The Milkmaid (Vermeer)

Prompt: Describe the characteristics of the Narrative and thematic elements in The Milkmaid (Vermeer)'s Descriptions and commentary.

According to art historian Harry Rand, the painting suggests the woman is making bread pudding, which would account for the milk and the broken pieces of bread on the table. Rand assumed she would have already made custard in which the bread mixed with egg would be soaking at the moment depicted in the painting. She pours milk into the Dutch oven to cover the mixture because otherwise the bread, if not simmering in liquid while it is baking, will become an unappetizing, dry crust instead of forming the typical upper surface of the pudding. She is careful in pouring the trickle of milk because bread pudding can be ruined when the ingredients are not accurately measured or properly combined.By depicting the working maid in the act of careful cooking, the artist presents not just a picture of an everyday scene, but one with ethical and social value. The humble woman is using common ingredients and otherwise useless stale bread to create a pleasurable product for the household. "Her measured demeanor, modest dress and judiciousness in preparing her food conveys eloquently yet unobtrusively one of the strongest values of 17th-century Netherlands, domestic virtue", according to the Essential Vermeer website."In the end, it is not the allusions to female sexuality that give this painting its romance or emotional resonance — it is the depiction of honest, hard work as something romantic in and of itself," Raquel Laneri wrote in Forbes magazine. "The Milkmaid elevates the drudgery of housework and servitude to virtuous, even heroic, levels."

The Embarrassment of Riches: An Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden Age

Dutch Golden Age painting#Scenes of everyday life

File:Vermeer, Johannes, The Milkmaid (about 1657-58).jpg

A 1907 Dutch cartoon by Jan Rinke, reflecting a controversy over whether the state should purchase the painting rather than let it possibly fall into the hands of some rich American art collector. The government bought the work for the [[Rijksmuseum

File:Gerrit Dou 1646 painting Girl Chopping Onions.jpg

Painting detail showing the foot warmer, with tiles of [[Cupid

Category:Genre paintings by Johannes Vermeer


The Milkmaid (Vermeer)

Prompt: In the context of The Milkmaid (Vermeer), explain the Compositional strategy and the Descriptions and commentary.

An impression of monumentality and "perhaps a sense of dignity" is lent to the image by the artist's choice of a relatively low vantage point and a pyramidal building up of forms from the left foreground to the woman's head, according to a web page of The Metropolitan Museum of Art. According to the Rijksmuseum, the painting "is built up along two diagonal lines. They meet by the woman's right wrist." This focuses the attention of the viewer on the pouring of the milk.The photograph-like realism of the painting resembles that of Leiden artists such as Dou, Frans van Mieris, and Gabriël Metsu. Vermeer, who was age twenty-five when he painted this work, was "shopping around in Dutch art for different styles and subjects", according to Liedtke. "He's looking, in this case, mainly at artists like Gerrit Dou and others who work in a meticulous, illusionistic way." Liedtke sees the work as either Vermeer's "last early work or first mature work". The curator added, "I almost think he had to explore what you might call 'tactile illusionism' to understand where he really wanted to go, which was in the more optical, light-filled direction."Characteristic of Delft artistry and of Vermeer's work, the painting also has a "classic balance" of figurative elements and an "extraordinary treatment of light", according to The Metropolitan Museum of Art. The wall on the left, according to Liedtke, "gets you very quickly in the picture—that recession from the left and then the openness to the right—and this sort of left-corner scheme was used for about 10 years before Vermeer, and he was very quick to pick up the latest thing.""Nowhere else in his oeuvre does one find such a sculptural figure and such seemingly tangible objects, and yet the future painter of luminous interiors has already arrived," according to the museum. The "pointillé pattern of bright dots on the bread and basket" are the "most effusive" use of that scheme in any Vermeer painting, and it appears to be used to suggest "scintillating daylight and rough textures at the same time."Vermeer painted over two items originally in the painting. One was a large wall map (a Rijksmuseum web page calls it a painting) behind the upper part of the woman's body. (A wall map may not have been very out of place in a humble workroom such as the cold kitchen where the maid toiled: large maps in 17th-century Holland were inexpensive ways of decorating bare walls.) He originally placed a large, conspicuous clothes basket (the Rijksmuseum web page calls it a "sewing basket") near the bottom of the painting, behind the maid's red skirt, but then the artist painted it over, producing the slight shift in tone (pentimento) on the wall behind the foot warmer. The basket was later discovered with an X-ray. Other Vermeer paintings also have images removed. Some art critics have thought the removals may have been intended to provide the works with better thematic focus."[I]ts rustic immediacy differs from Vermeer's later paintings," according to Laneri. "There is a tactile, visceral quality to The Milkmaid — you can almost taste the thick, creamy milk escaping the jug, feel the cool dampness of the room and the starchy linen of the maid's white cap, touch her sculptural shoulders and corseted waist. She is not an apparition or abstraction. She is not the ideal, worldly housewife of Vermeer's later Young Woman with a Water Pitcher or the ethereal beauty in Girl with a Pearl Earring. She is not the cartoonish buxom vixen in Leyden's drawing. She is real — as real as a painting can get anyway."

The Embarrassment of Riches: An Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden Age

Dutch Golden Age painting#Scenes of everyday life

File:Vermeer, Johannes, The Milkmaid (about 1657-58).jpg

A 1907 Dutch cartoon by Jan Rinke, reflecting a controversy over whether the state should purchase the painting rather than let it possibly fall into the hands of some rich American art collector. The government bought the work for the [[Rijksmuseum

File:Gerrit Dou 1646 painting Girl Chopping Onions.jpg

Painting detail showing the foot warmer, with tiles of [[Cupid

Category:Genre paintings by Johannes Vermeer


The Milkmaid (Vermeer)

Prompt: Explain the Compositional strategy about the Descriptions and commentary of this artwork, The Milkmaid (Vermeer).

An impression of monumentality and "perhaps a sense of dignity" is lent to the image by the artist's choice of a relatively low vantage point and a pyramidal building up of forms from the left foreground to the woman's head, according to a web page of The Metropolitan Museum of Art. According to the Rijksmuseum, the painting "is built up along two diagonal lines. They meet by the woman's right wrist." This focuses the attention of the viewer on the pouring of the milk.The photograph-like realism of the painting resembles that of Leiden artists such as Dou, Frans van Mieris, and Gabriël Metsu. Vermeer, who was age twenty-five when he painted this work, was "shopping around in Dutch art for different styles and subjects", according to Liedtke. "He's looking, in this case, mainly at artists like Gerrit Dou and others who work in a meticulous, illusionistic way." Liedtke sees the work as either Vermeer's "last early work or first mature work". The curator added, "I almost think he had to explore what you might call 'tactile illusionism' to understand where he really wanted to go, which was in the more optical, light-filled direction."Characteristic of Delft artistry and of Vermeer's work, the painting also has a "classic balance" of figurative elements and an "extraordinary treatment of light", according to The Metropolitan Museum of Art. The wall on the left, according to Liedtke, "gets you very quickly in the picture—that recession from the left and then the openness to the right—and this sort of left-corner scheme was used for about 10 years before Vermeer, and he was very quick to pick up the latest thing.""Nowhere else in his oeuvre does one find such a sculptural figure and such seemingly tangible objects, and yet the future painter of luminous interiors has already arrived," according to the museum. The "pointillé pattern of bright dots on the bread and basket" are the "most effusive" use of that scheme in any Vermeer painting, and it appears to be used to suggest "scintillating daylight and rough textures at the same time."Vermeer painted over two items originally in the painting. One was a large wall map (a Rijksmuseum web page calls it a painting) behind the upper part of the woman's body. (A wall map may not have been very out of place in a humble workroom such as the cold kitchen where the maid toiled: large maps in 17th-century Holland were inexpensive ways of decorating bare walls.) He originally placed a large, conspicuous clothes basket (the Rijksmuseum web page calls it a "sewing basket") near the bottom of the painting, behind the maid's red skirt, but then the artist painted it over, producing the slight shift in tone (pentimento) on the wall behind the foot warmer. The basket was later discovered with an X-ray. Other Vermeer paintings also have images removed. Some art critics have thought the removals may have been intended to provide the works with better thematic focus."[I]ts rustic immediacy differs from Vermeer's later paintings," according to Laneri. "There is a tactile, visceral quality to The Milkmaid — you can almost taste the thick, creamy milk escaping the jug, feel the cool dampness of the room and the starchy linen of the maid's white cap, touch her sculptural shoulders and corseted waist. She is not an apparition or abstraction. She is not the ideal, worldly housewife of Vermeer's later Young Woman with a Water Pitcher or the ethereal beauty in Girl with a Pearl Earring. She is not the cartoonish buxom vixen in Leyden's drawing. She is real — as real as a painting can get anyway."

The Embarrassment of Riches: An Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden Age

Dutch Golden Age painting#Scenes of everyday life

File:Vermeer, Johannes, The Milkmaid (about 1657-58).jpg

A 1907 Dutch cartoon by Jan Rinke, reflecting a controversy over whether the state should purchase the painting rather than let it possibly fall into the hands of some rich American art collector. The government bought the work for the [[Rijksmuseum

File:Gerrit Dou 1646 painting Girl Chopping Onions.jpg

Painting detail showing the foot warmer, with tiles of [[Cupid

Category:Genre paintings by Johannes Vermeer


The Milkmaid (Vermeer)

Prompt: In The Milkmaid (Vermeer), how is the Compositional strategy of the Descriptions and commentary explained?

