Counter-Reformation

Prompt: In the context of Counter-Reformation, explain the Council of Trent and the Councils and documents.

Pope Paul III (1534–1549) is considered the first pope of the Counter-Reformation, and he also initiated the Council of Trent (1545–1563), tasked with institutional reform, addressing contentious issues such as corrupt bishops and priests, the sale of indulgences, and other financial abuses.The council upheld the basic structure of the medieval church, its sacramental system, religious orders, and doctrine. It recommended that the form of Mass should be standardised, and this took place in 1570, when Pope Pius V made the Tridentine Mass obligatory.It rejected all compromise with Protestants, restating basic tenets of the Catholic Faith. The council upheld salvation appropriated by grace through faith and works of that faith (not just by faith, as the Protestants insisted) because "faith without works is dead", as the Epistle of James states (2:22–26).Transubstantiation, according to which the consecrated bread and wine are held to have been transformed really and substantially into the body, blood, soul and divinity of Christ, was also reaffirmed, as were the traditional seven sacraments of the Catholic Church. Other practices that drew the ire of Protestant reformers, such as pilgrimages, the veneration of saints and relics, the use of venerable images and statuary, and the veneration of the Virgin Mary were strongly reaffirmed as spiritually commendable practices.The council, in the Canon of Trent, officially accepted the Vulgate listing of the Old Testament Bible, which included the deuterocanonical works (called apocrypha by Protestants) on a par with the 39 books found in the Masoretic Text. This reaffirmed the previous Council of Rome and Synods of Carthage (both held in the 4th century AD), which had affirmed the Deuterocanon as scripture. The council also commissioned the Roman Catechism, which served as authoritative Church teaching until the Catechism of the Catholic Church (1992).While the traditional fundamentals of the Church were reaffirmed, there were noticeable changes to answer complaints that the Counter-Reformers were, tacitly, willing to admit were legitimate. Among the conditions to be corrected by Catholic reformers was the growing divide between the clerics and the laity; many members of the clergy in the rural parishes had been poorly educated. Often, these rural priests did not know Latin and lacked opportunities for proper theological training. Addressing the education of priests had been a fundamental focus of the humanist reformers in the past.Parish priests were to be better educated in matters of theology and apologetics, while Papal authorities sought to educate the faithful about the meaning, nature and value of art and liturgy, particularly in monastic churches (Protestants had criticised them as "distracting"). Handbooks became more common, describing how to be good priests and confessors.Thus, the Council of Trent attempted to improve the discipline and administration of the Church. The worldly excesses of the secular Renaissance Church, epitomized by the era of Alexander VI (1492–1503), intensified during the Reformation under Pope Leo X (1513–1521), whose campaign to raise funds for the construction of Saint Peter's Basilica by supporting use of indulgences served as a key impetus for Martin Luther's 95 Theses. The Catholic Church responded to these problems by a vigorous campaign of reform, inspired by earlier Catholic reform movements: humanism, devotionalism,  and observantism.The council, by virtue of its actions, repudiated the pluralism of the secular Renaissance that had previously plagued the Church: the organization of religious institutions was tightened, discipline was improved, and the parish was emphasized. The appointment of bishops for political reasons was no longer tolerated. In the past, the large landholdings forced many bishops to be "absent bishops" who at times were property managers trained in administration. Thus, the Council of Trent combated "absenteeism", which was the practice of bishops living in Rome or on landed estates rather than in their dioceses. The Council of Trent gave bishops greater power to supervise all aspects of religious life. Zealous prelates, such as Milan's Archbishop Carlo Borromeo (1538–1584), later canonized as a saint, set an example by visiting the remotest parishes and instilling high standards.

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: Explain the Council of Trent about the Councils and documents of this artwork, Counter-Reformation.

Pope Paul III (1534–1549) is considered the first pope of the Counter-Reformation, and he also initiated the Council of Trent (1545–1563), tasked with institutional reform, addressing contentious issues such as corrupt bishops and priests, the sale of indulgences, and other financial abuses.The council upheld the basic structure of the medieval church, its sacramental system, religious orders, and doctrine. It recommended that the form of Mass should be standardised, and this took place in 1570, when Pope Pius V made the Tridentine Mass obligatory.It rejected all compromise with Protestants, restating basic tenets of the Catholic Faith. The council upheld salvation appropriated by grace through faith and works of that faith (not just by faith, as the Protestants insisted) because "faith without works is dead", as the Epistle of James states (2:22–26).Transubstantiation, according to which the consecrated bread and wine are held to have been transformed really and substantially into the body, blood, soul and divinity of Christ, was also reaffirmed, as were the traditional seven sacraments of the Catholic Church. Other practices that drew the ire of Protestant reformers, such as pilgrimages, the veneration of saints and relics, the use of venerable images and statuary, and the veneration of the Virgin Mary were strongly reaffirmed as spiritually commendable practices.The council, in the Canon of Trent, officially accepted the Vulgate listing of the Old Testament Bible, which included the deuterocanonical works (called apocrypha by Protestants) on a par with the 39 books found in the Masoretic Text. This reaffirmed the previous Council of Rome and Synods of Carthage (both held in the 4th century AD), which had affirmed the Deuterocanon as scripture. The council also commissioned the Roman Catechism, which served as authoritative Church teaching until the Catechism of the Catholic Church (1992).While the traditional fundamentals of the Church were reaffirmed, there were noticeable changes to answer complaints that the Counter-Reformers were, tacitly, willing to admit were legitimate. Among the conditions to be corrected by Catholic reformers was the growing divide between the clerics and the laity; many members of the clergy in the rural parishes had been poorly educated. Often, these rural priests did not know Latin and lacked opportunities for proper theological training. Addressing the education of priests had been a fundamental focus of the humanist reformers in the past.Parish priests were to be better educated in matters of theology and apologetics, while Papal authorities sought to educate the faithful about the meaning, nature and value of art and liturgy, particularly in monastic churches (Protestants had criticised them as "distracting"). Handbooks became more common, describing how to be good priests and confessors.Thus, the Council of Trent attempted to improve the discipline and administration of the Church. The worldly excesses of the secular Renaissance Church, epitomized by the era of Alexander VI (1492–1503), intensified during the Reformation under Pope Leo X (1513–1521), whose campaign to raise funds for the construction of Saint Peter's Basilica by supporting use of indulgences served as a key impetus for Martin Luther's 95 Theses. The Catholic Church responded to these problems by a vigorous campaign of reform, inspired by earlier Catholic reform movements: humanism, devotionalism,  and observantism.The council, by virtue of its actions, repudiated the pluralism of the secular Renaissance that had previously plagued the Church: the organization of religious institutions was tightened, discipline was improved, and the parish was emphasized. The appointment of bishops for political reasons was no longer tolerated. In the past, the large landholdings forced many bishops to be "absent bishops" who at times were property managers trained in administration. Thus, the Council of Trent combated "absenteeism", which was the practice of bishops living in Rome or on landed estates rather than in their dioceses. The Council of Trent gave bishops greater power to supervise all aspects of religious life. Zealous prelates, such as Milan's Archbishop Carlo Borromeo (1538–1584), later canonized as a saint, set an example by visiting the remotest parishes and instilling high standards.

