Counter-Reformation

Prompt: When looking at the Politics and wars of Counter-Reformation, how do you discuss its Eastern Rites's Middle East?

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: Focusing on the Politics and wars of Counter-Reformation, explain the Ukraine about the Eastern Rites.

=The effects of the Council of Trent and the Counter-Reformation also paved the way for Ruthenian Orthodox Christians to return to full communion with the Catholic Church while preserving their Byzantine tradition. Pope Clement VIII received the Ruthenian bishops into full communion on February 7, 1596. Under the treaty of the Union of Brest, Rome recognized the Ruthenians' continued practice of Byzantine liturgical tradition, married clergy, and consecration of bishops from within the Ruthenian Christian tradition. Moreover, the treaty specifically exempts Ruthenians from accepting the Filioque clause and Purgatory as a condition for reconciliation.

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: Explain the Ukraine about the Eastern Rites of the Politics and wars in this work, Counter-Reformation.

=The effects of the Council of Trent and the Counter-Reformation also paved the way for Ruthenian Orthodox Christians to return to full communion with the Catholic Church while preserving their Byzantine tradition. Pope Clement VIII received the Ruthenian bishops into full communion on February 7, 1596. Under the treaty of the Union of Brest, Rome recognized the Ruthenians' continued practice of Byzantine liturgical tradition, married clergy, and consecration of bishops from within the Ruthenian Christian tradition. Moreover, the treaty specifically exempts Ruthenians from accepting the Filioque clause and Purgatory as a condition for reconciliation.

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: Regarding Counter-Reformation, how does the Politics and wars's Eastern Rites  incorporate the Ukraine.

=The effects of the Council of Trent and the Counter-Reformation also paved the way for Ruthenian Orthodox Christians to return to full communion with the Catholic Church while preserving their Byzantine tradition. Pope Clement VIII received the Ruthenian bishops into full communion on February 7, 1596. Under the treaty of the Union of Brest, Rome recognized the Ruthenians' continued practice of Byzantine liturgical tradition, married clergy, and consecration of bishops from within the Ruthenian Christian tradition. Moreover, the treaty specifically exempts Ruthenians from accepting the Filioque clause and Purgatory as a condition for reconciliation.

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: When looking at the Politics and wars of Counter-Reformation, how do you discuss its Eastern Rites's Ukraine?

=The effects of the Council of Trent and the Counter-Reformation also paved the way for Ruthenian Orthodox Christians to return to full communion with the Catholic Church while preserving their Byzantine tradition. Pope Clement VIII received the Ruthenian bishops into full communion on February 7, 1596. Under the treaty of the Union of Brest, Rome recognized the Ruthenians' continued practice of Byzantine liturgical tradition, married clergy, and consecration of bishops from within the Ruthenian Christian tradition. Moreover, the treaty specifically exempts Ruthenians from accepting the Filioque clause and Purgatory as a condition for reconciliation.

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: In the context of Counter-Reformation, explain the Areas affected and the Outcomes.

The Counter-Reformation succeeded in drastically diminishing Protestantism in Lithuania, Poland, France, Italy, and the vast lands controlled by the Habsburgs including Austria, southern Germany, Bohemia (now in the Czech Republic), the Spanish Netherlands (now Belgium and surrounds), Croatia, and Slovenia. It did not succeed as completely in Hungary, where a sizeable Protestant minority remains to this day, although Catholics still are the largest Christian denomination.

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: Explain the Areas affected about the Outcomes of this artwork, Counter-Reformation.

The Counter-Reformation succeeded in drastically diminishing Protestantism in Lithuania, Poland, France, Italy, and the vast lands controlled by the Habsburgs including Austria, southern Germany, Bohemia (now in the Czech Republic), the Spanish Netherlands (now Belgium and surrounds), Croatia, and Slovenia. It did not succeed as completely in Hungary, where a sizeable Protestant minority remains to this day, although Catholics still are the largest Christian denomination.

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: In Counter-Reformation, how is the Areas affected of the Outcomes explained?

The Counter-Reformation succeeded in drastically diminishing Protestantism in Lithuania, Poland, France, Italy, and the vast lands controlled by the Habsburgs including Austria, southern Germany, Bohemia (now in the Czech Republic), the Spanish Netherlands (now Belgium and surrounds), Croatia, and Slovenia. It did not succeed as completely in Hungary, where a sizeable Protestant minority remains to this day, although Catholics still are the largest Christian denomination.

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: Describe the characteristics of the Areas affected in Counter-Reformation's Outcomes.

The Counter-Reformation succeeded in drastically diminishing Protestantism in Lithuania, Poland, France, Italy, and the vast lands controlled by the Habsburgs including Austria, southern Germany, Bohemia (now in the Czech Republic), the Spanish Netherlands (now Belgium and surrounds), Croatia, and Slovenia. It did not succeed as completely in Hungary, where a sizeable Protestant minority remains to this day, although Catholics still are the largest Christian denomination.

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: In the context of Counter-Reformation, explain the Religious orders and the Outcomes.

New religious orders were a fundamental part of the reforms. Orders such as the Capuchins, Discalced Carmelites, Discalced Augustinians and Augustinian Recollects, Cistercian Feuillants, Angelines and Ursulines, Theatines, Barnabites, and the Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri attempted either to be less decadent or to engage in charitable service, and set examples of Catholic renewal particularly in Southern Europe. The Jesuits especially worked in rural parishes. Most of these had been founded earlier in the 15th Century, as part of Catholic reforms before the Council of Trent.The Theatines undertook checking the spread of heresy and contributed to a regeneration of the clergy. The Capuchins, an offshoot of the Franciscan order notable for their preaching and for their care for the poor and the sick, grew rapidly. Capuchin-founded confraternities took special interest in the poor and lived austerely. Members of orders active in overseas missionary expansion expressed the view that the rural parishes often needed Christianizing as much as the heathens of Asia and the Americas.The Ursulines focused on the special task of educating girls, the first order of women to be dedicated to that goal. Devotion to the traditional works of mercy exemplified the Catholic Reformation's reaffirmation of the importance of both faith and works and salvation through God's grace and repudiation of the maxim sola fide emphasized by Protestants sects. Not only did they make the Church more effective, but they also reaffirmed fundamental premises of the medieval Church.The Jesuits were the most effective of the new Catholic orders. An heir to the devotional, observantine, and legalist traditions, the Jesuits organized along military lines. The worldliness of the Renaissance Church had no part in their new order. Loyola's masterwork Spiritual Exercises showed the emphasis of handbooks characteristic of Catholic reformers before the Reformations, reminiscent of devotionalism.Jesuits participated in the expansion of the Church in the Americas and Asia, by their missionary activity. Loyola's biography contributed to an emphasis on popular piety that had waned under political popes such as Alexander VI and Leo X. After recovering from a serious wound, he took a vow to "serve only God and the Roman pontiff, His vicar on Earth." The emphasis on the Pope is a reaffirmation of the medieval papalism, while the Council of Trent defeated conciliarism, the belief that general councils of the Church collectively were God's representative on Earth rather than the Pope. Taking the Pope as an absolute leader, the Jesuits contributed to the Counter-Reformation Church along a line harmonized with Rome.