An impression of monumentality and "perhaps a sense of dignity" is lent to the image by the artist's choice of a relatively low vantage point and a pyramidal building up of forms from the left foreground to the woman's head, according to a web page of The Metropolitan Museum of Art. According to the Rijksmuseum, the painting "is built up along two diagonal lines. They meet by the woman's right wrist." This focuses the attention of the viewer on the pouring of the milk.The photograph-like realism of the painting resembles that of Leiden artists such as Dou, Frans van Mieris, and Gabriël Metsu. Vermeer, who was age twenty-five when he painted this work, was "shopping around in Dutch art for different styles and subjects", according to Liedtke. "He's looking, in this case, mainly at artists like Gerrit Dou and others who work in a meticulous, illusionistic way." Liedtke sees the work as either Vermeer's "last early work or first mature work". The curator added, "I almost think he had to explore what you might call 'tactile illusionism' to understand where he really wanted to go, which was in the more optical, light-filled direction."Characteristic of Delft artistry and of Vermeer's work, the painting also has a "classic balance" of figurative elements and an "extraordinary treatment of light", according to The Metropolitan Museum of Art. The wall on the left, according to Liedtke, "gets you very quickly in the picture—that recession from the left and then the openness to the right—and this sort of left-corner scheme was used for about 10 years before Vermeer, and he was very quick to pick up the latest thing.""Nowhere else in his oeuvre does one find such a sculptural figure and such seemingly tangible objects, and yet the future painter of luminous interiors has already arrived," according to the museum. The "pointillé pattern of bright dots on the bread and basket" are the "most effusive" use of that scheme in any Vermeer painting, and it appears to be used to suggest "scintillating daylight and rough textures at the same time."Vermeer painted over two items originally in the painting. One was a large wall map (a Rijksmuseum web page calls it a painting) behind the upper part of the woman's body. (A wall map may not have been very out of place in a humble workroom such as the cold kitchen where the maid toiled: large maps in 17th-century Holland were inexpensive ways of decorating bare walls.) He originally placed a large, conspicuous clothes basket (the Rijksmuseum web page calls it a "sewing basket") near the bottom of the painting, behind the maid's red skirt, but then the artist painted it over, producing the slight shift in tone (pentimento) on the wall behind the foot warmer. The basket was later discovered with an X-ray. Other Vermeer paintings also have images removed. Some art critics have thought the removals may have been intended to provide the works with better thematic focus."[I]ts rustic immediacy differs from Vermeer's later paintings," according to Laneri. "There is a tactile, visceral quality to The Milkmaid — you can almost taste the thick, creamy milk escaping the jug, feel the cool dampness of the room and the starchy linen of the maid's white cap, touch her sculptural shoulders and corseted waist. She is not an apparition or abstraction. She is not the ideal, worldly housewife of Vermeer's later Young Woman with a Water Pitcher or the ethereal beauty in Girl with a Pearl Earring. She is not the cartoonish buxom vixen in Leyden's drawing. She is real — as real as a painting can get anyway."

The Embarrassment of Riches: An Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden Age

Dutch Golden Age painting#Scenes of everyday life

File:Vermeer, Johannes, The Milkmaid (about 1657-58).jpg

A 1907 Dutch cartoon by Jan Rinke, reflecting a controversy over whether the state should purchase the painting rather than let it possibly fall into the hands of some rich American art collector. The government bought the work for the [[Rijksmuseum

File:Gerrit Dou 1646 painting Girl Chopping Onions.jpg

Painting detail showing the foot warmer, with tiles of [[Cupid

Category:Genre paintings by Johannes Vermeer


The Milkmaid (Vermeer)

Prompt: Describe the characteristics of the Compositional strategy in The Milkmaid (Vermeer)'s Descriptions and commentary.

An impression of monumentality and "perhaps a sense of dignity" is lent to the image by the artist's choice of a relatively low vantage point and a pyramidal building up of forms from the left foreground to the woman's head, according to a web page of The Metropolitan Museum of Art. According to the Rijksmuseum, the painting "is built up along two diagonal lines. They meet by the woman's right wrist." This focuses the attention of the viewer on the pouring of the milk.The photograph-like realism of the painting resembles that of Leiden artists such as Dou, Frans van Mieris, and Gabriël Metsu. Vermeer, who was age twenty-five when he painted this work, was "shopping around in Dutch art for different styles and subjects", according to Liedtke. "He's looking, in this case, mainly at artists like Gerrit Dou and others who work in a meticulous, illusionistic way." Liedtke sees the work as either Vermeer's "last early work or first mature work". The curator added, "I almost think he had to explore what you might call 'tactile illusionism' to understand where he really wanted to go, which was in the more optical, light-filled direction."Characteristic of Delft artistry and of Vermeer's work, the painting also has a "classic balance" of figurative elements and an "extraordinary treatment of light", according to The Metropolitan Museum of Art. The wall on the left, according to Liedtke, "gets you very quickly in the picture—that recession from the left and then the openness to the right—and this sort of left-corner scheme was used for about 10 years before Vermeer, and he was very quick to pick up the latest thing.""Nowhere else in his oeuvre does one find such a sculptural figure and such seemingly tangible objects, and yet the future painter of luminous interiors has already arrived," according to the museum. The "pointillé pattern of bright dots on the bread and basket" are the "most effusive" use of that scheme in any Vermeer painting, and it appears to be used to suggest "scintillating daylight and rough textures at the same time."Vermeer painted over two items originally in the painting. One was a large wall map (a Rijksmuseum web page calls it a painting) behind the upper part of the woman's body. (A wall map may not have been very out of place in a humble workroom such as the cold kitchen where the maid toiled: large maps in 17th-century Holland were inexpensive ways of decorating bare walls.) He originally placed a large, conspicuous clothes basket (the Rijksmuseum web page calls it a "sewing basket") near the bottom of the painting, behind the maid's red skirt, but then the artist painted it over, producing the slight shift in tone (pentimento) on the wall behind the foot warmer. The basket was later discovered with an X-ray. Other Vermeer paintings also have images removed. Some art critics have thought the removals may have been intended to provide the works with better thematic focus."[I]ts rustic immediacy differs from Vermeer's later paintings," according to Laneri. "There is a tactile, visceral quality to The Milkmaid — you can almost taste the thick, creamy milk escaping the jug, feel the cool dampness of the room and the starchy linen of the maid's white cap, touch her sculptural shoulders and corseted waist. She is not an apparition or abstraction. She is not the ideal, worldly housewife of Vermeer's later Young Woman with a Water Pitcher or the ethereal beauty in Girl with a Pearl Earring. She is not the cartoonish buxom vixen in Leyden's drawing. She is real — as real as a painting can get anyway."

The Embarrassment of Riches: An Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden Age

Dutch Golden Age painting#Scenes of everyday life

File:Vermeer, Johannes, The Milkmaid (about 1657-58).jpg

A 1907 Dutch cartoon by Jan Rinke, reflecting a controversy over whether the state should purchase the painting rather than let it possibly fall into the hands of some rich American art collector. The government bought the work for the [[Rijksmuseum

File:Gerrit Dou 1646 painting Girl Chopping Onions.jpg

Painting detail showing the foot warmer, with tiles of [[Cupid

Category:Genre paintings by Johannes Vermeer


The Milkmaid (Vermeer)

Prompt: In the context of The Milkmaid (Vermeer), explain the Technique and materials and the Descriptions and commentary.

This painting has "perhaps, the most brilliant color scheme of his oeuvre", according to the Essential Vermeer website. Already in the 18th century, English painter and critic Joshua Reynolds praised the work for its striking quality. One of the distinctions of Vermeer's palette, compared with his contemporaries, was his preference for the expensive natural ultramarine (made from crushed lapis lazuli) where other painters typically used the much cheaper azurite. Along with the ultramarine, lead-tin-yellow is also a dominant color in an exceptionally luminous work (with a much less somber and conventional rendering of light than any of Vermeer's previous extant works). Depicting white walls was a challenge for artists in Vermeer's time, with his contemporaries using various forms of gray pigment. Here the white walls reflect the daylight with different intensities, displaying the effects of uneven textures on the plastered surfaces. The artist here used white lead, umber and charcoal black. Although the formula was widely known among Vermeer's contemporary genre painters, "perhaps no artist more than Vermeer was able to use it so effectively", according to the Essential Vermeer website.The woman's coarse features are painted with thick dabs of impasto. The seeds on the crust of the bread, as well as the crust itself, along with the plaited handles of the bread basket, are rendered with pointillé dots. Soft parts of the bread are rendered with thin swirls of paint, with dabs of ochre used to show the rough edges of broken crust. One piece of bread to the viewer's right and close to the Dutch oven, has a broad band of yellow, different from the crust, which Cant believes is a suggestion that the piece is going stale. The small roll at the far right has thick impastoed dots that resemble a knobbly crust or a crust with seeds on it. The bread and basket, despite being closer to the viewer, are painted in a more diffuse way than the illusionistic realism of the wall, with its stains, shadowing, nail and nail hole, or the seams and fastenings of the woman's dress, the gleaming, polished brass container hanging from the wall. The panes of glass in the window are varied in a very realistic way, with a crack in one (fourth row from the bottom, far right) reflected on the wood of the window frame. Just below that pane, another has a scratch, indicated with a thin white line. Another pane (second row from the bottom, second from right) is pushed inward within its frame.The discrepancy between objects at various distances from the viewer may indicate Vermeer used a camera obscura, according to Cant. Liedtke points out that a pinhole discovered in the canvas "has really punctured the theory of the camera obscura [...] The idea that Vermeer traced compositions in an optical device [...] is rather naive when you consider that the light lasts maybe 10 seconds, but the painting took at least months to paint." Instead, The pin in the canvas would have been tied to a string with chalk on it, which the painter would have snapped to get perspective lines, Liedtke said in a 2009 interview.The woman's bulky green oversleeves were painted with the same yellow and blue paint used in the rest of the woman's clothing, worked at the same time in a wet-on-wet method. Broad strokes in the painting of the clothing suggests the coarse, thick texture of the work clothing. The blue cuff uses a lighter mixture of ultramarine and lead-white, together with a layer of ochre painted beneath it. The brilliant blue of the skirt or apron has been intensified with a glaze (a thin, transparent top layer) of the same color. The glazing helps suggest that the blue material is a less coarse fabric than the yellow bodice, according to Cant.

The Embarrassment of Riches: An Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden Age

Dutch Golden Age painting#Scenes of everyday life

File:Vermeer, Johannes, The Milkmaid (about 1657-58).jpg

A 1907 Dutch cartoon by Jan Rinke, reflecting a controversy over whether the state should purchase the painting rather than let it possibly fall into the hands of some rich American art collector. The government bought the work for the [[Rijksmuseum

File:Gerrit Dou 1646 painting Girl Chopping Onions.jpg

Painting detail showing the foot warmer, with tiles of [[Cupid

Category:Genre paintings by Johannes Vermeer


The Milkmaid (Vermeer)

Prompt: Explain the Technique and materials about the Descriptions and commentary of this artwork, The Milkmaid (Vermeer).