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: In Counter-Reformation, how is the Council of Trent of the Councils and documents explained?

Pope Paul III (1534–1549) is considered the first pope of the Counter-Reformation, and he also initiated the Council of Trent (1545–1563), tasked with institutional reform, addressing contentious issues such as corrupt bishops and priests, the sale of indulgences, and other financial abuses.The council upheld the basic structure of the medieval church, its sacramental system, religious orders, and doctrine. It recommended that the form of Mass should be standardised, and this took place in 1570, when Pope Pius V made the Tridentine Mass obligatory.It rejected all compromise with Protestants, restating basic tenets of the Catholic Faith. The council upheld salvation appropriated by grace through faith and works of that faith (not just by faith, as the Protestants insisted) because "faith without works is dead", as the Epistle of James states (2:22–26).Transubstantiation, according to which the consecrated bread and wine are held to have been transformed really and substantially into the body, blood, soul and divinity of Christ, was also reaffirmed, as were the traditional seven sacraments of the Catholic Church. Other practices that drew the ire of Protestant reformers, such as pilgrimages, the veneration of saints and relics, the use of venerable images and statuary, and the veneration of the Virgin Mary were strongly reaffirmed as spiritually commendable practices.The council, in the Canon of Trent, officially accepted the Vulgate listing of the Old Testament Bible, which included the deuterocanonical works (called apocrypha by Protestants) on a par with the 39 books found in the Masoretic Text. This reaffirmed the previous Council of Rome and Synods of Carthage (both held in the 4th century AD), which had affirmed the Deuterocanon as scripture. The council also commissioned the Roman Catechism, which served as authoritative Church teaching until the Catechism of the Catholic Church (1992).While the traditional fundamentals of the Church were reaffirmed, there were noticeable changes to answer complaints that the Counter-Reformers were, tacitly, willing to admit were legitimate. Among the conditions to be corrected by Catholic reformers was the growing divide between the clerics and the laity; many members of the clergy in the rural parishes had been poorly educated. Often, these rural priests did not know Latin and lacked opportunities for proper theological training. Addressing the education of priests had been a fundamental focus of the humanist reformers in the past.Parish priests were to be better educated in matters of theology and apologetics, while Papal authorities sought to educate the faithful about the meaning, nature and value of art and liturgy, particularly in monastic churches (Protestants had criticised them as "distracting"). Handbooks became more common, describing how to be good priests and confessors.Thus, the Council of Trent attempted to improve the discipline and administration of the Church. The worldly excesses of the secular Renaissance Church, epitomized by the era of Alexander VI (1492–1503), intensified during the Reformation under Pope Leo X (1513–1521), whose campaign to raise funds for the construction of Saint Peter's Basilica by supporting use of indulgences served as a key impetus for Martin Luther's 95 Theses. The Catholic Church responded to these problems by a vigorous campaign of reform, inspired by earlier Catholic reform movements: humanism, devotionalism,  and observantism.The council, by virtue of its actions, repudiated the pluralism of the secular Renaissance that had previously plagued the Church: the organization of religious institutions was tightened, discipline was improved, and the parish was emphasized. The appointment of bishops for political reasons was no longer tolerated. In the past, the large landholdings forced many bishops to be "absent bishops" who at times were property managers trained in administration. Thus, the Council of Trent combated "absenteeism", which was the practice of bishops living in Rome or on landed estates rather than in their dioceses. The Council of Trent gave bishops greater power to supervise all aspects of religious life. Zealous prelates, such as Milan's Archbishop Carlo Borromeo (1538–1584), later canonized as a saint, set an example by visiting the remotest parishes and instilling high standards.

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: Describe the characteristics of the Council of Trent in Counter-Reformation's Councils and documents.

