Isleworth Mona Lisa

Prompt: In the context of Isleworth Mona Lisa, explain the 20th century testing by Pulitzer and Asmus and the Attribution.

When Henry Pulitzer purchased the painting in 1962, he immediately endorsed the attribution of Eyre, stating the Isleworth was the only Mona Lisa done by Leonardo. This was an observation repeated in his book where he argued that Leonardo's contemporary Raphael made a sketch of this painting, probably from memory, after seeing it in Leonardo's studio in 1504. The Raphael sketch includes the two Greek columns that are not found in the Louvre's Mona Lisa, but are found in the Isleworth painting. Pulitzer presents a few pages of art expert testimonials in his book; some of these experts seemed to believe that Leonardo was the painter, others felt the artist was somebody who worked in Leonardo's studio, and still others suggested that other artists may have done it. He then presents laboratory evidence, such as light to dark ratios across the canvas and X-rays, that suggested the painting to be by Leonardo. However, specific detail on the manner in which these studies were carried out, and by whom, is not provided. He wrote: "I have no intention of cluttering up this book with too many technicalities and wish to make this chapter brief". No independent reports on the painting are cited in his text; he uses the pronoun "we" to refer to the team that conducted the research. As his own Pulitzer Press then published these results, there is a lack of outside corroboration for his claims.In the late 1980s, physicist John F. Asmus used computer image processing to examine the Louvre Mona Lisa to determine how the colors would appear if they were not distorted by the yellowing of the aged varnish, and discovered previously unknown evidence that the subject had originally been painted with a necklace, which had apparently then been painted over and thereby removed, by Leonardo. In 1988, Asmus published his results from using this technology to compare the faces of Isleworth Mona Lisa and the Louvre Mona Lisa, finding that they shared a signature frequency of degrees of lightness and darkness, which Asmus concluded indicated that this aspect of both paintings was painted by the same person.

The Virgin and Child with St. Anne (Leonardo)

Category:Works attributed to Leonardo da Vinci

File:Sketch of the Mona Lisa by Raphael.jpg

File:Mona Lisa, by Leonardo da Vinci, from C2RMF retouched.jpg

Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage

''Young Woman on a Balcony'' by [[Raphael

Mona Lisa replicas and reinterpretations

National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design

File:Mona Lisa, Louvre and Isleworth hands.jpg

s:Yet Another "Mona Lisa" Adds to Mystery of Louvre Picture

Hands of the Louvre ''Mona Lisa'' (top) and the ''Isleworth Mona Lisa'' (bottom)


Isleworth Mona Lisa

Prompt: Explain the 20th century testing by Pulitzer and Asmus about the Attribution of this artwork, Isleworth Mona Lisa.

When Henry Pulitzer purchased the painting in 1962, he immediately endorsed the attribution of Eyre, stating the Isleworth was the only Mona Lisa done by Leonardo. This was an observation repeated in his book where he argued that Leonardo's contemporary Raphael made a sketch of this painting, probably from memory, after seeing it in Leonardo's studio in 1504. The Raphael sketch includes the two Greek columns that are not found in the Louvre's Mona Lisa, but are found in the Isleworth painting. Pulitzer presents a few pages of art expert testimonials in his book; some of these experts seemed to believe that Leonardo was the painter, others felt the artist was somebody who worked in Leonardo's studio, and still others suggested that other artists may have done it. He then presents laboratory evidence, such as light to dark ratios across the canvas and X-rays, that suggested the painting to be by Leonardo. However, specific detail on the manner in which these studies were carried out, and by whom, is not provided. He wrote: "I have no intention of cluttering up this book with too many technicalities and wish to make this chapter brief". No independent reports on the painting are cited in his text; he uses the pronoun "we" to refer to the team that conducted the research. As his own Pulitzer Press then published these results, there is a lack of outside corroboration for his claims.In the late 1980s, physicist John F. Asmus used computer image processing to examine the Louvre Mona Lisa to determine how the colors would appear if they were not distorted by the yellowing of the aged varnish, and discovered previously unknown evidence that the subject had originally been painted with a necklace, which had apparently then been painted over and thereby removed, by Leonardo. In 1988, Asmus published his results from using this technology to compare the faces of Isleworth Mona Lisa and the Louvre Mona Lisa, finding that they shared a signature frequency of degrees of lightness and darkness, which Asmus concluded indicated that this aspect of both paintings was painted by the same person.

The Virgin and Child with St. Anne (Leonardo)

Category:Works attributed to Leonardo da Vinci

File:Sketch of the Mona Lisa by Raphael.jpg

File:Mona Lisa, by Leonardo da Vinci, from C2RMF retouched.jpg

Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage

''Young Woman on a Balcony'' by [[Raphael

Mona Lisa replicas and reinterpretations

National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design

File:Mona Lisa, Louvre and Isleworth hands.jpg

s:Yet Another "Mona Lisa" Adds to Mystery of Louvre Picture

Hands of the Louvre ''Mona Lisa'' (top) and the ''Isleworth Mona Lisa'' (bottom)


Isleworth Mona Lisa

Prompt: In Isleworth Mona Lisa, how is the 20th century testing by Pulitzer and Asmus of the Attribution explained?

When Henry Pulitzer purchased the painting in 1962, he immediately endorsed the attribution of Eyre, stating the Isleworth was the only Mona Lisa done by Leonardo. This was an observation repeated in his book where he argued that Leonardo's contemporary Raphael made a sketch of this painting, probably from memory, after seeing it in Leonardo's studio in 1504. The Raphael sketch includes the two Greek columns that are not found in the Louvre's Mona Lisa, but are found in the Isleworth painting. Pulitzer presents a few pages of art expert testimonials in his book; some of these experts seemed to believe that Leonardo was the painter, others felt the artist was somebody who worked in Leonardo's studio, and still others suggested that other artists may have done it. He then presents laboratory evidence, such as light to dark ratios across the canvas and X-rays, that suggested the painting to be by Leonardo. However, specific detail on the manner in which these studies were carried out, and by whom, is not provided. He wrote: "I have no intention of cluttering up this book with too many technicalities and wish to make this chapter brief". No independent reports on the painting are cited in his text; he uses the pronoun "we" to refer to the team that conducted the research. As his own Pulitzer Press then published these results, there is a lack of outside corroboration for his claims.In the late 1980s, physicist John F. Asmus used computer image processing to examine the Louvre Mona Lisa to determine how the colors would appear if they were not distorted by the yellowing of the aged varnish, and discovered previously unknown evidence that the subject had originally been painted with a necklace, which had apparently then been painted over and thereby removed, by Leonardo. In 1988, Asmus published his results from using this technology to compare the faces of Isleworth Mona Lisa and the Louvre Mona Lisa, finding that they shared a signature frequency of degrees of lightness and darkness, which Asmus concluded indicated that this aspect of both paintings was painted by the same person.

The Virgin and Child with St. Anne (Leonardo)

Category:Works attributed to Leonardo da Vinci

File:Sketch of the Mona Lisa by Raphael.jpg

File:Mona Lisa, by Leonardo da Vinci, from C2RMF retouched.jpg

Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage

''Young Woman on a Balcony'' by [[Raphael

Mona Lisa replicas and reinterpretations

National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design

File:Mona Lisa, Louvre and Isleworth hands.jpg

s:Yet Another "Mona Lisa" Adds to Mystery of Louvre Picture

Hands of the Louvre ''Mona Lisa'' (top) and the ''Isleworth Mona Lisa'' (bottom)


Isleworth Mona Lisa

Prompt: Describe the characteristics of the 20th century testing by Pulitzer and Asmus in Isleworth Mona Lisa's Attribution.

When Henry Pulitzer purchased the painting in 1962, he immediately endorsed the attribution of Eyre, stating the Isleworth was the only Mona Lisa done by Leonardo. This was an observation repeated in his book where he argued that Leonardo's contemporary Raphael made a sketch of this painting, probably from memory, after seeing it in Leonardo's studio in 1504. The Raphael sketch includes the two Greek columns that are not found in the Louvre's Mona Lisa, but are found in the Isleworth painting. Pulitzer presents a few pages of art expert testimonials in his book; some of these experts seemed to believe that Leonardo was the painter, others felt the artist was somebody who worked in Leonardo's studio, and still others suggested that other artists may have done it. He then presents laboratory evidence, such as light to dark ratios across the canvas and X-rays, that suggested the painting to be by Leonardo. However, specific detail on the manner in which these studies were carried out, and by whom, is not provided. He wrote: "I have no intention of cluttering up this book with too many technicalities and wish to make this chapter brief". No independent reports on the painting are cited in his text; he uses the pronoun "we" to refer to the team that conducted the research. As his own Pulitzer Press then published these results, there is a lack of outside corroboration for his claims.In the late 1980s, physicist John F. Asmus used computer image processing to examine the Louvre Mona Lisa to determine how the colors would appear if they were not distorted by the yellowing of the aged varnish, and discovered previously unknown evidence that the subject had originally been painted with a necklace, which had apparently then been painted over and thereby removed, by Leonardo. In 1988, Asmus published his results from using this technology to compare the faces of Isleworth Mona Lisa and the Louvre Mona Lisa, finding that they shared a signature frequency of degrees of lightness and darkness, which Asmus concluded indicated that this aspect of both paintings was painted by the same person.

The Virgin and Child with St. Anne (Leonardo)

Category:Works attributed to Leonardo da Vinci

File:Sketch of the Mona Lisa by Raphael.jpg

File:Mona Lisa, by Leonardo da Vinci, from C2RMF retouched.jpg

Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage

''Young Woman on a Balcony'' by [[Raphael

Mona Lisa replicas and reinterpretations

National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design

File:Mona Lisa, Louvre and Isleworth hands.jpg

s:Yet Another "Mona Lisa" Adds to Mystery of Louvre Picture

Hands of the Louvre ''Mona Lisa'' (top) and the ''Isleworth Mona Lisa'' (bottom)


Isleworth Mona Lisa

Prompt: In the context of Isleworth Mona Lisa, explain the 21st century examinations and the Attribution.

