial, representing the position of the Sun and Moon in the sky and displaying various astronomical details; statues of various Catholic saints stand on either side of the clock; "The Walk of the Apostles", an hourly show of moving Apostle figures and other sculptures, notably a figure of a skeleton that represents Death, striking the time; and a calendar dial with medallions representing the months. According to local legend, the city will suffer if the clock is neglected and its good operation is placed in jeopardy; a ghost, mounted on the clock, was supposed to nod its head in confirmation. According to the legend, the only hope was represented by a boy born on New Year's night.


Prager astronomische Uhr

Prompt: ErkundeErkläre die Beschreibung dieses Kunstwerks, Prager astronomische Uhr.Bitte auf Englisch ausgeben.

File:Prague Astronomical Clock Detail.jpg <!-- replacing Image:Prazsky orloj kalendar detail.jpg -->

File:Rekonstrukce Staroměstské radnice 1AAB1356.jpg

Category:Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic

Category:Towers completed in the 15th century

Category:Clock towers in the Czech Republic

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1410

The Moon sphere is seen showing approximately a quarter moon

Category:Buildings and structures in Prague

National Heritage Inspectorate (Czech Republic)

Apostles in the New Testament#Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 3.jpg

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 4.jpg

The Orloj is mounted on the southern wall of Old Town Hall in the Old Town Square. The clock mechanism has three main components – the astronomical dial, representing the position of the Sun and Moon in the sky and displaying various astronomical details; statues of various Catholic saints stand on either side of the clock; "The Walk of the Apostles", an hourly show of moving Apostle figures and other sculptures, notably a figure of a skeleton that represents Death, striking the time; and a calendar dial with medallions representing the months. According to local legend, the city will suffer if the clock is neglected and its good operation is placed in jeopardy; a ghost, mounted on the clock, was supposed to nod its head in confirmation. According to the legend, the only hope was represented by a boy born on New Year's night.


Prager astronomische Uhr

Prompt: Wie erläutert Prager astronomische Uhr seine Beschreibung?Bitte auf Englisch ausgeben.

File:Prague Astronomical Clock Detail.jpg <!-- replacing Image:Prazsky orloj kalendar detail.jpg -->

File:Rekonstrukce Staroměstské radnice 1AAB1356.jpg

Category:Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic

Category:Towers completed in the 15th century

Category:Clock towers in the Czech Republic

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1410

The Moon sphere is seen showing approximately a quarter moon

Category:Buildings and structures in Prague

National Heritage Inspectorate (Czech Republic)

Apostles in the New Testament#Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 3.jpg

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 4.jpg

The Orloj is mounted on the southern wall of Old Town Hall in the Old Town Square. The clock mechanism has three main components – the astronomical dial, representing the position of the Sun and Moon in the sky and displaying various astronomical details; statues of various Catholic saints stand on either side of the clock; "The Walk of the Apostles", an hourly show of moving Apostle figures and other sculptures, notably a figure of a skeleton that represents Death, striking the time; and a calendar dial with medallions representing the months. According to local legend, the city will suffer if the clock is neglected and its good operation is placed in jeopardy; a ghost, mounted on the clock, was supposed to nod its head in confirmation. According to the legend, the only hope was represented by a boy born on New Year's night.


Prager astronomische Uhr

Prompt: Wie wird die Beschreibung in Prager astronomische Uhr diskutiert?Bitte auf Englisch ausgeben.

File:Prague Astronomical Clock Detail.jpg <!-- replacing Image:Prazsky orloj kalendar detail.jpg -->

File:Rekonstrukce Staroměstské radnice 1AAB1356.jpg

Category:Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic

Category:Towers completed in the 15th century

Category:Clock towers in the Czech Republic

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1410

The Moon sphere is seen showing approximately a quarter moon

Category:Buildings and structures in Prague

National Heritage Inspectorate (Czech Republic)

Apostles in the New Testament#Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 3.jpg

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 4.jpg

The Orloj is mounted on the southern wall of Old Town Hall in the Old Town Square. The clock mechanism has three main components – the astronomical dial, representing the position of the Sun and Moon in the sky and displaying various astronomical details; statues of various Catholic saints stand on either side of the clock; "The Walk of the Apostles", an hourly show of moving Apostle figures and other sculptures, notably a figure of a skeleton that represents Death, striking the time; and a calendar dial with medallions representing the months. According to local legend, the city will suffer if the clock is neglected and its good operation is placed in jeopardy; a ghost, mounted on the clock, was supposed to nod its head in confirmation. According to the legend, the only hope was represented by a boy born on New Year's night.