Pope Paul III (1534–1549) is considered the first pope of the Counter-Reformation, and he also initiated the Council of Trent (1545–1563), tasked with institutional reform, addressing contentious issues such as corrupt bishops and priests, the sale of indulgences, and other financial abuses.The council upheld the basic structure of the medieval church, its sacramental system, religious orders, and doctrine. It recommended that the form of Mass should be standardised, and this took place in 1570, when Pope Pius V made the Tridentine Mass obligatory.It rejected all compromise with Protestants, restating basic tenets of the Catholic Faith. The council upheld salvation appropriated by grace through faith and works of that faith (not just by faith, as the Protestants insisted) because "faith without works is dead", as the Epistle of James states (2:22–26).Transubstantiation, according to which the consecrated bread and wine are held to have been transformed really and substantially into the body, blood, soul and divinity of Christ, was also reaffirmed, as were the traditional seven sacraments of the Catholic Church. Other practices that drew the ire of Protestant reformers, such as pilgrimages, the veneration of saints and relics, the use of venerable images and statuary, and the veneration of the Virgin Mary were strongly reaffirmed as spiritually commendable practices.The council, in the Canon of Trent, officially accepted the Vulgate listing of the Old Testament Bible, which included the deuterocanonical works (called apocrypha by Protestants) on a par with the 39 books found in the Masoretic Text. This reaffirmed the previous Council of Rome and Synods of Carthage (both held in the 4th century AD), which had affirmed the Deuterocanon as scripture. The council also commissioned the Roman Catechism, which served as authoritative Church teaching until the Catechism of the Catholic Church (1992).While the traditional fundamentals of the Church were reaffirmed, there were noticeable changes to answer complaints that the Counter-Reformers were, tacitly, willing to admit were legitimate. Among the conditions to be corrected by Catholic reformers was the growing divide between the clerics and the laity; many members of the clergy in the rural parishes had been poorly educated. Often, these rural priests did not know Latin and lacked opportunities for proper theological training. Addressing the education of priests had been a fundamental focus of the humanist reformers in the past.Parish priests were to be better educated in matters of theology and apologetics, while Papal authorities sought to educate the faithful about the meaning, nature and value of art and liturgy, particularly in monastic churches (Protestants had criticised them as "distracting"). Handbooks became more common, describing how to be good priests and confessors.Thus, the Council of Trent attempted to improve the discipline and administration of the Church. The worldly excesses of the secular Renaissance Church, epitomized by the era of Alexander VI (1492–1503), intensified during the Reformation under Pope Leo X (1513–1521), whose campaign to raise funds for the construction of Saint Peter's Basilica by supporting use of indulgences served as a key impetus for Martin Luther's 95 Theses. The Catholic Church responded to these problems by a vigorous campaign of reform, inspired by earlier Catholic reform movements: humanism, devotionalism,  and observantism.The council, by virtue of its actions, repudiated the pluralism of the secular Renaissance that had previously plagued the Church: the organization of religious institutions was tightened, discipline was improved, and the parish was emphasized. The appointment of bishops for political reasons was no longer tolerated. In the past, the large landholdings forced many bishops to be "absent bishops" who at times were property managers trained in administration. Thus, the Council of Trent combated "absenteeism", which was the practice of bishops living in Rome or on landed estates rather than in their dioceses. The Council of Trent gave bishops greater power to supervise all aspects of religious life. Zealous prelates, such as Milan's Archbishop Carlo Borromeo (1538–1584), later canonized as a saint, set an example by visiting the remotest parishes and instilling high standards.

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: In the context of Counter-Reformation, explain the Index Librorum Prohibitorum and the Councils and documents.

The 1559–1967 Index Librorum Prohibitorum was a directory of prohibited books which was updated twenty times during the next four centuries as books were added or removed from the list by the Sacred Congregation of the Index. It was divided into three classes. The first class listed heretical writers, the second class listed heretical works, and the third class listed forbidden writings which were published without the name of the author. The Index was finally suspended on 29 March 1967.

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: Explain the Index Librorum Prohibitorum about the Councils and documents of this artwork, Counter-Reformation.

The 1559–1967 Index Librorum Prohibitorum was a directory of prohibited books which was updated twenty times during the next four centuries as books were added or removed from the list by the Sacred Congregation of the Index. It was divided into three classes. The first class listed heretical writers, the second class listed heretical works, and the third class listed forbidden writings which were published without the name of the author. The Index was finally suspended on 29 March 1967.

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: In Counter-Reformation, how is the Index Librorum Prohibitorum of the Councils and documents explained?

The 1559–1967 Index Librorum Prohibitorum was a directory of prohibited books which was updated twenty times during the next four centuries as books were added or removed from the list by the Sacred Congregation of the Index. It was divided into three classes. The first class listed heretical writers, the second class listed heretical works, and the third class listed forbidden writings which were published without the name of the author. The Index was finally suspended on 29 March 1967.

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: Describe the characteristics of the Index Librorum Prohibitorum in Counter-Reformation's Councils and documents.

The 1559–1967 Index Librorum Prohibitorum was a directory of prohibited books which was updated twenty times during the next four centuries as books were added or removed from the list by the Sacred Congregation of the Index. It was divided into three classes. The first class listed heretical writers, the second class listed heretical works, and the third class listed forbidden writings which were published without the name of the author. The Index was finally suspended on 29 March 1967.

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: In the context of Counter-Reformation, explain the Roman Catechism and the Councils and documents.

The 1566 Roman Catechism provided material in Latin to help the clergy catechize in the vernacular.

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: Explain the Roman Catechism about the Councils and documents of this artwork, Counter-Reformation.

The 1566 Roman Catechism provided material in Latin to help the clergy catechize in the vernacular.

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: In Counter-Reformation, how is the Roman Catechism of the Councils and documents explained?

The 1566 Roman Catechism provided material in Latin to help the clergy catechize in the vernacular.

