ウルビーノのヴィーナス

Prompt: ウルビーノのヴィーナスに焦点を当てて、そのabstractを説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

File:Uffizi Venus of Urbino August 2022.jpg

Category:Mythological paintings by Titian

Image:Edouard Manet - Olympia - Google Art ProjectFXD.jpg

[[Guidobaldo II della Rovere, Duke of Urbino

File:Giorgione - Sleeping Venus - Google Art Project 2.jpg

''Venus of Urbino'' displayed at the [[Uffizi

File:Angelo Bronzino - Portrait of Guidobaldo della Rovere.jpg

The Venus of Urbino (also known as Reclining Venus) is an oil painting by Italian painter Titian, depicting a nude young woman, traditionally identified with the goddess Venus, reclining on a couch or bed in the sumptuous surroundings of a Renaissance palace. Work on the painting seems to have begun anywhere from 1532 or 1534, and was perhaps completed in 1534, but not sold until 1538. It is currently held in the Galleria degli Uffizi in Florence.The figure's pose is based on the Dresden Venus, traditionally attributed to Giorgione but for which Titian completed at least the landscape. In his own painting, Titian has moved Venus to an indoor setting, engaged her with the viewer, and made her sensuality explicit; some even believe the figure is engaging in masturbation.Interpretations of the painting fall into two groups; both agree that the painting has a powerful erotic charge, but beyond that, it is seen either as a portrait of a courtesan, perhaps Zaffetta, or as a painting celebrating the marriage of its first owner (who according to some may not have commissioned it). This disagreement forms part of a wider debate on the meaning of the mainly Venetian tradition of the reclining female nude, which Titian had created, or helped to create, some 25 years before with the Dresden Venus of around 1510–11. For Charles Hope, "It has yet to be shown that the most famous example of this genre, Titian's Venus of Urbino, is anything other than a representation of a beautiful nude woman on a bed, devoid of classical or even allegorical content." Even the indefatigable finder of allegories drawing on Renaissance Neoplatonism, Edgar Wind, had to admit that in this case "an undisguised hedonism had at last dispelled the Platonic metaphors".


ウルビーノのヴィーナス

Prompt: ウルビーノのヴィーナスのabstractを説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

File:Uffizi Venus of Urbino August 2022.jpg

Category:Mythological paintings by Titian

Image:Edouard Manet - Olympia - Google Art ProjectFXD.jpg

[[Guidobaldo II della Rovere, Duke of Urbino

File:Giorgione - Sleeping Venus - Google Art Project 2.jpg

''Venus of Urbino'' displayed at the [[Uffizi

File:Angelo Bronzino - Portrait of Guidobaldo della Rovere.jpg

The Venus of Urbino (also known as Reclining Venus) is an oil painting by Italian painter Titian, depicting a nude young woman, traditionally identified with the goddess Venus, reclining on a couch or bed in the sumptuous surroundings of a Renaissance palace. Work on the painting seems to have begun anywhere from 1532 or 1534, and was perhaps completed in 1534, but not sold until 1538. It is currently held in the Galleria degli Uffizi in Florence.The figure's pose is based on the Dresden Venus, traditionally attributed to Giorgione but for which Titian completed at least the landscape. In his own painting, Titian has moved Venus to an indoor setting, engaged her with the viewer, and made her sensuality explicit; some even believe the figure is engaging in masturbation.Interpretations of the painting fall into two groups; both agree that the painting has a powerful erotic charge, but beyond that, it is seen either as a portrait of a courtesan, perhaps Zaffetta, or as a painting celebrating the marriage of its first owner (who according to some may not have commissioned it). This disagreement forms part of a wider debate on the meaning of the mainly Venetian tradition of the reclining female nude, which Titian had created, or helped to create, some 25 years before with the Dresden Venus of around 1510–11. For Charles Hope, "It has yet to be shown that the most famous example of this genre, Titian's Venus of Urbino, is anything other than a representation of a beautiful nude woman on a bed, devoid of classical or even allegorical content." Even the indefatigable finder of allegories drawing on Renaissance Neoplatonism, Edgar Wind, had to admit that in this case "an undisguised hedonism had at last dispelled the Platonic metaphors".


ウルビーノのヴィーナス

Prompt: ウルビーノのヴィーナスはどのようにabstractを説明していますか？英語で出力して下さい。

File:Uffizi Venus of Urbino August 2022.jpg

Category:Mythological paintings by Titian

Image:Edouard Manet - Olympia - Google Art ProjectFXD.jpg

[[Guidobaldo II della Rovere, Duke of Urbino

File:Giorgione - Sleeping Venus - Google Art Project 2.jpg

''Venus of Urbino'' displayed at the [[Uffizi

File:Angelo Bronzino - Portrait of Guidobaldo della Rovere.jpg

The Venus of Urbino (also known as Reclining Venus) is an oil painting by Italian painter Titian, depicting a nude young woman, traditionally identified with the goddess Venus, reclining on a couch or bed in the sumptuous surroundings of a Renaissance palace. Work on the painting seems to have begun anywhere from 1532 or 1534, and was perhaps completed in 1534, but not sold until 1538. It is currently held in the Galleria degli Uffizi in Florence.The figure's pose is based on the Dresden Venus, traditionally attributed to Giorgione but for which Titian completed at least the landscape. In his own painting, Titian has moved Venus to an indoor setting, engaged her with the viewer, and made her sensuality explicit; some even believe the figure is engaging in masturbation.Interpretations of the painting fall into two groups; both agree that the painting has a powerful erotic charge, but beyond that, it is seen either as a portrait of a courtesan, perhaps Zaffetta, or as a painting celebrating the marriage of its first owner (who according to some may not have commissioned it). This disagreement forms part of a wider debate on the meaning of the mainly Venetian tradition of the reclining female nude, which Titian had created, or helped to create, some 25 years before with the Dresden Venus of around 1510–11. For Charles Hope, "It has yet to be shown that the most famous example of this genre, Titian's Venus of Urbino, is anything other than a representation of a beautiful nude woman on a bed, devoid of classical or even allegorical content." Even the indefatigable finder of allegories drawing on Renaissance Neoplatonism, Edgar Wind, had to admit that in this case "an undisguised hedonism had at last dispelled the Platonic metaphors".


ウルビーノのヴィーナス

Prompt: ウルビーノのヴィーナスに関して、どのようにabstractが議論されていますか？英語で出力して下さい。

File:Uffizi Venus of Urbino August 2022.jpg

Category:Mythological paintings by Titian

Image:Edouard Manet - Olympia - Google Art ProjectFXD.jpg

[[Guidobaldo II della Rovere, Duke of Urbino

File:Giorgione - Sleeping Venus - Google Art Project 2.jpg

''Venus of Urbino'' displayed at the [[Uffizi

File:Angelo Bronzino - Portrait of Guidobaldo della Rovere.jpg

The Venus of Urbino (also known as Reclining Venus) is an oil painting by Italian painter Titian, depicting a nude young woman, traditionally identified with the goddess Venus, reclining on a couch or bed in the sumptuous surroundings of a Renaissance palace. Work on the painting seems to have begun anywhere from 1532 or 1534, and was perhaps completed in 1534, but not sold until 1538. It is currently held in the Galleria degli Uffizi in Florence.The figure's pose is based on the Dresden Venus, traditionally attributed to Giorgione but for which Titian completed at least the landscape. In his own painting, Titian has moved Venus to an indoor setting, engaged her with the viewer, and made her sensuality explicit; some even believe the figure is engaging in masturbation.Interpretations of the painting fall into two groups; both agree that the painting has a powerful erotic charge, but beyond that, it is seen either as a portrait of a courtesan, perhaps Zaffetta, or as a painting celebrating the marriage of its first owner (who according to some may not have commissioned it). This disagreement forms part of a wider debate on the meaning of the mainly Venetian tradition of the reclining female nude, which Titian had created, or helped to create, some 25 years before with the Dresden Venus of around 1510–11. For Charles Hope, "It has yet to be shown that the most famous example of this genre, Titian's Venus of Urbino, is anything other than a representation of a beautiful nude woman on a bed, devoid of classical or even allegorical content." Even the indefatigable finder of allegories drawing on Renaissance Neoplatonism, Edgar Wind, had to admit that in this case "an undisguised hedonism had at last dispelled the Platonic metaphors".


ウルビーノのヴィーナス

Prompt: ウルビーノのヴィーナスに焦点を当てて、その説明を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

File:Uffizi Venus of Urbino August 2022.jpg

Category:Mythological paintings by Titian

Image:Edouard Manet - Olympia - Google Art ProjectFXD.jpg

[[Guidobaldo II della Rovere, Duke of Urbino

File:Giorgione - Sleeping Venus - Google Art Project 2.jpg

''Venus of Urbino'' displayed at the [[Uffizi

File:Angelo Bronzino - Portrait of Guidobaldo della Rovere.jpg

The painting's subject stares straight at the viewer, not embarrassed by her nudity. In her right hand, she holds a posy of roses, while she holds her other hand over her genitals. In the near background is a dog, often a symbol of fidelity. In a different space in the background two maids are shown rummaging through a cassone chest, where clothes were often kept.The detailed depiction of the interior setting is unusual, perhaps unique, for a Titian painting. Titian did work for the 21-year-old Ippolito de' Medici, reluctantly made a cardinal (though not a priest) by his uncle, Pope Clement VII. He was trying to pursue a military career, and was a papal diplomat. On 20 October 1532, he spent the night in Venice with Angela del Moro, or Angela Zaffetta, a leading courtesan in Venice and occasional dining companion of Titian and Aretino, the latter a friend of the cardinal. Titian painted Ippolito's portrait, and it seems likely that he was asked to add a nude portrait of Angela Zaffetta, or that Titian decided to paint one in the hope he would like it.On 20 December 1534, Titian wrote to Ippolito's chamberlain in Rome saying that he had been working on a painting of a woman for the cardinal. Ippolito died in August 1535, and apparently never saw the painting, which was still in Titian's studio when Guidobaldo II della Rovere, the 24-year-old son of the Duke of Urbino came in January 1538 to sit for a portrait. As letters from him and his mother show, he was extremely keen to buy it, and did so some months later; he referred to it simply as "the nude woman", and was worried Titian would sell it to someone else. Later that year he inherited the Duchy of Urbino on the death of his father, hence the painting acquired the name by which it is most commonly known, although it seems it was mostly kept in Pesaro.Alternatively, the painting may have been commissioned by Guidobaldo, possibly to celebrate his marriage in 1534 to the 10-year-old Giulia Varano, which made him Duke of Camerino, or its consummation, which was probably a few years later. Some critics have seen references to marriage in details such as the maids at the cassone, where the corredo or trousseau of clothes generally given to the bride by her husband's family were stored. Rona Goffen sees Venus's hand "caressing" her genitals as such a reference, as it was believed at the time that a female "emission" or orgasm was necessary for conception to take place, and female masturbation was therefore allowed only in cases where the male had ejaculated and withdrawn. The production of heirs was of great concern in elite marriages. Even the little dog on the bed has been brought into the argument; an identical dog is shown in Titian's portrait of the duke's mother Eleonora Gonzaga, the reasoning being that the dog identifies the house as a della Rovere home, and that it remains quiet indicates that the viewer is the husband of the woman.  A recent theory by Józef Grabski suggests that the painting represents an allegory of marital love between the famous Italian poet Vittoria Colonna and her deceased husband, Fernando d'Ávalos. Grabski supports his theory through analyzing various visual clues and symbols, the most prominent being the classic column in front of the trees in the window in the right half, a small detail on the painting that imitates the Colonna Family coat of arms.


