Children in the Holocaust

Prompt: In Children in the Holocaust, how is the Transit camps discussed?

Transit camps were temporary stops on the way to concentration camps during the Holocaust. Many children were brought with their families to transit camps, unsure of what awaited them. Some hoped for starting a new life and making friends in the camps, while many others were scared. Children brought to the transit camps came from many different backgrounds.In the transit camps, children were surrounded by bare bodies. Their beds were merely metal frames. There was a lack of food along with a fear of trains coming for deportation. No school supplies were provided. Children began to see their relatives in a different light because each family member dealt with various hardships in the transit camps.Children had few resources at the transit camps to foster growth. A group of Hungarian Zionists made a rescue committee to negotiate and prevent deportations. Older girls took care of young children. Physicians, nurses, and musicians organized lectures, concerts, and activities for children. Voluntary interns and philanthropic organizations supplied food, clothing, and organized secretive teaching rooms to help the children continue their education. Childcare workers taught children about the ideas of Zionism and the spirit of democracy; they additionally encouraged an affectionate atmosphere. These groups also helped ease the hunger issues in the camps.A notorious case of the Nazis holding a child in a transit camp is the case of Anne Frank and her sister in Bergen-Belsen. Other notable cases include the children held in the Majdanek concentration camp, some of whom were orphaned because their parents were killed in anti-partisan operations.

Photo from Mengele's Argentine identification document (1956)

A group of children wait in line at an Ustaša concentration camp

searched throughout Europe for missing children

Kidnapping of children for forced Germanization by Nazi Germany

File:Arthur Szyk (1894–1951). To Be Shot as Dangerous Enemies of the Third Reich (1943), New York.jpg

Holocaust survivors#Searching for survivors

Kidnapping of Eastern European children by Nazi Germany

File:Zwłoki dzieci getto warszawskie 05.jpg

''To Be Shot as Dangerous Enemies of the Third Reich'' (1943), by [[Arthur Szyk

Jewish twins kept alive to be used in Mengele's medical experiments. These children were liberated from Auschwitz by the Red Army in January 1945.

File:Ustaša children’s concentration camp.jpg

Emaciated corpses of children in the [[Warsaw Ghetto

File:Children headed for deportation.JPG


Children in the Holocaust

Prompt: Focus on Children in the Holocaust and explain the Auschwitz and Josef Mengele.

Josef Mengele was a physician who worked at Auschwitz, a concentration camp. His research subjects were better fed and housed than other prisoners and temporarily safe from the gas chambers. He established a kindergarten for children who were the subjects of experiments, along with all Romani children under the age of six. The facility provided better food and living conditions than other areas of the camp and even included a playground. When visiting his child subjects, he introduced himself as "Uncle Mengele" and offered them sweets. However, he was also personally responsible for the deaths of an unknown number of victims. Author Robert Jay Lifton describes Mengele as sadistic, lacking empathy, and extremely anti-Semitic, claiming that he believed that the Jews should be eliminated entirely as an inferior and dangerous race. Mengele's son Rolf said that his father showed no remorse for his wartime activities. A lack of regulations on his experiments allowed Mengele to perform his experiments freely.A former Auschwitz prisoner doctor said:He was capable of being so kind to the children, to have them become fond of him, to bring them sugar, to think of small details in their daily lives, and to do things we would genuinely admire ... And then, next to that, ... the crematoria smoke, and these children, tomorrow or in a half-hour, he is going to send them there. Well, that is where the anomaly lay. Mengele had a fascination with twins. He was interested in the difference between identical and fraternal twins as well as how genetic diseases affected them and where they originated. The experiments also distinguished between genetic traits and those developed by the environment of the child. Mengele was known to pretend to be off duty while a train of new prisoners arrived so that he could personally select any twins whom he saw. He operated on children, partly to find genetic weaknesses in the makeup of Jewish or Romani people in order to provide scientific evidence for the ideas of the Nazi party. Mengele hypothesized that his subjects were particularly vulnerable to certain diseases because of their race. In addition to that, he believed that they had degenerative blood and tissue based on his samples.Mengele or one of his assistants subjected twins to weekly examinations and measurements of their physical attributes. He performed experiments such as unnecessary amputation of limbs; in another experiment, he intentionally infected a twin with typhus or another disease and transfused the blood of the infected twin into the other one. Many of his subjects died while undergoing these procedures. After an experiment was over, the twins were sometimes killed and their bodies dissected. Miklós Nyiszli, a prisoner at Auschwitz, recalled one occasion where Mengele personally killed fourteen twins in one night through a chloroform injection to the heart. If one twin died of disease, Mengele killed the other so that comparative reports could be prepared after their deaths.He was known for experimenting with eyes. One of his particular studies regarded heterochromia iridum, a condition where people's eyes are differently colored. After he killed heterochromatics, he removed their eyes and sent them to Berlin for study. Another of Mengele's experiments with eyes involved attempts to change eye color by injecting chemicals into the eyes of living subjects. His experiments on dwarfs and people with physical abnormalities included taking physical measurements, drawing blood, extracting healthy teeth, and treatment with unnecessary drugs and X-rays. Many of the victims were sent to the gas chambers after about two weeks, and their skeletons were sent to Berlin for further study. Mengele sought pregnant women, on whom he would perform experiments before sending them to gas chambers. Witness Vera Alexander described how he sewed two Romani twins together back-to-back in an attempt to create conjoined twins. The children died of gangrene after several days of suffering.

Photo from Mengele's Argentine identification document (1956)

A group of children wait in line at an Ustaša concentration camp

searched throughout Europe for missing children

Kidnapping of children for forced Germanization by Nazi Germany

File:Arthur Szyk (1894–1951). To Be Shot as Dangerous Enemies of the Third Reich (1943), New York.jpg

Holocaust survivors#Searching for survivors

Kidnapping of Eastern European children by Nazi Germany

File:Zwłoki dzieci getto warszawskie 05.jpg

''To Be Shot as Dangerous Enemies of the Third Reich'' (1943), by [[Arthur Szyk

Jewish twins kept alive to be used in Mengele's medical experiments. These children were liberated from Auschwitz by the Red Army in January 1945.

File:Ustaša children’s concentration camp.jpg

Emaciated corpses of children in the [[Warsaw Ghetto

File:Children headed for deportation.JPG


Children in the Holocaust

Prompt: Explain the Auschwitz and Josef Mengele of this artwork, Children in the Holocaust.

Josef Mengele was a physician who worked at Auschwitz, a concentration camp. His research subjects were better fed and housed than other prisoners and temporarily safe from the gas chambers. He established a kindergarten for children who were the subjects of experiments, along with all Romani children under the age of six. The facility provided better food and living conditions than other areas of the camp and even included a playground. When visiting his child subjects, he introduced himself as "Uncle Mengele" and offered them sweets. However, he was also personally responsible for the deaths of an unknown number of victims. Author Robert Jay Lifton describes Mengele as sadistic, lacking empathy, and extremely anti-Semitic, claiming that he believed that the Jews should be eliminated entirely as an inferior and dangerous race. Mengele's son Rolf said that his father showed no remorse for his wartime activities. A lack of regulations on his experiments allowed Mengele to perform his experiments freely.A former Auschwitz prisoner doctor said:He was capable of being so kind to the children, to have them become fond of him, to bring them sugar, to think of small details in their daily lives, and to do things we would genuinely admire ... And then, next to that, ... the crematoria smoke, and these children, tomorrow or in a half-hour, he is going to send them there. Well, that is where the anomaly lay. Mengele had a fascination with twins. He was interested in the difference between identical and fraternal twins as well as how genetic diseases affected them and where they originated. The experiments also distinguished between genetic traits and those developed by the environment of the child. Mengele was known to pretend to be off duty while a train of new prisoners arrived so that he could personally select any twins whom he saw. He operated on children, partly to find genetic weaknesses in the makeup of Jewish or Romani people in order to provide scientific evidence for the ideas of the Nazi party. Mengele hypothesized that his subjects were particularly vulnerable to certain diseases because of their race. In addition to that, he believed that they had degenerative blood and tissue based on his samples.Mengele or one of his assistants subjected twins to weekly examinations and measurements of their physical attributes. He performed experiments such as unnecessary amputation of limbs; in another experiment, he intentionally infected a twin with typhus or another disease and transfused the blood of the infected twin into the other one. Many of his subjects died while undergoing these procedures. After an experiment was over, the twins were sometimes killed and their bodies dissected. Miklós Nyiszli, a prisoner at Auschwitz, recalled one occasion where Mengele personally killed fourteen twins in one night through a chloroform injection to the heart. If one twin died of disease, Mengele killed the other so that comparative reports could be prepared after their deaths.He was known for experimenting with eyes. One of his particular studies regarded heterochromia iridum, a condition where people's eyes are differently colored. After he killed heterochromatics, he removed their eyes and sent them to Berlin for study. Another of Mengele's experiments with eyes involved attempts to change eye color by injecting chemicals into the eyes of living subjects. His experiments on dwarfs and people with physical abnormalities included taking physical measurements, drawing blood, extracting healthy teeth, and treatment with unnecessary drugs and X-rays. Many of the victims were sent to the gas chambers after about two weeks, and their skeletons were sent to Berlin for further study. Mengele sought pregnant women, on whom he would perform experiments before sending them to gas chambers. Witness Vera Alexander described how he sewed two Romani twins together back-to-back in an attempt to create conjoined twins. The children died of gangrene after several days of suffering.

Photo from Mengele's Argentine identification document (1956)

A group of children wait in line at an Ustaša concentration camp

searched throughout Europe for missing children

Kidnapping of children for forced Germanization by Nazi Germany

File:Arthur Szyk (1894–1951). To Be Shot as Dangerous Enemies of the Third Reich (1943), New York.jpg

Holocaust survivors#Searching for survivors

Kidnapping of Eastern European children by Nazi Germany

File:Zwłoki dzieci getto warszawskie 05.jpg

''To Be Shot as Dangerous Enemies of the Third Reich'' (1943), by [[Arthur Szyk

Jewish twins kept alive to be used in Mengele's medical experiments. These children were liberated from Auschwitz by the Red Army in January 1945.

File:Ustaša children’s concentration camp.jpg

Emaciated corpses of children in the [[Warsaw Ghetto

File:Children headed for deportation.JPG


Children in the Holocaust

Prompt: How does Children in the Holocaust explain its Auschwitz and Josef Mengele?

