The Blind Leading the Blind

Prompt: How does The Blind Leading the Blind explain its Analysis?

Charles Bouleau wrote of the tension in Bruegel's compositional rhythms.  The picture is divided into nine equal parts divided by a set of parallel oblique lines.  These are divided by another network of lines at constant angles to the first.  The composition invites the reader to follow the action rather than dwell on the individual figures.  The blind men resemble each other in dress and facial features, and they appear as if they succeed one another in a single movement culminating in a fall, beginning on the left with "rambling, then hesitation, alarm, stumbling, and finally falling".  The succession of heads follows a curve, and the further the succession, the greater the space between heads, suggesting increasing speed.  The steep roofs of the background houses contribute to the composition's feeling of motion.Art historian Gustav Glück noted incongruities in that the beggars are well-dressed and carry staves and full purses.  Academics Kenneth C. Lindsay and Bernard Huppé suggest Bruegel may have implied that the blind men represent false priests who ignored Christ's admonitions not to carry gold, purses, or staves; the leader carries a hurdy-gurdy, a musical instrument associated with beggars in Bruegel's time; this perhaps implies a false minstrel, one who sings praises not for God.The church in the background, identified as St. Anna's Church at Dilbeek in modern Belgium, has sparked much commentary.  One view holds that the church is evidence of the painting's moralistic intent—that while the first two blind men stumble and are beyond redemption, the other four are behind the church and thus may be saved.  Another interpretation has it that the church, with a withered tree placed before it, is an anti-Catholic symbol, and that those who follow it will fall following a blind leader as do the men in the ditch.  Others deny any symbolism in the church, noting that churches frequently appear in Bruegel's village scenes as they were a common part of the village landscape.  Medical researcher Zeynel A. Karcioglu suggests the church represents indifference to the plight of the handicapped.In contrast to the posed, static figures typical of paintings of the period, Bruegel suggests the trajectory of time and space through the accelerated movement of the figures.  Critics Charcot and Richer wrote that the concept of visualizing movement was not formulated until the 17th century, and that Bruegel prefigures motion pictures and Duchamp's Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2.  Karcioglu sees the painting as anticipating the 19th-century chronophotography of Étienne-Jules Marey.  Dutch film director Joris Ivens stated, "If Bruegel were alive today he would be a film director."

File:Der Blindensturz (Ausschnitt 2).jpg

category:Allegorical paintings by Dutch artists

File:Pieter Bruegel the Elder - The Parable of the Blind Leading the Blind (detail) - WGA3516.jpg

Detail of the second blind man falling. Ophthalmologists have determined his [[Enucleation of the eye

alt=A black-and-white illustration of a chaotic scene

alt=Detail of a painting. A man with no eyes and a white hat stumbles.

alt=Detailed painting of a variety of meat products in a Renaissance-era butcher's stall

The diagonal composition creates tension and gives a sense of movement.

Category:Paintings in the Museo di Capodimonte

alt=Painting detail of a church. Its steeple is to the left. A withered tree stands before the church.

Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba

File:A Meat Stall with the Holy Family Giving Alms - Pieter Aertsen - Google Cultural Institute.jpg

alt=Painting of a busy village scene; a detail in the background of a procession of three blind men is highlighted

alt=A painting of six blind men stumbling; a diagonal grid overlays the image

Bruegel demonstrates mastery of [[foreshortening

:File:Cornelis Massijs - Four Blind Peasants.tiff

alt=Painting detail of a man stumbling onto his back away from the viewer.

Category:Paintings of people with visual impairments

The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism

List of paintings by Pieter Bruegel the Elder

File:Brueghel - Sieben Laster - Gula.jpg

Category:Paintings based on New Testament parables

''Gluttony'', Bruegel, 1558. This early work follows the busy, fantastical work of [[Hieronymus Bosch

Bruegel earlier depicted [[the blind leading the blind

Category:Paintings by Pieter Bruegel the Elder

File:Pieter Bruegel the Elder - The Blind Leading the Blind - composition analysis.jpg

File:Pieter Bruegel the Elder - Netherlandish Proverbs - detail of blind men.jpg

File:Pieter Bruegel the Elder - The Parable of the Blind Leading the Blind (detail) - WGA3517.jpg

:File:Pieter van der Heyden 001 Rijksmuseum Amsterdam 01.jpg


The Blind Leading the Blind

Prompt: In The Blind Leading the Blind, how is the Analysis discussed?

Charles Bouleau wrote of the tension in Bruegel's compositional rhythms.  The picture is divided into nine equal parts divided by a set of parallel oblique lines.  These are divided by another network of lines at constant angles to the first.  The composition invites the reader to follow the action rather than dwell on the individual figures.  The blind men resemble each other in dress and facial features, and they appear as if they succeed one another in a single movement culminating in a fall, beginning on the left with "rambling, then hesitation, alarm, stumbling, and finally falling".  The succession of heads follows a curve, and the further the succession, the greater the space between heads, suggesting increasing speed.  The steep roofs of the background houses contribute to the composition's feeling of motion.Art historian Gustav Glück noted incongruities in that the beggars are well-dressed and carry staves and full purses.  Academics Kenneth C. Lindsay and Bernard Huppé suggest Bruegel may have implied that the blind men represent false priests who ignored Christ's admonitions not to carry gold, purses, or staves; the leader carries a hurdy-gurdy, a musical instrument associated with beggars in Bruegel's time; this perhaps implies a false minstrel, one who sings praises not for God.The church in the background, identified as St. Anna's Church at Dilbeek in modern Belgium, has sparked much commentary.  One view holds that the church is evidence of the painting's moralistic intent—that while the first two blind men stumble and are beyond redemption, the other four are behind the church and thus may be saved.  Another interpretation has it that the church, with a withered tree placed before it, is an anti-Catholic symbol, and that those who follow it will fall following a blind leader as do the men in the ditch.  Others deny any symbolism in the church, noting that churches frequently appear in Bruegel's village scenes as they were a common part of the village landscape.  Medical researcher Zeynel A. Karcioglu suggests the church represents indifference to the plight of the handicapped.In contrast to the posed, static figures typical of paintings of the period, Bruegel suggests the trajectory of time and space through the accelerated movement of the figures.  Critics Charcot and Richer wrote that the concept of visualizing movement was not formulated until the 17th century, and that Bruegel prefigures motion pictures and Duchamp's Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2.  Karcioglu sees the painting as anticipating the 19th-century chronophotography of Étienne-Jules Marey.  Dutch film director Joris Ivens stated, "If Bruegel were alive today he would be a film director."

File:Der Blindensturz (Ausschnitt 2).jpg

category:Allegorical paintings by Dutch artists

File:Pieter Bruegel the Elder - The Parable of the Blind Leading the Blind (detail) - WGA3516.jpg

Detail of the second blind man falling. Ophthalmologists have determined his [[Enucleation of the eye

alt=A black-and-white illustration of a chaotic scene

alt=Detail of a painting. A man with no eyes and a white hat stumbles.

alt=Detailed painting of a variety of meat products in a Renaissance-era butcher's stall

The diagonal composition creates tension and gives a sense of movement.

Category:Paintings in the Museo di Capodimonte

alt=Painting detail of a church. Its steeple is to the left. A withered tree stands before the church.

Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba

File:A Meat Stall with the Holy Family Giving Alms - Pieter Aertsen - Google Cultural Institute.jpg

alt=Painting of a busy village scene; a detail in the background of a procession of three blind men is highlighted

alt=A painting of six blind men stumbling; a diagonal grid overlays the image

Bruegel demonstrates mastery of [[foreshortening

:File:Cornelis Massijs - Four Blind Peasants.tiff

alt=Painting detail of a man stumbling onto his back away from the viewer.

Category:Paintings of people with visual impairments

The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism

List of paintings by Pieter Bruegel the Elder

File:Brueghel - Sieben Laster - Gula.jpg

Category:Paintings based on New Testament parables

''Gluttony'', Bruegel, 1558. This early work follows the busy, fantastical work of [[Hieronymus Bosch

Bruegel earlier depicted [[the blind leading the blind

Category:Paintings by Pieter Bruegel the Elder

File:Pieter Bruegel the Elder - The Blind Leading the Blind - composition analysis.jpg

File:Pieter Bruegel the Elder - Netherlandish Proverbs - detail of blind men.jpg

File:Pieter Bruegel the Elder - The Parable of the Blind Leading the Blind (detail) - WGA3517.jpg

:File:Pieter van der Heyden 001 Rijksmuseum Amsterdam 01.jpg


The Blind Leading the Blind

Prompt: Focus on The Blind Leading the Blind and explain the Legacy.

The Blind Leading the Blind has been considered one of the great masterpieces of painting.  Bruegel's is the earliest surviving painting whose subject is the parable of the blind leading the blind, though there are earlier engravings from the Low Countries known that Bruegel was likely aware of, including one attributed to Bosch, and another by Cornelis Massijs.  Bruegel's paintings have enjoyed worldwide popularity and have been the subjects of scholarly works in disciplines even outside the arts, such as medicine.Bruegel's depictions of beggars in paintings such as The Blind Leading the Blind left a strong influence on those who followed him, such as David Vinckboons. Hieronymus Wierix incorporated a copy of The Blind Leading the Blind into the series Twelve Flemish Proverbs.  A forgery attributed to Jacob Savery called The Blind appeared c. 1600 bearing a false inscription dating it 1562.  Bruegel's son Pieter Brueghel the Younger painted a larger copy in c. 1616 with extra details, including a flock of sheep, that hangs in the Louvre; this copy was in the collection of Ferdinando Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua, patron of Italian Baroque painter Domenico Fetti, who may have been influenced by the painting when he executed his own version of the parable around 1621–22.Paintings inspired by Bruegel's The Blind Leading the BlindThe painting has been the subject of poetry, including works by the Germans Josef Weinheber and Walter Bauer, and Frenchman Charles Baudelaire's "The Blind". American William Carlos Williams wrote a series of poems on Bruegel's paintings; his "Parable of the Blind" focuses on the meaning of The Blind's composition—a word that appears three times in the poems eight tercets.  The figures stumble diagonally downward, and—                         ... onefollows the other stick inhand triumphant to disasterBruegel's painting served as a model for Belgian playwright Maurice Maeterlinck's one-act The Blind. West German writer Gert Hofmann's 1985 novel The Parable of the Blind features Bruegel and the six blind men: to accomplish a realistic portrayal, Bruegel repeatedly has the men cross a bridge and fall into a creek in midwinter until their expressions achieve the desolation Bruegel believes represents the human condition. A 1987 historical novel Bruegel, or the Workshop of Dreams by Claude-Henri Rocquet has Bruegel painting the blind out of fear of losing his own eyesight.French cartoonist F'Murr's comic strip Les Aveugles (1991) was inspired by Bruegel's painting.