ウルビーノのヴィーナス

Prompt: ウルビーノのヴィーナスの説明を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

File:Uffizi Venus of Urbino August 2022.jpg

Category:Mythological paintings by Titian

Image:Edouard Manet - Olympia - Google Art ProjectFXD.jpg

[[Guidobaldo II della Rovere, Duke of Urbino

File:Giorgione - Sleeping Venus - Google Art Project 2.jpg

''Venus of Urbino'' displayed at the [[Uffizi

File:Angelo Bronzino - Portrait of Guidobaldo della Rovere.jpg

The painting's subject stares straight at the viewer, not embarrassed by her nudity. In her right hand, she holds a posy of roses, while she holds her other hand over her genitals. In the near background is a dog, often a symbol of fidelity. In a different space in the background two maids are shown rummaging through a cassone chest, where clothes were often kept.The detailed depiction of the interior setting is unusual, perhaps unique, for a Titian painting. Titian did work for the 21-year-old Ippolito de' Medici, reluctantly made a cardinal (though not a priest) by his uncle, Pope Clement VII. He was trying to pursue a military career, and was a papal diplomat. On 20 October 1532, he spent the night in Venice with Angela del Moro, or Angela Zaffetta, a leading courtesan in Venice and occasional dining companion of Titian and Aretino, the latter a friend of the cardinal. Titian painted Ippolito's portrait, and it seems likely that he was asked to add a nude portrait of Angela Zaffetta, or that Titian decided to paint one in the hope he would like it.On 20 December 1534, Titian wrote to Ippolito's chamberlain in Rome saying that he had been working on a painting of a woman for the cardinal. Ippolito died in August 1535, and apparently never saw the painting, which was still in Titian's studio when Guidobaldo II della Rovere, the 24-year-old son of the Duke of Urbino came in January 1538 to sit for a portrait. As letters from him and his mother show, he was extremely keen to buy it, and did so some months later; he referred to it simply as "the nude woman", and was worried Titian would sell it to someone else. Later that year he inherited the Duchy of Urbino on the death of his father, hence the painting acquired the name by which it is most commonly known, although it seems it was mostly kept in Pesaro.Alternatively, the painting may have been commissioned by Guidobaldo, possibly to celebrate his marriage in 1534 to the 10-year-old Giulia Varano, which made him Duke of Camerino, or its consummation, which was probably a few years later. Some critics have seen references to marriage in details such as the maids at the cassone, where the corredo or trousseau of clothes generally given to the bride by her husband's family were stored. Rona Goffen sees Venus's hand "caressing" her genitals as such a reference, as it was believed at the time that a female "emission" or orgasm was necessary for conception to take place, and female masturbation was therefore allowed only in cases where the male had ejaculated and withdrawn. The production of heirs was of great concern in elite marriages. Even the little dog on the bed has been brought into the argument; an identical dog is shown in Titian's portrait of the duke's mother Eleonora Gonzaga, the reasoning being that the dog identifies the house as a della Rovere home, and that it remains quiet indicates that the viewer is the husband of the woman.  A recent theory by Józef Grabski suggests that the painting represents an allegory of marital love between the famous Italian poet Vittoria Colonna and her deceased husband, Fernando d'Ávalos. Grabski supports his theory through analyzing various visual clues and symbols, the most prominent being the classic column in front of the trees in the window in the right half, a small detail on the painting that imitates the Colonna Family coat of arms.


ウルビーノのヴィーナス

Prompt: ウルビーノのヴィーナスはどのように説明を説明していますか？英語で出力して下さい。

File:Uffizi Venus of Urbino August 2022.jpg

Category:Mythological paintings by Titian

Image:Edouard Manet - Olympia - Google Art ProjectFXD.jpg

[[Guidobaldo II della Rovere, Duke of Urbino

File:Giorgione - Sleeping Venus - Google Art Project 2.jpg

''Venus of Urbino'' displayed at the [[Uffizi

File:Angelo Bronzino - Portrait of Guidobaldo della Rovere.jpg

The painting's subject stares straight at the viewer, not embarrassed by her nudity. In her right hand, she holds a posy of roses, while she holds her other hand over her genitals. In the near background is a dog, often a symbol of fidelity. In a different space in the background two maids are shown rummaging through a cassone chest, where clothes were often kept.The detailed depiction of the interior setting is unusual, perhaps unique, for a Titian painting. Titian did work for the 21-year-old Ippolito de' Medici, reluctantly made a cardinal (though not a priest) by his uncle, Pope Clement VII. He was trying to pursue a military career, and was a papal diplomat. On 20 October 1532, he spent the night in Venice with Angela del Moro, or Angela Zaffetta, a leading courtesan in Venice and occasional dining companion of Titian and Aretino, the latter a friend of the cardinal. Titian painted Ippolito's portrait, and it seems likely that he was asked to add a nude portrait of Angela Zaffetta, or that Titian decided to paint one in the hope he would like it.On 20 December 1534, Titian wrote to Ippolito's chamberlain in Rome saying that he had been working on a painting of a woman for the cardinal. Ippolito died in August 1535, and apparently never saw the painting, which was still in Titian's studio when Guidobaldo II della Rovere, the 24-year-old son of the Duke of Urbino came in January 1538 to sit for a portrait. As letters from him and his mother show, he was extremely keen to buy it, and did so some months later; he referred to it simply as "the nude woman", and was worried Titian would sell it to someone else. Later that year he inherited the Duchy of Urbino on the death of his father, hence the painting acquired the name by which it is most commonly known, although it seems it was mostly kept in Pesaro.Alternatively, the painting may have been commissioned by Guidobaldo, possibly to celebrate his marriage in 1534 to the 10-year-old Giulia Varano, which made him Duke of Camerino, or its consummation, which was probably a few years later. Some critics have seen references to marriage in details such as the maids at the cassone, where the corredo or trousseau of clothes generally given to the bride by her husband's family were stored. Rona Goffen sees Venus's hand "caressing" her genitals as such a reference, as it was believed at the time that a female "emission" or orgasm was necessary for conception to take place, and female masturbation was therefore allowed only in cases where the male had ejaculated and withdrawn. The production of heirs was of great concern in elite marriages. Even the little dog on the bed has been brought into the argument; an identical dog is shown in Titian's portrait of the duke's mother Eleonora Gonzaga, the reasoning being that the dog identifies the house as a della Rovere home, and that it remains quiet indicates that the viewer is the husband of the woman.  A recent theory by Józef Grabski suggests that the painting represents an allegory of marital love between the famous Italian poet Vittoria Colonna and her deceased husband, Fernando d'Ávalos. Grabski supports his theory through analyzing various visual clues and symbols, the most prominent being the classic column in front of the trees in the window in the right half, a small detail on the painting that imitates the Colonna Family coat of arms.


ウルビーノのヴィーナス

Prompt: ウルビーノのヴィーナスに関して、どのように説明が議論されていますか？英語で出力して下さい。

File:Uffizi Venus of Urbino August 2022.jpg

Category:Mythological paintings by Titian

Image:Edouard Manet - Olympia - Google Art ProjectFXD.jpg

[[Guidobaldo II della Rovere, Duke of Urbino

File:Giorgione - Sleeping Venus - Google Art Project 2.jpg

''Venus of Urbino'' displayed at the [[Uffizi

File:Angelo Bronzino - Portrait of Guidobaldo della Rovere.jpg

The painting's subject stares straight at the viewer, not embarrassed by her nudity. In her right hand, she holds a posy of roses, while she holds her other hand over her genitals. In the near background is a dog, often a symbol of fidelity. In a different space in the background two maids are shown rummaging through a cassone chest, where clothes were often kept.The detailed depiction of the interior setting is unusual, perhaps unique, for a Titian painting. Titian did work for the 21-year-old Ippolito de' Medici, reluctantly made a cardinal (though not a priest) by his uncle, Pope Clement VII. He was trying to pursue a military career, and was a papal diplomat. On 20 October 1532, he spent the night in Venice with Angela del Moro, or Angela Zaffetta, a leading courtesan in Venice and occasional dining companion of Titian and Aretino, the latter a friend of the cardinal. Titian painted Ippolito's portrait, and it seems likely that he was asked to add a nude portrait of Angela Zaffetta, or that Titian decided to paint one in the hope he would like it.On 20 December 1534, Titian wrote to Ippolito's chamberlain in Rome saying that he had been working on a painting of a woman for the cardinal. Ippolito died in August 1535, and apparently never saw the painting, which was still in Titian's studio when Guidobaldo II della Rovere, the 24-year-old son of the Duke of Urbino came in January 1538 to sit for a portrait. As letters from him and his mother show, he was extremely keen to buy it, and did so some months later; he referred to it simply as "the nude woman", and was worried Titian would sell it to someone else. Later that year he inherited the Duchy of Urbino on the death of his father, hence the painting acquired the name by which it is most commonly known, although it seems it was mostly kept in Pesaro.Alternatively, the painting may have been commissioned by Guidobaldo, possibly to celebrate his marriage in 1534 to the 10-year-old Giulia Varano, which made him Duke of Camerino, or its consummation, which was probably a few years later. Some critics have seen references to marriage in details such as the maids at the cassone, where the corredo or trousseau of clothes generally given to the bride by her husband's family were stored. Rona Goffen sees Venus's hand "caressing" her genitals as such a reference, as it was believed at the time that a female "emission" or orgasm was necessary for conception to take place, and female masturbation was therefore allowed only in cases where the male had ejaculated and withdrawn. The production of heirs was of great concern in elite marriages. Even the little dog on the bed has been brought into the argument; an identical dog is shown in Titian's portrait of the duke's mother Eleonora Gonzaga, the reasoning being that the dog identifies the house as a della Rovere home, and that it remains quiet indicates that the viewer is the husband of the woman.  A recent theory by Józef Grabski suggests that the painting represents an allegory of marital love between the famous Italian poet Vittoria Colonna and her deceased husband, Fernando d'Ávalos. Grabski supports his theory through analyzing various visual clues and symbols, the most prominent being the classic column in front of the trees in the window in the right half, a small detail on the painting that imitates the Colonna Family coat of arms.