Josef Mengele was a physician who worked at Auschwitz, a concentration camp. His research subjects were better fed and housed than other prisoners and temporarily safe from the gas chambers. He established a kindergarten for children who were the subjects of experiments, along with all Romani children under the age of six. The facility provided better food and living conditions than other areas of the camp and even included a playground. When visiting his child subjects, he introduced himself as "Uncle Mengele" and offered them sweets. However, he was also personally responsible for the deaths of an unknown number of victims. Author Robert Jay Lifton describes Mengele as sadistic, lacking empathy, and extremely anti-Semitic, claiming that he believed that the Jews should be eliminated entirely as an inferior and dangerous race. Mengele's son Rolf said that his father showed no remorse for his wartime activities. A lack of regulations on his experiments allowed Mengele to perform his experiments freely.A former Auschwitz prisoner doctor said:He was capable of being so kind to the children, to have them become fond of him, to bring them sugar, to think of small details in their daily lives, and to do things we would genuinely admire ... And then, next to that, ... the crematoria smoke, and these children, tomorrow or in a half-hour, he is going to send them there. Well, that is where the anomaly lay. Mengele had a fascination with twins. He was interested in the difference between identical and fraternal twins as well as how genetic diseases affected them and where they originated. The experiments also distinguished between genetic traits and those developed by the environment of the child. Mengele was known to pretend to be off duty while a train of new prisoners arrived so that he could personally select any twins whom he saw. He operated on children, partly to find genetic weaknesses in the makeup of Jewish or Romani people in order to provide scientific evidence for the ideas of the Nazi party. Mengele hypothesized that his subjects were particularly vulnerable to certain diseases because of their race. In addition to that, he believed that they had degenerative blood and tissue based on his samples.Mengele or one of his assistants subjected twins to weekly examinations and measurements of their physical attributes. He performed experiments such as unnecessary amputation of limbs; in another experiment, he intentionally infected a twin with typhus or another disease and transfused the blood of the infected twin into the other one. Many of his subjects died while undergoing these procedures. After an experiment was over, the twins were sometimes killed and their bodies dissected. Miklós Nyiszli, a prisoner at Auschwitz, recalled one occasion where Mengele personally killed fourteen twins in one night through a chloroform injection to the heart. If one twin died of disease, Mengele killed the other so that comparative reports could be prepared after their deaths.He was known for experimenting with eyes. One of his particular studies regarded heterochromia iridum, a condition where people's eyes are differently colored. After he killed heterochromatics, he removed their eyes and sent them to Berlin for study. Another of Mengele's experiments with eyes involved attempts to change eye color by injecting chemicals into the eyes of living subjects. His experiments on dwarfs and people with physical abnormalities included taking physical measurements, drawing blood, extracting healthy teeth, and treatment with unnecessary drugs and X-rays. Many of the victims were sent to the gas chambers after about two weeks, and their skeletons were sent to Berlin for further study. Mengele sought pregnant women, on whom he would perform experiments before sending them to gas chambers. Witness Vera Alexander described how he sewed two Romani twins together back-to-back in an attempt to create conjoined twins. The children died of gangrene after several days of suffering.

Photo from Mengele's Argentine identification document (1956)

A group of children wait in line at an Ustaša concentration camp

searched throughout Europe for missing children

Kidnapping of children for forced Germanization by Nazi Germany

File:Arthur Szyk (1894–1951). To Be Shot as Dangerous Enemies of the Third Reich (1943), New York.jpg

Holocaust survivors#Searching for survivors

Kidnapping of Eastern European children by Nazi Germany

File:Zwłoki dzieci getto warszawskie 05.jpg

''To Be Shot as Dangerous Enemies of the Third Reich'' (1943), by [[Arthur Szyk

Jewish twins kept alive to be used in Mengele's medical experiments. These children were liberated from Auschwitz by the Red Army in January 1945.

File:Ustaša children’s concentration camp.jpg

Emaciated corpses of children in the [[Warsaw Ghetto

File:Children headed for deportation.JPG


Children in the Holocaust

Prompt: In Children in the Holocaust, how is the Auschwitz and Josef Mengele discussed?

Josef Mengele was a physician who worked at Auschwitz, a concentration camp. His research subjects were better fed and housed than other prisoners and temporarily safe from the gas chambers. He established a kindergarten for children who were the subjects of experiments, along with all Romani children under the age of six. The facility provided better food and living conditions than other areas of the camp and even included a playground. When visiting his child subjects, he introduced himself as "Uncle Mengele" and offered them sweets. However, he was also personally responsible for the deaths of an unknown number of victims. Author Robert Jay Lifton describes Mengele as sadistic, lacking empathy, and extremely anti-Semitic, claiming that he believed that the Jews should be eliminated entirely as an inferior and dangerous race. Mengele's son Rolf said that his father showed no remorse for his wartime activities. A lack of regulations on his experiments allowed Mengele to perform his experiments freely.A former Auschwitz prisoner doctor said:He was capable of being so kind to the children, to have them become fond of him, to bring them sugar, to think of small details in their daily lives, and to do things we would genuinely admire ... And then, next to that, ... the crematoria smoke, and these children, tomorrow or in a half-hour, he is going to send them there. Well, that is where the anomaly lay. Mengele had a fascination with twins. He was interested in the difference between identical and fraternal twins as well as how genetic diseases affected them and where they originated. The experiments also distinguished between genetic traits and those developed by the environment of the child. Mengele was known to pretend to be off duty while a train of new prisoners arrived so that he could personally select any twins whom he saw. He operated on children, partly to find genetic weaknesses in the makeup of Jewish or Romani people in order to provide scientific evidence for the ideas of the Nazi party. Mengele hypothesized that his subjects were particularly vulnerable to certain diseases because of their race. In addition to that, he believed that they had degenerative blood and tissue based on his samples.Mengele or one of his assistants subjected twins to weekly examinations and measurements of their physical attributes. He performed experiments such as unnecessary amputation of limbs; in another experiment, he intentionally infected a twin with typhus or another disease and transfused the blood of the infected twin into the other one. Many of his subjects died while undergoing these procedures. After an experiment was over, the twins were sometimes killed and their bodies dissected. Miklós Nyiszli, a prisoner at Auschwitz, recalled one occasion where Mengele personally killed fourteen twins in one night through a chloroform injection to the heart. If one twin died of disease, Mengele killed the other so that comparative reports could be prepared after their deaths.He was known for experimenting with eyes. One of his particular studies regarded heterochromia iridum, a condition where people's eyes are differently colored. After he killed heterochromatics, he removed their eyes and sent them to Berlin for study. Another of Mengele's experiments with eyes involved attempts to change eye color by injecting chemicals into the eyes of living subjects. His experiments on dwarfs and people with physical abnormalities included taking physical measurements, drawing blood, extracting healthy teeth, and treatment with unnecessary drugs and X-rays. Many of the victims were sent to the gas chambers after about two weeks, and their skeletons were sent to Berlin for further study. Mengele sought pregnant women, on whom he would perform experiments before sending them to gas chambers. Witness Vera Alexander described how he sewed two Romani twins together back-to-back in an attempt to create conjoined twins. The children died of gangrene after several days of suffering.

Photo from Mengele's Argentine identification document (1956)

A group of children wait in line at an Ustaša concentration camp

searched throughout Europe for missing children

Kidnapping of children for forced Germanization by Nazi Germany

File:Arthur Szyk (1894–1951). To Be Shot as Dangerous Enemies of the Third Reich (1943), New York.jpg

Holocaust survivors#Searching for survivors

Kidnapping of Eastern European children by Nazi Germany

File:Zwłoki dzieci getto warszawskie 05.jpg

''To Be Shot as Dangerous Enemies of the Third Reich'' (1943), by [[Arthur Szyk

Jewish twins kept alive to be used in Mengele's medical experiments. These children were liberated from Auschwitz by the Red Army in January 1945.

File:Ustaša children’s concentration camp.jpg

Emaciated corpses of children in the [[Warsaw Ghetto

File:Children headed for deportation.JPG


Children in the Holocaust

Prompt: In the context of Children in the Holocaust, explain the Auschwitz, First Hand Account of Children Being Burnt Alive and the Auschwitz and Josef Mengele.

On 25 July 1945 in Kraków, Judge Stanisław Żmuda (PhD) delegated to the Main Commission for the Investigation of German Crimes in Poland at the request, with the participation and in the presence of a member of the Main Commission, prosecutor Wincenty Jarosiński (PhD), pursuant to the Art. 254, in connection with Art. 107 and 115 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, interviewed the former Auschwitz concentration camp prisoner no. 26281 [Stanisława Rachwał née Surówka] as a witness. Having been advised of the criminal liability for making false declarations, the witness testified as follows:"Next to the crematoria were deep pits intended for burning those corpses which didn’t fit in the crematoria. I know that small children who arrived in transports at night were loaded into dump trucks, driven to the pits and “spilled” alive into the pits from the body of the truck which was automatically raised. The pits were already burning when the children were being thrown in. The horrible screams of the victims could be heard all over the female camp for one to three minutes."- Stanisława Rachwał née Surówka | Auschwitz concentration camp prisoner no. 26281

Photo from Mengele's Argentine identification document (1956)

A group of children wait in line at an Ustaša concentration camp

searched throughout Europe for missing children

Kidnapping of children for forced Germanization by Nazi Germany

File:Arthur Szyk (1894–1951). To Be Shot as Dangerous Enemies of the Third Reich (1943), New York.jpg

Holocaust survivors#Searching for survivors

Kidnapping of Eastern European children by Nazi Germany

File:Zwłoki dzieci getto warszawskie 05.jpg

''To Be Shot as Dangerous Enemies of the Third Reich'' (1943), by [[Arthur Szyk

Jewish twins kept alive to be used in Mengele's medical experiments. These children were liberated from Auschwitz by the Red Army in January 1945.

File:Ustaša children’s concentration camp.jpg

Emaciated corpses of children in the [[Warsaw Ghetto

File:Children headed for deportation.JPG


Children in the Holocaust

Prompt: Explain the Auschwitz, First Hand Account of Children Being Burnt Alive about the Auschwitz and Josef Mengele of this artwork, Children in the Holocaust.

On 25 July 1945 in Kraków, Judge Stanisław Żmuda (PhD) delegated to the Main Commission for the Investigation of German Crimes in Poland at the request, with the participation and in the presence of a member of the Main Commission, prosecutor Wincenty Jarosiński (PhD), pursuant to the Art. 254, in connection with Art. 107 and 115 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, interviewed the former Auschwitz concentration camp prisoner no. 26281 [Stanisława Rachwał née Surówka] as a witness. Having been advised of the criminal liability for making false declarations, the witness testified as follows:"Next to the crematoria were deep pits intended for burning those corpses which didn’t fit in the crematoria. I know that small children who arrived in transports at night were loaded into dump trucks, driven to the pits and “spilled” alive into the pits from the body of the truck which was automatically raised. The pits were already burning when the children were being thrown in. The horrible screams of the victims could be heard all over the female camp for one to three minutes."- Stanisława Rachwał née Surówka | Auschwitz concentration camp prisoner no. 26281

Photo from Mengele's Argentine identification document (1956)

A group of children wait in line at an Ustaša concentration camp

searched throughout Europe for missing children

Kidnapping of children for forced Germanization by Nazi Germany

File:Arthur Szyk (1894–1951). To Be Shot as Dangerous Enemies of the Third Reich (1943), New York.jpg

Holocaust survivors#Searching for survivors

Kidnapping of Eastern European children by Nazi Germany

File:Zwłoki dzieci getto warszawskie 05.jpg

''To Be Shot as Dangerous Enemies of the Third Reich'' (1943), by [[Arthur Szyk

Jewish twins kept alive to be used in Mengele's medical experiments. These children were liberated from Auschwitz by the Red Army in January 1945.

