Mona Lisa

Prompt: In Mona Lisa, how is the Cultural depictions of the Legacy explained?

Cultural depictions of the Mona Lisa include: The 1915 Mona Lisa by German composer Max von Schillings.Two 1930s films written about the theft, (The Theft of the Mona Lisa and Arsène Lupin).The 1950 song "Mona Lisa" recorded by Nat King Cole.The 2011 song "The Ballad of Mona Lisa" by American rock band Panic! at the Disco.The 2018 song "Mona Lisa" by rapper Lil Wayne.The 2022 mystery film Glass Onion: A Knives Out Mystery depicts the destruction of the Mona Lisa, which has been borrowed from its location by a billionaire.Lego released a set called Mona Lisa 31213 as part of their Lego Art theme. The set includes 1503 pieces to build it.

''(Left to right)'' US President [[John F. Kennedy

Category:Paintings in the Louvre by Italian artists

File:JFK, Marie-Madeleine Lioux, André Malraux, Jackie, L.B. Johnson, unveiling Mona Lisa at National Gallery of Art.png

Detail of Lisa's hands, her right hand resting on her left. Leonardo chose this gesture rather than a wedding ring to depict Lisa as a virtuous woman and faithful wife.<ref name="Z12">{{harvnb

File:Louis Beroud - Mona Lisa au Louvre 1911.jpg

:commons:File:Davide Ghirlandaio Retrato de dama de perfil Gemäldegalerie, Berlín.jpg

Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage

Sector research institutes of Denmark#Økonomi- og Erhvervsministeriet

Costanza d'Avalos, Duchess of Francavilla

Category:Portrait paintings in the Louvre

National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design

File:Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci - Portrait de Mona Lisa (dite La Joconde) - Louvre 779 - Detail (hands).jpg

List of most expensive paintings#List of highest prices paid

The Virgin and Child with St. Anne (Leonardo)

File:Sketch of the Mona Lisa by Raphael.jpg

File:Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci - Portrait de Mona Lisa (dite La Joconde) - Louvre 779 - Detail (right landscape).jpg

Saint Jerome in the Wilderness (Leonardo)


Mona Lisa

Prompt: Describe the characteristics of the Cultural depictions in Mona Lisa's Legacy.

Cultural depictions of the Mona Lisa include: The 1915 Mona Lisa by German composer Max von Schillings.Two 1930s films written about the theft, (The Theft of the Mona Lisa and Arsène Lupin).The 1950 song "Mona Lisa" recorded by Nat King Cole.The 2011 song "The Ballad of Mona Lisa" by American rock band Panic! at the Disco.The 2018 song "Mona Lisa" by rapper Lil Wayne.The 2022 mystery film Glass Onion: A Knives Out Mystery depicts the destruction of the Mona Lisa, which has been borrowed from its location by a billionaire.Lego released a set called Mona Lisa 31213 as part of their Lego Art theme. The set includes 1503 pieces to build it.

''(Left to right)'' US President [[John F. Kennedy

Category:Paintings in the Louvre by Italian artists

File:JFK, Marie-Madeleine Lioux, André Malraux, Jackie, L.B. Johnson, unveiling Mona Lisa at National Gallery of Art.png

Detail of Lisa's hands, her right hand resting on her left. Leonardo chose this gesture rather than a wedding ring to depict Lisa as a virtuous woman and faithful wife.<ref name="Z12">{{harvnb

File:Louis Beroud - Mona Lisa au Louvre 1911.jpg

:commons:File:Davide Ghirlandaio Retrato de dama de perfil Gemäldegalerie, Berlín.jpg

Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage

Sector research institutes of Denmark#Økonomi- og Erhvervsministeriet

Costanza d'Avalos, Duchess of Francavilla

Category:Portrait paintings in the Louvre

National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design

File:Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci - Portrait de Mona Lisa (dite La Joconde) - Louvre 779 - Detail (hands).jpg

List of most expensive paintings#List of highest prices paid

The Virgin and Child with St. Anne (Leonardo)

File:Sketch of the Mona Lisa by Raphael.jpg

File:Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci - Portrait de Mona Lisa (dite La Joconde) - Louvre 779 - Detail (right landscape).jpg

Saint Jerome in the Wilderness (Leonardo)


Mona Lisa

Prompt: In the context of Mona Lisa, explain the Prado Museum La Gioconda and the Early versions and copies.

A version of Mona Lisa known as Mujer de mano de Leonardo Abince ("Woman by Leonardo da Vinci's hand", Museo del Prado, Madrid) was for centuries considered to be a work by Leonardo. However, since its restoration in 2012, it is now thought to have been executed by one of Leonardo's pupils in his studio at the same time as Mona Lisa was being painted. The Prado's conclusion that the painting is probably by Salaì (1480–1524) or by Melzi (1493–1572) has been called into question by others.The restored painting is from a slightly different perspective than the original Mona Lisa, leading to the speculation that it is part of the world's first stereoscopic pair. However, a more recent report has demonstrated that this stereoscopic pair in fact gives no reliable stereoscopic depth.

''(Left to right)'' US President [[John F. Kennedy

Category:Paintings in the Louvre by Italian artists

File:JFK, Marie-Madeleine Lioux, André Malraux, Jackie, L.B. Johnson, unveiling Mona Lisa at National Gallery of Art.png

Detail of Lisa's hands, her right hand resting on her left. Leonardo chose this gesture rather than a wedding ring to depict Lisa as a virtuous woman and faithful wife.<ref name="Z12">{{harvnb

File:Louis Beroud - Mona Lisa au Louvre 1911.jpg

:commons:File:Davide Ghirlandaio Retrato de dama de perfil Gemäldegalerie, Berlín.jpg

Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage

Sector research institutes of Denmark#Økonomi- og Erhvervsministeriet

Costanza d'Avalos, Duchess of Francavilla

Category:Portrait paintings in the Louvre

National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design

File:Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci - Portrait de Mona Lisa (dite La Joconde) - Louvre 779 - Detail (hands).jpg

List of most expensive paintings#List of highest prices paid

The Virgin and Child with St. Anne (Leonardo)

File:Sketch of the Mona Lisa by Raphael.jpg

File:Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci - Portrait de Mona Lisa (dite La Joconde) - Louvre 779 - Detail (right landscape).jpg

Saint Jerome in the Wilderness (Leonardo)


Mona Lisa

Prompt: Explain the Prado Museum La Gioconda about the Early versions and copies of this artwork, Mona Lisa.

A version of Mona Lisa known as Mujer de mano de Leonardo Abince ("Woman by Leonardo da Vinci's hand", Museo del Prado, Madrid) was for centuries considered to be a work by Leonardo. However, since its restoration in 2012, it is now thought to have been executed by one of Leonardo's pupils in his studio at the same time as Mona Lisa was being painted. The Prado's conclusion that the painting is probably by Salaì (1480–1524) or by Melzi (1493–1572) has been called into question by others.The restored painting is from a slightly different perspective than the original Mona Lisa, leading to the speculation that it is part of the world's first stereoscopic pair. However, a more recent report has demonstrated that this stereoscopic pair in fact gives no reliable stereoscopic depth.

''(Left to right)'' US President [[John F. Kennedy

Category:Paintings in the Louvre by Italian artists

File:JFK, Marie-Madeleine Lioux, André Malraux, Jackie, L.B. Johnson, unveiling Mona Lisa at National Gallery of Art.png

Detail of Lisa's hands, her right hand resting on her left. Leonardo chose this gesture rather than a wedding ring to depict Lisa as a virtuous woman and faithful wife.<ref name="Z12">{{harvnb

File:Louis Beroud - Mona Lisa au Louvre 1911.jpg

:commons:File:Davide Ghirlandaio Retrato de dama de perfil Gemäldegalerie, Berlín.jpg

Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage

Sector research institutes of Denmark#Økonomi- og Erhvervsministeriet

Costanza d'Avalos, Duchess of Francavilla

Category:Portrait paintings in the Louvre

National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design

File:Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci - Portrait de Mona Lisa (dite La Joconde) - Louvre 779 - Detail (hands).jpg

List of most expensive paintings#List of highest prices paid

The Virgin and Child with St. Anne (Leonardo)

File:Sketch of the Mona Lisa by Raphael.jpg

File:Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci - Portrait de Mona Lisa (dite La Joconde) - Louvre 779 - Detail (right landscape).jpg

Saint Jerome in the Wilderness (Leonardo)


Mona Lisa

Prompt: In Mona Lisa, how is the Prado Museum La Gioconda of the Early versions and copies explained?