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: Describe the characteristics of the Roman Catechism in Counter-Reformation's Councils and documents.

The 1566 Roman Catechism provided material in Latin to help the clergy catechize in the vernacular.

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: In the context of Counter-Reformation, explain the Nova ordinantia ecclesiastica and the Councils and documents.

The 1575 Nova ordinantia ecclesiastica was an addendum to the Liturgia Svecanæ Ecclesiæ catholicæ & orthodoxæ conformia, also called the "Red Book". This launched the Liturgical Struggle, which pitted John III of Sweden against his younger brother Charles. During this time, Jesuit Laurentius Nicolai came to lead the Collegium regium Stockholmense. This theatre of the Counter-Reformation was called the Missio Suetica.

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: Explain the Nova ordinantia ecclesiastica about the Councils and documents of this artwork, Counter-Reformation.

The 1575 Nova ordinantia ecclesiastica was an addendum to the Liturgia Svecanæ Ecclesiæ catholicæ & orthodoxæ conformia, also called the "Red Book". This launched the Liturgical Struggle, which pitted John III of Sweden against his younger brother Charles. During this time, Jesuit Laurentius Nicolai came to lead the Collegium regium Stockholmense. This theatre of the Counter-Reformation was called the Missio Suetica.

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: In Counter-Reformation, how is the Nova ordinantia ecclesiastica of the Councils and documents explained?

The 1575 Nova ordinantia ecclesiastica was an addendum to the Liturgia Svecanæ Ecclesiæ catholicæ & orthodoxæ conformia, also called the "Red Book". This launched the Liturgical Struggle, which pitted John III of Sweden against his younger brother Charles. During this time, Jesuit Laurentius Nicolai came to lead the Collegium regium Stockholmense. This theatre of the Counter-Reformation was called the Missio Suetica.

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: Describe the characteristics of the Nova ordinantia ecclesiastica in Counter-Reformation's Councils and documents.

The 1575 Nova ordinantia ecclesiastica was an addendum to the Liturgia Svecanæ Ecclesiæ catholicæ & orthodoxæ conformia, also called the "Red Book". This launched the Liturgical Struggle, which pitted John III of Sweden against his younger brother Charles. During this time, Jesuit Laurentius Nicolai came to lead the Collegium regium Stockholmense. This theatre of the Counter-Reformation was called the Missio Suetica.

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: In the context of Counter-Reformation, explain the Defensio Tridentinæ fidei and the Councils and documents.

The 1578 Defensio Tridentinæ fidei was the Catholic response to the Examination of the Council of Trent.

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: Explain the Defensio Tridentinæ fidei about the Councils and documents of this artwork, Counter-Reformation.

The 1578 Defensio Tridentinæ fidei was the Catholic response to the Examination of the Council of Trent.

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: In Counter-Reformation, how is the Defensio Tridentinæ fidei of the Councils and documents explained?

The 1578 Defensio Tridentinæ fidei was the Catholic response to the Examination of the Council of Trent.

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: Describe the characteristics of the Defensio Tridentinæ fidei in Counter-Reformation's Councils and documents.

The 1578 Defensio Tridentinæ fidei was the Catholic response to the Examination of the Council of Trent.

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: In the context of Counter-Reformation, explain the Unigenitus and the Councils and documents.

The 1713 papal bull Unigenitus condemned 101 propositions of the French Jansenist theologian Pasquier Quesnel (1634–1719). Jansenism was a Protestant-leaning or mediating movement within Catholicism, in France and the Spanish Netherlands, that was criticized for being crypto-Calvinist, denying that Christ died for all, promoting that Holy Communion should be received very infrequently, and more. After Jansenist propositions were condemned it led to the development of the Old Catholic Church of the Netherlands.

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: Explain the Unigenitus about the Councils and documents of this artwork, Counter-Reformation.

The 1713 papal bull Unigenitus condemned 101 propositions of the French Jansenist theologian Pasquier Quesnel (1634–1719). Jansenism was a Protestant-leaning or mediating movement within Catholicism, in France and the Spanish Netherlands, that was criticized for being crypto-Calvinist, denying that Christ died for all, promoting that Holy Communion should be received very infrequently, and more. After Jansenist propositions were condemned it led to the development of the Old Catholic Church of the Netherlands.

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: In Counter-Reformation, how is the Unigenitus of the Councils and documents explained?

The 1713 papal bull Unigenitus condemned 101 propositions of the French Jansenist theologian Pasquier Quesnel (1634–1719). Jansenism was a Protestant-leaning or mediating movement within Catholicism, in France and the Spanish Netherlands, that was criticized for being crypto-Calvinist, denying that Christ died for all, promoting that Holy Communion should be received very infrequently, and more. After Jansenist propositions were condemned it led to the development of the Old Catholic Church of the Netherlands.

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: Describe the characteristics of the Unigenitus in Counter-Reformation's Councils and documents.

The 1713 papal bull Unigenitus condemned 101 propositions of the French Jansenist theologian Pasquier Quesnel (1634–1719). Jansenism was a Protestant-leaning or mediating movement within Catholicism, in France and the Spanish Netherlands, that was criticized for being crypto-Calvinist, denying that Christ died for all, promoting that Holy Communion should be received very infrequently, and more. After Jansenist propositions were condemned it led to the development of the Old Catholic Church of the Netherlands.

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: In the context of Counter-Reformation, explain the The Netherlands and the Politics and wars.