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: Explain the Religious orders about the Outcomes of this artwork, Counter-Reformation.

New religious orders were a fundamental part of the reforms. Orders such as the Capuchins, Discalced Carmelites, Discalced Augustinians and Augustinian Recollects, Cistercian Feuillants, Angelines and Ursulines, Theatines, Barnabites, and the Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri attempted either to be less decadent or to engage in charitable service, and set examples of Catholic renewal particularly in Southern Europe. The Jesuits especially worked in rural parishes. Most of these had been founded earlier in the 15th Century, as part of Catholic reforms before the Council of Trent.The Theatines undertook checking the spread of heresy and contributed to a regeneration of the clergy. The Capuchins, an offshoot of the Franciscan order notable for their preaching and for their care for the poor and the sick, grew rapidly. Capuchin-founded confraternities took special interest in the poor and lived austerely. Members of orders active in overseas missionary expansion expressed the view that the rural parishes often needed Christianizing as much as the heathens of Asia and the Americas.The Ursulines focused on the special task of educating girls, the first order of women to be dedicated to that goal. Devotion to the traditional works of mercy exemplified the Catholic Reformation's reaffirmation of the importance of both faith and works and salvation through God's grace and repudiation of the maxim sola fide emphasized by Protestants sects. Not only did they make the Church more effective, but they also reaffirmed fundamental premises of the medieval Church.The Jesuits were the most effective of the new Catholic orders. An heir to the devotional, observantine, and legalist traditions, the Jesuits organized along military lines. The worldliness of the Renaissance Church had no part in their new order. Loyola's masterwork Spiritual Exercises showed the emphasis of handbooks characteristic of Catholic reformers before the Reformations, reminiscent of devotionalism.Jesuits participated in the expansion of the Church in the Americas and Asia, by their missionary activity. Loyola's biography contributed to an emphasis on popular piety that had waned under political popes such as Alexander VI and Leo X. After recovering from a serious wound, he took a vow to "serve only God and the Roman pontiff, His vicar on Earth." The emphasis on the Pope is a reaffirmation of the medieval papalism, while the Council of Trent defeated conciliarism, the belief that general councils of the Church collectively were God's representative on Earth rather than the Pope. Taking the Pope as an absolute leader, the Jesuits contributed to the Counter-Reformation Church along a line harmonized with Rome.

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: In Counter-Reformation, how is the Religious orders of the Outcomes explained?

New religious orders were a fundamental part of the reforms. Orders such as the Capuchins, Discalced Carmelites, Discalced Augustinians and Augustinian Recollects, Cistercian Feuillants, Angelines and Ursulines, Theatines, Barnabites, and the Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri attempted either to be less decadent or to engage in charitable service, and set examples of Catholic renewal particularly in Southern Europe. The Jesuits especially worked in rural parishes. Most of these had been founded earlier in the 15th Century, as part of Catholic reforms before the Council of Trent.The Theatines undertook checking the spread of heresy and contributed to a regeneration of the clergy. The Capuchins, an offshoot of the Franciscan order notable for their preaching and for their care for the poor and the sick, grew rapidly. Capuchin-founded confraternities took special interest in the poor and lived austerely. Members of orders active in overseas missionary expansion expressed the view that the rural parishes often needed Christianizing as much as the heathens of Asia and the Americas.The Ursulines focused on the special task of educating girls, the first order of women to be dedicated to that goal. Devotion to the traditional works of mercy exemplified the Catholic Reformation's reaffirmation of the importance of both faith and works and salvation through God's grace and repudiation of the maxim sola fide emphasized by Protestants sects. Not only did they make the Church more effective, but they also reaffirmed fundamental premises of the medieval Church.The Jesuits were the most effective of the new Catholic orders. An heir to the devotional, observantine, and legalist traditions, the Jesuits organized along military lines. The worldliness of the Renaissance Church had no part in their new order. Loyola's masterwork Spiritual Exercises showed the emphasis of handbooks characteristic of Catholic reformers before the Reformations, reminiscent of devotionalism.Jesuits participated in the expansion of the Church in the Americas and Asia, by their missionary activity. Loyola's biography contributed to an emphasis on popular piety that had waned under political popes such as Alexander VI and Leo X. After recovering from a serious wound, he took a vow to "serve only God and the Roman pontiff, His vicar on Earth." The emphasis on the Pope is a reaffirmation of the medieval papalism, while the Council of Trent defeated conciliarism, the belief that general councils of the Church collectively were God's representative on Earth rather than the Pope. Taking the Pope as an absolute leader, the Jesuits contributed to the Counter-Reformation Church along a line harmonized with Rome.

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: Describe the characteristics of the Religious orders in Counter-Reformation's Outcomes.

New religious orders were a fundamental part of the reforms. Orders such as the Capuchins, Discalced Carmelites, Discalced Augustinians and Augustinian Recollects, Cistercian Feuillants, Angelines and Ursulines, Theatines, Barnabites, and the Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri attempted either to be less decadent or to engage in charitable service, and set examples of Catholic renewal particularly in Southern Europe. The Jesuits especially worked in rural parishes. Most of these had been founded earlier in the 15th Century, as part of Catholic reforms before the Council of Trent.The Theatines undertook checking the spread of heresy and contributed to a regeneration of the clergy. The Capuchins, an offshoot of the Franciscan order notable for their preaching and for their care for the poor and the sick, grew rapidly. Capuchin-founded confraternities took special interest in the poor and lived austerely. Members of orders active in overseas missionary expansion expressed the view that the rural parishes often needed Christianizing as much as the heathens of Asia and the Americas.The Ursulines focused on the special task of educating girls, the first order of women to be dedicated to that goal. Devotion to the traditional works of mercy exemplified the Catholic Reformation's reaffirmation of the importance of both faith and works and salvation through God's grace and repudiation of the maxim sola fide emphasized by Protestants sects. Not only did they make the Church more effective, but they also reaffirmed fundamental premises of the medieval Church.The Jesuits were the most effective of the new Catholic orders. An heir to the devotional, observantine, and legalist traditions, the Jesuits organized along military lines. The worldliness of the Renaissance Church had no part in their new order. Loyola's masterwork Spiritual Exercises showed the emphasis of handbooks characteristic of Catholic reformers before the Reformations, reminiscent of devotionalism.Jesuits participated in the expansion of the Church in the Americas and Asia, by their missionary activity. Loyola's biography contributed to an emphasis on popular piety that had waned under political popes such as Alexander VI and Leo X. After recovering from a serious wound, he took a vow to "serve only God and the Roman pontiff, His vicar on Earth." The emphasis on the Pope is a reaffirmation of the medieval papalism, while the Council of Trent defeated conciliarism, the belief that general councils of the Church collectively were God's representative on Earth rather than the Pope. Taking the Pope as an absolute leader, the Jesuits contributed to the Counter-Reformation Church along a line harmonized with Rome.