A version of Mona Lisa known as Mujer de mano de Leonardo Abince ("Woman by Leonardo da Vinci's hand", Museo del Prado, Madrid) was for centuries considered to be a work by Leonardo. However, since its restoration in 2012, it is now thought to have been executed by one of Leonardo's pupils in his studio at the same time as Mona Lisa was being painted. The Prado's conclusion that the painting is probably by Salaì (1480–1524) or by Melzi (1493–1572) has been called into question by others.The restored painting is from a slightly different perspective than the original Mona Lisa, leading to the speculation that it is part of the world's first stereoscopic pair. However, a more recent report has demonstrated that this stereoscopic pair in fact gives no reliable stereoscopic depth.

''(Left to right)'' US President [[John F. Kennedy

Category:Paintings in the Louvre by Italian artists

File:JFK, Marie-Madeleine Lioux, André Malraux, Jackie, L.B. Johnson, unveiling Mona Lisa at National Gallery of Art.png

Detail of Lisa's hands, her right hand resting on her left. Leonardo chose this gesture rather than a wedding ring to depict Lisa as a virtuous woman and faithful wife.<ref name="Z12">{{harvnb

File:Louis Beroud - Mona Lisa au Louvre 1911.jpg

:commons:File:Davide Ghirlandaio Retrato de dama de perfil Gemäldegalerie, Berlín.jpg

Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage

Sector research institutes of Denmark#Økonomi- og Erhvervsministeriet

Costanza d'Avalos, Duchess of Francavilla

Category:Portrait paintings in the Louvre

National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design

File:Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci - Portrait de Mona Lisa (dite La Joconde) - Louvre 779 - Detail (hands).jpg

List of most expensive paintings#List of highest prices paid

The Virgin and Child with St. Anne (Leonardo)

File:Sketch of the Mona Lisa by Raphael.jpg

File:Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci - Portrait de Mona Lisa (dite La Joconde) - Louvre 779 - Detail (right landscape).jpg

Saint Jerome in the Wilderness (Leonardo)


Mona Lisa

Prompt: Describe the characteristics of the Prado Museum La Gioconda in Mona Lisa's Early versions and copies.

A version of Mona Lisa known as Mujer de mano de Leonardo Abince ("Woman by Leonardo da Vinci's hand", Museo del Prado, Madrid) was for centuries considered to be a work by Leonardo. However, since its restoration in 2012, it is now thought to have been executed by one of Leonardo's pupils in his studio at the same time as Mona Lisa was being painted. The Prado's conclusion that the painting is probably by Salaì (1480–1524) or by Melzi (1493–1572) has been called into question by others.The restored painting is from a slightly different perspective than the original Mona Lisa, leading to the speculation that it is part of the world's first stereoscopic pair. However, a more recent report has demonstrated that this stereoscopic pair in fact gives no reliable stereoscopic depth.

''(Left to right)'' US President [[John F. Kennedy

Category:Paintings in the Louvre by Italian artists

File:JFK, Marie-Madeleine Lioux, André Malraux, Jackie, L.B. Johnson, unveiling Mona Lisa at National Gallery of Art.png

Detail of Lisa's hands, her right hand resting on her left. Leonardo chose this gesture rather than a wedding ring to depict Lisa as a virtuous woman and faithful wife.<ref name="Z12">{{harvnb

File:Louis Beroud - Mona Lisa au Louvre 1911.jpg

:commons:File:Davide Ghirlandaio Retrato de dama de perfil Gemäldegalerie, Berlín.jpg

Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage

Sector research institutes of Denmark#Økonomi- og Erhvervsministeriet

Costanza d'Avalos, Duchess of Francavilla

Category:Portrait paintings in the Louvre

National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design

File:Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci - Portrait de Mona Lisa (dite La Joconde) - Louvre 779 - Detail (hands).jpg

List of most expensive paintings#List of highest prices paid

The Virgin and Child with St. Anne (Leonardo)

File:Sketch of the Mona Lisa by Raphael.jpg

File:Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci - Portrait de Mona Lisa (dite La Joconde) - Louvre 779 - Detail (right landscape).jpg

Saint Jerome in the Wilderness (Leonardo)


Mona Lisa

Prompt: In the context of Mona Lisa, explain the Isleworth Mona Lisa and the Early versions and copies.

A version of the Mona Lisa known as the Isleworth Mona Lisa was first bought by an English nobleman in 1778 and was rediscovered in 1913 by Hugh Blaker, an art connoisseur. The painting was presented to the media in 2012 by the Mona Lisa Foundation. It is a painting of the same subject as Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa. The current scholarly consensus on attribution is unclear. Some experts, including Frank Zöllner, Martin Kemp, and Luke Syson denied the attribution to Leonardo; professors such as Salvatore Lorusso, Andrea Natali, and John F Asmus supported it; others like Alessandro Vezzosi and Carlo Pedretti were uncertain.

''(Left to right)'' US President [[John F. Kennedy

Category:Paintings in the Louvre by Italian artists

File:JFK, Marie-Madeleine Lioux, André Malraux, Jackie, L.B. Johnson, unveiling Mona Lisa at National Gallery of Art.png

Detail of Lisa's hands, her right hand resting on her left. Leonardo chose this gesture rather than a wedding ring to depict Lisa as a virtuous woman and faithful wife.<ref name="Z12">{{harvnb

File:Louis Beroud - Mona Lisa au Louvre 1911.jpg

:commons:File:Davide Ghirlandaio Retrato de dama de perfil Gemäldegalerie, Berlín.jpg

Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage

Sector research institutes of Denmark#Økonomi- og Erhvervsministeriet

Costanza d'Avalos, Duchess of Francavilla

Category:Portrait paintings in the Louvre

National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design

File:Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci - Portrait de Mona Lisa (dite La Joconde) - Louvre 779 - Detail (hands).jpg

List of most expensive paintings#List of highest prices paid

The Virgin and Child with St. Anne (Leonardo)

File:Sketch of the Mona Lisa by Raphael.jpg

File:Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci - Portrait de Mona Lisa (dite La Joconde) - Louvre 779 - Detail (right landscape).jpg

Saint Jerome in the Wilderness (Leonardo)


Mona Lisa

Prompt: Explain the Isleworth Mona Lisa about the Early versions and copies of this artwork, Mona Lisa.

A version of the Mona Lisa known as the Isleworth Mona Lisa was first bought by an English nobleman in 1778 and was rediscovered in 1913 by Hugh Blaker, an art connoisseur. The painting was presented to the media in 2012 by the Mona Lisa Foundation. It is a painting of the same subject as Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa. The current scholarly consensus on attribution is unclear. Some experts, including Frank Zöllner, Martin Kemp, and Luke Syson denied the attribution to Leonardo; professors such as Salvatore Lorusso, Andrea Natali, and John F Asmus supported it; others like Alessandro Vezzosi and Carlo Pedretti were uncertain.

''(Left to right)'' US President [[John F. Kennedy

Category:Paintings in the Louvre by Italian artists

File:JFK, Marie-Madeleine Lioux, André Malraux, Jackie, L.B. Johnson, unveiling Mona Lisa at National Gallery of Art.png

Detail of Lisa's hands, her right hand resting on her left. Leonardo chose this gesture rather than a wedding ring to depict Lisa as a virtuous woman and faithful wife.<ref name="Z12">{{harvnb

File:Louis Beroud - Mona Lisa au Louvre 1911.jpg

:commons:File:Davide Ghirlandaio Retrato de dama de perfil Gemäldegalerie, Berlín.jpg

Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage

Sector research institutes of Denmark#Økonomi- og Erhvervsministeriet

Costanza d'Avalos, Duchess of Francavilla

Category:Portrait paintings in the Louvre

National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design

File:Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci - Portrait de Mona Lisa (dite La Joconde) - Louvre 779 - Detail (hands).jpg

List of most expensive paintings#List of highest prices paid

The Virgin and Child with St. Anne (Leonardo)

File:Sketch of the Mona Lisa by Raphael.jpg

File:Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci - Portrait de Mona Lisa (dite La Joconde) - Louvre 779 - Detail (right landscape).jpg

Saint Jerome in the Wilderness (Leonardo)


Mona Lisa

Prompt: In Mona Lisa, how is the Isleworth Mona Lisa of the Early versions and copies explained?

A version of the Mona Lisa known as the Isleworth Mona Lisa was first bought by an English nobleman in 1778 and was rediscovered in 1913 by Hugh Blaker, an art connoisseur. The painting was presented to the media in 2012 by the Mona Lisa Foundation. It is a painting of the same subject as Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa. The current scholarly consensus on attribution is unclear. Some experts, including Frank Zöllner, Martin Kemp, and Luke Syson denied the attribution to Leonardo; professors such as Salvatore Lorusso, Andrea Natali, and John F Asmus supported it; others like Alessandro Vezzosi and Carlo Pedretti were uncertain.