File:Der Blindensturz (Ausschnitt 2).jpg

category:Allegorical paintings by Dutch artists

File:Pieter Bruegel the Elder - The Parable of the Blind Leading the Blind (detail) - WGA3516.jpg

Detail of the second blind man falling. Ophthalmologists have determined his [[Enucleation of the eye

alt=A black-and-white illustration of a chaotic scene

alt=Detail of a painting. A man with no eyes and a white hat stumbles.

alt=Detailed painting of a variety of meat products in a Renaissance-era butcher's stall

The diagonal composition creates tension and gives a sense of movement.

Category:Paintings in the Museo di Capodimonte

alt=Painting detail of a church. Its steeple is to the left. A withered tree stands before the church.

Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba

File:A Meat Stall with the Holy Family Giving Alms - Pieter Aertsen - Google Cultural Institute.jpg

alt=Painting of a busy village scene; a detail in the background of a procession of three blind men is highlighted

alt=A painting of six blind men stumbling; a diagonal grid overlays the image

Bruegel demonstrates mastery of [[foreshortening

:File:Cornelis Massijs - Four Blind Peasants.tiff

alt=Painting detail of a man stumbling onto his back away from the viewer.

Category:Paintings of people with visual impairments

The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism

List of paintings by Pieter Bruegel the Elder

File:Brueghel - Sieben Laster - Gula.jpg

Category:Paintings based on New Testament parables

''Gluttony'', Bruegel, 1558. This early work follows the busy, fantastical work of [[Hieronymus Bosch

Bruegel earlier depicted [[the blind leading the blind

Category:Paintings by Pieter Bruegel the Elder

File:Pieter Bruegel the Elder - The Blind Leading the Blind - composition analysis.jpg

File:Pieter Bruegel the Elder - Netherlandish Proverbs - detail of blind men.jpg

File:Pieter Bruegel the Elder - The Parable of the Blind Leading the Blind (detail) - WGA3517.jpg

:File:Pieter van der Heyden 001 Rijksmuseum Amsterdam 01.jpg


The Blind Leading the Blind

Prompt: Explain the Legacy of this artwork, The Blind Leading the Blind.

The Blind Leading the Blind has been considered one of the great masterpieces of painting.  Bruegel's is the earliest surviving painting whose subject is the parable of the blind leading the blind, though there are earlier engravings from the Low Countries known that Bruegel was likely aware of, including one attributed to Bosch, and another by Cornelis Massijs.  Bruegel's paintings have enjoyed worldwide popularity and have been the subjects of scholarly works in disciplines even outside the arts, such as medicine.Bruegel's depictions of beggars in paintings such as The Blind Leading the Blind left a strong influence on those who followed him, such as David Vinckboons. Hieronymus Wierix incorporated a copy of The Blind Leading the Blind into the series Twelve Flemish Proverbs.  A forgery attributed to Jacob Savery called The Blind appeared c. 1600 bearing a false inscription dating it 1562.  Bruegel's son Pieter Brueghel the Younger painted a larger copy in c. 1616 with extra details, including a flock of sheep, that hangs in the Louvre; this copy was in the collection of Ferdinando Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua, patron of Italian Baroque painter Domenico Fetti, who may have been influenced by the painting when he executed his own version of the parable around 1621–22.Paintings inspired by Bruegel's The Blind Leading the BlindThe painting has been the subject of poetry, including works by the Germans Josef Weinheber and Walter Bauer, and Frenchman Charles Baudelaire's "The Blind". American William Carlos Williams wrote a series of poems on Bruegel's paintings; his "Parable of the Blind" focuses on the meaning of The Blind's composition—a word that appears three times in the poems eight tercets.  The figures stumble diagonally downward, and—                         ... onefollows the other stick inhand triumphant to disasterBruegel's painting served as a model for Belgian playwright Maurice Maeterlinck's one-act The Blind. West German writer Gert Hofmann's 1985 novel The Parable of the Blind features Bruegel and the six blind men: to accomplish a realistic portrayal, Bruegel repeatedly has the men cross a bridge and fall into a creek in midwinter until their expressions achieve the desolation Bruegel believes represents the human condition. A 1987 historical novel Bruegel, or the Workshop of Dreams by Claude-Henri Rocquet has Bruegel painting the blind out of fear of losing his own eyesight.French cartoonist F'Murr's comic strip Les Aveugles (1991) was inspired by Bruegel's painting.

File:Der Blindensturz (Ausschnitt 2).jpg

category:Allegorical paintings by Dutch artists

File:Pieter Bruegel the Elder - The Parable of the Blind Leading the Blind (detail) - WGA3516.jpg

Detail of the second blind man falling. Ophthalmologists have determined his [[Enucleation of the eye

alt=A black-and-white illustration of a chaotic scene

alt=Detail of a painting. A man with no eyes and a white hat stumbles.

alt=Detailed painting of a variety of meat products in a Renaissance-era butcher's stall

The diagonal composition creates tension and gives a sense of movement.

Category:Paintings in the Museo di Capodimonte

alt=Painting detail of a church. Its steeple is to the left. A withered tree stands before the church.

Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba

File:A Meat Stall with the Holy Family Giving Alms - Pieter Aertsen - Google Cultural Institute.jpg

alt=Painting of a busy village scene; a detail in the background of a procession of three blind men is highlighted

alt=A painting of six blind men stumbling; a diagonal grid overlays the image

Bruegel demonstrates mastery of [[foreshortening

:File:Cornelis Massijs - Four Blind Peasants.tiff

alt=Painting detail of a man stumbling onto his back away from the viewer.

Category:Paintings of people with visual impairments

The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism

List of paintings by Pieter Bruegel the Elder

File:Brueghel - Sieben Laster - Gula.jpg

Category:Paintings based on New Testament parables

''Gluttony'', Bruegel, 1558. This early work follows the busy, fantastical work of [[Hieronymus Bosch

Bruegel earlier depicted [[the blind leading the blind

Category:Paintings by Pieter Bruegel the Elder

File:Pieter Bruegel the Elder - The Blind Leading the Blind - composition analysis.jpg

File:Pieter Bruegel the Elder - Netherlandish Proverbs - detail of blind men.jpg

File:Pieter Bruegel the Elder - The Parable of the Blind Leading the Blind (detail) - WGA3517.jpg

:File:Pieter van der Heyden 001 Rijksmuseum Amsterdam 01.jpg


The Blind Leading the Blind

Prompt: How does The Blind Leading the Blind explain its Legacy?

The Blind Leading the Blind has been considered one of the great masterpieces of painting.  Bruegel's is the earliest surviving painting whose subject is the parable of the blind leading the blind, though there are earlier engravings from the Low Countries known that Bruegel was likely aware of, including one attributed to Bosch, and another by Cornelis Massijs.  Bruegel's paintings have enjoyed worldwide popularity and have been the subjects of scholarly works in disciplines even outside the arts, such as medicine.Bruegel's depictions of beggars in paintings such as The Blind Leading the Blind left a strong influence on those who followed him, such as David Vinckboons. Hieronymus Wierix incorporated a copy of The Blind Leading the Blind into the series Twelve Flemish Proverbs.  A forgery attributed to Jacob Savery called The Blind appeared c. 1600 bearing a false inscription dating it 1562.  Bruegel's son Pieter Brueghel the Younger painted a larger copy in c. 1616 with extra details, including a flock of sheep, that hangs in the Louvre; this copy was in the collection of Ferdinando Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua, patron of Italian Baroque painter Domenico Fetti, who may have been influenced by the painting when he executed his own version of the parable around 1621–22.Paintings inspired by Bruegel's The Blind Leading the BlindThe painting has been the subject of poetry, including works by the Germans Josef Weinheber and Walter Bauer, and Frenchman Charles Baudelaire's "The Blind". American William Carlos Williams wrote a series of poems on Bruegel's paintings; his "Parable of the Blind" focuses on the meaning of The Blind's composition—a word that appears three times in the poems eight tercets.  The figures stumble diagonally downward, and—                         ... onefollows the other stick inhand triumphant to disasterBruegel's painting served as a model for Belgian playwright Maurice Maeterlinck's one-act The Blind. West German writer Gert Hofmann's 1985 novel The Parable of the Blind features Bruegel and the six blind men: to accomplish a realistic portrayal, Bruegel repeatedly has the men cross a bridge and fall into a creek in midwinter until their expressions achieve the desolation Bruegel believes represents the human condition. A 1987 historical novel Bruegel, or the Workshop of Dreams by Claude-Henri Rocquet has Bruegel painting the blind out of fear of losing his own eyesight.French cartoonist F'Murr's comic strip Les Aveugles (1991) was inspired by Bruegel's painting.

File:Der Blindensturz (Ausschnitt 2).jpg

category:Allegorical paintings by Dutch artists

File:Pieter Bruegel the Elder - The Parable of the Blind Leading the Blind (detail) - WGA3516.jpg

Detail of the second blind man falling. Ophthalmologists have determined his [[Enucleation of the eye

alt=A black-and-white illustration of a chaotic scene

alt=Detail of a painting. A man with no eyes and a white hat stumbles.

alt=Detailed painting of a variety of meat products in a Renaissance-era butcher's stall

The diagonal composition creates tension and gives a sense of movement.

Category:Paintings in the Museo di Capodimonte

alt=Painting detail of a church. Its steeple is to the left. A withered tree stands before the church.

Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba

File:A Meat Stall with the Holy Family Giving Alms - Pieter Aertsen - Google Cultural Institute.jpg

alt=Painting of a busy village scene; a detail in the background of a procession of three blind men is highlighted

alt=A painting of six blind men stumbling; a diagonal grid overlays the image

Bruegel demonstrates mastery of [[foreshortening

:File:Cornelis Massijs - Four Blind Peasants.tiff

alt=Painting detail of a man stumbling onto his back away from the viewer.

Category:Paintings of people with visual impairments

The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism

List of paintings by Pieter Bruegel the Elder

File:Brueghel - Sieben Laster - Gula.jpg

Category:Paintings based on New Testament parables

''Gluttony'', Bruegel, 1558. This early work follows the busy, fantastical work of [[Hieronymus Bosch

Bruegel earlier depicted [[the blind leading the blind

Category:Paintings by Pieter Bruegel the Elder

File:Pieter Bruegel the Elder - The Blind Leading the Blind - composition analysis.jpg

File:Pieter Bruegel the Elder - Netherlandish Proverbs - detail of blind men.jpg

File:Pieter Bruegel the Elder - The Parable of the Blind Leading the Blind (detail) - WGA3517.jpg

:File:Pieter van der Heyden 001 Rijksmuseum Amsterdam 01.jpg


The Blind Leading the Blind

Prompt: In The Blind Leading the Blind, how is the Legacy discussed?