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: In the context of Counter-Reformation, explain the Devotion and mysticism and the Outcomes.

The Catholic Reformation was not only a political and Church policy oriented movement, but it also included major figures such as Catherine of Genoa, Ignatius of Loyola, Teresa of Ávila, John of the Cross, Francis de Sales, and Philip Neri, who added to the spirituality of the Catholic Church. Teresa of Avila and John of the Cross were Spanish mystics and reformers of the Carmelite Order, whose ministry focused on interior conversion to Christ, the deepening of prayer, and commitment to God's will. Teresa was given the task of developing and writing about the way to perfection in her love and unity with Christ. Thomas Merton called John of the Cross the greatest of all mystical theologians.The spirituality of Filippo Neri, who lived in Rome at the same time as Ignatius, was practically oriented, too, but totally opposed to the Jesuit approach. Said Filippo, "If I have a real problem, I contemplate what Ignatius would do ... and then I do the exact opposite". As a recognition of their joint contribution to the spiritual renewal within the Catholic reformation, Ignatius of Loyola, Filippo Neri, and Teresa of Ávila were canonized on the same day, March 12, 1622.The Virgin Mary played an increasingly central role in Catholic devotions. The victory at the Battle of Lepanto in 1571 was accredited to the Virgin Mary and signified the beginning of a strong resurgence of Marian devotions. During and after the Catholic Reformation, Marian piety experienced unforeseen growth with over 500 pages of mariological writings during the 17th century alone. The Jesuit Francisco Suárez was the first theologian to use the Thomist method on Marian theology. Other well-known contributors to Marian spirituality are Saints Lawrence of Brindisi, Robert Bellarmine, and Francis de Sales.The sacrament of penance was transformed from a social to a personal experience; that is, from a public community act to a private confession. It now took place in private in a confessional. It was a change in its emphasis from reconciliation with the Church to reconciliation directly with God and from emphasis on social sins of hostility to private sins (called "the secret sins of the heart").

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: Explain the Devotion and mysticism about the Outcomes of this artwork, Counter-Reformation.

The Catholic Reformation was not only a political and Church policy oriented movement, but it also included major figures such as Catherine of Genoa, Ignatius of Loyola, Teresa of Ávila, John of the Cross, Francis de Sales, and Philip Neri, who added to the spirituality of the Catholic Church. Teresa of Avila and John of the Cross were Spanish mystics and reformers of the Carmelite Order, whose ministry focused on interior conversion to Christ, the deepening of prayer, and commitment to God's will. Teresa was given the task of developing and writing about the way to perfection in her love and unity with Christ. Thomas Merton called John of the Cross the greatest of all mystical theologians.The spirituality of Filippo Neri, who lived in Rome at the same time as Ignatius, was practically oriented, too, but totally opposed to the Jesuit approach. Said Filippo, "If I have a real problem, I contemplate what Ignatius would do ... and then I do the exact opposite". As a recognition of their joint contribution to the spiritual renewal within the Catholic reformation, Ignatius of Loyola, Filippo Neri, and Teresa of Ávila were canonized on the same day, March 12, 1622.The Virgin Mary played an increasingly central role in Catholic devotions. The victory at the Battle of Lepanto in 1571 was accredited to the Virgin Mary and signified the beginning of a strong resurgence of Marian devotions. During and after the Catholic Reformation, Marian piety experienced unforeseen growth with over 500 pages of mariological writings during the 17th century alone. The Jesuit Francisco Suárez was the first theologian to use the Thomist method on Marian theology. Other well-known contributors to Marian spirituality are Saints Lawrence of Brindisi, Robert Bellarmine, and Francis de Sales.The sacrament of penance was transformed from a social to a personal experience; that is, from a public community act to a private confession. It now took place in private in a confessional. It was a change in its emphasis from reconciliation with the Church to reconciliation directly with God and from emphasis on social sins of hostility to private sins (called "the secret sins of the heart").

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: In Counter-Reformation, how is the Devotion and mysticism of the Outcomes explained?

The Catholic Reformation was not only a political and Church policy oriented movement, but it also included major figures such as Catherine of Genoa, Ignatius of Loyola, Teresa of Ávila, John of the Cross, Francis de Sales, and Philip Neri, who added to the spirituality of the Catholic Church. Teresa of Avila and John of the Cross were Spanish mystics and reformers of the Carmelite Order, whose ministry focused on interior conversion to Christ, the deepening of prayer, and commitment to God's will. Teresa was given the task of developing and writing about the way to perfection in her love and unity with Christ. Thomas Merton called John of the Cross the greatest of all mystical theologians.The spirituality of Filippo Neri, who lived in Rome at the same time as Ignatius, was practically oriented, too, but totally opposed to the Jesuit approach. Said Filippo, "If I have a real problem, I contemplate what Ignatius would do ... and then I do the exact opposite". As a recognition of their joint contribution to the spiritual renewal within the Catholic reformation, Ignatius of Loyola, Filippo Neri, and Teresa of Ávila were canonized on the same day, March 12, 1622.The Virgin Mary played an increasingly central role in Catholic devotions. The victory at the Battle of Lepanto in 1571 was accredited to the Virgin Mary and signified the beginning of a strong resurgence of Marian devotions. During and after the Catholic Reformation, Marian piety experienced unforeseen growth with over 500 pages of mariological writings during the 17th century alone. The Jesuit Francisco Suárez was the first theologian to use the Thomist method on Marian theology. Other well-known contributors to Marian spirituality are Saints Lawrence of Brindisi, Robert Bellarmine, and Francis de Sales.The sacrament of penance was transformed from a social to a personal experience; that is, from a public community act to a private confession. It now took place in private in a confessional. It was a change in its emphasis from reconciliation with the Church to reconciliation directly with God and from emphasis on social sins of hostility to private sins (called "the secret sins of the heart").

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: Describe the characteristics of the Devotion and mysticism in Counter-Reformation's Outcomes.