ウルビーノのヴィーナス

Prompt: ウルビーノのヴィーナスの文脈で、後の歴史と説明を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

File:Uffizi Venus of Urbino August 2022.jpg

Category:Mythological paintings by Titian

Image:Edouard Manet - Olympia - Google Art ProjectFXD.jpg

[[Guidobaldo II della Rovere, Duke of Urbino

File:Giorgione - Sleeping Venus - Google Art Project 2.jpg

''Venus of Urbino'' displayed at the [[Uffizi

File:Angelo Bronzino - Portrait of Guidobaldo della Rovere.jpg

In 1624, as the Papacy moved to fully annex the duchy to the Papal States, the della Rovere court moved to Pesaro, where the painting hung in the Villa Imperiale. It joined the Medici family collections in 1633 when the last della Rovere, Vittoria della Rovere, married Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany. It was moved to the Uffizi in 1736, and has remained there ever since, apart from visits to exhibitions which in the 21st century have included Madrid, Brussels, Tokyo, Venice, and Urbino. It has long been famous, as is shown by its prominent placing at the front of the gallery group portrait by Johan Zoffany of the Tribuna of the Uffizi of the 1770s.In his 1880 travelogue A Tramp Abroad, Mark Twain called the Venus of Urbino "the foulest, the vilest, the obscenest picture the world possesses." He proposed that "it was painted for a bagnio [brothel], and it was probably refused because it was a trifle too strong", adding humorously that "in truth, it is a trifle too strong for any place but a public art gallery". Twain does this to juxtapose the artistic license (for nudity, for example) allowed in painting, as opposed to the restrictions and Victorian morality imposed on literature in the "last eighty or ninety years". In the same passage, Twain also mocks the fig leaves placed in the 19th century on nude statues in Rome, which had "stood in innocent nakedness for ages."The Venus of Urbino was one of the inspirations for Édouard Manet's 1863 Olympia, in which the figure of Venus is replaced with the model Victorine Meurent.


ウルビーノのヴィーナス

Prompt: ウルビーノのヴィーナスの説明に関する後の歴史を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

File:Uffizi Venus of Urbino August 2022.jpg

Category:Mythological paintings by Titian

Image:Edouard Manet - Olympia - Google Art ProjectFXD.jpg

[[Guidobaldo II della Rovere, Duke of Urbino

File:Giorgione - Sleeping Venus - Google Art Project 2.jpg

''Venus of Urbino'' displayed at the [[Uffizi

File:Angelo Bronzino - Portrait of Guidobaldo della Rovere.jpg

In 1624, as the Papacy moved to fully annex the duchy to the Papal States, the della Rovere court moved to Pesaro, where the painting hung in the Villa Imperiale. It joined the Medici family collections in 1633 when the last della Rovere, Vittoria della Rovere, married Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany. It was moved to the Uffizi in 1736, and has remained there ever since, apart from visits to exhibitions which in the 21st century have included Madrid, Brussels, Tokyo, Venice, and Urbino. It has long been famous, as is shown by its prominent placing at the front of the gallery group portrait by Johan Zoffany of the Tribuna of the Uffizi of the 1770s.In his 1880 travelogue A Tramp Abroad, Mark Twain called the Venus of Urbino "the foulest, the vilest, the obscenest picture the world possesses." He proposed that "it was painted for a bagnio [brothel], and it was probably refused because it was a trifle too strong", adding humorously that "in truth, it is a trifle too strong for any place but a public art gallery". Twain does this to juxtapose the artistic license (for nudity, for example) allowed in painting, as opposed to the restrictions and Victorian morality imposed on literature in the "last eighty or ninety years". In the same passage, Twain also mocks the fig leaves placed in the 19th century on nude statues in Rome, which had "stood in innocent nakedness for ages."The Venus of Urbino was one of the inspirations for Édouard Manet's 1863 Olympia, in which the figure of Venus is replaced with the model Victorine Meurent.


ウルビーノのヴィーナス

Prompt: ウルビーノのヴィーナスでは、どのように説明の後の歴史が説明されていますか？英語で出力して下さい。

File:Uffizi Venus of Urbino August 2022.jpg

Category:Mythological paintings by Titian

Image:Edouard Manet - Olympia - Google Art ProjectFXD.jpg

[[Guidobaldo II della Rovere, Duke of Urbino

File:Giorgione - Sleeping Venus - Google Art Project 2.jpg

''Venus of Urbino'' displayed at the [[Uffizi

File:Angelo Bronzino - Portrait of Guidobaldo della Rovere.jpg

In 1624, as the Papacy moved to fully annex the duchy to the Papal States, the della Rovere court moved to Pesaro, where the painting hung in the Villa Imperiale. It joined the Medici family collections in 1633 when the last della Rovere, Vittoria della Rovere, married Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany. It was moved to the Uffizi in 1736, and has remained there ever since, apart from visits to exhibitions which in the 21st century have included Madrid, Brussels, Tokyo, Venice, and Urbino. It has long been famous, as is shown by its prominent placing at the front of the gallery group portrait by Johan Zoffany of the Tribuna of the Uffizi of the 1770s.In his 1880 travelogue A Tramp Abroad, Mark Twain called the Venus of Urbino "the foulest, the vilest, the obscenest picture the world possesses." He proposed that "it was painted for a bagnio [brothel], and it was probably refused because it was a trifle too strong", adding humorously that "in truth, it is a trifle too strong for any place but a public art gallery". Twain does this to juxtapose the artistic license (for nudity, for example) allowed in painting, as opposed to the restrictions and Victorian morality imposed on literature in the "last eighty or ninety years". In the same passage, Twain also mocks the fig leaves placed in the 19th century on nude statues in Rome, which had "stood in innocent nakedness for ages."The Venus of Urbino was one of the inspirations for Édouard Manet's 1863 Olympia, in which the figure of Venus is replaced with the model Victorine Meurent.


ウルビーノのヴィーナス

Prompt: ウルビーノのヴィーナスの説明における後の歴史の特徴を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

File:Uffizi Venus of Urbino August 2022.jpg

Category:Mythological paintings by Titian

Image:Edouard Manet - Olympia - Google Art ProjectFXD.jpg

[[Guidobaldo II della Rovere, Duke of Urbino

File:Giorgione - Sleeping Venus - Google Art Project 2.jpg

''Venus of Urbino'' displayed at the [[Uffizi

File:Angelo Bronzino - Portrait of Guidobaldo della Rovere.jpg

In 1624, as the Papacy moved to fully annex the duchy to the Papal States, the della Rovere court moved to Pesaro, where the painting hung in the Villa Imperiale. It joined the Medici family collections in 1633 when the last della Rovere, Vittoria della Rovere, married Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany. It was moved to the Uffizi in 1736, and has remained there ever since, apart from visits to exhibitions which in the 21st century have included Madrid, Brussels, Tokyo, Venice, and Urbino. It has long been famous, as is shown by its prominent placing at the front of the gallery group portrait by Johan Zoffany of the Tribuna of the Uffizi of the 1770s.In his 1880 travelogue A Tramp Abroad, Mark Twain called the Venus of Urbino "the foulest, the vilest, the obscenest picture the world possesses." He proposed that "it was painted for a bagnio [brothel], and it was probably refused because it was a trifle too strong", adding humorously that "in truth, it is a trifle too strong for any place but a public art gallery". Twain does this to juxtapose the artistic license (for nudity, for example) allowed in painting, as opposed to the restrictions and Victorian morality imposed on literature in the "last eighty or ninety years". In the same passage, Twain also mocks the fig leaves placed in the 19th century on nude statues in Rome, which had "stood in innocent nakedness for ages."The Venus of Urbino was one of the inspirations for Édouard Manet's 1863 Olympia, in which the figure of Venus is replaced with the model Victorine Meurent.


ウルビーノのヴィーナス

Prompt: ウルビーノのヴィーナスに焦点を当てて、その彫刻を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

File:Uffizi Venus of Urbino August 2022.jpg

Category:Mythological paintings by Titian

Image:Edouard Manet - Olympia - Google Art ProjectFXD.jpg

[[Guidobaldo II della Rovere, Duke of Urbino

File:Giorgione - Sleeping Venus - Google Art Project 2.jpg

''Venus of Urbino'' displayed at the [[Uffizi

File:Angelo Bronzino - Portrait of Guidobaldo della Rovere.jpg

Lorenzo Bartolini developed the same theme in sculpture with his Venus (about 1830), based on the painting that his friend J.A.D. Ingres copied for him from the Titian version. The original sculpture is located at the Musée Fabre in Montpellier; a copy is at the Lady Lever Art Gallery, Port Sunlight, near Liverpool.


ウルビーノのヴィーナス

Prompt: ウルビーノのヴィーナスの彫刻を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

File:Uffizi Venus of Urbino August 2022.jpg

Category:Mythological paintings by Titian

Image:Edouard Manet - Olympia - Google Art ProjectFXD.jpg

[[Guidobaldo II della Rovere, Duke of Urbino

File:Giorgione - Sleeping Venus - Google Art Project 2.jpg

''Venus of Urbino'' displayed at the [[Uffizi

File:Angelo Bronzino - Portrait of Guidobaldo della Rovere.jpg

Lorenzo Bartolini developed the same theme in sculpture with his Venus (about 1830), based on the painting that his friend J.A.D. Ingres copied for him from the Titian version. The original sculpture is located at the Musée Fabre in Montpellier; a copy is at the Lady Lever Art Gallery, Port Sunlight, near Liverpool.


ウルビーノのヴィーナス

Prompt: ウルビーノのヴィーナスはどのように彫刻を説明していますか？英語で出力して下さい。

File:Uffizi Venus of Urbino August 2022.jpg

Category:Mythological paintings by Titian

Image:Edouard Manet - Olympia - Google Art ProjectFXD.jpg

[[Guidobaldo II della Rovere, Duke of Urbino

File:Giorgione - Sleeping Venus - Google Art Project 2.jpg

''Venus of Urbino'' displayed at the [[Uffizi

File:Angelo Bronzino - Portrait of Guidobaldo della Rovere.jpg

Lorenzo Bartolini developed the same theme in sculpture with his Venus (about 1830), based on the painting that his friend J.A.D. Ingres copied for him from the Titian version. The original sculpture is located at the Musée Fabre in Montpellier; a copy is at the Lady Lever Art Gallery, Port Sunlight, near Liverpool.