The Blind Leading the Blind has been considered one of the great masterpieces of painting.  Bruegel's is the earliest surviving painting whose subject is the parable of the blind leading the blind, though there are earlier engravings from the Low Countries known that Bruegel was likely aware of, including one attributed to Bosch, and another by Cornelis Massijs.  Bruegel's paintings have enjoyed worldwide popularity and have been the subjects of scholarly works in disciplines even outside the arts, such as medicine.Bruegel's depictions of beggars in paintings such as The Blind Leading the Blind left a strong influence on those who followed him, such as David Vinckboons. Hieronymus Wierix incorporated a copy of The Blind Leading the Blind into the series Twelve Flemish Proverbs.  A forgery attributed to Jacob Savery called The Blind appeared c. 1600 bearing a false inscription dating it 1562.  Bruegel's son Pieter Brueghel the Younger painted a larger copy in c. 1616 with extra details, including a flock of sheep, that hangs in the Louvre; this copy was in the collection of Ferdinando Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua, patron of Italian Baroque painter Domenico Fetti, who may have been influenced by the painting when he executed his own version of the parable around 1621–22.Paintings inspired by Bruegel's The Blind Leading the BlindThe painting has been the subject of poetry, including works by the Germans Josef Weinheber and Walter Bauer, and Frenchman Charles Baudelaire's "The Blind". American William Carlos Williams wrote a series of poems on Bruegel's paintings; his "Parable of the Blind" focuses on the meaning of The Blind's composition—a word that appears three times in the poems eight tercets.  The figures stumble diagonally downward, and—                         ... onefollows the other stick inhand triumphant to disasterBruegel's painting served as a model for Belgian playwright Maurice Maeterlinck's one-act The Blind. West German writer Gert Hofmann's 1985 novel The Parable of the Blind features Bruegel and the six blind men: to accomplish a realistic portrayal, Bruegel repeatedly has the men cross a bridge and fall into a creek in midwinter until their expressions achieve the desolation Bruegel believes represents the human condition. A 1987 historical novel Bruegel, or the Workshop of Dreams by Claude-Henri Rocquet has Bruegel painting the blind out of fear of losing his own eyesight.French cartoonist F'Murr's comic strip Les Aveugles (1991) was inspired by Bruegel's painting.

File:Der Blindensturz (Ausschnitt 2).jpg

category:Allegorical paintings by Dutch artists

File:Pieter Bruegel the Elder - The Parable of the Blind Leading the Blind (detail) - WGA3516.jpg

Detail of the second blind man falling. Ophthalmologists have determined his [[Enucleation of the eye

alt=A black-and-white illustration of a chaotic scene

alt=Detail of a painting. A man with no eyes and a white hat stumbles.

alt=Detailed painting of a variety of meat products in a Renaissance-era butcher's stall

The diagonal composition creates tension and gives a sense of movement.

Category:Paintings in the Museo di Capodimonte

alt=Painting detail of a church. Its steeple is to the left. A withered tree stands before the church.

Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba

File:A Meat Stall with the Holy Family Giving Alms - Pieter Aertsen - Google Cultural Institute.jpg

alt=Painting of a busy village scene; a detail in the background of a procession of three blind men is highlighted

alt=A painting of six blind men stumbling; a diagonal grid overlays the image

Bruegel demonstrates mastery of [[foreshortening

:File:Cornelis Massijs - Four Blind Peasants.tiff

alt=Painting detail of a man stumbling onto his back away from the viewer.

Category:Paintings of people with visual impairments

The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism

List of paintings by Pieter Bruegel the Elder

File:Brueghel - Sieben Laster - Gula.jpg

Category:Paintings based on New Testament parables

''Gluttony'', Bruegel, 1558. This early work follows the busy, fantastical work of [[Hieronymus Bosch

Bruegel earlier depicted [[the blind leading the blind

Category:Paintings by Pieter Bruegel the Elder

File:Pieter Bruegel the Elder - The Blind Leading the Blind - composition analysis.jpg

File:Pieter Bruegel the Elder - Netherlandish Proverbs - detail of blind men.jpg

File:Pieter Bruegel the Elder - The Parable of the Blind Leading the Blind (detail) - WGA3517.jpg

:File:Pieter van der Heyden 001 Rijksmuseum Amsterdam 01.jpg


The Blind Leading the Blind

Prompt: Focus on The Blind Leading the Blind and explain the Provenance.

The Blind Leading the Blind and The Misanthrope were discovered in the collection of the Count Giovanni Battista Masi of Parma in 1612, when Ranuccio I Farnese, Duke of Parma confiscated Masi's property for his part in a conspiracy against the House of Farnese.  How the painting arrived in Italy is uncertain, though it is known that Masi's father Cosimo returned from the Netherlands in 1595 with a number of Netherlandish paintings.  The Farnese art collection came to be one of the largest of the Renaissance era, divided amongst the Farnese residences in Parma and Rome.In the 18th century, Charles III of Spain inherited the collection from his mother, Elisabeth Farnese, heiress of the Duchy of Parma in north Italy, who became Queen consort of Spain.  As a younger son, Charles had been made Duke of Parma, then boldly seized the Kingdom of Naples, becoming Charles VII of Naples, before inheriting the Spanish throne.  Charles housed the collection in what is now the National Museum of Capodimonte in Naples.  The painting hangs in the Capodimonte with The Misanthrope, as part of the Farnese collection.

File:Der Blindensturz (Ausschnitt 2).jpg

category:Allegorical paintings by Dutch artists

File:Pieter Bruegel the Elder - The Parable of the Blind Leading the Blind (detail) - WGA3516.jpg

Detail of the second blind man falling. Ophthalmologists have determined his [[Enucleation of the eye

alt=A black-and-white illustration of a chaotic scene

alt=Detail of a painting. A man with no eyes and a white hat stumbles.

alt=Detailed painting of a variety of meat products in a Renaissance-era butcher's stall

The diagonal composition creates tension and gives a sense of movement.

Category:Paintings in the Museo di Capodimonte

alt=Painting detail of a church. Its steeple is to the left. A withered tree stands before the church.

Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba

File:A Meat Stall with the Holy Family Giving Alms - Pieter Aertsen - Google Cultural Institute.jpg

alt=Painting of a busy village scene; a detail in the background of a procession of three blind men is highlighted

alt=A painting of six blind men stumbling; a diagonal grid overlays the image

Bruegel demonstrates mastery of [[foreshortening

:File:Cornelis Massijs - Four Blind Peasants.tiff

alt=Painting detail of a man stumbling onto his back away from the viewer.

Category:Paintings of people with visual impairments

The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism

List of paintings by Pieter Bruegel the Elder

File:Brueghel - Sieben Laster - Gula.jpg

Category:Paintings based on New Testament parables

''Gluttony'', Bruegel, 1558. This early work follows the busy, fantastical work of [[Hieronymus Bosch

Bruegel earlier depicted [[the blind leading the blind

Category:Paintings by Pieter Bruegel the Elder

File:Pieter Bruegel the Elder - The Blind Leading the Blind - composition analysis.jpg

File:Pieter Bruegel the Elder - Netherlandish Proverbs - detail of blind men.jpg

File:Pieter Bruegel the Elder - The Parable of the Blind Leading the Blind (detail) - WGA3517.jpg

:File:Pieter van der Heyden 001 Rijksmuseum Amsterdam 01.jpg


The Blind Leading the Blind

Prompt: Explain the Provenance of this artwork, The Blind Leading the Blind.

The Blind Leading the Blind and The Misanthrope were discovered in the collection of the Count Giovanni Battista Masi of Parma in 1612, when Ranuccio I Farnese, Duke of Parma confiscated Masi's property for his part in a conspiracy against the House of Farnese.  How the painting arrived in Italy is uncertain, though it is known that Masi's father Cosimo returned from the Netherlands in 1595 with a number of Netherlandish paintings.  The Farnese art collection came to be one of the largest of the Renaissance era, divided amongst the Farnese residences in Parma and Rome.In the 18th century, Charles III of Spain inherited the collection from his mother, Elisabeth Farnese, heiress of the Duchy of Parma in north Italy, who became Queen consort of Spain.  As a younger son, Charles had been made Duke of Parma, then boldly seized the Kingdom of Naples, becoming Charles VII of Naples, before inheriting the Spanish throne.  Charles housed the collection in what is now the National Museum of Capodimonte in Naples.  The painting hangs in the Capodimonte with The Misanthrope, as part of the Farnese collection.

File:Der Blindensturz (Ausschnitt 2).jpg

category:Allegorical paintings by Dutch artists

File:Pieter Bruegel the Elder - The Parable of the Blind Leading the Blind (detail) - WGA3516.jpg

Detail of the second blind man falling. Ophthalmologists have determined his [[Enucleation of the eye

alt=A black-and-white illustration of a chaotic scene

alt=Detail of a painting. A man with no eyes and a white hat stumbles.

alt=Detailed painting of a variety of meat products in a Renaissance-era butcher's stall

The diagonal composition creates tension and gives a sense of movement.

Category:Paintings in the Museo di Capodimonte

alt=Painting detail of a church. Its steeple is to the left. A withered tree stands before the church.

Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba

File:A Meat Stall with the Holy Family Giving Alms - Pieter Aertsen - Google Cultural Institute.jpg

alt=Painting of a busy village scene; a detail in the background of a procession of three blind men is highlighted

alt=A painting of six blind men stumbling; a diagonal grid overlays the image

Bruegel demonstrates mastery of [[foreshortening

:File:Cornelis Massijs - Four Blind Peasants.tiff

alt=Painting detail of a man stumbling onto his back away from the viewer.

Category:Paintings of people with visual impairments

The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism

List of paintings by Pieter Bruegel the Elder

File:Brueghel - Sieben Laster - Gula.jpg

Category:Paintings based on New Testament parables

''Gluttony'', Bruegel, 1558. This early work follows the busy, fantastical work of [[Hieronymus Bosch

Bruegel earlier depicted [[the blind leading the blind

Category:Paintings by Pieter Bruegel the Elder

File:Pieter Bruegel the Elder - The Blind Leading the Blind - composition analysis.jpg

File:Pieter Bruegel the Elder - Netherlandish Proverbs - detail of blind men.jpg

File:Pieter Bruegel the Elder - The Parable of the Blind Leading the Blind (detail) - WGA3517.jpg

:File:Pieter van der Heyden 001 Rijksmuseum Amsterdam 01.jpg


The Blind Leading the Blind

Prompt: How does The Blind Leading the Blind explain its Provenance?

The Blind Leading the Blind and The Misanthrope were discovered in the collection of the Count Giovanni Battista Masi of Parma in 1612, when Ranuccio I Farnese, Duke of Parma confiscated Masi's property for his part in a conspiracy against the House of Farnese.  How the painting arrived in Italy is uncertain, though it is known that Masi's father Cosimo returned from the Netherlands in 1595 with a number of Netherlandish paintings.  The Farnese art collection came to be one of the largest of the Renaissance era, divided amongst the Farnese residences in Parma and Rome.In the 18th century, Charles III of Spain inherited the collection from his mother, Elisabeth Farnese, heiress of the Duchy of Parma in north Italy, who became Queen consort of Spain.  As a younger son, Charles had been made Duke of Parma, then boldly seized the Kingdom of Naples, becoming Charles VII of Naples, before inheriting the Spanish throne.  Charles housed the collection in what is now the National Museum of Capodimonte in Naples.  The painting hangs in the Capodimonte with The Misanthrope, as part of the Farnese collection.