Between 2012 and 2013, experts examined and studied the work. Kemp wrote that at a 2012 conference, art historians and Leonardo experts Alessandro Vezzosi and Carlo Pedretti "made encouraging but noncommittal statements about the picture being of high quality and worthy of further research". A summary of examinations and tests that were carried out was reported by Reuters on 13 February 2013. Alfonso Rubino, who had previously studied Leonardo's Vitruvian Man, "demonstrated that the geometric principles that Leonardo adopted in his Vitruvian Man are also found in both the Louvre Mona Lisa and in the Isleworth painting", and therefore concluded the Isleworth to be by Leonardo's hand. In 2013, Professor Atila Soares examined the painting in detail and published a book where he confirmed its authenticity as a genuine Leonardo.In October 2013, Jean-Pierre Isbouts published his book The Mona Lisa Myth examining the history and events behind the Louvre and Isleworth paintings and confirmed the latter's attribution to Leonardo. A companion film of the same name was released in March 2014. In April 2014, Albert Sauteur examined the perspective used to execute the Isleworth Mona Lisa and the Mona Lisa in the Louvre, and concluded that Leonardo painted both works, modifying his technique for the second. In July 2014, The Mona Lisa Mystery premiered on the PBS television station's series Secrets of the Dead. This documentary investigated, at length, the authenticity of the Isleworth painting. In support of his assertion of authorship, Isbouts pointed to the similarities of the Raphael drawing and the work done by Asmus, as well as confirmation by other examiners that the canvas and paints were the appropriate age, and that the painting exhibited "downward-extending brush strokes from left to right... consistent with the work of a left-handed artist", as Leonardo was.In 2015, an academic publication by professors Salvatore Lorusso and Andrea Natali provided an extensive analysis of Mona Lisa paintings and copies, and concluded that the Isleworth Mona Lisa was an original work by Leonardo, on stylistic grounds. In 2016, Asmus revisited the painting with professors Vadim Parfenov and Jessie Elford, with the trio publishing the results of scientific examinations that established to their satisfaction that the same artist painted the face of both the Mona Lisa and the Isleworth Mona Lisa. Gérard Boudin de l'Arche published a comprehensive historical account in 2017, wherein he stated that Leonardo painted the Isleworth Mona Lisa before the Louvre Mona Lisa.

The Virgin and Child with St. Anne (Leonardo)

Category:Works attributed to Leonardo da Vinci

File:Sketch of the Mona Lisa by Raphael.jpg

File:Mona Lisa, by Leonardo da Vinci, from C2RMF retouched.jpg

Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage

''Young Woman on a Balcony'' by [[Raphael

Mona Lisa replicas and reinterpretations

National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design

File:Mona Lisa, Louvre and Isleworth hands.jpg

s:Yet Another "Mona Lisa" Adds to Mystery of Louvre Picture

Hands of the Louvre ''Mona Lisa'' (top) and the ''Isleworth Mona Lisa'' (bottom)


Isleworth Mona Lisa

Prompt: Explain the 21st century examinations about the Attribution of this artwork, Isleworth Mona Lisa.

Between 2012 and 2013, experts examined and studied the work. Kemp wrote that at a 2012 conference, art historians and Leonardo experts Alessandro Vezzosi and Carlo Pedretti "made encouraging but noncommittal statements about the picture being of high quality and worthy of further research". A summary of examinations and tests that were carried out was reported by Reuters on 13 February 2013. Alfonso Rubino, who had previously studied Leonardo's Vitruvian Man, "demonstrated that the geometric principles that Leonardo adopted in his Vitruvian Man are also found in both the Louvre Mona Lisa and in the Isleworth painting", and therefore concluded the Isleworth to be by Leonardo's hand. In 2013, Professor Atila Soares examined the painting in detail and published a book where he confirmed its authenticity as a genuine Leonardo.In October 2013, Jean-Pierre Isbouts published his book The Mona Lisa Myth examining the history and events behind the Louvre and Isleworth paintings and confirmed the latter's attribution to Leonardo. A companion film of the same name was released in March 2014. In April 2014, Albert Sauteur examined the perspective used to execute the Isleworth Mona Lisa and the Mona Lisa in the Louvre, and concluded that Leonardo painted both works, modifying his technique for the second. In July 2014, The Mona Lisa Mystery premiered on the PBS television station's series Secrets of the Dead. This documentary investigated, at length, the authenticity of the Isleworth painting. In support of his assertion of authorship, Isbouts pointed to the similarities of the Raphael drawing and the work done by Asmus, as well as confirmation by other examiners that the canvas and paints were the appropriate age, and that the painting exhibited "downward-extending brush strokes from left to right... consistent with the work of a left-handed artist", as Leonardo was.In 2015, an academic publication by professors Salvatore Lorusso and Andrea Natali provided an extensive analysis of Mona Lisa paintings and copies, and concluded that the Isleworth Mona Lisa was an original work by Leonardo, on stylistic grounds. In 2016, Asmus revisited the painting with professors Vadim Parfenov and Jessie Elford, with the trio publishing the results of scientific examinations that established to their satisfaction that the same artist painted the face of both the Mona Lisa and the Isleworth Mona Lisa. Gérard Boudin de l'Arche published a comprehensive historical account in 2017, wherein he stated that Leonardo painted the Isleworth Mona Lisa before the Louvre Mona Lisa.

The Virgin and Child with St. Anne (Leonardo)

Category:Works attributed to Leonardo da Vinci

File:Sketch of the Mona Lisa by Raphael.jpg

File:Mona Lisa, by Leonardo da Vinci, from C2RMF retouched.jpg

Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage

''Young Woman on a Balcony'' by [[Raphael

Mona Lisa replicas and reinterpretations

National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design

File:Mona Lisa, Louvre and Isleworth hands.jpg

s:Yet Another "Mona Lisa" Adds to Mystery of Louvre Picture

Hands of the Louvre ''Mona Lisa'' (top) and the ''Isleworth Mona Lisa'' (bottom)


Isleworth Mona Lisa

Prompt: In Isleworth Mona Lisa, how is the 21st century examinations of the Attribution explained?

Between 2012 and 2013, experts examined and studied the work. Kemp wrote that at a 2012 conference, art historians and Leonardo experts Alessandro Vezzosi and Carlo Pedretti "made encouraging but noncommittal statements about the picture being of high quality and worthy of further research". A summary of examinations and tests that were carried out was reported by Reuters on 13 February 2013. Alfonso Rubino, who had previously studied Leonardo's Vitruvian Man, "demonstrated that the geometric principles that Leonardo adopted in his Vitruvian Man are also found in both the Louvre Mona Lisa and in the Isleworth painting", and therefore concluded the Isleworth to be by Leonardo's hand. In 2013, Professor Atila Soares examined the painting in detail and published a book where he confirmed its authenticity as a genuine Leonardo.In October 2013, Jean-Pierre Isbouts published his book The Mona Lisa Myth examining the history and events behind the Louvre and Isleworth paintings and confirmed the latter's attribution to Leonardo. A companion film of the same name was released in March 2014. In April 2014, Albert Sauteur examined the perspective used to execute the Isleworth Mona Lisa and the Mona Lisa in the Louvre, and concluded that Leonardo painted both works, modifying his technique for the second. In July 2014, The Mona Lisa Mystery premiered on the PBS television station's series Secrets of the Dead. This documentary investigated, at length, the authenticity of the Isleworth painting. In support of his assertion of authorship, Isbouts pointed to the similarities of the Raphael drawing and the work done by Asmus, as well as confirmation by other examiners that the canvas and paints were the appropriate age, and that the painting exhibited "downward-extending brush strokes from left to right... consistent with the work of a left-handed artist", as Leonardo was.In 2015, an academic publication by professors Salvatore Lorusso and Andrea Natali provided an extensive analysis of Mona Lisa paintings and copies, and concluded that the Isleworth Mona Lisa was an original work by Leonardo, on stylistic grounds. In 2016, Asmus revisited the painting with professors Vadim Parfenov and Jessie Elford, with the trio publishing the results of scientific examinations that established to their satisfaction that the same artist painted the face of both the Mona Lisa and the Isleworth Mona Lisa. Gérard Boudin de l'Arche published a comprehensive historical account in 2017, wherein he stated that Leonardo painted the Isleworth Mona Lisa before the Louvre Mona Lisa.

The Virgin and Child with St. Anne (Leonardo)

Category:Works attributed to Leonardo da Vinci

File:Sketch of the Mona Lisa by Raphael.jpg

File:Mona Lisa, by Leonardo da Vinci, from C2RMF retouched.jpg

Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage

''Young Woman on a Balcony'' by [[Raphael

Mona Lisa replicas and reinterpretations

National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design

File:Mona Lisa, Louvre and Isleworth hands.jpg

s:Yet Another "Mona Lisa" Adds to Mystery of Louvre Picture

Hands of the Louvre ''Mona Lisa'' (top) and the ''Isleworth Mona Lisa'' (bottom)


Isleworth Mona Lisa

Prompt: Describe the characteristics of the 21st century examinations in Isleworth Mona Lisa's Attribution.

Between 2012 and 2013, experts examined and studied the work. Kemp wrote that at a 2012 conference, art historians and Leonardo experts Alessandro Vezzosi and Carlo Pedretti "made encouraging but noncommittal statements about the picture being of high quality and worthy of further research". A summary of examinations and tests that were carried out was reported by Reuters on 13 February 2013. Alfonso Rubino, who had previously studied Leonardo's Vitruvian Man, "demonstrated that the geometric principles that Leonardo adopted in his Vitruvian Man are also found in both the Louvre Mona Lisa and in the Isleworth painting", and therefore concluded the Isleworth to be by Leonardo's hand. In 2013, Professor Atila Soares examined the painting in detail and published a book where he confirmed its authenticity as a genuine Leonardo.In October 2013, Jean-Pierre Isbouts published his book The Mona Lisa Myth examining the history and events behind the Louvre and Isleworth paintings and confirmed the latter's attribution to Leonardo. A companion film of the same name was released in March 2014. In April 2014, Albert Sauteur examined the perspective used to execute the Isleworth Mona Lisa and the Mona Lisa in the Louvre, and concluded that Leonardo painted both works, modifying his technique for the second. In July 2014, The Mona Lisa Mystery premiered on the PBS television station's series Secrets of the Dead. This documentary investigated, at length, the authenticity of the Isleworth painting. In support of his assertion of authorship, Isbouts pointed to the similarities of the Raphael drawing and the work done by Asmus, as well as confirmation by other examiners that the canvas and paints were the appropriate age, and that the painting exhibited "downward-extending brush strokes from left to right... consistent with the work of a left-handed artist", as Leonardo was.In 2015, an academic publication by professors Salvatore Lorusso and Andrea Natali provided an extensive analysis of Mona Lisa paintings and copies, and concluded that the Isleworth Mona Lisa was an original work by Leonardo, on stylistic grounds. In 2016, Asmus revisited the painting with professors Vadim Parfenov and Jessie Elford, with the trio publishing the results of scientific examinations that established to their satisfaction that the same artist painted the face of both the Mona Lisa and the Isleworth Mona Lisa. Gérard Boudin de l'Arche published a comprehensive historical account in 2017, wherein he stated that Leonardo painted the Isleworth Mona Lisa before the Louvre Mona Lisa.

The Virgin and Child with St. Anne (Leonardo)

Category:Works attributed to Leonardo da Vinci

File:Sketch of the Mona Lisa by Raphael.jpg

File:Mona Lisa, by Leonardo da Vinci, from C2RMF retouched.jpg

Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage

''Young Woman on a Balcony'' by [[Raphael

Mona Lisa replicas and reinterpretations

National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design

File:Mona Lisa, Louvre and Isleworth hands.jpg

s:Yet Another "Mona Lisa" Adds to Mystery of Louvre Picture

Hands of the Louvre ''Mona Lisa'' (top) and the ''Isleworth Mona Lisa'' (bottom)


Isleworth Mona Lisa

Prompt: In the context of Isleworth Mona Lisa, explain the Canvas and the Attribution.