ウルビーノのヴィーナス

Prompt: ウルビーノのヴィーナスに関して、どのように彫刻が議論されていますか？英語で出力して下さい。

File:Uffizi Venus of Urbino August 2022.jpg

Category:Mythological paintings by Titian

Image:Edouard Manet - Olympia - Google Art ProjectFXD.jpg

[[Guidobaldo II della Rovere, Duke of Urbino

File:Giorgione - Sleeping Venus - Google Art Project 2.jpg

''Venus of Urbino'' displayed at the [[Uffizi

File:Angelo Bronzino - Portrait of Guidobaldo della Rovere.jpg

Lorenzo Bartolini developed the same theme in sculpture with his Venus (about 1830), based on the painting that his friend J.A.D. Ingres copied for him from the Titian version. The original sculpture is located at the Musée Fabre in Montpellier; a copy is at the Lady Lever Art Gallery, Port Sunlight, near Liverpool.


プラハ天文時計

Prompt: プラハ天文時計に焦点を当てて、そのabstractを説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

File:Prague Astronomical Clock Detail.jpg <!-- replacing Image:Prazsky orloj kalendar detail.jpg -->

File:Rekonstrukce Staroměstské radnice 1AAB1356.jpg

Category:Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic

Category:Towers completed in the 15th century

Category:Clock towers in the Czech Republic

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1410

The Moon sphere is seen showing approximately a quarter moon

Category:Buildings and structures in Prague

National Heritage Inspectorate (Czech Republic)

Apostles in the New Testament#Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 3.jpg

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 4.jpg

The Prague astronomical clock or Prague Orloj (Czech: Pražský orloj [praʃskiː orloj]) is a medieval astronomical clock attached to the Old Town Hall in Prague, the capital of the Czech Republic.The clock was first installed in 1410, making it the third-oldest astronomical clock in the world and the oldest clock still in operation.


プラハ天文時計

Prompt: プラハ天文時計のabstractを説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

File:Prague Astronomical Clock Detail.jpg <!-- replacing Image:Prazsky orloj kalendar detail.jpg -->

File:Rekonstrukce Staroměstské radnice 1AAB1356.jpg

Category:Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic

Category:Towers completed in the 15th century

Category:Clock towers in the Czech Republic

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1410

The Moon sphere is seen showing approximately a quarter moon

Category:Buildings and structures in Prague

National Heritage Inspectorate (Czech Republic)

Apostles in the New Testament#Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 3.jpg

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 4.jpg

The Prague astronomical clock or Prague Orloj (Czech: Pražský orloj [praʃskiː orloj]) is a medieval astronomical clock attached to the Old Town Hall in Prague, the capital of the Czech Republic.The clock was first installed in 1410, making it the third-oldest astronomical clock in the world and the oldest clock still in operation.


プラハ天文時計

Prompt: プラハ天文時計はどのようにabstractを説明していますか？英語で出力して下さい。

File:Prague Astronomical Clock Detail.jpg <!-- replacing Image:Prazsky orloj kalendar detail.jpg -->

File:Rekonstrukce Staroměstské radnice 1AAB1356.jpg

Category:Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic

Category:Towers completed in the 15th century

Category:Clock towers in the Czech Republic

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1410

The Moon sphere is seen showing approximately a quarter moon

Category:Buildings and structures in Prague

National Heritage Inspectorate (Czech Republic)

Apostles in the New Testament#Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 3.jpg

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 4.jpg

The Prague astronomical clock or Prague Orloj (Czech: Pražský orloj [praʃskiː orloj]) is a medieval astronomical clock attached to the Old Town Hall in Prague, the capital of the Czech Republic.The clock was first installed in 1410, making it the third-oldest astronomical clock in the world and the oldest clock still in operation.


プラハ天文時計

Prompt: プラハ天文時計に関して、どのようにabstractが議論されていますか？英語で出力して下さい。

File:Prague Astronomical Clock Detail.jpg <!-- replacing Image:Prazsky orloj kalendar detail.jpg -->

File:Rekonstrukce Staroměstské radnice 1AAB1356.jpg

Category:Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic

Category:Towers completed in the 15th century

Category:Clock towers in the Czech Republic

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1410

The Moon sphere is seen showing approximately a quarter moon

Category:Buildings and structures in Prague

National Heritage Inspectorate (Czech Republic)

Apostles in the New Testament#Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 3.jpg

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 4.jpg

The Prague astronomical clock or Prague Orloj (Czech: Pražský orloj [praʃskiː orloj]) is a medieval astronomical clock attached to the Old Town Hall in Prague, the capital of the Czech Republic.The clock was first installed in 1410, making it the third-oldest astronomical clock in the world and the oldest clock still in operation.


プラハ天文時計

Prompt: プラハ天文時計に焦点を当てて、その説明を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

File:Prague Astronomical Clock Detail.jpg <!-- replacing Image:Prazsky orloj kalendar detail.jpg -->

File:Rekonstrukce Staroměstské radnice 1AAB1356.jpg

Category:Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic

Category:Towers completed in the 15th century

Category:Clock towers in the Czech Republic

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1410

The Moon sphere is seen showing approximately a quarter moon

Category:Buildings and structures in Prague

National Heritage Inspectorate (Czech Republic)

Apostles in the New Testament#Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 3.jpg

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 4.jpg

The Orloj is mounted on the southern wall of Old Town Hall in the Old Town Square. The clock mechanism has three main components – the astronomical dial, representing the position of the Sun and Moon in the sky and displaying various astronomical details; statues of various Catholic saints stand on either side of the clock; "The Walk of the Apostles", an hourly show of moving Apostle figures and other sculptures, notably a figure of a skeleton that represents Death, striking the time; and a calendar dial with medallions representing the months. According to local legend, the city will suffer if the clock is neglected and its good operation is placed in jeopardy; a ghost, mounted on the clock, was supposed to nod its head in confirmation. According to the legend, the only hope was represented by a boy born on New Year's night.


プラハ天文時計

Prompt: プラハ天文時計の説明を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

File:Prague Astronomical Clock Detail.jpg <!-- replacing Image:Prazsky orloj kalendar detail.jpg -->

File:Rekonstrukce Staroměstské radnice 1AAB1356.jpg

Category:Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic

Category:Towers completed in the 15th century

Category:Clock towers in the Czech Republic

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1410

The Moon sphere is seen showing approximately a quarter moon

Category:Buildings and structures in Prague

National Heritage Inspectorate (Czech Republic)

Apostles in the New Testament#Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 3.jpg

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 4.jpg

The Orloj is mounted on the southern wall of Old Town Hall in the Old Town Square. The clock mechanism has three main components – the astronomical dial, representing the position of the Sun and Moon in the sky and displaying various astronomical details; statues of various Catholic saints stand on either side of the clock; "The Walk of the Apostles", an hourly show of moving Apostle figures and other sculptures, notably a figure of a skeleton that represents Death, striking the time; and a calendar dial with medallions representing the months. According to local legend, the city will suffer if the clock is neglected and its good operation is placed in jeopardy; a ghost, mounted on the clock, was supposed to nod its head in confirmation. According to the legend, the only hope was represented by a boy born on New Year's night.


プラハ天文時計

Prompt: プラハ天文時計はどのように説明を説明していますか？英語で出力して下さい。

File:Prague Astronomical Clock Detail.jpg <!-- replacing Image:Prazsky orloj kalendar detail.jpg -->

File:Rekonstrukce Staroměstské radnice 1AAB1356.jpg

Category:Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic

Category:Towers completed in the 15th century

Category:Clock towers in the Czech Republic

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1410

The Moon sphere is seen showing approximately a quarter moon

Category:Buildings and structures in Prague

National Heritage Inspectorate (Czech Republic)

Apostles in the New Testament#Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 3.jpg

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 4.jpg

The Orloj is mounted on the southern wall of Old Town Hall in the Old Town Square. The clock mechanism has three main components – the astronomical dial, representing the position of the Sun and Moon in the sky and displaying various astronomical details; statues of various Catholic saints stand on either side of the clock; "The Walk of the Apostles", an hourly show of moving Apostle figures and other sculptures, notably a figure of a skeleton that represents Death, striking the time; and a calendar dial with medallions representing the months. According to local legend, the city will suffer if the clock is neglected and its good operation is placed in jeopardy; a ghost, mounted on the clock, was supposed to nod its head in confirmation. According to the legend, the only hope was represented by a boy born on New Year's night.


プラハ天文時計

Prompt: プラハ天文時計に関して、どのように説明が議論されていますか？英語で出力して下さい。

File:Prague Astronomical Clock Detail.jpg <!-- replacing Image:Prazsky orloj kalendar detail.jpg -->

File:Rekonstrukce Staroměstské radnice 1AAB1356.jpg

Category:Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic

Category:Towers completed in the 15th century

Category:Clock towers in the Czech Republic

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1410

The Moon sphere is seen showing approximately a quarter moon

Category:Buildings and structures in Prague

National Heritage Inspectorate (Czech Republic)

Apostles in the New Testament#Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 3.jpg

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 4.jpg

The Orloj is mounted on the southern wall of Old Town Hall in the Old Town Square. The clock mechanism has three main components – the astronomical dial, representing the position of the Sun and Moon in the sky and displaying various astronomical details; statues of various Catholic saints stand on either side of the clock; "The Walk of the Apostles", an hourly show of moving Apostle figures and other sculptures, notably a figure of a skeleton that represents Death, striking the time; and a calendar dial with medallions representing the months. According to local legend, the city will suffer if the clock is neglected and its good operation is placed in jeopardy; a ghost, mounted on the clock, was supposed to nod its head in confirmation. According to the legend, the only hope was represented by a boy born on New Year's night.