Prager astronomische Uhr

Prompt: Fokussiere dich auf Prager astronomische Uhr und erkunde erkläre die Geschichte.Bitte auf Englisch ausgeben.

File:Prague Astronomical Clock Detail.jpg <!-- replacing Image:Prazsky orloj kalendar detail.jpg -->

File:Rekonstrukce Staroměstské radnice 1AAB1356.jpg

Category:Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic

Category:Towers completed in the 15th century

Category:Clock towers in the Czech Republic

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1410

The Moon sphere is seen showing approximately a quarter moon

Category:Buildings and structures in Prague

National Heritage Inspectorate (Czech Republic)

Apostles in the New Testament#Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 3.jpg

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 4.jpg

The oldest part of the Orloj, the mechanical clock and astronomical dial, dates back to 1410, when it was created by clockmaker Mikuláš of Kadaň and Charles University professor of mathematics and astronomy Jan Šindel. The first recorded mention of the clock was on 9 October 1410. Later, presumably around 1490, the calendar dial was added and the clock facade was decorated with gothic sculptures.Formerly, it was believed that the Orloj was constructed in 1490 by clockmaster Jan Růže (also called Hanuš); this is now known to be a historical mistake. A legend, recounted by Alois Jirásek, has it that the clockmaker Hanuš was blinded on the order of the Prague Councillors so that he could not repeat his work; in turn, he disabled the clock, and no one was able to repair it for the next hundred years.In 1552 it was repaired by Jan Táborský (1500–1572), master clockmaker of Klokotská Hora, who also wrote a report of the clock where he mentioned Hanuš as the maker of this clock. This mistake, corrected by Zdeněk Horský, was due to an incorrect interpretation of records from the period. The mistaken assumption that Hanuš was the maker is probably connected with his reconstruction of the Old Town Hall in the years 1470–1473. The clock stopped working many times in the centuries after 1552, and was repaired many times. The legend was used as the main plot in the 2008 animated film Goat story – The Old Prague Legends.In 1629 or 1659 wooden statues were added, and figures of the Apostles were added after a major repair in 1787–1791. During the next major repair in the years 1865–1866 the golden figure of a crowing rooster was added.The Orloj suffered heavy damage on 7 and especially 8 May 1945, during the Prague uprising, when the Nazis fired on the south-west side of the Old Town Square from several armoured vehicles in an unsuccessful attempt to destroy one of the centers of the uprising. The hall and nearby buildings burned, along with the wooden sculptures on the clock and the calendar dial face made by Josef Mánes. After significant effort, the machinery was repaired, the wooden Apostles restored by Vojtěch Sucharda, and the Orloj started working again in 1948.The Orloj was renovated in autumn 2005, when the statues and the lower calendar ring were restored. The wooden statues were covered with a net to keep pigeons away.The last renovation of the astronomical clock was carried out from January to September 2018, following a reconstruction of the Old Town Tower. During the renovation, an electric clock mechanism that had been in operation since 1948 was replaced by an original mechanism from the 1860s.


Prager astronomische Uhr

Prompt: ErkundeErkläre die Geschichte dieses Kunstwerks, Prager astronomische Uhr.Bitte auf Englisch ausgeben.

File:Prague Astronomical Clock Detail.jpg <!-- replacing Image:Prazsky orloj kalendar detail.jpg -->

File:Rekonstrukce Staroměstské radnice 1AAB1356.jpg

Category:Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic

Category:Towers completed in the 15th century

Category:Clock towers in the Czech Republic

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1410

The Moon sphere is seen showing approximately a quarter moon

Category:Buildings and structures in Prague

National Heritage Inspectorate (Czech Republic)

Apostles in the New Testament#Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 3.jpg