File:Der Blindensturz (Ausschnitt 2).jpg

category:Allegorical paintings by Dutch artists

File:Pieter Bruegel the Elder - The Parable of the Blind Leading the Blind (detail) - WGA3516.jpg

Detail of the second blind man falling. Ophthalmologists have determined his [[Enucleation of the eye

alt=A black-and-white illustration of a chaotic scene

alt=Detail of a painting. A man with no eyes and a white hat stumbles.

alt=Detailed painting of a variety of meat products in a Renaissance-era butcher's stall

The diagonal composition creates tension and gives a sense of movement.

Category:Paintings in the Museo di Capodimonte

alt=Painting detail of a church. Its steeple is to the left. A withered tree stands before the church.

Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba

File:A Meat Stall with the Holy Family Giving Alms - Pieter Aertsen - Google Cultural Institute.jpg

alt=Painting of a busy village scene; a detail in the background of a procession of three blind men is highlighted

alt=A painting of six blind men stumbling; a diagonal grid overlays the image

Bruegel demonstrates mastery of [[foreshortening

:File:Cornelis Massijs - Four Blind Peasants.tiff

alt=Painting detail of a man stumbling onto his back away from the viewer.

Category:Paintings of people with visual impairments

The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism

List of paintings by Pieter Bruegel the Elder

File:Brueghel - Sieben Laster - Gula.jpg

Category:Paintings based on New Testament parables

''Gluttony'', Bruegel, 1558. This early work follows the busy, fantastical work of [[Hieronymus Bosch

Bruegel earlier depicted [[the blind leading the blind

Category:Paintings by Pieter Bruegel the Elder

File:Pieter Bruegel the Elder - The Blind Leading the Blind - composition analysis.jpg

File:Pieter Bruegel the Elder - Netherlandish Proverbs - detail of blind men.jpg

File:Pieter Bruegel the Elder - The Parable of the Blind Leading the Blind (detail) - WGA3517.jpg

:File:Pieter van der Heyden 001 Rijksmuseum Amsterdam 01.jpg


The Blind Leading the Blind

Prompt: In The Blind Leading the Blind, how is the Provenance discussed?

The Blind Leading the Blind and The Misanthrope were discovered in the collection of the Count Giovanni Battista Masi of Parma in 1612, when Ranuccio I Farnese, Duke of Parma confiscated Masi's property for his part in a conspiracy against the House of Farnese.  How the painting arrived in Italy is uncertain, though it is known that Masi's father Cosimo returned from the Netherlands in 1595 with a number of Netherlandish paintings.  The Farnese art collection came to be one of the largest of the Renaissance era, divided amongst the Farnese residences in Parma and Rome.In the 18th century, Charles III of Spain inherited the collection from his mother, Elisabeth Farnese, heiress of the Duchy of Parma in north Italy, who became Queen consort of Spain.  As a younger son, Charles had been made Duke of Parma, then boldly seized the Kingdom of Naples, becoming Charles VII of Naples, before inheriting the Spanish throne.  Charles housed the collection in what is now the National Museum of Capodimonte in Naples.  The painting hangs in the Capodimonte with The Misanthrope, as part of the Farnese collection.

File:Der Blindensturz (Ausschnitt 2).jpg

category:Allegorical paintings by Dutch artists

File:Pieter Bruegel the Elder - The Parable of the Blind Leading the Blind (detail) - WGA3516.jpg

Detail of the second blind man falling. Ophthalmologists have determined his [[Enucleation of the eye

alt=A black-and-white illustration of a chaotic scene

alt=Detail of a painting. A man with no eyes and a white hat stumbles.

alt=Detailed painting of a variety of meat products in a Renaissance-era butcher's stall

The diagonal composition creates tension and gives a sense of movement.

Category:Paintings in the Museo di Capodimonte

alt=Painting detail of a church. Its steeple is to the left. A withered tree stands before the church.

Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba

File:A Meat Stall with the Holy Family Giving Alms - Pieter Aertsen - Google Cultural Institute.jpg

alt=Painting of a busy village scene; a detail in the background of a procession of three blind men is highlighted

alt=A painting of six blind men stumbling; a diagonal grid overlays the image

Bruegel demonstrates mastery of [[foreshortening

:File:Cornelis Massijs - Four Blind Peasants.tiff

alt=Painting detail of a man stumbling onto his back away from the viewer.

Category:Paintings of people with visual impairments

The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism

List of paintings by Pieter Bruegel the Elder

File:Brueghel - Sieben Laster - Gula.jpg

Category:Paintings based on New Testament parables

''Gluttony'', Bruegel, 1558. This early work follows the busy, fantastical work of [[Hieronymus Bosch

Bruegel earlier depicted [[the blind leading the blind

Category:Paintings by Pieter Bruegel the Elder

File:Pieter Bruegel the Elder - The Blind Leading the Blind - composition analysis.jpg

File:Pieter Bruegel the Elder - Netherlandish Proverbs - detail of blind men.jpg

File:Pieter Bruegel the Elder - The Parable of the Blind Leading the Blind (detail) - WGA3517.jpg

:File:Pieter van der Heyden 001 Rijksmuseum Amsterdam 01.jpg


Landscape with the Fall of Icarus

Prompt: Focus on Landscape with the Fall of Icarus and explain the abstract.

Landscape with the Fall of Icarus is a painting in oil on canvas measuring 73.5 by 112 centimetres (28.9 in × 44.1 in) now in the Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium in Brussels. It was long thought to be by the leading painter of Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting, Pieter Bruegel the Elder. However, following technical examinations in 1996 of the painting hanging in the Brussels museum, that attribution is regarded as very doubtful, and the painting, perhaps painted in the 1560s, is now usually seen as a good early copy by an unknown artist of Bruegel's lost original, perhaps from about 1558.  According to the museum: "It is doubtful the execution is by Bruegel the Elder, but the composition can be said with certainty to be his", although recent technical research has re-opened the question.Largely derived from Ovid, the painting is described in W. H. Auden's famous poem "Musée des Beaux-Arts", named after the museum in Brussels which holds the painting, and became the subject of a poem of the same name by William Carlos Williams, as well as "Lines on Bruegel's 'Icarus'" by Michael Hamburger.Though the world landscape, a type of work with the title subject represented by small figures in the distance, was an established type in Early Netherlandish painting, pioneered by Joachim Patinir, to have a much larger unrelated "genre" figure in the foreground is original and represents something of a blow against the emerging hierarchy of genres.  Other landscapes by Bruegel, for example The Hunters in the Snow (1565) and others in that series of paintings showing the seasons, show genre figures in a raised foreground, but not so large relative to the size of the image, nor with a subject from a "higher" class of painting in the background.However, paintings from the same period by the Antwerp artist Pieter Aertsen had large kitchen or market genre scenes, with large figures in the foreground, and in the distant background a glimpse of a scene from the Life of Christ.  Giving more prominence to "low" subject-matter than "high" in the same work is a feature of some Northern Mannerist art, often called "Mannerist inversion".  The traditional moral of the Icarus story, warning against excessive ambition, is reinforced by (literally) fore-grounding humbler figures who appear content to fill useful agricultural roles in life.

Category:Paintings in the Musée Oldmasters

File:Fall of Icarus - Brueghel -Museum van Buuren.jpg

''Landscape with The Fall of Icarus'', ca. 1590–95, oil  on wood ({{convert

cm}}), Circle of P. Bruegel the Elder, [[Museum van Buuren

Landscape with the Fall of Icarus (poem)

Coltrane Gilman and Michael Gnat* in front of Bruegel's painting. ''Round Went the Wheel'' by Frank Ceruzzi; directed by Janet Bentley. Broadway Bound Festival 2019. Photo: Emily Hewitt. (*Appears courtesy of Actors' Equity Association.)

File:Der Sturz des Ikarus (Ausschnitt).jpg

Category:Paintings by Pieter Bruegel the Elder

Category:Paintings based on Metamorphoses


Landscape with the Fall of Icarus

Prompt: Explain the abstract of this artwork, Landscape with the Fall of Icarus.

Landscape with the Fall of Icarus is a painting in oil on canvas measuring 73.5 by 112 centimetres (28.9 in × 44.1 in) now in the Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium in Brussels. It was long thought to be by the leading painter of Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting, Pieter Bruegel the Elder. However, following technical examinations in 1996 of the painting hanging in the Brussels museum, that attribution is regarded as very doubtful, and the painting, perhaps painted in the 1560s, is now usually seen as a good early copy by an unknown artist of Bruegel's lost original, perhaps from about 1558.  According to the museum: "It is doubtful the execution is by Bruegel the Elder, but the composition can be said with certainty to be his", although recent technical research has re-opened the question.Largely derived from Ovid, the painting is described in W. H. Auden's famous poem "Musée des Beaux-Arts", named after the museum in Brussels which holds the painting, and became the subject of a poem of the same name by William Carlos Williams, as well as "Lines on Bruegel's 'Icarus'" by Michael Hamburger.Though the world landscape, a type of work with the title subject represented by small figures in the distance, was an established type in Early Netherlandish painting, pioneered by Joachim Patinir, to have a much larger unrelated "genre" figure in the foreground is original and represents something of a blow against the emerging hierarchy of genres.  Other landscapes by Bruegel, for example The Hunters in the Snow (1565) and others in that series of paintings showing the seasons, show genre figures in a raised foreground, but not so large relative to the size of the image, nor with a subject from a "higher" class of painting in the background.However, paintings from the same period by the Antwerp artist Pieter Aertsen had large kitchen or market genre scenes, with large figures in the foreground, and in the distant background a glimpse of a scene from the Life of Christ.  Giving more prominence to "low" subject-matter than "high" in the same work is a feature of some Northern Mannerist art, often called "Mannerist inversion".  The traditional moral of the Icarus story, warning against excessive ambition, is reinforced by (literally) fore-grounding humbler figures who appear content to fill useful agricultural roles in life.

Category:Paintings in the Musée Oldmasters

File:Fall of Icarus - Brueghel -Museum van Buuren.jpg

''Landscape with The Fall of Icarus'', ca. 1590–95, oil  on wood ({{convert

cm}}), Circle of P. Bruegel the Elder, [[Museum van Buuren

Landscape with the Fall of Icarus (poem)

Coltrane Gilman and Michael Gnat* in front of Bruegel's painting. ''Round Went the Wheel'' by Frank Ceruzzi; directed by Janet Bentley. Broadway Bound Festival 2019. Photo: Emily Hewitt. (*Appears courtesy of Actors' Equity Association.)

File:Der Sturz des Ikarus (Ausschnitt).jpg

Category:Paintings by Pieter Bruegel the Elder

Category:Paintings based on Metamorphoses


Landscape with the Fall of Icarus

Prompt: How does Landscape with the Fall of Icarus explain its abstract?