This painting has "perhaps, the most brilliant color scheme of his oeuvre", according to the Essential Vermeer website. Already in the 18th century, English painter and critic Joshua Reynolds praised the work for its striking quality. One of the distinctions of Vermeer's palette, compared with his contemporaries, was his preference for the expensive natural ultramarine (made from crushed lapis lazuli) where other painters typically used the much cheaper azurite. Along with the ultramarine, lead-tin-yellow is also a dominant color in an exceptionally luminous work (with a much less somber and conventional rendering of light than any of Vermeer's previous extant works). Depicting white walls was a challenge for artists in Vermeer's time, with his contemporaries using various forms of gray pigment. Here the white walls reflect the daylight with different intensities, displaying the effects of uneven textures on the plastered surfaces. The artist here used white lead, umber and charcoal black. Although the formula was widely known among Vermeer's contemporary genre painters, "perhaps no artist more than Vermeer was able to use it so effectively", according to the Essential Vermeer website.The woman's coarse features are painted with thick dabs of impasto. The seeds on the crust of the bread, as well as the crust itself, along with the plaited handles of the bread basket, are rendered with pointillé dots. Soft parts of the bread are rendered with thin swirls of paint, with dabs of ochre used to show the rough edges of broken crust. One piece of bread to the viewer's right and close to the Dutch oven, has a broad band of yellow, different from the crust, which Cant believes is a suggestion that the piece is going stale. The small roll at the far right has thick impastoed dots that resemble a knobbly crust or a crust with seeds on it. The bread and basket, despite being closer to the viewer, are painted in a more diffuse way than the illusionistic realism of the wall, with its stains, shadowing, nail and nail hole, or the seams and fastenings of the woman's dress, the gleaming, polished brass container hanging from the wall. The panes of glass in the window are varied in a very realistic way, with a crack in one (fourth row from the bottom, far right) reflected on the wood of the window frame. Just below that pane, another has a scratch, indicated with a thin white line. Another pane (second row from the bottom, second from right) is pushed inward within its frame.The discrepancy between objects at various distances from the viewer may indicate Vermeer used a camera obscura, according to Cant. Liedtke points out that a pinhole discovered in the canvas "has really punctured the theory of the camera obscura [...] The idea that Vermeer traced compositions in an optical device [...] is rather naive when you consider that the light lasts maybe 10 seconds, but the painting took at least months to paint." Instead, The pin in the canvas would have been tied to a string with chalk on it, which the painter would have snapped to get perspective lines, Liedtke said in a 2009 interview.The woman's bulky green oversleeves were painted with the same yellow and blue paint used in the rest of the woman's clothing, worked at the same time in a wet-on-wet method. Broad strokes in the painting of the clothing suggests the coarse, thick texture of the work clothing. The blue cuff uses a lighter mixture of ultramarine and lead-white, together with a layer of ochre painted beneath it. The brilliant blue of the skirt or apron has been intensified with a glaze (a thin, transparent top layer) of the same color. The glazing helps suggest that the blue material is a less coarse fabric than the yellow bodice, according to Cant.

The Embarrassment of Riches: An Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden Age

Dutch Golden Age painting#Scenes of everyday life

File:Vermeer, Johannes, The Milkmaid (about 1657-58).jpg

A 1907 Dutch cartoon by Jan Rinke, reflecting a controversy over whether the state should purchase the painting rather than let it possibly fall into the hands of some rich American art collector. The government bought the work for the [[Rijksmuseum

File:Gerrit Dou 1646 painting Girl Chopping Onions.jpg

Painting detail showing the foot warmer, with tiles of [[Cupid

Category:Genre paintings by Johannes Vermeer


The Milkmaid (Vermeer)

Prompt: In The Milkmaid (Vermeer), how is the Technique and materials of the Descriptions and commentary explained?

This painting has "perhaps, the most brilliant color scheme of his oeuvre", according to the Essential Vermeer website. Already in the 18th century, English painter and critic Joshua Reynolds praised the work for its striking quality. One of the distinctions of Vermeer's palette, compared with his contemporaries, was his preference for the expensive natural ultramarine (made from crushed lapis lazuli) where other painters typically used the much cheaper azurite. Along with the ultramarine, lead-tin-yellow is also a dominant color in an exceptionally luminous work (with a much less somber and conventional rendering of light than any of Vermeer's previous extant works). Depicting white walls was a challenge for artists in Vermeer's time, with his contemporaries using various forms of gray pigment. Here the white walls reflect the daylight with different intensities, displaying the effects of uneven textures on the plastered surfaces. The artist here used white lead, umber and charcoal black. Although the formula was widely known among Vermeer's contemporary genre painters, "perhaps no artist more than Vermeer was able to use it so effectively", according to the Essential Vermeer website.The woman's coarse features are painted with thick dabs of impasto. The seeds on the crust of the bread, as well as the crust itself, along with the plaited handles of the bread basket, are rendered with pointillé dots. Soft parts of the bread are rendered with thin swirls of paint, with dabs of ochre used to show the rough edges of broken crust. One piece of bread to the viewer's right and close to the Dutch oven, has a broad band of yellow, different from the crust, which Cant believes is a suggestion that the piece is going stale. The small roll at the far right has thick impastoed dots that resemble a knobbly crust or a crust with seeds on it. The bread and basket, despite being closer to the viewer, are painted in a more diffuse way than the illusionistic realism of the wall, with its stains, shadowing, nail and nail hole, or the seams and fastenings of the woman's dress, the gleaming, polished brass container hanging from the wall. The panes of glass in the window are varied in a very realistic way, with a crack in one (fourth row from the bottom, far right) reflected on the wood of the window frame. Just below that pane, another has a scratch, indicated with a thin white line. Another pane (second row from the bottom, second from right) is pushed inward within its frame.The discrepancy between objects at various distances from the viewer may indicate Vermeer used a camera obscura, according to Cant. Liedtke points out that a pinhole discovered in the canvas "has really punctured the theory of the camera obscura [...] The idea that Vermeer traced compositions in an optical device [...] is rather naive when you consider that the light lasts maybe 10 seconds, but the painting took at least months to paint." Instead, The pin in the canvas would have been tied to a string with chalk on it, which the painter would have snapped to get perspective lines, Liedtke said in a 2009 interview.The woman's bulky green oversleeves were painted with the same yellow and blue paint used in the rest of the woman's clothing, worked at the same time in a wet-on-wet method. Broad strokes in the painting of the clothing suggests the coarse, thick texture of the work clothing. The blue cuff uses a lighter mixture of ultramarine and lead-white, together with a layer of ochre painted beneath it. The brilliant blue of the skirt or apron has been intensified with a glaze (a thin, transparent top layer) of the same color. The glazing helps suggest that the blue material is a less coarse fabric than the yellow bodice, according to Cant.

The Embarrassment of Riches: An Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden Age

Dutch Golden Age painting#Scenes of everyday life

File:Vermeer, Johannes, The Milkmaid (about 1657-58).jpg

A 1907 Dutch cartoon by Jan Rinke, reflecting a controversy over whether the state should purchase the painting rather than let it possibly fall into the hands of some rich American art collector. The government bought the work for the [[Rijksmuseum

File:Gerrit Dou 1646 painting Girl Chopping Onions.jpg

Painting detail showing the foot warmer, with tiles of [[Cupid

Category:Genre paintings by Johannes Vermeer


The Milkmaid (Vermeer)

Prompt: Describe the characteristics of the Technique and materials in The Milkmaid (Vermeer)'s Descriptions and commentary.

This painting has "perhaps, the most brilliant color scheme of his oeuvre", according to the Essential Vermeer website. Already in the 18th century, English painter and critic Joshua Reynolds praised the work for its striking quality. One of the distinctions of Vermeer's palette, compared with his contemporaries, was his preference for the expensive natural ultramarine (made from crushed lapis lazuli) where other painters typically used the much cheaper azurite. Along with the ultramarine, lead-tin-yellow is also a dominant color in an exceptionally luminous work (with a much less somber and conventional rendering of light than any of Vermeer's previous extant works). Depicting white walls was a challenge for artists in Vermeer's time, with his contemporaries using various forms of gray pigment. Here the white walls reflect the daylight with different intensities, displaying the effects of uneven textures on the plastered surfaces. The artist here used white lead, umber and charcoal black. Although the formula was widely known among Vermeer's contemporary genre painters, "perhaps no artist more than Vermeer was able to use it so effectively", according to the Essential Vermeer website.The woman's coarse features are painted with thick dabs of impasto. The seeds on the crust of the bread, as well as the crust itself, along with the plaited handles of the bread basket, are rendered with pointillé dots. Soft parts of the bread are rendered with thin swirls of paint, with dabs of ochre used to show the rough edges of broken crust. One piece of bread to the viewer's right and close to the Dutch oven, has a broad band of yellow, different from the crust, which Cant believes is a suggestion that the piece is going stale. The small roll at the far right has thick impastoed dots that resemble a knobbly crust or a crust with seeds on it. The bread and basket, despite being closer to the viewer, are painted in a more diffuse way than the illusionistic realism of the wall, with its stains, shadowing, nail and nail hole, or the seams and fastenings of the woman's dress, the gleaming, polished brass container hanging from the wall. The panes of glass in the window are varied in a very realistic way, with a crack in one (fourth row from the bottom, far right) reflected on the wood of the window frame. Just below that pane, another has a scratch, indicated with a thin white line. Another pane (second row from the bottom, second from right) is pushed inward within its frame.The discrepancy between objects at various distances from the viewer may indicate Vermeer used a camera obscura, according to Cant. Liedtke points out that a pinhole discovered in the canvas "has really punctured the theory of the camera obscura [...] The idea that Vermeer traced compositions in an optical device [...] is rather naive when you consider that the light lasts maybe 10 seconds, but the painting took at least months to paint." Instead, The pin in the canvas would have been tied to a string with chalk on it, which the painter would have snapped to get perspective lines, Liedtke said in a 2009 interview.The woman's bulky green oversleeves were painted with the same yellow and blue paint used in the rest of the woman's clothing, worked at the same time in a wet-on-wet method. Broad strokes in the painting of the clothing suggests the coarse, thick texture of the work clothing. The blue cuff uses a lighter mixture of ultramarine and lead-white, together with a layer of ochre painted beneath it. The brilliant blue of the skirt or apron has been intensified with a glaze (a thin, transparent top layer) of the same color. The glazing helps suggest that the blue material is a less coarse fabric than the yellow bodice, according to Cant.