When the Calvinists took control of various parts of the Netherlands in the Dutch Revolt, the Catholics led by Philip II of Spain fought back. The king sent in Alexander Farnese as Governor-General of the Spanish Netherlands from 1578 to 1592.Farnese led a successful campaign 1578–1592 against the Dutch Revolt, in which he captured the main cities in the south (the future Belgium) and returned them to the control of Catholic Spain. He took advantage of the divisions in the ranks of his opponents between the Dutch-speaking Flemish and the French-speaking Walloons, using persuasion to take advantage of the divisions and foment the growing discord. By doing so he was able to bring back the Walloon provinces to an allegiance to the king. By the treaty of Arras in 1579, he secured the support of the 'Malcontents', as the Catholic nobles of the south were styled.The seven northern provinces as well as the County of Flanders and Duchy of Brabant, controlled by Calvinists, responded with the Union of Utrecht, where they resolved to stick together to fight Spain. Farnese secured his base in Hainaut and Artois, then moved against Brabant and Flanders. City after city fell: Tournai, Maastricht, Breda, Bruges and Ghent opened their gates.Farnese finally laid siege to the great seaport of Antwerp. The town was open to the sea, strongly fortified, and well defended under the leadership of Marnix van St. Aldegonde. Farnese cut off all access to the sea by constructing a bridge of boats across the Scheldt. Antwerp surrendered in 1585 as 60,000 citizens (60 per cent of the pre-siege population) fled north. All of the Southern Netherlands was once more under Spanish control.In a war composed mostly of sieges rather than battles, he proved his mettle. His strategy was to offer generous terms for surrender: there would be no massacres or looting; historic urban privileges were retained; there was a full pardon and amnesty; return to the Catholic Church would be gradual.Meanwhile, Catholic refugees from the north regrouped in Cologne and Douai and developed a more militant, Tridentine identity. They became the mobilizing forces of a popular Counter-Reformation in the south, thereby facilitating the eventual emergence of the state of Belgium.

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: Explain the The Netherlands about the Politics and wars of this artwork, Counter-Reformation.

When the Calvinists took control of various parts of the Netherlands in the Dutch Revolt, the Catholics led by Philip II of Spain fought back. The king sent in Alexander Farnese as Governor-General of the Spanish Netherlands from 1578 to 1592.Farnese led a successful campaign 1578–1592 against the Dutch Revolt, in which he captured the main cities in the south (the future Belgium) and returned them to the control of Catholic Spain. He took advantage of the divisions in the ranks of his opponents between the Dutch-speaking Flemish and the French-speaking Walloons, using persuasion to take advantage of the divisions and foment the growing discord. By doing so he was able to bring back the Walloon provinces to an allegiance to the king. By the treaty of Arras in 1579, he secured the support of the 'Malcontents', as the Catholic nobles of the south were styled.The seven northern provinces as well as the County of Flanders and Duchy of Brabant, controlled by Calvinists, responded with the Union of Utrecht, where they resolved to stick together to fight Spain. Farnese secured his base in Hainaut and Artois, then moved against Brabant and Flanders. City after city fell: Tournai, Maastricht, Breda, Bruges and Ghent opened their gates.Farnese finally laid siege to the great seaport of Antwerp. The town was open to the sea, strongly fortified, and well defended under the leadership of Marnix van St. Aldegonde. Farnese cut off all access to the sea by constructing a bridge of boats across the Scheldt. Antwerp surrendered in 1585 as 60,000 citizens (60 per cent of the pre-siege population) fled north. All of the Southern Netherlands was once more under Spanish control.In a war composed mostly of sieges rather than battles, he proved his mettle. His strategy was to offer generous terms for surrender: there would be no massacres or looting; historic urban privileges were retained; there was a full pardon and amnesty; return to the Catholic Church would be gradual.Meanwhile, Catholic refugees from the north regrouped in Cologne and Douai and developed a more militant, Tridentine identity. They became the mobilizing forces of a popular Counter-Reformation in the south, thereby facilitating the eventual emergence of the state of Belgium.

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: In Counter-Reformation, how is the The Netherlands of the Politics and wars explained?

When the Calvinists took control of various parts of the Netherlands in the Dutch Revolt, the Catholics led by Philip II of Spain fought back. The king sent in Alexander Farnese as Governor-General of the Spanish Netherlands from 1578 to 1592.Farnese led a successful campaign 1578–1592 against the Dutch Revolt, in which he captured the main cities in the south (the future Belgium) and returned them to the control of Catholic Spain. He took advantage of the divisions in the ranks of his opponents between the Dutch-speaking Flemish and the French-speaking Walloons, using persuasion to take advantage of the divisions and foment the growing discord. By doing so he was able to bring back the Walloon provinces to an allegiance to the king. By the treaty of Arras in 1579, he secured the support of the 'Malcontents', as the Catholic nobles of the south were styled.The seven northern provinces as well as the County of Flanders and Duchy of Brabant, controlled by Calvinists, responded with the Union of Utrecht, where they resolved to stick together to fight Spain. Farnese secured his base in Hainaut and Artois, then moved against Brabant and Flanders. City after city fell: Tournai, Maastricht, Breda, Bruges and Ghent opened their gates.Farnese finally laid siege to the great seaport of Antwerp. The town was open to the sea, strongly fortified, and well defended under the leadership of Marnix van St. Aldegonde. Farnese cut off all access to the sea by constructing a bridge of boats across the Scheldt. Antwerp surrendered in 1585 as 60,000 citizens (60 per cent of the pre-siege population) fled north. All of the Southern Netherlands was once more under Spanish control.In a war composed mostly of sieges rather than battles, he proved his mettle. His strategy was to offer generous terms for surrender: there would be no massacres or looting; historic urban privileges were retained; there was a full pardon and amnesty; return to the Catholic Church would be gradual.Meanwhile, Catholic refugees from the north regrouped in Cologne and Douai and developed a more militant, Tridentine identity. They became the mobilizing forces of a popular Counter-Reformation in the south, thereby facilitating the eventual emergence of the state of Belgium.