File:Ustaša children’s concentration camp.jpg

Emaciated corpses of children in the [[Warsaw Ghetto

File:Children headed for deportation.JPG


Children in the Holocaust

Prompt: In Children in the Holocaust, how is the Auschwitz, First Hand Account of Children Being Burnt Alive of the Auschwitz and Josef Mengele explained?

On 25 July 1945 in Kraków, Judge Stanisław Żmuda (PhD) delegated to the Main Commission for the Investigation of German Crimes in Poland at the request, with the participation and in the presence of a member of the Main Commission, prosecutor Wincenty Jarosiński (PhD), pursuant to the Art. 254, in connection with Art. 107 and 115 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, interviewed the former Auschwitz concentration camp prisoner no. 26281 [Stanisława Rachwał née Surówka] as a witness. Having been advised of the criminal liability for making false declarations, the witness testified as follows:"Next to the crematoria were deep pits intended for burning those corpses which didn’t fit in the crematoria. I know that small children who arrived in transports at night were loaded into dump trucks, driven to the pits and “spilled” alive into the pits from the body of the truck which was automatically raised. The pits were already burning when the children were being thrown in. The horrible screams of the victims could be heard all over the female camp for one to three minutes."- Stanisława Rachwał née Surówka | Auschwitz concentration camp prisoner no. 26281

Photo from Mengele's Argentine identification document (1956)

A group of children wait in line at an Ustaša concentration camp

searched throughout Europe for missing children

Kidnapping of children for forced Germanization by Nazi Germany

File:Arthur Szyk (1894–1951). To Be Shot as Dangerous Enemies of the Third Reich (1943), New York.jpg

Holocaust survivors#Searching for survivors

Kidnapping of Eastern European children by Nazi Germany

File:Zwłoki dzieci getto warszawskie 05.jpg

''To Be Shot as Dangerous Enemies of the Third Reich'' (1943), by [[Arthur Szyk

Jewish twins kept alive to be used in Mengele's medical experiments. These children were liberated from Auschwitz by the Red Army in January 1945.

File:Ustaša children’s concentration camp.jpg

Emaciated corpses of children in the [[Warsaw Ghetto

File:Children headed for deportation.JPG


Children in the Holocaust

Prompt: Describe the characteristics of the Auschwitz, First Hand Account of Children Being Burnt Alive in Children in the Holocaust's Auschwitz and Josef Mengele.

On 25 July 1945 in Kraków, Judge Stanisław Żmuda (PhD) delegated to the Main Commission for the Investigation of German Crimes in Poland at the request, with the participation and in the presence of a member of the Main Commission, prosecutor Wincenty Jarosiński (PhD), pursuant to the Art. 254, in connection with Art. 107 and 115 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, interviewed the former Auschwitz concentration camp prisoner no. 26281 [Stanisława Rachwał née Surówka] as a witness. Having been advised of the criminal liability for making false declarations, the witness testified as follows:"Next to the crematoria were deep pits intended for burning those corpses which didn’t fit in the crematoria. I know that small children who arrived in transports at night were loaded into dump trucks, driven to the pits and “spilled” alive into the pits from the body of the truck which was automatically raised. The pits were already burning when the children were being thrown in. The horrible screams of the victims could be heard all over the female camp for one to three minutes."- Stanisława Rachwał née Surówka | Auschwitz concentration camp prisoner no. 26281

Photo from Mengele's Argentine identification document (1956)

A group of children wait in line at an Ustaša concentration camp

searched throughout Europe for missing children

Kidnapping of children for forced Germanization by Nazi Germany

File:Arthur Szyk (1894–1951). To Be Shot as Dangerous Enemies of the Third Reich (1943), New York.jpg

Holocaust survivors#Searching for survivors

Kidnapping of Eastern European children by Nazi Germany

File:Zwłoki dzieci getto warszawskie 05.jpg

''To Be Shot as Dangerous Enemies of the Third Reich'' (1943), by [[Arthur Szyk

Jewish twins kept alive to be used in Mengele's medical experiments. These children were liberated from Auschwitz by the Red Army in January 1945.

File:Ustaša children’s concentration camp.jpg

Emaciated corpses of children in the [[Warsaw Ghetto

File:Children headed for deportation.JPG


Children in the Holocaust

Prompt: Focus on Children in the Holocaust and explain the Sisak concentration camp.

During the existence of the Independent State of Croatia during World War II, the Croatian Ustaše established numerous concentration camps like those in Jasenovac, Đakovo, and Jastrebarsko in which many Serbian, Jewish, and Romani children died as inmates. Among them, there was Sisak concentration camp, which was specially formed for children as part of Jasenovac concentration camp.Sisak children's concentration camp was founded on 3 August 1942 following the Kozara Offensive. It was part of an assembly camp, officially named the "Refugee Transit Camp". This concentration camp consisted of a special part officially called the "Shelter for the Refugee Children" under the auspices of the "Ustasha Female Lineage" and "Ustasha Security Service", and under the direct control of Antun Najžer. The camp was located in several buildings in Sisak: the former Yugoslav Falconry Association ("Sokolana"), the Sisters of St. Vincent nunnery, a rice warehouse, Rajs Saltworks warehouse, Novi Sisak elementary school, and the "Karantena" (Quarantine). All these buildings were considered unsuitable for the housing of children. For example, in the Falconry Association, there were no doors; it was drafty because it was built for drying salt. Children, even those who were only a few months old, had to lie on the floor with only a thin layer of straw without any clothes or blankets. When a typhus epidemic broke out, Najžer ordered the transfer of the infected children to an improvised hospital, only serving to increase the number of deaths.The first group of children arrived on 3 August 1942; there were 906 of them. The very next day another group of 650 children was brought; a third group arrived on 6 August with 1,272 children. In Teslic glasshouse and the newly built barracks, which were named "Karantena", a general concentration camp for men, women, and children had been established. During August and September 1942, Ustaše took parents away from 3,971 children by sending the parents to forced labor. From August 1942 to 8 February 1943, there were 6,693 detained children, mostly Serbs from Kozara, Kordun, and Slavonia. Despite the actions of Diana Budisavljević and a group of humanitarians – Jana Koh, Vera Luketić, Dragica Habazin, Ljubica and Vera Becić, Kamil Bresler, Ante Dumbović, and the sisters of the Red Cross – up to 40 children died every day.Lazar Margulješ testified about conditions at the concentration camp:I've noticed that the food parcels sent by Red Cross have never been given to the imprisoned children. My duty as a medic was to research these small prisoners, therefore I often visited these places: Sokolana building, where the children laid on bare concrete or, if they had little luck, on a little straw. The so-called hospital, in a small school in Old Sisak, had no beds so the children were lying on the floor with a little distracted and contaminated straw matted with blood and excrement and covered with swarms of flies.Jana Koh, former secretary of Croatian Red Cross stated following about the conditions in the Camp:The barracks were connected by the corridors guarded by the Ustashas. Not far from the ambulance, from another barracks, the sad cries of the children were heard. There was set, on the bare floor, four hundred children: newborns, children from a few weeks or months, up to ten years of age. How many children came, and where they were dispatched, could no longer be found out. The children in the children's barracks cried inexorably and were calling their mothers, who were only a few steps away from the children, but the fascist criminals did not let mothers to approach their children. Older children tell us through tears, that they can not calm the little ones, because they are hungry, there are no one to change diapers of the little ones, and they are afraid that everyone will die. These children, who have not yet reached the age of ten, swear to us, "Come on, sister, bring us mothers, bring at least mothers to these little ones. You will see, if you do not bring them their mothers, they will suffocate, by the tears alone."Coroner David Egić officially recorded that out of 6,693 children, 1,152 died in the Camp, while teacher Ante Dumbović later claimed that the number was 1,630.

Photo from Mengele's Argentine identification document (1956)

A group of children wait in line at an Ustaša concentration camp

searched throughout Europe for missing children

Kidnapping of children for forced Germanization by Nazi Germany

File:Arthur Szyk (1894–1951). To Be Shot as Dangerous Enemies of the Third Reich (1943), New York.jpg

Holocaust survivors#Searching for survivors

Kidnapping of Eastern European children by Nazi Germany

File:Zwłoki dzieci getto warszawskie 05.jpg

''To Be Shot as Dangerous Enemies of the Third Reich'' (1943), by [[Arthur Szyk

Jewish twins kept alive to be used in Mengele's medical experiments. These children were liberated from Auschwitz by the Red Army in January 1945.

File:Ustaša children’s concentration camp.jpg

Emaciated corpses of children in the [[Warsaw Ghetto

File:Children headed for deportation.JPG


Children in the Holocaust

Prompt: Explain the Sisak concentration camp of this artwork, Children in the Holocaust.

During the existence of the Independent State of Croatia during World War II, the Croatian Ustaše established numerous concentration camps like those in Jasenovac, Đakovo, and Jastrebarsko in which many Serbian, Jewish, and Romani children died as inmates. Among them, there was Sisak concentration camp, which was specially formed for children as part of Jasenovac concentration camp.Sisak children's concentration camp was founded on 3 August 1942 following the Kozara Offensive. It was part of an assembly camp, officially named the "Refugee Transit Camp". This concentration camp consisted of a special part officially called the "Shelter for the Refugee Children" under the auspices of the "Ustasha Female Lineage" and "Ustasha Security Service", and under the direct control of Antun Najžer. The camp was located in several buildings in Sisak: the former Yugoslav Falconry Association ("Sokolana"), the Sisters of St. Vincent nunnery, a rice warehouse, Rajs Saltworks warehouse, Novi Sisak elementary school, and the "Karantena" (Quarantine). All these buildings were considered unsuitable for the housing of children. For example, in the Falconry Association, there were no doors; it was drafty because it was built for drying salt. Children, even those who were only a few months old, had to lie on the floor with only a thin layer of straw without any clothes or blankets. When a typhus epidemic broke out, Najžer ordered the transfer of the infected children to an improvised hospital, only serving to increase the number of deaths.The first group of children arrived on 3 August 1942; there were 906 of them. The very next day another group of 650 children was brought; a third group arrived on 6 August with 1,272 children. In Teslic glasshouse and the newly built barracks, which were named "Karantena", a general concentration camp for men, women, and children had been established. During August and September 1942, Ustaše took parents away from 3,971 children by sending the parents to forced labor. From August 1942 to 8 February 1943, there were 6,693 detained children, mostly Serbs from Kozara, Kordun, and Slavonia. Despite the actions of Diana Budisavljević and a group of humanitarians – Jana Koh, Vera Luketić, Dragica Habazin, Ljubica and Vera Becić, Kamil Bresler, Ante Dumbović, and the sisters of the Red Cross – up to 40 children died every day.Lazar Margulješ testified about conditions at the concentration camp:I've noticed that the food parcels sent by Red Cross have never been given to the imprisoned children. My duty as a medic was to research these small prisoners, therefore I often visited these places: Sokolana building, where the children laid on bare concrete or, if they had little luck, on a little straw. The so-called hospital, in a small school in Old Sisak, had no beds so the children were lying on the floor with a little distracted and contaminated straw matted with blood and excrement and covered with swarms of flies.Jana Koh, former secretary of Croatian Red Cross stated following about the conditions in the Camp:The barracks were connected by the corridors guarded by the Ustashas. Not far from the ambulance, from another barracks, the sad cries of the children were heard. There was set, on the bare floor, four hundred children: newborns, children from a few weeks or months, up to ten years of age. How many children came, and where they were dispatched, could no longer be found out. The children in the children's barracks cried inexorably and were calling their mothers, who were only a few steps away from the children, but the fascist criminals did not let mothers to approach their children. Older children tell us through tears, that they can not calm the little ones, because they are hungry, there are no one to change diapers of the little ones, and they are afraid that everyone will die. These children, who have not yet reached the age of ten, swear to us, "Come on, sister, bring us mothers, bring at least mothers to these little ones. You will see, if you do not bring them their mothers, they will suffocate, by the tears alone."Coroner David Egić officially recorded that out of 6,693 children, 1,152 died in the Camp, while teacher Ante Dumbović later claimed that the number was 1,630.