Kemp and others have observed that Leonardo's preferred medium was wood, asserting that he rarely painted on canvas. Others have countered that Leonardo "assiduously experimented with new ideas and technologies", and that "the artist did occasionally paint on canvas". In particular, Lorusso and Natali note that Leonardo had previous painted studies on drapery on a canvas that "had almost identical features", and that Leonardo's manuscript, A Treatise on Painting, "describes in detail not only how to prepare the canvas for painting, but also how to paint on it". Isbouts said that carbon dating of the canvas returned a result "consistent with a 1503-1506 execution date for the painting". Lorusso and Natali indicate that the canvas was prepared with a layer of reddish-brown material, "a combination of red-brown ochre calcite and some grains of quartz", and that this was a technique used by Leonardo in other paintings to give additional warmth to the final painting. Isbouts states that testing of the canvas underlying the painting "revealed a detailed underdrawing with revisions", which he asserts are indicative of an original work rather than a copy.The Mona Lisa Foundation also responded to the use of canvas in the Isleworth Mona Lisa, citing the Benois Madonna (which is generally attributed to Leonardo) as a work Leonardo painted on canvas. However, author Jehane Ragai asserted that the Benois Madonna was originally painted on wood and then transferred to canvas. Besides the Benois Madonna, the only other generally accepted Leonardo paintings that use canvas, the Virgin of the Rocks (Louvre version) and  The Madonna of the Yarnwinder (The Lansdowne Madonna), were also transferred from wood panels. It has also been noted, however, that Leonardo visited Venice in 1500, at a time when oil painting on canvas was quickly coming into vogue there, "being lighter and more manageable. Mounted on a stretcher it offered the brush a more congenial ground; being softer and more flexible, it offered textural and gestural possibilities..." While in Venice, Leonardo may have been in contact with Giorgione, who was himself painting a significant work on canvas, The Judgement of Solomon, which in turn appears to be stylistically influenced by Leonardo.

The Virgin and Child with St. Anne (Leonardo)

Category:Works attributed to Leonardo da Vinci

File:Sketch of the Mona Lisa by Raphael.jpg

File:Mona Lisa, by Leonardo da Vinci, from C2RMF retouched.jpg

Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage

''Young Woman on a Balcony'' by [[Raphael

Mona Lisa replicas and reinterpretations

National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design

File:Mona Lisa, Louvre and Isleworth hands.jpg

s:Yet Another "Mona Lisa" Adds to Mystery of Louvre Picture

Hands of the Louvre ''Mona Lisa'' (top) and the ''Isleworth Mona Lisa'' (bottom)


Isleworth Mona Lisa

Prompt: Explain the Canvas about the Attribution of this artwork, Isleworth Mona Lisa.

Kemp and others have observed that Leonardo's preferred medium was wood, asserting that he rarely painted on canvas. Others have countered that Leonardo "assiduously experimented with new ideas and technologies", and that "the artist did occasionally paint on canvas". In particular, Lorusso and Natali note that Leonardo had previous painted studies on drapery on a canvas that "had almost identical features", and that Leonardo's manuscript, A Treatise on Painting, "describes in detail not only how to prepare the canvas for painting, but also how to paint on it". Isbouts said that carbon dating of the canvas returned a result "consistent with a 1503-1506 execution date for the painting". Lorusso and Natali indicate that the canvas was prepared with a layer of reddish-brown material, "a combination of red-brown ochre calcite and some grains of quartz", and that this was a technique used by Leonardo in other paintings to give additional warmth to the final painting. Isbouts states that testing of the canvas underlying the painting "revealed a detailed underdrawing with revisions", which he asserts are indicative of an original work rather than a copy.The Mona Lisa Foundation also responded to the use of canvas in the Isleworth Mona Lisa, citing the Benois Madonna (which is generally attributed to Leonardo) as a work Leonardo painted on canvas. However, author Jehane Ragai asserted that the Benois Madonna was originally painted on wood and then transferred to canvas. Besides the Benois Madonna, the only other generally accepted Leonardo paintings that use canvas, the Virgin of the Rocks (Louvre version) and  The Madonna of the Yarnwinder (The Lansdowne Madonna), were also transferred from wood panels. It has also been noted, however, that Leonardo visited Venice in 1500, at a time when oil painting on canvas was quickly coming into vogue there, "being lighter and more manageable. Mounted on a stretcher it offered the brush a more congenial ground; being softer and more flexible, it offered textural and gestural possibilities..." While in Venice, Leonardo may have been in contact with Giorgione, who was himself painting a significant work on canvas, The Judgement of Solomon, which in turn appears to be stylistically influenced by Leonardo.

The Virgin and Child with St. Anne (Leonardo)

Category:Works attributed to Leonardo da Vinci

File:Sketch of the Mona Lisa by Raphael.jpg

File:Mona Lisa, by Leonardo da Vinci, from C2RMF retouched.jpg

Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage

''Young Woman on a Balcony'' by [[Raphael

Mona Lisa replicas and reinterpretations

National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design

File:Mona Lisa, Louvre and Isleworth hands.jpg

s:Yet Another "Mona Lisa" Adds to Mystery of Louvre Picture

Hands of the Louvre ''Mona Lisa'' (top) and the ''Isleworth Mona Lisa'' (bottom)


Isleworth Mona Lisa

Prompt: In Isleworth Mona Lisa, how is the Canvas of the Attribution explained?

Kemp and others have observed that Leonardo's preferred medium was wood, asserting that he rarely painted on canvas. Others have countered that Leonardo "assiduously experimented with new ideas and technologies", and that "the artist did occasionally paint on canvas". In particular, Lorusso and Natali note that Leonardo had previous painted studies on drapery on a canvas that "had almost identical features", and that Leonardo's manuscript, A Treatise on Painting, "describes in detail not only how to prepare the canvas for painting, but also how to paint on it". Isbouts said that carbon dating of the canvas returned a result "consistent with a 1503-1506 execution date for the painting". Lorusso and Natali indicate that the canvas was prepared with a layer of reddish-brown material, "a combination of red-brown ochre calcite and some grains of quartz", and that this was a technique used by Leonardo in other paintings to give additional warmth to the final painting. Isbouts states that testing of the canvas underlying the painting "revealed a detailed underdrawing with revisions", which he asserts are indicative of an original work rather than a copy.The Mona Lisa Foundation also responded to the use of canvas in the Isleworth Mona Lisa, citing the Benois Madonna (which is generally attributed to Leonardo) as a work Leonardo painted on canvas. However, author Jehane Ragai asserted that the Benois Madonna was originally painted on wood and then transferred to canvas. Besides the Benois Madonna, the only other generally accepted Leonardo paintings that use canvas, the Virgin of the Rocks (Louvre version) and  The Madonna of the Yarnwinder (The Lansdowne Madonna), were also transferred from wood panels. It has also been noted, however, that Leonardo visited Venice in 1500, at a time when oil painting on canvas was quickly coming into vogue there, "being lighter and more manageable. Mounted on a stretcher it offered the brush a more congenial ground; being softer and more flexible, it offered textural and gestural possibilities..." While in Venice, Leonardo may have been in contact with Giorgione, who was himself painting a significant work on canvas, The Judgement of Solomon, which in turn appears to be stylistically influenced by Leonardo.

The Virgin and Child with St. Anne (Leonardo)

Category:Works attributed to Leonardo da Vinci

File:Sketch of the Mona Lisa by Raphael.jpg

File:Mona Lisa, by Leonardo da Vinci, from C2RMF retouched.jpg

Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage

''Young Woman on a Balcony'' by [[Raphael

Mona Lisa replicas and reinterpretations

National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design

File:Mona Lisa, Louvre and Isleworth hands.jpg

s:Yet Another "Mona Lisa" Adds to Mystery of Louvre Picture

Hands of the Louvre ''Mona Lisa'' (top) and the ''Isleworth Mona Lisa'' (bottom)


Isleworth Mona Lisa

Prompt: Describe the characteristics of the Canvas in Isleworth Mona Lisa's Attribution.

Kemp and others have observed that Leonardo's preferred medium was wood, asserting that he rarely painted on canvas. Others have countered that Leonardo "assiduously experimented with new ideas and technologies", and that "the artist did occasionally paint on canvas". In particular, Lorusso and Natali note that Leonardo had previous painted studies on drapery on a canvas that "had almost identical features", and that Leonardo's manuscript, A Treatise on Painting, "describes in detail not only how to prepare the canvas for painting, but also how to paint on it". Isbouts said that carbon dating of the canvas returned a result "consistent with a 1503-1506 execution date for the painting". Lorusso and Natali indicate that the canvas was prepared with a layer of reddish-brown material, "a combination of red-brown ochre calcite and some grains of quartz", and that this was a technique used by Leonardo in other paintings to give additional warmth to the final painting. Isbouts states that testing of the canvas underlying the painting "revealed a detailed underdrawing with revisions", which he asserts are indicative of an original work rather than a copy.The Mona Lisa Foundation also responded to the use of canvas in the Isleworth Mona Lisa, citing the Benois Madonna (which is generally attributed to Leonardo) as a work Leonardo painted on canvas. However, author Jehane Ragai asserted that the Benois Madonna was originally painted on wood and then transferred to canvas. Besides the Benois Madonna, the only other generally accepted Leonardo paintings that use canvas, the Virgin of the Rocks (Louvre version) and  The Madonna of the Yarnwinder (The Lansdowne Madonna), were also transferred from wood panels. It has also been noted, however, that Leonardo visited Venice in 1500, at a time when oil painting on canvas was quickly coming into vogue there, "being lighter and more manageable. Mounted on a stretcher it offered the brush a more congenial ground; being softer and more flexible, it offered textural and gestural possibilities..." While in Venice, Leonardo may have been in contact with Giorgione, who was himself painting a significant work on canvas, The Judgement of Solomon, which in turn appears to be stylistically influenced by Leonardo.

The Virgin and Child with St. Anne (Leonardo)

Category:Works attributed to Leonardo da Vinci

File:Sketch of the Mona Lisa by Raphael.jpg

File:Mona Lisa, by Leonardo da Vinci, from C2RMF retouched.jpg

Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage

''Young Woman on a Balcony'' by [[Raphael

Mona Lisa replicas and reinterpretations

National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design

File:Mona Lisa, Louvre and Isleworth hands.jpg

s:Yet Another "Mona Lisa" Adds to Mystery of Louvre Picture

Hands of the Louvre ''Mona Lisa'' (top) and the ''Isleworth Mona Lisa'' (bottom)


Isleworth Mona Lisa

Prompt: Focus on Isleworth Mona Lisa and explain the Exhibitions.

In 2023, The Isleworth Mona Lisa went on display at the Promotrice delle Belle Arti in Turin, Italy. The exhibit, titled "The First Mona Lisa," ran through May 26, 2024.