Landscape with the Fall of Icarus is a painting in oil on canvas measuring 73.5 by 112 centimetres (28.9 in × 44.1 in) now in the Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium in Brussels. It was long thought to be by the leading painter of Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting, Pieter Bruegel the Elder. However, following technical examinations in 1996 of the painting hanging in the Brussels museum, that attribution is regarded as very doubtful, and the painting, perhaps painted in the 1560s, is now usually seen as a good early copy by an unknown artist of Bruegel's lost original, perhaps from about 1558.  According to the museum: "It is doubtful the execution is by Bruegel the Elder, but the composition can be said with certainty to be his", although recent technical research has re-opened the question.Largely derived from Ovid, the painting is described in W. H. Auden's famous poem "Musée des Beaux-Arts", named after the museum in Brussels which holds the painting, and became the subject of a poem of the same name by William Carlos Williams, as well as "Lines on Bruegel's 'Icarus'" by Michael Hamburger.Though the world landscape, a type of work with the title subject represented by small figures in the distance, was an established type in Early Netherlandish painting, pioneered by Joachim Patinir, to have a much larger unrelated "genre" figure in the foreground is original and represents something of a blow against the emerging hierarchy of genres.  Other landscapes by Bruegel, for example The Hunters in the Snow (1565) and others in that series of paintings showing the seasons, show genre figures in a raised foreground, but not so large relative to the size of the image, nor with a subject from a "higher" class of painting in the background.However, paintings from the same period by the Antwerp artist Pieter Aertsen had large kitchen or market genre scenes, with large figures in the foreground, and in the distant background a glimpse of a scene from the Life of Christ.  Giving more prominence to "low" subject-matter than "high" in the same work is a feature of some Northern Mannerist art, often called "Mannerist inversion".  The traditional moral of the Icarus story, warning against excessive ambition, is reinforced by (literally) fore-grounding humbler figures who appear content to fill useful agricultural roles in life.

Category:Paintings in the Musée Oldmasters

File:Fall of Icarus - Brueghel -Museum van Buuren.jpg

''Landscape with The Fall of Icarus'', ca. 1590–95, oil  on wood ({{convert

cm}}), Circle of P. Bruegel the Elder, [[Museum van Buuren

Landscape with the Fall of Icarus (poem)

Coltrane Gilman and Michael Gnat* in front of Bruegel's painting. ''Round Went the Wheel'' by Frank Ceruzzi; directed by Janet Bentley. Broadway Bound Festival 2019. Photo: Emily Hewitt. (*Appears courtesy of Actors' Equity Association.)

File:Der Sturz des Ikarus (Ausschnitt).jpg

Category:Paintings by Pieter Bruegel the Elder

Category:Paintings based on Metamorphoses


Landscape with the Fall of Icarus

Prompt: In Landscape with the Fall of Icarus, how is the abstract discussed?

Landscape with the Fall of Icarus is a painting in oil on canvas measuring 73.5 by 112 centimetres (28.9 in × 44.1 in) now in the Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium in Brussels. It was long thought to be by the leading painter of Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting, Pieter Bruegel the Elder. However, following technical examinations in 1996 of the painting hanging in the Brussels museum, that attribution is regarded as very doubtful, and the painting, perhaps painted in the 1560s, is now usually seen as a good early copy by an unknown artist of Bruegel's lost original, perhaps from about 1558.  According to the museum: "It is doubtful the execution is by Bruegel the Elder, but the composition can be said with certainty to be his", although recent technical research has re-opened the question.Largely derived from Ovid, the painting is described in W. H. Auden's famous poem "Musée des Beaux-Arts", named after the museum in Brussels which holds the painting, and became the subject of a poem of the same name by William Carlos Williams, as well as "Lines on Bruegel's 'Icarus'" by Michael Hamburger.Though the world landscape, a type of work with the title subject represented by small figures in the distance, was an established type in Early Netherlandish painting, pioneered by Joachim Patinir, to have a much larger unrelated "genre" figure in the foreground is original and represents something of a blow against the emerging hierarchy of genres.  Other landscapes by Bruegel, for example The Hunters in the Snow (1565) and others in that series of paintings showing the seasons, show genre figures in a raised foreground, but not so large relative to the size of the image, nor with a subject from a "higher" class of painting in the background.However, paintings from the same period by the Antwerp artist Pieter Aertsen had large kitchen or market genre scenes, with large figures in the foreground, and in the distant background a glimpse of a scene from the Life of Christ.  Giving more prominence to "low" subject-matter than "high" in the same work is a feature of some Northern Mannerist art, often called "Mannerist inversion".  The traditional moral of the Icarus story, warning against excessive ambition, is reinforced by (literally) fore-grounding humbler figures who appear content to fill useful agricultural roles in life.

Category:Paintings in the Musée Oldmasters

File:Fall of Icarus - Brueghel -Museum van Buuren.jpg

''Landscape with The Fall of Icarus'', ca. 1590–95, oil  on wood ({{convert

cm}}), Circle of P. Bruegel the Elder, [[Museum van Buuren

Landscape with the Fall of Icarus (poem)

Coltrane Gilman and Michael Gnat* in front of Bruegel's painting. ''Round Went the Wheel'' by Frank Ceruzzi; directed by Janet Bentley. Broadway Bound Festival 2019. Photo: Emily Hewitt. (*Appears courtesy of Actors' Equity Association.)

File:Der Sturz des Ikarus (Ausschnitt).jpg

Category:Paintings by Pieter Bruegel the Elder

Category:Paintings based on Metamorphoses


Landscape with the Fall of Icarus

Prompt: Focus on Landscape with the Fall of Icarus and explain the Description.

In Greek mythology, Icarus succeeded in flying, with wings made by his father Daedalus, using feathers secured with beeswax.  Ignoring his father's warnings, Icarus chose to fly too close to the sun, melting the wax, and fell into the sea and drowned. His legs can be seen in the water just below the ship. The sun, already half-set on the horizon, is a long way away; the flight did not reach anywhere near it. Daedalus does not appear in this version of the painting, though he does, still flying, in the van Buuren one (see left).The ploughman, shepherd and angler are mentioned in Ovid's account of the legend; they are: "astonished and think to see gods approaching them through the aether", which is not entirely the impression given in the painting. The shepherd gazing into the air, away from the ship, may be explained by another version of the composition (see below); in the original work there was probably also a figure of Daedalus in the sky to the left, at which he stares.  There is also a Flemish proverb (of the sort imaged in other works by Bruegel): "And the farmer continued to plough..." (En de boer ... hij ploegde voort") pointing out the ignorance of people to fellow men's suffering. The painting may, as Auden's poem suggests, depict humankind's indifference to suffering by highlighting the ordinary events which continue to occur, despite the unobserved death of Icarus.

Category:Paintings in the Musée Oldmasters

File:Fall of Icarus - Brueghel -Museum van Buuren.jpg

''Landscape with The Fall of Icarus'', ca. 1590–95, oil  on wood ({{convert

cm}}), Circle of P. Bruegel the Elder, [[Museum van Buuren

Landscape with the Fall of Icarus (poem)

Coltrane Gilman and Michael Gnat* in front of Bruegel's painting. ''Round Went the Wheel'' by Frank Ceruzzi; directed by Janet Bentley. Broadway Bound Festival 2019. Photo: Emily Hewitt. (*Appears courtesy of Actors' Equity Association.)

File:Der Sturz des Ikarus (Ausschnitt).jpg

Category:Paintings by Pieter Bruegel the Elder

Category:Paintings based on Metamorphoses


Landscape with the Fall of Icarus

Prompt: Explain the Description of this artwork, Landscape with the Fall of Icarus.

In Greek mythology, Icarus succeeded in flying, with wings made by his father Daedalus, using feathers secured with beeswax.  Ignoring his father's warnings, Icarus chose to fly too close to the sun, melting the wax, and fell into the sea and drowned. His legs can be seen in the water just below the ship. The sun, already half-set on the horizon, is a long way away; the flight did not reach anywhere near it. Daedalus does not appear in this version of the painting, though he does, still flying, in the van Buuren one (see left).The ploughman, shepherd and angler are mentioned in Ovid's account of the legend; they are: "astonished and think to see gods approaching them through the aether", which is not entirely the impression given in the painting. The shepherd gazing into the air, away from the ship, may be explained by another version of the composition (see below); in the original work there was probably also a figure of Daedalus in the sky to the left, at which he stares.  There is also a Flemish proverb (of the sort imaged in other works by Bruegel): "And the farmer continued to plough..." (En de boer ... hij ploegde voort") pointing out the ignorance of people to fellow men's suffering. The painting may, as Auden's poem suggests, depict humankind's indifference to suffering by highlighting the ordinary events which continue to occur, despite the unobserved death of Icarus.

Category:Paintings in the Musée Oldmasters

File:Fall of Icarus - Brueghel -Museum van Buuren.jpg

''Landscape with The Fall of Icarus'', ca. 1590–95, oil  on wood ({{convert

cm}}), Circle of P. Bruegel the Elder, [[Museum van Buuren

Landscape with the Fall of Icarus (poem)

Coltrane Gilman and Michael Gnat* in front of Bruegel's painting. ''Round Went the Wheel'' by Frank Ceruzzi; directed by Janet Bentley. Broadway Bound Festival 2019. Photo: Emily Hewitt. (*Appears courtesy of Actors' Equity Association.)

File:Der Sturz des Ikarus (Ausschnitt).jpg

Category:Paintings by Pieter Bruegel the Elder

Category:Paintings based on Metamorphoses


Landscape with the Fall of Icarus

Prompt: How does Landscape with the Fall of Icarus explain its Description?

In Greek mythology, Icarus succeeded in flying, with wings made by his father Daedalus, using feathers secured with beeswax.  Ignoring his father's warnings, Icarus chose to fly too close to the sun, melting the wax, and fell into the sea and drowned. His legs can be seen in the water just below the ship. The sun, already half-set on the horizon, is a long way away; the flight did not reach anywhere near it. Daedalus does not appear in this version of the painting, though he does, still flying, in the van Buuren one (see left).The ploughman, shepherd and angler are mentioned in Ovid's account of the legend; they are: "astonished and think to see gods approaching them through the aether", which is not entirely the impression given in the painting. The shepherd gazing into the air, away from the ship, may be explained by another version of the composition (see below); in the original work there was probably also a figure of Daedalus in the sky to the left, at which he stares.  There is also a Flemish proverb (of the sort imaged in other works by Bruegel): "And the farmer continued to plough..." (En de boer ... hij ploegde voort") pointing out the ignorance of people to fellow men's suffering. The painting may, as Auden's poem suggests, depict humankind's indifference to suffering by highlighting the ordinary events which continue to occur, despite the unobserved death of Icarus.

Category:Paintings in the Musée Oldmasters

File:Fall of Icarus - Brueghel -Museum van Buuren.jpg

''Landscape with The Fall of Icarus'', ca. 1590–95, oil  on wood ({{convert

cm}}), Circle of P. Bruegel the Elder, [[Museum van Buuren

Landscape with the Fall of Icarus (poem)

Coltrane Gilman and Michael Gnat* in front of Bruegel's painting. ''Round Went the Wheel'' by Frank Ceruzzi; directed by Janet Bentley. Broadway Bound Festival 2019. Photo: Emily Hewitt. (*Appears courtesy of Actors' Equity Association.)

File:Der Sturz des Ikarus (Ausschnitt).jpg

Category:Paintings by Pieter Bruegel the Elder

Category:Paintings based on Metamorphoses


Landscape with the Fall of Icarus

Prompt: In Landscape with the Fall of Icarus, how is the Description discussed?