Photo from Mengele's Argentine identification document (1956)

A group of children wait in line at an Ustaša concentration camp

searched throughout Europe for missing children

Kidnapping of children for forced Germanization by Nazi Germany

File:Arthur Szyk (1894–1951). To Be Shot as Dangerous Enemies of the Third Reich (1943), New York.jpg

Holocaust survivors#Searching for survivors

Kidnapping of Eastern European children by Nazi Germany

File:Zwłoki dzieci getto warszawskie 05.jpg

''To Be Shot as Dangerous Enemies of the Third Reich'' (1943), by [[Arthur Szyk

Jewish twins kept alive to be used in Mengele's medical experiments. These children were liberated from Auschwitz by the Red Army in January 1945.

File:Ustaša children’s concentration camp.jpg

Emaciated corpses of children in the [[Warsaw Ghetto

File:Children headed for deportation.JPG


Children in the Holocaust

Prompt: How does Children in the Holocaust explain its Sisak concentration camp?

During the existence of the Independent State of Croatia during World War II, the Croatian Ustaše established numerous concentration camps like those in Jasenovac, Đakovo, and Jastrebarsko in which many Serbian, Jewish, and Romani children died as inmates. Among them, there was Sisak concentration camp, which was specially formed for children as part of Jasenovac concentration camp.Sisak children's concentration camp was founded on 3 August 1942 following the Kozara Offensive. It was part of an assembly camp, officially named the "Refugee Transit Camp". This concentration camp consisted of a special part officially called the "Shelter for the Refugee Children" under the auspices of the "Ustasha Female Lineage" and "Ustasha Security Service", and under the direct control of Antun Najžer. The camp was located in several buildings in Sisak: the former Yugoslav Falconry Association ("Sokolana"), the Sisters of St. Vincent nunnery, a rice warehouse, Rajs Saltworks warehouse, Novi Sisak elementary school, and the "Karantena" (Quarantine). All these buildings were considered unsuitable for the housing of children. For example, in the Falconry Association, there were no doors; it was drafty because it was built for drying salt. Children, even those who were only a few months old, had to lie on the floor with only a thin layer of straw without any clothes or blankets. When a typhus epidemic broke out, Najžer ordered the transfer of the infected children to an improvised hospital, only serving to increase the number of deaths.The first group of children arrived on 3 August 1942; there were 906 of them. The very next day another group of 650 children was brought; a third group arrived on 6 August with 1,272 children. In Teslic glasshouse and the newly built barracks, which were named "Karantena", a general concentration camp for men, women, and children had been established. During August and September 1942, Ustaše took parents away from 3,971 children by sending the parents to forced labor. From August 1942 to 8 February 1943, there were 6,693 detained children, mostly Serbs from Kozara, Kordun, and Slavonia. Despite the actions of Diana Budisavljević and a group of humanitarians – Jana Koh, Vera Luketić, Dragica Habazin, Ljubica and Vera Becić, Kamil Bresler, Ante Dumbović, and the sisters of the Red Cross – up to 40 children died every day.Lazar Margulješ testified about conditions at the concentration camp:I've noticed that the food parcels sent by Red Cross have never been given to the imprisoned children. My duty as a medic was to research these small prisoners, therefore I often visited these places: Sokolana building, where the children laid on bare concrete or, if they had little luck, on a little straw. The so-called hospital, in a small school in Old Sisak, had no beds so the children were lying on the floor with a little distracted and contaminated straw matted with blood and excrement and covered with swarms of flies.Jana Koh, former secretary of Croatian Red Cross stated following about the conditions in the Camp:The barracks were connected by the corridors guarded by the Ustashas. Not far from the ambulance, from another barracks, the sad cries of the children were heard. There was set, on the bare floor, four hundred children: newborns, children from a few weeks or months, up to ten years of age. How many children came, and where they were dispatched, could no longer be found out. The children in the children's barracks cried inexorably and were calling their mothers, who were only a few steps away from the children, but the fascist criminals did not let mothers to approach their children. Older children tell us through tears, that they can not calm the little ones, because they are hungry, there are no one to change diapers of the little ones, and they are afraid that everyone will die. These children, who have not yet reached the age of ten, swear to us, "Come on, sister, bring us mothers, bring at least mothers to these little ones. You will see, if you do not bring them their mothers, they will suffocate, by the tears alone."Coroner David Egić officially recorded that out of 6,693 children, 1,152 died in the Camp, while teacher Ante Dumbović later claimed that the number was 1,630.

Photo from Mengele's Argentine identification document (1956)

A group of children wait in line at an Ustaša concentration camp

searched throughout Europe for missing children

Kidnapping of children for forced Germanization by Nazi Germany

File:Arthur Szyk (1894–1951). To Be Shot as Dangerous Enemies of the Third Reich (1943), New York.jpg

Holocaust survivors#Searching for survivors

Kidnapping of Eastern European children by Nazi Germany

File:Zwłoki dzieci getto warszawskie 05.jpg

''To Be Shot as Dangerous Enemies of the Third Reich'' (1943), by [[Arthur Szyk

Jewish twins kept alive to be used in Mengele's medical experiments. These children were liberated from Auschwitz by the Red Army in January 1945.

File:Ustaša children’s concentration camp.jpg

Emaciated corpses of children in the [[Warsaw Ghetto

File:Children headed for deportation.JPG


Children in the Holocaust

Prompt: In Children in the Holocaust, how is the Sisak concentration camp discussed?

During the existence of the Independent State of Croatia during World War II, the Croatian Ustaše established numerous concentration camps like those in Jasenovac, Đakovo, and Jastrebarsko in which many Serbian, Jewish, and Romani children died as inmates. Among them, there was Sisak concentration camp, which was specially formed for children as part of Jasenovac concentration camp.Sisak children's concentration camp was founded on 3 August 1942 following the Kozara Offensive. It was part of an assembly camp, officially named the "Refugee Transit Camp". This concentration camp consisted of a special part officially called the "Shelter for the Refugee Children" under the auspices of the "Ustasha Female Lineage" and "Ustasha Security Service", and under the direct control of Antun Najžer. The camp was located in several buildings in Sisak: the former Yugoslav Falconry Association ("Sokolana"), the Sisters of St. Vincent nunnery, a rice warehouse, Rajs Saltworks warehouse, Novi Sisak elementary school, and the "Karantena" (Quarantine). All these buildings were considered unsuitable for the housing of children. For example, in the Falconry Association, there were no doors; it was drafty because it was built for drying salt. Children, even those who were only a few months old, had to lie on the floor with only a thin layer of straw without any clothes or blankets. When a typhus epidemic broke out, Najžer ordered the transfer of the infected children to an improvised hospital, only serving to increase the number of deaths.The first group of children arrived on 3 August 1942; there were 906 of them. The very next day another group of 650 children was brought; a third group arrived on 6 August with 1,272 children. In Teslic glasshouse and the newly built barracks, which were named "Karantena", a general concentration camp for men, women, and children had been established. During August and September 1942, Ustaše took parents away from 3,971 children by sending the parents to forced labor. From August 1942 to 8 February 1943, there were 6,693 detained children, mostly Serbs from Kozara, Kordun, and Slavonia. Despite the actions of Diana Budisavljević and a group of humanitarians – Jana Koh, Vera Luketić, Dragica Habazin, Ljubica and Vera Becić, Kamil Bresler, Ante Dumbović, and the sisters of the Red Cross – up to 40 children died every day.Lazar Margulješ testified about conditions at the concentration camp:I've noticed that the food parcels sent by Red Cross have never been given to the imprisoned children. My duty as a medic was to research these small prisoners, therefore I often visited these places: Sokolana building, where the children laid on bare concrete or, if they had little luck, on a little straw. The so-called hospital, in a small school in Old Sisak, had no beds so the children were lying on the floor with a little distracted and contaminated straw matted with blood and excrement and covered with swarms of flies.Jana Koh, former secretary of Croatian Red Cross stated following about the conditions in the Camp:The barracks were connected by the corridors guarded by the Ustashas. Not far from the ambulance, from another barracks, the sad cries of the children were heard. There was set, on the bare floor, four hundred children: newborns, children from a few weeks or months, up to ten years of age. How many children came, and where they were dispatched, could no longer be found out. The children in the children's barracks cried inexorably and were calling their mothers, who were only a few steps away from the children, but the fascist criminals did not let mothers to approach their children. Older children tell us through tears, that they can not calm the little ones, because they are hungry, there are no one to change diapers of the little ones, and they are afraid that everyone will die. These children, who have not yet reached the age of ten, swear to us, "Come on, sister, bring us mothers, bring at least mothers to these little ones. You will see, if you do not bring them their mothers, they will suffocate, by the tears alone."Coroner David Egić officially recorded that out of 6,693 children, 1,152 died in the Camp, while teacher Ante Dumbović later claimed that the number was 1,630.

Photo from Mengele's Argentine identification document (1956)

A group of children wait in line at an Ustaša concentration camp

searched throughout Europe for missing children

Kidnapping of children for forced Germanization by Nazi Germany

File:Arthur Szyk (1894–1951). To Be Shot as Dangerous Enemies of the Third Reich (1943), New York.jpg

Holocaust survivors#Searching for survivors

Kidnapping of Eastern European children by Nazi Germany

File:Zwłoki dzieci getto warszawskie 05.jpg

''To Be Shot as Dangerous Enemies of the Third Reich'' (1943), by [[Arthur Szyk

Jewish twins kept alive to be used in Mengele's medical experiments. These children were liberated from Auschwitz by the Red Army in January 1945.