''(Left to right)'' US President [[John F. Kennedy

Category:Paintings in the Louvre by Italian artists

File:JFK, Marie-Madeleine Lioux, André Malraux, Jackie, L.B. Johnson, unveiling Mona Lisa at National Gallery of Art.png

Detail of Lisa's hands, her right hand resting on her left. Leonardo chose this gesture rather than a wedding ring to depict Lisa as a virtuous woman and faithful wife.<ref name="Z12">{{harvnb

File:Louis Beroud - Mona Lisa au Louvre 1911.jpg

:commons:File:Davide Ghirlandaio Retrato de dama de perfil Gemäldegalerie, Berlín.jpg

Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage

Sector research institutes of Denmark#Økonomi- og Erhvervsministeriet

Costanza d'Avalos, Duchess of Francavilla

Category:Portrait paintings in the Louvre

National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design

File:Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci - Portrait de Mona Lisa (dite La Joconde) - Louvre 779 - Detail (hands).jpg

List of most expensive paintings#List of highest prices paid

The Virgin and Child with St. Anne (Leonardo)

File:Sketch of the Mona Lisa by Raphael.jpg

File:Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci - Portrait de Mona Lisa (dite La Joconde) - Louvre 779 - Detail (right landscape).jpg

Saint Jerome in the Wilderness (Leonardo)


Mona Lisa

Prompt: Describe the characteristics of the Isleworth Mona Lisa in Mona Lisa's Early versions and copies.

A version of the Mona Lisa known as the Isleworth Mona Lisa was first bought by an English nobleman in 1778 and was rediscovered in 1913 by Hugh Blaker, an art connoisseur. The painting was presented to the media in 2012 by the Mona Lisa Foundation. It is a painting of the same subject as Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa. The current scholarly consensus on attribution is unclear. Some experts, including Frank Zöllner, Martin Kemp, and Luke Syson denied the attribution to Leonardo; professors such as Salvatore Lorusso, Andrea Natali, and John F Asmus supported it; others like Alessandro Vezzosi and Carlo Pedretti were uncertain.

''(Left to right)'' US President [[John F. Kennedy

Category:Paintings in the Louvre by Italian artists

File:JFK, Marie-Madeleine Lioux, André Malraux, Jackie, L.B. Johnson, unveiling Mona Lisa at National Gallery of Art.png

Detail of Lisa's hands, her right hand resting on her left. Leonardo chose this gesture rather than a wedding ring to depict Lisa as a virtuous woman and faithful wife.<ref name="Z12">{{harvnb

File:Louis Beroud - Mona Lisa au Louvre 1911.jpg

:commons:File:Davide Ghirlandaio Retrato de dama de perfil Gemäldegalerie, Berlín.jpg

Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage

Sector research institutes of Denmark#Økonomi- og Erhvervsministeriet

Costanza d'Avalos, Duchess of Francavilla

Category:Portrait paintings in the Louvre

National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design

File:Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci - Portrait de Mona Lisa (dite La Joconde) - Louvre 779 - Detail (hands).jpg

List of most expensive paintings#List of highest prices paid

The Virgin and Child with St. Anne (Leonardo)

File:Sketch of the Mona Lisa by Raphael.jpg

File:Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci - Portrait de Mona Lisa (dite La Joconde) - Louvre 779 - Detail (right landscape).jpg

Saint Jerome in the Wilderness (Leonardo)


Mona Lisa

Prompt: In the context of Mona Lisa, explain the Hermitage Mona Lisa and the Early versions and copies.

A version known as the Hermitage Mona Lisa is in the Hermitage Museum and it was made by an unknown 16th-century artist.

''(Left to right)'' US President [[John F. Kennedy

Category:Paintings in the Louvre by Italian artists

File:JFK, Marie-Madeleine Lioux, André Malraux, Jackie, L.B. Johnson, unveiling Mona Lisa at National Gallery of Art.png

Detail of Lisa's hands, her right hand resting on her left. Leonardo chose this gesture rather than a wedding ring to depict Lisa as a virtuous woman and faithful wife.<ref name="Z12">{{harvnb

File:Louis Beroud - Mona Lisa au Louvre 1911.jpg

:commons:File:Davide Ghirlandaio Retrato de dama de perfil Gemäldegalerie, Berlín.jpg

Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage

Sector research institutes of Denmark#Økonomi- og Erhvervsministeriet

Costanza d'Avalos, Duchess of Francavilla

Category:Portrait paintings in the Louvre

National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design

File:Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci - Portrait de Mona Lisa (dite La Joconde) - Louvre 779 - Detail (hands).jpg

List of most expensive paintings#List of highest prices paid

The Virgin and Child with St. Anne (Leonardo)

File:Sketch of the Mona Lisa by Raphael.jpg

File:Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci - Portrait de Mona Lisa (dite La Joconde) - Louvre 779 - Detail (right landscape).jpg

Saint Jerome in the Wilderness (Leonardo)


Mona Lisa

Prompt: Explain the Hermitage Mona Lisa about the Early versions and copies of this artwork, Mona Lisa.

A version known as the Hermitage Mona Lisa is in the Hermitage Museum and it was made by an unknown 16th-century artist.

''(Left to right)'' US President [[John F. Kennedy

Category:Paintings in the Louvre by Italian artists

File:JFK, Marie-Madeleine Lioux, André Malraux, Jackie, L.B. Johnson, unveiling Mona Lisa at National Gallery of Art.png

Detail of Lisa's hands, her right hand resting on her left. Leonardo chose this gesture rather than a wedding ring to depict Lisa as a virtuous woman and faithful wife.<ref name="Z12">{{harvnb

File:Louis Beroud - Mona Lisa au Louvre 1911.jpg

:commons:File:Davide Ghirlandaio Retrato de dama de perfil Gemäldegalerie, Berlín.jpg

Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage

Sector research institutes of Denmark#Økonomi- og Erhvervsministeriet

Costanza d'Avalos, Duchess of Francavilla

Category:Portrait paintings in the Louvre

National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design

File:Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci - Portrait de Mona Lisa (dite La Joconde) - Louvre 779 - Detail (hands).jpg

List of most expensive paintings#List of highest prices paid

The Virgin and Child with St. Anne (Leonardo)

File:Sketch of the Mona Lisa by Raphael.jpg

File:Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci - Portrait de Mona Lisa (dite La Joconde) - Louvre 779 - Detail (right landscape).jpg

Saint Jerome in the Wilderness (Leonardo)


Mona Lisa

Prompt: In Mona Lisa, how is the Hermitage Mona Lisa of the Early versions and copies explained?

A version known as the Hermitage Mona Lisa is in the Hermitage Museum and it was made by an unknown 16th-century artist.

''(Left to right)'' US President [[John F. Kennedy

Category:Paintings in the Louvre by Italian artists

File:JFK, Marie-Madeleine Lioux, André Malraux, Jackie, L.B. Johnson, unveiling Mona Lisa at National Gallery of Art.png

Detail of Lisa's hands, her right hand resting on her left. Leonardo chose this gesture rather than a wedding ring to depict Lisa as a virtuous woman and faithful wife.<ref name="Z12">{{harvnb

File:Louis Beroud - Mona Lisa au Louvre 1911.jpg

:commons:File:Davide Ghirlandaio Retrato de dama de perfil Gemäldegalerie, Berlín.jpg

Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage

Sector research institutes of Denmark#Økonomi- og Erhvervsministeriet

Costanza d'Avalos, Duchess of Francavilla

Category:Portrait paintings in the Louvre

National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design

File:Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci - Portrait de Mona Lisa (dite La Joconde) - Louvre 779 - Detail (hands).jpg

List of most expensive paintings#List of highest prices paid

The Virgin and Child with St. Anne (Leonardo)

File:Sketch of the Mona Lisa by Raphael.jpg

File:Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci - Portrait de Mona Lisa (dite La Joconde) - Louvre 779 - Detail (right landscape).jpg

Saint Jerome in the Wilderness (Leonardo)


Mona Lisa

Prompt: Describe the characteristics of the Hermitage Mona Lisa in Mona Lisa's Early versions and copies.

A version known as the Hermitage Mona Lisa is in the Hermitage Museum and it was made by an unknown 16th-century artist.