The Catholic Reformation was not only a political and Church policy oriented movement, but it also included major figures such as Catherine of Genoa, Ignatius of Loyola, Teresa of Ávila, John of the Cross, Francis de Sales, and Philip Neri, who added to the spirituality of the Catholic Church. Teresa of Avila and John of the Cross were Spanish mystics and reformers of the Carmelite Order, whose ministry focused on interior conversion to Christ, the deepening of prayer, and commitment to God's will. Teresa was given the task of developing and writing about the way to perfection in her love and unity with Christ. Thomas Merton called John of the Cross the greatest of all mystical theologians.The spirituality of Filippo Neri, who lived in Rome at the same time as Ignatius, was practically oriented, too, but totally opposed to the Jesuit approach. Said Filippo, "If I have a real problem, I contemplate what Ignatius would do ... and then I do the exact opposite". As a recognition of their joint contribution to the spiritual renewal within the Catholic reformation, Ignatius of Loyola, Filippo Neri, and Teresa of Ávila were canonized on the same day, March 12, 1622.The Virgin Mary played an increasingly central role in Catholic devotions. The victory at the Battle of Lepanto in 1571 was accredited to the Virgin Mary and signified the beginning of a strong resurgence of Marian devotions. During and after the Catholic Reformation, Marian piety experienced unforeseen growth with over 500 pages of mariological writings during the 17th century alone. The Jesuit Francisco Suárez was the first theologian to use the Thomist method on Marian theology. Other well-known contributors to Marian spirituality are Saints Lawrence of Brindisi, Robert Bellarmine, and Francis de Sales.The sacrament of penance was transformed from a social to a personal experience; that is, from a public community act to a private confession. It now took place in private in a confessional. It was a change in its emphasis from reconciliation with the Church to reconciliation directly with God and from emphasis on social sins of hostility to private sins (called "the secret sins of the heart").

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: In the context of Counter-Reformation, explain the Baroque art and the Outcomes.

The Catholic Church was a leading arts patron across much of Europe. The goal of much art in the Counter-Reformation, especially in the Rome of Bernini and the Flanders of Peter Paul Rubens, was to restore Catholicism's predominance and centrality. This was one of the drivers of the Baroque style that emerged across Europe in the late sixteenth century. In areas where Catholicism predominated, architecture and painting, and to a lesser extent music, reflected Counter-Reformation goals.The Council of Trent proclaimed that architecture, painting and sculpture had a role in conveying Catholic theology. Any work that might arouse "carnal desire" was inadmissible in churches, while any depiction of Christ's suffering and explicit agony was desirable and proper. In an era when some Protestant reformers were destroying images of saints and whitewashing walls, Catholic reformers reaffirmed the importance of art, with special encouragement given to images of the Virgin Mary.

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: Explain the Baroque art about the Outcomes of this artwork, Counter-Reformation.

The Catholic Church was a leading arts patron across much of Europe. The goal of much art in the Counter-Reformation, especially in the Rome of Bernini and the Flanders of Peter Paul Rubens, was to restore Catholicism's predominance and centrality. This was one of the drivers of the Baroque style that emerged across Europe in the late sixteenth century. In areas where Catholicism predominated, architecture and painting, and to a lesser extent music, reflected Counter-Reformation goals.The Council of Trent proclaimed that architecture, painting and sculpture had a role in conveying Catholic theology. Any work that might arouse "carnal desire" was inadmissible in churches, while any depiction of Christ's suffering and explicit agony was desirable and proper. In an era when some Protestant reformers were destroying images of saints and whitewashing walls, Catholic reformers reaffirmed the importance of art, with special encouragement given to images of the Virgin Mary.

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: In Counter-Reformation, how is the Baroque art of the Outcomes explained?

The Catholic Church was a leading arts patron across much of Europe. The goal of much art in the Counter-Reformation, especially in the Rome of Bernini and the Flanders of Peter Paul Rubens, was to restore Catholicism's predominance and centrality. This was one of the drivers of the Baroque style that emerged across Europe in the late sixteenth century. In areas where Catholicism predominated, architecture and painting, and to a lesser extent music, reflected Counter-Reformation goals.The Council of Trent proclaimed that architecture, painting and sculpture had a role in conveying Catholic theology. Any work that might arouse "carnal desire" was inadmissible in churches, while any depiction of Christ's suffering and explicit agony was desirable and proper. In an era when some Protestant reformers were destroying images of saints and whitewashing walls, Catholic reformers reaffirmed the importance of art, with special encouragement given to images of the Virgin Mary.

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: Describe the characteristics of the Baroque art in Counter-Reformation's Outcomes.

The Catholic Church was a leading arts patron across much of Europe. The goal of much art in the Counter-Reformation, especially in the Rome of Bernini and the Flanders of Peter Paul Rubens, was to restore Catholicism's predominance and centrality. This was one of the drivers of the Baroque style that emerged across Europe in the late sixteenth century. In areas where Catholicism predominated, architecture and painting, and to a lesser extent music, reflected Counter-Reformation goals.The Council of Trent proclaimed that architecture, painting and sculpture had a role in conveying Catholic theology. Any work that might arouse "carnal desire" was inadmissible in churches, while any depiction of Christ's suffering and explicit agony was desirable and proper. In an era when some Protestant reformers were destroying images of saints and whitewashing walls, Catholic reformers reaffirmed the importance of art, with special encouragement given to images of the Virgin Mary.

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: Focusing on the Outcomes of Counter-Reformation, explain the Decrees on art about the Baroque art.

=The Last Judgment, a fresco in the Sistine Chapel by Michelangelo (1534–1541), came under persistent attack in the Counter-Reformation for, among other things, nudity (later painted over for several centuries), not showing Christ seated or bearded, and including the pagan figure of Charon.Italian painting after 1520, with the notable exception of the art of Venice, developed into Mannerism, a highly sophisticated style striving for effect, that concerned many Churchmen as lacking appeal for the mass of the population. Church pressure to restrain religious imagery affected art from the 1530s and resulted in the decrees of the final session of the Council of Trent in 1563 including short and rather inexplicit passages concerning religious images, which were to have great impact on the development of Catholic art. Previous Catholic councils had rarely felt the need to pronounce on these matters, unlike Orthodox ones which have often ruled on specific types of images.The decree confirmed the traditional doctrine that images only represented the person depicted, and that veneration to them was paid to the person, not the image, and further instructed that:... every superstition shall be removed ... all lasciviousness be avoided; in such wise that figures shall not be painted or adorned with a beauty exciting to lust ... there be nothing seen that is disorderly, or that is unbecomingly or confusedly arranged, nothing that is profane, nothing indecorous, seeing that holiness becometh the house of God.And that these things may be the more faithfully observed, the holy Synod ordains, that no one be allowed to place, or cause to be placed, any unusual image, in any place, or church, howsoever exempted, except that image have been approved of by the bishop ...Ten years after the decree Paolo Veronese was summoned by the Holy Office to explain why his Last Supper, a huge canvas for the refectory of a monastery, contained, in the words of the Holy Office: "buffoons, drunken Germans, dwarfs and other such scurrilities" as well as extravagant costumes and settings, in what is indeed a fantasy version of a Venetian patrician feast. Veronese was told that he must change his painting within a three-month period. He just changed the title to The Feast in the House of Levi, still an episode from the Gospels, but a less doctrinally central one, and no more was said.The number of such decorative treatments of religious subjects declined sharply, as did "unbecomingly or confusedly arranged" Mannerist pieces, as a number of books, notably by the Flemish theologian Molanus, Charles Borromeo and Cardinal Gabriele Paleotti, and instructions by local bishops, amplified the decrees, often going into minute detail on what was acceptable. Much traditional iconography considered without adequate scriptural foundation was in effect prohibited, as was any inclusion of classical pagan elements in religious art, and almost all nudity, including that of the infant Jesus.According to the great medievalist Émile Mâle, this was "the death of medieval art", but it paled in contrast to the Iconclasm present in some Protestant circles and did not apply to secular paintings. Some Counter Reformation painters and sculptors include Titian, Tintoretto, Federico Barocci, Scipione Pulzone, El Greco, Peter Paul Rubens, Guido Reni, Anthony van Dyck, Bernini, Zurbarán, Rembrandt and Bartolomé Esteban Murillo.