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 4.jpg

The oldest part of the Orloj, the mechanical clock and astronomical dial, dates back to 1410, when it was created by clockmaker Mikuláš of Kadaň and Charles University professor of mathematics and astronomy Jan Šindel. The first recorded mention of the clock was on 9 October 1410. Later, presumably around 1490, the calendar dial was added and the clock facade was decorated with gothic sculptures.Formerly, it was believed that the Orloj was constructed in 1490 by clockmaster Jan Růže (also called Hanuš); this is now known to be a historical mistake. A legend, recounted by Alois Jirásek, has it that the clockmaker Hanuš was blinded on the order of the Prague Councillors so that he could not repeat his work; in turn, he disabled the clock, and no one was able to repair it for the next hundred years.In 1552 it was repaired by Jan Táborský (1500–1572), master clockmaker of Klokotská Hora, who also wrote a report of the clock where he mentioned Hanuš as the maker of this clock. This mistake, corrected by Zdeněk Horský, was due to an incorrect interpretation of records from the period. The mistaken assumption that Hanuš was the maker is probably connected with his reconstruction of the Old Town Hall in the years 1470–1473. The clock stopped working many times in the centuries after 1552, and was repaired many times. The legend was used as the main plot in the 2008 animated film Goat story – The Old Prague Legends.In 1629 or 1659 wooden statues were added, and figures of the Apostles were added after a major repair in 1787–1791. During the next major repair in the years 1865–1866 the golden figure of a crowing rooster was added.The Orloj suffered heavy damage on 7 and especially 8 May 1945, during the Prague uprising, when the Nazis fired on the south-west side of the Old Town Square from several armoured vehicles in an unsuccessful attempt to destroy one of the centers of the uprising. The hall and nearby buildings burned, along with the wooden sculptures on the clock and the calendar dial face made by Josef Mánes. After significant effort, the machinery was repaired, the wooden Apostles restored by Vojtěch Sucharda, and the Orloj started working again in 1948.The Orloj was renovated in autumn 2005, when the statues and the lower calendar ring were restored. The wooden statues were covered with a net to keep pigeons away.The last renovation of the astronomical clock was carried out from January to September 2018, following a reconstruction of the Old Town Tower. During the renovation, an electric clock mechanism that had been in operation since 1948 was replaced by an original mechanism from the 1860s.


Prager astronomische Uhr

Prompt: Wie erläutert Prager astronomische Uhr seine Geschichte?Bitte auf Englisch ausgeben.

File:Prague Astronomical Clock Detail.jpg <!-- replacing Image:Prazsky orloj kalendar detail.jpg -->

File:Rekonstrukce Staroměstské radnice 1AAB1356.jpg

Category:Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic

Category:Towers completed in the 15th century

Category:Clock towers in the Czech Republic

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1410

The Moon sphere is seen showing approximately a quarter moon

Category:Buildings and structures in Prague

National Heritage Inspectorate (Czech Republic)

Apostles in the New Testament#Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 3.jpg

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 4.jpg

The oldest part of the Orloj, the mechanical clock and astronomical dial, dates back to 1410, when it was created by clockmaker Mikuláš of Kadaň and Charles University professor of mathematics and astronomy Jan Šindel. The first recorded mention of the clock was on 9 October 1410. Later, presumably around 1490, the calendar dial was added and the clock facade was decorated with gothic sculptures.Formerly, it was believed that the Orloj was constructed in 1490 by clockmaster Jan Růže (also called Hanuš); this is now known to be a historical mistake. A legend, recounted by Alois Jirásek, has it that the clockmaker Hanuš was blinded on the order of the Prague Councillors so that he could not repeat his work; in turn, he disabled the clock, and no one was able to repair it for the next hundred years.In 1552 it was repaired by Jan Táborský (1500–1572), master clockmaker of Klokotská Hora, who also wrote a report of the clock where he mentioned Hanuš as the maker of this clock. This mistake, corrected by Zdeněk Horský, was due to an incorrect interpretation of records from the period. The mistaken assumption that Hanuš was the maker is probably connected with his reconstruction of the Old Town Hall in the years 1470–1473. The clock stopped working many times in the centuries after 1552, and was repaired many times. The legend was used as the main plot in the 2008 animated film Goat story – The Old Prague Legends.In 1629 or 1659 wooden statues were added, and figures of the Apostles were added after a major repair in 1787–1791. During the next major repair in the years 1865–1866 the golden figure of a crowing rooster was added.The Orloj suffered heavy damage on 7 and especially 8 May 1945, during the Prague uprising, when the Nazis fired on the south-west side of the Old Town Square from several armoured vehicles in an unsuccessful attempt to destroy one of the centers of the uprising. The hall and nearby buildings burned, along with the wooden sculptures on the clock and the calendar dial face made by Josef Mánes. After significant effort, the machinery was repaired, the wooden Apostles restored by Vojtěch Sucharda, and the Orloj started working again in 1948.The Orloj was renovated in autumn 2005, when the statues and the lower calendar ring were restored. The wooden statues were covered with a net to keep pigeons away.The last renovation of the astronomical clock was carried out from January to September 2018, following a reconstruction of the Old Town Tower. During the renovation, an electric clock mechanism that had been in operation since 1948 was replaced by an original mechanism from the 1860s.