The Virgin and Child with St. Anne (Leonardo)

Category:Works attributed to Leonardo da Vinci

File:Sketch of the Mona Lisa by Raphael.jpg

File:Mona Lisa, by Leonardo da Vinci, from C2RMF retouched.jpg

Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage

''Young Woman on a Balcony'' by [[Raphael

Mona Lisa replicas and reinterpretations

National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design

File:Mona Lisa, Louvre and Isleworth hands.jpg

s:Yet Another "Mona Lisa" Adds to Mystery of Louvre Picture

Hands of the Louvre ''Mona Lisa'' (top) and the ''Isleworth Mona Lisa'' (bottom)


Isleworth Mona Lisa

Prompt: Explain the Exhibitions of this artwork, Isleworth Mona Lisa.

In 2023, The Isleworth Mona Lisa went on display at the Promotrice delle Belle Arti in Turin, Italy. The exhibit, titled "The First Mona Lisa," ran through May 26, 2024.

The Virgin and Child with St. Anne (Leonardo)

Category:Works attributed to Leonardo da Vinci

File:Sketch of the Mona Lisa by Raphael.jpg

File:Mona Lisa, by Leonardo da Vinci, from C2RMF retouched.jpg

Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage

''Young Woman on a Balcony'' by [[Raphael

Mona Lisa replicas and reinterpretations

National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design

File:Mona Lisa, Louvre and Isleworth hands.jpg

s:Yet Another "Mona Lisa" Adds to Mystery of Louvre Picture

Hands of the Louvre ''Mona Lisa'' (top) and the ''Isleworth Mona Lisa'' (bottom)


Isleworth Mona Lisa

Prompt: How does Isleworth Mona Lisa explain its Exhibitions?

In 2023, The Isleworth Mona Lisa went on display at the Promotrice delle Belle Arti in Turin, Italy. The exhibit, titled "The First Mona Lisa," ran through May 26, 2024.

The Virgin and Child with St. Anne (Leonardo)

Category:Works attributed to Leonardo da Vinci

File:Sketch of the Mona Lisa by Raphael.jpg

File:Mona Lisa, by Leonardo da Vinci, from C2RMF retouched.jpg

Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage

''Young Woman on a Balcony'' by [[Raphael

Mona Lisa replicas and reinterpretations

National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design

File:Mona Lisa, Louvre and Isleworth hands.jpg

s:Yet Another "Mona Lisa" Adds to Mystery of Louvre Picture

Hands of the Louvre ''Mona Lisa'' (top) and the ''Isleworth Mona Lisa'' (bottom)


Isleworth Mona Lisa

Prompt: In Isleworth Mona Lisa, how is the Exhibitions discussed?

In 2023, The Isleworth Mona Lisa went on display at the Promotrice delle Belle Arti in Turin, Italy. The exhibit, titled "The First Mona Lisa," ran through May 26, 2024.

The Virgin and Child with St. Anne (Leonardo)

Category:Works attributed to Leonardo da Vinci

File:Sketch of the Mona Lisa by Raphael.jpg

File:Mona Lisa, by Leonardo da Vinci, from C2RMF retouched.jpg

Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage

''Young Woman on a Balcony'' by [[Raphael

Mona Lisa replicas and reinterpretations

National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design

File:Mona Lisa, Louvre and Isleworth hands.jpg

s:Yet Another "Mona Lisa" Adds to Mystery of Louvre Picture

Hands of the Louvre ''Mona Lisa'' (top) and the ''Isleworth Mona Lisa'' (bottom)


Prompt: Focus on Equestrian statue of Andrew Jackson (Washington, D.C.) and explain the abstract.

Andrew Jackson is a bronze equestrian statue by Clark Mills mounted on a white marble base in the center of Lafayette Square within President's Park in Washington, D.C., just to the north of the White House. Jackson is depicted dressed in military uniform, raising his hat with his right hand, while controlling the reins with his left hand as his horse rises on its rear legs.   Other original castings stand in Jackson Square in New Orleans, Louisiana, and at the Tennessee State Capitol building in Nashville.

United States Attorney for the District of Columbia

Category:Bronze sculptures in Washington, D.C.

List of sculptures of presidents of the United States

equestrian statue of George Washington (Washington Circle)

Smithsonian Institution Research Information System

List of public art in Washington, D.C., Ward 2

Category:Outdoor sculptures in Washington, D.C.

Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation

George Floyd protests in Washington, D.C.

Presidential memorials in the United States

Category:Lafayette Square, Washington, D.C.

The Jackson Monument and White House in the 1890s

Category:Sculptures of men in Washington, D.C.

Category:Monuments and memorials in Washington, D.C.

Major General Marquis Gilbert de Lafayette

National Trust for Historic Preservation

Category:Equestrian statues in Washington, D.C.

Category:Equestrian statues in Tennessee

Category:Artworks in the collection of the National Park Service

Lafayette Square Historic District, Washington, D.C.#Navy Yard Urns

U.S. Attorney’s Office: District of Columbia

Statue of Thomas Jefferson (David d'Angers)

File:Washington. Jackson Monument and White House-LCCN2008678237.jpg

Category:Vandalized works of art in Washington, D.C.

Vandalism of the Jackson Monument in 2021

Category:Equestrian statues in Louisiana

Statue of Tadeusz Kościuszko (Washington, D.C.)


Prompt: Explain the abstract of this artwork, Equestrian statue of Andrew Jackson (Washington, D.C.).

Andrew Jackson is a bronze equestrian statue by Clark Mills mounted on a white marble base in the center of Lafayette Square within President's Park in Washington, D.C., just to the north of the White House. Jackson is depicted dressed in military uniform, raising his hat with his right hand, while controlling the reins with his left hand as his horse rises on its rear legs.   Other original castings stand in Jackson Square in New Orleans, Louisiana, and at the Tennessee State Capitol building in Nashville.

United States Attorney for the District of Columbia

Category:Bronze sculptures in Washington, D.C.

List of sculptures of presidents of the United States

equestrian statue of George Washington (Washington Circle)

Smithsonian Institution Research Information System

List of public art in Washington, D.C., Ward 2

Category:Outdoor sculptures in Washington, D.C.

Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation

George Floyd protests in Washington, D.C.

Presidential memorials in the United States

Category:Lafayette Square, Washington, D.C.

The Jackson Monument and White House in the 1890s

Category:Sculptures of men in Washington, D.C.

Category:Monuments and memorials in Washington, D.C.

Major General Marquis Gilbert de Lafayette

National Trust for Historic Preservation

Category:Equestrian statues in Washington, D.C.

Category:Equestrian statues in Tennessee

Category:Artworks in the collection of the National Park Service

Lafayette Square Historic District, Washington, D.C.#Navy Yard Urns

U.S. Attorney’s Office: District of Columbia

Statue of Thomas Jefferson (David d'Angers)

File:Washington. Jackson Monument and White House-LCCN2008678237.jpg

Category:Vandalized works of art in Washington, D.C.

Vandalism of the Jackson Monument in 2021

Category:Equestrian statues in Louisiana

Statue of Tadeusz Kościuszko (Washington, D.C.)


Prompt: How does Equestrian statue of Andrew Jackson (Washington, D.C.) explain its abstract?

Andrew Jackson is a bronze equestrian statue by Clark Mills mounted on a white marble base in the center of Lafayette Square within President's Park in Washington, D.C., just to the north of the White House. Jackson is depicted dressed in military uniform, raising his hat with his right hand, while controlling the reins with his left hand as his horse rises on its rear legs.   Other original castings stand in Jackson Square in New Orleans, Louisiana, and at the Tennessee State Capitol building in Nashville.

United States Attorney for the District of Columbia

Category:Bronze sculptures in Washington, D.C.

List of sculptures of presidents of the United States

equestrian statue of George Washington (Washington Circle)

Smithsonian Institution Research Information System

List of public art in Washington, D.C., Ward 2

Category:Outdoor sculptures in Washington, D.C.

Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation

George Floyd protests in Washington, D.C.

Presidential memorials in the United States

Category:Lafayette Square, Washington, D.C.

The Jackson Monument and White House in the 1890s

Category:Sculptures of men in Washington, D.C.

Category:Monuments and memorials in Washington, D.C.

Major General Marquis Gilbert de Lafayette

National Trust for Historic Preservation

Category:Equestrian statues in Washington, D.C.

Category:Equestrian statues in Tennessee

Category:Artworks in the collection of the National Park Service

Lafayette Square Historic District, Washington, D.C.#Navy Yard Urns

U.S. Attorney’s Office: District of Columbia

Statue of Thomas Jefferson (David d'Angers)

File:Washington. Jackson Monument and White House-LCCN2008678237.jpg

Category:Vandalized works of art in Washington, D.C.

Vandalism of the Jackson Monument in 2021

Category:Equestrian statues in Louisiana

Statue of Tadeusz Kościuszko (Washington, D.C.)


Prompt: In Equestrian statue of Andrew Jackson (Washington, D.C.), how is the abstract discussed?

Andrew Jackson is a bronze equestrian statue by Clark Mills mounted on a white marble base in the center of Lafayette Square within President's Park in Washington, D.C., just to the north of the White House. Jackson is depicted dressed in military uniform, raising his hat with his right hand, while controlling the reins with his left hand as his horse rises on its rear legs.   Other original castings stand in Jackson Square in New Orleans, Louisiana, and at the Tennessee State Capitol building in Nashville.

United States Attorney for the District of Columbia

Category:Bronze sculptures in Washington, D.C.

List of sculptures of presidents of the United States

equestrian statue of George Washington (Washington Circle)

Smithsonian Institution Research Information System

List of public art in Washington, D.C., Ward 2

Category:Outdoor sculptures in Washington, D.C.

Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation

George Floyd protests in Washington, D.C.

Presidential memorials in the United States

Category:Lafayette Square, Washington, D.C.

The Jackson Monument and White House in the 1890s

Category:Sculptures of men in Washington, D.C.

Category:Monuments and memorials in Washington, D.C.

Major General Marquis Gilbert de Lafayette

National Trust for Historic Preservation

Category:Equestrian statues in Washington, D.C.

Category:Equestrian statues in Tennessee

Category:Artworks in the collection of the National Park Service

Lafayette Square Historic District, Washington, D.C.#Navy Yard Urns

U.S. Attorney’s Office: District of Columbia

Statue of Thomas Jefferson (David d'Angers)

File:Washington. Jackson Monument and White House-LCCN2008678237.jpg

Category:Vandalized works of art in Washington, D.C.

Vandalism of the Jackson Monument in 2021

Category:Equestrian statues in Louisiana

Statue of Tadeusz Kościuszko (Washington, D.C.)


Prompt: Focus on Equestrian statue of Andrew Jackson (Washington, D.C.) and explain the Description.