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: Explain the Decrees on art about the Baroque art of the Outcomes in this work, Counter-Reformation.

=The Last Judgment, a fresco in the Sistine Chapel by Michelangelo (1534–1541), came under persistent attack in the Counter-Reformation for, among other things, nudity (later painted over for several centuries), not showing Christ seated or bearded, and including the pagan figure of Charon.Italian painting after 1520, with the notable exception of the art of Venice, developed into Mannerism, a highly sophisticated style striving for effect, that concerned many Churchmen as lacking appeal for the mass of the population. Church pressure to restrain religious imagery affected art from the 1530s and resulted in the decrees of the final session of the Council of Trent in 1563 including short and rather inexplicit passages concerning religious images, which were to have great impact on the development of Catholic art. Previous Catholic councils had rarely felt the need to pronounce on these matters, unlike Orthodox ones which have often ruled on specific types of images.The decree confirmed the traditional doctrine that images only represented the person depicted, and that veneration to them was paid to the person, not the image, and further instructed that:... every superstition shall be removed ... all lasciviousness be avoided; in such wise that figures shall not be painted or adorned with a beauty exciting to lust ... there be nothing seen that is disorderly, or that is unbecomingly or confusedly arranged, nothing that is profane, nothing indecorous, seeing that holiness becometh the house of God.And that these things may be the more faithfully observed, the holy Synod ordains, that no one be allowed to place, or cause to be placed, any unusual image, in any place, or church, howsoever exempted, except that image have been approved of by the bishop ...Ten years after the decree Paolo Veronese was summoned by the Holy Office to explain why his Last Supper, a huge canvas for the refectory of a monastery, contained, in the words of the Holy Office: "buffoons, drunken Germans, dwarfs and other such scurrilities" as well as extravagant costumes and settings, in what is indeed a fantasy version of a Venetian patrician feast. Veronese was told that he must change his painting within a three-month period. He just changed the title to The Feast in the House of Levi, still an episode from the Gospels, but a less doctrinally central one, and no more was said.The number of such decorative treatments of religious subjects declined sharply, as did "unbecomingly or confusedly arranged" Mannerist pieces, as a number of books, notably by the Flemish theologian Molanus, Charles Borromeo and Cardinal Gabriele Paleotti, and instructions by local bishops, amplified the decrees, often going into minute detail on what was acceptable. Much traditional iconography considered without adequate scriptural foundation was in effect prohibited, as was any inclusion of classical pagan elements in religious art, and almost all nudity, including that of the infant Jesus.According to the great medievalist Émile Mâle, this was "the death of medieval art", but it paled in contrast to the Iconclasm present in some Protestant circles and did not apply to secular paintings. Some Counter Reformation painters and sculptors include Titian, Tintoretto, Federico Barocci, Scipione Pulzone, El Greco, Peter Paul Rubens, Guido Reni, Anthony van Dyck, Bernini, Zurbarán, Rembrandt and Bartolomé Esteban Murillo.

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: Regarding Counter-Reformation, how does the Outcomes's Baroque art  incorporate the Decrees on art.

=The Last Judgment, a fresco in the Sistine Chapel by Michelangelo (1534–1541), came under persistent attack in the Counter-Reformation for, among other things, nudity (later painted over for several centuries), not showing Christ seated or bearded, and including the pagan figure of Charon.Italian painting after 1520, with the notable exception of the art of Venice, developed into Mannerism, a highly sophisticated style striving for effect, that concerned many Churchmen as lacking appeal for the mass of the population. Church pressure to restrain religious imagery affected art from the 1530s and resulted in the decrees of the final session of the Council of Trent in 1563 including short and rather inexplicit passages concerning religious images, which were to have great impact on the development of Catholic art. Previous Catholic councils had rarely felt the need to pronounce on these matters, unlike Orthodox ones which have often ruled on specific types of images.The decree confirmed the traditional doctrine that images only represented the person depicted, and that veneration to them was paid to the person, not the image, and further instructed that:... every superstition shall be removed ... all lasciviousness be avoided; in such wise that figures shall not be painted or adorned with a beauty exciting to lust ... there be nothing seen that is disorderly, or that is unbecomingly or confusedly arranged, nothing that is profane, nothing indecorous, seeing that holiness becometh the house of God.And that these things may be the more faithfully observed, the holy Synod ordains, that no one be allowed to place, or cause to be placed, any unusual image, in any place, or church, howsoever exempted, except that image have been approved of by the bishop ...Ten years after the decree Paolo Veronese was summoned by the Holy Office to explain why his Last Supper, a huge canvas for the refectory of a monastery, contained, in the words of the Holy Office: "buffoons, drunken Germans, dwarfs and other such scurrilities" as well as extravagant costumes and settings, in what is indeed a fantasy version of a Venetian patrician feast. Veronese was told that he must change his painting within a three-month period. He just changed the title to The Feast in the House of Levi, still an episode from the Gospels, but a less doctrinally central one, and no more was said.The number of such decorative treatments of religious subjects declined sharply, as did "unbecomingly or confusedly arranged" Mannerist pieces, as a number of books, notably by the Flemish theologian Molanus, Charles Borromeo and Cardinal Gabriele Paleotti, and instructions by local bishops, amplified the decrees, often going into minute detail on what was acceptable. Much traditional iconography considered without adequate scriptural foundation was in effect prohibited, as was any inclusion of classical pagan elements in religious art, and almost all nudity, including that of the infant Jesus.According to the great medievalist Émile Mâle, this was "the death of medieval art", but it paled in contrast to the Iconclasm present in some Protestant circles and did not apply to secular paintings. Some Counter Reformation painters and sculptors include Titian, Tintoretto, Federico Barocci, Scipione Pulzone, El Greco, Peter Paul Rubens, Guido Reni, Anthony van Dyck, Bernini, Zurbarán, Rembrandt and Bartolomé Esteban Murillo.

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: When looking at the Outcomes of Counter-Reformation, how do you discuss its Baroque art's Decrees on art?