The Embarrassment of Riches: An Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden Age

Dutch Golden Age painting#Scenes of everyday life

File:Vermeer, Johannes, The Milkmaid (about 1657-58).jpg

A 1907 Dutch cartoon by Jan Rinke, reflecting a controversy over whether the state should purchase the painting rather than let it possibly fall into the hands of some rich American art collector. The government bought the work for the [[Rijksmuseum

File:Gerrit Dou 1646 painting Girl Chopping Onions.jpg

Painting detail showing the foot warmer, with tiles of [[Cupid

Category:Genre paintings by Johannes Vermeer


The Milkmaid (Vermeer)

Prompt: Focus on The Milkmaid (Vermeer) and explain the Provenance.

Pieter van Ruijven (1624–1674), Vermeer's patron in Delft (and, at his death, the owner of twenty-one of the painter's works), probably bought the painting directly from the artist. Liedtke doubts that the patron ordered the subject matter. Ownership later passed on, perhaps to his widow, Maria de Knuijt, probably their daughter, Magdelene van Ruijven (1655–1681), and certainly to Van Ruijven's son-in-law, Jacob Dissius (1653–1695), whose estate sold it with other paintings by the artist in 1696. Records of that sale described The Milkmaid as "exceptionally good", and the work brought the second-highest price in the sale (175 guilders, exceeded only by the 200 guilders paid for Vermeer's cityscape, View of Delft.)In 1765 the painting was auctioned by Leendert Pieter de Neufville. "The famous milkmaid, by Vermeer of Delft, artful", went through at least five Amsterdam collections before it became part of what The Metropolitan Museum of Art called "one of the great collectors of Dutch art", that of Lucretia Johanna van Winter (1785–1845). In 1822 she married into the Six family of collectors, and in 1908 her two sons sold the painting (as part of the famous Six collection of thirty-nine works) to the Rijksmuseum, which acquired the works with support from the Dutch government and the Rembrandt Society — but not before a good deal of public squabbling and the intervention of the States-General or Dutch parliament.

The Embarrassment of Riches: An Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden Age

Dutch Golden Age painting#Scenes of everyday life

File:Vermeer, Johannes, The Milkmaid (about 1657-58).jpg

A 1907 Dutch cartoon by Jan Rinke, reflecting a controversy over whether the state should purchase the painting rather than let it possibly fall into the hands of some rich American art collector. The government bought the work for the [[Rijksmuseum

File:Gerrit Dou 1646 painting Girl Chopping Onions.jpg

Painting detail showing the foot warmer, with tiles of [[Cupid

Category:Genre paintings by Johannes Vermeer


The Milkmaid (Vermeer)

Prompt: Explain the Provenance of this artwork, The Milkmaid (Vermeer).

Pieter van Ruijven (1624–1674), Vermeer's patron in Delft (and, at his death, the owner of twenty-one of the painter's works), probably bought the painting directly from the artist. Liedtke doubts that the patron ordered the subject matter. Ownership later passed on, perhaps to his widow, Maria de Knuijt, probably their daughter, Magdelene van Ruijven (1655–1681), and certainly to Van Ruijven's son-in-law, Jacob Dissius (1653–1695), whose estate sold it with other paintings by the artist in 1696. Records of that sale described The Milkmaid as "exceptionally good", and the work brought the second-highest price in the sale (175 guilders, exceeded only by the 200 guilders paid for Vermeer's cityscape, View of Delft.)In 1765 the painting was auctioned by Leendert Pieter de Neufville. "The famous milkmaid, by Vermeer of Delft, artful", went through at least five Amsterdam collections before it became part of what The Metropolitan Museum of Art called "one of the great collectors of Dutch art", that of Lucretia Johanna van Winter (1785–1845). In 1822 she married into the Six family of collectors, and in 1908 her two sons sold the painting (as part of the famous Six collection of thirty-nine works) to the Rijksmuseum, which acquired the works with support from the Dutch government and the Rembrandt Society — but not before a good deal of public squabbling and the intervention of the States-General or Dutch parliament.

The Embarrassment of Riches: An Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden Age

Dutch Golden Age painting#Scenes of everyday life

File:Vermeer, Johannes, The Milkmaid (about 1657-58).jpg

A 1907 Dutch cartoon by Jan Rinke, reflecting a controversy over whether the state should purchase the painting rather than let it possibly fall into the hands of some rich American art collector. The government bought the work for the [[Rijksmuseum

File:Gerrit Dou 1646 painting Girl Chopping Onions.jpg

Painting detail showing the foot warmer, with tiles of [[Cupid

Category:Genre paintings by Johannes Vermeer


The Milkmaid (Vermeer)

Prompt: How does The Milkmaid (Vermeer) explain its Provenance?

Pieter van Ruijven (1624–1674), Vermeer's patron in Delft (and, at his death, the owner of twenty-one of the painter's works), probably bought the painting directly from the artist. Liedtke doubts that the patron ordered the subject matter. Ownership later passed on, perhaps to his widow, Maria de Knuijt, probably their daughter, Magdelene van Ruijven (1655–1681), and certainly to Van Ruijven's son-in-law, Jacob Dissius (1653–1695), whose estate sold it with other paintings by the artist in 1696. Records of that sale described The Milkmaid as "exceptionally good", and the work brought the second-highest price in the sale (175 guilders, exceeded only by the 200 guilders paid for Vermeer's cityscape, View of Delft.)In 1765 the painting was auctioned by Leendert Pieter de Neufville. "The famous milkmaid, by Vermeer of Delft, artful", went through at least five Amsterdam collections before it became part of what The Metropolitan Museum of Art called "one of the great collectors of Dutch art", that of Lucretia Johanna van Winter (1785–1845). In 1822 she married into the Six family of collectors, and in 1908 her two sons sold the painting (as part of the famous Six collection of thirty-nine works) to the Rijksmuseum, which acquired the works with support from the Dutch government and the Rembrandt Society — but not before a good deal of public squabbling and the intervention of the States-General or Dutch parliament.

The Embarrassment of Riches: An Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden Age

Dutch Golden Age painting#Scenes of everyday life

File:Vermeer, Johannes, The Milkmaid (about 1657-58).jpg

A 1907 Dutch cartoon by Jan Rinke, reflecting a controversy over whether the state should purchase the painting rather than let it possibly fall into the hands of some rich American art collector. The government bought the work for the [[Rijksmuseum

File:Gerrit Dou 1646 painting Girl Chopping Onions.jpg

Painting detail showing the foot warmer, with tiles of [[Cupid

Category:Genre paintings by Johannes Vermeer


The Milkmaid (Vermeer)

Prompt: In The Milkmaid (Vermeer), how is the Provenance discussed?

Pieter van Ruijven (1624–1674), Vermeer's patron in Delft (and, at his death, the owner of twenty-one of the painter's works), probably bought the painting directly from the artist. Liedtke doubts that the patron ordered the subject matter. Ownership later passed on, perhaps to his widow, Maria de Knuijt, probably their daughter, Magdelene van Ruijven (1655–1681), and certainly to Van Ruijven's son-in-law, Jacob Dissius (1653–1695), whose estate sold it with other paintings by the artist in 1696. Records of that sale described The Milkmaid as "exceptionally good", and the work brought the second-highest price in the sale (175 guilders, exceeded only by the 200 guilders paid for Vermeer's cityscape, View of Delft.)In 1765 the painting was auctioned by Leendert Pieter de Neufville. "The famous milkmaid, by Vermeer of Delft, artful", went through at least five Amsterdam collections before it became part of what The Metropolitan Museum of Art called "one of the great collectors of Dutch art", that of Lucretia Johanna van Winter (1785–1845). In 1822 she married into the Six family of collectors, and in 1908 her two sons sold the painting (as part of the famous Six collection of thirty-nine works) to the Rijksmuseum, which acquired the works with support from the Dutch government and the Rembrandt Society — but not before a good deal of public squabbling and the intervention of the States-General or Dutch parliament.

The Embarrassment of Riches: An Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden Age

Dutch Golden Age painting#Scenes of everyday life

File:Vermeer, Johannes, The Milkmaid (about 1657-58).jpg

A 1907 Dutch cartoon by Jan Rinke, reflecting a controversy over whether the state should purchase the painting rather than let it possibly fall into the hands of some rich American art collector. The government bought the work for the [[Rijksmuseum

File:Gerrit Dou 1646 painting Girl Chopping Onions.jpg

Painting detail showing the foot warmer, with tiles of [[Cupid

Category:Genre paintings by Johannes Vermeer


The Milkmaid (Vermeer)

Prompt: Focus on The Milkmaid (Vermeer) and explain the Exhibitions.

The painting has been exhibited in western Europe and in the United States. In 1872 it was part of an Amsterdam exhibition of "old masters" ("Tentoonstelling van zeldzame en belangrijke schilderijen van oude meesters"), for Arti et Amicitiae, a society of visual artists and art lovers, and in 1900 it was part of an exhibition at Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam. Other European exhibits showing the work include the Royal Academy of Arts ("Exhibition of Dutch Art", London) in 1929; Galerie nationale du Jeu de Paume ("Exposition hollandaise: Tableaux, aquarelles et dessíns anciens et modernes", Paris) in 1921; Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen ("Vermeer, oorsprong en invloed: Fabritius, De Hooch, De Witte", Rotterdam) in 1935.It was exhibited at the 1939 World's Fair in New York City, and the outbreak of World War II during the fair – with the German occupation of the Netherlands – caused the work to remain in the U.S. until Holland was liberated. During this time it was displayed at the Detroit Institute of Arts in Michigan (the museum where the curator of the World's Fair exhibit was working), and was included in that museum's exhibition catalogues in 1939 and 1941. During the war, the work was also displayed at The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, where it was hanging as late as 1944, according to Leidtke. In 1953, the Kunsthaus Zürich displayed the painting in an exhibition, and the next year it traveled to Italy for an exhibition at the Palazzo delle Esposizioni in Rome and the Palazzo Reale in Milan. In 1966, it was part of an exhibition at the Mauritshuis in the Hague and the Musée de l'Orangerie in Paris. In 1999 and 2000 the painting was at the National Gallery of Art in Washington for its exhibition "Johannes Vermeer: The Art of Painting", and it was part of the "Vermeer and the Delft School" exhibition at the National Gallery, London from June 20 to September 16, 2001 (it did not appear at the Metropolitan Museum of Art venue of that exhibition, earlier that year).The painting returned to New York in 2009, on the occasion of NY400, the 400th anniversary of Henry Hudson's historic voyage (Amsterdam to Manhattan), where it was the central feature of a Metropolitan Museum of Art exhibition, alongside several of the museum's five Vermeer works and other Dutch Golden Age paintings.The painting was exhibited online in a high-quality digital version after museum curators found that many people thought that a low-quality yellowed version of the image which was circulating on the Internet was a good reproduction of the image.