Prager astronomische Uhr

Prompt: Wie wird die Geschichte in Prager astronomische Uhr diskutiert?Bitte auf Englisch ausgeben.

File:Prague Astronomical Clock Detail.jpg <!-- replacing Image:Prazsky orloj kalendar detail.jpg -->

File:Rekonstrukce Staroměstské radnice 1AAB1356.jpg

Category:Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic

Category:Towers completed in the 15th century

Category:Clock towers in the Czech Republic

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1410

The Moon sphere is seen showing approximately a quarter moon

Category:Buildings and structures in Prague

National Heritage Inspectorate (Czech Republic)

Apostles in the New Testament#Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 3.jpg

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 4.jpg

The oldest part of the Orloj, the mechanical clock and astronomical dial, dates back to 1410, when it was created by clockmaker Mikuláš of Kadaň and Charles University professor of mathematics and astronomy Jan Šindel. The first recorded mention of the clock was on 9 October 1410. Later, presumably around 1490, the calendar dial was added and the clock facade was decorated with gothic sculptures.Formerly, it was believed that the Orloj was constructed in 1490 by clockmaster Jan Růže (also called Hanuš); this is now known to be a historical mistake. A legend, recounted by Alois Jirásek, has it that the clockmaker Hanuš was blinded on the order of the Prague Councillors so that he could not repeat his work; in turn, he disabled the clock, and no one was able to repair it for the next hundred years.In 1552 it was repaired by Jan Táborský (1500–1572), master clockmaker of Klokotská Hora, who also wrote a report of the clock where he mentioned Hanuš as the maker of this clock. This mistake, corrected by Zdeněk Horský, was due to an incorrect interpretation of records from the period. The mistaken assumption that Hanuš was the maker is probably connected with his reconstruction of the Old Town Hall in the years 1470–1473. The clock stopped working many times in the centuries after 1552, and was repaired many times. The legend was used as the main plot in the 2008 animated film Goat story – The Old Prague Legends.In 1629 or 1659 wooden statues were added, and figures of the Apostles were added after a major repair in 1787–1791. During the next major repair in the years 1865–1866 the golden figure of a crowing rooster was added.The Orloj suffered heavy damage on 7 and especially 8 May 1945, during the Prague uprising, when the Nazis fired on the south-west side of the Old Town Square from several armoured vehicles in an unsuccessful attempt to destroy one of the centers of the uprising. The hall and nearby buildings burned, along with the wooden sculptures on the clock and the calendar dial face made by Josef Mánes. After significant effort, the machinery was repaired, the wooden Apostles restored by Vojtěch Sucharda, and the Orloj started working again in 1948.The Orloj was renovated in autumn 2005, when the statues and the lower calendar ring were restored. The wooden statues were covered with a net to keep pigeons away.The last renovation of the astronomical clock was carried out from January to September 2018, following a reconstruction of the Old Town Tower. During the renovation, an electric clock mechanism that had been in operation since 1948 was replaced by an original mechanism from the 1860s.


Prager astronomische Uhr

Prompt: Im Kontext von Prager astronomische Uhr, erkunde erkläre die 600. Jubiläum und die Geschichte.Bitte auf Englisch ausgeben.