=The Last Judgment, a fresco in the Sistine Chapel by Michelangelo (1534–1541), came under persistent attack in the Counter-Reformation for, among other things, nudity (later painted over for several centuries), not showing Christ seated or bearded, and including the pagan figure of Charon.Italian painting after 1520, with the notable exception of the art of Venice, developed into Mannerism, a highly sophisticated style striving for effect, that concerned many Churchmen as lacking appeal for the mass of the population. Church pressure to restrain religious imagery affected art from the 1530s and resulted in the decrees of the final session of the Council of Trent in 1563 including short and rather inexplicit passages concerning religious images, which were to have great impact on the development of Catholic art. Previous Catholic councils had rarely felt the need to pronounce on these matters, unlike Orthodox ones which have often ruled on specific types of images.The decree confirmed the traditional doctrine that images only represented the person depicted, and that veneration to them was paid to the person, not the image, and further instructed that:... every superstition shall be removed ... all lasciviousness be avoided; in such wise that figures shall not be painted or adorned with a beauty exciting to lust ... there be nothing seen that is disorderly, or that is unbecomingly or confusedly arranged, nothing that is profane, nothing indecorous, seeing that holiness becometh the house of God.And that these things may be the more faithfully observed, the holy Synod ordains, that no one be allowed to place, or cause to be placed, any unusual image, in any place, or church, howsoever exempted, except that image have been approved of by the bishop ...Ten years after the decree Paolo Veronese was summoned by the Holy Office to explain why his Last Supper, a huge canvas for the refectory of a monastery, contained, in the words of the Holy Office: "buffoons, drunken Germans, dwarfs and other such scurrilities" as well as extravagant costumes and settings, in what is indeed a fantasy version of a Venetian patrician feast. Veronese was told that he must change his painting within a three-month period. He just changed the title to The Feast in the House of Levi, still an episode from the Gospels, but a less doctrinally central one, and no more was said.The number of such decorative treatments of religious subjects declined sharply, as did "unbecomingly or confusedly arranged" Mannerist pieces, as a number of books, notably by the Flemish theologian Molanus, Charles Borromeo and Cardinal Gabriele Paleotti, and instructions by local bishops, amplified the decrees, often going into minute detail on what was acceptable. Much traditional iconography considered without adequate scriptural foundation was in effect prohibited, as was any inclusion of classical pagan elements in religious art, and almost all nudity, including that of the infant Jesus.According to the great medievalist Émile Mâle, this was "the death of medieval art", but it paled in contrast to the Iconclasm present in some Protestant circles and did not apply to secular paintings. Some Counter Reformation painters and sculptors include Titian, Tintoretto, Federico Barocci, Scipione Pulzone, El Greco, Peter Paul Rubens, Guido Reni, Anthony van Dyck, Bernini, Zurbarán, Rembrandt and Bartolomé Esteban Murillo.

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: Focusing on the Outcomes of Counter-Reformation, explain the Reforms before the Council of Trent about the Church music.

=The Council of Trent is believed to be the apex of the Counter-Reformation's influence on Church music in the 16th century. However, the council's pronouncements on music were not the first attempt at reform. The Catholic Church had spoken out against a perceived abuse of music used in the Mass before the Council of Trent ever convened to discuss music in 1562. The manipulation of the Creed and using non-liturgical songs was addressed in 1503, and secular singing and the intelligibility of the text in the delivery of psalmody in 1492.: 576  The delegates at the council were just a link in the long chain of Church clergy who had pushed for a reform of the musical liturgy reaching back as far as 1322.Probably the most extreme move at reform came late in 1562 when, instructed by the legates, Egidio Foscarari (bishop of Modena) and Gabriele Paleotti (archbishop of Bologna) began work on reforming religious orders and their practices involving the liturgy. The reforms prescribed to the cloisters of nuns, which included omitting the use of an organ, prohibiting professional musicians, and banishing polyphonic singing, were much more strict than any of the council's edicts or even those to be found in the Palestrina legend.Fueling the cry for reform from many ecclesial figures was the compositional technique popular in the 15th and 16th centuries of using musical material and even the accompanying texts from other compositions such as motets, madrigals, and chansons. Several voices singing different texts in different languages made any of the text difficult to distinguish from the mixture of words and notes. The parody mass would then contain melodies (usually the tenor line) and words from songs that could have been, and often were, on sensual subjects. The musical liturgy of the Church was being more and more influenced by secular tunes and styles. The Council of Paris, which met in 1528, as well as the Council of Trent were making attempts to restore the sense of sacredness to the Church setting and what was appropriate for the Mass. The councils were simply responding to issues of their day.: 580–581

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: Explain the Reforms before the Council of Trent about the Church music of the Outcomes in this work, Counter-Reformation.

=The Council of Trent is believed to be the apex of the Counter-Reformation's influence on Church music in the 16th century. However, the council's pronouncements on music were not the first attempt at reform. The Catholic Church had spoken out against a perceived abuse of music used in the Mass before the Council of Trent ever convened to discuss music in 1562. The manipulation of the Creed and using non-liturgical songs was addressed in 1503, and secular singing and the intelligibility of the text in the delivery of psalmody in 1492.: 576  The delegates at the council were just a link in the long chain of Church clergy who had pushed for a reform of the musical liturgy reaching back as far as 1322.Probably the most extreme move at reform came late in 1562 when, instructed by the legates, Egidio Foscarari (bishop of Modena) and Gabriele Paleotti (archbishop of Bologna) began work on reforming religious orders and their practices involving the liturgy. The reforms prescribed to the cloisters of nuns, which included omitting the use of an organ, prohibiting professional musicians, and banishing polyphonic singing, were much more strict than any of the council's edicts or even those to be found in the Palestrina legend.Fueling the cry for reform from many ecclesial figures was the compositional technique popular in the 15th and 16th centuries of using musical material and even the accompanying texts from other compositions such as motets, madrigals, and chansons. Several voices singing different texts in different languages made any of the text difficult to distinguish from the mixture of words and notes. The parody mass would then contain melodies (usually the tenor line) and words from songs that could have been, and often were, on sensual subjects. The musical liturgy of the Church was being more and more influenced by secular tunes and styles. The Council of Paris, which met in 1528, as well as the Council of Trent were making attempts to restore the sense of sacredness to the Church setting and what was appropriate for the Mass. The councils were simply responding to issues of their day.: 580–581

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: Regarding Counter-Reformation, how does the Outcomes's Church music  incorporate the Reforms before the Council of Trent.