In Greek mythology, Icarus succeeded in flying, with wings made by his father Daedalus, using feathers secured with beeswax.  Ignoring his father's warnings, Icarus chose to fly too close to the sun, melting the wax, and fell into the sea and drowned. His legs can be seen in the water just below the ship. The sun, already half-set on the horizon, is a long way away; the flight did not reach anywhere near it. Daedalus does not appear in this version of the painting, though he does, still flying, in the van Buuren one (see left).The ploughman, shepherd and angler are mentioned in Ovid's account of the legend; they are: "astonished and think to see gods approaching them through the aether", which is not entirely the impression given in the painting. The shepherd gazing into the air, away from the ship, may be explained by another version of the composition (see below); in the original work there was probably also a figure of Daedalus in the sky to the left, at which he stares.  There is also a Flemish proverb (of the sort imaged in other works by Bruegel): "And the farmer continued to plough..." (En de boer ... hij ploegde voort") pointing out the ignorance of people to fellow men's suffering. The painting may, as Auden's poem suggests, depict humankind's indifference to suffering by highlighting the ordinary events which continue to occur, despite the unobserved death of Icarus.

Category:Paintings in the Musée Oldmasters

File:Fall of Icarus - Brueghel -Museum van Buuren.jpg

''Landscape with The Fall of Icarus'', ca. 1590–95, oil  on wood ({{convert

cm}}), Circle of P. Bruegel the Elder, [[Museum van Buuren

Landscape with the Fall of Icarus (poem)

Coltrane Gilman and Michael Gnat* in front of Bruegel's painting. ''Round Went the Wheel'' by Frank Ceruzzi; directed by Janet Bentley. Broadway Bound Festival 2019. Photo: Emily Hewitt. (*Appears courtesy of Actors' Equity Association.)

File:Der Sturz des Ikarus (Ausschnitt).jpg

Category:Paintings by Pieter Bruegel the Elder

Category:Paintings based on Metamorphoses


Landscape with the Fall of Icarus

Prompt: Focus on Landscape with the Fall of Icarus and explain the Attribution.

The painting is probably a version of a lost original by Bruegel. A date of c. 1558 has been suggested for the lost original, based on Bruegel's other works; the copy probably comes from the 1560s or soon after.  It is in oils whereas Bruegel's other paintings on canvas are in tempera.The work was unknown until it was bought by the museum in 1912; subsequently another version on panel, generally considered inferior, turned up, which was acquired in 1953 by Daniel van Buuren for his private house, today a museum in Brussels.  In this, which excludes the far left and right sides of the composition, Icarus is in the water but Daedelus is still in the air, and the shepherd's gaze is directed at him, explaining one aspect of the composition of the other version.  The original would have been Bruegel's only known painting of a mythological subject. The perspective of the ship and figures is not entirely consistent, although this may enhance the power of the composition.  Bruegel also produced a design for an engraving with the ship and the two falling figures.Since its acquisition by the Museum in 1912, its authenticity has been challenged by several specialists, mainly for two reasons: (i) the relatively weak quality of the painting compared to other Bruegels, although this question is complicated by later overpainting; (ii) it is an oil painting on canvas, an exception in the work of Peter Bruegel the Elder who made all his oil paintings on panel.In 1963, Philippe Roberts-Jones, curator at the museum, and the Bruegel specialist Georges Marlier, hypothesized that an original panel painting had been later moved onto canvas, as was once common.

Category:Paintings in the Musée Oldmasters

File:Fall of Icarus - Brueghel -Museum van Buuren.jpg

''Landscape with The Fall of Icarus'', ca. 1590–95, oil  on wood ({{convert

cm}}), Circle of P. Bruegel the Elder, [[Museum van Buuren

Landscape with the Fall of Icarus (poem)

Coltrane Gilman and Michael Gnat* in front of Bruegel's painting. ''Round Went the Wheel'' by Frank Ceruzzi; directed by Janet Bentley. Broadway Bound Festival 2019. Photo: Emily Hewitt. (*Appears courtesy of Actors' Equity Association.)

File:Der Sturz des Ikarus (Ausschnitt).jpg

Category:Paintings by Pieter Bruegel the Elder

Category:Paintings based on Metamorphoses


Landscape with the Fall of Icarus

Prompt: Explain the Attribution of this artwork, Landscape with the Fall of Icarus.

The painting is probably a version of a lost original by Bruegel. A date of c. 1558 has been suggested for the lost original, based on Bruegel's other works; the copy probably comes from the 1560s or soon after.  It is in oils whereas Bruegel's other paintings on canvas are in tempera.The work was unknown until it was bought by the museum in 1912; subsequently another version on panel, generally considered inferior, turned up, which was acquired in 1953 by Daniel van Buuren for his private house, today a museum in Brussels.  In this, which excludes the far left and right sides of the composition, Icarus is in the water but Daedelus is still in the air, and the shepherd's gaze is directed at him, explaining one aspect of the composition of the other version.  The original would have been Bruegel's only known painting of a mythological subject. The perspective of the ship and figures is not entirely consistent, although this may enhance the power of the composition.  Bruegel also produced a design for an engraving with the ship and the two falling figures.Since its acquisition by the Museum in 1912, its authenticity has been challenged by several specialists, mainly for two reasons: (i) the relatively weak quality of the painting compared to other Bruegels, although this question is complicated by later overpainting; (ii) it is an oil painting on canvas, an exception in the work of Peter Bruegel the Elder who made all his oil paintings on panel.In 1963, Philippe Roberts-Jones, curator at the museum, and the Bruegel specialist Georges Marlier, hypothesized that an original panel painting had been later moved onto canvas, as was once common.

Category:Paintings in the Musée Oldmasters

File:Fall of Icarus - Brueghel -Museum van Buuren.jpg

''Landscape with The Fall of Icarus'', ca. 1590–95, oil  on wood ({{convert

cm}}), Circle of P. Bruegel the Elder, [[Museum van Buuren

Landscape with the Fall of Icarus (poem)

Coltrane Gilman and Michael Gnat* in front of Bruegel's painting. ''Round Went the Wheel'' by Frank Ceruzzi; directed by Janet Bentley. Broadway Bound Festival 2019. Photo: Emily Hewitt. (*Appears courtesy of Actors' Equity Association.)

File:Der Sturz des Ikarus (Ausschnitt).jpg

Category:Paintings by Pieter Bruegel the Elder

Category:Paintings based on Metamorphoses


Landscape with the Fall of Icarus

Prompt: How does Landscape with the Fall of Icarus explain its Attribution?

The painting is probably a version of a lost original by Bruegel. A date of c. 1558 has been suggested for the lost original, based on Bruegel's other works; the copy probably comes from the 1560s or soon after.  It is in oils whereas Bruegel's other paintings on canvas are in tempera.The work was unknown until it was bought by the museum in 1912; subsequently another version on panel, generally considered inferior, turned up, which was acquired in 1953 by Daniel van Buuren for his private house, today a museum in Brussels.  In this, which excludes the far left and right sides of the composition, Icarus is in the water but Daedelus is still in the air, and the shepherd's gaze is directed at him, explaining one aspect of the composition of the other version.  The original would have been Bruegel's only known painting of a mythological subject. The perspective of the ship and figures is not entirely consistent, although this may enhance the power of the composition.  Bruegel also produced a design for an engraving with the ship and the two falling figures.Since its acquisition by the Museum in 1912, its authenticity has been challenged by several specialists, mainly for two reasons: (i) the relatively weak quality of the painting compared to other Bruegels, although this question is complicated by later overpainting; (ii) it is an oil painting on canvas, an exception in the work of Peter Bruegel the Elder who made all his oil paintings on panel.In 1963, Philippe Roberts-Jones, curator at the museum, and the Bruegel specialist Georges Marlier, hypothesized that an original panel painting had been later moved onto canvas, as was once common.

Category:Paintings in the Musée Oldmasters

File:Fall of Icarus - Brueghel -Museum van Buuren.jpg

''Landscape with The Fall of Icarus'', ca. 1590–95, oil  on wood ({{convert

cm}}), Circle of P. Bruegel the Elder, [[Museum van Buuren

Landscape with the Fall of Icarus (poem)

Coltrane Gilman and Michael Gnat* in front of Bruegel's painting. ''Round Went the Wheel'' by Frank Ceruzzi; directed by Janet Bentley. Broadway Bound Festival 2019. Photo: Emily Hewitt. (*Appears courtesy of Actors' Equity Association.)

File:Der Sturz des Ikarus (Ausschnitt).jpg

Category:Paintings by Pieter Bruegel the Elder

Category:Paintings based on Metamorphoses


Landscape with the Fall of Icarus

Prompt: In Landscape with the Fall of Icarus, how is the Attribution discussed?

The painting is probably a version of a lost original by Bruegel. A date of c. 1558 has been suggested for the lost original, based on Bruegel's other works; the copy probably comes from the 1560s or soon after.  It is in oils whereas Bruegel's other paintings on canvas are in tempera.The work was unknown until it was bought by the museum in 1912; subsequently another version on panel, generally considered inferior, turned up, which was acquired in 1953 by Daniel van Buuren for his private house, today a museum in Brussels.  In this, which excludes the far left and right sides of the composition, Icarus is in the water but Daedelus is still in the air, and the shepherd's gaze is directed at him, explaining one aspect of the composition of the other version.  The original would have been Bruegel's only known painting of a mythological subject. The perspective of the ship and figures is not entirely consistent, although this may enhance the power of the composition.  Bruegel also produced a design for an engraving with the ship and the two falling figures.Since its acquisition by the Museum in 1912, its authenticity has been challenged by several specialists, mainly for two reasons: (i) the relatively weak quality of the painting compared to other Bruegels, although this question is complicated by later overpainting; (ii) it is an oil painting on canvas, an exception in the work of Peter Bruegel the Elder who made all his oil paintings on panel.In 1963, Philippe Roberts-Jones, curator at the museum, and the Bruegel specialist Georges Marlier, hypothesized that an original panel painting had been later moved onto canvas, as was once common.

Category:Paintings in the Musée Oldmasters

File:Fall of Icarus - Brueghel -Museum van Buuren.jpg

''Landscape with The Fall of Icarus'', ca. 1590–95, oil  on wood ({{convert

cm}}), Circle of P. Bruegel the Elder, [[Museum van Buuren

Landscape with the Fall of Icarus (poem)

Coltrane Gilman and Michael Gnat* in front of Bruegel's painting. ''Round Went the Wheel'' by Frank Ceruzzi; directed by Janet Bentley. Broadway Bound Festival 2019. Photo: Emily Hewitt. (*Appears courtesy of Actors' Equity Association.)

File:Der Sturz des Ikarus (Ausschnitt).jpg

Category:Paintings by Pieter Bruegel the Elder

Category:Paintings based on Metamorphoses


Landscape with the Fall of Icarus

Prompt: In the context of Landscape with the Fall of Icarus, explain the Scientific tests and the Attribution.