The statue depicts Andrew Jackson, the general who commanded US forces in the Battle of New Orleans on January 8, 1815, and who served as the seventh president of the United States from 1829 to 1837. It was commissioned in May 1847, almost two years after Jackson's death at The Hermitage, his plantation near Nashville, Tennessee, by the Jackson Monument Committee chaired by John Peter Van Ness (who died before the statue was completed). Although Mills had never met Jackson and had also never seen an equestrian statue, his proposal won the commission ahead of Hiram Powers and Robert Mills. Mills taught himself the technical skills to finalize the design and cast the statue.Jackson's horse at the Battle of New Orleans was named Duke; but Mills modeled the horse from his own horse named Olympus. Mills trained his horse to pose on its haunches. He also borrowed Jackson's uniform from the U.S. Patent Office, where it was being preserved. He completed a plaster model, and he established a new bronze foundry to produce the casting at his studio on 15th Street and Pennsylvania Avenue NW, south of the Treasury Building.  Mills produced six castings of the statue of Andrew Jackson until the final one was completed, with ten pieces, six for Jackson and four for the horse. In his casting, he was assisted by an enslaved apprentice, Phillip Reid, who also assisted Mills with other castings, including the 1860-1862 casting of the Statue of Freedom designed by Thomas Crawford which sits atop the United States Capitol dome.   The casting was completed 1852, making this the first equestrian statue made in the US, and also the first bronze statue cast in the US. It has been described as the first equestrian statue made with the horse rearing on two legs with no additional support – earlier equestrian bronzes, such as Pietro Tacca's statue of Philip IV, and Étienne Maurice Falconet's statue of Peter the Great, use the horse's tail as a third support. Tests in 1993 showed that the rear legs have central cores of iron covered with bronze, giving them additional strength and weight to support and counterbalance the suspended parts of the statue.The statue is about a third larger than life, and weighs about 15 tons. It was installed on a tapering rectangular marble base on a raised circular grassed area with railings on the alignment of the North Portico of the White House and 16th Street NW. The narrow face of the marble base, to the west, bears the inscriptions "JACKSON" and "OUR FEDERAL UNION / IT MUST BE PRESERVED", the latter added in 1909 and quoting a toast offered by Jackson at a Democratic Party banquet in 1830 to celebrate the birthday of Thomas Jefferson. The south face has the inscription "CLARK MILLS". The marble base is surrounded by four cannons that Jackson captured from the Spanish at Pensacola, Florida in 1818. The original intention has been to cast the statue itself using metal from captured cannons, but the tin content was too high. The metal barrels of the cannons initially rested on the grass for several years, before they were raised on new wooden gun carriages, subsequently replaced several times.

United States Attorney for the District of Columbia

Category:Bronze sculptures in Washington, D.C.

List of sculptures of presidents of the United States

equestrian statue of George Washington (Washington Circle)

Smithsonian Institution Research Information System

List of public art in Washington, D.C., Ward 2

Category:Outdoor sculptures in Washington, D.C.

Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation

George Floyd protests in Washington, D.C.

Presidential memorials in the United States

Category:Lafayette Square, Washington, D.C.

The Jackson Monument and White House in the 1890s

Category:Sculptures of men in Washington, D.C.

Category:Monuments and memorials in Washington, D.C.

Major General Marquis Gilbert de Lafayette

National Trust for Historic Preservation

Category:Equestrian statues in Washington, D.C.

Category:Equestrian statues in Tennessee

Category:Artworks in the collection of the National Park Service

Lafayette Square Historic District, Washington, D.C.#Navy Yard Urns

U.S. Attorney’s Office: District of Columbia

Statue of Thomas Jefferson (David d'Angers)

File:Washington. Jackson Monument and White House-LCCN2008678237.jpg

Category:Vandalized works of art in Washington, D.C.

Vandalism of the Jackson Monument in 2021

Category:Equestrian statues in Louisiana

Statue of Tadeusz Kościuszko (Washington, D.C.)


Prompt: Explain the Description of this artwork, Equestrian statue of Andrew Jackson (Washington, D.C.).

The statue depicts Andrew Jackson, the general who commanded US forces in the Battle of New Orleans on January 8, 1815, and who served as the seventh president of the United States from 1829 to 1837. It was commissioned in May 1847, almost two years after Jackson's death at The Hermitage, his plantation near Nashville, Tennessee, by the Jackson Monument Committee chaired by John Peter Van Ness (who died before the statue was completed). Although Mills had never met Jackson and had also never seen an equestrian statue, his proposal won the commission ahead of Hiram Powers and Robert Mills. Mills taught himself the technical skills to finalize the design and cast the statue.Jackson's horse at the Battle of New Orleans was named Duke; but Mills modeled the horse from his own horse named Olympus. Mills trained his horse to pose on its haunches. He also borrowed Jackson's uniform from the U.S. Patent Office, where it was being preserved. He completed a plaster model, and he established a new bronze foundry to produce the casting at his studio on 15th Street and Pennsylvania Avenue NW, south of the Treasury Building.  Mills produced six castings of the statue of Andrew Jackson until the final one was completed, with ten pieces, six for Jackson and four for the horse. In his casting, he was assisted by an enslaved apprentice, Phillip Reid, who also assisted Mills with other castings, including the 1860-1862 casting of the Statue of Freedom designed by Thomas Crawford which sits atop the United States Capitol dome.   The casting was completed 1852, making this the first equestrian statue made in the US, and also the first bronze statue cast in the US. It has been described as the first equestrian statue made with the horse rearing on two legs with no additional support – earlier equestrian bronzes, such as Pietro Tacca's statue of Philip IV, and Étienne Maurice Falconet's statue of Peter the Great, use the horse's tail as a third support. Tests in 1993 showed that the rear legs have central cores of iron covered with bronze, giving them additional strength and weight to support and counterbalance the suspended parts of the statue.The statue is about a third larger than life, and weighs about 15 tons. It was installed on a tapering rectangular marble base on a raised circular grassed area with railings on the alignment of the North Portico of the White House and 16th Street NW. The narrow face of the marble base, to the west, bears the inscriptions "JACKSON" and "OUR FEDERAL UNION / IT MUST BE PRESERVED", the latter added in 1909 and quoting a toast offered by Jackson at a Democratic Party banquet in 1830 to celebrate the birthday of Thomas Jefferson. The south face has the inscription "CLARK MILLS". The marble base is surrounded by four cannons that Jackson captured from the Spanish at Pensacola, Florida in 1818. The original intention has been to cast the statue itself using metal from captured cannons, but the tin content was too high. The metal barrels of the cannons initially rested on the grass for several years, before they were raised on new wooden gun carriages, subsequently replaced several times.

United States Attorney for the District of Columbia

Category:Bronze sculptures in Washington, D.C.

List of sculptures of presidents of the United States

equestrian statue of George Washington (Washington Circle)

Smithsonian Institution Research Information System

List of public art in Washington, D.C., Ward 2

Category:Outdoor sculptures in Washington, D.C.

Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation

George Floyd protests in Washington, D.C.

Presidential memorials in the United States

Category:Lafayette Square, Washington, D.C.

The Jackson Monument and White House in the 1890s

Category:Sculptures of men in Washington, D.C.

Category:Monuments and memorials in Washington, D.C.

Major General Marquis Gilbert de Lafayette

National Trust for Historic Preservation

Category:Equestrian statues in Washington, D.C.

Category:Equestrian statues in Tennessee

Category:Artworks in the collection of the National Park Service

Lafayette Square Historic District, Washington, D.C.#Navy Yard Urns

U.S. Attorney’s Office: District of Columbia

Statue of Thomas Jefferson (David d'Angers)

File:Washington. Jackson Monument and White House-LCCN2008678237.jpg

Category:Vandalized works of art in Washington, D.C.

Vandalism of the Jackson Monument in 2021

Category:Equestrian statues in Louisiana

Statue of Tadeusz Kościuszko (Washington, D.C.)


Prompt: How does Equestrian statue of Andrew Jackson (Washington, D.C.) explain its Description?

The statue depicts Andrew Jackson, the general who commanded US forces in the Battle of New Orleans on January 8, 1815, and who served as the seventh president of the United States from 1829 to 1837. It was commissioned in May 1847, almost two years after Jackson's death at The Hermitage, his plantation near Nashville, Tennessee, by the Jackson Monument Committee chaired by John Peter Van Ness (who died before the statue was completed). Although Mills had never met Jackson and had also never seen an equestrian statue, his proposal won the commission ahead of Hiram Powers and Robert Mills. Mills taught himself the technical skills to finalize the design and cast the statue.Jackson's horse at the Battle of New Orleans was named Duke; but Mills modeled the horse from his own horse named Olympus. Mills trained his horse to pose on its haunches. He also borrowed Jackson's uniform from the U.S. Patent Office, where it was being preserved. He completed a plaster model, and he established a new bronze foundry to produce the casting at his studio on 15th Street and Pennsylvania Avenue NW, south of the Treasury Building.  Mills produced six castings of the statue of Andrew Jackson until the final one was completed, with ten pieces, six for Jackson and four for the horse. In his casting, he was assisted by an enslaved apprentice, Phillip Reid, who also assisted Mills with other castings, including the 1860-1862 casting of the Statue of Freedom designed by Thomas Crawford which sits atop the United States Capitol dome.   The casting was completed 1852, making this the first equestrian statue made in the US, and also the first bronze statue cast in the US. It has been described as the first equestrian statue made with the horse rearing on two legs with no additional support – earlier equestrian bronzes, such as Pietro Tacca's statue of Philip IV, and Étienne Maurice Falconet's statue of Peter the Great, use the horse's tail as a third support. Tests in 1993 showed that the rear legs have central cores of iron covered with bronze, giving them additional strength and weight to support and counterbalance the suspended parts of the statue.The statue is about a third larger than life, and weighs about 15 tons. It was installed on a tapering rectangular marble base on a raised circular grassed area with railings on the alignment of the North Portico of the White House and 16th Street NW. The narrow face of the marble base, to the west, bears the inscriptions "JACKSON" and "OUR FEDERAL UNION / IT MUST BE PRESERVED", the latter added in 1909 and quoting a toast offered by Jackson at a Democratic Party banquet in 1830 to celebrate the birthday of Thomas Jefferson. The south face has the inscription "CLARK MILLS". The marble base is surrounded by four cannons that Jackson captured from the Spanish at Pensacola, Florida in 1818. The original intention has been to cast the statue itself using metal from captured cannons, but the tin content was too high. The metal barrels of the cannons initially rested on the grass for several years, before they were raised on new wooden gun carriages, subsequently replaced several times.

United States Attorney for the District of Columbia

Category:Bronze sculptures in Washington, D.C.

List of sculptures of presidents of the United States

equestrian statue of George Washington (Washington Circle)

Smithsonian Institution Research Information System

List of public art in Washington, D.C., Ward 2

Category:Outdoor sculptures in Washington, D.C.

Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation

George Floyd protests in Washington, D.C.

Presidential memorials in the United States

Category:Lafayette Square, Washington, D.C.