File:Prague Astronomical Clock Detail.jpg <!-- replacing Image:Prazsky orloj kalendar detail.jpg -->

File:Rekonstrukce Staroměstské radnice 1AAB1356.jpg

Category:Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic

Category:Towers completed in the 15th century

Category:Clock towers in the Czech Republic

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1410

The Moon sphere is seen showing approximately a quarter moon

Category:Buildings and structures in Prague

National Heritage Inspectorate (Czech Republic)

Apostles in the New Testament#Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 3.jpg

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 4.jpg

On 9 October 2010, the Orloj's 600th anniversary was celebrated with a light show on the face of the clock tower. Two projectors were used to project several animated videos on the clock. The videos showed it being built, torn down, rebuilt, and peeled away to show its internal mechanisms and the famous animated figures, as well as various events in the clock's history. The video interacted with the tower's architecture, such as rain rolling off the arch, and showing the passage of time with moving shadows.


Prager astronomische Uhr

Prompt: Erkunde Erkläre die 600. Jubiläum über die Geschichte dieses Kunstwerks, Prager astronomische Uhr.Bitte auf Englisch ausgeben.

File:Prague Astronomical Clock Detail.jpg <!-- replacing Image:Prazsky orloj kalendar detail.jpg -->

File:Rekonstrukce Staroměstské radnice 1AAB1356.jpg

Category:Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic

Category:Towers completed in the 15th century

Category:Clock towers in the Czech Republic

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1410

The Moon sphere is seen showing approximately a quarter moon

Category:Buildings and structures in Prague

National Heritage Inspectorate (Czech Republic)

Apostles in the New Testament#Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 3.jpg

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 4.jpg

On 9 October 2010, the Orloj's 600th anniversary was celebrated with a light show on the face of the clock tower. Two projectors were used to project several animated videos on the clock. The videos showed it being built, torn down, rebuilt, and peeled away to show its internal mechanisms and the famous animated figures, as well as various events in the clock's history. The video interacted with the tower's architecture, such as rain rolling off the arch, and showing the passage of time with moving shadows.


Prager astronomische Uhr

Prompt: In Prager astronomische Uhr, wie wird die 600. Jubiläum der Geschichte erläutert?Bitte auf Englisch ausgeben.

File:Prague Astronomical Clock Detail.jpg <!-- replacing Image:Prazsky orloj kalendar detail.jpg -->

File:Rekonstrukce Staroměstské radnice 1AAB1356.jpg

Category:Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic

Category:Towers completed in the 15th century

Category:Clock towers in the Czech Republic

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1410

The Moon sphere is seen showing approximately a quarter moon

Category:Buildings and structures in Prague

National Heritage Inspectorate (Czech Republic)

Apostles in the New Testament#Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 3.jpg

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 4.jpg

On 9 October 2010, the Orloj's 600th anniversary was celebrated with a light show on the face of the clock tower. Two projectors were used to project several animated videos on the clock. The videos showed it being built, torn down, rebuilt, and peeled away to show its internal mechanisms and the famous animated figures, as well as various events in the clock's history. The video interacted with the tower's architecture, such as rain rolling off the arch, and showing the passage of time with moving shadows.


Prager astronomische Uhr

Prompt: Beschreibe die Merkmale der 600. Jubiläum in  der Prager astronomische Uhr's Geschichte von Prager astronomische Uhr.Bitte auf Englisch ausgeben.

File:Prague Astronomical Clock Detail.jpg <!-- replacing Image:Prazsky orloj kalendar detail.jpg -->

File:Rekonstrukce Staroměstské radnice 1AAB1356.jpg

Category:Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic

Category:Towers completed in the 15th century

Category:Clock towers in the Czech Republic

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1410

The Moon sphere is seen showing approximately a quarter moon

Category:Buildings and structures in Prague

National Heritage Inspectorate (Czech Republic)

Apostles in the New Testament#Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 3.jpg

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 4.jpg

On 9 October 2010, the Orloj's 600th anniversary was celebrated with a light show on the face of the clock tower. Two projectors were used to project several animated videos on the clock. The videos showed it being built, torn down, rebuilt, and peeled away to show its internal mechanisms and the famous animated figures, as well as various events in the clock's history. The video interacted with the tower's architecture, such as rain rolling off the arch, and showing the passage of time with moving shadows.


Prager astronomische Uhr

Prompt: Im Kontext von Prager astronomische Uhr, erkunde erkläre die 605. Jubiläum und die Geschichte.Bitte auf Englisch ausgeben.