The Embarrassment of Riches: An Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden Age

Dutch Golden Age painting#Scenes of everyday life

File:Vermeer, Johannes, The Milkmaid (about 1657-58).jpg

A 1907 Dutch cartoon by Jan Rinke, reflecting a controversy over whether the state should purchase the painting rather than let it possibly fall into the hands of some rich American art collector. The government bought the work for the [[Rijksmuseum

File:Gerrit Dou 1646 painting Girl Chopping Onions.jpg

Painting detail showing the foot warmer, with tiles of [[Cupid

Category:Genre paintings by Johannes Vermeer


The Milkmaid (Vermeer)

Prompt: Explain the Exhibitions of this artwork, The Milkmaid (Vermeer).

The painting has been exhibited in western Europe and in the United States. In 1872 it was part of an Amsterdam exhibition of "old masters" ("Tentoonstelling van zeldzame en belangrijke schilderijen van oude meesters"), for Arti et Amicitiae, a society of visual artists and art lovers, and in 1900 it was part of an exhibition at Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam. Other European exhibits showing the work include the Royal Academy of Arts ("Exhibition of Dutch Art", London) in 1929; Galerie nationale du Jeu de Paume ("Exposition hollandaise: Tableaux, aquarelles et dessíns anciens et modernes", Paris) in 1921; Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen ("Vermeer, oorsprong en invloed: Fabritius, De Hooch, De Witte", Rotterdam) in 1935.It was exhibited at the 1939 World's Fair in New York City, and the outbreak of World War II during the fair – with the German occupation of the Netherlands – caused the work to remain in the U.S. until Holland was liberated. During this time it was displayed at the Detroit Institute of Arts in Michigan (the museum where the curator of the World's Fair exhibit was working), and was included in that museum's exhibition catalogues in 1939 and 1941. During the war, the work was also displayed at The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, where it was hanging as late as 1944, according to Leidtke. In 1953, the Kunsthaus Zürich displayed the painting in an exhibition, and the next year it traveled to Italy for an exhibition at the Palazzo delle Esposizioni in Rome and the Palazzo Reale in Milan. In 1966, it was part of an exhibition at the Mauritshuis in the Hague and the Musée de l'Orangerie in Paris. In 1999 and 2000 the painting was at the National Gallery of Art in Washington for its exhibition "Johannes Vermeer: The Art of Painting", and it was part of the "Vermeer and the Delft School" exhibition at the National Gallery, London from June 20 to September 16, 2001 (it did not appear at the Metropolitan Museum of Art venue of that exhibition, earlier that year).The painting returned to New York in 2009, on the occasion of NY400, the 400th anniversary of Henry Hudson's historic voyage (Amsterdam to Manhattan), where it was the central feature of a Metropolitan Museum of Art exhibition, alongside several of the museum's five Vermeer works and other Dutch Golden Age paintings.The painting was exhibited online in a high-quality digital version after museum curators found that many people thought that a low-quality yellowed version of the image which was circulating on the Internet was a good reproduction of the image.

The Embarrassment of Riches: An Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden Age

Dutch Golden Age painting#Scenes of everyday life

File:Vermeer, Johannes, The Milkmaid (about 1657-58).jpg

A 1907 Dutch cartoon by Jan Rinke, reflecting a controversy over whether the state should purchase the painting rather than let it possibly fall into the hands of some rich American art collector. The government bought the work for the [[Rijksmuseum

File:Gerrit Dou 1646 painting Girl Chopping Onions.jpg

Painting detail showing the foot warmer, with tiles of [[Cupid

Category:Genre paintings by Johannes Vermeer


The Milkmaid (Vermeer)

Prompt: How does The Milkmaid (Vermeer) explain its Exhibitions?

The painting has been exhibited in western Europe and in the United States. In 1872 it was part of an Amsterdam exhibition of "old masters" ("Tentoonstelling van zeldzame en belangrijke schilderijen van oude meesters"), for Arti et Amicitiae, a society of visual artists and art lovers, and in 1900 it was part of an exhibition at Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam. Other European exhibits showing the work include the Royal Academy of Arts ("Exhibition of Dutch Art", London) in 1929; Galerie nationale du Jeu de Paume ("Exposition hollandaise: Tableaux, aquarelles et dessíns anciens et modernes", Paris) in 1921; Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen ("Vermeer, oorsprong en invloed: Fabritius, De Hooch, De Witte", Rotterdam) in 1935.It was exhibited at the 1939 World's Fair in New York City, and the outbreak of World War II during the fair – with the German occupation of the Netherlands – caused the work to remain in the U.S. until Holland was liberated. During this time it was displayed at the Detroit Institute of Arts in Michigan (the museum where the curator of the World's Fair exhibit was working), and was included in that museum's exhibition catalogues in 1939 and 1941. During the war, the work was also displayed at The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, where it was hanging as late as 1944, according to Leidtke. In 1953, the Kunsthaus Zürich displayed the painting in an exhibition, and the next year it traveled to Italy for an exhibition at the Palazzo delle Esposizioni in Rome and the Palazzo Reale in Milan. In 1966, it was part of an exhibition at the Mauritshuis in the Hague and the Musée de l'Orangerie in Paris. In 1999 and 2000 the painting was at the National Gallery of Art in Washington for its exhibition "Johannes Vermeer: The Art of Painting", and it was part of the "Vermeer and the Delft School" exhibition at the National Gallery, London from June 20 to September 16, 2001 (it did not appear at the Metropolitan Museum of Art venue of that exhibition, earlier that year).The painting returned to New York in 2009, on the occasion of NY400, the 400th anniversary of Henry Hudson's historic voyage (Amsterdam to Manhattan), where it was the central feature of a Metropolitan Museum of Art exhibition, alongside several of the museum's five Vermeer works and other Dutch Golden Age paintings.The painting was exhibited online in a high-quality digital version after museum curators found that many people thought that a low-quality yellowed version of the image which was circulating on the Internet was a good reproduction of the image.

The Embarrassment of Riches: An Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden Age

Dutch Golden Age painting#Scenes of everyday life

File:Vermeer, Johannes, The Milkmaid (about 1657-58).jpg

A 1907 Dutch cartoon by Jan Rinke, reflecting a controversy over whether the state should purchase the painting rather than let it possibly fall into the hands of some rich American art collector. The government bought the work for the [[Rijksmuseum

File:Gerrit Dou 1646 painting Girl Chopping Onions.jpg

Painting detail showing the foot warmer, with tiles of [[Cupid

Category:Genre paintings by Johannes Vermeer


The Milkmaid (Vermeer)

Prompt: In The Milkmaid (Vermeer), how is the Exhibitions discussed?

The painting has been exhibited in western Europe and in the United States. In 1872 it was part of an Amsterdam exhibition of "old masters" ("Tentoonstelling van zeldzame en belangrijke schilderijen van oude meesters"), for Arti et Amicitiae, a society of visual artists and art lovers, and in 1900 it was part of an exhibition at Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam. Other European exhibits showing the work include the Royal Academy of Arts ("Exhibition of Dutch Art", London) in 1929; Galerie nationale du Jeu de Paume ("Exposition hollandaise: Tableaux, aquarelles et dessíns anciens et modernes", Paris) in 1921; Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen ("Vermeer, oorsprong en invloed: Fabritius, De Hooch, De Witte", Rotterdam) in 1935.It was exhibited at the 1939 World's Fair in New York City, and the outbreak of World War II during the fair – with the German occupation of the Netherlands – caused the work to remain in the U.S. until Holland was liberated. During this time it was displayed at the Detroit Institute of Arts in Michigan (the museum where the curator of the World's Fair exhibit was working), and was included in that museum's exhibition catalogues in 1939 and 1941. During the war, the work was also displayed at The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, where it was hanging as late as 1944, according to Leidtke. In 1953, the Kunsthaus Zürich displayed the painting in an exhibition, and the next year it traveled to Italy for an exhibition at the Palazzo delle Esposizioni in Rome and the Palazzo Reale in Milan. In 1966, it was part of an exhibition at the Mauritshuis in the Hague and the Musée de l'Orangerie in Paris. In 1999 and 2000 the painting was at the National Gallery of Art in Washington for its exhibition "Johannes Vermeer: The Art of Painting", and it was part of the "Vermeer and the Delft School" exhibition at the National Gallery, London from June 20 to September 16, 2001 (it did not appear at the Metropolitan Museum of Art venue of that exhibition, earlier that year).The painting returned to New York in 2009, on the occasion of NY400, the 400th anniversary of Henry Hudson's historic voyage (Amsterdam to Manhattan), where it was the central feature of a Metropolitan Museum of Art exhibition, alongside several of the museum's five Vermeer works and other Dutch Golden Age paintings.The painting was exhibited online in a high-quality digital version after museum curators found that many people thought that a low-quality yellowed version of the image which was circulating on the Internet was a good reproduction of the image.

The Embarrassment of Riches: An Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden Age

Dutch Golden Age painting#Scenes of everyday life

File:Vermeer, Johannes, The Milkmaid (about 1657-58).jpg

A 1907 Dutch cartoon by Jan Rinke, reflecting a controversy over whether the state should purchase the painting rather than let it possibly fall into the hands of some rich American art collector. The government bought the work for the [[Rijksmuseum

File:Gerrit Dou 1646 painting Girl Chopping Onions.jpg

Painting detail showing the foot warmer, with tiles of [[Cupid

Category:Genre paintings by Johannes Vermeer


Prague astronomical clock

Prompt: Focus on Prague astronomical clock and explain the abstract.

The Prague astronomical clock or Prague Orloj (Czech: Pražský orloj [praʃskiː orloj]) is a medieval astronomical clock attached to the Old Town Hall in Prague, the capital of the Czech Republic.The clock was first installed in 1410, making it the third-oldest astronomical clock in the world and the oldest clock still in operation.