プラハ天文時計

Prompt: プラハ天文時計に焦点を当てて、その歴史を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

File:Prague Astronomical Clock Detail.jpg <!-- replacing Image:Prazsky orloj kalendar detail.jpg -->

File:Rekonstrukce Staroměstské radnice 1AAB1356.jpg

Category:Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic

Category:Towers completed in the 15th century

Category:Clock towers in the Czech Republic

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1410

The Moon sphere is seen showing approximately a quarter moon

Category:Buildings and structures in Prague

National Heritage Inspectorate (Czech Republic)

Apostles in the New Testament#Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 3.jpg

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 4.jpg

The oldest part of the Orloj, the mechanical clock and astronomical dial, dates back to 1410, when it was created by clockmaker Mikuláš of Kadaň and Charles University professor of mathematics and astronomy Jan Šindel. The first recorded mention of the clock was on 9 October 1410. Later, presumably around 1490, the calendar dial was added and the clock facade was decorated with gothic sculptures.Formerly, it was believed that the Orloj was constructed in 1490 by clockmaster Jan Růže (also called Hanuš); this is now known to be a historical mistake. A legend, recounted by Alois Jirásek, has it that the clockmaker Hanuš was blinded on the order of the Prague Councillors so that he could not repeat his work; in turn, he disabled the clock, and no one was able to repair it for the next hundred years.In 1552 it was repaired by Jan Táborský (1500–1572), master clockmaker of Klokotská Hora, who also wrote a report of the clock where he mentioned Hanuš as the maker of this clock. This mistake, corrected by Zdeněk Horský, was due to an incorrect interpretation of records from the period. The mistaken assumption that Hanuš was the maker is probably connected with his reconstruction of the Old Town Hall in the years 1470–1473. The clock stopped working many times in the centuries after 1552, and was repaired many times. The legend was used as the main plot in the 2008 animated film Goat story – The Old Prague Legends.In 1629 or 1659 wooden statues were added, and figures of the Apostles were added after a major repair in 1787–1791. During the next major repair in the years 1865–1866 the golden figure of a crowing rooster was added.The Orloj suffered heavy damage on 7 and especially 8 May 1945, during the Prague uprising, when the Nazis fired on the south-west side of the Old Town Square from several armoured vehicles in an unsuccessful attempt to destroy one of the centers of the uprising. The hall and nearby buildings burned, along with the wooden sculptures on the clock and the calendar dial face made by Josef Mánes. After significant effort, the machinery was repaired, the wooden Apostles restored by Vojtěch Sucharda, and the Orloj started working again in 1948.The Orloj was renovated in autumn 2005, when the statues and the lower calendar ring were restored. The wooden statues were covered with a net to keep pigeons away.The last renovation of the astronomical clock was carried out from January to September 2018, following a reconstruction of the Old Town Tower. During the renovation, an electric clock mechanism that had been in operation since 1948 was replaced by an original mechanism from the 1860s.


プラハ天文時計

Prompt: プラハ天文時計の歴史を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

File:Prague Astronomical Clock Detail.jpg <!-- replacing Image:Prazsky orloj kalendar detail.jpg -->

File:Rekonstrukce Staroměstské radnice 1AAB1356.jpg

Category:Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic

Category:Towers completed in the 15th century

Category:Clock towers in the Czech Republic

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1410

The Moon sphere is seen showing approximately a quarter moon

Category:Buildings and structures in Prague

National Heritage Inspectorate (Czech Republic)

Apostles in the New Testament#Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 3.jpg

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 4.jpg

The oldest part of the Orloj, the mechanical clock and astronomical dial, dates back to 1410, when it was created by clockmaker Mikuláš of Kadaň and Charles University professor of mathematics and astronomy Jan Šindel. The first recorded mention of the clock was on 9 October 1410. Later, presumably around 1490, the calendar dial was added and the clock facade was decorated with gothic sculptures.Formerly, it was believed that the Orloj was constructed in 1490 by clockmaster Jan Růže (also called Hanuš); this is now known to be a historical mistake. A legend, recounted by Alois Jirásek, has it that the clockmaker Hanuš was blinded on the order of the Prague Councillors so that he could not repeat his work; in turn, he disabled the clock, and no one was able to repair it for the next hundred years.In 1552 it was repaired by Jan Táborský (1500–1572), master clockmaker of Klokotská Hora, who also wrote a report of the clock where he mentioned Hanuš as the maker of this clock. This mistake, corrected by Zdeněk Horský, was due to an incorrect interpretation of records from the period. The mistaken assumption that Hanuš was the maker is probably connected with his reconstruction of the Old Town Hall in the years 1470–1473. The clock stopped working many times in the centuries after 1552, and was repaired many times. The legend was used as the main plot in the 2008 animated film Goat story – The Old Prague Legends.In 1629 or 1659 wooden statues were added, and figures of the Apostles were added after a major repair in 1787–1791. During the next major repair in the years 1865–1866 the golden figure of a crowing rooster was added.The Orloj suffered heavy damage on 7 and especially 8 May 1945, during the Prague uprising, when the Nazis fired on the south-west side of the Old Town Square from several armoured vehicles in an unsuccessful attempt to destroy one of the centers of the uprising. The hall and nearby buildings burned, along with the wooden sculptures on the clock and the calendar dial face made by Josef Mánes. After significant effort, the machinery was repaired, the wooden Apostles restored by Vojtěch Sucharda, and the Orloj started working again in 1948.The Orloj was renovated in autumn 2005, when the statues and the lower calendar ring were restored. The wooden statues were covered with a net to keep pigeons away.The last renovation of the astronomical clock was carried out from January to September 2018, following a reconstruction of the Old Town Tower. During the renovation, an electric clock mechanism that had been in operation since 1948 was replaced by an original mechanism from the 1860s.


プラハ天文時計

Prompt: プラハ天文時計はどのように歴史を説明していますか？英語で出力して下さい。

File:Prague Astronomical Clock Detail.jpg <!-- replacing Image:Prazsky orloj kalendar detail.jpg -->

File:Rekonstrukce Staroměstské radnice 1AAB1356.jpg

Category:Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic

Category:Towers completed in the 15th century

Category:Clock towers in the Czech Republic

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1410

The Moon sphere is seen showing approximately a quarter moon

Category:Buildings and structures in Prague

National Heritage Inspectorate (Czech Republic)

Apostles in the New Testament#Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 3.jpg

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 4.jpg

The oldest part of the Orloj, the mechanical clock and astronomical dial, dates back to 1410, when it was created by clockmaker Mikuláš of Kadaň and Charles University professor of mathematics and astronomy Jan Šindel. The first recorded mention of the clock was on 9 October 1410. Later, presumably around 1490, the calendar dial was added and the clock facade was decorated with gothic sculptures.Formerly, it was believed that the Orloj was constructed in 1490 by clockmaster Jan Růže (also called Hanuš); this is now known to be a historical mistake. A legend, recounted by Alois Jirásek, has it that the clockmaker Hanuš was blinded on the order of the Prague Councillors so that he could not repeat his work; in turn, he disabled the clock, and no one was able to repair it for the next hundred years.In 1552 it was repaired by Jan Táborský (1500–1572), master clockmaker of Klokotská Hora, who also wrote a report of the clock where he mentioned Hanuš as the maker of this clock. This mistake, corrected by Zdeněk Horský, was due to an incorrect interpretation of records from the period. The mistaken assumption that Hanuš was the maker is probably connected with his reconstruction of the Old Town Hall in the years 1470–1473. The clock stopped working many times in the centuries after 1552, and was repaired many times. The legend was used as the main plot in the 2008 animated film Goat story – The Old Prague Legends.In 1629 or 1659 wooden statues were added, and figures of the Apostles were added after a major repair in 1787–1791. During the next major repair in the years 1865–1866 the golden figure of a crowing rooster was added.The Orloj suffered heavy damage on 7 and especially 8 May 1945, during the Prague uprising, when the Nazis fired on the south-west side of the Old Town Square from several armoured vehicles in an unsuccessful attempt to destroy one of the centers of the uprising. The hall and nearby buildings burned, along with the wooden sculptures on the clock and the calendar dial face made by Josef Mánes. After significant effort, the machinery was repaired, the wooden Apostles restored by Vojtěch Sucharda, and the Orloj started working again in 1948.The Orloj was renovated in autumn 2005, when the statues and the lower calendar ring were restored. The wooden statues were covered with a net to keep pigeons away.The last renovation of the astronomical clock was carried out from January to September 2018, following a reconstruction of the Old Town Tower. During the renovation, an electric clock mechanism that had been in operation since 1948 was replaced by an original mechanism from the 1860s.


プラハ天文時計

Prompt: プラハ天文時計に関して、どのように歴史が議論されていますか？英語で出力して下さい。

File:Prague Astronomical Clock Detail.jpg <!-- replacing Image:Prazsky orloj kalendar detail.jpg -->

File:Rekonstrukce Staroměstské radnice 1AAB1356.jpg

Category:Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic

Category:Towers completed in the 15th century

Category:Clock towers in the Czech Republic

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1410

The Moon sphere is seen showing approximately a quarter moon

Category:Buildings and structures in Prague

National Heritage Inspectorate (Czech Republic)

Apostles in the New Testament#Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 3.jpg

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 4.jpg

The oldest part of the Orloj, the mechanical clock and astronomical dial, dates back to 1410, when it was created by clockmaker Mikuláš of Kadaň and Charles University professor of mathematics and astronomy Jan Šindel. The first recorded mention of the clock was on 9 October 1410. Later, presumably around 1490, the calendar dial was added and the clock facade was decorated with gothic sculptures.Formerly, it was believed that the Orloj was constructed in 1490 by clockmaster Jan Růže (also called Hanuš); this is now known to be a historical mistake. A legend, recounted by Alois Jirásek, has it that the clockmaker Hanuš was blinded on the order of the Prague Councillors so that he could not repeat his work; in turn, he disabled the clock, and no one was able to repair it for the next hundred years.In 1552 it was repaired by Jan Táborský (1500–1572), master clockmaker of Klokotská Hora, who also wrote a report of the clock where he mentioned Hanuš as the maker of this clock. This mistake, corrected by Zdeněk Horský, was due to an incorrect interpretation of records from the period. The mistaken assumption that Hanuš was the maker is probably connected with his reconstruction of the Old Town Hall in the years 1470–1473. The clock stopped working many times in the centuries after 1552, and was repaired many times. The legend was used as the main plot in the 2008 animated film Goat story – The Old Prague Legends.In 1629 or 1659 wooden statues were added, and figures of the Apostles were added after a major repair in 1787–1791. During the next major repair in the years 1865–1866 the golden figure of a crowing rooster was added.The Orloj suffered heavy damage on 7 and especially 8 May 1945, during the Prague uprising, when the Nazis fired on the south-west side of the Old Town Square from several armoured vehicles in an unsuccessful attempt to destroy one of the centers of the uprising. The hall and nearby buildings burned, along with the wooden sculptures on the clock and the calendar dial face made by Josef Mánes. After significant effort, the machinery was repaired, the wooden Apostles restored by Vojtěch Sucharda, and the Orloj started working again in 1948.The Orloj was renovated in autumn 2005, when the statues and the lower calendar ring were restored. The wooden statues were covered with a net to keep pigeons away.The last renovation of the astronomical clock was carried out from January to September 2018, following a reconstruction of the Old Town Tower. During the renovation, an electric clock mechanism that had been in operation since 1948 was replaced by an original mechanism from the 1860s.