The Jackson Monument and White House in the 1890s

Category:Sculptures of men in Washington, D.C.

Category:Monuments and memorials in Washington, D.C.

Major General Marquis Gilbert de Lafayette

National Trust for Historic Preservation

Category:Equestrian statues in Washington, D.C.

Category:Equestrian statues in Tennessee

Category:Artworks in the collection of the National Park Service

Lafayette Square Historic District, Washington, D.C.#Navy Yard Urns

U.S. Attorney’s Office: District of Columbia

Statue of Thomas Jefferson (David d'Angers)

File:Washington. Jackson Monument and White House-LCCN2008678237.jpg

Category:Vandalized works of art in Washington, D.C.

Vandalism of the Jackson Monument in 2021

Category:Equestrian statues in Louisiana

Statue of Tadeusz Kościuszko (Washington, D.C.)


Prompt: In Equestrian statue of Andrew Jackson (Washington, D.C.), how is the Description discussed?

The statue depicts Andrew Jackson, the general who commanded US forces in the Battle of New Orleans on January 8, 1815, and who served as the seventh president of the United States from 1829 to 1837. It was commissioned in May 1847, almost two years after Jackson's death at The Hermitage, his plantation near Nashville, Tennessee, by the Jackson Monument Committee chaired by John Peter Van Ness (who died before the statue was completed). Although Mills had never met Jackson and had also never seen an equestrian statue, his proposal won the commission ahead of Hiram Powers and Robert Mills. Mills taught himself the technical skills to finalize the design and cast the statue.Jackson's horse at the Battle of New Orleans was named Duke; but Mills modeled the horse from his own horse named Olympus. Mills trained his horse to pose on its haunches. He also borrowed Jackson's uniform from the U.S. Patent Office, where it was being preserved. He completed a plaster model, and he established a new bronze foundry to produce the casting at his studio on 15th Street and Pennsylvania Avenue NW, south of the Treasury Building.  Mills produced six castings of the statue of Andrew Jackson until the final one was completed, with ten pieces, six for Jackson and four for the horse. In his casting, he was assisted by an enslaved apprentice, Phillip Reid, who also assisted Mills with other castings, including the 1860-1862 casting of the Statue of Freedom designed by Thomas Crawford which sits atop the United States Capitol dome.   The casting was completed 1852, making this the first equestrian statue made in the US, and also the first bronze statue cast in the US. It has been described as the first equestrian statue made with the horse rearing on two legs with no additional support – earlier equestrian bronzes, such as Pietro Tacca's statue of Philip IV, and Étienne Maurice Falconet's statue of Peter the Great, use the horse's tail as a third support. Tests in 1993 showed that the rear legs have central cores of iron covered with bronze, giving them additional strength and weight to support and counterbalance the suspended parts of the statue.The statue is about a third larger than life, and weighs about 15 tons. It was installed on a tapering rectangular marble base on a raised circular grassed area with railings on the alignment of the North Portico of the White House and 16th Street NW. The narrow face of the marble base, to the west, bears the inscriptions "JACKSON" and "OUR FEDERAL UNION / IT MUST BE PRESERVED", the latter added in 1909 and quoting a toast offered by Jackson at a Democratic Party banquet in 1830 to celebrate the birthday of Thomas Jefferson. The south face has the inscription "CLARK MILLS". The marble base is surrounded by four cannons that Jackson captured from the Spanish at Pensacola, Florida in 1818. The original intention has been to cast the statue itself using metal from captured cannons, but the tin content was too high. The metal barrels of the cannons initially rested on the grass for several years, before they were raised on new wooden gun carriages, subsequently replaced several times.

United States Attorney for the District of Columbia

Category:Bronze sculptures in Washington, D.C.

List of sculptures of presidents of the United States

equestrian statue of George Washington (Washington Circle)

Smithsonian Institution Research Information System

List of public art in Washington, D.C., Ward 2

Category:Outdoor sculptures in Washington, D.C.

Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation

George Floyd protests in Washington, D.C.

Presidential memorials in the United States

Category:Lafayette Square, Washington, D.C.

The Jackson Monument and White House in the 1890s

Category:Sculptures of men in Washington, D.C.

Category:Monuments and memorials in Washington, D.C.

Major General Marquis Gilbert de Lafayette

National Trust for Historic Preservation

Category:Equestrian statues in Washington, D.C.

Category:Equestrian statues in Tennessee

Category:Artworks in the collection of the National Park Service

Lafayette Square Historic District, Washington, D.C.#Navy Yard Urns

U.S. Attorney’s Office: District of Columbia

Statue of Thomas Jefferson (David d'Angers)

File:Washington. Jackson Monument and White House-LCCN2008678237.jpg

Category:Vandalized works of art in Washington, D.C.

Vandalism of the Jackson Monument in 2021

Category:Equestrian statues in Louisiana

Statue of Tadeusz Kościuszko (Washington, D.C.)


Prompt: Focus on Equestrian statue of Andrew Jackson (Washington, D.C.) and explain the History.

The statue was dedicated on January 8, 1853, the 38th anniversary of the Battle of New Orleans, with procession from Judiciary Square followed by an address delivered by Senator Stephen A. Douglas to a crowd of 20,000 people, including President Fillmore, Major General Winfield Scott, members of his cabinet and of Congress, the monument committee, and the sculptor. Cannons from the US Army fired a salute. Mills reputedly quelled concerns about the stability of the statue by throwing himself against the raised front legs of the horse at the dedication: it did not move.  Over time, the landscaping of the square has been simplified, and statues of figures from the American Revolutionary War have been added, one in each corner of the square, first a statue of the eponymous Lafayette after whom the square is named erected in the south east corner in 1891, and then, working clockwise, a statue of Rochambeau in 1902, and then in 1910 statues of Von Steuben and Kościuszko. The view from the White House is now framed by the bronze Navy Yard Urns, cast in the Washington Navy Yard and based on the ancient Medici Vase, each mounted on a marble plinth.   The statue of Jackson faced a bronze statue of Thomas Jefferson that had been installed on the White House North Lawn in 1847, until Jefferson's statue was returned to the U.S Capitol in 1874. There have been proposals, particularly in the early 20th century, to move Jackson's statue and swap it with Mill's 1860 equestrian statue of George Washington in Washington Circle, to reunite Washington with the other the Revolutionary War generals in Lafayette Square, and give the statue of Andrew Jackson more space, but these proposals have been resisted on the grounds of the historical importance of the statue of Andrew Jackson and the desire to keep it in its original location. A crowd unsuccessfully attempted to topple the statue on June 22, 2020, during the George Floyd protests. Former U.S. Senator of Colorado, Ben Nighthorse Campbell, an American Indian, defended the monument, advocating for it to remain and called for the addition of plaques to explain the complicated history of Andrew Jackson in his proposal. Several days later, the United States Department of Justice (DOJ) charged four men with destruction of federal property for allegedly trying to bring down the statue. The Justice Department alleged that a videotape  showed one of the men breaking off and destroying the wheels of the cannons located at the base of the statue as well as pulling on ropes when trying to bring down the statue. The Justice Department also alleged that a man videotaped trying to topple the Jackson statue had, a few days earlier, participated in the destruction of the 1901 Albert Pike Memorial statue near Washington's Judiciary Square.The statute was vandalized with the words "Expect Us" on Columbus Day, Monday, October 11, 2021. Protestors had been chanting "respect us or expect us" in response to protesting the Line 3 pipeline in Minnesota that runs through lands owned by American Indian tribes who were concerned that the pipeline could spill and ruin the land they use to farm.

United States Attorney for the District of Columbia

Category:Bronze sculptures in Washington, D.C.

List of sculptures of presidents of the United States

equestrian statue of George Washington (Washington Circle)

Smithsonian Institution Research Information System

List of public art in Washington, D.C., Ward 2

Category:Outdoor sculptures in Washington, D.C.

Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation

George Floyd protests in Washington, D.C.

Presidential memorials in the United States

Category:Lafayette Square, Washington, D.C.

The Jackson Monument and White House in the 1890s

Category:Sculptures of men in Washington, D.C.

Category:Monuments and memorials in Washington, D.C.

Major General Marquis Gilbert de Lafayette

National Trust for Historic Preservation

Category:Equestrian statues in Washington, D.C.

Category:Equestrian statues in Tennessee

Category:Artworks in the collection of the National Park Service

Lafayette Square Historic District, Washington, D.C.#Navy Yard Urns

U.S. Attorney’s Office: District of Columbia

Statue of Thomas Jefferson (David d'Angers)

File:Washington. Jackson Monument and White House-LCCN2008678237.jpg

Category:Vandalized works of art in Washington, D.C.

Vandalism of the Jackson Monument in 2021

Category:Equestrian statues in Louisiana

Statue of Tadeusz Kościuszko (Washington, D.C.)


Prompt: Explain the History of this artwork, Equestrian statue of Andrew Jackson (Washington, D.C.).

The statue was dedicated on January 8, 1853, the 38th anniversary of the Battle of New Orleans, with procession from Judiciary Square followed by an address delivered by Senator Stephen A. Douglas to a crowd of 20,000 people, including President Fillmore, Major General Winfield Scott, members of his cabinet and of Congress, the monument committee, and the sculptor. Cannons from the US Army fired a salute. Mills reputedly quelled concerns about the stability of the statue by throwing himself against the raised front legs of the horse at the dedication: it did not move.  Over time, the landscaping of the square has been simplified, and statues of figures from the American Revolutionary War have been added, one in each corner of the square, first a statue of the eponymous Lafayette after whom the square is named erected in the south east corner in 1891, and then, working clockwise, a statue of Rochambeau in 1902, and then in 1910 statues of Von Steuben and Kościuszko. The view from the White House is now framed by the bronze Navy Yard Urns, cast in the Washington Navy Yard and based on the ancient Medici Vase, each mounted on a marble plinth.   The statue of Jackson faced a bronze statue of Thomas Jefferson that had been installed on the White House North Lawn in 1847, until Jefferson's statue was returned to the U.S Capitol in 1874. There have been proposals, particularly in the early 20th century, to move Jackson's statue and swap it with Mill's 1860 equestrian statue of George Washington in Washington Circle, to reunite Washington with the other the Revolutionary War generals in Lafayette Square, and give the statue of Andrew Jackson more space, but these proposals have been resisted on the grounds of the historical importance of the statue of Andrew Jackson and the desire to keep it in its original location. A crowd unsuccessfully attempted to topple the statue on June 22, 2020, during the George Floyd protests. Former U.S. Senator of Colorado, Ben Nighthorse Campbell, an American Indian, defended the monument, advocating for it to remain and called for the addition of plaques to explain the complicated history of Andrew Jackson in his proposal. Several days later, the United States Department of Justice (DOJ) charged four men with destruction of federal property for allegedly trying to bring down the statue. The Justice Department alleged that a videotape  showed one of the men breaking off and destroying the wheels of the cannons located at the base of the statue as well as pulling on ropes when trying to bring down the statue. The Justice Department also alleged that a man videotaped trying to topple the Jackson statue had, a few days earlier, participated in the destruction of the 1901 Albert Pike Memorial statue near Washington's Judiciary Square.The statute was vandalized with the words "Expect Us" on Columbus Day, Monday, October 11, 2021. Protestors had been chanting "respect us or expect us" in response to protesting the Line 3 pipeline in Minnesota that runs through lands owned by American Indian tribes who were concerned that the pipeline could spill and ruin the land they use to farm.