File:Prague Astronomical Clock Detail.jpg <!-- replacing Image:Prazsky orloj kalendar detail.jpg -->

File:Rekonstrukce Staroměstské radnice 1AAB1356.jpg

Category:Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic

Category:Towers completed in the 15th century

Category:Clock towers in the Czech Republic

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1410

The Moon sphere is seen showing approximately a quarter moon

Category:Buildings and structures in Prague

National Heritage Inspectorate (Czech Republic)

Apostles in the New Testament#Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 3.jpg

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 4.jpg


Prague astronomical clock

Prompt: Explain the abstract of this artwork, Prague astronomical clock.

The Prague astronomical clock or Prague Orloj (Czech: Pražský orloj [praʃskiː orloj]) is a medieval astronomical clock attached to the Old Town Hall in Prague, the capital of the Czech Republic.The clock was first installed in 1410, making it the third-oldest astronomical clock in the world and the oldest clock still in operation.

File:Prague Astronomical Clock Detail.jpg <!-- replacing Image:Prazsky orloj kalendar detail.jpg -->

File:Rekonstrukce Staroměstské radnice 1AAB1356.jpg

Category:Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic

Category:Towers completed in the 15th century

Category:Clock towers in the Czech Republic

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1410

The Moon sphere is seen showing approximately a quarter moon

Category:Buildings and structures in Prague

National Heritage Inspectorate (Czech Republic)

Apostles in the New Testament#Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 3.jpg

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 4.jpg


Prague astronomical clock

Prompt: How does Prague astronomical clock explain its abstract?

The Prague astronomical clock or Prague Orloj (Czech: Pražský orloj [praʃskiː orloj]) is a medieval astronomical clock attached to the Old Town Hall in Prague, the capital of the Czech Republic.The clock was first installed in 1410, making it the third-oldest astronomical clock in the world and the oldest clock still in operation.

File:Prague Astronomical Clock Detail.jpg <!-- replacing Image:Prazsky orloj kalendar detail.jpg -->

File:Rekonstrukce Staroměstské radnice 1AAB1356.jpg

Category:Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic

Category:Towers completed in the 15th century

Category:Clock towers in the Czech Republic

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1410

The Moon sphere is seen showing approximately a quarter moon

Category:Buildings and structures in Prague

National Heritage Inspectorate (Czech Republic)

Apostles in the New Testament#Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 3.jpg

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 4.jpg


Prague astronomical clock

Prompt: In Prague astronomical clock, how is the abstract discussed?

The Prague astronomical clock or Prague Orloj (Czech: Pražský orloj [praʃskiː orloj]) is a medieval astronomical clock attached to the Old Town Hall in Prague, the capital of the Czech Republic.The clock was first installed in 1410, making it the third-oldest astronomical clock in the world and the oldest clock still in operation.

File:Prague Astronomical Clock Detail.jpg <!-- replacing Image:Prazsky orloj kalendar detail.jpg -->

File:Rekonstrukce Staroměstské radnice 1AAB1356.jpg

Category:Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic

Category:Towers completed in the 15th century

Category:Clock towers in the Czech Republic

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1410

The Moon sphere is seen showing approximately a quarter moon

Category:Buildings and structures in Prague

National Heritage Inspectorate (Czech Republic)

Apostles in the New Testament#Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 3.jpg

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 4.jpg


Prague astronomical clock

Prompt: Focus on Prague astronomical clock and explain the Description.

The Orloj is mounted on the southern wall of Old Town Hall in the Old Town Square. The clock mechanism has three main components – the astronomical dial, representing the position of the Sun and Moon in the sky and displaying various astronomical details; statues of various Catholic saints stand on either side of the clock; "The Walk of the Apostles", an hourly show of moving Apostle figures and other sculptures, notably a figure of a skeleton that represents Death, striking the time; and a calendar dial with medallions representing the months. According to local legend, the city will suffer if the clock is neglected and its good operation is placed in jeopardy; a ghost, mounted on the clock, was supposed to nod its head in confirmation. According to the legend, the only hope was represented by a boy born on New Year's night.

File:Prague Astronomical Clock Detail.jpg <!-- replacing Image:Prazsky orloj kalendar detail.jpg -->

File:Rekonstrukce Staroměstské radnice 1AAB1356.jpg

Category:Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic

Category:Towers completed in the 15th century

Category:Clock towers in the Czech Republic

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1410

The Moon sphere is seen showing approximately a quarter moon

Category:Buildings and structures in Prague

National Heritage Inspectorate (Czech Republic)

Apostles in the New Testament#Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 3.jpg

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 4.jpg


Prague astronomical clock

Prompt: Explain the Description of this artwork, Prague astronomical clock.

The Orloj is mounted on the southern wall of Old Town Hall in the Old Town Square. The clock mechanism has three main components – the astronomical dial, representing the position of the Sun and Moon in the sky and displaying various astronomical details; statues of various Catholic saints stand on either side of the clock; "The Walk of the Apostles", an hourly show of moving Apostle figures and other sculptures, notably a figure of a skeleton that represents Death, striking the time; and a calendar dial with medallions representing the months. According to local legend, the city will suffer if the clock is neglected and its good operation is placed in jeopardy; a ghost, mounted on the clock, was supposed to nod its head in confirmation. According to the legend, the only hope was represented by a boy born on New Year's night.

File:Prague Astronomical Clock Detail.jpg <!-- replacing Image:Prazsky orloj kalendar detail.jpg -->

File:Rekonstrukce Staroměstské radnice 1AAB1356.jpg

Category:Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic

Category:Towers completed in the 15th century

Category:Clock towers in the Czech Republic

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1410

The Moon sphere is seen showing approximately a quarter moon

Category:Buildings and structures in Prague

National Heritage Inspectorate (Czech Republic)

Apostles in the New Testament#Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 3.jpg

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 4.jpg


Prague astronomical clock

Prompt: How does Prague astronomical clock explain its Description?

The Orloj is mounted on the southern wall of Old Town Hall in the Old Town Square. The clock mechanism has three main components – the astronomical dial, representing the position of the Sun and Moon in the sky and displaying various astronomical details; statues of various Catholic saints stand on either side of the clock; "The Walk of the Apostles", an hourly show of moving Apostle figures and other sculptures, notably a figure of a skeleton that represents Death, striking the time; and a calendar dial with medallions representing the months. According to local legend, the city will suffer if the clock is neglected and its good operation is placed in jeopardy; a ghost, mounted on the clock, was supposed to nod its head in confirmation. According to the legend, the only hope was represented by a boy born on New Year's night.

File:Prague Astronomical Clock Detail.jpg <!-- replacing Image:Prazsky orloj kalendar detail.jpg -->

File:Rekonstrukce Staroměstské radnice 1AAB1356.jpg

Category:Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic

Category:Towers completed in the 15th century

Category:Clock towers in the Czech Republic

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1410

The Moon sphere is seen showing approximately a quarter moon

Category:Buildings and structures in Prague

National Heritage Inspectorate (Czech Republic)

Apostles in the New Testament#Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 3.jpg

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 4.jpg


Prague astronomical clock

Prompt: In Prague astronomical clock, how is the Description discussed?

The Orloj is mounted on the southern wall of Old Town Hall in the Old Town Square. The clock mechanism has three main components – the astronomical dial, representing the position of the Sun and Moon in the sky and displaying various astronomical details; statues of various Catholic saints stand on either side of the clock; "The Walk of the Apostles", an hourly show of moving Apostle figures and other sculptures, notably a figure of a skeleton that represents Death, striking the time; and a calendar dial with medallions representing the months. According to local legend, the city will suffer if the clock is neglected and its good operation is placed in jeopardy; a ghost, mounted on the clock, was supposed to nod its head in confirmation. According to the legend, the only hope was represented by a boy born on New Year's night.

File:Prague Astronomical Clock Detail.jpg <!-- replacing Image:Prazsky orloj kalendar detail.jpg -->

File:Rekonstrukce Staroměstské radnice 1AAB1356.jpg

Category:Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic

Category:Towers completed in the 15th century

Category:Clock towers in the Czech Republic

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1410

The Moon sphere is seen showing approximately a quarter moon

Category:Buildings and structures in Prague

National Heritage Inspectorate (Czech Republic)

Apostles in the New Testament#Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 3.jpg

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 4.jpg


Prague astronomical clock

Prompt: Focus on Prague astronomical clock and explain the History.

The oldest part of the Orloj, the mechanical clock and astronomical dial, dates back to 1410, when it was created by clockmaker Mikuláš of Kadaň and Charles University professor of mathematics and astronomy Jan Šindel. The first recorded mention of the clock was on 9 October 1410. Later, presumably around 1490, the calendar dial was added and the clock facade was decorated with gothic sculptures.Formerly, it was believed that the Orloj was constructed in 1490 by clockmaster Jan Růže (also called Hanuš); this is now known to be a historical mistake. A legend, recounted by Alois Jirásek, has it that the clockmaker Hanuš was blinded on the order of the Prague Councillors so that he could not repeat his work; in turn, he disabled the clock, and no one was able to repair it for the next hundred years.In 1552 it was repaired by Jan Táborský (1500–1572), master clockmaker of Klokotská Hora, who also wrote a report of the clock where he mentioned Hanuš as the maker of this clock. This mistake, corrected by Zdeněk Horský, was due to an incorrect interpretation of records from the period. The mistaken assumption that Hanuš was the maker is probably connected with his reconstruction of the Old Town Hall in the years 1470–1473. The clock stopped working many times in the centuries after 1552, and was repaired many times. The legend was used as the main plot in the 2008 animated film Goat story – The Old Prague Legends.In 1629 or 1659 wooden statues were added, and figures of the Apostles were added after a major repair in 1787–1791. During the next major repair in the years 1865–1866 the golden figure of a crowing rooster was added.The Orloj suffered heavy damage on 7 and especially 8 May 1945, during the Prague uprising, when the Nazis fired on the south-west side of the Old Town Square from several armoured vehicles in an unsuccessful attempt to destroy one of the centers of the uprising. The hall and nearby buildings burned, along with the wooden sculptures on the clock and the calendar dial face made by Josef Mánes. After significant effort, the machinery was repaired, the wooden Apostles restored by Vojtěch Sucharda, and the Orloj started working again in 1948.The Orloj was renovated in autumn 2005, when the statues and the lower calendar ring were restored. The wooden statues were covered with a net to keep pigeons away.The last renovation of the astronomical clock was carried out from January to September 2018, following a reconstruction of the Old Town Tower. During the renovation, an electric clock mechanism that had been in operation since 1948 was replaced by an original mechanism from the 1860s.