''(Left to right)'' US President [[John F. Kennedy

Category:Paintings in the Louvre by Italian artists

File:JFK, Marie-Madeleine Lioux, André Malraux, Jackie, L.B. Johnson, unveiling Mona Lisa at National Gallery of Art.png

Detail of Lisa's hands, her right hand resting on her left. Leonardo chose this gesture rather than a wedding ring to depict Lisa as a virtuous woman and faithful wife.<ref name="Z12">{{harvnb

File:Louis Beroud - Mona Lisa au Louvre 1911.jpg

:commons:File:Davide Ghirlandaio Retrato de dama de perfil Gemäldegalerie, Berlín.jpg

Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage

Sector research institutes of Denmark#Økonomi- og Erhvervsministeriet

Costanza d'Avalos, Duchess of Francavilla

Category:Portrait paintings in the Louvre

National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design

File:Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci - Portrait de Mona Lisa (dite La Joconde) - Louvre 779 - Detail (hands).jpg

List of most expensive paintings#List of highest prices paid

The Virgin and Child with St. Anne (Leonardo)

File:Sketch of the Mona Lisa by Raphael.jpg

File:Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci - Portrait de Mona Lisa (dite La Joconde) - Louvre 779 - Detail (right landscape).jpg

Saint Jerome in the Wilderness (Leonardo)


Mona Lisa

Prompt: Focus on Mona Lisa and explain the Mona Lisa illusion.

If a person being photographed looks into the camera lens, the image produced provides an illusion that viewers perceive as the subject looking at them, irrespective of the photograph's position. It is presumably for this reason that many people, while taking photographs, ask subjects to look at the camera rather than anywhere else. In psychology, this is known as the "Mona Lisa illusion", which was named after the famous painting that also presents the same illusion.

''(Left to right)'' US President [[John F. Kennedy

Category:Paintings in the Louvre by Italian artists

File:JFK, Marie-Madeleine Lioux, André Malraux, Jackie, L.B. Johnson, unveiling Mona Lisa at National Gallery of Art.png

Detail of Lisa's hands, her right hand resting on her left. Leonardo chose this gesture rather than a wedding ring to depict Lisa as a virtuous woman and faithful wife.<ref name="Z12">{{harvnb

File:Louis Beroud - Mona Lisa au Louvre 1911.jpg

:commons:File:Davide Ghirlandaio Retrato de dama de perfil Gemäldegalerie, Berlín.jpg

Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage

Sector research institutes of Denmark#Økonomi- og Erhvervsministeriet

Costanza d'Avalos, Duchess of Francavilla

Category:Portrait paintings in the Louvre

National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design

File:Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci - Portrait de Mona Lisa (dite La Joconde) - Louvre 779 - Detail (hands).jpg

List of most expensive paintings#List of highest prices paid

The Virgin and Child with St. Anne (Leonardo)

File:Sketch of the Mona Lisa by Raphael.jpg

File:Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci - Portrait de Mona Lisa (dite La Joconde) - Louvre 779 - Detail (right landscape).jpg

Saint Jerome in the Wilderness (Leonardo)


Mona Lisa

Prompt: Explain the Mona Lisa illusion of this artwork, Mona Lisa.

If a person being photographed looks into the camera lens, the image produced provides an illusion that viewers perceive as the subject looking at them, irrespective of the photograph's position. It is presumably for this reason that many people, while taking photographs, ask subjects to look at the camera rather than anywhere else. In psychology, this is known as the "Mona Lisa illusion", which was named after the famous painting that also presents the same illusion.

''(Left to right)'' US President [[John F. Kennedy

Category:Paintings in the Louvre by Italian artists

File:JFK, Marie-Madeleine Lioux, André Malraux, Jackie, L.B. Johnson, unveiling Mona Lisa at National Gallery of Art.png

Detail of Lisa's hands, her right hand resting on her left. Leonardo chose this gesture rather than a wedding ring to depict Lisa as a virtuous woman and faithful wife.<ref name="Z12">{{harvnb

File:Louis Beroud - Mona Lisa au Louvre 1911.jpg

:commons:File:Davide Ghirlandaio Retrato de dama de perfil Gemäldegalerie, Berlín.jpg

Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage

Sector research institutes of Denmark#Økonomi- og Erhvervsministeriet

Costanza d'Avalos, Duchess of Francavilla

Category:Portrait paintings in the Louvre

National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design

File:Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci - Portrait de Mona Lisa (dite La Joconde) - Louvre 779 - Detail (hands).jpg

List of most expensive paintings#List of highest prices paid

The Virgin and Child with St. Anne (Leonardo)

File:Sketch of the Mona Lisa by Raphael.jpg

File:Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci - Portrait de Mona Lisa (dite La Joconde) - Louvre 779 - Detail (right landscape).jpg

Saint Jerome in the Wilderness (Leonardo)


Mona Lisa

Prompt: How does Mona Lisa explain its Mona Lisa illusion?

If a person being photographed looks into the camera lens, the image produced provides an illusion that viewers perceive as the subject looking at them, irrespective of the photograph's position. It is presumably for this reason that many people, while taking photographs, ask subjects to look at the camera rather than anywhere else. In psychology, this is known as the "Mona Lisa illusion", which was named after the famous painting that also presents the same illusion.

''(Left to right)'' US President [[John F. Kennedy

Category:Paintings in the Louvre by Italian artists

File:JFK, Marie-Madeleine Lioux, André Malraux, Jackie, L.B. Johnson, unveiling Mona Lisa at National Gallery of Art.png

Detail of Lisa's hands, her right hand resting on her left. Leonardo chose this gesture rather than a wedding ring to depict Lisa as a virtuous woman and faithful wife.<ref name="Z12">{{harvnb

File:Louis Beroud - Mona Lisa au Louvre 1911.jpg

:commons:File:Davide Ghirlandaio Retrato de dama de perfil Gemäldegalerie, Berlín.jpg

Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage

Sector research institutes of Denmark#Økonomi- og Erhvervsministeriet

Costanza d'Avalos, Duchess of Francavilla

Category:Portrait paintings in the Louvre

National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design

File:Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci - Portrait de Mona Lisa (dite La Joconde) - Louvre 779 - Detail (hands).jpg

List of most expensive paintings#List of highest prices paid

The Virgin and Child with St. Anne (Leonardo)

File:Sketch of the Mona Lisa by Raphael.jpg

File:Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci - Portrait de Mona Lisa (dite La Joconde) - Louvre 779 - Detail (right landscape).jpg

Saint Jerome in the Wilderness (Leonardo)


Mona Lisa

Prompt: In Mona Lisa, how is the Mona Lisa illusion discussed?

If a person being photographed looks into the camera lens, the image produced provides an illusion that viewers perceive as the subject looking at them, irrespective of the photograph's position. It is presumably for this reason that many people, while taking photographs, ask subjects to look at the camera rather than anywhere else. In psychology, this is known as the "Mona Lisa illusion", which was named after the famous painting that also presents the same illusion.

''(Left to right)'' US President [[John F. Kennedy

Category:Paintings in the Louvre by Italian artists

File:JFK, Marie-Madeleine Lioux, André Malraux, Jackie, L.B. Johnson, unveiling Mona Lisa at National Gallery of Art.png

Detail of Lisa's hands, her right hand resting on her left. Leonardo chose this gesture rather than a wedding ring to depict Lisa as a virtuous woman and faithful wife.<ref name="Z12">{{harvnb

File:Louis Beroud - Mona Lisa au Louvre 1911.jpg

:commons:File:Davide Ghirlandaio Retrato de dama de perfil Gemäldegalerie, Berlín.jpg

Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage

Sector research institutes of Denmark#Økonomi- og Erhvervsministeriet

Costanza d'Avalos, Duchess of Francavilla

Category:Portrait paintings in the Louvre

National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design

File:Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci - Portrait de Mona Lisa (dite La Joconde) - Louvre 779 - Detail (hands).jpg

List of most expensive paintings#List of highest prices paid

The Virgin and Child with St. Anne (Leonardo)

File:Sketch of the Mona Lisa by Raphael.jpg

File:Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci - Portrait de Mona Lisa (dite La Joconde) - Louvre 779 - Detail (right landscape).jpg

Saint Jerome in the Wilderness (Leonardo)


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: Focus on Counter-Reformation and explain the abstract.

The Counter-Reformation (Latin: Contrareformatio), also sometimes called the Catholic Revival, was the period of Catholic resurgence that was initiated in response to, and as an alternative to, the Protestant Reformations at the time. It is frequently dated to have begun with the Council of Trent (1545–1563) and to end with the conclusion of the European wars of religion in 1648, though this is controversial. The broader term Catholic Reformation (Latin: Reformatio Catholica) also encompasses reforms and movements within the Church in the periods immediately before Protestantism or Trent and lasting later.Initiated in part to address the challenges of the Protestant Reformations, the Counter-Reformation was a comprehensive effort arising from the decrees of the Council of Trent. The effort produced apologetic and polemical documents,  heresy trials, anti-corruption efforts, spiritual movements, the promotion of new religious orders, and the flourishing of new art and musical styles. Such policies (e.g., by the  Imperial Diets of the Holy Roman Empire) had long-lasting effects in European history with exiles of Protestants continuing until the 1781 Patent of Toleration, although smaller expulsions took place in the 19th century.Such reforms included the foundation of seminaries for the proper training of priests in the spiritual life and the theological traditions of the Church, the reform of religious life by returning orders to their spiritual foundations, and new spiritual movements focusing on the devotional life and a personal relationship with Christ, including the Spanish mystics and the French school of spirituality. It also involved political activities and used the regional Inquisitions.A primary emphasis of the Counter-Reformation was a mission to reach parts of the world that had been colonized as predominantly Catholic and also try to reconvert nations such as Sweden and England that once were Catholic from the time of the Christianisation of Europe, but had been lost to the Reformation. Various Counter-Reformation theologians focused only on defending doctrinal positions such as the sacraments and pious practices that were attacked by the Protestant reformers, up to the Second Vatican Council in 1962–1965.