プラハ天文時計

Prompt: プラハ天文時計の文脈で、600周年と歴史を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

File:Prague Astronomical Clock Detail.jpg <!-- replacing Image:Prazsky orloj kalendar detail.jpg -->

File:Rekonstrukce Staroměstské radnice 1AAB1356.jpg

Category:Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic

Category:Towers completed in the 15th century

Category:Clock towers in the Czech Republic

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1410

The Moon sphere is seen showing approximately a quarter moon

Category:Buildings and structures in Prague

National Heritage Inspectorate (Czech Republic)

Apostles in the New Testament#Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 3.jpg

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 4.jpg

On 9 October 2010, the Orloj's 600th anniversary was celebrated with a light show on the face of the clock tower. Two projectors were used to project several animated videos on the clock. The videos showed it being built, torn down, rebuilt, and peeled away to show its internal mechanisms and the famous animated figures, as well as various events in the clock's history. The video interacted with the tower's architecture, such as rain rolling off the arch, and showing the passage of time with moving shadows.


プラハ天文時計

Prompt: プラハ天文時計の歴史に関する600周年を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

File:Prague Astronomical Clock Detail.jpg <!-- replacing Image:Prazsky orloj kalendar detail.jpg -->

File:Rekonstrukce Staroměstské radnice 1AAB1356.jpg

Category:Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic

Category:Towers completed in the 15th century

Category:Clock towers in the Czech Republic

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1410

The Moon sphere is seen showing approximately a quarter moon

Category:Buildings and structures in Prague

National Heritage Inspectorate (Czech Republic)

Apostles in the New Testament#Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 3.jpg

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 4.jpg

On 9 October 2010, the Orloj's 600th anniversary was celebrated with a light show on the face of the clock tower. Two projectors were used to project several animated videos on the clock. The videos showed it being built, torn down, rebuilt, and peeled away to show its internal mechanisms and the famous animated figures, as well as various events in the clock's history. The video interacted with the tower's architecture, such as rain rolling off the arch, and showing the passage of time with moving shadows.


プラハ天文時計

Prompt: プラハ天文時計では、どのように歴史の600周年が説明されていますか？英語で出力して下さい。

File:Prague Astronomical Clock Detail.jpg <!-- replacing Image:Prazsky orloj kalendar detail.jpg -->

File:Rekonstrukce Staroměstské radnice 1AAB1356.jpg

Category:Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic

Category:Towers completed in the 15th century

Category:Clock towers in the Czech Republic

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1410

The Moon sphere is seen showing approximately a quarter moon

Category:Buildings and structures in Prague

National Heritage Inspectorate (Czech Republic)

Apostles in the New Testament#Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 3.jpg

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 4.jpg

On 9 October 2010, the Orloj's 600th anniversary was celebrated with a light show on the face of the clock tower. Two projectors were used to project several animated videos on the clock. The videos showed it being built, torn down, rebuilt, and peeled away to show its internal mechanisms and the famous animated figures, as well as various events in the clock's history. The video interacted with the tower's architecture, such as rain rolling off the arch, and showing the passage of time with moving shadows.


プラハ天文時計

Prompt: プラハ天文時計の歴史における600周年の特徴を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

File:Prague Astronomical Clock Detail.jpg <!-- replacing Image:Prazsky orloj kalendar detail.jpg -->

File:Rekonstrukce Staroměstské radnice 1AAB1356.jpg

Category:Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic

Category:Towers completed in the 15th century

Category:Clock towers in the Czech Republic

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1410

The Moon sphere is seen showing approximately a quarter moon

Category:Buildings and structures in Prague

National Heritage Inspectorate (Czech Republic)

Apostles in the New Testament#Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 3.jpg

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 4.jpg

On 9 October 2010, the Orloj's 600th anniversary was celebrated with a light show on the face of the clock tower. Two projectors were used to project several animated videos on the clock. The videos showed it being built, torn down, rebuilt, and peeled away to show its internal mechanisms and the famous animated figures, as well as various events in the clock's history. The video interacted with the tower's architecture, such as rain rolling off the arch, and showing the passage of time with moving shadows.


プラハ天文時計

Prompt: プラハ天文時計の文脈で、605周年と歴史を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

File:Prague Astronomical Clock Detail.jpg <!-- replacing Image:Prazsky orloj kalendar detail.jpg -->

File:Rekonstrukce Staroměstské radnice 1AAB1356.jpg

Category:Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic

Category:Towers completed in the 15th century

Category:Clock towers in the Czech Republic

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1410

The Moon sphere is seen showing approximately a quarter moon

Category:Buildings and structures in Prague

National Heritage Inspectorate (Czech Republic)

Apostles in the New Testament#Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 3.jpg

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 4.jpg

On its 605th anniversary, 9 October 2015, the Orloj appeared on the Google home page as a Google Doodle.


プラハ天文時計

Prompt: プラハ天文時計の歴史に関する605周年を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

File:Prague Astronomical Clock Detail.jpg <!-- replacing Image:Prazsky orloj kalendar detail.jpg -->

File:Rekonstrukce Staroměstské radnice 1AAB1356.jpg

Category:Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic

Category:Towers completed in the 15th century

Category:Clock towers in the Czech Republic

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1410

The Moon sphere is seen showing approximately a quarter moon

Category:Buildings and structures in Prague

National Heritage Inspectorate (Czech Republic)

Apostles in the New Testament#Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 3.jpg

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 4.jpg

On its 605th anniversary, 9 October 2015, the Orloj appeared on the Google home page as a Google Doodle.


プラハ天文時計

Prompt: プラハ天文時計では、どのように歴史の605周年が説明されていますか？英語で出力して下さい。

File:Prague Astronomical Clock Detail.jpg <!-- replacing Image:Prazsky orloj kalendar detail.jpg -->

File:Rekonstrukce Staroměstské radnice 1AAB1356.jpg

Category:Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic

Category:Towers completed in the 15th century

Category:Clock towers in the Czech Republic

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1410

The Moon sphere is seen showing approximately a quarter moon

Category:Buildings and structures in Prague

National Heritage Inspectorate (Czech Republic)

Apostles in the New Testament#Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 3.jpg

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 4.jpg

On its 605th anniversary, 9 October 2015, the Orloj appeared on the Google home page as a Google Doodle.


プラハ天文時計

Prompt: プラハ天文時計の歴史における605周年の特徴を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

File:Prague Astronomical Clock Detail.jpg <!-- replacing Image:Prazsky orloj kalendar detail.jpg -->

File:Rekonstrukce Staroměstské radnice 1AAB1356.jpg

Category:Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic

Category:Towers completed in the 15th century

Category:Clock towers in the Czech Republic

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1410

The Moon sphere is seen showing approximately a quarter moon

Category:Buildings and structures in Prague

National Heritage Inspectorate (Czech Republic)

Apostles in the New Testament#Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 3.jpg

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 4.jpg

On its 605th anniversary, 9 October 2015, the Orloj appeared on the Google home page as a Google Doodle.


プラハ天文時計

Prompt: プラハ天文時計の文脈で、2018年の再構築と歴史を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

File:Prague Astronomical Clock Detail.jpg <!-- replacing Image:Prazsky orloj kalendar detail.jpg -->

File:Rekonstrukce Staroměstské radnice 1AAB1356.jpg

Category:Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic

Category:Towers completed in the 15th century

Category:Clock towers in the Czech Republic

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1410

The Moon sphere is seen showing approximately a quarter moon

Category:Buildings and structures in Prague

National Heritage Inspectorate (Czech Republic)

Apostles in the New Testament#Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 3.jpg

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 4.jpg

The Orloj was taken down for reconstruction and replaced by a LED screen in early 2018, with the restoration works scheduled to last for the whole summer tourist season of 2018 and the restored actual Orloj eventually being back in service soon enough to commemorate the 100th anniversary of Czechoslovakia at the end of October 2018. With the reconstruction and restoration work completed, it resumed operations at 6 p.m. local time on 28 September 2018.


プラハ天文時計

Prompt: プラハ天文時計の歴史に関する2018年の再構築を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

File:Prague Astronomical Clock Detail.jpg <!-- replacing Image:Prazsky orloj kalendar detail.jpg -->

File:Rekonstrukce Staroměstské radnice 1AAB1356.jpg

Category:Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic

Category:Towers completed in the 15th century

Category:Clock towers in the Czech Republic

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1410

The Moon sphere is seen showing approximately a quarter moon

Category:Buildings and structures in Prague

National Heritage Inspectorate (Czech Republic)

Apostles in the New Testament#Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 3.jpg

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 4.jpg

The Orloj was taken down for reconstruction and replaced by a LED screen in early 2018, with the restoration works scheduled to last for the whole summer tourist season of 2018 and the restored actual Orloj eventually being back in service soon enough to commemorate the 100th anniversary of Czechoslovakia at the end of October 2018. With the reconstruction and restoration work completed, it resumed operations at 6 p.m. local time on 28 September 2018.


プラハ天文時計

Prompt: プラハ天文時計では、どのように歴史の2018年の再構築が説明されていますか？英語で出力して下さい。

File:Prague Astronomical Clock Detail.jpg <!-- replacing Image:Prazsky orloj kalendar detail.jpg -->

File:Rekonstrukce Staroměstské radnice 1AAB1356.jpg

Category:Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic

Category:Towers completed in the 15th century

Category:Clock towers in the Czech Republic

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1410

The Moon sphere is seen showing approximately a quarter moon

Category:Buildings and structures in Prague

National Heritage Inspectorate (Czech Republic)

Apostles in the New Testament#Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 3.jpg

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 4.jpg

The Orloj was taken down for reconstruction and replaced by a LED screen in early 2018, with the restoration works scheduled to last for the whole summer tourist season of 2018 and the restored actual Orloj eventually being back in service soon enough to commemorate the 100th anniversary of Czechoslovakia at the end of October 2018. With the reconstruction and restoration work completed, it resumed operations at 6 p.m. local time on 28 September 2018.