File:Prague Astronomical Clock Detail.jpg <!-- replacing Image:Prazsky orloj kalendar detail.jpg -->

File:Rekonstrukce Staroměstské radnice 1AAB1356.jpg

Category:Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic

Category:Towers completed in the 15th century

Category:Clock towers in the Czech Republic

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1410

The Moon sphere is seen showing approximately a quarter moon

Category:Buildings and structures in Prague

National Heritage Inspectorate (Czech Republic)

Apostles in the New Testament#Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 3.jpg

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 4.jpg


Prague astronomical clock

Prompt: Explain the History of this artwork, Prague astronomical clock.

The oldest part of the Orloj, the mechanical clock and astronomical dial, dates back to 1410, when it was created by clockmaker Mikuláš of Kadaň and Charles University professor of mathematics and astronomy Jan Šindel. The first recorded mention of the clock was on 9 October 1410. Later, presumably around 1490, the calendar dial was added and the clock facade was decorated with gothic sculptures.Formerly, it was believed that the Orloj was constructed in 1490 by clockmaster Jan Růže (also called Hanuš); this is now known to be a historical mistake. A legend, recounted by Alois Jirásek, has it that the clockmaker Hanuš was blinded on the order of the Prague Councillors so that he could not repeat his work; in turn, he disabled the clock, and no one was able to repair it for the next hundred years.In 1552 it was repaired by Jan Táborský (1500–1572), master clockmaker of Klokotská Hora, who also wrote a report of the clock where he mentioned Hanuš as the maker of this clock. This mistake, corrected by Zdeněk Horský, was due to an incorrect interpretation of records from the period. The mistaken assumption that Hanuš was the maker is probably connected with his reconstruction of the Old Town Hall in the years 1470–1473. The clock stopped working many times in the centuries after 1552, and was repaired many times. The legend was used as the main plot in the 2008 animated film Goat story – The Old Prague Legends.In 1629 or 1659 wooden statues were added, and figures of the Apostles were added after a major repair in 1787–1791. During the next major repair in the years 1865–1866 the golden figure of a crowing rooster was added.The Orloj suffered heavy damage on 7 and especially 8 May 1945, during the Prague uprising, when the Nazis fired on the south-west side of the Old Town Square from several armoured vehicles in an unsuccessful attempt to destroy one of the centers of the uprising. The hall and nearby buildings burned, along with the wooden sculptures on the clock and the calendar dial face made by Josef Mánes. After significant effort, the machinery was repaired, the wooden Apostles restored by Vojtěch Sucharda, and the Orloj started working again in 1948.The Orloj was renovated in autumn 2005, when the statues and the lower calendar ring were restored. The wooden statues were covered with a net to keep pigeons away.The last renovation of the astronomical clock was carried out from January to September 2018, following a reconstruction of the Old Town Tower. During the renovation, an electric clock mechanism that had been in operation since 1948 was replaced by an original mechanism from the 1860s.

File:Prague Astronomical Clock Detail.jpg <!-- replacing Image:Prazsky orloj kalendar detail.jpg -->

File:Rekonstrukce Staroměstské radnice 1AAB1356.jpg

Category:Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic

Category:Towers completed in the 15th century

Category:Clock towers in the Czech Republic

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1410

The Moon sphere is seen showing approximately a quarter moon

Category:Buildings and structures in Prague

National Heritage Inspectorate (Czech Republic)

Apostles in the New Testament#Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 3.jpg

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 4.jpg


Prague astronomical clock

Prompt: How does Prague astronomical clock explain its History?

The oldest part of the Orloj, the mechanical clock and astronomical dial, dates back to 1410, when it was created by clockmaker Mikuláš of Kadaň and Charles University professor of mathematics and astronomy Jan Šindel. The first recorded mention of the clock was on 9 October 1410. Later, presumably around 1490, the calendar dial was added and the clock facade was decorated with gothic sculptures.Formerly, it was believed that the Orloj was constructed in 1490 by clockmaster Jan Růže (also called Hanuš); this is now known to be a historical mistake. A legend, recounted by Alois Jirásek, has it that the clockmaker Hanuš was blinded on the order of the Prague Councillors so that he could not repeat his work; in turn, he disabled the clock, and no one was able to repair it for the next hundred years.In 1552 it was repaired by Jan Táborský (1500–1572), master clockmaker of Klokotská Hora, who also wrote a report of the clock where he mentioned Hanuš as the maker of this clock. This mistake, corrected by Zdeněk Horský, was due to an incorrect interpretation of records from the period. The mistaken assumption that Hanuš was the maker is probably connected with his reconstruction of the Old Town Hall in the years 1470–1473. The clock stopped working many times in the centuries after 1552, and was repaired many times. The legend was used as the main plot in the 2008 animated film Goat story – The Old Prague Legends.In 1629 or 1659 wooden statues were added, and figures of the Apostles were added after a major repair in 1787–1791. During the next major repair in the years 1865–1866 the golden figure of a crowing rooster was added.The Orloj suffered heavy damage on 7 and especially 8 May 1945, during the Prague uprising, when the Nazis fired on the south-west side of the Old Town Square from several armoured vehicles in an unsuccessful attempt to destroy one of the centers of the uprising. The hall and nearby buildings burned, along with the wooden sculptures on the clock and the calendar dial face made by Josef Mánes. After significant effort, the machinery was repaired, the wooden Apostles restored by Vojtěch Sucharda, and the Orloj started working again in 1948.The Orloj was renovated in autumn 2005, when the statues and the lower calendar ring were restored. The wooden statues were covered with a net to keep pigeons away.The last renovation of the astronomical clock was carried out from January to September 2018, following a reconstruction of the Old Town Tower. During the renovation, an electric clock mechanism that had been in operation since 1948 was replaced by an original mechanism from the 1860s.

File:Prague Astronomical Clock Detail.jpg <!-- replacing Image:Prazsky orloj kalendar detail.jpg -->

File:Rekonstrukce Staroměstské radnice 1AAB1356.jpg

Category:Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic

Category:Towers completed in the 15th century

Category:Clock towers in the Czech Republic

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1410

The Moon sphere is seen showing approximately a quarter moon

Category:Buildings and structures in Prague

National Heritage Inspectorate (Czech Republic)

Apostles in the New Testament#Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 3.jpg

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 4.jpg


Prague astronomical clock

Prompt: In Prague astronomical clock, how is the History discussed?

The oldest part of the Orloj, the mechanical clock and astronomical dial, dates back to 1410, when it was created by clockmaker Mikuláš of Kadaň and Charles University professor of mathematics and astronomy Jan Šindel. The first recorded mention of the clock was on 9 October 1410. Later, presumably around 1490, the calendar dial was added and the clock facade was decorated with gothic sculptures.Formerly, it was believed that the Orloj was constructed in 1490 by clockmaster Jan Růže (also called Hanuš); this is now known to be a historical mistake. A legend, recounted by Alois Jirásek, has it that the clockmaker Hanuš was blinded on the order of the Prague Councillors so that he could not repeat his work; in turn, he disabled the clock, and no one was able to repair it for the next hundred years.In 1552 it was repaired by Jan Táborský (1500–1572), master clockmaker of Klokotská Hora, who also wrote a report of the clock where he mentioned Hanuš as the maker of this clock. This mistake, corrected by Zdeněk Horský, was due to an incorrect interpretation of records from the period. The mistaken assumption that Hanuš was the maker is probably connected with his reconstruction of the Old Town Hall in the years 1470–1473. The clock stopped working many times in the centuries after 1552, and was repaired many times. The legend was used as the main plot in the 2008 animated film Goat story – The Old Prague Legends.In 1629 or 1659 wooden statues were added, and figures of the Apostles were added after a major repair in 1787–1791. During the next major repair in the years 1865–1866 the golden figure of a crowing rooster was added.The Orloj suffered heavy damage on 7 and especially 8 May 1945, during the Prague uprising, when the Nazis fired on the south-west side of the Old Town Square from several armoured vehicles in an unsuccessful attempt to destroy one of the centers of the uprising. The hall and nearby buildings burned, along with the wooden sculptures on the clock and the calendar dial face made by Josef Mánes. After significant effort, the machinery was repaired, the wooden Apostles restored by Vojtěch Sucharda, and the Orloj started working again in 1948.The Orloj was renovated in autumn 2005, when the statues and the lower calendar ring were restored. The wooden statues were covered with a net to keep pigeons away.The last renovation of the astronomical clock was carried out from January to September 2018, following a reconstruction of the Old Town Tower. During the renovation, an electric clock mechanism that had been in operation since 1948 was replaced by an original mechanism from the 1860s.

File:Prague Astronomical Clock Detail.jpg <!-- replacing Image:Prazsky orloj kalendar detail.jpg -->

File:Rekonstrukce Staroměstské radnice 1AAB1356.jpg

Category:Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic

Category:Towers completed in the 15th century

Category:Clock towers in the Czech Republic

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1410

The Moon sphere is seen showing approximately a quarter moon

Category:Buildings and structures in Prague

National Heritage Inspectorate (Czech Republic)

Apostles in the New Testament#Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 3.jpg

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 4.jpg


Prague astronomical clock

Prompt: In the context of Prague astronomical clock, explain the 600th anniversary and the History.

On 9 October 2010, the Orloj's 600th anniversary was celebrated with a light show on the face of the clock tower. Two projectors were used to project several animated videos on the clock. The videos showed it being built, torn down, rebuilt, and peeled away to show its internal mechanisms and the famous animated figures, as well as various events in the clock's history. The video interacted with the tower's architecture, such as rain rolling off the arch, and showing the passage of time with moving shadows.