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: Explain the abstract of this artwork, Counter-Reformation.

The Counter-Reformation (Latin: Contrareformatio), also sometimes called the Catholic Revival, was the period of Catholic resurgence that was initiated in response to, and as an alternative to, the Protestant Reformations at the time. It is frequently dated to have begun with the Council of Trent (1545–1563) and to end with the conclusion of the European wars of religion in 1648, though this is controversial. The broader term Catholic Reformation (Latin: Reformatio Catholica) also encompasses reforms and movements within the Church in the periods immediately before Protestantism or Trent and lasting later.Initiated in part to address the challenges of the Protestant Reformations, the Counter-Reformation was a comprehensive effort arising from the decrees of the Council of Trent. The effort produced apologetic and polemical documents,  heresy trials, anti-corruption efforts, spiritual movements, the promotion of new religious orders, and the flourishing of new art and musical styles. Such policies (e.g., by the  Imperial Diets of the Holy Roman Empire) had long-lasting effects in European history with exiles of Protestants continuing until the 1781 Patent of Toleration, although smaller expulsions took place in the 19th century.Such reforms included the foundation of seminaries for the proper training of priests in the spiritual life and the theological traditions of the Church, the reform of religious life by returning orders to their spiritual foundations, and new spiritual movements focusing on the devotional life and a personal relationship with Christ, including the Spanish mystics and the French school of spirituality. It also involved political activities and used the regional Inquisitions.A primary emphasis of the Counter-Reformation was a mission to reach parts of the world that had been colonized as predominantly Catholic and also try to reconvert nations such as Sweden and England that once were Catholic from the time of the Christianisation of Europe, but had been lost to the Reformation. Various Counter-Reformation theologians focused only on defending doctrinal positions such as the sacraments and pious practices that were attacked by the Protestant reformers, up to the Second Vatican Council in 1962–1965.

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: How does Counter-Reformation explain its abstract?

The Counter-Reformation (Latin: Contrareformatio), also sometimes called the Catholic Revival, was the period of Catholic resurgence that was initiated in response to, and as an alternative to, the Protestant Reformations at the time. It is frequently dated to have begun with the Council of Trent (1545–1563) and to end with the conclusion of the European wars of religion in 1648, though this is controversial. The broader term Catholic Reformation (Latin: Reformatio Catholica) also encompasses reforms and movements within the Church in the periods immediately before Protestantism or Trent and lasting later.Initiated in part to address the challenges of the Protestant Reformations, the Counter-Reformation was a comprehensive effort arising from the decrees of the Council of Trent. The effort produced apologetic and polemical documents,  heresy trials, anti-corruption efforts, spiritual movements, the promotion of new religious orders, and the flourishing of new art and musical styles. Such policies (e.g., by the  Imperial Diets of the Holy Roman Empire) had long-lasting effects in European history with exiles of Protestants continuing until the 1781 Patent of Toleration, although smaller expulsions took place in the 19th century.Such reforms included the foundation of seminaries for the proper training of priests in the spiritual life and the theological traditions of the Church, the reform of religious life by returning orders to their spiritual foundations, and new spiritual movements focusing on the devotional life and a personal relationship with Christ, including the Spanish mystics and the French school of spirituality. It also involved political activities and used the regional Inquisitions.A primary emphasis of the Counter-Reformation was a mission to reach parts of the world that had been colonized as predominantly Catholic and also try to reconvert nations such as Sweden and England that once were Catholic from the time of the Christianisation of Europe, but had been lost to the Reformation. Various Counter-Reformation theologians focused only on defending doctrinal positions such as the sacraments and pious practices that were attacked by the Protestant reformers, up to the Second Vatican Council in 1962–1965.

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: In Counter-Reformation, how is the abstract discussed?

The Counter-Reformation (Latin: Contrareformatio), also sometimes called the Catholic Revival, was the period of Catholic resurgence that was initiated in response to, and as an alternative to, the Protestant Reformations at the time. It is frequently dated to have begun with the Council of Trent (1545–1563) and to end with the conclusion of the European wars of religion in 1648, though this is controversial. The broader term Catholic Reformation (Latin: Reformatio Catholica) also encompasses reforms and movements within the Church in the periods immediately before Protestantism or Trent and lasting later.Initiated in part to address the challenges of the Protestant Reformations, the Counter-Reformation was a comprehensive effort arising from the decrees of the Council of Trent. The effort produced apologetic and polemical documents,  heresy trials, anti-corruption efforts, spiritual movements, the promotion of new religious orders, and the flourishing of new art and musical styles. Such policies (e.g., by the  Imperial Diets of the Holy Roman Empire) had long-lasting effects in European history with exiles of Protestants continuing until the 1781 Patent of Toleration, although smaller expulsions took place in the 19th century.Such reforms included the foundation of seminaries for the proper training of priests in the spiritual life and the theological traditions of the Church, the reform of religious life by returning orders to their spiritual foundations, and new spiritual movements focusing on the devotional life and a personal relationship with Christ, including the Spanish mystics and the French school of spirituality. It also involved political activities and used the regional Inquisitions.A primary emphasis of the Counter-Reformation was a mission to reach parts of the world that had been colonized as predominantly Catholic and also try to reconvert nations such as Sweden and England that once were Catholic from the time of the Christianisation of Europe, but had been lost to the Reformation. Various Counter-Reformation theologians focused only on defending doctrinal positions such as the sacraments and pious practices that were attacked by the Protestant reformers, up to the Second Vatican Council in 1962–1965.

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: Focus on Counter-Reformation and explain the Terminology.

'Counter-Reformation’ is a translation of German: Gegenreformation.: 33 Protestant historians have tended to speak in terms of Catholic reform as part of the Counter-Reformation, itself a response to the Reformation.In nineteenth-century Germany, the term became part of the German: Kulturkampf: ‘Counter-Reformation’ was used by Protestant historians as a negative and one-dimensional concept that stressed the aspect of reaction and resistance to Protestantism and neglected that of reform within Catholicism. The term was understandably shunned by Catholic historians. Even when the Protestant historian Wilhelm Maurenbrecher introduced the term ‘Catholic Reformation’ in 1880, German historiography remained confessionally divided on the subject. The term ‘Catholic Reformation’ appealed to Catholic historians because it offered them the possibility of avoiding the term ‘Counter-Reformation’, with its problematic connotation of a mere reaction to Protestantism. But it was rejected by Protestant historians – largely because they did not want the term ‘Reformation’ to be used for anything other than the Protestant Reformation.: 33 Catholic historians tend to emphasize them as different. The French historian Henri Daniel-Rops wrote:The term ('counter-reformation'), however, though common, is misleading: it cannot rightly be applied, logically or chronologically, to that sudden awakening as of a startled giant, that wonderful effort of rejuvenation and reorganization, which in a space of thirty years gave to the Church an altogether new appearance. … The so-called 'counter-reformation' did not begin with the Council of Trent, long after Luther; its origins and initial achievements were much anterior to the fame of Wittenberg. It was undertaken, not by way of answering the 'reformers,' but in obedience to demands and principles that are part of the unalterable tradition of the Church and proceed from her most fundamental loyalties.The Italian historian Massimo Firpo has distinguished "Catholic Reformation" from "Counter-Reformation" by their issues. In his view, the general "Catholic Reformation" was "centered on the care of souls ..., episcopal residence, the renewal of the clergy, together with the charitable and educational roles of the new religious orders", whereas the specific "Counter-Reformation" was "founded upon the defence of orthodoxy, the repression of dissent, the reassertion of ecclesiastical authority".Other relevant terms that may be encountered:'Pre-Tridentine' -  before, or the status quo ante of, the Council of Trent (such as "pre-Tridentine Mass")'Tridentine' - initiated at, or as a result of, the Council of Trent (1545–1563) (such as "Tridentine Mass")'Post-Tridentine' - sometimes synonym for Tridentine; alteratively some subsequent distinct reaction or development (such as "post-Tridentine Mass") Darker colour approximates most intense period of unrest, change or impactGreen=Catholic; Red=Protestant;  Blue=Other

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: Explain the Terminology of this artwork, Counter-Reformation.