File:Prague Astronomical Clock Detail.jpg <!-- replacing Image:Prazsky orloj kalendar detail.jpg -->

File:Rekonstrukce Staroměstské radnice 1AAB1356.jpg

Category:Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic

Category:Towers completed in the 15th century

Category:Clock towers in the Czech Republic

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1410

The Moon sphere is seen showing approximately a quarter moon

Category:Buildings and structures in Prague

National Heritage Inspectorate (Czech Republic)

Apostles in the New Testament#Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 3.jpg

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 4.jpg

On its 605th anniversary, 9 October 2015, the Orloj appeared on the Google home page as a Google Doodle.


Prager astronomische Uhr

Prompt: Erkunde Erkläre die 605. Jubiläum über die Geschichte dieses Kunstwerks, Prager astronomische Uhr.Bitte auf Englisch ausgeben.

File:Prague Astronomical Clock Detail.jpg <!-- replacing Image:Prazsky orloj kalendar detail.jpg -->

File:Rekonstrukce Staroměstské radnice 1AAB1356.jpg

Category:Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic

Category:Towers completed in the 15th century

Category:Clock towers in the Czech Republic

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1410

The Moon sphere is seen showing approximately a quarter moon

Category:Buildings and structures in Prague

National Heritage Inspectorate (Czech Republic)

Apostles in the New Testament#Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 3.jpg

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 4.jpg

On its 605th anniversary, 9 October 2015, the Orloj appeared on the Google home page as a Google Doodle.


Prager astronomische Uhr

Prompt: In Prager astronomische Uhr, wie wird die 605. Jubiläum der Geschichte erläutert?Bitte auf Englisch ausgeben.

File:Prague Astronomical Clock Detail.jpg <!-- replacing Image:Prazsky orloj kalendar detail.jpg -->

File:Rekonstrukce Staroměstské radnice 1AAB1356.jpg

Category:Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic

Category:Towers completed in the 15th century

Category:Clock towers in the Czech Republic

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1410

The Moon sphere is seen showing approximately a quarter moon

Category:Buildings and structures in Prague

National Heritage Inspectorate (Czech Republic)

Apostles in the New Testament#Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 3.jpg

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 4.jpg

On its 605th anniversary, 9 October 2015, the Orloj appeared on the Google home page as a Google Doodle.


Prager astronomische Uhr

Prompt: Beschreibe die Merkmale der 605. Jubiläum in  der Prager astronomische Uhr's Geschichte von Prager astronomische Uhr.Bitte auf Englisch ausgeben.

File:Prague Astronomical Clock Detail.jpg <!-- replacing Image:Prazsky orloj kalendar detail.jpg -->

File:Rekonstrukce Staroměstské radnice 1AAB1356.jpg

Category:Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic

Category:Towers completed in the 15th century

Category:Clock towers in the Czech Republic

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1410

The Moon sphere is seen showing approximately a quarter moon

Category:Buildings and structures in Prague

National Heritage Inspectorate (Czech Republic)

Apostles in the New Testament#Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 3.jpg

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 4.jpg

On its 605th anniversary, 9 October 2015, the Orloj appeared on the Google home page as a Google Doodle.


Prager astronomische Uhr

Prompt: Im Kontext von Prager astronomische Uhr, erkunde erkläre die 2018 Rekonstruktion und die Geschichte.Bitte auf Englisch ausgeben.

File:Prague Astronomical Clock Detail.jpg <!-- replacing Image:Prazsky orloj kalendar detail.jpg -->

File:Rekonstrukce Staroměstské radnice 1AAB1356.jpg

Category:Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic

Category:Towers completed in the 15th century

Category:Clock towers in the Czech Republic

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1410

The Moon sphere is seen showing approximately a quarter moon

Category:Buildings and structures in Prague

National Heritage Inspectorate (Czech Republic)

Apostles in the New Testament#Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 3.jpg

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 4.jpg

The Orloj was taken down for reconstruction and replaced by a LED screen in early 2018, with the restoration works scheduled to last for the whole summer tourist season of 2018 and the restored actual Orloj eventually being back in service soon enough to commemorate the 100th anniversary of Czechoslovakia at the end of October 2018. With the reconstruction and restoration work completed, it resumed operations at 6 p.m. local time on 28 September 2018.