File:Prague Astronomical Clock Detail.jpg <!-- replacing Image:Prazsky orloj kalendar detail.jpg -->

File:Rekonstrukce Staroměstské radnice 1AAB1356.jpg

Category:Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic

Category:Towers completed in the 15th century

Category:Clock towers in the Czech Republic

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1410

The Moon sphere is seen showing approximately a quarter moon

Category:Buildings and structures in Prague

National Heritage Inspectorate (Czech Republic)

Apostles in the New Testament#Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 3.jpg

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 4.jpg


Prague astronomical clock

Prompt: Explain the 600th anniversary about the History of this artwork, Prague astronomical clock.

On 9 October 2010, the Orloj's 600th anniversary was celebrated with a light show on the face of the clock tower. Two projectors were used to project several animated videos on the clock. The videos showed it being built, torn down, rebuilt, and peeled away to show its internal mechanisms and the famous animated figures, as well as various events in the clock's history. The video interacted with the tower's architecture, such as rain rolling off the arch, and showing the passage of time with moving shadows.

File:Prague Astronomical Clock Detail.jpg <!-- replacing Image:Prazsky orloj kalendar detail.jpg -->

File:Rekonstrukce Staroměstské radnice 1AAB1356.jpg

Category:Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic

Category:Towers completed in the 15th century

Category:Clock towers in the Czech Republic

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1410

The Moon sphere is seen showing approximately a quarter moon

Category:Buildings and structures in Prague

National Heritage Inspectorate (Czech Republic)

Apostles in the New Testament#Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 3.jpg

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 4.jpg


Prague astronomical clock

Prompt: In Prague astronomical clock, how is the 600th anniversary of the History explained?

On 9 October 2010, the Orloj's 600th anniversary was celebrated with a light show on the face of the clock tower. Two projectors were used to project several animated videos on the clock. The videos showed it being built, torn down, rebuilt, and peeled away to show its internal mechanisms and the famous animated figures, as well as various events in the clock's history. The video interacted with the tower's architecture, such as rain rolling off the arch, and showing the passage of time with moving shadows.

File:Prague Astronomical Clock Detail.jpg <!-- replacing Image:Prazsky orloj kalendar detail.jpg -->

File:Rekonstrukce Staroměstské radnice 1AAB1356.jpg

Category:Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic

Category:Towers completed in the 15th century

Category:Clock towers in the Czech Republic

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1410

The Moon sphere is seen showing approximately a quarter moon

Category:Buildings and structures in Prague

National Heritage Inspectorate (Czech Republic)

Apostles in the New Testament#Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 3.jpg

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 4.jpg


Prague astronomical clock

Prompt: Describe the characteristics of the 600th anniversary in Prague astronomical clock's History.

On 9 October 2010, the Orloj's 600th anniversary was celebrated with a light show on the face of the clock tower. Two projectors were used to project several animated videos on the clock. The videos showed it being built, torn down, rebuilt, and peeled away to show its internal mechanisms and the famous animated figures, as well as various events in the clock's history. The video interacted with the tower's architecture, such as rain rolling off the arch, and showing the passage of time with moving shadows.

File:Prague Astronomical Clock Detail.jpg <!-- replacing Image:Prazsky orloj kalendar detail.jpg -->

File:Rekonstrukce Staroměstské radnice 1AAB1356.jpg

Category:Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic

Category:Towers completed in the 15th century

Category:Clock towers in the Czech Republic

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1410

The Moon sphere is seen showing approximately a quarter moon

Category:Buildings and structures in Prague

National Heritage Inspectorate (Czech Republic)

Apostles in the New Testament#Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 3.jpg

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 4.jpg


Prague astronomical clock

Prompt: In the context of Prague astronomical clock, explain the 605th anniversary and the History.

On its 605th anniversary, 9 October 2015, the Orloj appeared on the Google home page as a Google Doodle.

File:Prague Astronomical Clock Detail.jpg <!-- replacing Image:Prazsky orloj kalendar detail.jpg -->

File:Rekonstrukce Staroměstské radnice 1AAB1356.jpg

Category:Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic

Category:Towers completed in the 15th century

Category:Clock towers in the Czech Republic

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1410

The Moon sphere is seen showing approximately a quarter moon

Category:Buildings and structures in Prague

National Heritage Inspectorate (Czech Republic)

Apostles in the New Testament#Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 3.jpg

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 4.jpg


Prague astronomical clock

Prompt: Explain the 605th anniversary about the History of this artwork, Prague astronomical clock.

On its 605th anniversary, 9 October 2015, the Orloj appeared on the Google home page as a Google Doodle.

File:Prague Astronomical Clock Detail.jpg <!-- replacing Image:Prazsky orloj kalendar detail.jpg -->

File:Rekonstrukce Staroměstské radnice 1AAB1356.jpg

Category:Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic

Category:Towers completed in the 15th century

Category:Clock towers in the Czech Republic

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1410

The Moon sphere is seen showing approximately a quarter moon

Category:Buildings and structures in Prague

National Heritage Inspectorate (Czech Republic)

Apostles in the New Testament#Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 3.jpg

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 4.jpg


Prague astronomical clock

Prompt: In Prague astronomical clock, how is the 605th anniversary of the History explained?

On its 605th anniversary, 9 October 2015, the Orloj appeared on the Google home page as a Google Doodle.

File:Prague Astronomical Clock Detail.jpg <!-- replacing Image:Prazsky orloj kalendar detail.jpg -->

File:Rekonstrukce Staroměstské radnice 1AAB1356.jpg

Category:Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic

Category:Towers completed in the 15th century

Category:Clock towers in the Czech Republic

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1410

The Moon sphere is seen showing approximately a quarter moon

Category:Buildings and structures in Prague

National Heritage Inspectorate (Czech Republic)

Apostles in the New Testament#Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 3.jpg

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 4.jpg


Prague astronomical clock

Prompt: Describe the characteristics of the 605th anniversary in Prague astronomical clock's History.

On its 605th anniversary, 9 October 2015, the Orloj appeared on the Google home page as a Google Doodle.

File:Prague Astronomical Clock Detail.jpg <!-- replacing Image:Prazsky orloj kalendar detail.jpg -->

File:Rekonstrukce Staroměstské radnice 1AAB1356.jpg

Category:Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic

Category:Towers completed in the 15th century

Category:Clock towers in the Czech Republic

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1410

The Moon sphere is seen showing approximately a quarter moon

Category:Buildings and structures in Prague

National Heritage Inspectorate (Czech Republic)

Apostles in the New Testament#Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 3.jpg

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 4.jpg


Prague astronomical clock

Prompt: In the context of Prague astronomical clock, explain the 2018 reconstruction and the History.

The Orloj was taken down for reconstruction and replaced by a LED screen in early 2018, with the restoration works scheduled to last for the whole summer tourist season of 2018 and the restored actual Orloj eventually being back in service soon enough to commemorate the 100th anniversary of Czechoslovakia at the end of October 2018. With the reconstruction and restoration work completed, it resumed operations at 6 p.m. local time on 28 September 2018.

File:Prague Astronomical Clock Detail.jpg <!-- replacing Image:Prazsky orloj kalendar detail.jpg -->

File:Rekonstrukce Staroměstské radnice 1AAB1356.jpg

Category:Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic

Category:Towers completed in the 15th century

Category:Clock towers in the Czech Republic

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1410

The Moon sphere is seen showing approximately a quarter moon

Category:Buildings and structures in Prague

National Heritage Inspectorate (Czech Republic)

Apostles in the New Testament#Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 3.jpg

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 4.jpg


Prague astronomical clock

Prompt: Explain the 2018 reconstruction about the History of this artwork, Prague astronomical clock.

The Orloj was taken down for reconstruction and replaced by a LED screen in early 2018, with the restoration works scheduled to last for the whole summer tourist season of 2018 and the restored actual Orloj eventually being back in service soon enough to commemorate the 100th anniversary of Czechoslovakia at the end of October 2018. With the reconstruction and restoration work completed, it resumed operations at 6 p.m. local time on 28 September 2018.

File:Prague Astronomical Clock Detail.jpg <!-- replacing Image:Prazsky orloj kalendar detail.jpg -->

File:Rekonstrukce Staroměstské radnice 1AAB1356.jpg

Category:Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic

Category:Towers completed in the 15th century

Category:Clock towers in the Czech Republic

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1410

The Moon sphere is seen showing approximately a quarter moon

Category:Buildings and structures in Prague

National Heritage Inspectorate (Czech Republic)

Apostles in the New Testament#Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 3.jpg

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 4.jpg


Prague astronomical clock

Prompt: In Prague astronomical clock, how is the 2018 reconstruction of the History explained?

The Orloj was taken down for reconstruction and replaced by a LED screen in early 2018, with the restoration works scheduled to last for the whole summer tourist season of 2018 and the restored actual Orloj eventually being back in service soon enough to commemorate the 100th anniversary of Czechoslovakia at the end of October 2018. With the reconstruction and restoration work completed, it resumed operations at 6 p.m. local time on 28 September 2018.

File:Prague Astronomical Clock Detail.jpg <!-- replacing Image:Prazsky orloj kalendar detail.jpg -->

File:Rekonstrukce Staroměstské radnice 1AAB1356.jpg

Category:Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic

Category:Towers completed in the 15th century

Category:Clock towers in the Czech Republic

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1410

The Moon sphere is seen showing approximately a quarter moon

Category:Buildings and structures in Prague

National Heritage Inspectorate (Czech Republic)

Apostles in the New Testament#Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 3.jpg

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 4.jpg


Prague astronomical clock

Prompt: Describe the characteristics of the 2018 reconstruction in Prague astronomical clock's History.

The Orloj was taken down for reconstruction and replaced by a LED screen in early 2018, with the restoration works scheduled to last for the whole summer tourist season of 2018 and the restored actual Orloj eventually being back in service soon enough to commemorate the 100th anniversary of Czechoslovakia at the end of October 2018. With the reconstruction and restoration work completed, it resumed operations at 6 p.m. local time on 28 September 2018.

File:Prague Astronomical Clock Detail.jpg <!-- replacing Image:Prazsky orloj kalendar detail.jpg -->

File:Rekonstrukce Staroměstské radnice 1AAB1356.jpg

Category:Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic

Category:Towers completed in the 15th century

Category:Clock towers in the Czech Republic

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1410

The Moon sphere is seen showing approximately a quarter moon

Category:Buildings and structures in Prague

National Heritage Inspectorate (Czech Republic)

Apostles in the New Testament#Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 3.jpg

File:Statues on Prague Astronomical Clock 2014-01 (landscape mode) 4.jpg