'Counter-Reformation’ is a translation of German: Gegenreformation.: 33 Protestant historians have tended to speak in terms of Catholic reform as part of the Counter-Reformation, itself a response to the Reformation.In nineteenth-century Germany, the term became part of the German: Kulturkampf: ‘Counter-Reformation’ was used by Protestant historians as a negative and one-dimensional concept that stressed the aspect of reaction and resistance to Protestantism and neglected that of reform within Catholicism. The term was understandably shunned by Catholic historians. Even when the Protestant historian Wilhelm Maurenbrecher introduced the term ‘Catholic Reformation’ in 1880, German historiography remained confessionally divided on the subject. The term ‘Catholic Reformation’ appealed to Catholic historians because it offered them the possibility of avoiding the term ‘Counter-Reformation’, with its problematic connotation of a mere reaction to Protestantism. But it was rejected by Protestant historians – largely because they did not want the term ‘Reformation’ to be used for anything other than the Protestant Reformation.: 33 Catholic historians tend to emphasize them as different. The French historian Henri Daniel-Rops wrote:The term ('counter-reformation'), however, though common, is misleading: it cannot rightly be applied, logically or chronologically, to that sudden awakening as of a startled giant, that wonderful effort of rejuvenation and reorganization, which in a space of thirty years gave to the Church an altogether new appearance. … The so-called 'counter-reformation' did not begin with the Council of Trent, long after Luther; its origins and initial achievements were much anterior to the fame of Wittenberg. It was undertaken, not by way of answering the 'reformers,' but in obedience to demands and principles that are part of the unalterable tradition of the Church and proceed from her most fundamental loyalties.The Italian historian Massimo Firpo has distinguished "Catholic Reformation" from "Counter-Reformation" by their issues. In his view, the general "Catholic Reformation" was "centered on the care of souls ..., episcopal residence, the renewal of the clergy, together with the charitable and educational roles of the new religious orders", whereas the specific "Counter-Reformation" was "founded upon the defence of orthodoxy, the repression of dissent, the reassertion of ecclesiastical authority".Other relevant terms that may be encountered:'Pre-Tridentine' -  before, or the status quo ante of, the Council of Trent (such as "pre-Tridentine Mass")'Tridentine' - initiated at, or as a result of, the Council of Trent (1545–1563) (such as "Tridentine Mass")'Post-Tridentine' - sometimes synonym for Tridentine; alteratively some subsequent distinct reaction or development (such as "post-Tridentine Mass") Darker colour approximates most intense period of unrest, change or impactGreen=Catholic; Red=Protestant;  Blue=Other

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: How does Counter-Reformation explain its Terminology?

'Counter-Reformation’ is a translation of German: Gegenreformation.: 33 Protestant historians have tended to speak in terms of Catholic reform as part of the Counter-Reformation, itself a response to the Reformation.In nineteenth-century Germany, the term became part of the German: Kulturkampf: ‘Counter-Reformation’ was used by Protestant historians as a negative and one-dimensional concept that stressed the aspect of reaction and resistance to Protestantism and neglected that of reform within Catholicism. The term was understandably shunned by Catholic historians. Even when the Protestant historian Wilhelm Maurenbrecher introduced the term ‘Catholic Reformation’ in 1880, German historiography remained confessionally divided on the subject. The term ‘Catholic Reformation’ appealed to Catholic historians because it offered them the possibility of avoiding the term ‘Counter-Reformation’, with its problematic connotation of a mere reaction to Protestantism. But it was rejected by Protestant historians – largely because they did not want the term ‘Reformation’ to be used for anything other than the Protestant Reformation.: 33 Catholic historians tend to emphasize them as different. The French historian Henri Daniel-Rops wrote:The term ('counter-reformation'), however, though common, is misleading: it cannot rightly be applied, logically or chronologically, to that sudden awakening as of a startled giant, that wonderful effort of rejuvenation and reorganization, which in a space of thirty years gave to the Church an altogether new appearance. … The so-called 'counter-reformation' did not begin with the Council of Trent, long after Luther; its origins and initial achievements were much anterior to the fame of Wittenberg. It was undertaken, not by way of answering the 'reformers,' but in obedience to demands and principles that are part of the unalterable tradition of the Church and proceed from her most fundamental loyalties.The Italian historian Massimo Firpo has distinguished "Catholic Reformation" from "Counter-Reformation" by their issues. In his view, the general "Catholic Reformation" was "centered on the care of souls ..., episcopal residence, the renewal of the clergy, together with the charitable and educational roles of the new religious orders", whereas the specific "Counter-Reformation" was "founded upon the defence of orthodoxy, the repression of dissent, the reassertion of ecclesiastical authority".Other relevant terms that may be encountered:'Pre-Tridentine' -  before, or the status quo ante of, the Council of Trent (such as "pre-Tridentine Mass")'Tridentine' - initiated at, or as a result of, the Council of Trent (1545–1563) (such as "Tridentine Mass")'Post-Tridentine' - sometimes synonym for Tridentine; alteratively some subsequent distinct reaction or development (such as "post-Tridentine Mass") Darker colour approximates most intense period of unrest, change or impactGreen=Catholic; Red=Protestant;  Blue=Other

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: In Counter-Reformation, how is the Terminology discussed?

'Counter-Reformation’ is a translation of German: Gegenreformation.: 33 Protestant historians have tended to speak in terms of Catholic reform as part of the Counter-Reformation, itself a response to the Reformation.In nineteenth-century Germany, the term became part of the German: Kulturkampf: ‘Counter-Reformation’ was used by Protestant historians as a negative and one-dimensional concept that stressed the aspect of reaction and resistance to Protestantism and neglected that of reform within Catholicism. The term was understandably shunned by Catholic historians. Even when the Protestant historian Wilhelm Maurenbrecher introduced the term ‘Catholic Reformation’ in 1880, German historiography remained confessionally divided on the subject. The term ‘Catholic Reformation’ appealed to Catholic historians because it offered them the possibility of avoiding the term ‘Counter-Reformation’, with its problematic connotation of a mere reaction to Protestantism. But it was rejected by Protestant historians – largely because they did not want the term ‘Reformation’ to be used for anything other than the Protestant Reformation.: 33 Catholic historians tend to emphasize them as different. The French historian Henri Daniel-Rops wrote:The term ('counter-reformation'), however, though common, is misleading: it cannot rightly be applied, logically or chronologically, to that sudden awakening as of a startled giant, that wonderful effort of rejuvenation and reorganization, which in a space of thirty years gave to the Church an altogether new appearance. … The so-called 'counter-reformation' did not begin with the Council of Trent, long after Luther; its origins and initial achievements were much anterior to the fame of Wittenberg. It was undertaken, not by way of answering the 'reformers,' but in obedience to demands and principles that are part of the unalterable tradition of the Church and proceed from her most fundamental loyalties.The Italian historian Massimo Firpo has distinguished "Catholic Reformation" from "Counter-Reformation" by their issues. In his view, the general "Catholic Reformation" was "centered on the care of souls ..., episcopal residence, the renewal of the clergy, together with the charitable and educational roles of the new religious orders", whereas the specific "Counter-Reformation" was "founded upon the defence of orthodoxy, the repression of dissent, the reassertion of ecclesiastical authority".Other relevant terms that may be encountered:'Pre-Tridentine' -  before, or the status quo ante of, the Council of Trent (such as "pre-Tridentine Mass")'Tridentine' - initiated at, or as a result of, the Council of Trent (1545–1563) (such as "Tridentine Mass")'Post-Tridentine' - sometimes synonym for Tridentine; alteratively some subsequent distinct reaction or development (such as "post-Tridentine Mass") Darker colour approximates most intense period of unrest, change or impactGreen=Catholic; Red=Protestant;  Blue=Other

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: Focus on Counter-Reformation and explain the Precursor Catholic Reformation.