File:Ustaša children’s concentration camp.jpg

Emaciated corpses of children in the [[Warsaw Ghetto

File:Children headed for deportation.JPG


Children in the Holocaust

Prompt: Focus on Children in the Holocaust and explain the Means of survival.

In spite of their acute vulnerability, many children discovered ways to survive. Children smuggled food and medicine into the ghettos, in turn smuggling out their own personal possessions to trade for said goods. Children in youth movements later escaped the ghettos to join underground resistance activities such as Soviet partisan units; others formed their own units to harass the German occupiers. Many children escaped with parents or other relatives to family camps run by Jewish partisans; others had to escape on their own.Many Jewish children were forced to fake their identity for their own safety. They obtained false identity papers that usually came from anti-Nazi resistance in order to pretend to be Aryans. Even though this was one of the only ways to survive for children, it imposed major security risks. The police and other Nazi authorities closely examined documents in their search for Jews to detect disguised Jews.Circumcision, a Jewish tradition in which the foreskins of infant male Jews are removed, was an easy way to identify Jews because non-Jews usually did not go through the procedure. Boys had to be mindful about using public restrooms and participating in team sports because their Jewish identity could be exposed. As a solution, they had to go through additional procedures that would hide circumcision or at times even dress up as girls.Between 1938 and 1939, the Kindertransport (Children's Transport) was a rescue effort organized by the British government in cooperation with Jewish organizations. It brought about 10,000 refugee Jewish children to safety in Great Britain from Nazi Germany and German-occupied territories, although their families did not come with them. Likewise, Youth Aliyah (Youth Immigration) was responsible for integrating thousands of children into life in Palestine for their survival as well as the revitalization of the Yishuv, the Jewish settlement in Palestine.In the United States, some individuals attempted to help, and efforts around the country allowed the rescue of 1,000 Jewish children from Nazis. Unlike the English work, the actual rescue efforts were not backed up by the government in any way; those who wanted to help had to find their own ways to fight immigration quotas. Gilbert and Eleanor Kraus were a couple who brought 50 Jewish children to the United States to save them from Nazis in 1939 before the war started. They selected the 50 children by interviewing their families, who were close to obtaining a US visa. Most of the children, who had moved to Philadelphia, were eventually reunited with their families. Inspired by the Kindertransport, Congress was urged to allow up to 100,000 Jewish children to come to America. In 1939, the Wagner-Rogers Bill was proposed, which was to admit 20,000 unaccompanied Jewish child refugees under the age of 14 into the United States. However, in February 1939, the bill failed to get Congressional approval.Meanwhile, some non-Jews hid Jewish children; sometimes, as in the case of Anne Frank, they hid other family members as well. In some cases the Jews were actually hidden; in other cases, they were adopted into the family of their "hider". A unique case of hiding occurred in France. Almost the entire Protestant population of Le Chambon-sur-Lignon, as well as many Catholic priests, nuns, and laymen, hid Jewish children in the town from 1942 to 1944. In Italy and Belgium, many children survived in hiding.In Belgium, the Christian organization Jeunesse Ouvrière Chrétienne hid Jewish children and teenagers with the backing of the Queen-Mother Elisabeth of Belgium.After the surrender of Nazi Germany, which ended World War II, refugees and displaced persons searched throughout Europe for missing children. Thousands of orphaned children were displaced in camps. Many surviving Jewish children fled eastern Europe as part of the mass exodus (Brihah) to the western zones of occupied Germany en route to the Yishuv. Youth Aliyah continued its activities after the war by helping child survivors to move to Palestine, which soon became the state of Israel in 1948.

Photo from Mengele's Argentine identification document (1956)

A group of children wait in line at an Ustaša concentration camp

Kidnapping of children for forced Germanization by Nazi Germany

File:Arthur Szyk (1894–1951). To Be Shot as Dangerous Enemies of the Third Reich (1943), New York.jpg

Holocaust survivors#Searching for survivors

Kidnapping of Eastern European children by Nazi Germany

File:Zwłoki dzieci getto warszawskie 05.jpg

''To Be Shot as Dangerous Enemies of the Third Reich'' (1943), by [[Arthur Szyk

Jewish twins kept alive to be used in Mengele's medical experiments. These children were liberated from Auschwitz by the Red Army in January 1945.

File:Ustaša children’s concentration camp.jpg

Emaciated corpses of children in the [[Warsaw Ghetto

File:Children headed for deportation.JPG


Children in the Holocaust

Prompt: Explain the Means of survival of this artwork, Children in the Holocaust.

In spite of their acute vulnerability, many children discovered ways to survive. Children smuggled food and medicine into the ghettos, in turn smuggling out their own personal possessions to trade for said goods. Children in youth movements later escaped the ghettos to join underground resistance activities such as Soviet partisan units; others formed their own units to harass the German occupiers. Many children escaped with parents or other relatives to family camps run by Jewish partisans; others had to escape on their own.Many Jewish children were forced to fake their identity for their own safety. They obtained false identity papers that usually came from anti-Nazi resistance in order to pretend to be Aryans. Even though this was one of the only ways to survive for children, it imposed major security risks. The police and other Nazi authorities closely examined documents in their search for Jews to detect disguised Jews.Circumcision, a Jewish tradition in which the foreskins of infant male Jews are removed, was an easy way to identify Jews because non-Jews usually did not go through the procedure. Boys had to be mindful about using public restrooms and participating in team sports because their Jewish identity could be exposed. As a solution, they had to go through additional procedures that would hide circumcision or at times even dress up as girls.Between 1938 and 1939, the Kindertransport (Children's Transport) was a rescue effort organized by the British government in cooperation with Jewish organizations. It brought about 10,000 refugee Jewish children to safety in Great Britain from Nazi Germany and German-occupied territories, although their families did not come with them. Likewise, Youth Aliyah (Youth Immigration) was responsible for integrating thousands of children into life in Palestine for their survival as well as the revitalization of the Yishuv, the Jewish settlement in Palestine.In the United States, some individuals attempted to help, and efforts around the country allowed the rescue of 1,000 Jewish children from Nazis. Unlike the English work, the actual rescue efforts were not backed up by the government in any way; those who wanted to help had to find their own ways to fight immigration quotas. Gilbert and Eleanor Kraus were a couple who brought 50 Jewish children to the United States to save them from Nazis in 1939 before the war started. They selected the 50 children by interviewing their families, who were close to obtaining a US visa. Most of the children, who had moved to Philadelphia, were eventually reunited with their families. Inspired by the Kindertransport, Congress was urged to allow up to 100,000 Jewish children to come to America. In 1939, the Wagner-Rogers Bill was proposed, which was to admit 20,000 unaccompanied Jewish child refugees under the age of 14 into the United States. However, in February 1939, the bill failed to get Congressional approval.Meanwhile, some non-Jews hid Jewish children; sometimes, as in the case of Anne Frank, they hid other family members as well. In some cases the Jews were actually hidden; in other cases, they were adopted into the family of their "hider". A unique case of hiding occurred in France. Almost the entire Protestant population of Le Chambon-sur-Lignon, as well as many Catholic priests, nuns, and laymen, hid Jewish children in the town from 1942 to 1944. In Italy and Belgium, many children survived in hiding.In Belgium, the Christian organization Jeunesse Ouvrière Chrétienne hid Jewish children and teenagers with the backing of the Queen-Mother Elisabeth of Belgium.After the surrender of Nazi Germany, which ended World War II, refugees and displaced persons searched throughout Europe for missing children. Thousands of orphaned children were displaced in camps. Many surviving Jewish children fled eastern Europe as part of the mass exodus (Brihah) to the western zones of occupied Germany en route to the Yishuv. Youth Aliyah continued its activities after the war by helping child survivors to move to Palestine, which soon became the state of Israel in 1948.

Photo from Mengele's Argentine identification document (1956)

A group of children wait in line at an Ustaša concentration camp

Kidnapping of children for forced Germanization by Nazi Germany

File:Arthur Szyk (1894–1951). To Be Shot as Dangerous Enemies of the Third Reich (1943), New York.jpg

Holocaust survivors#Searching for survivors

Kidnapping of Eastern European children by Nazi Germany

File:Zwłoki dzieci getto warszawskie 05.jpg

''To Be Shot as Dangerous Enemies of the Third Reich'' (1943), by [[Arthur Szyk

Jewish twins kept alive to be used in Mengele's medical experiments. These children were liberated from Auschwitz by the Red Army in January 1945.

File:Ustaša children’s concentration camp.jpg

Emaciated corpses of children in the [[Warsaw Ghetto

File:Children headed for deportation.JPG


Children in the Holocaust

Prompt: How does Children in the Holocaust explain its Means of survival?

In spite of their acute vulnerability, many children discovered ways to survive. Children smuggled food and medicine into the ghettos, in turn smuggling out their own personal possessions to trade for said goods. Children in youth movements later escaped the ghettos to join underground resistance activities such as Soviet partisan units; others formed their own units to harass the German occupiers. Many children escaped with parents or other relatives to family camps run by Jewish partisans; others had to escape on their own.Many Jewish children were forced to fake their identity for their own safety. They obtained false identity papers that usually came from anti-Nazi resistance in order to pretend to be Aryans. Even though this was one of the only ways to survive for children, it imposed major security risks. The police and other Nazi authorities closely examined documents in their search for Jews to detect disguised Jews.Circumcision, a Jewish tradition in which the foreskins of infant male Jews are removed, was an easy way to identify Jews because non-Jews usually did not go through the procedure. Boys had to be mindful about using public restrooms and participating in team sports because their Jewish identity could be exposed. As a solution, they had to go through additional procedures that would hide circumcision or at times even dress up as girls.Between 1938 and 1939, the Kindertransport (Children's Transport) was a rescue effort organized by the British government in cooperation with Jewish organizations. It brought about 10,000 refugee Jewish children to safety in Great Britain from Nazi Germany and German-occupied territories, although their families did not come with them. Likewise, Youth Aliyah (Youth Immigration) was responsible for integrating thousands of children into life in Palestine for their survival as well as the revitalization of the Yishuv, the Jewish settlement in Palestine.In the United States, some individuals attempted to help, and efforts around the country allowed the rescue of 1,000 Jewish children from Nazis. Unlike the English work, the actual rescue efforts were not backed up by the government in any way; those who wanted to help had to find their own ways to fight immigration quotas. Gilbert and Eleanor Kraus were a couple who brought 50 Jewish children to the United States to save them from Nazis in 1939 before the war started. They selected the 50 children by interviewing their families, who were close to obtaining a US visa. Most of the children, who had moved to Philadelphia, were eventually reunited with their families. Inspired by the Kindertransport, Congress was urged to allow up to 100,000 Jewish children to come to America. In 1939, the Wagner-Rogers Bill was proposed, which was to admit 20,000 unaccompanied Jewish child refugees under the age of 14 into the United States. However, in February 1939, the bill failed to get Congressional approval.Meanwhile, some non-Jews hid Jewish children; sometimes, as in the case of Anne Frank, they hid other family members as well. In some cases the Jews were actually hidden; in other cases, they were adopted into the family of their "hider". A unique case of hiding occurred in France. Almost the entire Protestant population of Le Chambon-sur-Lignon, as well as many Catholic priests, nuns, and laymen, hid Jewish children in the town from 1942 to 1944. In Italy and Belgium, many children survived in hiding.In Belgium, the Christian organization Jeunesse Ouvrière Chrétienne hid Jewish children and teenagers with the backing of the Queen-Mother Elisabeth of Belgium.After the surrender of Nazi Germany, which ended World War II, refugees and displaced persons searched throughout Europe for missing children. Thousands of orphaned children were displaced in camps. Many surviving Jewish children fled eastern Europe as part of the mass exodus (Brihah) to the western zones of occupied Germany en route to the Yishuv. Youth Aliyah continued its activities after the war by helping child survivors to move to Palestine, which soon became the state of Israel in 1948.