=The Council of Trent is believed to be the apex of the Counter-Reformation's influence on Church music in the 16th century. However, the council's pronouncements on music were not the first attempt at reform. The Catholic Church had spoken out against a perceived abuse of music used in the Mass before the Council of Trent ever convened to discuss music in 1562. The manipulation of the Creed and using non-liturgical songs was addressed in 1503, and secular singing and the intelligibility of the text in the delivery of psalmody in 1492.: 576  The delegates at the council were just a link in the long chain of Church clergy who had pushed for a reform of the musical liturgy reaching back as far as 1322.Probably the most extreme move at reform came late in 1562 when, instructed by the legates, Egidio Foscarari (bishop of Modena) and Gabriele Paleotti (archbishop of Bologna) began work on reforming religious orders and their practices involving the liturgy. The reforms prescribed to the cloisters of nuns, which included omitting the use of an organ, prohibiting professional musicians, and banishing polyphonic singing, were much more strict than any of the council's edicts or even those to be found in the Palestrina legend.Fueling the cry for reform from many ecclesial figures was the compositional technique popular in the 15th and 16th centuries of using musical material and even the accompanying texts from other compositions such as motets, madrigals, and chansons. Several voices singing different texts in different languages made any of the text difficult to distinguish from the mixture of words and notes. The parody mass would then contain melodies (usually the tenor line) and words from songs that could have been, and often were, on sensual subjects. The musical liturgy of the Church was being more and more influenced by secular tunes and styles. The Council of Paris, which met in 1528, as well as the Council of Trent were making attempts to restore the sense of sacredness to the Church setting and what was appropriate for the Mass. The councils were simply responding to issues of their day.: 580–581

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: When looking at the Outcomes of Counter-Reformation, how do you discuss its Church music's Reforms before the Council of Trent?

=The Council of Trent is believed to be the apex of the Counter-Reformation's influence on Church music in the 16th century. However, the council's pronouncements on music were not the first attempt at reform. The Catholic Church had spoken out against a perceived abuse of music used in the Mass before the Council of Trent ever convened to discuss music in 1562. The manipulation of the Creed and using non-liturgical songs was addressed in 1503, and secular singing and the intelligibility of the text in the delivery of psalmody in 1492.: 576  The delegates at the council were just a link in the long chain of Church clergy who had pushed for a reform of the musical liturgy reaching back as far as 1322.Probably the most extreme move at reform came late in 1562 when, instructed by the legates, Egidio Foscarari (bishop of Modena) and Gabriele Paleotti (archbishop of Bologna) began work on reforming religious orders and their practices involving the liturgy. The reforms prescribed to the cloisters of nuns, which included omitting the use of an organ, prohibiting professional musicians, and banishing polyphonic singing, were much more strict than any of the council's edicts or even those to be found in the Palestrina legend.Fueling the cry for reform from many ecclesial figures was the compositional technique popular in the 15th and 16th centuries of using musical material and even the accompanying texts from other compositions such as motets, madrigals, and chansons. Several voices singing different texts in different languages made any of the text difficult to distinguish from the mixture of words and notes. The parody mass would then contain melodies (usually the tenor line) and words from songs that could have been, and often were, on sensual subjects. The musical liturgy of the Church was being more and more influenced by secular tunes and styles. The Council of Paris, which met in 1528, as well as the Council of Trent were making attempts to restore the sense of sacredness to the Church setting and what was appropriate for the Mass. The councils were simply responding to issues of their day.: 580–581

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: Focusing on the Outcomes of Counter-Reformation, explain the Reforms during the 22nd session about the Church music.

=The Council of Trent met sporadically from December 13, 1545, to December 4, 1563, to reform many parts of the Catholic Church. The 22nd session of the council, which met in 1562, dealt with Church music in Canon 8 in the section of "Abuses in the Sacrifice of the Mass" during a meeting of the council on September 10, 1562.: 576 Canon 8 states that "Since the sacred mysteries should be celebrated with utmost reverence, with both deepest feeling toward God alone, and with external worship that is truly suitable and becoming, so that others may be filled with devotion and called to religion: ... Everything should be regulated so that the Masses, whether they be celebrated with the plain voice or in song, with everything clearly and quickly executed, may reach the ears of the hearers and quietly penetrate their hearts. In those Masses where measured music and organ are customary, nothing profane should be intermingled, but only hymns and divine praises. If something from the divine service is sung with the organ while the service proceeds, let if first be recited in a simple, clear voice, lest the reading of the sacred words be imperceptible. But the entire manner of singing in musical modes should be calculated not to afford vain delight to the ear, but so that the words may be comprehensible to all; and thus may the hearts of the listeners be caught up into the desire for celestial harmonies and contemplation of the joys of the blessed."Canon 8 is often quoted as the Council of Trent's decree on Church music, but that is a glaring misunderstanding of the canon; it was only a proposed decree. In fact, the delegates at the council never officially accepted canon 8 in its popular form but bishops of Granada, Coimbra, and Segovia pushed for the long statement about music to be attenuated and many other prelates of the council joined enthusiastically. The only restrictions actually given by the 22nd session was to keep secular elements out of the music, making polyphony implicitly allowed. The issue of textual intelligibility did not make its way into the final edicts of the 22nd session but were only featured in preliminary debates. The 22nd session only prohibited "lascivious" and "profane" things to be intermingled with the music but Paleotti, in his Acts, brings to equal importance the issues of intelligibility.The idea that the council called to remove all polyphony from the Church is widespread, but there is no documentary evidence to support that claim. It is possible, however, that some of the Fathers had proposed such a measure. The emperor Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor has been attributed to be the "saviour of Church music" because he said polyphony ought not to be driven out of the Church. But Ferdinand was most likely an alarmist and read into the council the possibility of a total ban on polyphony. The Council of Trent did not focus on the style of music but on attitudes of worship and reverence during the Mass.: 576

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: Explain the Reforms during the 22nd session about the Church music of the Outcomes in this work, Counter-Reformation.

=The Council of Trent met sporadically from December 13, 1545, to December 4, 1563, to reform many parts of the Catholic Church. The 22nd session of the council, which met in 1562, dealt with Church music in Canon 8 in the section of "Abuses in the Sacrifice of the Mass" during a meeting of the council on September 10, 1562.: 576 Canon 8 states that "Since the sacred mysteries should be celebrated with utmost reverence, with both deepest feeling toward God alone, and with external worship that is truly suitable and becoming, so that others may be filled with devotion and called to religion: ... Everything should be regulated so that the Masses, whether they be celebrated with the plain voice or in song, with everything clearly and quickly executed, may reach the ears of the hearers and quietly penetrate their hearts. In those Masses where measured music and organ are customary, nothing profane should be intermingled, but only hymns and divine praises. If something from the divine service is sung with the organ while the service proceeds, let if first be recited in a simple, clear voice, lest the reading of the sacred words be imperceptible. But the entire manner of singing in musical modes should be calculated not to afford vain delight to the ear, but so that the words may be comprehensible to all; and thus may the hearts of the listeners be caught up into the desire for celestial harmonies and contemplation of the joys of the blessed."Canon 8 is often quoted as the Council of Trent's decree on Church music, but that is a glaring misunderstanding of the canon; it was only a proposed decree. In fact, the delegates at the council never officially accepted canon 8 in its popular form but bishops of Granada, Coimbra, and Segovia pushed for the long statement about music to be attenuated and many other prelates of the council joined enthusiastically. The only restrictions actually given by the 22nd session was to keep secular elements out of the music, making polyphony implicitly allowed. The issue of textual intelligibility did not make its way into the final edicts of the 22nd session but were only featured in preliminary debates. The 22nd session only prohibited "lascivious" and "profane" things to be intermingled with the music but Paleotti, in his Acts, brings to equal importance the issues of intelligibility.The idea that the council called to remove all polyphony from the Church is widespread, but there is no documentary evidence to support that claim. It is possible, however, that some of the Fathers had proposed such a measure. The emperor Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor has been attributed to be the "saviour of Church music" because he said polyphony ought not to be driven out of the Church. But Ferdinand was most likely an alarmist and read into the council the possibility of a total ban on polyphony. The Council of Trent did not focus on the style of music but on attitudes of worship and reverence during the Mass.: 576

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: Regarding Counter-Reformation, how does the Outcomes's Church music  incorporate the Reforms during the 22nd session.