The 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries saw a spiritual revival in Europe, incubated by the rise of preaching friars,  the standardization of the Paris Bible, lay spiritual movements (such as the devotio moderna), the examples of nascent saints such as Catherine of Bologna, Antoninus of Florence, Rita of Cascia and Catherine of Genoa,  printing, Christian humanism, an urbanized laity who could not flee the towns for monasteries,: 130  and other reasons.A series of ecumenical councils were held with reformist agendas:Council of Constance (1415)Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)Fifth Council of the Lateran (1512–1517)The kinds of positive reforms considered were not necessarily the ones that pre-occupied the Hussites (e.g., communion under both kinds, married priests) and later Protestants (e.g., indulgences, justification). Ending schism and war (especially papal war) was regarded by some prelates as the pre-condition for reformation.: 174 At times, the reform talk in the councils tended to lack enough specificity to result in an effective program—except for a tendency to follow the Observantist faction of the monastic orders (that less slackness regarding external observances would aid fervour in internal piety) or to promote a top-down ("head and body") institution-centric focus: ii  that reform needed to start at and from the Pope, or bishops, or councils, or princes, or canon law.  There was considerable support for the evangelical counsels' ideal of poverty as a way to short-circuit careerism, though John Wycliffe's doctrine of mandatory apostolic poverty was decisively rejected at the Council of Constance.Issues such as papal nepotism and the wealth, dioscese-absenteeism, and pre-occupation with secular power of important bishops were recognized as perennial and scandalous problems. These resisted serious reform (by successive popes and councils with those bishops, unable to compromise their own interests) for centuries, causing friction as radical reformers periodically arose in response, such as Savonarola.: ch.1 In the half-century before the reformation, the phenomenon of Bishops closing down decadent monasteries or convents had become more common, as had programs to educate parish priests.: ch.1   In the half-century before the Council of Trent, various evangelical Catholic leaders had experimented with reforms that came to be associated with Protestants: for example, Guillaume Briçonnet (bishop of Meaux) in Paris, with his former teacher Jacques Lefèvre d’Etaples, had statues other than Christ removed from his churches (though not destroyed), replaced the Hail Mary with the Pater Noster prayer, and made available vernacular French versions of the Gospels and Epistles.: ch.1 Conservative and reforming parties still survived within the Catholic Church even as the Protestant Reformations spread. Protestants decisively broke from the Catholic Church in the 1520s. The two distinct dogmatic positions within the Catholic Church solidified in the 1560s.

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: Explain the Precursor Catholic Reformation of this artwork, Counter-Reformation.

The 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries saw a spiritual revival in Europe, incubated by the rise of preaching friars,  the standardization of the Paris Bible, lay spiritual movements (such as the devotio moderna), the examples of nascent saints such as Catherine of Bologna, Antoninus of Florence, Rita of Cascia and Catherine of Genoa,  printing, Christian humanism, an urbanized laity who could not flee the towns for monasteries,: 130  and other reasons.A series of ecumenical councils were held with reformist agendas:Council of Constance (1415)Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)Fifth Council of the Lateran (1512–1517)The kinds of positive reforms considered were not necessarily the ones that pre-occupied the Hussites (e.g., communion under both kinds, married priests) and later Protestants (e.g., indulgences, justification). Ending schism and war (especially papal war) was regarded by some prelates as the pre-condition for reformation.: 174 At times, the reform talk in the councils tended to lack enough specificity to result in an effective program—except for a tendency to follow the Observantist faction of the monastic orders (that less slackness regarding external observances would aid fervour in internal piety) or to promote a top-down ("head and body") institution-centric focus: ii  that reform needed to start at and from the Pope, or bishops, or councils, or princes, or canon law.  There was considerable support for the evangelical counsels' ideal of poverty as a way to short-circuit careerism, though John Wycliffe's doctrine of mandatory apostolic poverty was decisively rejected at the Council of Constance.Issues such as papal nepotism and the wealth, dioscese-absenteeism, and pre-occupation with secular power of important bishops were recognized as perennial and scandalous problems. These resisted serious reform (by successive popes and councils with those bishops, unable to compromise their own interests) for centuries, causing friction as radical reformers periodically arose in response, such as Savonarola.: ch.1 In the half-century before the reformation, the phenomenon of Bishops closing down decadent monasteries or convents had become more common, as had programs to educate parish priests.: ch.1   In the half-century before the Council of Trent, various evangelical Catholic leaders had experimented with reforms that came to be associated with Protestants: for example, Guillaume Briçonnet (bishop of Meaux) in Paris, with his former teacher Jacques Lefèvre d’Etaples, had statues other than Christ removed from his churches (though not destroyed), replaced the Hail Mary with the Pater Noster prayer, and made available vernacular French versions of the Gospels and Epistles.: ch.1 Conservative and reforming parties still survived within the Catholic Church even as the Protestant Reformations spread. Protestants decisively broke from the Catholic Church in the 1520s. The two distinct dogmatic positions within the Catholic Church solidified in the 1560s.

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: How does Counter-Reformation explain its Precursor Catholic Reformation?

The 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries saw a spiritual revival in Europe, incubated by the rise of preaching friars,  the standardization of the Paris Bible, lay spiritual movements (such as the devotio moderna), the examples of nascent saints such as Catherine of Bologna, Antoninus of Florence, Rita of Cascia and Catherine of Genoa,  printing, Christian humanism, an urbanized laity who could not flee the towns for monasteries,: 130  and other reasons.A series of ecumenical councils were held with reformist agendas:Council of Constance (1415)Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)Fifth Council of the Lateran (1512–1517)The kinds of positive reforms considered were not necessarily the ones that pre-occupied the Hussites (e.g., communion under both kinds, married priests) and later Protestants (e.g., indulgences, justification). Ending schism and war (especially papal war) was regarded by some prelates as the pre-condition for reformation.: 174 At times, the reform talk in the councils tended to lack enough specificity to result in an effective program—except for a tendency to follow the Observantist faction of the monastic orders (that less slackness regarding external observances would aid fervour in internal piety) or to promote a top-down ("head and body") institution-centric focus: ii  that reform needed to start at and from the Pope, or bishops, or councils, or princes, or canon law.  There was considerable support for the evangelical counsels' ideal of poverty as a way to short-circuit careerism, though John Wycliffe's doctrine of mandatory apostolic poverty was decisively rejected at the Council of Constance.Issues such as papal nepotism and the wealth, dioscese-absenteeism, and pre-occupation with secular power of important bishops were recognized as perennial and scandalous problems. These resisted serious reform (by successive popes and councils with those bishops, unable to compromise their own interests) for centuries, causing friction as radical reformers periodically arose in response, such as Savonarola.: ch.1 In the half-century before the reformation, the phenomenon of Bishops closing down decadent monasteries or convents had become more common, as had programs to educate parish priests.: ch.1   In the half-century before the Council of Trent, various evangelical Catholic leaders had experimented with reforms that came to be associated with Protestants: for example, Guillaume Briçonnet (bishop of Meaux) in Paris, with his former teacher Jacques Lefèvre d’Etaples, had statues other than Christ removed from his churches (though not destroyed), replaced the Hail Mary with the Pater Noster prayer, and made available vernacular French versions of the Gospels and Epistles.: ch.1 Conservative and reforming parties still survived within the Catholic Church even as the Protestant Reformations spread. Protestants decisively broke from the Catholic Church in the 1520s. The two distinct dogmatic positions within the Catholic Church solidified in the 1560s.

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: In Counter-Reformation, how is the Precursor Catholic Reformation discussed?

The 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries saw a spiritual revival in Europe, incubated by the rise of preaching friars,  the standardization of the Paris Bible, lay spiritual movements (such as the devotio moderna), the examples of nascent saints such as Catherine of Bologna, Antoninus of Florence, Rita of Cascia and Catherine of Genoa,  printing, Christian humanism, an urbanized laity who could not flee the towns for monasteries,: 130  and other reasons.A series of ecumenical councils were held with reformist agendas:Council of Constance (1415)Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)Fifth Council of the Lateran (1512–1517)The kinds of positive reforms considered were not necessarily the ones that pre-occupied the Hussites (e.g., communion under both kinds, married priests) and later Protestants (e.g., indulgences, justification). Ending schism and war (especially papal war) was regarded by some prelates as the pre-condition for reformation.: 174 At times, the reform talk in the councils tended to lack enough specificity to result in an effective program—except for a tendency to follow the Observantist faction of the monastic orders (that less slackness regarding external observances would aid fervour in internal piety) or to promote a top-down ("head and body") institution-centric focus: ii  that reform needed to start at and from the Pope, or bishops, or councils, or princes, or canon law.  There was considerable support for the evangelical counsels' ideal of poverty as a way to short-circuit careerism, though John Wycliffe's doctrine of mandatory apostolic poverty was decisively rejected at the Council of Constance.Issues such as papal nepotism and the wealth, dioscese-absenteeism, and pre-occupation with secular power of important bishops were recognized as perennial and scandalous problems. These resisted serious reform (by successive popes and councils with those bishops, unable to compromise their own interests) for centuries, causing friction as radical reformers periodically arose in response, such as Savonarola.: ch.1 In the half-century before the reformation, the phenomenon of Bishops closing down decadent monasteries or convents had become more common, as had programs to educate parish priests.: ch.1   In the half-century before the Council of Trent, various evangelical Catholic leaders had experimented with reforms that came to be associated with Protestants: for example, Guillaume Briçonnet (bishop of Meaux) in Paris, with his former teacher Jacques Lefèvre d’Etaples, had statues other than Christ removed from his churches (though not destroyed), replaced the Hail Mary with the Pater Noster prayer, and made available vernacular French versions of the Gospels and Epistles.: ch.1 Conservative and reforming parties still survived within the Catholic Church even as the Protestant Reformations spread. Protestants decisively broke from the Catholic Church in the 1520s. The two distinct dogmatic positions within the Catholic Church solidified in the 1560s.