Photo from Mengele's Argentine identification document (1956)

A group of children wait in line at an Ustaša concentration camp

Kidnapping of children for forced Germanization by Nazi Germany

File:Arthur Szyk (1894–1951). To Be Shot as Dangerous Enemies of the Third Reich (1943), New York.jpg

Holocaust survivors#Searching for survivors

Kidnapping of Eastern European children by Nazi Germany

File:Zwłoki dzieci getto warszawskie 05.jpg

''To Be Shot as Dangerous Enemies of the Third Reich'' (1943), by [[Arthur Szyk

Jewish twins kept alive to be used in Mengele's medical experiments. These children were liberated from Auschwitz by the Red Army in January 1945.

File:Ustaša children’s concentration camp.jpg

Emaciated corpses of children in the [[Warsaw Ghetto

File:Children headed for deportation.JPG


Children in the Holocaust

Prompt: In Children in the Holocaust, how is the Means of survival discussed?

In spite of their acute vulnerability, many children discovered ways to survive. Children smuggled food and medicine into the ghettos, in turn smuggling out their own personal possessions to trade for said goods. Children in youth movements later escaped the ghettos to join underground resistance activities such as Soviet partisan units; others formed their own units to harass the German occupiers. Many children escaped with parents or other relatives to family camps run by Jewish partisans; others had to escape on their own.Many Jewish children were forced to fake their identity for their own safety. They obtained false identity papers that usually came from anti-Nazi resistance in order to pretend to be Aryans. Even though this was one of the only ways to survive for children, it imposed major security risks. The police and other Nazi authorities closely examined documents in their search for Jews to detect disguised Jews.Circumcision, a Jewish tradition in which the foreskins of infant male Jews are removed, was an easy way to identify Jews because non-Jews usually did not go through the procedure. Boys had to be mindful about using public restrooms and participating in team sports because their Jewish identity could be exposed. As a solution, they had to go through additional procedures that would hide circumcision or at times even dress up as girls.Between 1938 and 1939, the Kindertransport (Children's Transport) was a rescue effort organized by the British government in cooperation with Jewish organizations. It brought about 10,000 refugee Jewish children to safety in Great Britain from Nazi Germany and German-occupied territories, although their families did not come with them. Likewise, Youth Aliyah (Youth Immigration) was responsible for integrating thousands of children into life in Palestine for their survival as well as the revitalization of the Yishuv, the Jewish settlement in Palestine.In the United States, some individuals attempted to help, and efforts around the country allowed the rescue of 1,000 Jewish children from Nazis. Unlike the English work, the actual rescue efforts were not backed up by the government in any way; those who wanted to help had to find their own ways to fight immigration quotas. Gilbert and Eleanor Kraus were a couple who brought 50 Jewish children to the United States to save them from Nazis in 1939 before the war started. They selected the 50 children by interviewing their families, who were close to obtaining a US visa. Most of the children, who had moved to Philadelphia, were eventually reunited with their families. Inspired by the Kindertransport, Congress was urged to allow up to 100,000 Jewish children to come to America. In 1939, the Wagner-Rogers Bill was proposed, which was to admit 20,000 unaccompanied Jewish child refugees under the age of 14 into the United States. However, in February 1939, the bill failed to get Congressional approval.Meanwhile, some non-Jews hid Jewish children; sometimes, as in the case of Anne Frank, they hid other family members as well. In some cases the Jews were actually hidden; in other cases, they were adopted into the family of their "hider". A unique case of hiding occurred in France. Almost the entire Protestant population of Le Chambon-sur-Lignon, as well as many Catholic priests, nuns, and laymen, hid Jewish children in the town from 1942 to 1944. In Italy and Belgium, many children survived in hiding.In Belgium, the Christian organization Jeunesse Ouvrière Chrétienne hid Jewish children and teenagers with the backing of the Queen-Mother Elisabeth of Belgium.After the surrender of Nazi Germany, which ended World War II, refugees and displaced persons searched throughout Europe for missing children. Thousands of orphaned children were displaced in camps. Many surviving Jewish children fled eastern Europe as part of the mass exodus (Brihah) to the western zones of occupied Germany en route to the Yishuv. Youth Aliyah continued its activities after the war by helping child survivors to move to Palestine, which soon became the state of Israel in 1948.

Photo from Mengele's Argentine identification document (1956)

A group of children wait in line at an Ustaša concentration camp

Kidnapping of children for forced Germanization by Nazi Germany

File:Arthur Szyk (1894–1951). To Be Shot as Dangerous Enemies of the Third Reich (1943), New York.jpg

Holocaust survivors#Searching for survivors

Kidnapping of Eastern European children by Nazi Germany

File:Zwłoki dzieci getto warszawskie 05.jpg

''To Be Shot as Dangerous Enemies of the Third Reich'' (1943), by [[Arthur Szyk

Jewish twins kept alive to be used in Mengele's medical experiments. These children were liberated from Auschwitz by the Red Army in January 1945.

File:Ustaša children’s concentration camp.jpg

Emaciated corpses of children in the [[Warsaw Ghetto

File:Children headed for deportation.JPG


Portrait of Père Tanguy

Prompt: Focus on Portrait of Père Tanguy and explain the abstract.

Portrait of Père Tanguy, painted by Vincent van Gogh in 1887, is one of his three paintings of Julien Tanguy. The three works demonstrate a progression in van Gogh's artistic style after his arrival in Paris. The first is somber, and formed from a simple composition. The second introduces van Gogh's Japanese prints. The last and most advanced in style, skill and color integrates Japanese, Impressionist, and other influences on the Parisian artist community. This painting conveys a sense of serenity that van Gogh seeks for himself. This last painting of Tanguy is in the Musée Rodin, Paris.

''Portrait of Père Tanguy'', The second painting of Père Tanguy by Vincent van Gogh (65 cm x 51 cm) (F364)

File:Van Gogh - Bildnis Père Tanguy1.jpeg

''Portrait of Père Tanguy'', winter 1886/87. (47x38.5cm) (F263)

Category:Paintings of Paris by Vincent van Gogh

File:Van Gogh - Bildnis Père Tanguy.jpeg


Portrait of Père Tanguy

Prompt: Explain the abstract of this artwork, Portrait of Père Tanguy.

Portrait of Père Tanguy, painted by Vincent van Gogh in 1887, is one of his three paintings of Julien Tanguy. The three works demonstrate a progression in van Gogh's artistic style after his arrival in Paris. The first is somber, and formed from a simple composition. The second introduces van Gogh's Japanese prints. The last and most advanced in style, skill and color integrates Japanese, Impressionist, and other influences on the Parisian artist community. This painting conveys a sense of serenity that van Gogh seeks for himself. This last painting of Tanguy is in the Musée Rodin, Paris.

''Portrait of Père Tanguy'', The second painting of Père Tanguy by Vincent van Gogh (65 cm x 51 cm) (F364)

File:Van Gogh - Bildnis Père Tanguy1.jpeg

''Portrait of Père Tanguy'', winter 1886/87. (47x38.5cm) (F263)

Category:Paintings of Paris by Vincent van Gogh

File:Van Gogh - Bildnis Père Tanguy.jpeg


Portrait of Père Tanguy

Prompt: How does Portrait of Père Tanguy explain its abstract?

Portrait of Père Tanguy, painted by Vincent van Gogh in 1887, is one of his three paintings of Julien Tanguy. The three works demonstrate a progression in van Gogh's artistic style after his arrival in Paris. The first is somber, and formed from a simple composition. The second introduces van Gogh's Japanese prints. The last and most advanced in style, skill and color integrates Japanese, Impressionist, and other influences on the Parisian artist community. This painting conveys a sense of serenity that van Gogh seeks for himself. This last painting of Tanguy is in the Musée Rodin, Paris.

''Portrait of Père Tanguy'', The second painting of Père Tanguy by Vincent van Gogh (65 cm x 51 cm) (F364)

File:Van Gogh - Bildnis Père Tanguy1.jpeg

''Portrait of Père Tanguy'', winter 1886/87. (47x38.5cm) (F263)

Category:Paintings of Paris by Vincent van Gogh

File:Van Gogh - Bildnis Père Tanguy.jpeg


Portrait of Père Tanguy

Prompt: In Portrait of Père Tanguy, how is the abstract discussed?

Portrait of Père Tanguy, painted by Vincent van Gogh in 1887, is one of his three paintings of Julien Tanguy. The three works demonstrate a progression in van Gogh's artistic style after his arrival in Paris. The first is somber, and formed from a simple composition. The second introduces van Gogh's Japanese prints. The last and most advanced in style, skill and color integrates Japanese, Impressionist, and other influences on the Parisian artist community. This painting conveys a sense of serenity that van Gogh seeks for himself. This last painting of Tanguy is in the Musée Rodin, Paris.

''Portrait of Père Tanguy'', The second painting of Père Tanguy by Vincent van Gogh (65 cm x 51 cm) (F364)

File:Van Gogh - Bildnis Père Tanguy1.jpeg

''Portrait of Père Tanguy'', winter 1886/87. (47x38.5cm) (F263)

Category:Paintings of Paris by Vincent van Gogh

File:Van Gogh - Bildnis Père Tanguy.jpeg


Portrait of Père Tanguy

Prompt: Focus on Portrait of Père Tanguy and explain the Van Gogh in Paris.

In 1886 van Gogh left the Netherlands never to return. He moved to Paris to live with his brother Theo, a Parisian art dealer. Vincent entered Paris as a shy, somber man. While his personality would never change, he emerged artistically into what one critic described as a "singing bird". Although van Gogh had been influenced by great masters in the Netherlands, coming to Paris meant that he was exposed to Impressionists, Symbolists, Pointillists, and Japanese art (see Japonisme). His circle of friends included Camille Pissarro, Henri Toulouse-Lautrec, Paul Gauguin, Émile Bernard, Paul Signac, and others. The works of the Japanese ukiyo-e artists Hiroshige and Hokusai greatly influenced van Gogh, both for the subject matter and the style of flat patterns of colors without shadow.  In the two years from 1886 through 1888 he spent working in Paris, van Gogh explored the various genres, creating his own unique style.