In 1998, a mixed team of scientists from the Belgian Royal Institute for Cultural Heritage and the University of Utrecht attempted to solve the authenticity problem by a radiocarbon dating of the canvas that was supposed to be the original support. As mentioned here above, the conclusion of this dating was that P. Bruegel the Elder cannot have painted on this canvas. Later, in 2006, Prof. J. Reisse (Université libre de Bruxelles) challenged this dating on technical grounds.A sample of blue paint taken from the right edge in 1973 was re-examined by performing analysis such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled to the energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), which in connection with optical microscopy revealed the following structure and composition. From bottom to top:Canvas (from transposition);Oily lead white (adhesive);Thick oily layer with azurite (repaint);Chalk ground;Oily lead white with scarce particles of charcoal;Oily blue with azurite;with layers 4 to 6 being original.The presence of chalk ground under the original blue proves that this is a panel painting transposed on a canvas.The original blue layer is lead white with azurite containing a few grains of ochre and charcoal. These structure and composition match perfectly those found on other certified panels of Peter Bruegel. Moreover, it is noticeable that the wood charcoal particles are very peculiar, being very long and acicular, exactly the same as those found only in The Census from the same Museum.Recently, a study of the underdrawing using infrared reflectography has been published. Reflectography is based on the fact that the infrared light penetrates all colors except black. As a result, the drawing, mostly black, can be made visible. The interpretation of these reflectograms is of course more subjective, but in a global way, the drawing from the Fall of Icarus is not really different from other certified works from Peter Bruegel the Elder. This drawing is generally limited to a layout of the elements, probably  because the thin, weakly covering paint on white ground would hide imperfectly a detailed graphism.A re-interpretation of the reflectograms in agreement with the other analysis suggested the conclusion that the work in the Museum of Fine Arts in Brussels is a panel painting transferred to canvas. The paint layer and maybe also the underdrawing have been severely damaged by this intervention as well as by two more relinings, responsible for the heavy overpainting. In the paint sample remains a fragment with structure and composition matching perfectly the technique of the large panels attributed to Peter Bruegel the Elder. It is therefore unlikely that this version of the Fall of Icarus might be from the hand of a copyist, except perhaps from P. Bruegel the Younger. Conversely, the Van Buuren copy with a different technique cannot be attributed to either Peter Bruegel.

Category:Paintings in the Musée Oldmasters

File:Fall of Icarus - Brueghel -Museum van Buuren.jpg

''Landscape with The Fall of Icarus'', ca. 1590–95, oil  on wood ({{convert

cm}}), Circle of P. Bruegel the Elder, [[Museum van Buuren

Landscape with the Fall of Icarus (poem)

Coltrane Gilman and Michael Gnat* in front of Bruegel's painting. ''Round Went the Wheel'' by Frank Ceruzzi; directed by Janet Bentley. Broadway Bound Festival 2019. Photo: Emily Hewitt. (*Appears courtesy of Actors' Equity Association.)

File:Der Sturz des Ikarus (Ausschnitt).jpg

Category:Paintings by Pieter Bruegel the Elder

Category:Paintings based on Metamorphoses


Landscape with the Fall of Icarus

Prompt: Explain the Scientific tests about the Attribution of this artwork, Landscape with the Fall of Icarus.

In 1998, a mixed team of scientists from the Belgian Royal Institute for Cultural Heritage and the University of Utrecht attempted to solve the authenticity problem by a radiocarbon dating of the canvas that was supposed to be the original support. As mentioned here above, the conclusion of this dating was that P. Bruegel the Elder cannot have painted on this canvas. Later, in 2006, Prof. J. Reisse (Université libre de Bruxelles) challenged this dating on technical grounds.A sample of blue paint taken from the right edge in 1973 was re-examined by performing analysis such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled to the energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), which in connection with optical microscopy revealed the following structure and composition. From bottom to top:Canvas (from transposition);Oily lead white (adhesive);Thick oily layer with azurite (repaint);Chalk ground;Oily lead white with scarce particles of charcoal;Oily blue with azurite;with layers 4 to 6 being original.The presence of chalk ground under the original blue proves that this is a panel painting transposed on a canvas.The original blue layer is lead white with azurite containing a few grains of ochre and charcoal. These structure and composition match perfectly those found on other certified panels of Peter Bruegel. Moreover, it is noticeable that the wood charcoal particles are very peculiar, being very long and acicular, exactly the same as those found only in The Census from the same Museum.Recently, a study of the underdrawing using infrared reflectography has been published. Reflectography is based on the fact that the infrared light penetrates all colors except black. As a result, the drawing, mostly black, can be made visible. The interpretation of these reflectograms is of course more subjective, but in a global way, the drawing from the Fall of Icarus is not really different from other certified works from Peter Bruegel the Elder. This drawing is generally limited to a layout of the elements, probably  because the thin, weakly covering paint on white ground would hide imperfectly a detailed graphism.A re-interpretation of the reflectograms in agreement with the other analysis suggested the conclusion that the work in the Museum of Fine Arts in Brussels is a panel painting transferred to canvas. The paint layer and maybe also the underdrawing have been severely damaged by this intervention as well as by two more relinings, responsible for the heavy overpainting. In the paint sample remains a fragment with structure and composition matching perfectly the technique of the large panels attributed to Peter Bruegel the Elder. It is therefore unlikely that this version of the Fall of Icarus might be from the hand of a copyist, except perhaps from P. Bruegel the Younger. Conversely, the Van Buuren copy with a different technique cannot be attributed to either Peter Bruegel.

Category:Paintings in the Musée Oldmasters

File:Fall of Icarus - Brueghel -Museum van Buuren.jpg

''Landscape with The Fall of Icarus'', ca. 1590–95, oil  on wood ({{convert

cm}}), Circle of P. Bruegel the Elder, [[Museum van Buuren

Landscape with the Fall of Icarus (poem)

Coltrane Gilman and Michael Gnat* in front of Bruegel's painting. ''Round Went the Wheel'' by Frank Ceruzzi; directed by Janet Bentley. Broadway Bound Festival 2019. Photo: Emily Hewitt. (*Appears courtesy of Actors' Equity Association.)

File:Der Sturz des Ikarus (Ausschnitt).jpg

Category:Paintings by Pieter Bruegel the Elder

Category:Paintings based on Metamorphoses


Landscape with the Fall of Icarus

Prompt: In Landscape with the Fall of Icarus, how is the Scientific tests of the Attribution explained?

In 1998, a mixed team of scientists from the Belgian Royal Institute for Cultural Heritage and the University of Utrecht attempted to solve the authenticity problem by a radiocarbon dating of the canvas that was supposed to be the original support. As mentioned here above, the conclusion of this dating was that P. Bruegel the Elder cannot have painted on this canvas. Later, in 2006, Prof. J. Reisse (Université libre de Bruxelles) challenged this dating on technical grounds.A sample of blue paint taken from the right edge in 1973 was re-examined by performing analysis such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled to the energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), which in connection with optical microscopy revealed the following structure and composition. From bottom to top:Canvas (from transposition);Oily lead white (adhesive);Thick oily layer with azurite (repaint);Chalk ground;Oily lead white with scarce particles of charcoal;Oily blue with azurite;with layers 4 to 6 being original.The presence of chalk ground under the original blue proves that this is a panel painting transposed on a canvas.The original blue layer is lead white with azurite containing a few grains of ochre and charcoal. These structure and composition match perfectly those found on other certified panels of Peter Bruegel. Moreover, it is noticeable that the wood charcoal particles are very peculiar, being very long and acicular, exactly the same as those found only in The Census from the same Museum.Recently, a study of the underdrawing using infrared reflectography has been published. Reflectography is based on the fact that the infrared light penetrates all colors except black. As a result, the drawing, mostly black, can be made visible. The interpretation of these reflectograms is of course more subjective, but in a global way, the drawing from the Fall of Icarus is not really different from other certified works from Peter Bruegel the Elder. This drawing is generally limited to a layout of the elements, probably  because the thin, weakly covering paint on white ground would hide imperfectly a detailed graphism.A re-interpretation of the reflectograms in agreement with the other analysis suggested the conclusion that the work in the Museum of Fine Arts in Brussels is a panel painting transferred to canvas. The paint layer and maybe also the underdrawing have been severely damaged by this intervention as well as by two more relinings, responsible for the heavy overpainting. In the paint sample remains a fragment with structure and composition matching perfectly the technique of the large panels attributed to Peter Bruegel the Elder. It is therefore unlikely that this version of the Fall of Icarus might be from the hand of a copyist, except perhaps from P. Bruegel the Younger. Conversely, the Van Buuren copy with a different technique cannot be attributed to either Peter Bruegel.

Category:Paintings in the Musée Oldmasters

File:Fall of Icarus - Brueghel -Museum van Buuren.jpg

''Landscape with The Fall of Icarus'', ca. 1590–95, oil  on wood ({{convert

cm}}), Circle of P. Bruegel the Elder, [[Museum van Buuren

Landscape with the Fall of Icarus (poem)

Coltrane Gilman and Michael Gnat* in front of Bruegel's painting. ''Round Went the Wheel'' by Frank Ceruzzi; directed by Janet Bentley. Broadway Bound Festival 2019. Photo: Emily Hewitt. (*Appears courtesy of Actors' Equity Association.)

File:Der Sturz des Ikarus (Ausschnitt).jpg

Category:Paintings by Pieter Bruegel the Elder

Category:Paintings based on Metamorphoses


Landscape with the Fall of Icarus

Prompt: Describe the characteristics of the Scientific tests in Landscape with the Fall of Icarus's Attribution.

In 1998, a mixed team of scientists from the Belgian Royal Institute for Cultural Heritage and the University of Utrecht attempted to solve the authenticity problem by a radiocarbon dating of the canvas that was supposed to be the original support. As mentioned here above, the conclusion of this dating was that P. Bruegel the Elder cannot have painted on this canvas. Later, in 2006, Prof. J. Reisse (Université libre de Bruxelles) challenged this dating on technical grounds.A sample of blue paint taken from the right edge in 1973 was re-examined by performing analysis such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled to the energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), which in connection with optical microscopy revealed the following structure and composition. From bottom to top:Canvas (from transposition);Oily lead white (adhesive);Thick oily layer with azurite (repaint);Chalk ground;Oily lead white with scarce particles of charcoal;Oily blue with azurite;with layers 4 to 6 being original.The presence of chalk ground under the original blue proves that this is a panel painting transposed on a canvas.The original blue layer is lead white with azurite containing a few grains of ochre and charcoal. These structure and composition match perfectly those found on other certified panels of Peter Bruegel. Moreover, it is noticeable that the wood charcoal particles are very peculiar, being very long and acicular, exactly the same as those found only in The Census from the same Museum.Recently, a study of the underdrawing using infrared reflectography has been published. Reflectography is based on the fact that the infrared light penetrates all colors except black. As a result, the drawing, mostly black, can be made visible. The interpretation of these reflectograms is of course more subjective, but in a global way, the drawing from the Fall of Icarus is not really different from other certified works from Peter Bruegel the Elder. This drawing is generally limited to a layout of the elements, probably  because the thin, weakly covering paint on white ground would hide imperfectly a detailed graphism.A re-interpretation of the reflectograms in agreement with the other analysis suggested the conclusion that the work in the Museum of Fine Arts in Brussels is a panel painting transferred to canvas. The paint layer and maybe also the underdrawing have been severely damaged by this intervention as well as by two more relinings, responsible for the heavy overpainting. In the paint sample remains a fragment with structure and composition matching perfectly the technique of the large panels attributed to Peter Bruegel the Elder. It is therefore unlikely that this version of the Fall of Icarus might be from the hand of a copyist, except perhaps from P. Bruegel the Younger. Conversely, the Van Buuren copy with a different technique cannot be attributed to either Peter Bruegel.