プラハ天文時計

Prompt: プラハ天文時計の歴史における2018年の再構築の特徴を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

File:Prague Astronomical Clock Detail.jpg <!-- replacing Image:Prazsky orloj kalendar detail.jpg -->

File:Rekonstrukce Staroměstské radnice 1AAB1356.jpg

Category:Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic

Category:Towers completed in the 15th century

Category:Clock towers in the Czech Republic

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1410

The Moon sphere is seen showing approximately a quarter moon

Category:Buildings and structures in Prague

National Heritage Inspectorate (Czech Republic)

Apostles in the New Testament#Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 3.jpg

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 4.jpg

The Orloj was taken down for reconstruction and replaced by a LED screen in early 2018, with the restoration works scheduled to last for the whole summer tourist season of 2018 and the restored actual Orloj eventually being back in service soon enough to commemorate the 100th anniversary of Czechoslovakia at the end of October 2018. With the reconstruction and restoration work completed, it resumed operations at 6 p.m. local time on 28 September 2018.


プラハ天文時計

Prompt: プラハ天文時計の文脈で、2022年の再建論争と歴史を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

File:Prague Astronomical Clock Detail.jpg <!-- replacing Image:Prazsky orloj kalendar detail.jpg -->

File:Rekonstrukce Staroměstské radnice 1AAB1356.jpg

Category:Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic

Category:Towers completed in the 15th century

Category:Clock towers in the Czech Republic

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1410

The Moon sphere is seen showing approximately a quarter moon

Category:Buildings and structures in Prague

National Heritage Inspectorate (Czech Republic)

Apostles in the New Testament#Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 3.jpg

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 4.jpg

The artwork on the Orloj became the center of controversy after a local heritage group noticed the reproduction had "radically changed the appearance, ages, skin tone, dress and even genders of the figures" illustrated by Mánes in 1866. A member of the Club for Old Prague, Milan Patka, registered a complaint with the Ministry of Culture, alleging that in the restoration, painter Stanislav Jirčík had deviated from the "spirit and detail" of the original. The National Heritage Inspectorate began investigations into the allegations.The Guardian reported that the artist may have put the likenesses of his friends and acquaintances into the work, "possibly as a joke." Upon this discovery, the Prague city council's deputy mayor for transport and heritage criticized the botched restoration as "banal and done by an amateur" and suggested the city might need to commission a replacement. It is not yet known how the restoration's discrepancy with the original had escaped detection when the work was installed in 2018.


プラハ天文時計

Prompt: プラハ天文時計の歴史に関する2022年の再建論争を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

File:Prague Astronomical Clock Detail.jpg <!-- replacing Image:Prazsky orloj kalendar detail.jpg -->

File:Rekonstrukce Staroměstské radnice 1AAB1356.jpg

Category:Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic

Category:Towers completed in the 15th century

Category:Clock towers in the Czech Republic

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1410

The Moon sphere is seen showing approximately a quarter moon

Category:Buildings and structures in Prague

National Heritage Inspectorate (Czech Republic)

Apostles in the New Testament#Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 3.jpg

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 4.jpg

The artwork on the Orloj became the center of controversy after a local heritage group noticed the reproduction had "radically changed the appearance, ages, skin tone, dress and even genders of the figures" illustrated by Mánes in 1866. A member of the Club for Old Prague, Milan Patka, registered a complaint with the Ministry of Culture, alleging that in the restoration, painter Stanislav Jirčík had deviated from the "spirit and detail" of the original. The National Heritage Inspectorate began investigations into the allegations.The Guardian reported that the artist may have put the likenesses of his friends and acquaintances into the work, "possibly as a joke." Upon this discovery, the Prague city council's deputy mayor for transport and heritage criticized the botched restoration as "banal and done by an amateur" and suggested the city might need to commission a replacement. It is not yet known how the restoration's discrepancy with the original had escaped detection when the work was installed in 2018.


プラハ天文時計

Prompt: プラハ天文時計では、どのように歴史の2022年の再建論争が説明されていますか？英語で出力して下さい。

File:Prague Astronomical Clock Detail.jpg <!-- replacing Image:Prazsky orloj kalendar detail.jpg -->

File:Rekonstrukce Staroměstské radnice 1AAB1356.jpg

Category:Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic

Category:Towers completed in the 15th century

Category:Clock towers in the Czech Republic

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1410

The Moon sphere is seen showing approximately a quarter moon

Category:Buildings and structures in Prague

National Heritage Inspectorate (Czech Republic)

Apostles in the New Testament#Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 3.jpg

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 4.jpg

The artwork on the Orloj became the center of controversy after a local heritage group noticed the reproduction had "radically changed the appearance, ages, skin tone, dress and even genders of the figures" illustrated by Mánes in 1866. A member of the Club for Old Prague, Milan Patka, registered a complaint with the Ministry of Culture, alleging that in the restoration, painter Stanislav Jirčík had deviated from the "spirit and detail" of the original. The National Heritage Inspectorate began investigations into the allegations.The Guardian reported that the artist may have put the likenesses of his friends and acquaintances into the work, "possibly as a joke." Upon this discovery, the Prague city council's deputy mayor for transport and heritage criticized the botched restoration as "banal and done by an amateur" and suggested the city might need to commission a replacement. It is not yet known how the restoration's discrepancy with the original had escaped detection when the work was installed in 2018.


プラハ天文時計

Prompt: プラハ天文時計の歴史における2022年の再建論争の特徴を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

File:Prague Astronomical Clock Detail.jpg <!-- replacing Image:Prazsky orloj kalendar detail.jpg -->

File:Rekonstrukce Staroměstské radnice 1AAB1356.jpg

Category:Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic

Category:Towers completed in the 15th century

Category:Clock towers in the Czech Republic

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1410

The Moon sphere is seen showing approximately a quarter moon

Category:Buildings and structures in Prague

National Heritage Inspectorate (Czech Republic)

Apostles in the New Testament#Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 3.jpg

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 4.jpg

The artwork on the Orloj became the center of controversy after a local heritage group noticed the reproduction had "radically changed the appearance, ages, skin tone, dress and even genders of the figures" illustrated by Mánes in 1866. A member of the Club for Old Prague, Milan Patka, registered a complaint with the Ministry of Culture, alleging that in the restoration, painter Stanislav Jirčík had deviated from the "spirit and detail" of the original. The National Heritage Inspectorate began investigations into the allegations.The Guardian reported that the artist may have put the likenesses of his friends and acquaintances into the work, "possibly as a joke." Upon this discovery, the Prague city council's deputy mayor for transport and heritage criticized the botched restoration as "banal and done by an amateur" and suggested the city might need to commission a replacement. It is not yet known how the restoration's discrepancy with the original had escaped detection when the work was installed in 2018.


プラハ天文時計

Prompt: プラハ天文時計に焦点を当てて、その天文時計を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

File:Prague Astronomical Clock Detail.jpg <!-- replacing Image:Prazsky orloj kalendar detail.jpg -->

File:Rekonstrukce Staroměstské radnice 1AAB1356.jpg

Category:Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic

Category:Towers completed in the 15th century

Category:Clock towers in the Czech Republic

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1410

The Moon sphere is seen showing approximately a quarter moon

Category:Buildings and structures in Prague

National Heritage Inspectorate (Czech Republic)

Apostles in the New Testament#Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 3.jpg

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 4.jpg

The astronomical dial is a form of mechanical astrolabe, a device used in medieval astronomy. Alternatively, one may consider the Orloj to be a primitive planetarium, displaying the current orientation of the universe relative to the Earth.The astronomical dial has a background that represents the standing Earth and sky, and surrounding it operate four main moving components: the zodiacal ring, an outer rotating ring, an icon representing the Sun, and an icon representing the Moon.


プラハ天文時計

Prompt: プラハ天文時計の天文時計を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

File:Prague Astronomical Clock Detail.jpg <!-- replacing Image:Prazsky orloj kalendar detail.jpg -->

File:Rekonstrukce Staroměstské radnice 1AAB1356.jpg

Category:Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic

Category:Towers completed in the 15th century

Category:Clock towers in the Czech Republic

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1410

The Moon sphere is seen showing approximately a quarter moon

Category:Buildings and structures in Prague

National Heritage Inspectorate (Czech Republic)

Apostles in the New Testament#Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 3.jpg

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 4.jpg

The astronomical dial is a form of mechanical astrolabe, a device used in medieval astronomy. Alternatively, one may consider the Orloj to be a primitive planetarium, displaying the current orientation of the universe relative to the Earth.The astronomical dial has a background that represents the standing Earth and sky, and surrounding it operate four main moving components: the zodiacal ring, an outer rotating ring, an icon representing the Sun, and an icon representing the Moon.


プラハ天文時計

Prompt: プラハ天文時計はどのように天文時計を説明していますか？英語で出力して下さい。

File:Prague Astronomical Clock Detail.jpg <!-- replacing Image:Prazsky orloj kalendar detail.jpg -->

File:Rekonstrukce Staroměstské radnice 1AAB1356.jpg

Category:Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic

Category:Towers completed in the 15th century

Category:Clock towers in the Czech Republic

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1410

The Moon sphere is seen showing approximately a quarter moon

Category:Buildings and structures in Prague

National Heritage Inspectorate (Czech Republic)

Apostles in the New Testament#Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 3.jpg

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 4.jpg

The astronomical dial is a form of mechanical astrolabe, a device used in medieval astronomy. Alternatively, one may consider the Orloj to be a primitive planetarium, displaying the current orientation of the universe relative to the Earth.The astronomical dial has a background that represents the standing Earth and sky, and surrounding it operate four main moving components: the zodiacal ring, an outer rotating ring, an icon representing the Sun, and an icon representing the Moon.


プラハ天文時計

Prompt: プラハ天文時計に関して、どのように天文時計が議論されていますか？英語で出力して下さい。

File:Prague Astronomical Clock Detail.jpg <!-- replacing Image:Prazsky orloj kalendar detail.jpg -->

File:Rekonstrukce Staroměstské radnice 1AAB1356.jpg

Category:Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic

Category:Towers completed in the 15th century

Category:Clock towers in the Czech Republic

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1410

The Moon sphere is seen showing approximately a quarter moon

Category:Buildings and structures in Prague

National Heritage Inspectorate (Czech Republic)

Apostles in the New Testament#Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 3.jpg

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 4.jpg

The astronomical dial is a form of mechanical astrolabe, a device used in medieval astronomy. Alternatively, one may consider the Orloj to be a primitive planetarium, displaying the current orientation of the universe relative to the Earth.The astronomical dial has a background that represents the standing Earth and sky, and surrounding it operate four main moving components: the zodiacal ring, an outer rotating ring, an icon representing the Sun, and an icon representing the Moon.