''Portrait of Père Tanguy'', The second painting of Père Tanguy by Vincent van Gogh (65 cm x 51 cm) (F364)

File:Van Gogh - Bildnis Père Tanguy1.jpeg

''Portrait of Père Tanguy'', winter 1886/87. (47x38.5cm) (F263)

Category:Paintings of Paris by Vincent van Gogh

File:Van Gogh - Bildnis Père Tanguy.jpeg


Portrait of Père Tanguy

Prompt: Explain the Van Gogh in Paris of this artwork, Portrait of Père Tanguy.

In 1886 van Gogh left the Netherlands never to return. He moved to Paris to live with his brother Theo, a Parisian art dealer. Vincent entered Paris as a shy, somber man. While his personality would never change, he emerged artistically into what one critic described as a "singing bird". Although van Gogh had been influenced by great masters in the Netherlands, coming to Paris meant that he was exposed to Impressionists, Symbolists, Pointillists, and Japanese art (see Japonisme). His circle of friends included Camille Pissarro, Henri Toulouse-Lautrec, Paul Gauguin, Émile Bernard, Paul Signac, and others. The works of the Japanese ukiyo-e artists Hiroshige and Hokusai greatly influenced van Gogh, both for the subject matter and the style of flat patterns of colors without shadow.  In the two years from 1886 through 1888 he spent working in Paris, van Gogh explored the various genres, creating his own unique style.

''Portrait of Père Tanguy'', The second painting of Père Tanguy by Vincent van Gogh (65 cm x 51 cm) (F364)

File:Van Gogh - Bildnis Père Tanguy1.jpeg

''Portrait of Père Tanguy'', winter 1886/87. (47x38.5cm) (F263)

Category:Paintings of Paris by Vincent van Gogh

File:Van Gogh - Bildnis Père Tanguy.jpeg


Portrait of Père Tanguy

Prompt: How does Portrait of Père Tanguy explain its Van Gogh in Paris?

In 1886 van Gogh left the Netherlands never to return. He moved to Paris to live with his brother Theo, a Parisian art dealer. Vincent entered Paris as a shy, somber man. While his personality would never change, he emerged artistically into what one critic described as a "singing bird". Although van Gogh had been influenced by great masters in the Netherlands, coming to Paris meant that he was exposed to Impressionists, Symbolists, Pointillists, and Japanese art (see Japonisme). His circle of friends included Camille Pissarro, Henri Toulouse-Lautrec, Paul Gauguin, Émile Bernard, Paul Signac, and others. The works of the Japanese ukiyo-e artists Hiroshige and Hokusai greatly influenced van Gogh, both for the subject matter and the style of flat patterns of colors without shadow.  In the two years from 1886 through 1888 he spent working in Paris, van Gogh explored the various genres, creating his own unique style.

''Portrait of Père Tanguy'', The second painting of Père Tanguy by Vincent van Gogh (65 cm x 51 cm) (F364)

File:Van Gogh - Bildnis Père Tanguy1.jpeg

''Portrait of Père Tanguy'', winter 1886/87. (47x38.5cm) (F263)

Category:Paintings of Paris by Vincent van Gogh

File:Van Gogh - Bildnis Père Tanguy.jpeg


Portrait of Père Tanguy

Prompt: In Portrait of Père Tanguy, how is the Van Gogh in Paris discussed?

In 1886 van Gogh left the Netherlands never to return. He moved to Paris to live with his brother Theo, a Parisian art dealer. Vincent entered Paris as a shy, somber man. While his personality would never change, he emerged artistically into what one critic described as a "singing bird". Although van Gogh had been influenced by great masters in the Netherlands, coming to Paris meant that he was exposed to Impressionists, Symbolists, Pointillists, and Japanese art (see Japonisme). His circle of friends included Camille Pissarro, Henri Toulouse-Lautrec, Paul Gauguin, Émile Bernard, Paul Signac, and others. The works of the Japanese ukiyo-e artists Hiroshige and Hokusai greatly influenced van Gogh, both for the subject matter and the style of flat patterns of colors without shadow.  In the two years from 1886 through 1888 he spent working in Paris, van Gogh explored the various genres, creating his own unique style.

''Portrait of Père Tanguy'', The second painting of Père Tanguy by Vincent van Gogh (65 cm x 51 cm) (F364)

File:Van Gogh - Bildnis Père Tanguy1.jpeg

''Portrait of Père Tanguy'', winter 1886/87. (47x38.5cm) (F263)

Category:Paintings of Paris by Vincent van Gogh

File:Van Gogh - Bildnis Père Tanguy.jpeg


Portrait of Père Tanguy

Prompt: Focus on Portrait of Père Tanguy and explain the The painting.

The brightly colored painting and confident subject represent a shift in Vincent's attitude. Van Gogh called his use of bright colors "gymnastics" that through experimentation created great depth, harmony and balance in his work.  The painting contains a background of van Gogh's Japanese prints that were sold at Tanguy's shop. On top of Tanguy's hat is Mount Fuji; Kabuki actors share the wall with cherry trees in bloom.The Japanese paintings represent van Gogh's search for serenity, which he describes in a letter to his sister during this period, "Having as much of this serenity as possible, even though one knows little – nothing – for certain, is perhaps a better remedy for all diseases than all the things that are sold at the chemist's shop." In an effort to capture serenity in his painting, Van Gogh paints Tanguy with a calm, contemplative nature. Historian of Symbolism Naomi Maurer describes him as having the "iconic tranquility of Buddha."Van Gogh died in 1890 and Tanguy four years after. Following Tanguy's death, his daughter sold the Portrait of Père Tanguy to sculptor Auguste Rodin. The Portrait of Père Tanguy, previously in Rodin's personal collection, is in the permanent collection at Musée Rodin in Paris.

''Portrait of Père Tanguy'', The second painting of Père Tanguy by Vincent van Gogh (65 cm x 51 cm) (F364)

File:Van Gogh - Bildnis Père Tanguy1.jpeg

''Portrait of Père Tanguy'', winter 1886/87. (47x38.5cm) (F263)

Category:Paintings of Paris by Vincent van Gogh

File:Van Gogh - Bildnis Père Tanguy.jpeg


Portrait of Père Tanguy

Prompt: Explain the The painting of this artwork, Portrait of Père Tanguy.

The brightly colored painting and confident subject represent a shift in Vincent's attitude. Van Gogh called his use of bright colors "gymnastics" that through experimentation created great depth, harmony and balance in his work.  The painting contains a background of van Gogh's Japanese prints that were sold at Tanguy's shop. On top of Tanguy's hat is Mount Fuji; Kabuki actors share the wall with cherry trees in bloom.The Japanese paintings represent van Gogh's search for serenity, which he describes in a letter to his sister during this period, "Having as much of this serenity as possible, even though one knows little – nothing – for certain, is perhaps a better remedy for all diseases than all the things that are sold at the chemist's shop." In an effort to capture serenity in his painting, Van Gogh paints Tanguy with a calm, contemplative nature. Historian of Symbolism Naomi Maurer describes him as having the "iconic tranquility of Buddha."Van Gogh died in 1890 and Tanguy four years after. Following Tanguy's death, his daughter sold the Portrait of Père Tanguy to sculptor Auguste Rodin. The Portrait of Père Tanguy, previously in Rodin's personal collection, is in the permanent collection at Musée Rodin in Paris.

''Portrait of Père Tanguy'', The second painting of Père Tanguy by Vincent van Gogh (65 cm x 51 cm) (F364)

File:Van Gogh - Bildnis Père Tanguy1.jpeg

''Portrait of Père Tanguy'', winter 1886/87. (47x38.5cm) (F263)

Category:Paintings of Paris by Vincent van Gogh

File:Van Gogh - Bildnis Père Tanguy.jpeg


Portrait of Père Tanguy

Prompt: How does Portrait of Père Tanguy explain its The painting?

The brightly colored painting and confident subject represent a shift in Vincent's attitude. Van Gogh called his use of bright colors "gymnastics" that through experimentation created great depth, harmony and balance in his work.  The painting contains a background of van Gogh's Japanese prints that were sold at Tanguy's shop. On top of Tanguy's hat is Mount Fuji; Kabuki actors share the wall with cherry trees in bloom.The Japanese paintings represent van Gogh's search for serenity, which he describes in a letter to his sister during this period, "Having as much of this serenity as possible, even though one knows little – nothing – for certain, is perhaps a better remedy for all diseases than all the things that are sold at the chemist's shop." In an effort to capture serenity in his painting, Van Gogh paints Tanguy with a calm, contemplative nature. Historian of Symbolism Naomi Maurer describes him as having the "iconic tranquility of Buddha."Van Gogh died in 1890 and Tanguy four years after. Following Tanguy's death, his daughter sold the Portrait of Père Tanguy to sculptor Auguste Rodin. The Portrait of Père Tanguy, previously in Rodin's personal collection, is in the permanent collection at Musée Rodin in Paris.

''Portrait of Père Tanguy'', The second painting of Père Tanguy by Vincent van Gogh (65 cm x 51 cm) (F364)

File:Van Gogh - Bildnis Père Tanguy1.jpeg

''Portrait of Père Tanguy'', winter 1886/87. (47x38.5cm) (F263)

Category:Paintings of Paris by Vincent van Gogh

File:Van Gogh - Bildnis Père Tanguy.jpeg


Portrait of Père Tanguy

Prompt: In Portrait of Père Tanguy, how is the The painting discussed?

The brightly colored painting and confident subject represent a shift in Vincent's attitude. Van Gogh called his use of bright colors "gymnastics" that through experimentation created great depth, harmony and balance in his work.  The painting contains a background of van Gogh's Japanese prints that were sold at Tanguy's shop. On top of Tanguy's hat is Mount Fuji; Kabuki actors share the wall with cherry trees in bloom.The Japanese paintings represent van Gogh's search for serenity, which he describes in a letter to his sister during this period, "Having as much of this serenity as possible, even though one knows little – nothing – for certain, is perhaps a better remedy for all diseases than all the things that are sold at the chemist's shop." In an effort to capture serenity in his painting, Van Gogh paints Tanguy with a calm, contemplative nature. Historian of Symbolism Naomi Maurer describes him as having the "iconic tranquility of Buddha."Van Gogh died in 1890 and Tanguy four years after. Following Tanguy's death, his daughter sold the Portrait of Père Tanguy to sculptor Auguste Rodin. The Portrait of Père Tanguy, previously in Rodin's personal collection, is in the permanent collection at Musée Rodin in Paris.