Category:Paintings in the Musée Oldmasters

File:Fall of Icarus - Brueghel -Museum van Buuren.jpg

''Landscape with The Fall of Icarus'', ca. 1590–95, oil  on wood ({{convert

cm}}), Circle of P. Bruegel the Elder, [[Museum van Buuren

Landscape with the Fall of Icarus (poem)

Coltrane Gilman and Michael Gnat* in front of Bruegel's painting. ''Round Went the Wheel'' by Frank Ceruzzi; directed by Janet Bentley. Broadway Bound Festival 2019. Photo: Emily Hewitt. (*Appears courtesy of Actors' Equity Association.)

File:Der Sturz des Ikarus (Ausschnitt).jpg

Category:Paintings by Pieter Bruegel the Elder

Category:Paintings based on Metamorphoses


Landscape with the Fall of Icarus

Prompt: Focus on Landscape with the Fall of Icarus and explain the Mentions in other media.

The painting is shown in Nicolas Roeg's film The Man Who Fell to Earth (1976), where a character opens a book of paintings to an image of it. On the facing page a description points out that the scene remains calm, the event of the fall hardly noticed. The painting also figures into the Walter Tevis novel on which the film is based. The characters of Newton and Bryce discuss the painting near the end of chapter four, part two. Tevis also mentions the painting in his 1980 novel Mockingbird. In chapter five of the first section narrated by the character Mary Lou, the robot Spofforth brings the painting to her.Eric Steele, whose film The Bridge (2006) documents the suicides of two-dozen people who jumped off the world's most popular suicide site – the Golden Gate Bridge – throughout 2004, has compared images captured in his documentary to those of Bruegel's Landscape With the Fall of Icarus, because the fatal leaps go almost unnoticed by passersby.Composer Brian Ferneyhough's 1988 chamber work La Chute d'Icare was inspired by the painting:What this piece attempts to suggest is ... less a reflection on the heroic-tragic dimension of the underlying myth than a transcription of the strange sensation of "already having been" which is brilliantly evoked by Breughel in the view of a world serenely pursuing its own concerns, completelyoblivious to the almost invisible tiny pair of legs waving pathetically out of the water, the only record of the apocalyptic event being a pair of feathers floating disconsolately down in the wake of their erstwhile owner. The painting features prominently in Frank Ceruzzi's dystopian play Round Went the Wheel (2019), where children take control of the world and use the painting and the Icarus myth as a way to teach the adult population about hubris and the dangers of technology.The painting was included in the 1980 television series 100 Great Paintings.The painting is mentioned by W. H. Auden in his 1938 poem, "Musée des Beaux Arts", in which Icarus's fall is perceived by the ploughman as "not an important failure".The painting is also the subject of the Titus Andronicus song "Upon Viewing Bruegel's Landscape with the Fall of Icarus":In the painting from the original song, in the corner, you see this tiny guy falling into the ocean. It's been interpreted as: It's a big world, and people go about their business, and little tragedies are happening all the time, and what are you going to do? — Patrick Stickles, Titus AndronicusThe painting appears in a background of the music video for the song Blood Sweat & Tears by South Korean group BTS. The video opens in a museum with another Bruegel painting, "The Fall of the Rebel Angels" featured prominently.

Category:Paintings in the Musée Oldmasters

File:Fall of Icarus - Brueghel -Museum van Buuren.jpg

''Landscape with The Fall of Icarus'', ca. 1590–95, oil  on wood ({{convert

cm}}), Circle of P. Bruegel the Elder, [[Museum van Buuren

Landscape with the Fall of Icarus (poem)

Coltrane Gilman and Michael Gnat* in front of Bruegel's painting. ''Round Went the Wheel'' by Frank Ceruzzi; directed by Janet Bentley. Broadway Bound Festival 2019. Photo: Emily Hewitt. (*Appears courtesy of Actors' Equity Association.)

File:Der Sturz des Ikarus (Ausschnitt).jpg

Category:Paintings by Pieter Bruegel the Elder

Category:Paintings based on Metamorphoses


Landscape with the Fall of Icarus

Prompt: Explain the Mentions in other media of this artwork, Landscape with the Fall of Icarus.

The painting is shown in Nicolas Roeg's film The Man Who Fell to Earth (1976), where a character opens a book of paintings to an image of it. On the facing page a description points out that the scene remains calm, the event of the fall hardly noticed. The painting also figures into the Walter Tevis novel on which the film is based. The characters of Newton and Bryce discuss the painting near the end of chapter four, part two. Tevis also mentions the painting in his 1980 novel Mockingbird. In chapter five of the first section narrated by the character Mary Lou, the robot Spofforth brings the painting to her.Eric Steele, whose film The Bridge (2006) documents the suicides of two-dozen people who jumped off the world's most popular suicide site – the Golden Gate Bridge – throughout 2004, has compared images captured in his documentary to those of Bruegel's Landscape With the Fall of Icarus, because the fatal leaps go almost unnoticed by passersby.Composer Brian Ferneyhough's 1988 chamber work La Chute d'Icare was inspired by the painting:What this piece attempts to suggest is ... less a reflection on the heroic-tragic dimension of the underlying myth than a transcription of the strange sensation of "already having been" which is brilliantly evoked by Breughel in the view of a world serenely pursuing its own concerns, completelyoblivious to the almost invisible tiny pair of legs waving pathetically out of the water, the only record of the apocalyptic event being a pair of feathers floating disconsolately down in the wake of their erstwhile owner. The painting features prominently in Frank Ceruzzi's dystopian play Round Went the Wheel (2019), where children take control of the world and use the painting and the Icarus myth as a way to teach the adult population about hubris and the dangers of technology.The painting was included in the 1980 television series 100 Great Paintings.The painting is mentioned by W. H. Auden in his 1938 poem, "Musée des Beaux Arts", in which Icarus's fall is perceived by the ploughman as "not an important failure".The painting is also the subject of the Titus Andronicus song "Upon Viewing Bruegel's Landscape with the Fall of Icarus":In the painting from the original song, in the corner, you see this tiny guy falling into the ocean. It's been interpreted as: It's a big world, and people go about their business, and little tragedies are happening all the time, and what are you going to do? — Patrick Stickles, Titus AndronicusThe painting appears in a background of the music video for the song Blood Sweat & Tears by South Korean group BTS. The video opens in a museum with another Bruegel painting, "The Fall of the Rebel Angels" featured prominently.

Category:Paintings in the Musée Oldmasters

File:Fall of Icarus - Brueghel -Museum van Buuren.jpg

''Landscape with The Fall of Icarus'', ca. 1590–95, oil  on wood ({{convert

cm}}), Circle of P. Bruegel the Elder, [[Museum van Buuren

Landscape with the Fall of Icarus (poem)

Coltrane Gilman and Michael Gnat* in front of Bruegel's painting. ''Round Went the Wheel'' by Frank Ceruzzi; directed by Janet Bentley. Broadway Bound Festival 2019. Photo: Emily Hewitt. (*Appears courtesy of Actors' Equity Association.)

File:Der Sturz des Ikarus (Ausschnitt).jpg

Category:Paintings by Pieter Bruegel the Elder

Category:Paintings based on Metamorphoses


Landscape with the Fall of Icarus

Prompt: How does Landscape with the Fall of Icarus explain its Mentions in other media?

The painting is shown in Nicolas Roeg's film The Man Who Fell to Earth (1976), where a character opens a book of paintings to an image of it. On the facing page a description points out that the scene remains calm, the event of the fall hardly noticed. The painting also figures into the Walter Tevis novel on which the film is based. The characters of Newton and Bryce discuss the painting near the end of chapter four, part two. Tevis also mentions the painting in his 1980 novel Mockingbird. In chapter five of the first section narrated by the character Mary Lou, the robot Spofforth brings the painting to her.Eric Steele, whose film The Bridge (2006) documents the suicides of two-dozen people who jumped off the world's most popular suicide site – the Golden Gate Bridge – throughout 2004, has compared images captured in his documentary to those of Bruegel's Landscape With the Fall of Icarus, because the fatal leaps go almost unnoticed by passersby.Composer Brian Ferneyhough's 1988 chamber work La Chute d'Icare was inspired by the painting:What this piece attempts to suggest is ... less a reflection on the heroic-tragic dimension of the underlying myth than a transcription of the strange sensation of "already having been" which is brilliantly evoked by Breughel in the view of a world serenely pursuing its own concerns, completelyoblivious to the almost invisible tiny pair of legs waving pathetically out of the water, the only record of the apocalyptic event being a pair of feathers floating disconsolately down in the wake of their erstwhile owner. The painting features prominently in Frank Ceruzzi's dystopian play Round Went the Wheel (2019), where children take control of the world and use the painting and the Icarus myth as a way to teach the adult population about hubris and the dangers of technology.The painting was included in the 1980 television series 100 Great Paintings.The painting is mentioned by W. H. Auden in his 1938 poem, "Musée des Beaux Arts", in which Icarus's fall is perceived by the ploughman as "not an important failure".The painting is also the subject of the Titus Andronicus song "Upon Viewing Bruegel's Landscape with the Fall of Icarus":In the painting from the original song, in the corner, you see this tiny guy falling into the ocean. It's been interpreted as: It's a big world, and people go about their business, and little tragedies are happening all the time, and what are you going to do? — Patrick Stickles, Titus AndronicusThe painting appears in a background of the music video for the song Blood Sweat & Tears by South Korean group BTS. The video opens in a museum with another Bruegel painting, "The Fall of the Rebel Angels" featured prominently.

Category:Paintings in the Musée Oldmasters

File:Fall of Icarus - Brueghel -Museum van Buuren.jpg

''Landscape with The Fall of Icarus'', ca. 1590–95, oil  on wood ({{convert

cm}}), Circle of P. Bruegel the Elder, [[Museum van Buuren

Landscape with the Fall of Icarus (poem)

Coltrane Gilman and Michael Gnat* in front of Bruegel's painting. ''Round Went the Wheel'' by Frank Ceruzzi; directed by Janet Bentley. Broadway Bound Festival 2019. Photo: Emily Hewitt. (*Appears courtesy of Actors' Equity Association.)

File:Der Sturz des Ikarus (Ausschnitt).jpg

Category:Paintings by Pieter Bruegel the Elder

Category:Paintings based on Metamorphoses