United States Attorney for the District of Columbia

Category:Bronze sculptures in Washington, D.C.

List of sculptures of presidents of the United States

equestrian statue of George Washington (Washington Circle)

Smithsonian Institution Research Information System

List of public art in Washington, D.C., Ward 2

Category:Outdoor sculptures in Washington, D.C.

Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation

George Floyd protests in Washington, D.C.

Presidential memorials in the United States

Category:Lafayette Square, Washington, D.C.

The Jackson Monument and White House in the 1890s

Category:Sculptures of men in Washington, D.C.

Category:Monuments and memorials in Washington, D.C.

Major General Marquis Gilbert de Lafayette

National Trust for Historic Preservation

Category:Equestrian statues in Washington, D.C.

Category:Equestrian statues in Tennessee

Category:Artworks in the collection of the National Park Service

Lafayette Square Historic District, Washington, D.C.#Navy Yard Urns

U.S. Attorney’s Office: District of Columbia

Statue of Thomas Jefferson (David d'Angers)

File:Washington. Jackson Monument and White House-LCCN2008678237.jpg

Category:Vandalized works of art in Washington, D.C.

Vandalism of the Jackson Monument in 2021

Category:Equestrian statues in Louisiana

Statue of Tadeusz Kościuszko (Washington, D.C.)


Prompt: How does Equestrian statue of Andrew Jackson (Washington, D.C.) explain its History?

The statue was dedicated on January 8, 1853, the 38th anniversary of the Battle of New Orleans, with procession from Judiciary Square followed by an address delivered by Senator Stephen A. Douglas to a crowd of 20,000 people, including President Fillmore, Major General Winfield Scott, members of his cabinet and of Congress, the monument committee, and the sculptor. Cannons from the US Army fired a salute. Mills reputedly quelled concerns about the stability of the statue by throwing himself against the raised front legs of the horse at the dedication: it did not move.  Over time, the landscaping of the square has been simplified, and statues of figures from the American Revolutionary War have been added, one in each corner of the square, first a statue of the eponymous Lafayette after whom the square is named erected in the south east corner in 1891, and then, working clockwise, a statue of Rochambeau in 1902, and then in 1910 statues of Von Steuben and Kościuszko. The view from the White House is now framed by the bronze Navy Yard Urns, cast in the Washington Navy Yard and based on the ancient Medici Vase, each mounted on a marble plinth.   The statue of Jackson faced a bronze statue of Thomas Jefferson that had been installed on the White House North Lawn in 1847, until Jefferson's statue was returned to the U.S Capitol in 1874. There have been proposals, particularly in the early 20th century, to move Jackson's statue and swap it with Mill's 1860 equestrian statue of George Washington in Washington Circle, to reunite Washington with the other the Revolutionary War generals in Lafayette Square, and give the statue of Andrew Jackson more space, but these proposals have been resisted on the grounds of the historical importance of the statue of Andrew Jackson and the desire to keep it in its original location. A crowd unsuccessfully attempted to topple the statue on June 22, 2020, during the George Floyd protests. Former U.S. Senator of Colorado, Ben Nighthorse Campbell, an American Indian, defended the monument, advocating for it to remain and called for the addition of plaques to explain the complicated history of Andrew Jackson in his proposal. Several days later, the United States Department of Justice (DOJ) charged four men with destruction of federal property for allegedly trying to bring down the statue. The Justice Department alleged that a videotape  showed one of the men breaking off and destroying the wheels of the cannons located at the base of the statue as well as pulling on ropes when trying to bring down the statue. The Justice Department also alleged that a man videotaped trying to topple the Jackson statue had, a few days earlier, participated in the destruction of the 1901 Albert Pike Memorial statue near Washington's Judiciary Square.The statute was vandalized with the words "Expect Us" on Columbus Day, Monday, October 11, 2021. Protestors had been chanting "respect us or expect us" in response to protesting the Line 3 pipeline in Minnesota that runs through lands owned by American Indian tribes who were concerned that the pipeline could spill and ruin the land they use to farm.

United States Attorney for the District of Columbia

Category:Bronze sculptures in Washington, D.C.

List of sculptures of presidents of the United States

equestrian statue of George Washington (Washington Circle)

Smithsonian Institution Research Information System

List of public art in Washington, D.C., Ward 2

Category:Outdoor sculptures in Washington, D.C.

Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation

George Floyd protests in Washington, D.C.

Presidential memorials in the United States

Category:Lafayette Square, Washington, D.C.

The Jackson Monument and White House in the 1890s

Category:Sculptures of men in Washington, D.C.

Category:Monuments and memorials in Washington, D.C.

Major General Marquis Gilbert de Lafayette

National Trust for Historic Preservation

Category:Equestrian statues in Washington, D.C.

Category:Equestrian statues in Tennessee

Category:Artworks in the collection of the National Park Service

Lafayette Square Historic District, Washington, D.C.#Navy Yard Urns

U.S. Attorney’s Office: District of Columbia

Statue of Thomas Jefferson (David d'Angers)

File:Washington. Jackson Monument and White House-LCCN2008678237.jpg

Category:Vandalized works of art in Washington, D.C.

Vandalism of the Jackson Monument in 2021

Category:Equestrian statues in Louisiana

Statue of Tadeusz Kościuszko (Washington, D.C.)


Prompt: In Equestrian statue of Andrew Jackson (Washington, D.C.), how is the History discussed?

The statue was dedicated on January 8, 1853, the 38th anniversary of the Battle of New Orleans, with procession from Judiciary Square followed by an address delivered by Senator Stephen A. Douglas to a crowd of 20,000 people, including President Fillmore, Major General Winfield Scott, members of his cabinet and of Congress, the monument committee, and the sculptor. Cannons from the US Army fired a salute. Mills reputedly quelled concerns about the stability of the statue by throwing himself against the raised front legs of the horse at the dedication: it did not move.  Over time, the landscaping of the square has been simplified, and statues of figures from the American Revolutionary War have been added, one in each corner of the square, first a statue of the eponymous Lafayette after whom the square is named erected in the south east corner in 1891, and then, working clockwise, a statue of Rochambeau in 1902, and then in 1910 statues of Von Steuben and Kościuszko. The view from the White House is now framed by the bronze Navy Yard Urns, cast in the Washington Navy Yard and based on the ancient Medici Vase, each mounted on a marble plinth.   The statue of Jackson faced a bronze statue of Thomas Jefferson that had been installed on the White House North Lawn in 1847, until Jefferson's statue was returned to the U.S Capitol in 1874. There have been proposals, particularly in the early 20th century, to move Jackson's statue and swap it with Mill's 1860 equestrian statue of George Washington in Washington Circle, to reunite Washington with the other the Revolutionary War generals in Lafayette Square, and give the statue of Andrew Jackson more space, but these proposals have been resisted on the grounds of the historical importance of the statue of Andrew Jackson and the desire to keep it in its original location. A crowd unsuccessfully attempted to topple the statue on June 22, 2020, during the George Floyd protests. Former U.S. Senator of Colorado, Ben Nighthorse Campbell, an American Indian, defended the monument, advocating for it to remain and called for the addition of plaques to explain the complicated history of Andrew Jackson in his proposal. Several days later, the United States Department of Justice (DOJ) charged four men with destruction of federal property for allegedly trying to bring down the statue. The Justice Department alleged that a videotape  showed one of the men breaking off and destroying the wheels of the cannons located at the base of the statue as well as pulling on ropes when trying to bring down the statue. The Justice Department also alleged that a man videotaped trying to topple the Jackson statue had, a few days earlier, participated in the destruction of the 1901 Albert Pike Memorial statue near Washington's Judiciary Square.The statute was vandalized with the words "Expect Us" on Columbus Day, Monday, October 11, 2021. Protestors had been chanting "respect us or expect us" in response to protesting the Line 3 pipeline in Minnesota that runs through lands owned by American Indian tribes who were concerned that the pipeline could spill and ruin the land they use to farm.

United States Attorney for the District of Columbia

Category:Bronze sculptures in Washington, D.C.

List of sculptures of presidents of the United States

equestrian statue of George Washington (Washington Circle)

Smithsonian Institution Research Information System

List of public art in Washington, D.C., Ward 2

Category:Outdoor sculptures in Washington, D.C.

Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation

George Floyd protests in Washington, D.C.

Presidential memorials in the United States

Category:Lafayette Square, Washington, D.C.

The Jackson Monument and White House in the 1890s

Category:Sculptures of men in Washington, D.C.

Category:Monuments and memorials in Washington, D.C.

Major General Marquis Gilbert de Lafayette

National Trust for Historic Preservation

Category:Equestrian statues in Washington, D.C.

Category:Equestrian statues in Tennessee

Category:Artworks in the collection of the National Park Service

Lafayette Square Historic District, Washington, D.C.#Navy Yard Urns

U.S. Attorney’s Office: District of Columbia

Statue of Thomas Jefferson (David d'Angers)

File:Washington. Jackson Monument and White House-LCCN2008678237.jpg

Category:Vandalized works of art in Washington, D.C.

Vandalism of the Jackson Monument in 2021

Category:Equestrian statues in Louisiana

Statue of Tadeusz Kościuszko (Washington, D.C.)


Prompt: Focus on Equestrian statue of Andrew Jackson (Washington, D.C.) and explain the Other castings.

Mills made two other castings of the statue. One was dedicated in February 1856 in the former Place d'Armes in New Orleans, renamed Jackson Square. A second was dedicated on May 20, 1880, on the Tennessee State Capitol grounds, in Nashville, Tennessee, commissioned by the Tennessee Historical Society to celebrate to city's centennial . Mills attended both dedications: the one in Nashville was his last public event before his death in 1883.  A fourth copy of the statue was erected in Jacksonville, Florida in 1987, near Jacksonville Landing. It was cast by the Modern Art Foundry of Long Island City, New York.

United States Attorney for the District of Columbia

Category:Bronze sculptures in Washington, D.C.

List of sculptures of presidents of the United States

equestrian statue of George Washington (Washington Circle)

Smithsonian Institution Research Information System

List of public art in Washington, D.C., Ward 2

Category:Outdoor sculptures in Washington, D.C.

Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation

George Floyd protests in Washington, D.C.

Presidential memorials in the United States

Category:Lafayette Square, Washington, D.C.

The Jackson Monument and White House in the 1890s

Category:Sculptures of men in Washington, D.C.

Category:Monuments and memorials in Washington, D.C.