''Portrait of Père Tanguy'', The second painting of Père Tanguy by Vincent van Gogh (65 cm x 51 cm) (F364)

File:Van Gogh - Bildnis Père Tanguy1.jpeg

''Portrait of Père Tanguy'', winter 1886/87. (47x38.5cm) (F263)

Category:Paintings of Paris by Vincent van Gogh

File:Van Gogh - Bildnis Père Tanguy.jpeg


Portrait of Père Tanguy

Prompt: Focus on Portrait of Père Tanguy and explain the Julien Tanguy.

Julien François Tanguy (1825 Plédran - 1894 Paris) was a paint grinder who sold art supplies and was also an art dealer, one of the first to offer van Gogh's paintings for sale. His jovial demeanor and enthusiasm for artistry and artists made his shop one of the most favored art supply shops in Paris, and he was nicknamed Père ("Father") Tanguy. Maurer calls Tanguy a father figure who shared his food and money with artists and showed their paintings with pride.Tanguy took paintings as payment for paints, which Émile Bernard said made entering his shop in Montmartre, full of Impressionist paintings, like "visiting a museum". In comparison to her husband, Tanguy's wife was less cooperative and more concerned with clientele paying outstanding charges. When Tanguy died, his friends staged an auction for his widow.Octave Mirbeau wrote a notice about him in L'Écho de Paris on 13 February 1894.

''Portrait of Père Tanguy'', The second painting of Père Tanguy by Vincent van Gogh (65 cm x 51 cm) (F364)

File:Van Gogh - Bildnis Père Tanguy1.jpeg

''Portrait of Père Tanguy'', winter 1886/87. (47x38.5cm) (F263)

Category:Paintings of Paris by Vincent van Gogh

File:Van Gogh - Bildnis Père Tanguy.jpeg


Portrait of Père Tanguy

Prompt: Explain the Julien Tanguy of this artwork, Portrait of Père Tanguy.

Julien François Tanguy (1825 Plédran - 1894 Paris) was a paint grinder who sold art supplies and was also an art dealer, one of the first to offer van Gogh's paintings for sale. His jovial demeanor and enthusiasm for artistry and artists made his shop one of the most favored art supply shops in Paris, and he was nicknamed Père ("Father") Tanguy. Maurer calls Tanguy a father figure who shared his food and money with artists and showed their paintings with pride.Tanguy took paintings as payment for paints, which Émile Bernard said made entering his shop in Montmartre, full of Impressionist paintings, like "visiting a museum". In comparison to her husband, Tanguy's wife was less cooperative and more concerned with clientele paying outstanding charges. When Tanguy died, his friends staged an auction for his widow.Octave Mirbeau wrote a notice about him in L'Écho de Paris on 13 February 1894.

''Portrait of Père Tanguy'', The second painting of Père Tanguy by Vincent van Gogh (65 cm x 51 cm) (F364)

File:Van Gogh - Bildnis Père Tanguy1.jpeg

''Portrait of Père Tanguy'', winter 1886/87. (47x38.5cm) (F263)

Category:Paintings of Paris by Vincent van Gogh

File:Van Gogh - Bildnis Père Tanguy.jpeg


Portrait of Père Tanguy

Prompt: How does Portrait of Père Tanguy explain its Julien Tanguy?

Julien François Tanguy (1825 Plédran - 1894 Paris) was a paint grinder who sold art supplies and was also an art dealer, one of the first to offer van Gogh's paintings for sale. His jovial demeanor and enthusiasm for artistry and artists made his shop one of the most favored art supply shops in Paris, and he was nicknamed Père ("Father") Tanguy. Maurer calls Tanguy a father figure who shared his food and money with artists and showed their paintings with pride.Tanguy took paintings as payment for paints, which Émile Bernard said made entering his shop in Montmartre, full of Impressionist paintings, like "visiting a museum". In comparison to her husband, Tanguy's wife was less cooperative and more concerned with clientele paying outstanding charges. When Tanguy died, his friends staged an auction for his widow.Octave Mirbeau wrote a notice about him in L'Écho de Paris on 13 February 1894.

''Portrait of Père Tanguy'', The second painting of Père Tanguy by Vincent van Gogh (65 cm x 51 cm) (F364)

File:Van Gogh - Bildnis Père Tanguy1.jpeg

''Portrait of Père Tanguy'', winter 1886/87. (47x38.5cm) (F263)

Category:Paintings of Paris by Vincent van Gogh

File:Van Gogh - Bildnis Père Tanguy.jpeg


Portrait of Père Tanguy

Prompt: In Portrait of Père Tanguy, how is the Julien Tanguy discussed?

Julien François Tanguy (1825 Plédran - 1894 Paris) was a paint grinder who sold art supplies and was also an art dealer, one of the first to offer van Gogh's paintings for sale. His jovial demeanor and enthusiasm for artistry and artists made his shop one of the most favored art supply shops in Paris, and he was nicknamed Père ("Father") Tanguy. Maurer calls Tanguy a father figure who shared his food and money with artists and showed their paintings with pride.Tanguy took paintings as payment for paints, which Émile Bernard said made entering his shop in Montmartre, full of Impressionist paintings, like "visiting a museum". In comparison to her husband, Tanguy's wife was less cooperative and more concerned with clientele paying outstanding charges. When Tanguy died, his friends staged an auction for his widow.Octave Mirbeau wrote a notice about him in L'Écho de Paris on 13 February 1894.

''Portrait of Père Tanguy'', The second painting of Père Tanguy by Vincent van Gogh (65 cm x 51 cm) (F364)

File:Van Gogh - Bildnis Père Tanguy1.jpeg

''Portrait of Père Tanguy'', winter 1886/87. (47x38.5cm) (F263)

Category:Paintings of Paris by Vincent van Gogh

File:Van Gogh - Bildnis Père Tanguy.jpeg


Portrait of Père Tanguy

Prompt: Focus on Portrait of Père Tanguy and explain the Three Portraits of Julien Tanguy.

Van Gogh painted three portraits of Julien (Père) Tanguy.In winter 1886/87 van Gogh painted his first portrait of Tanguy. It is mostly brown, with a touch of red on his lips and a green on his apron. Writer Victoria Finlay describes him as looking more like a workman than an art dealer.In 1887, van Gogh began to experiment with brighter colors, such as red against green and orange against blue.  The other two paintings show him sitting in front of a colorful wall of Japanese prints. The second to the right was painted by van Gogh in one thirty-minute sitting, and Tanguy kept the original version of the painting. Actor Edward G. Robinson and his wife Gladys Lloyd Robinson, a painter, owned the painting,  which they sold to Greek shipping tycoon Stavros Niarchos.The second, more advanced painting with Japanese prints is held in the Musée Rodin in Paris.

''Portrait of Père Tanguy'', The second painting of Père Tanguy by Vincent van Gogh (65 cm x 51 cm) (F364)

File:Van Gogh - Bildnis Père Tanguy1.jpeg

''Portrait of Père Tanguy'', winter 1886/87. (47x38.5cm) (F263)

Category:Paintings of Paris by Vincent van Gogh

File:Van Gogh - Bildnis Père Tanguy.jpeg


Portrait of Père Tanguy

Prompt: Explain the Three Portraits of Julien Tanguy of this artwork, Portrait of Père Tanguy.

Van Gogh painted three portraits of Julien (Père) Tanguy.In winter 1886/87 van Gogh painted his first portrait of Tanguy. It is mostly brown, with a touch of red on his lips and a green on his apron. Writer Victoria Finlay describes him as looking more like a workman than an art dealer.In 1887, van Gogh began to experiment with brighter colors, such as red against green and orange against blue.  The other two paintings show him sitting in front of a colorful wall of Japanese prints. The second to the right was painted by van Gogh in one thirty-minute sitting, and Tanguy kept the original version of the painting. Actor Edward G. Robinson and his wife Gladys Lloyd Robinson, a painter, owned the painting,  which they sold to Greek shipping tycoon Stavros Niarchos.The second, more advanced painting with Japanese prints is held in the Musée Rodin in Paris.

''Portrait of Père Tanguy'', The second painting of Père Tanguy by Vincent van Gogh (65 cm x 51 cm) (F364)

File:Van Gogh - Bildnis Père Tanguy1.jpeg

''Portrait of Père Tanguy'', winter 1886/87. (47x38.5cm) (F263)

Category:Paintings of Paris by Vincent van Gogh

File:Van Gogh - Bildnis Père Tanguy.jpeg


Portrait of Père Tanguy

Prompt: How does Portrait of Père Tanguy explain its Three Portraits of Julien Tanguy?

Van Gogh painted three portraits of Julien (Père) Tanguy.In winter 1886/87 van Gogh painted his first portrait of Tanguy. It is mostly brown, with a touch of red on his lips and a green on his apron. Writer Victoria Finlay describes him as looking more like a workman than an art dealer.In 1887, van Gogh began to experiment with brighter colors, such as red against green and orange against blue.  The other two paintings show him sitting in front of a colorful wall of Japanese prints. The second to the right was painted by van Gogh in one thirty-minute sitting, and Tanguy kept the original version of the painting. Actor Edward G. Robinson and his wife Gladys Lloyd Robinson, a painter, owned the painting,  which they sold to Greek shipping tycoon Stavros Niarchos.The second, more advanced painting with Japanese prints is held in the Musée Rodin in Paris.

''Portrait of Père Tanguy'', The second painting of Père Tanguy by Vincent van Gogh (65 cm x 51 cm) (F364)

File:Van Gogh - Bildnis Père Tanguy1.jpeg

''Portrait of Père Tanguy'', winter 1886/87. (47x38.5cm) (F263)

Category:Paintings of Paris by Vincent van Gogh

File:Van Gogh - Bildnis Père Tanguy.jpeg


Portrait of Père Tanguy

Prompt: In Portrait of Père Tanguy, how is the Three Portraits of Julien Tanguy discussed?

Van Gogh painted three portraits of Julien (Père) Tanguy.In winter 1886/87 van Gogh painted his first portrait of Tanguy. It is mostly brown, with a touch of red on his lips and a green on his apron. Writer Victoria Finlay describes him as looking more like a workman than an art dealer.In 1887, van Gogh began to experiment with brighter colors, such as red against green and orange against blue.  The other two paintings show him sitting in front of a colorful wall of Japanese prints. The second to the right was painted by van Gogh in one thirty-minute sitting, and Tanguy kept the original version of the painting. Actor Edward G. Robinson and his wife Gladys Lloyd Robinson, a painter, owned the painting,  which they sold to Greek shipping tycoon Stavros Niarchos.The second, more advanced painting with Japanese prints is held in the Musée Rodin in Paris.

''Portrait of Père Tanguy'', The second painting of Père Tanguy by Vincent van Gogh (65 cm x 51 cm) (F364)

File:Van Gogh - Bildnis Père Tanguy1.jpeg

''Portrait of Père Tanguy'', winter 1886/87. (47x38.5cm) (F263)

Category:Paintings of Paris by Vincent van Gogh

File:Van Gogh - Bildnis Père Tanguy.jpeg