プラハ天文時計

Prompt: プラハ天文時計の文脈で、静的背景と天文時計を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

File:Prague Astronomical Clock Detail.jpg <!-- replacing Image:Prazsky orloj kalendar detail.jpg -->

File:Rekonstrukce Staroměstské radnice 1AAB1356.jpg

Category:Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic

Category:Towers completed in the 15th century

Category:Clock towers in the Czech Republic

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1410

The Moon sphere is seen showing approximately a quarter moon

Category:Buildings and structures in Prague

National Heritage Inspectorate (Czech Republic)

Apostles in the New Testament#Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 3.jpg

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 4.jpg

The background represents the Earth and the local view of the sky. The blue circle directly in the centre represents the Earth, and the upper blue is the portion of the sky which is above the horizon. The red and black areas indicate portions of the sky below the horizon. During the daytime, the Sun sits over the blue part of the background and at night it sits over the black. During dawn or dusk, the mechanical sun is positioned over the red part of the background.Written on the eastern (left) part of the horizon is aurora (dawn in Latin) and ortus (rising). On the western (right) part is occasus (sunset), and crepusculum (twilight).Golden Roman numerals at the outer edge of blue circle are the timescale of a normal 24-hour day and indicate time in local Prague time, or Central European Time. Curved golden lines dividing the blue part of dial into 12 parts are marks for unequal "hours". These hours are defined as 1/12 of the time between sunrise and sunset, and vary as the days grow longer or shorter during the year.


プラハ天文時計

Prompt: プラハ天文時計の天文時計に関する静的背景を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

File:Prague Astronomical Clock Detail.jpg <!-- replacing Image:Prazsky orloj kalendar detail.jpg -->

File:Rekonstrukce Staroměstské radnice 1AAB1356.jpg

Category:Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic

Category:Towers completed in the 15th century

Category:Clock towers in the Czech Republic

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1410

The Moon sphere is seen showing approximately a quarter moon

Category:Buildings and structures in Prague

National Heritage Inspectorate (Czech Republic)

Apostles in the New Testament#Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 3.jpg

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 4.jpg

The background represents the Earth and the local view of the sky. The blue circle directly in the centre represents the Earth, and the upper blue is the portion of the sky which is above the horizon. The red and black areas indicate portions of the sky below the horizon. During the daytime, the Sun sits over the blue part of the background and at night it sits over the black. During dawn or dusk, the mechanical sun is positioned over the red part of the background.Written on the eastern (left) part of the horizon is aurora (dawn in Latin) and ortus (rising). On the western (right) part is occasus (sunset), and crepusculum (twilight).Golden Roman numerals at the outer edge of blue circle are the timescale of a normal 24-hour day and indicate time in local Prague time, or Central European Time. Curved golden lines dividing the blue part of dial into 12 parts are marks for unequal "hours". These hours are defined as 1/12 of the time between sunrise and sunset, and vary as the days grow longer or shorter during the year.


プラハ天文時計

Prompt: プラハ天文時計では、どのように天文時計の静的背景が説明されていますか？英語で出力して下さい。

File:Prague Astronomical Clock Detail.jpg <!-- replacing Image:Prazsky orloj kalendar detail.jpg -->

File:Rekonstrukce Staroměstské radnice 1AAB1356.jpg

Category:Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic

Category:Towers completed in the 15th century

Category:Clock towers in the Czech Republic

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1410

The Moon sphere is seen showing approximately a quarter moon

Category:Buildings and structures in Prague

National Heritage Inspectorate (Czech Republic)

Apostles in the New Testament#Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 3.jpg

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 4.jpg

The background represents the Earth and the local view of the sky. The blue circle directly in the centre represents the Earth, and the upper blue is the portion of the sky which is above the horizon. The red and black areas indicate portions of the sky below the horizon. During the daytime, the Sun sits over the blue part of the background and at night it sits over the black. During dawn or dusk, the mechanical sun is positioned over the red part of the background.Written on the eastern (left) part of the horizon is aurora (dawn in Latin) and ortus (rising). On the western (right) part is occasus (sunset), and crepusculum (twilight).Golden Roman numerals at the outer edge of blue circle are the timescale of a normal 24-hour day and indicate time in local Prague time, or Central European Time. Curved golden lines dividing the blue part of dial into 12 parts are marks for unequal "hours". These hours are defined as 1/12 of the time between sunrise and sunset, and vary as the days grow longer or shorter during the year.


プラハ天文時計

Prompt: プラハ天文時計の天文時計における静的背景の特徴を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

File:Prague Astronomical Clock Detail.jpg <!-- replacing Image:Prazsky orloj kalendar detail.jpg -->

File:Rekonstrukce Staroměstské radnice 1AAB1356.jpg

Category:Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic

Category:Towers completed in the 15th century

Category:Clock towers in the Czech Republic

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1410

The Moon sphere is seen showing approximately a quarter moon

Category:Buildings and structures in Prague

National Heritage Inspectorate (Czech Republic)

Apostles in the New Testament#Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 3.jpg

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 4.jpg

The background represents the Earth and the local view of the sky. The blue circle directly in the centre represents the Earth, and the upper blue is the portion of the sky which is above the horizon. The red and black areas indicate portions of the sky below the horizon. During the daytime, the Sun sits over the blue part of the background and at night it sits over the black. During dawn or dusk, the mechanical sun is positioned over the red part of the background.Written on the eastern (left) part of the horizon is aurora (dawn in Latin) and ortus (rising). On the western (right) part is occasus (sunset), and crepusculum (twilight).Golden Roman numerals at the outer edge of blue circle are the timescale of a normal 24-hour day and indicate time in local Prague time, or Central European Time. Curved golden lines dividing the blue part of dial into 12 parts are marks for unequal "hours". These hours are defined as 1/12 of the time between sunrise and sunset, and vary as the days grow longer or shorter during the year.


プラハ天文時計

Prompt: プラハ天文時計の文脈で、十二星座の環と天文時計を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

File:Prague Astronomical Clock Detail.jpg <!-- replacing Image:Prazsky orloj kalendar detail.jpg -->

File:Rekonstrukce Staroměstské radnice 1AAB1356.jpg

Category:Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic

Category:Towers completed in the 15th century

Category:Clock towers in the Czech Republic

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1410

The Moon sphere is seen showing approximately a quarter moon

Category:Buildings and structures in Prague

National Heritage Inspectorate (Czech Republic)

Apostles in the New Testament#Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 3.jpg

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 4.jpg

Inside the large black outer circle lies another movable circle marked with the signs of the zodiac which indicates the location of the Sun on the ecliptic. The signs are shown in anticlockwise order. In the photograph accompanying this section, the Sun is currently moving anticlockwise from Cancer into Leo.The displacement of the zodiac circle results from the use of a stereographic projection of the ecliptic plane using the North pole as the basis of the projection. This is commonly seen in astronomical clocks of the period.The small golden star shows the position of the vernal equinox, and sidereal time can be read on the scale with golden Roman numerals. The zodiac is on the 365-tooth gear inside the machine. This gear is connected to the Sun gear and the Moon gear by a 24-tooth gear.


プラハ天文時計

Prompt: プラハ天文時計の天文時計に関する十二星座の環を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

File:Prague Astronomical Clock Detail.jpg <!-- replacing Image:Prazsky orloj kalendar detail.jpg -->

File:Rekonstrukce Staroměstské radnice 1AAB1356.jpg

Category:Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic

Category:Towers completed in the 15th century

Category:Clock towers in the Czech Republic

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1410

The Moon sphere is seen showing approximately a quarter moon

Category:Buildings and structures in Prague

National Heritage Inspectorate (Czech Republic)

Apostles in the New Testament#Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 3.jpg

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 4.jpg

Inside the large black outer circle lies another movable circle marked with the signs of the zodiac which indicates the location of the Sun on the ecliptic. The signs are shown in anticlockwise order. In the photograph accompanying this section, the Sun is currently moving anticlockwise from Cancer into Leo.The displacement of the zodiac circle results from the use of a stereographic projection of the ecliptic plane using the North pole as the basis of the projection. This is commonly seen in astronomical clocks of the period.The small golden star shows the position of the vernal equinox, and sidereal time can be read on the scale with golden Roman numerals. The zodiac is on the 365-tooth gear inside the machine. This gear is connected to the Sun gear and the Moon gear by a 24-tooth gear.


プラハ天文時計

Prompt: プラハ天文時計では、どのように天文時計の十二星座の環が説明されていますか？英語で出力して下さい。

File:Prague Astronomical Clock Detail.jpg <!-- replacing Image:Prazsky orloj kalendar detail.jpg -->

File:Rekonstrukce Staroměstské radnice 1AAB1356.jpg

Category:Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic

Category:Towers completed in the 15th century

Category:Clock towers in the Czech Republic

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1410

The Moon sphere is seen showing approximately a quarter moon

Category:Buildings and structures in Prague

National Heritage Inspectorate (Czech Republic)

Apostles in the New Testament#Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 3.jpg

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 4.jpg

Inside the large black outer circle lies another movable circle marked with the signs of the zodiac which indicates the location of the Sun on the ecliptic. The signs are shown in anticlockwise order. In the photograph accompanying this section, the Sun is currently moving anticlockwise from Cancer into Leo.The displacement of the zodiac circle results from the use of a stereographic projection of the ecliptic plane using the North pole as the basis of the projection. This is commonly seen in astronomical clocks of the period.The small golden star shows the position of the vernal equinox, and sidereal time can be read on the scale with golden Roman numerals. The zodiac is on the 365-tooth gear inside the machine. This gear is connected to the Sun gear and the Moon gear by a 24-tooth gear.


プラハ天文時計

Prompt: プラハ天文時計の天文時計における十二星座の環の特徴を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

File:Prague Astronomical Clock Detail.jpg <!-- replacing Image:Prazsky orloj kalendar detail.jpg -->

File:Rekonstrukce Staroměstské radnice 1AAB1356.jpg

Category:Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic

Category:Towers completed in the 15th century

Category:Clock towers in the Czech Republic

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1410

The Moon sphere is seen showing approximately a quarter moon

Category:Buildings and structures in Prague

National Heritage Inspectorate (Czech Republic)

Apostles in the New Testament#Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 3.jpg

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 4.jpg

Inside the large black outer circle lies another movable circle marked with the signs of the zodiac which indicates the location of the Sun on the ecliptic. The signs are shown in anticlockwise order. In the photograph accompanying this section, the Sun is currently moving anticlockwise from Cancer into Leo.The displacement of the zodiac circle results from the use of a stereographic projection of the ecliptic plane using the North pole as the basis of the projection. This is commonly seen in astronomical clocks of the period.The small golden star shows the position of the vernal equinox, and sidereal time can be read on the scale with golden Roman numerals. The zodiac is on the 365-tooth gear inside the machine. This gear is connected to the Sun gear and the Moon gear by a 24-tooth gear.