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: In the context of Counter-Reformation, explain the Priests and Religious Orders and the Precursor Catholic Reformation.

The regular orders made their first attempts at reform in the 14th century. The 'Benedictine Bull' of 1336 reformed the Benedictines and Cistercians. In 1523, the Camaldolese Hermits of Monte Corona were recognized as a separate congregation of monks.In 1435, Francis of Paola founded the Poor Hermits of Saint Francis of Assisi, who became the Minim Friars. In 1526, Matteo de Bascio suggested reforming the Franciscan rule of life to its original purity, giving birth to the Capuchins, recognized by the pope in 1619. This order was well known to the laity and played an important role in public preaching.To respond to the new needs of evangelism, clergy formed into religious congregations, taking special vows but with no obligation to assist in a monastery's religious offices. These regular clergy taught, preached and took confession but were under a bishop's direct authority and not linked to a specific parish or area like a vicar or canon. In Italy, the first congregation of regular clergy was the Theatines founded in 1524 by Gaetano and Cardinal Gian Caraffa. This was followed by the Somaschi Fathers in 1528, the Barnabites in 1530, the Ursulines in 1535, the Jesuits, canonically recognised in 1540, the Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca in 1583, the Camillians in 1584, the Adorno Fathers in 1588, and finally the Piarists in 1621.At the end of the 1400s, a reform movement inspired by St Catherine of Genoa's hospital ministry started spreading: in Rome, starting 1514, the Oratory of Divine Love attracted an aristocratic membership of priests and laymen to perform anonymous acts of charity and to discuss reform; the members subsequently became the key players in the church handling the Reformation. In 1548, then-layman Philip Neri founded a Confraternity of the Most Holy Trinity of Pilgrims and Convalescents: this developed into the relatively-free religious community the Oratorians, who were given their constitutions in 1564 and recognized as a religious  order by the pope in 1575. They used music and singing to attract the faithful.

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: Explain the Priests and Religious Orders about the Precursor Catholic Reformation of this artwork, Counter-Reformation.

The regular orders made their first attempts at reform in the 14th century. The 'Benedictine Bull' of 1336 reformed the Benedictines and Cistercians. In 1523, the Camaldolese Hermits of Monte Corona were recognized as a separate congregation of monks.In 1435, Francis of Paola founded the Poor Hermits of Saint Francis of Assisi, who became the Minim Friars. In 1526, Matteo de Bascio suggested reforming the Franciscan rule of life to its original purity, giving birth to the Capuchins, recognized by the pope in 1619. This order was well known to the laity and played an important role in public preaching.To respond to the new needs of evangelism, clergy formed into religious congregations, taking special vows but with no obligation to assist in a monastery's religious offices. These regular clergy taught, preached and took confession but were under a bishop's direct authority and not linked to a specific parish or area like a vicar or canon. In Italy, the first congregation of regular clergy was the Theatines founded in 1524 by Gaetano and Cardinal Gian Caraffa. This was followed by the Somaschi Fathers in 1528, the Barnabites in 1530, the Ursulines in 1535, the Jesuits, canonically recognised in 1540, the Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca in 1583, the Camillians in 1584, the Adorno Fathers in 1588, and finally the Piarists in 1621.At the end of the 1400s, a reform movement inspired by St Catherine of Genoa's hospital ministry started spreading: in Rome, starting 1514, the Oratory of Divine Love attracted an aristocratic membership of priests and laymen to perform anonymous acts of charity and to discuss reform; the members subsequently became the key players in the church handling the Reformation. In 1548, then-layman Philip Neri founded a Confraternity of the Most Holy Trinity of Pilgrims and Convalescents: this developed into the relatively-free religious community the Oratorians, who were given their constitutions in 1564 and recognized as a religious  order by the pope in 1575. They used music and singing to attract the faithful.

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: In Counter-Reformation, how is the Priests and Religious Orders of the Precursor Catholic Reformation explained?

The regular orders made their first attempts at reform in the 14th century. The 'Benedictine Bull' of 1336 reformed the Benedictines and Cistercians. In 1523, the Camaldolese Hermits of Monte Corona were recognized as a separate congregation of monks.In 1435, Francis of Paola founded the Poor Hermits of Saint Francis of Assisi, who became the Minim Friars. In 1526, Matteo de Bascio suggested reforming the Franciscan rule of life to its original purity, giving birth to the Capuchins, recognized by the pope in 1619. This order was well known to the laity and played an important role in public preaching.To respond to the new needs of evangelism, clergy formed into religious congregations, taking special vows but with no obligation to assist in a monastery's religious offices. These regular clergy taught, preached and took confession but were under a bishop's direct authority and not linked to a specific parish or area like a vicar or canon. In Italy, the first congregation of regular clergy was the Theatines founded in 1524 by Gaetano and Cardinal Gian Caraffa. This was followed by the Somaschi Fathers in 1528, the Barnabites in 1530, the Ursulines in 1535, the Jesuits, canonically recognised in 1540, the Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca in 1583, the Camillians in 1584, the Adorno Fathers in 1588, and finally the Piarists in 1621.At the end of the 1400s, a reform movement inspired by St Catherine of Genoa's hospital ministry started spreading: in Rome, starting 1514, the Oratory of Divine Love attracted an aristocratic membership of priests and laymen to perform anonymous acts of charity and to discuss reform; the members subsequently became the key players in the church handling the Reformation. In 1548, then-layman Philip Neri founded a Confraternity of the Most Holy Trinity of Pilgrims and Convalescents: this developed into the relatively-free religious community the Oratorians, who were given their constitutions in 1564 and recognized as a religious  order by the pope in 1575. They used music and singing to attract the faithful.

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: Describe the characteristics of the Priests and Religious Orders in Counter-Reformation's Precursor Catholic Reformation.

The regular orders made their first attempts at reform in the 14th century. The 'Benedictine Bull' of 1336 reformed the Benedictines and Cistercians. In 1523, the Camaldolese Hermits of Monte Corona were recognized as a separate congregation of monks.In 1435, Francis of Paola founded the Poor Hermits of Saint Francis of Assisi, who became the Minim Friars. In 1526, Matteo de Bascio suggested reforming the Franciscan rule of life to its original purity, giving birth to the Capuchins, recognized by the pope in 1619. This order was well known to the laity and played an important role in public preaching.To respond to the new needs of evangelism, clergy formed into religious congregations, taking special vows but with no obligation to assist in a monastery's religious offices. These regular clergy taught, preached and took confession but were under a bishop's direct authority and not linked to a specific parish or area like a vicar or canon. In Italy, the first congregation of regular clergy was the Theatines founded in 1524 by Gaetano and Cardinal Gian Caraffa. This was followed by the Somaschi Fathers in 1528, the Barnabites in 1530, the Ursulines in 1535, the Jesuits, canonically recognised in 1540, the Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca in 1583, the Camillians in 1584, the Adorno Fathers in 1588, and finally the Piarists in 1621.At the end of the 1400s, a reform movement inspired by St Catherine of Genoa's hospital ministry started spreading: in Rome, starting 1514, the Oratory of Divine Love attracted an aristocratic membership of priests and laymen to perform anonymous acts of charity and to discuss reform; the members subsequently became the key players in the church handling the Reformation. In 1548, then-layman Philip Neri founded a Confraternity of the Most Holy Trinity of Pilgrims and Convalescents: this developed into the relatively-free religious community the Oratorians, who were given their constitutions in 1564 and recognized as a religious  order by the pope in 1575. They used music and singing to attract the faithful.

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: In the context of Counter-Reformation, explain the Confutatio Augustana and the Councils and documents.

The 1530 Confutatio Augustana was the Catholic response to the Lutheran Augsburg Confession.

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: Explain the Confutatio Augustana about the Councils and documents of this artwork, Counter-Reformation.

The 1530 Confutatio Augustana was the Catholic response to the Lutheran Augsburg Confession.

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: In Counter-Reformation, how is the Confutatio Augustana of the Councils and documents explained?

The 1530 Confutatio Augustana was the Catholic response to the Lutheran Augsburg Confession.

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: Describe the characteristics of the Confutatio Augustana in Counter-Reformation's Councils and documents.

The 1530 Confutatio Augustana was the Catholic response to the Lutheran Augsburg Confession.

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

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''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

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