Major General Marquis Gilbert de Lafayette

National Trust for Historic Preservation

Category:Equestrian statues in Washington, D.C.

Category:Equestrian statues in Tennessee

Category:Artworks in the collection of the National Park Service

Lafayette Square Historic District, Washington, D.C.#Navy Yard Urns

U.S. Attorney’s Office: District of Columbia

Statue of Thomas Jefferson (David d'Angers)

File:Washington. Jackson Monument and White House-LCCN2008678237.jpg

Category:Vandalized works of art in Washington, D.C.

Vandalism of the Jackson Monument in 2021

Category:Equestrian statues in Louisiana

Statue of Tadeusz Kościuszko (Washington, D.C.)


Prompt: Explain the Other castings of this artwork, Equestrian statue of Andrew Jackson (Washington, D.C.).

Mills made two other castings of the statue. One was dedicated in February 1856 in the former Place d'Armes in New Orleans, renamed Jackson Square. A second was dedicated on May 20, 1880, on the Tennessee State Capitol grounds, in Nashville, Tennessee, commissioned by the Tennessee Historical Society to celebrate to city's centennial . Mills attended both dedications: the one in Nashville was his last public event before his death in 1883.  A fourth copy of the statue was erected in Jacksonville, Florida in 1987, near Jacksonville Landing. It was cast by the Modern Art Foundry of Long Island City, New York.

United States Attorney for the District of Columbia

Category:Bronze sculptures in Washington, D.C.

List of sculptures of presidents of the United States

equestrian statue of George Washington (Washington Circle)

Smithsonian Institution Research Information System

List of public art in Washington, D.C., Ward 2

Category:Outdoor sculptures in Washington, D.C.

Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation

George Floyd protests in Washington, D.C.

Presidential memorials in the United States

Category:Lafayette Square, Washington, D.C.

The Jackson Monument and White House in the 1890s

Category:Sculptures of men in Washington, D.C.

Category:Monuments and memorials in Washington, D.C.

Major General Marquis Gilbert de Lafayette

National Trust for Historic Preservation

Category:Equestrian statues in Washington, D.C.

Category:Equestrian statues in Tennessee

Category:Artworks in the collection of the National Park Service

Lafayette Square Historic District, Washington, D.C.#Navy Yard Urns

U.S. Attorney’s Office: District of Columbia

Statue of Thomas Jefferson (David d'Angers)

File:Washington. Jackson Monument and White House-LCCN2008678237.jpg

Category:Vandalized works of art in Washington, D.C.

Vandalism of the Jackson Monument in 2021

Category:Equestrian statues in Louisiana

Statue of Tadeusz Kościuszko (Washington, D.C.)


Prompt: How does Equestrian statue of Andrew Jackson (Washington, D.C.) explain its Other castings?

Mills made two other castings of the statue. One was dedicated in February 1856 in the former Place d'Armes in New Orleans, renamed Jackson Square. A second was dedicated on May 20, 1880, on the Tennessee State Capitol grounds, in Nashville, Tennessee, commissioned by the Tennessee Historical Society to celebrate to city's centennial . Mills attended both dedications: the one in Nashville was his last public event before his death in 1883.  A fourth copy of the statue was erected in Jacksonville, Florida in 1987, near Jacksonville Landing. It was cast by the Modern Art Foundry of Long Island City, New York.

United States Attorney for the District of Columbia

Category:Bronze sculptures in Washington, D.C.

List of sculptures of presidents of the United States

equestrian statue of George Washington (Washington Circle)

Smithsonian Institution Research Information System

List of public art in Washington, D.C., Ward 2

Category:Outdoor sculptures in Washington, D.C.

Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation

George Floyd protests in Washington, D.C.

Presidential memorials in the United States

Category:Lafayette Square, Washington, D.C.

The Jackson Monument and White House in the 1890s

Category:Sculptures of men in Washington, D.C.

Category:Monuments and memorials in Washington, D.C.

Major General Marquis Gilbert de Lafayette

National Trust for Historic Preservation

Category:Equestrian statues in Washington, D.C.

Category:Equestrian statues in Tennessee

Category:Artworks in the collection of the National Park Service

Lafayette Square Historic District, Washington, D.C.#Navy Yard Urns

U.S. Attorney’s Office: District of Columbia

Statue of Thomas Jefferson (David d'Angers)

File:Washington. Jackson Monument and White House-LCCN2008678237.jpg

Category:Vandalized works of art in Washington, D.C.

Vandalism of the Jackson Monument in 2021

Category:Equestrian statues in Louisiana

Statue of Tadeusz Kościuszko (Washington, D.C.)


Prompt: In Equestrian statue of Andrew Jackson (Washington, D.C.), how is the Other castings discussed?

Mills made two other castings of the statue. One was dedicated in February 1856 in the former Place d'Armes in New Orleans, renamed Jackson Square. A second was dedicated on May 20, 1880, on the Tennessee State Capitol grounds, in Nashville, Tennessee, commissioned by the Tennessee Historical Society to celebrate to city's centennial . Mills attended both dedications: the one in Nashville was his last public event before his death in 1883.  A fourth copy of the statue was erected in Jacksonville, Florida in 1987, near Jacksonville Landing. It was cast by the Modern Art Foundry of Long Island City, New York.

United States Attorney for the District of Columbia

Category:Bronze sculptures in Washington, D.C.

List of sculptures of presidents of the United States

equestrian statue of George Washington (Washington Circle)

Smithsonian Institution Research Information System

List of public art in Washington, D.C., Ward 2

Category:Outdoor sculptures in Washington, D.C.

Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation

George Floyd protests in Washington, D.C.

Presidential memorials in the United States

Category:Lafayette Square, Washington, D.C.

The Jackson Monument and White House in the 1890s

Category:Sculptures of men in Washington, D.C.

Category:Monuments and memorials in Washington, D.C.

Major General Marquis Gilbert de Lafayette

National Trust for Historic Preservation

Category:Equestrian statues in Washington, D.C.

Category:Equestrian statues in Tennessee

Category:Artworks in the collection of the National Park Service

Lafayette Square Historic District, Washington, D.C.#Navy Yard Urns

U.S. Attorney’s Office: District of Columbia

Statue of Thomas Jefferson (David d'Angers)

File:Washington. Jackson Monument and White House-LCCN2008678237.jpg

Category:Vandalized works of art in Washington, D.C.

Vandalism of the Jackson Monument in 2021

Category:Equestrian statues in Louisiana

Statue of Tadeusz Kościuszko (Washington, D.C.)


Utah monolith

Prompt: Focus on Utah monolith and explain the abstract.

The Utah monolith was a metal pillar that stood in a red sandstone slot canyon in northern San Juan County, Utah, United States. The pillar was 3 m (9.8 ft) tall and made of metal sheets riveted into a triangular prism. It was unlawfully placed on public land between July and October 2016; it stood unnoticed for over four years until its discovery and removal in late 2020. The identity of its makers is unknown, as are their objectives.Utah state biologists discovered the monolith in November 2020 during a helicopter survey of wild bighorn sheep. Within days of its discovery, members of the public found the pillar using GPS mapping software and made their way to the remote location. Following intense media coverage, it was covertly removed on November 27, 2020, by four residents of Moab, Utah. After nearly a month in their possession, the monolith was given to the Bureau of Land Management and is currently in their custody.Following the discovery of the monolith, over two hundred similar metal columns were erected in other places throughout the world, including elsewhere in North America and countries in Europe, South America and Australia. Many were built by local artists as deliberate imitations of the Utah monolith.

Monolith near the ''Knappschaftskrankenhaus'' Lütgendortmund (Germany)

The site of the monolith following its removal, in a picture taken on November 28, 2020

Category:Aluminum sculptures in the United States

File:Missing Monolith (Utah monolith).jpg

List of works similar to the 2020 Utah monolith

File:Vehicles Parking on Vegetation (Utah monolith).jpg

Petroglyphs of bighorn sheep near [[Moab, Utah

Category:Buildings and structures in San Juan County, Utah


Utah monolith

Prompt: Explain the abstract of this artwork, Utah monolith.

The Utah monolith was a metal pillar that stood in a red sandstone slot canyon in northern San Juan County, Utah, United States. The pillar was 3 m (9.8 ft) tall and made of metal sheets riveted into a triangular prism. It was unlawfully placed on public land between July and October 2016; it stood unnoticed for over four years until its discovery and removal in late 2020. The identity of its makers is unknown, as are their objectives.Utah state biologists discovered the monolith in November 2020 during a helicopter survey of wild bighorn sheep. Within days of its discovery, members of the public found the pillar using GPS mapping software and made their way to the remote location. Following intense media coverage, it was covertly removed on November 27, 2020, by four residents of Moab, Utah. After nearly a month in their possession, the monolith was given to the Bureau of Land Management and is currently in their custody.Following the discovery of the monolith, over two hundred similar metal columns were erected in other places throughout the world, including elsewhere in North America and countries in Europe, South America and Australia. Many were built by local artists as deliberate imitations of the Utah monolith.

Monolith near the ''Knappschaftskrankenhaus'' Lütgendortmund (Germany)

The site of the monolith following its removal, in a picture taken on November 28, 2020

Category:Aluminum sculptures in the United States

File:Missing Monolith (Utah monolith).jpg

List of works similar to the 2020 Utah monolith

File:Vehicles Parking on Vegetation (Utah monolith).jpg

Petroglyphs of bighorn sheep near [[Moab, Utah

Category:Buildings and structures in San Juan County, Utah


Utah monolith

Prompt: How does Utah monolith explain its abstract?

The Utah monolith was a metal pillar that stood in a red sandstone slot canyon in northern San Juan County, Utah, United States. The pillar was 3 m (9.8 ft) tall and made of metal sheets riveted into a triangular prism. It was unlawfully placed on public land between July and October 2016; it stood unnoticed for over four years until its discovery and removal in late 2020. The identity of its makers is unknown, as are their objectives.Utah state biologists discovered the monolith in November 2020 during a helicopter survey of wild bighorn sheep. Within days of its discovery, members of the public found the pillar using GPS mapping software and made their way to the remote location. Following intense media coverage, it was covertly removed on November 27, 2020, by four residents of Moab, Utah. After nearly a month in their possession, the monolith was given to the Bureau of Land Management and is currently in their custody.Following the discovery of the monolith, over two hundred similar metal columns were erected in other places throughout the world, including elsewhere in North America and countries in Europe, South America and Australia. Many were built by local artists as deliberate imitations of the Utah monolith.

Monolith near the ''Knappschaftskrankenhaus'' Lütgendortmund (Germany)

The site of the monolith following its removal, in a picture taken on November 28, 2020

Category:Aluminum sculptures in the United States

File:Missing Monolith (Utah monolith).jpg

List of works similar to the 2020 Utah monolith

File:Vehicles Parking on Vegetation (Utah monolith).jpg

Petroglyphs of bighorn sheep near [[Moab, Utah

Category:Buildings and structures in San Juan County, Utah