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: Describe the characteristics of the The Netherlands in Counter-Reformation's Politics and wars.

When the Calvinists took control of various parts of the Netherlands in the Dutch Revolt, the Catholics led by Philip II of Spain fought back. The king sent in Alexander Farnese as Governor-General of the Spanish Netherlands from 1578 to 1592.Farnese led a successful campaign 1578–1592 against the Dutch Revolt, in which he captured the main cities in the south (the future Belgium) and returned them to the control of Catholic Spain. He took advantage of the divisions in the ranks of his opponents between the Dutch-speaking Flemish and the French-speaking Walloons, using persuasion to take advantage of the divisions and foment the growing discord. By doing so he was able to bring back the Walloon provinces to an allegiance to the king. By the treaty of Arras in 1579, he secured the support of the 'Malcontents', as the Catholic nobles of the south were styled.The seven northern provinces as well as the County of Flanders and Duchy of Brabant, controlled by Calvinists, responded with the Union of Utrecht, where they resolved to stick together to fight Spain. Farnese secured his base in Hainaut and Artois, then moved against Brabant and Flanders. City after city fell: Tournai, Maastricht, Breda, Bruges and Ghent opened their gates.Farnese finally laid siege to the great seaport of Antwerp. The town was open to the sea, strongly fortified, and well defended under the leadership of Marnix van St. Aldegonde. Farnese cut off all access to the sea by constructing a bridge of boats across the Scheldt. Antwerp surrendered in 1585 as 60,000 citizens (60 per cent of the pre-siege population) fled north. All of the Southern Netherlands was once more under Spanish control.In a war composed mostly of sieges rather than battles, he proved his mettle. His strategy was to offer generous terms for surrender: there would be no massacres or looting; historic urban privileges were retained; there was a full pardon and amnesty; return to the Catholic Church would be gradual.Meanwhile, Catholic refugees from the north regrouped in Cologne and Douai and developed a more militant, Tridentine identity. They became the mobilizing forces of a popular Counter-Reformation in the south, thereby facilitating the eventual emergence of the state of Belgium.

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: In the context of Counter-Reformation, explain the Germany and the Politics and wars.

The Augsburg Interim was a period where Counter-Reformation measures were exacted upon defeated Protestant populations following the Schmalkaldic War.During the centuries of Counter-Reformation, new towns, collectively termed Exulantenstädte (plural), were founded especially as homes for refugees fleeing the Counter-Reformation. Supporters of the Unity of the Brethren settled in parts of Silesia and Poland. Protestants from the County of Flanders often fled to the Lower Rhine region and northern Germany. French Huguenots crossed the Rhineland to Central Germany. Most towns were named either after the ruler who established them or as expressions of gratitude, e.g. Freudenstadt ("Joy Town"), Glückstadt ("Happy Town").A list of Exulantenstädte:

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: Explain the Germany about the Politics and wars of this artwork, Counter-Reformation.

The Augsburg Interim was a period where Counter-Reformation measures were exacted upon defeated Protestant populations following the Schmalkaldic War.During the centuries of Counter-Reformation, new towns, collectively termed Exulantenstädte (plural), were founded especially as homes for refugees fleeing the Counter-Reformation. Supporters of the Unity of the Brethren settled in parts of Silesia and Poland. Protestants from the County of Flanders often fled to the Lower Rhine region and northern Germany. French Huguenots crossed the Rhineland to Central Germany. Most towns were named either after the ruler who established them or as expressions of gratitude, e.g. Freudenstadt ("Joy Town"), Glückstadt ("Happy Town").A list of Exulantenstädte:

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: In Counter-Reformation, how is the Germany of the Politics and wars explained?

The Augsburg Interim was a period where Counter-Reformation measures were exacted upon defeated Protestant populations following the Schmalkaldic War.During the centuries of Counter-Reformation, new towns, collectively termed Exulantenstädte (plural), were founded especially as homes for refugees fleeing the Counter-Reformation. Supporters of the Unity of the Brethren settled in parts of Silesia and Poland. Protestants from the County of Flanders often fled to the Lower Rhine region and northern Germany. French Huguenots crossed the Rhineland to Central Germany. Most towns were named either after the ruler who established them or as expressions of gratitude, e.g. Freudenstadt ("Joy Town"), Glückstadt ("Happy Town").A list of Exulantenstädte:

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: Describe the characteristics of the Germany in Counter-Reformation's Politics and wars.

The Augsburg Interim was a period where Counter-Reformation measures were exacted upon defeated Protestant populations following the Schmalkaldic War.During the centuries of Counter-Reformation, new towns, collectively termed Exulantenstädte (plural), were founded especially as homes for refugees fleeing the Counter-Reformation. Supporters of the Unity of the Brethren settled in parts of Silesia and Poland. Protestants from the County of Flanders often fled to the Lower Rhine region and northern Germany. French Huguenots crossed the Rhineland to Central Germany. Most towns were named either after the ruler who established them or as expressions of gratitude, e.g. Freudenstadt ("Joy Town"), Glückstadt ("Happy Town").A list of Exulantenstädte:

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: Focusing on the Politics and wars of Counter-Reformation, explain the Cologne about the Germany.

=The Cologne War (1583–1589) was a conflict between Protestant and Catholic factions that devastated the Electorate of Cologne. After Archbishop Gebhard Truchsess von Waldburg, the prince-elector ruling the area, converted to Protestantism, Catholics elected another archbishop, Ernst of Bavaria, and successfully defeated Gebhard and his allies.

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: Explain the Cologne about the Germany of the Politics and wars in this work, Counter-Reformation.

=The Cologne War (1583–1589) was a conflict between Protestant and Catholic factions that devastated the Electorate of Cologne. After Archbishop Gebhard Truchsess von Waldburg, the prince-elector ruling the area, converted to Protestantism, Catholics elected another archbishop, Ernst of Bavaria, and successfully defeated Gebhard and his allies.

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: Regarding Counter-Reformation, how does the Politics and wars's Germany  incorporate the Cologne.

=The Cologne War (1583–1589) was a conflict between Protestant and Catholic factions that devastated the Electorate of Cologne. After Archbishop Gebhard Truchsess von Waldburg, the prince-elector ruling the area, converted to Protestantism, Catholics elected another archbishop, Ernst of Bavaria, and successfully defeated Gebhard and his allies.

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: When looking at the Politics and wars of Counter-Reformation, how do you discuss its Germany's Cologne?

=The Cologne War (1583–1589) was a conflict between Protestant and Catholic factions that devastated the Electorate of Cologne. After Archbishop Gebhard Truchsess von Waldburg, the prince-elector ruling the area, converted to Protestantism, Catholics elected another archbishop, Ernst of Bavaria, and successfully defeated Gebhard and his allies.

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: In the context of Counter-Reformation, explain the Bohemia and Austria and the Politics and wars.

In the Habsburg hereditary lands, which had become predominantly Protestant except for Tyrol, the Counter-Reformation began with Emperor Rudolf II, who began suppressing Protestant activity in 1576. This conflict escalated into the Bohemian Revolt of 1620. Defeated, the Protestant nobility and clergy of Bohemia and Austria were expelled from the country or forced to convert to Catholicism. Among these exiles were important German poets such as Sigmund von Birken, Catharina Regina von Greiffenberg, and Johann Wilhelm von Stubenberg. This influenced the development of German Baroque literature, especially around Regensburg and Nuremberg. Some lived as crypto-Protestants.Others moved to Saxony or the Margraviate of Brandenburg. The Salzburg Protestants were exiled in the 18th century, especially to Prussia. The Transylvanian Landlers were deported to the eastern part of the Habsburg domain. As heir to the throne, Joseph II spoke vehemently to his mother, Maria Theresa, in 1777 against the expulsion of Protestants from Moravia, calling her choices "unjust, impious, impossible, harmful and ridiculous." His 1781 Patent of Toleration can be regarded as the end of the political Counter-Reformation, although there were still smaller expulsions against Protestants (such as the Zillertal expulsion). In 1966, Archbishop Andreas Rohracher expressed regret about the expulsions.

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: Explain the Bohemia and Austria about the Politics and wars of this artwork, Counter-Reformation.

In the Habsburg hereditary lands, which had become predominantly Protestant except for Tyrol, the Counter-Reformation began with Emperor Rudolf II, who began suppressing Protestant activity in 1576. This conflict escalated into the Bohemian Revolt of 1620. Defeated, the Protestant nobility and clergy of Bohemia and Austria were expelled from the country or forced to convert to Catholicism. Among these exiles were important German poets such as Sigmund von Birken, Catharina Regina von Greiffenberg, and Johann Wilhelm von Stubenberg. This influenced the development of German Baroque literature, especially around Regensburg and Nuremberg. Some lived as crypto-Protestants.Others moved to Saxony or the Margraviate of Brandenburg. The Salzburg Protestants were exiled in the 18th century, especially to Prussia. The Transylvanian Landlers were deported to the eastern part of the Habsburg domain. As heir to the throne, Joseph II spoke vehemently to his mother, Maria Theresa, in 1777 against the expulsion of Protestants from Moravia, calling her choices "unjust, impious, impossible, harmful and ridiculous." His 1781 Patent of Toleration can be regarded as the end of the political Counter-Reformation, although there were still smaller expulsions against Protestants (such as the Zillertal expulsion). In 1966, Archbishop Andreas Rohracher expressed regret about the expulsions.

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: In Counter-Reformation, how is the Bohemia and Austria of the Politics and wars explained?

In the Habsburg hereditary lands, which had become predominantly Protestant except for Tyrol, the Counter-Reformation began with Emperor Rudolf II, who began suppressing Protestant activity in 1576. This conflict escalated into the Bohemian Revolt of 1620. Defeated, the Protestant nobility and clergy of Bohemia and Austria were expelled from the country or forced to convert to Catholicism. Among these exiles were important German poets such as Sigmund von Birken, Catharina Regina von Greiffenberg, and Johann Wilhelm von Stubenberg. This influenced the development of German Baroque literature, especially around Regensburg and Nuremberg. Some lived as crypto-Protestants.Others moved to Saxony or the Margraviate of Brandenburg. The Salzburg Protestants were exiled in the 18th century, especially to Prussia. The Transylvanian Landlers were deported to the eastern part of the Habsburg domain. As heir to the throne, Joseph II spoke vehemently to his mother, Maria Theresa, in 1777 against the expulsion of Protestants from Moravia, calling her choices "unjust, impious, impossible, harmful and ridiculous." His 1781 Patent of Toleration can be regarded as the end of the political Counter-Reformation, although there were still smaller expulsions against Protestants (such as the Zillertal expulsion). In 1966, Archbishop Andreas Rohracher expressed regret about the expulsions.

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: Describe the characteristics of the Bohemia and Austria in Counter-Reformation's Politics and wars.

In the Habsburg hereditary lands, which had become predominantly Protestant except for Tyrol, the Counter-Reformation began with Emperor Rudolf II, who began suppressing Protestant activity in 1576. This conflict escalated into the Bohemian Revolt of 1620. Defeated, the Protestant nobility and clergy of Bohemia and Austria were expelled from the country or forced to convert to Catholicism. Among these exiles were important German poets such as Sigmund von Birken, Catharina Regina von Greiffenberg, and Johann Wilhelm von Stubenberg. This influenced the development of German Baroque literature, especially around Regensburg and Nuremberg. Some lived as crypto-Protestants.Others moved to Saxony or the Margraviate of Brandenburg. The Salzburg Protestants were exiled in the 18th century, especially to Prussia. The Transylvanian Landlers were deported to the eastern part of the Habsburg domain. As heir to the throne, Joseph II spoke vehemently to his mother, Maria Theresa, in 1777 against the expulsion of Protestants from Moravia, calling her choices "unjust, impious, impossible, harmful and ridiculous." His 1781 Patent of Toleration can be regarded as the end of the political Counter-Reformation, although there were still smaller expulsions against Protestants (such as the Zillertal expulsion). In 1966, Archbishop Andreas Rohracher expressed regret about the expulsions.

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: In the context of Counter-Reformation, explain the France and the Politics and wars.

In France, from 1562 Catholics and Huguenots (Reformed Protestants) fought a series of wars, resulting in millions of deaths until the Edict of Nantes brought religious peace in 1598. It affirmed Catholicism as the state religion but granted considerable toleration to Protestants, as well as political and military privileges. The latter would be lost at the Peace of Alès of 1629, but the religious toleration lasted until the reign of Louis XIV, who resumed persecution of Protestants and finally abolished their right to worship with the Edict of Fontainebleau in 1685.In 1565, several hundred Huguenot shipwreck survivors surrendered to the Spanish authorities in Florida, presuming they would be treated fairly. The small number of Catholics among the shipwrecked were spared but the rest were all executed for heresy, with active clerical participation.

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: Explain the France about the Politics and wars of this artwork, Counter-Reformation.

In France, from 1562 Catholics and Huguenots (Reformed Protestants) fought a series of wars, resulting in millions of deaths until the Edict of Nantes brought religious peace in 1598. It affirmed Catholicism as the state religion but granted considerable toleration to Protestants, as well as political and military privileges. The latter would be lost at the Peace of Alès of 1629, but the religious toleration lasted until the reign of Louis XIV, who resumed persecution of Protestants and finally abolished their right to worship with the Edict of Fontainebleau in 1685.In 1565, several hundred Huguenot shipwreck survivors surrendered to the Spanish authorities in Florida, presuming they would be treated fairly. The small number of Catholics among the shipwrecked were spared but the rest were all executed for heresy, with active clerical participation.

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: In Counter-Reformation, how is the France of the Politics and wars explained?

In France, from 1562 Catholics and Huguenots (Reformed Protestants) fought a series of wars, resulting in millions of deaths until the Edict of Nantes brought religious peace in 1598. It affirmed Catholicism as the state religion but granted considerable toleration to Protestants, as well as political and military privileges. The latter would be lost at the Peace of Alès of 1629, but the religious toleration lasted until the reign of Louis XIV, who resumed persecution of Protestants and finally abolished their right to worship with the Edict of Fontainebleau in 1685.In 1565, several hundred Huguenot shipwreck survivors surrendered to the Spanish authorities in Florida, presuming they would be treated fairly. The small number of Catholics among the shipwrecked were spared but the rest were all executed for heresy, with active clerical participation.

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: Describe the characteristics of the France in Counter-Reformation's Politics and wars.

In France, from 1562 Catholics and Huguenots (Reformed Protestants) fought a series of wars, resulting in millions of deaths until the Edict of Nantes brought religious peace in 1598. It affirmed Catholicism as the state religion but granted considerable toleration to Protestants, as well as political and military privileges. The latter would be lost at the Peace of Alès of 1629, but the religious toleration lasted until the reign of Louis XIV, who resumed persecution of Protestants and finally abolished their right to worship with the Edict of Fontainebleau in 1685.In 1565, several hundred Huguenot shipwreck survivors surrendered to the Spanish authorities in Florida, presuming they would be treated fairly. The small number of Catholics among the shipwrecked were spared but the rest were all executed for heresy, with active clerical participation.

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: Focusing on the Politics and wars of Counter-Reformation, explain the Indian about the Spain.

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: Explain the Indian about the Spain of the Politics and wars in this work, Counter-Reformation.

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: Regarding Counter-Reformation, how does the Politics and wars's Spain  incorporate the Indian.

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: When looking at the Politics and wars of Counter-Reformation, how do you discuss its Spain's Indian?

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: Focusing on the Politics and wars of Counter-Reformation, explain the Middle East about the Eastern Rites.

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: Explain the Middle East about the Eastern Rites of the Politics and wars in this work, Counter-Reformation.

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg


Counter-Reformation

Prompt: Regarding Counter-Reformation, how does the Politics and wars's Eastern Rites  incorporate the Middle East.

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

File:Titelkupfer Index librorum prohibitorum.jpg

Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola

List of Latin phrases (S)#status quo ante

Journal of the American Musicological Society

History of Christianity of the Middle Ages

File:Catholic faith defeating heresies (Karlskirche Vienna).jpg

Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca

This 1711 illustration for the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

File:Confutatio Augustana and Confessio Augustana.jpg

''Confutatio Augustana'' (left) and ''Confessio Augustana'' (right) being presented to Charles V

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi - WGA20244.jpg