=The Council of Trent met sporadically from December 13, 1545, to December 4, 1563, to reform many parts of the Catholic Church. The 22nd session of the council, which met in 1562, dealt with Church music in Canon 8 in the section of "Abuses in the Sacrifice of the Mass" during a meeting of the council on September 10, 1562.: 576 Canon 8 states that "Since the sacred mysteries should be celebrated with utmost reverence, with both deepest feeling toward God alone, and with external worship that is truly suitable and becoming, so that others may be filled with devotion and called to religion: ... Everything should be regulated so that the Masses, whether they be celebrated with the plain voice or in song, with everything clearly and quickly executed, may reach the ears of the hearers and quietly penetrate their hearts. In those Masses where measured music and organ are customary, nothing profane should be intermingled, but only hymns and divine praises. If something from the divine service is sung with the organ while the service proceeds, let if first be recited in a simple, clear voice, lest the reading of the sacred words be imperceptible. But the entire manner of singing in musical modes should be calculated not to afford vain delight to the ear, but so that the words may be comprehensible to all; and thus may the hearts of the listeners be caught up into the desire for celestial harmonies and contemplation of the joys of the blessed."Canon 8 is often quoted as the Council of Trent's decree on Church music, but that is a glaring misunderstanding of the canon; it was only a proposed decree. In fact, the delegates at the council never officially accepted canon 8 in its popular form but bishops of Granada, Coimbra, and Segovia pushed for the long statement about music to be attenuated and many other prelates of the council joined enthusiastically. The only restrictions actually given by the 22nd session was to keep secular elements out of the music, making polyphony implicitly allowed. The issue of textual intelligibility did not make its way into the final edicts of the 22nd session but were only featured in preliminary debates. The 22nd session only prohibited "lascivious" and "profane" things to be intermingled with the music but Paleotti, in his Acts, brings to equal importance the issues of intelligibility.The idea that the council called to remove all polyphony from the Church is widespread, but there is no documentary evidence to support that claim. It is possible, however, that some of the Fathers had proposed such a measure. The emperor Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor has been attributed to be the "saviour of Church music" because he said polyphony ought not to be driven out of the Church. But Ferdinand was most likely an alarmist and read into the council the possibility of a total ban on polyphony. The Council of Trent did not focus on the style of music but on attitudes of worship and reverence during the Mass.: 576

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: When looking at the Outcomes of Counter-Reformation, how do you discuss its Church music's Reforms during the 22nd session?

=The Council of Trent met sporadically from December 13, 1545, to December 4, 1563, to reform many parts of the Catholic Church. The 22nd session of the council, which met in 1562, dealt with Church music in Canon 8 in the section of "Abuses in the Sacrifice of the Mass" during a meeting of the council on September 10, 1562.: 576 Canon 8 states that "Since the sacred mysteries should be celebrated with utmost reverence, with both deepest feeling toward God alone, and with external worship that is truly suitable and becoming, so that others may be filled with devotion and called to religion: ... Everything should be regulated so that the Masses, whether they be celebrated with the plain voice or in song, with everything clearly and quickly executed, may reach the ears of the hearers and quietly penetrate their hearts. In those Masses where measured music and organ are customary, nothing profane should be intermingled, but only hymns and divine praises. If something from the divine service is sung with the organ while the service proceeds, let if first be recited in a simple, clear voice, lest the reading of the sacred words be imperceptible. But the entire manner of singing in musical modes should be calculated not to afford vain delight to the ear, but so that the words may be comprehensible to all; and thus may the hearts of the listeners be caught up into the desire for celestial harmonies and contemplation of the joys of the blessed."Canon 8 is often quoted as the Council of Trent's decree on Church music, but that is a glaring misunderstanding of the canon; it was only a proposed decree. In fact, the delegates at the council never officially accepted canon 8 in its popular form but bishops of Granada, Coimbra, and Segovia pushed for the long statement about music to be attenuated and many other prelates of the council joined enthusiastically. The only restrictions actually given by the 22nd session was to keep secular elements out of the music, making polyphony implicitly allowed. The issue of textual intelligibility did not make its way into the final edicts of the 22nd session but were only featured in preliminary debates. The 22nd session only prohibited "lascivious" and "profane" things to be intermingled with the music but Paleotti, in his Acts, brings to equal importance the issues of intelligibility.The idea that the council called to remove all polyphony from the Church is widespread, but there is no documentary evidence to support that claim. It is possible, however, that some of the Fathers had proposed such a measure. The emperor Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor has been attributed to be the "saviour of Church music" because he said polyphony ought not to be driven out of the Church. But Ferdinand was most likely an alarmist and read into the council the possibility of a total ban on polyphony. The Council of Trent did not focus on the style of music but on attitudes of worship and reverence during the Mass.: 576

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: Focusing on the Outcomes of Counter-Reformation, explain the Saviour-Legend about the Church music.

=The crises regarding polyphony and intelligibility of the text and the threat that polyphony was to be removed completely, which was assumed to be coming from the council, has a very dramatic legend of resolution. The legend goes that Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina (c. 1525/26–1594), a Church musician and choirmaster in Rome, wrote a Mass for the council delegates in order to demonstrate that a polyphonic composition could set the text in such a way that the words could be clearly understood and that was still pleasing to the ear. Palestrina's Missa Papae Marcelli (Mass for Pope Marcellus) was performed before the council and received such a welcoming reception among the delegates that they completely changed their minds and allowed polyphony to stay in use in the musical liturgy. Therefore, Palestrina came to be named the "saviour of Church polyphony". This legend, though unfounded, has long been a mainstay of histories of music. The saviour-myth was first spread by an account by Aggazzari and Banchieri in 1609 who said that Pope Marcellus was trying to replace all polyphony with plainsong. Palestrina's "Missa Papae Marcelli" was, though, in 1564, after the 22nd session, performed for the Pope while reforms were being considered for the Sistine Choir.The Pope Marcellus Mass, in short, was not important in its own day and did not help save Church polyphony. What is undeniable is that despite any solid evidence of his influence during or after the Council of Trent, no figure is more qualified to represent the cause of polyphony in the Mass than Palestrina. Pope Pius IV upon hearing Palestrina's music would make Palestrina, by Papal Brief, the model for future generations of Catholic composers of sacred music.

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg