Prompt: Explain the abstract of this artwork, Washington Crossing the Delaware (1851 paintings).

Washington Crossing the Delaware is the title of three 1851 oil-on-canvas paintings by the German-American artist Emanuel Leutze.The paintings commemorate General George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River with the Continental Army on the night of December 25–26, 1776, during the American Revolutionary War. That action was the first move in a surprise attack and victory against  Hessian forces at the Battle of Trenton in New Jersey on the morning of December 26.The original was part of the collection at the Kunsthalle in Bremen, Germany, and was destroyed in a bombing raid in 1942, during World War II. Leutze painted two more versions, one of which is now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City.  The other was in the West Wing reception area of the White House in Washington, D.C., but in March 2015, was purchased and put on display at the Minnesota Marine Art Museum in Winona, Minnesota. In April 2022 Christie's announced that the smaller painting would be sold at auction the following month, for a pre-sale estimate of $15 million to $20 million. It sold for $43 million.

Category:Paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art

Washington Crossing the Delaware (sonnet)

University of California, Berkeley Library System

''Washington Crossing the Delaware'' (1849–1850), first painting by [[Emanuel Leutze

Category:Vandalized works of art in the United States

Washington Rallying the Troops at Monmouth

Category:Paintings about the American Revolution

File:Übergang Washingtons über den Delaware.jpg

Category:Cultural depictions of James Monroe

The painting depicted on the 1999 New Jersey [[State quarters

Category:George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River


Prompt: How does Washington Crossing the Delaware (1851 paintings) explain its abstract?

Washington Crossing the Delaware is the title of three 1851 oil-on-canvas paintings by the German-American artist Emanuel Leutze.The paintings commemorate General George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River with the Continental Army on the night of December 25–26, 1776, during the American Revolutionary War. That action was the first move in a surprise attack and victory against  Hessian forces at the Battle of Trenton in New Jersey on the morning of December 26.The original was part of the collection at the Kunsthalle in Bremen, Germany, and was destroyed in a bombing raid in 1942, during World War II. Leutze painted two more versions, one of which is now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City.  The other was in the West Wing reception area of the White House in Washington, D.C., but in March 2015, was purchased and put on display at the Minnesota Marine Art Museum in Winona, Minnesota. In April 2022 Christie's announced that the smaller painting would be sold at auction the following month, for a pre-sale estimate of $15 million to $20 million. It sold for $43 million.

Category:Paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art

Washington Crossing the Delaware (sonnet)

University of California, Berkeley Library System

''Washington Crossing the Delaware'' (1849–1850), first painting by [[Emanuel Leutze

Category:Vandalized works of art in the United States

Washington Rallying the Troops at Monmouth

Category:Paintings about the American Revolution

File:Übergang Washingtons über den Delaware.jpg

Category:Cultural depictions of James Monroe

The painting depicted on the 1999 New Jersey [[State quarters

Category:George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River


Prompt: In Washington Crossing the Delaware (1851 paintings), how is the abstract discussed?

Washington Crossing the Delaware is the title of three 1851 oil-on-canvas paintings by the German-American artist Emanuel Leutze.The paintings commemorate General George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River with the Continental Army on the night of December 25–26, 1776, during the American Revolutionary War. That action was the first move in a surprise attack and victory against  Hessian forces at the Battle of Trenton in New Jersey on the morning of December 26.The original was part of the collection at the Kunsthalle in Bremen, Germany, and was destroyed in a bombing raid in 1942, during World War II. Leutze painted two more versions, one of which is now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City.  The other was in the West Wing reception area of the White House in Washington, D.C., but in March 2015, was purchased and put on display at the Minnesota Marine Art Museum in Winona, Minnesota. In April 2022 Christie's announced that the smaller painting would be sold at auction the following month, for a pre-sale estimate of $15 million to $20 million. It sold for $43 million.

Category:Paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art

Washington Crossing the Delaware (sonnet)

University of California, Berkeley Library System

''Washington Crossing the Delaware'' (1849–1850), first painting by [[Emanuel Leutze

Category:Vandalized works of art in the United States

Washington Rallying the Troops at Monmouth

Category:Paintings about the American Revolution

File:Übergang Washingtons über den Delaware.jpg

Category:Cultural depictions of James Monroe

The painting depicted on the 1999 New Jersey [[State quarters

Category:George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River


Prompt: Focus on Washington Crossing the Delaware (1851 paintings) and explain the History.

Emanuel Leutze grew up in America, then returned to Germany as an adult, where he conceived the idea for this painting during the Revolutions of 1848. Hoping to encourage Europe's liberal reformers through the example of the American Revolution, and using American tourists and art students as models and assistants, among them Worthington Whittredge and Andreas Achenbach, Leutze finished the first painting in 1850. Just after it was completed, the first version was damaged by fire in his studio, subsequently restored, and acquired by the Kunsthalle Bremen. On September 5, 1942, during World War II, it was destroyed in a bombing raid by the Allied forces.The second painting, a full-sized replica of the first, was begun in 1850 and placed on exhibition in New York in October 1851. More than 50,000 people viewed it. The painting was originally bought by Marshall O. Roberts for $10,000—an enormous sum at the time, equivalent to approximately $350,000 in 2021. After changing ownership several times, it was finally donated to the Metropolitan Museum of Art by John Stewart Kennedy in 1897. Washington Rallying the Troops at Monmouth, Leutze's companion piece to Washington Crossing the Delaware is displayed in the Heyns (East) Reading Room of Doe Library at the University of California, Berkeley.The painting was lent at least twice in its history. In the early 1950s, it was part of an exhibition in Dallas, Texas. Then, beginning in 1952, it was exhibited for several years at the United Methodist Church in Washington Crossing, Pennsylvania, not far from the scene of the painting. Today, it is on exhibition at the Metropolitan Museum of Art.In January 2002, the painting was defaced when a former Metropolitan Museum of Art guard glued a picture of the September 11 attacks to it. No major damage was caused to the painting.The simple frame that had been with the painting for over 90 years turned out not to be the original frame that Leutze designed.  A photograph taken by Mathew Brady in 1864 was found in the New-York Historical Society in 2007 showing the painting in a spectacular eagle crested frame.  The 12 ft x 21 ft carved replica frame was created using this photo by Eli Wilner & Company in New York City. The carved eagle-topped crest alone is 14 ft wide.The third version of the painting, a smaller-scale version of the original, hung in the White House receiving room from 1979 to 2014. The painting was acquired by Mary Burrichter and Bob Kierlin, who contributed to the founding of the Minnesota Marine Art Museum in Winona, Minnesota, and put on display as the centerpiece of the museum's American collection.In May 2022, the third version of the painting was auctioned by Christie's and sold for $45 million.

Category:Paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art

Washington Crossing the Delaware (sonnet)

University of California, Berkeley Library System

''Washington Crossing the Delaware'' (1849–1850), first painting by [[Emanuel Leutze

Category:Vandalized works of art in the United States

Category:Paintings about the American Revolution

File:Übergang Washingtons über den Delaware.jpg

Category:Cultural depictions of James Monroe

The painting depicted on the 1999 New Jersey [[State quarters

Category:George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River


Prompt: Explain the History of this artwork, Washington Crossing the Delaware (1851 paintings).

Emanuel Leutze grew up in America, then returned to Germany as an adult, where he conceived the idea for this painting during the Revolutions of 1848. Hoping to encourage Europe's liberal reformers through the example of the American Revolution, and using American tourists and art students as models and assistants, among them Worthington Whittredge and Andreas Achenbach, Leutze finished the first painting in 1850. Just after it was completed, the first version was damaged by fire in his studio, subsequently restored, and acquired by the Kunsthalle Bremen. On September 5, 1942, during World War II, it was destroyed in a bombing raid by the Allied forces.The second painting, a full-sized replica of the first, was begun in 1850 and placed on exhibition in New York in October 1851. More than 50,000 people viewed it. The painting was originally bought by Marshall O. Roberts for $10,000—an enormous sum at the time, equivalent to approximately $350,000 in 2021. After changing ownership several times, it was finally donated to the Metropolitan Museum of Art by John Stewart Kennedy in 1897. Washington Rallying the Troops at Monmouth, Leutze's companion piece to Washington Crossing the Delaware is displayed in the Heyns (East) Reading Room of Doe Library at the University of California, Berkeley.The painting was lent at least twice in its history. In the early 1950s, it was part of an exhibition in Dallas, Texas. Then, beginning in 1952, it was exhibited for several years at the United Methodist Church in Washington Crossing, Pennsylvania, not far from the scene of the painting. Today, it is on exhibition at the Metropolitan Museum of Art.In January 2002, the painting was defaced when a former Metropolitan Museum of Art guard glued a picture of the September 11 attacks to it. No major damage was caused to the painting.The simple frame that had been with the painting for over 90 years turned out not to be the original frame that Leutze designed.  A photograph taken by Mathew Brady in 1864 was found in the New-York Historical Society in 2007 showing the painting in a spectacular eagle crested frame.  The 12 ft x 21 ft carved replica frame was created using this photo by Eli Wilner & Company in New York City. The carved eagle-topped crest alone is 14 ft wide.The third version of the painting, a smaller-scale version of the original, hung in the White House receiving room from 1979 to 2014. The painting was acquired by Mary Burrichter and Bob Kierlin, who contributed to the founding of the Minnesota Marine Art Museum in Winona, Minnesota, and put on display as the centerpiece of the museum's American collection.In May 2022, the third version of the painting was auctioned by Christie's and sold for $45 million.

Category:Paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art

Washington Crossing the Delaware (sonnet)

University of California, Berkeley Library System

''Washington Crossing the Delaware'' (1849–1850), first painting by [[Emanuel Leutze

Category:Vandalized works of art in the United States

Category:Paintings about the American Revolution

File:Übergang Washingtons über den Delaware.jpg

Category:Cultural depictions of James Monroe

The painting depicted on the 1999 New Jersey [[State quarters

Category:George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River


Prompt: How does Washington Crossing the Delaware (1851 paintings) explain its History?

Emanuel Leutze grew up in America, then returned to Germany as an adult, where he conceived the idea for this painting during the Revolutions of 1848. Hoping to encourage Europe's liberal reformers through the example of the American Revolution, and using American tourists and art students as models and assistants, among them Worthington Whittredge and Andreas Achenbach, Leutze finished the first painting in 1850. Just after it was completed, the first version was damaged by fire in his studio, subsequently restored, and acquired by the Kunsthalle Bremen. On September 5, 1942, during World War II, it was destroyed in a bombing raid by the Allied forces.The second painting, a full-sized replica of the first, was begun in 1850 and placed on exhibition in New York in October 1851. More than 50,000 people viewed it. The painting was originally bought by Marshall O. Roberts for $10,000—an enormous sum at the time, equivalent to approximately $350,000 in 2021. After changing ownership several times, it was finally donated to the Metropolitan Museum of Art by John Stewart Kennedy in 1897. Washington Rallying the Troops at Monmouth, Leutze's companion piece to Washington Crossing the Delaware is displayed in the Heyns (East) Reading Room of Doe Library at the University of California, Berkeley.The painting was lent at least twice in its history. In the early 1950s, it was part of an exhibition in Dallas, Texas. Then, beginning in 1952, it was exhibited for several years at the United Methodist Church in Washington Crossing, Pennsylvania, not far from the scene of the painting. Today, it is on exhibition at the Metropolitan Museum of Art.In January 2002, the painting was defaced when a former Metropolitan Museum of Art guard glued a picture of the September 11 attacks to it. No major damage was caused to the painting.The simple frame that had been with the painting for over 90 years turned out not to be the original frame that Leutze designed.  A photograph taken by Mathew Brady in 1864 was found in the New-York Historical Society in 2007 showing the painting in a spectacular eagle crested frame.  The 12 ft x 21 ft carved replica frame was created using this photo by Eli Wilner & Company in New York City. The carved eagle-topped crest alone is 14 ft wide.The third version of the painting, a smaller-scale version of the original, hung in the White House receiving room from 1979 to 2014. The painting was acquired by Mary Burrichter and Bob Kierlin, who contributed to the founding of the Minnesota Marine Art Museum in Winona, Minnesota, and put on display as the centerpiece of the museum's American collection.In May 2022, the third version of the painting was auctioned by Christie's and sold for $45 million.

Category:Paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art

Washington Crossing the Delaware (sonnet)

University of California, Berkeley Library System

''Washington Crossing the Delaware'' (1849–1850), first painting by [[Emanuel Leutze

Category:Vandalized works of art in the United States

Category:Paintings about the American Revolution

File:Übergang Washingtons über den Delaware.jpg

Category:Cultural depictions of James Monroe

The painting depicted on the 1999 New Jersey [[State quarters

Category:George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River


Prompt: In Washington Crossing the Delaware (1851 paintings), how is the History discussed?

Emanuel Leutze grew up in America, then returned to Germany as an adult, where he conceived the idea for this painting during the Revolutions of 1848. Hoping to encourage Europe's liberal reformers through the example of the American Revolution, and using American tourists and art students as models and assistants, among them Worthington Whittredge and Andreas Achenbach, Leutze finished the first painting in 1850. Just after it was completed, the first version was damaged by fire in his studio, subsequently restored, and acquired by the Kunsthalle Bremen. On September 5, 1942, during World War II, it was destroyed in a bombing raid by the Allied forces.The second painting, a full-sized replica of the first, was begun in 1850 and placed on exhibition in New York in October 1851. More than 50,000 people viewed it. The painting was originally bought by Marshall O. Roberts for $10,000—an enormous sum at the time, equivalent to approximately $350,000 in 2021. After changing ownership several times, it was finally donated to the Metropolitan Museum of Art by John Stewart Kennedy in 1897. Washington Rallying the Troops at Monmouth, Leutze's companion piece to Washington Crossing the Delaware is displayed in the Heyns (East) Reading Room of Doe Library at the University of California, Berkeley.The painting was lent at least twice in its history. In the early 1950s, it was part of an exhibition in Dallas, Texas. Then, beginning in 1952, it was exhibited for several years at the United Methodist Church in Washington Crossing, Pennsylvania, not far from the scene of the painting. Today, it is on exhibition at the Metropolitan Museum of Art.In January 2002, the painting was defaced when a former Metropolitan Museum of Art guard glued a picture of the September 11 attacks to it. No major damage was caused to the painting.The simple frame that had been with the painting for over 90 years turned out not to be the original frame that Leutze designed.  A photograph taken by Mathew Brady in 1864 was found in the New-York Historical Society in 2007 showing the painting in a spectacular eagle crested frame.  The 12 ft x 21 ft carved replica frame was created using this photo by Eli Wilner & Company in New York City. The carved eagle-topped crest alone is 14 ft wide.The third version of the painting, a smaller-scale version of the original, hung in the White House receiving room from 1979 to 2014. The painting was acquired by Mary Burrichter and Bob Kierlin, who contributed to the founding of the Minnesota Marine Art Museum in Winona, Minnesota, and put on display as the centerpiece of the museum's American collection.In May 2022, the third version of the painting was auctioned by Christie's and sold for $45 million.

Category:Paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art

Washington Crossing the Delaware (sonnet)

University of California, Berkeley Library System

''Washington Crossing the Delaware'' (1849–1850), first painting by [[Emanuel Leutze

Category:Vandalized works of art in the United States

Category:Paintings about the American Revolution

File:Übergang Washingtons über den Delaware.jpg

Category:Cultural depictions of James Monroe

The painting depicted on the 1999 New Jersey [[State quarters

Category:George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River


Prompt: Focus on Washington Crossing the Delaware (1851 paintings) and explain the Composition.

The painting is notable for its artistic composition. General Washington is emphasized by an unnaturally bright sky, while his face catches the upcoming sunlight. The colors consist of mostly dark tones, expected at dawn, and there are red highlights repeated throughout the painting. A foreshortening perspective and the distant boats all lend depth to the painting and emphasize the boat carrying Washington.The men in the boat represent a cross-section of the American colonies, including one in a Scottish bonnet and another of African descent facing backward next to each other in the front. A western rifleman is at the bow, two farmers in broad-brimmed hats are near the back (one with a bandaged head), and one at the stern wearing what appears to be Native American clothing to symbolize that all people in the new United States of America were represented.According to the 1853 exhibition catalogue, the man standing next to Washington and holding the flag is Lieutenant James Monroe, future president of the United States, and the man leaning over the side is General Nathanael Greene. General Edward Hand is shown seated and holding his hat within the vessel.

Category:Paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art

Washington Crossing the Delaware (sonnet)

University of California, Berkeley Library System

''Washington Crossing the Delaware'' (1849–1850), first painting by [[Emanuel Leutze

Category:Vandalized works of art in the United States

Washington Rallying the Troops at Monmouth

Category:Paintings about the American Revolution

File:Übergang Washingtons über den Delaware.jpg

Category:Cultural depictions of James Monroe

The painting depicted on the 1999 New Jersey [[State quarters

Category:George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River


Prompt: Explain the Composition of this artwork, Washington Crossing the Delaware (1851 paintings).

The painting is notable for its artistic composition. General Washington is emphasized by an unnaturally bright sky, while his face catches the upcoming sunlight. The colors consist of mostly dark tones, expected at dawn, and there are red highlights repeated throughout the painting. A foreshortening perspective and the distant boats all lend depth to the painting and emphasize the boat carrying Washington.The men in the boat represent a cross-section of the American colonies, including one in a Scottish bonnet and another of African descent facing backward next to each other in the front. A western rifleman is at the bow, two farmers in broad-brimmed hats are near the back (one with a bandaged head), and one at the stern wearing what appears to be Native American clothing to symbolize that all people in the new United States of America were represented.According to the 1853 exhibition catalogue, the man standing next to Washington and holding the flag is Lieutenant James Monroe, future president of the United States, and the man leaning over the side is General Nathanael Greene. General Edward Hand is shown seated and holding his hat within the vessel.

Category:Paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art

Washington Crossing the Delaware (sonnet)

University of California, Berkeley Library System

''Washington Crossing the Delaware'' (1849–1850), first painting by [[Emanuel Leutze

Category:Vandalized works of art in the United States

Washington Rallying the Troops at Monmouth

Category:Paintings about the American Revolution

File:Übergang Washingtons über den Delaware.jpg

Category:Cultural depictions of James Monroe

The painting depicted on the 1999 New Jersey [[State quarters

Category:George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River


Prompt: How does Washington Crossing the Delaware (1851 paintings) explain its Composition?

The painting is notable for its artistic composition. General Washington is emphasized by an unnaturally bright sky, while his face catches the upcoming sunlight. The colors consist of mostly dark tones, expected at dawn, and there are red highlights repeated throughout the painting. A foreshortening perspective and the distant boats all lend depth to the painting and emphasize the boat carrying Washington.The men in the boat represent a cross-section of the American colonies, including one in a Scottish bonnet and another of African descent facing backward next to each other in the front. A western rifleman is at the bow, two farmers in broad-brimmed hats are near the back (one with a bandaged head), and one at the stern wearing what appears to be Native American clothing to symbolize that all people in the new United States of America were represented.According to the 1853 exhibition catalogue, the man standing next to Washington and holding the flag is Lieutenant James Monroe, future president of the United States, and the man leaning over the side is General Nathanael Greene. General Edward Hand is shown seated and holding his hat within the vessel.

Category:Paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art

Washington Crossing the Delaware (sonnet)

University of California, Berkeley Library System

''Washington Crossing the Delaware'' (1849–1850), first painting by [[Emanuel Leutze

Category:Vandalized works of art in the United States

Washington Rallying the Troops at Monmouth

Category:Paintings about the American Revolution

File:Übergang Washingtons über den Delaware.jpg

Category:Cultural depictions of James Monroe

The painting depicted on the 1999 New Jersey [[State quarters

Category:George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River


Prompt: In Washington Crossing the Delaware (1851 paintings), how is the Composition discussed?

The painting is notable for its artistic composition. General Washington is emphasized by an unnaturally bright sky, while his face catches the upcoming sunlight. The colors consist of mostly dark tones, expected at dawn, and there are red highlights repeated throughout the painting. A foreshortening perspective and the distant boats all lend depth to the painting and emphasize the boat carrying Washington.The men in the boat represent a cross-section of the American colonies, including one in a Scottish bonnet and another of African descent facing backward next to each other in the front. A western rifleman is at the bow, two farmers in broad-brimmed hats are near the back (one with a bandaged head), and one at the stern wearing what appears to be Native American clothing to symbolize that all people in the new United States of America were represented.According to the 1853 exhibition catalogue, the man standing next to Washington and holding the flag is Lieutenant James Monroe, future president of the United States, and the man leaning over the side is General Nathanael Greene. General Edward Hand is shown seated and holding his hat within the vessel.

Category:Paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art

Washington Crossing the Delaware (sonnet)

University of California, Berkeley Library System

''Washington Crossing the Delaware'' (1849–1850), first painting by [[Emanuel Leutze

Category:Vandalized works of art in the United States

Washington Rallying the Troops at Monmouth

Category:Paintings about the American Revolution

File:Übergang Washingtons über den Delaware.jpg

Category:Cultural depictions of James Monroe

The painting depicted on the 1999 New Jersey [[State quarters

Category:George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River


Prompt: Focus on Washington Crossing the Delaware (1851 paintings) and explain the Historical inaccuracies.

The flag depicted is an early version of the flag of the United States (the "Stars and Stripes"), the design of which did not exist at the time of Washington's crossing. The flag's design was first specified in the June 14, 1777, Flag Resolution of the Second Continental Congress, and flew for the first time on September 3, 1777—well after Washington's crossing in 1776. A more historically accurate flag would have been the Grand Union Flag, hoisted by Washington on January 1, 1776, at Somerville, Massachusetts, as the standard of the Continental Army and the first national flag.Washington's stance, intended to depict him in a heroic fashion, would have been very hard to maintain in the choppy conditions of the crossing. Considering that he is standing in a rowboat, such a stance would have risked capsizing the boat. However, historian David Hackett Fischer has argued that everyone would have been standing up to avoid the icy water in the bottom of the boat, as the actual Durham boats used were much larger, had a flat bottom, higher sides, a broad beam (width) of some eight feet and a draft of 24–30 inches.Washington's boats were actually substantially larger than the boat in the painting. Washington and his men sailed on a cargo ship that ranged anywhere between 40 and 60 feet long (12 to 18 m). Also on the ships were heavy artillery and horses, which would not have fit in the boat Leutze painted.

Category:Paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art

Washington Crossing the Delaware (sonnet)

University of California, Berkeley Library System

''Washington Crossing the Delaware'' (1849–1850), first painting by [[Emanuel Leutze

Category:Vandalized works of art in the United States

Washington Rallying the Troops at Monmouth

Category:Paintings about the American Revolution

File:Übergang Washingtons über den Delaware.jpg

Category:Cultural depictions of James Monroe

The painting depicted on the 1999 New Jersey [[State quarters

Category:George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River


Prompt: Explain the Historical inaccuracies of this artwork, Washington Crossing the Delaware (1851 paintings).

The flag depicted is an early version of the flag of the United States (the "Stars and Stripes"), the design of which did not exist at the time of Washington's crossing. The flag's design was first specified in the June 14, 1777, Flag Resolution of the Second Continental Congress, and flew for the first time on September 3, 1777—well after Washington's crossing in 1776. A more historically accurate flag would have been the Grand Union Flag, hoisted by Washington on January 1, 1776, at Somerville, Massachusetts, as the standard of the Continental Army and the first national flag.Washington's stance, intended to depict him in a heroic fashion, would have been very hard to maintain in the choppy conditions of the crossing. Considering that he is standing in a rowboat, such a stance would have risked capsizing the boat. However, historian David Hackett Fischer has argued that everyone would have been standing up to avoid the icy water in the bottom of the boat, as the actual Durham boats used were much larger, had a flat bottom, higher sides, a broad beam (width) of some eight feet and a draft of 24–30 inches.Washington's boats were actually substantially larger than the boat in the painting. Washington and his men sailed on a cargo ship that ranged anywhere between 40 and 60 feet long (12 to 18 m). Also on the ships were heavy artillery and horses, which would not have fit in the boat Leutze painted.

Category:Paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art

Washington Crossing the Delaware (sonnet)

University of California, Berkeley Library System

''Washington Crossing the Delaware'' (1849–1850), first painting by [[Emanuel Leutze

Category:Vandalized works of art in the United States

Washington Rallying the Troops at Monmouth

Category:Paintings about the American Revolution

File:Übergang Washingtons über den Delaware.jpg

Category:Cultural depictions of James Monroe

The painting depicted on the 1999 New Jersey [[State quarters

Category:George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River


Prompt: How does Washington Crossing the Delaware (1851 paintings) explain its Historical inaccuracies?

The flag depicted is an early version of the flag of the United States (the "Stars and Stripes"), the design of which did not exist at the time of Washington's crossing. The flag's design was first specified in the June 14, 1777, Flag Resolution of the Second Continental Congress, and flew for the first time on September 3, 1777—well after Washington's crossing in 1776. A more historically accurate flag would have been the Grand Union Flag, hoisted by Washington on January 1, 1776, at Somerville, Massachusetts, as the standard of the Continental Army and the first national flag.Washington's stance, intended to depict him in a heroic fashion, would have been very hard to maintain in the choppy conditions of the crossing. Considering that he is standing in a rowboat, such a stance would have risked capsizing the boat. However, historian David Hackett Fischer has argued that everyone would have been standing up to avoid the icy water in the bottom of the boat, as the actual Durham boats used were much larger, had a flat bottom, higher sides, a broad beam (width) of some eight feet and a draft of 24–30 inches.Washington's boats were actually substantially larger than the boat in the painting. Washington and his men sailed on a cargo ship that ranged anywhere between 40 and 60 feet long (12 to 18 m). Also on the ships were heavy artillery and horses, which would not have fit in the boat Leutze painted.

Category:Paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art

Washington Crossing the Delaware (sonnet)

University of California, Berkeley Library System

''Washington Crossing the Delaware'' (1849–1850), first painting by [[Emanuel Leutze

Category:Vandalized works of art in the United States

Washington Rallying the Troops at Monmouth

Category:Paintings about the American Revolution

File:Übergang Washingtons über den Delaware.jpg

Category:Cultural depictions of James Monroe

The painting depicted on the 1999 New Jersey [[State quarters

Category:George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River


Prompt: In Washington Crossing the Delaware (1851 paintings), how is the Historical inaccuracies discussed?

The flag depicted is an early version of the flag of the United States (the "Stars and Stripes"), the design of which did not exist at the time of Washington's crossing. The flag's design was first specified in the June 14, 1777, Flag Resolution of the Second Continental Congress, and flew for the first time on September 3, 1777—well after Washington's crossing in 1776. A more historically accurate flag would have been the Grand Union Flag, hoisted by Washington on January 1, 1776, at Somerville, Massachusetts, as the standard of the Continental Army and the first national flag.Washington's stance, intended to depict him in a heroic fashion, would have been very hard to maintain in the choppy conditions of the crossing. Considering that he is standing in a rowboat, such a stance would have risked capsizing the boat. However, historian David Hackett Fischer has argued that everyone would have been standing up to avoid the icy water in the bottom of the boat, as the actual Durham boats used were much larger, had a flat bottom, higher sides, a broad beam (width) of some eight feet and a draft of 24–30 inches.Washington's boats were actually substantially larger than the boat in the painting. Washington and his men sailed on a cargo ship that ranged anywhere between 40 and 60 feet long (12 to 18 m). Also on the ships were heavy artillery and horses, which would not have fit in the boat Leutze painted.

Category:Paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art

Washington Crossing the Delaware (sonnet)

University of California, Berkeley Library System

''Washington Crossing the Delaware'' (1849–1850), first painting by [[Emanuel Leutze

Category:Vandalized works of art in the United States

Washington Rallying the Troops at Monmouth

Category:Paintings about the American Revolution

File:Übergang Washingtons über den Delaware.jpg

Category:Cultural depictions of James Monroe

The painting depicted on the 1999 New Jersey [[State quarters

Category:George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River


Prompt: Focus on Washington Crossing the Delaware (1851 paintings) and explain the Influence.

"Washington Crossing the Delaware" is a 1936 sonnet by David Shulman. It refers to the scene in the painting, and is a 14-line rhyming sonnet of which every line is an anagram of the title.In 1953, the American pop artist Larry Rivers painted Washington Crossing the Delaware, which is in the collection of The Museum of Modern Art in New York City. The painting has also inspired copies by Roy Lichtenstein (an abstract expressionist variant painted c. 1951) and Robert Colescott (a parody titled George Washington Carver Crossing the Delaware painted in 1975). Grant Wood makes direct use of Leutze's painting in his own Daughters of Revolution.  The painting is a direct jab at the Daughters of the American Revolution, scrutinizing what Wood interpreted as their unfounded elitism.William H. Powell produced a painting that owes an artistic debt to Leutze's work, depicting Oliver Perry transferring command from one ship to another during the Battle of Lake Erie during the War of 1812. The original painting now hangs in the Ohio Statehouse, and Powell later created a larger, more light-toned rendering of the same subject which hangs in the U.S. Capitol in Washington, D.C. In both of Powell's works, Perry is shown standing in a small boat rowed by several men in uniform. The Washington painting shows the direction of travel from right to left, and the Perry image shows a reverse direction of motion, but the two compositions are otherwise similar. Both paintings feature one occupant of the boat with a bandaged head.Liverpool born pop artist, Dirty Hans's painting "British Invasion" showing various rock and pop cultural icons from the 1960s, 70s and 80s in a boat crossing the Hudson River in New York and depicting David Bowie as a proxy for George Washington, appears to have drawn heavy influence from this painting

Category:Paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art

Washington Crossing the Delaware (sonnet)

University of California, Berkeley Library System

''Washington Crossing the Delaware'' (1849–1850), first painting by [[Emanuel Leutze

Category:Vandalized works of art in the United States

Washington Rallying the Troops at Monmouth

Category:Paintings about the American Revolution

File:Übergang Washingtons über den Delaware.jpg

Category:Cultural depictions of James Monroe

The painting depicted on the 1999 New Jersey [[State quarters

Category:George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River


Prompt: Explain the Influence of this artwork, Washington Crossing the Delaware (1851 paintings).

"Washington Crossing the Delaware" is a 1936 sonnet by David Shulman. It refers to the scene in the painting, and is a 14-line rhyming sonnet of which every line is an anagram of the title.In 1953, the American pop artist Larry Rivers painted Washington Crossing the Delaware, which is in the collection of The Museum of Modern Art in New York City. The painting has also inspired copies by Roy Lichtenstein (an abstract expressionist variant painted c. 1951) and Robert Colescott (a parody titled George Washington Carver Crossing the Delaware painted in 1975). Grant Wood makes direct use of Leutze's painting in his own Daughters of Revolution.  The painting is a direct jab at the Daughters of the American Revolution, scrutinizing what Wood interpreted as their unfounded elitism.William H. Powell produced a painting that owes an artistic debt to Leutze's work, depicting Oliver Perry transferring command from one ship to another during the Battle of Lake Erie during the War of 1812. The original painting now hangs in the Ohio Statehouse, and Powell later created a larger, more light-toned rendering of the same subject which hangs in the U.S. Capitol in Washington, D.C. In both of Powell's works, Perry is shown standing in a small boat rowed by several men in uniform. The Washington painting shows the direction of travel from right to left, and the Perry image shows a reverse direction of motion, but the two compositions are otherwise similar. Both paintings feature one occupant of the boat with a bandaged head.Liverpool born pop artist, Dirty Hans's painting "British Invasion" showing various rock and pop cultural icons from the 1960s, 70s and 80s in a boat crossing the Hudson River in New York and depicting David Bowie as a proxy for George Washington, appears to have drawn heavy influence from this painting

Category:Paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art

Washington Crossing the Delaware (sonnet)

University of California, Berkeley Library System

''Washington Crossing the Delaware'' (1849–1850), first painting by [[Emanuel Leutze

Category:Vandalized works of art in the United States

Washington Rallying the Troops at Monmouth

Category:Paintings about the American Revolution

File:Übergang Washingtons über den Delaware.jpg

Category:Cultural depictions of James Monroe

The painting depicted on the 1999 New Jersey [[State quarters

Category:George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River


Prompt: How does Washington Crossing the Delaware (1851 paintings) explain its Influence?

"Washington Crossing the Delaware" is a 1936 sonnet by David Shulman. It refers to the scene in the painting, and is a 14-line rhyming sonnet of which every line is an anagram of the title.In 1953, the American pop artist Larry Rivers painted Washington Crossing the Delaware, which is in the collection of The Museum of Modern Art in New York City. The painting has also inspired copies by Roy Lichtenstein (an abstract expressionist variant painted c. 1951) and Robert Colescott (a parody titled George Washington Carver Crossing the Delaware painted in 1975). Grant Wood makes direct use of Leutze's painting in his own Daughters of Revolution.  The painting is a direct jab at the Daughters of the American Revolution, scrutinizing what Wood interpreted as their unfounded elitism.William H. Powell produced a painting that owes an artistic debt to Leutze's work, depicting Oliver Perry transferring command from one ship to another during the Battle of Lake Erie during the War of 1812. The original painting now hangs in the Ohio Statehouse, and Powell later created a larger, more light-toned rendering of the same subject which hangs in the U.S. Capitol in Washington, D.C. In both of Powell's works, Perry is shown standing in a small boat rowed by several men in uniform. The Washington painting shows the direction of travel from right to left, and the Perry image shows a reverse direction of motion, but the two compositions are otherwise similar. Both paintings feature one occupant of the boat with a bandaged head.Liverpool born pop artist, Dirty Hans's painting "British Invasion" showing various rock and pop cultural icons from the 1960s, 70s and 80s in a boat crossing the Hudson River in New York and depicting David Bowie as a proxy for George Washington, appears to have drawn heavy influence from this painting

Category:Paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art

Washington Crossing the Delaware (sonnet)

University of California, Berkeley Library System

''Washington Crossing the Delaware'' (1849–1850), first painting by [[Emanuel Leutze

Category:Vandalized works of art in the United States

Washington Rallying the Troops at Monmouth

Category:Paintings about the American Revolution

File:Übergang Washingtons über den Delaware.jpg

Category:Cultural depictions of James Monroe

The painting depicted on the 1999 New Jersey [[State quarters

Category:George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River


Prompt: In Washington Crossing the Delaware (1851 paintings), how is the Influence discussed?

"Washington Crossing the Delaware" is a 1936 sonnet by David Shulman. It refers to the scene in the painting, and is a 14-line rhyming sonnet of which every line is an anagram of the title.In 1953, the American pop artist Larry Rivers painted Washington Crossing the Delaware, which is in the collection of The Museum of Modern Art in New York City. The painting has also inspired copies by Roy Lichtenstein (an abstract expressionist variant painted c. 1951) and Robert Colescott (a parody titled George Washington Carver Crossing the Delaware painted in 1975). Grant Wood makes direct use of Leutze's painting in his own Daughters of Revolution.  The painting is a direct jab at the Daughters of the American Revolution, scrutinizing what Wood interpreted as their unfounded elitism.William H. Powell produced a painting that owes an artistic debt to Leutze's work, depicting Oliver Perry transferring command from one ship to another during the Battle of Lake Erie during the War of 1812. The original painting now hangs in the Ohio Statehouse, and Powell later created a larger, more light-toned rendering of the same subject which hangs in the U.S. Capitol in Washington, D.C. In both of Powell's works, Perry is shown standing in a small boat rowed by several men in uniform. The Washington painting shows the direction of travel from right to left, and the Perry image shows a reverse direction of motion, but the two compositions are otherwise similar. Both paintings feature one occupant of the boat with a bandaged head.Liverpool born pop artist, Dirty Hans's painting "British Invasion" showing various rock and pop cultural icons from the 1960s, 70s and 80s in a boat crossing the Hudson River in New York and depicting David Bowie as a proxy for George Washington, appears to have drawn heavy influence from this painting

Category:Paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art

Washington Crossing the Delaware (sonnet)

University of California, Berkeley Library System

''Washington Crossing the Delaware'' (1849–1850), first painting by [[Emanuel Leutze

Category:Vandalized works of art in the United States

Washington Rallying the Troops at Monmouth

Category:Paintings about the American Revolution

File:Übergang Washingtons über den Delaware.jpg

Category:Cultural depictions of James Monroe

The painting depicted on the 1999 New Jersey [[State quarters

Category:George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River


The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp

Prompt: Focus on The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp and explain the abstract.

The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp is a 1632 oil painting on canvas by Rembrandt housed in the Mauritshuis museum in The Hague, the Netherlands. It was originally created to be displayed by the Surgeons Guild in their meeting room. The painting is regarded as one of Rembrandt's early masterpieces.In the work, Nicolaes Tulp is pictured explaining the musculature of the arm to a group of doctors. Some of the spectators are various doctors who paid commissions to be included in the painting. The painting is signed in the top-left hand corner Rembrant. f[ecit] 1632. This may be the first instance of Rembrandt signing a painting with his forename (in its original form) as opposed to the monogram RHL (Rembrandt Harmenszoon of Leiden), and is thus a sign of his growing artistic confidence.

The corpse's navel is formed from the letter ''R''

Category:Cultural depictions of Dutch people

File:Dr Deijman’s Anatomy Lesson (fragment), by Rembrandt.jpg

''The Anatomy Lesson of Dr Nicolaes Tulp'' (The University of Edinburgh Fine Art)

File:EU464 Unknown after Rembrandt - The Anatomy lesson of Dr Tulp.jpg

Category:Cultural depictions of physicians

Rembrandt: ''[[The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Deijman

Category:Biology and natural history in the Dutch Republic


The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp

Prompt: Explain the abstract of this artwork, The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp.

The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp is a 1632 oil painting on canvas by Rembrandt housed in the Mauritshuis museum in The Hague, the Netherlands. It was originally created to be displayed by the Surgeons Guild in their meeting room. The painting is regarded as one of Rembrandt's early masterpieces.In the work, Nicolaes Tulp is pictured explaining the musculature of the arm to a group of doctors. Some of the spectators are various doctors who paid commissions to be included in the painting. The painting is signed in the top-left hand corner Rembrant. f[ecit] 1632. This may be the first instance of Rembrandt signing a painting with his forename (in its original form) as opposed to the monogram RHL (Rembrandt Harmenszoon of Leiden), and is thus a sign of his growing artistic confidence.

The corpse's navel is formed from the letter ''R''

Category:Cultural depictions of Dutch people

File:Dr Deijman’s Anatomy Lesson (fragment), by Rembrandt.jpg

''The Anatomy Lesson of Dr Nicolaes Tulp'' (The University of Edinburgh Fine Art)

File:EU464 Unknown after Rembrandt - The Anatomy lesson of Dr Tulp.jpg

Category:Cultural depictions of physicians

Rembrandt: ''[[The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Deijman

Category:Biology and natural history in the Dutch Republic


The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp

Prompt: How does The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp explain its abstract?

The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp is a 1632 oil painting on canvas by Rembrandt housed in the Mauritshuis museum in The Hague, the Netherlands. It was originally created to be displayed by the Surgeons Guild in their meeting room. The painting is regarded as one of Rembrandt's early masterpieces.In the work, Nicolaes Tulp is pictured explaining the musculature of the arm to a group of doctors. Some of the spectators are various doctors who paid commissions to be included in the painting. The painting is signed in the top-left hand corner Rembrant. f[ecit] 1632. This may be the first instance of Rembrandt signing a painting with his forename (in its original form) as opposed to the monogram RHL (Rembrandt Harmenszoon of Leiden), and is thus a sign of his growing artistic confidence.

The corpse's navel is formed from the letter ''R''

Category:Cultural depictions of Dutch people

File:Dr Deijman’s Anatomy Lesson (fragment), by Rembrandt.jpg

''The Anatomy Lesson of Dr Nicolaes Tulp'' (The University of Edinburgh Fine Art)

File:EU464 Unknown after Rembrandt - The Anatomy lesson of Dr Tulp.jpg

Category:Cultural depictions of physicians

Rembrandt: ''[[The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Deijman

Category:Biology and natural history in the Dutch Republic


The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp

Prompt: In The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp, how is the abstract discussed?

The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp is a 1632 oil painting on canvas by Rembrandt housed in the Mauritshuis museum in The Hague, the Netherlands. It was originally created to be displayed by the Surgeons Guild in their meeting room. The painting is regarded as one of Rembrandt's early masterpieces.In the work, Nicolaes Tulp is pictured explaining the musculature of the arm to a group of doctors. Some of the spectators are various doctors who paid commissions to be included in the painting. The painting is signed in the top-left hand corner Rembrant. f[ecit] 1632. This may be the first instance of Rembrandt signing a painting with his forename (in its original form) as opposed to the monogram RHL (Rembrandt Harmenszoon of Leiden), and is thus a sign of his growing artistic confidence.

The corpse's navel is formed from the letter ''R''

Category:Cultural depictions of Dutch people

File:Dr Deijman’s Anatomy Lesson (fragment), by Rembrandt.jpg

''The Anatomy Lesson of Dr Nicolaes Tulp'' (The University of Edinburgh Fine Art)

File:EU464 Unknown after Rembrandt - The Anatomy lesson of Dr Tulp.jpg

Category:Cultural depictions of physicians

Rembrandt: ''[[The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Deijman

Category:Biology and natural history in the Dutch Republic


The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp

Prompt: Focus on The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp and explain the Background.

The event can be dated to 31 January 1632: the Amsterdam Guild of Surgeons, of which Tulp was official City Anatomist, permitted only one public dissection a year, and the body would have to be that of an executed criminal.Anatomy lessons were a social event in the 17th century, taking place in lecture rooms that were actual theatres, with students, colleagues and the general public being permitted to attend on payment of an entrance fee. The spectators are appropriately dressed for this social occasion. It is thought that the uppermost (not holding the paper) and farthest left figures were added to the picture later.Every five to ten years, the Surgeon's Guild would commission a portrait by a leading portraitist of the period; Rembrandt was commissioned for this task when he was 25 years old, and newly arrived in Amsterdam. It was his first major commission in Amsterdam. Each of the men included in the portrait would have paid a certain amount of money to be included in the work, and the more central figures (in this case, Tulp) probably paid more, even twice as much. Rembrandt's anatomical portrait radically altered the conventions of the genre, by including a full-length corpse in the center of the image (using Christ-like iconography) and creating not just a portrait but a dramatic mise-en-scène. Rembrandt's image is a fiction; in a typical anatomy lesson, the surgeon would begin by opening the chest cavity and thorax because the internal organs there decay most rapidly.One person is missing: the Preparator, whose task was to prepare the body for the lesson. In the 17th century an important scientist such as Tulp would not be involved in menial and bloody work like dissection, and such tasks would be left to others. It is for this reason that the picture shows no cutting instruments. Instead we see in the lower right corner an enormous open textbook on anatomy, possibly the 1543 De humani corporis fabrica (Fabric of the Human Body) by Andreas Vesalius.

The corpse's navel is formed from the letter ''R''

Category:Cultural depictions of Dutch people

File:Dr Deijman’s Anatomy Lesson (fragment), by Rembrandt.jpg

''The Anatomy Lesson of Dr Nicolaes Tulp'' (The University of Edinburgh Fine Art)

File:EU464 Unknown after Rembrandt - The Anatomy lesson of Dr Tulp.jpg

Category:Cultural depictions of physicians

Rembrandt: ''[[The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Deijman

Category:Biology and natural history in the Dutch Republic


The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp

Prompt: Explain the Background of this artwork, The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp.

The event can be dated to 31 January 1632: the Amsterdam Guild of Surgeons, of which Tulp was official City Anatomist, permitted only one public dissection a year, and the body would have to be that of an executed criminal.Anatomy lessons were a social event in the 17th century, taking place in lecture rooms that were actual theatres, with students, colleagues and the general public being permitted to attend on payment of an entrance fee. The spectators are appropriately dressed for this social occasion. It is thought that the uppermost (not holding the paper) and farthest left figures were added to the picture later.Every five to ten years, the Surgeon's Guild would commission a portrait by a leading portraitist of the period; Rembrandt was commissioned for this task when he was 25 years old, and newly arrived in Amsterdam. It was his first major commission in Amsterdam. Each of the men included in the portrait would have paid a certain amount of money to be included in the work, and the more central figures (in this case, Tulp) probably paid more, even twice as much. Rembrandt's anatomical portrait radically altered the conventions of the genre, by including a full-length corpse in the center of the image (using Christ-like iconography) and creating not just a portrait but a dramatic mise-en-scène. Rembrandt's image is a fiction; in a typical anatomy lesson, the surgeon would begin by opening the chest cavity and thorax because the internal organs there decay most rapidly.One person is missing: the Preparator, whose task was to prepare the body for the lesson. In the 17th century an important scientist such as Tulp would not be involved in menial and bloody work like dissection, and such tasks would be left to others. It is for this reason that the picture shows no cutting instruments. Instead we see in the lower right corner an enormous open textbook on anatomy, possibly the 1543 De humani corporis fabrica (Fabric of the Human Body) by Andreas Vesalius.

The corpse's navel is formed from the letter ''R''

Category:Cultural depictions of Dutch people

File:Dr Deijman’s Anatomy Lesson (fragment), by Rembrandt.jpg

''The Anatomy Lesson of Dr Nicolaes Tulp'' (The University of Edinburgh Fine Art)

File:EU464 Unknown after Rembrandt - The Anatomy lesson of Dr Tulp.jpg

Category:Cultural depictions of physicians

Rembrandt: ''[[The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Deijman

Category:Biology and natural history in the Dutch Republic


The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp

Prompt: How does The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp explain its Background?

The event can be dated to 31 January 1632: the Amsterdam Guild of Surgeons, of which Tulp was official City Anatomist, permitted only one public dissection a year, and the body would have to be that of an executed criminal.Anatomy lessons were a social event in the 17th century, taking place in lecture rooms that were actual theatres, with students, colleagues and the general public being permitted to attend on payment of an entrance fee. The spectators are appropriately dressed for this social occasion. It is thought that the uppermost (not holding the paper) and farthest left figures were added to the picture later.Every five to ten years, the Surgeon's Guild would commission a portrait by a leading portraitist of the period; Rembrandt was commissioned for this task when he was 25 years old, and newly arrived in Amsterdam. It was his first major commission in Amsterdam. Each of the men included in the portrait would have paid a certain amount of money to be included in the work, and the more central figures (in this case, Tulp) probably paid more, even twice as much. Rembrandt's anatomical portrait radically altered the conventions of the genre, by including a full-length corpse in the center of the image (using Christ-like iconography) and creating not just a portrait but a dramatic mise-en-scène. Rembrandt's image is a fiction; in a typical anatomy lesson, the surgeon would begin by opening the chest cavity and thorax because the internal organs there decay most rapidly.One person is missing: the Preparator, whose task was to prepare the body for the lesson. In the 17th century an important scientist such as Tulp would not be involved in menial and bloody work like dissection, and such tasks would be left to others. It is for this reason that the picture shows no cutting instruments. Instead we see in the lower right corner an enormous open textbook on anatomy, possibly the 1543 De humani corporis fabrica (Fabric of the Human Body) by Andreas Vesalius.

The corpse's navel is formed from the letter ''R''

Category:Cultural depictions of Dutch people

File:Dr Deijman’s Anatomy Lesson (fragment), by Rembrandt.jpg

''The Anatomy Lesson of Dr Nicolaes Tulp'' (The University of Edinburgh Fine Art)

File:EU464 Unknown after Rembrandt - The Anatomy lesson of Dr Tulp.jpg

Category:Cultural depictions of physicians

Rembrandt: ''[[The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Deijman

Category:Biology and natural history in the Dutch Republic


The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp

Prompt: In The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp, how is the Background discussed?

The event can be dated to 31 January 1632: the Amsterdam Guild of Surgeons, of which Tulp was official City Anatomist, permitted only one public dissection a year, and the body would have to be that of an executed criminal.Anatomy lessons were a social event in the 17th century, taking place in lecture rooms that were actual theatres, with students, colleagues and the general public being permitted to attend on payment of an entrance fee. The spectators are appropriately dressed for this social occasion. It is thought that the uppermost (not holding the paper) and farthest left figures were added to the picture later.Every five to ten years, the Surgeon's Guild would commission a portrait by a leading portraitist of the period; Rembrandt was commissioned for this task when he was 25 years old, and newly arrived in Amsterdam. It was his first major commission in Amsterdam. Each of the men included in the portrait would have paid a certain amount of money to be included in the work, and the more central figures (in this case, Tulp) probably paid more, even twice as much. Rembrandt's anatomical portrait radically altered the conventions of the genre, by including a full-length corpse in the center of the image (using Christ-like iconography) and creating not just a portrait but a dramatic mise-en-scène. Rembrandt's image is a fiction; in a typical anatomy lesson, the surgeon would begin by opening the chest cavity and thorax because the internal organs there decay most rapidly.One person is missing: the Preparator, whose task was to prepare the body for the lesson. In the 17th century an important scientist such as Tulp would not be involved in menial and bloody work like dissection, and such tasks would be left to others. It is for this reason that the picture shows no cutting instruments. Instead we see in the lower right corner an enormous open textbook on anatomy, possibly the 1543 De humani corporis fabrica (Fabric of the Human Body) by Andreas Vesalius.

The corpse's navel is formed from the letter ''R''

Category:Cultural depictions of Dutch people

File:Dr Deijman’s Anatomy Lesson (fragment), by Rembrandt.jpg

''The Anatomy Lesson of Dr Nicolaes Tulp'' (The University of Edinburgh Fine Art)

File:EU464 Unknown after Rembrandt - The Anatomy lesson of Dr Tulp.jpg

Category:Cultural depictions of physicians

Rembrandt: ''[[The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Deijman

Category:Biology and natural history in the Dutch Republic


The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp

Prompt: Focus on The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp and explain the The corpse.

The corpse is that of the criminal Aris Kindt (alias of Adriaan Adriaanszoon), who was convicted for armed robbery and sentenced to death by hanging. He was executed earlier on the same day of the scene. The face of the corpse is partially shaded, a suggestion of umbra mortis (shadow of death), a technique that Rembrandt was to use frequently.The French art historian Jean-Marie Clarke suggests that the navel of the corpse has the shape of a capital R and connects this observation to the fact that Rembrandt worked intensively on his signatures in 1632, using three types consecutively before settling on the final, first name form in 1633.Kindt was discussed in the 1999 novel The Rings of Saturn by W. G. Sebald, and plays a significant role in Laird Hunt's 2006 novel The Exquisite. In her 2014 historical fiction novel The Anatomy Lesson, author and journalist Nina Siegal tells the life story of Aris Kindt, based on documents about his criminal history that she discovered in the Amsterdam city archives.Medical specialists have commented on the accuracy of muscles and tendons painted by the 26-year-old Rembrandt. It is not known where he obtained such knowledge; it is possible that he copied the details from an anatomical textbook. However, in 2006 Dutch researchers recreated the scene with a male cadaver, revealing several discrepancies of the exposed left forearm compared to that of a real corpse.In a 2007 study, the American artist and anatomist David J. Jackowe and his colleagues demonstrated that the mysterious white cord that courses along the ulnar aspect of the cadaver's carpus and little finger, long thought to be either an ulnar nerve variant or artistic error, is most likely the tendon of a variant forearm muscle, the accessory abductor digiti minimi.

The corpse's navel is formed from the letter ''R''

Category:Cultural depictions of Dutch people

File:Dr Deijman’s Anatomy Lesson (fragment), by Rembrandt.jpg

''The Anatomy Lesson of Dr Nicolaes Tulp'' (The University of Edinburgh Fine Art)

File:EU464 Unknown after Rembrandt - The Anatomy lesson of Dr Tulp.jpg

Category:Cultural depictions of physicians

Rembrandt: ''[[The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Deijman

Category:Biology and natural history in the Dutch Republic


The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp

Prompt: Explain the The corpse of this artwork, The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp.

The corpse is that of the criminal Aris Kindt (alias of Adriaan Adriaanszoon), who was convicted for armed robbery and sentenced to death by hanging. He was executed earlier on the same day of the scene. The face of the corpse is partially shaded, a suggestion of umbra mortis (shadow of death), a technique that Rembrandt was to use frequently.The French art historian Jean-Marie Clarke suggests that the navel of the corpse has the shape of a capital R and connects this observation to the fact that Rembrandt worked intensively on his signatures in 1632, using three types consecutively before settling on the final, first name form in 1633.Kindt was discussed in the 1999 novel The Rings of Saturn by W. G. Sebald, and plays a significant role in Laird Hunt's 2006 novel The Exquisite. In her 2014 historical fiction novel The Anatomy Lesson, author and journalist Nina Siegal tells the life story of Aris Kindt, based on documents about his criminal history that she discovered in the Amsterdam city archives.Medical specialists have commented on the accuracy of muscles and tendons painted by the 26-year-old Rembrandt. It is not known where he obtained such knowledge; it is possible that he copied the details from an anatomical textbook. However, in 2006 Dutch researchers recreated the scene with a male cadaver, revealing several discrepancies of the exposed left forearm compared to that of a real corpse.In a 2007 study, the American artist and anatomist David J. Jackowe and his colleagues demonstrated that the mysterious white cord that courses along the ulnar aspect of the cadaver's carpus and little finger, long thought to be either an ulnar nerve variant or artistic error, is most likely the tendon of a variant forearm muscle, the accessory abductor digiti minimi.

The corpse's navel is formed from the letter ''R''

Category:Cultural depictions of Dutch people

File:Dr Deijman’s Anatomy Lesson (fragment), by Rembrandt.jpg

''The Anatomy Lesson of Dr Nicolaes Tulp'' (The University of Edinburgh Fine Art)

File:EU464 Unknown after Rembrandt - The Anatomy lesson of Dr Tulp.jpg

Category:Cultural depictions of physicians

Rembrandt: ''[[The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Deijman

Category:Biology and natural history in the Dutch Republic


The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp

Prompt: How does The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp explain its The corpse?

The corpse is that of the criminal Aris Kindt (alias of Adriaan Adriaanszoon), who was convicted for armed robbery and sentenced to death by hanging. He was executed earlier on the same day of the scene. The face of the corpse is partially shaded, a suggestion of umbra mortis (shadow of death), a technique that Rembrandt was to use frequently.The French art historian Jean-Marie Clarke suggests that the navel of the corpse has the shape of a capital R and connects this observation to the fact that Rembrandt worked intensively on his signatures in 1632, using three types consecutively before settling on the final, first name form in 1633.Kindt was discussed in the 1999 novel The Rings of Saturn by W. G. Sebald, and plays a significant role in Laird Hunt's 2006 novel The Exquisite. In her 2014 historical fiction novel The Anatomy Lesson, author and journalist Nina Siegal tells the life story of Aris Kindt, based on documents about his criminal history that she discovered in the Amsterdam city archives.Medical specialists have commented on the accuracy of muscles and tendons painted by the 26-year-old Rembrandt. It is not known where he obtained such knowledge; it is possible that he copied the details from an anatomical textbook. However, in 2006 Dutch researchers recreated the scene with a male cadaver, revealing several discrepancies of the exposed left forearm compared to that of a real corpse.In a 2007 study, the American artist and anatomist David J. Jackowe and his colleagues demonstrated that the mysterious white cord that courses along the ulnar aspect of the cadaver's carpus and little finger, long thought to be either an ulnar nerve variant or artistic error, is most likely the tendon of a variant forearm muscle, the accessory abductor digiti minimi.

The corpse's navel is formed from the letter ''R''

Category:Cultural depictions of Dutch people

File:Dr Deijman’s Anatomy Lesson (fragment), by Rembrandt.jpg

''The Anatomy Lesson of Dr Nicolaes Tulp'' (The University of Edinburgh Fine Art)

File:EU464 Unknown after Rembrandt - The Anatomy lesson of Dr Tulp.jpg

Category:Cultural depictions of physicians

Rembrandt: ''[[The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Deijman

Category:Biology and natural history in the Dutch Republic


The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp

Prompt: In The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp, how is the The corpse discussed?

The corpse is that of the criminal Aris Kindt (alias of Adriaan Adriaanszoon), who was convicted for armed robbery and sentenced to death by hanging. He was executed earlier on the same day of the scene. The face of the corpse is partially shaded, a suggestion of umbra mortis (shadow of death), a technique that Rembrandt was to use frequently.The French art historian Jean-Marie Clarke suggests that the navel of the corpse has the shape of a capital R and connects this observation to the fact that Rembrandt worked intensively on his signatures in 1632, using three types consecutively before settling on the final, first name form in 1633.Kindt was discussed in the 1999 novel The Rings of Saturn by W. G. Sebald, and plays a significant role in Laird Hunt's 2006 novel The Exquisite. In her 2014 historical fiction novel The Anatomy Lesson, author and journalist Nina Siegal tells the life story of Aris Kindt, based on documents about his criminal history that she discovered in the Amsterdam city archives.Medical specialists have commented on the accuracy of muscles and tendons painted by the 26-year-old Rembrandt. It is not known where he obtained such knowledge; it is possible that he copied the details from an anatomical textbook. However, in 2006 Dutch researchers recreated the scene with a male cadaver, revealing several discrepancies of the exposed left forearm compared to that of a real corpse.In a 2007 study, the American artist and anatomist David J. Jackowe and his colleagues demonstrated that the mysterious white cord that courses along the ulnar aspect of the cadaver's carpus and little finger, long thought to be either an ulnar nerve variant or artistic error, is most likely the tendon of a variant forearm muscle, the accessory abductor digiti minimi.

The corpse's navel is formed from the letter ''R''

Category:Cultural depictions of Dutch people

File:Dr Deijman’s Anatomy Lesson (fragment), by Rembrandt.jpg

''The Anatomy Lesson of Dr Nicolaes Tulp'' (The University of Edinburgh Fine Art)

File:EU464 Unknown after Rembrandt - The Anatomy lesson of Dr Tulp.jpg

Category:Cultural depictions of physicians

Rembrandt: ''[[The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Deijman

Category:Biology and natural history in the Dutch Republic


The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp

Prompt: Focus on The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp and explain the Related works.

The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Deijman, painted by Rembrandt in 1656, was intended to be displayed in the Anatomical Hall in Amsterdam alongside The anatomy lesson of Tulp.Deijman was Tulp's immediate successor in the post of praelector chirugic et anatomie. The painting was damaged by fire in 1723, and only a central fragment survives.Around 1856 Édouard Manet visited The Hague and made a small oil on panel copy of The Anatomy Lesson. Broadly painted in a limited palette, Manet gave the painting to his physician, François Siredey.A less detailed copy of The Anatomy Lesson of Dr Nicolaes Tulp by an unknown artist hangs in Edinburgh as part of The University of Edinburgh Fine Art Collection.The Gross Clinic of 1875 and The Agnew Clinic of 1889 are paintings by the American artist Thomas Eakins which treat a similar subject, operations on live patients in the presence of medical students.In 2010, Yiull Damaso created a parody of the painting depicting prominent South Africans. Nelson Mandela was the cadaver, Nkosi Johnson was the instructor, and the students were Desmond Tutu, F. W. de Klerk, Thabo Mbeki, Jacob Zuma, Cyril Ramaphosa, Trevor Manuel, and Helen Zille. The African National Congress condemned the work as disrespectful to Mandela, racist, and culturally insensitive to African taboos on depiction of living people as dead.The 2012 painting The Anatomy Lesson of Dr Freeman by Susan Dorothea White references the Rembrandt composition but renders each of the onlookers as an anatomical prosection and skeleton in a contemporary university laboratory; the enormous book is replaced by a computer screen and the background chart by a projection screen; the tendon orientation in the cadaver's left forearm is corrected.

The corpse's navel is formed from the letter ''R''

Category:Cultural depictions of Dutch people

File:Dr Deijman’s Anatomy Lesson (fragment), by Rembrandt.jpg

''The Anatomy Lesson of Dr Nicolaes Tulp'' (The University of Edinburgh Fine Art)

File:EU464 Unknown after Rembrandt - The Anatomy lesson of Dr Tulp.jpg

Category:Cultural depictions of physicians

Rembrandt: ''[[The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Deijman

Category:Biology and natural history in the Dutch Republic


The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp

Prompt: Explain the Related works of this artwork, The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp.

The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Deijman, painted by Rembrandt in 1656, was intended to be displayed in the Anatomical Hall in Amsterdam alongside The anatomy lesson of Tulp.Deijman was Tulp's immediate successor in the post of praelector chirugic et anatomie. The painting was damaged by fire in 1723, and only a central fragment survives.Around 1856 Édouard Manet visited The Hague and made a small oil on panel copy of The Anatomy Lesson. Broadly painted in a limited palette, Manet gave the painting to his physician, François Siredey.A less detailed copy of The Anatomy Lesson of Dr Nicolaes Tulp by an unknown artist hangs in Edinburgh as part of The University of Edinburgh Fine Art Collection.The Gross Clinic of 1875 and The Agnew Clinic of 1889 are paintings by the American artist Thomas Eakins which treat a similar subject, operations on live patients in the presence of medical students.In 2010, Yiull Damaso created a parody of the painting depicting prominent South Africans. Nelson Mandela was the cadaver, Nkosi Johnson was the instructor, and the students were Desmond Tutu, F. W. de Klerk, Thabo Mbeki, Jacob Zuma, Cyril Ramaphosa, Trevor Manuel, and Helen Zille. The African National Congress condemned the work as disrespectful to Mandela, racist, and culturally insensitive to African taboos on depiction of living people as dead.The 2012 painting The Anatomy Lesson of Dr Freeman by Susan Dorothea White references the Rembrandt composition but renders each of the onlookers as an anatomical prosection and skeleton in a contemporary university laboratory; the enormous book is replaced by a computer screen and the background chart by a projection screen; the tendon orientation in the cadaver's left forearm is corrected.

The corpse's navel is formed from the letter ''R''

Category:Cultural depictions of Dutch people

File:Dr Deijman’s Anatomy Lesson (fragment), by Rembrandt.jpg

''The Anatomy Lesson of Dr Nicolaes Tulp'' (The University of Edinburgh Fine Art)

File:EU464 Unknown after Rembrandt - The Anatomy lesson of Dr Tulp.jpg

Category:Cultural depictions of physicians

Rembrandt: ''[[The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Deijman

Category:Biology and natural history in the Dutch Republic


The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp

Prompt: How does The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp explain its Related works?

The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Deijman, painted by Rembrandt in 1656, was intended to be displayed in the Anatomical Hall in Amsterdam alongside The anatomy lesson of Tulp.Deijman was Tulp's immediate successor in the post of praelector chirugic et anatomie. The painting was damaged by fire in 1723, and only a central fragment survives.Around 1856 Édouard Manet visited The Hague and made a small oil on panel copy of The Anatomy Lesson. Broadly painted in a limited palette, Manet gave the painting to his physician, François Siredey.A less detailed copy of The Anatomy Lesson of Dr Nicolaes Tulp by an unknown artist hangs in Edinburgh as part of The University of Edinburgh Fine Art Collection.The Gross Clinic of 1875 and The Agnew Clinic of 1889 are paintings by the American artist Thomas Eakins which treat a similar subject, operations on live patients in the presence of medical students.In 2010, Yiull Damaso created a parody of the painting depicting prominent South Africans. Nelson Mandela was the cadaver, Nkosi Johnson was the instructor, and the students were Desmond Tutu, F. W. de Klerk, Thabo Mbeki, Jacob Zuma, Cyril Ramaphosa, Trevor Manuel, and Helen Zille. The African National Congress condemned the work as disrespectful to Mandela, racist, and culturally insensitive to African taboos on depiction of living people as dead.The 2012 painting The Anatomy Lesson of Dr Freeman by Susan Dorothea White references the Rembrandt composition but renders each of the onlookers as an anatomical prosection and skeleton in a contemporary university laboratory; the enormous book is replaced by a computer screen and the background chart by a projection screen; the tendon orientation in the cadaver's left forearm is corrected.

The corpse's navel is formed from the letter ''R''

Category:Cultural depictions of Dutch people

File:Dr Deijman’s Anatomy Lesson (fragment), by Rembrandt.jpg

''The Anatomy Lesson of Dr Nicolaes Tulp'' (The University of Edinburgh Fine Art)

File:EU464 Unknown after Rembrandt - The Anatomy lesson of Dr Tulp.jpg

Category:Cultural depictions of physicians

Rembrandt: ''[[The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Deijman

Category:Biology and natural history in the Dutch Republic


The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp

Prompt: In The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp, how is the Related works discussed?

The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Deijman, painted by Rembrandt in 1656, was intended to be displayed in the Anatomical Hall in Amsterdam alongside The anatomy lesson of Tulp.Deijman was Tulp's immediate successor in the post of praelector chirugic et anatomie. The painting was damaged by fire in 1723, and only a central fragment survives.Around 1856 Édouard Manet visited The Hague and made a small oil on panel copy of The Anatomy Lesson. Broadly painted in a limited palette, Manet gave the painting to his physician, François Siredey.A less detailed copy of The Anatomy Lesson of Dr Nicolaes Tulp by an unknown artist hangs in Edinburgh as part of The University of Edinburgh Fine Art Collection.The Gross Clinic of 1875 and The Agnew Clinic of 1889 are paintings by the American artist Thomas Eakins which treat a similar subject, operations on live patients in the presence of medical students.In 2010, Yiull Damaso created a parody of the painting depicting prominent South Africans. Nelson Mandela was the cadaver, Nkosi Johnson was the instructor, and the students were Desmond Tutu, F. W. de Klerk, Thabo Mbeki, Jacob Zuma, Cyril Ramaphosa, Trevor Manuel, and Helen Zille. The African National Congress condemned the work as disrespectful to Mandela, racist, and culturally insensitive to African taboos on depiction of living people as dead.The 2012 painting The Anatomy Lesson of Dr Freeman by Susan Dorothea White references the Rembrandt composition but renders each of the onlookers as an anatomical prosection and skeleton in a contemporary university laboratory; the enormous book is replaced by a computer screen and the background chart by a projection screen; the tendon orientation in the cadaver's left forearm is corrected.

The corpse's navel is formed from the letter ''R''

Category:Cultural depictions of Dutch people

File:Dr Deijman’s Anatomy Lesson (fragment), by Rembrandt.jpg

''The Anatomy Lesson of Dr Nicolaes Tulp'' (The University of Edinburgh Fine Art)

File:EU464 Unknown after Rembrandt - The Anatomy lesson of Dr Tulp.jpg

Category:Cultural depictions of physicians

Rembrandt: ''[[The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Deijman

Category:Biology and natural history in the Dutch Republic


The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp

Prompt: Focus on The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp and explain the In popular culture.

In Asterix and the Soothsayer (1972), Uderzo and Goscinny reference the painting at the bottom of page 10, where the characters observe the disembowelment of a fish.The 2011 video game Deus Ex: Human Revolution references the painting in both in-game portraits that can be found on the wall and in a certain cinematic trailer, featuring the main protagonist Adam Jensen as the cadaver as Dr. Nicolaes and his students study his charred and ruined arms, which in the actual story become amputated and replaced with mechanical limbs.In the 2012 German film Barbara, there is a scene in which a doctor offers his interpretation of the painting to a colleague (the protagonist) when she points out the inaccuracy of Aris Kindt's left hand.The painting is discussed by the narrator (a young man) and his mother during a visit to the Met in The Goldfinch, a 2013 novel by Donna Tartt.2014's The Anatomy Lesson by Nina Siegal is a fictionalized account of the painting's creation and backstory, based on six years of historical research and archival documents about Aris Kindt's life.The 2017 video game Observer features an edited version of the painting with the muscles and tendons replaced with sub-dermal cybernetics, in line with the game's themes of transhumanism.Nicoleas Tulp's alma mater Amsterdam University Medical Centers hosts a yearly Anatomy Lesson in tribute. Previous speakers include Anthony Fauci. The anatomist Gunther von Hagens always wears a black fedora in public, even when performing autopsies, in a tribute to Tulp's hat in the painting.

The corpse's navel is formed from the letter ''R''

Category:Cultural depictions of Dutch people

File:Dr Deijman’s Anatomy Lesson (fragment), by Rembrandt.jpg

''The Anatomy Lesson of Dr Nicolaes Tulp'' (The University of Edinburgh Fine Art)

File:EU464 Unknown after Rembrandt - The Anatomy lesson of Dr Tulp.jpg

Category:Cultural depictions of physicians

Rembrandt: ''[[The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Deijman

Category:Biology and natural history in the Dutch Republic


The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp

Prompt: Explain the In popular culture of this artwork, The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp.

In Asterix and the Soothsayer (1972), Uderzo and Goscinny reference the painting at the bottom of page 10, where the characters observe the disembowelment of a fish.The 2011 video game Deus Ex: Human Revolution references the painting in both in-game portraits that can be found on the wall and in a certain cinematic trailer, featuring the main protagonist Adam Jensen as the cadaver as Dr. Nicolaes and his students study his charred and ruined arms, which in the actual story become amputated and replaced with mechanical limbs.In the 2012 German film Barbara, there is a scene in which a doctor offers his interpretation of the painting to a colleague (the protagonist) when she points out the inaccuracy of Aris Kindt's left hand.The painting is discussed by the narrator (a young man) and his mother during a visit to the Met in The Goldfinch, a 2013 novel by Donna Tartt.2014's The Anatomy Lesson by Nina Siegal is a fictionalized account of the painting's creation and backstory, based on six years of historical research and archival documents about Aris Kindt's life.The 2017 video game Observer features an edited version of the painting with the muscles and tendons replaced with sub-dermal cybernetics, in line with the game's themes of transhumanism.Nicoleas Tulp's alma mater Amsterdam University Medical Centers hosts a yearly Anatomy Lesson in tribute. Previous speakers include Anthony Fauci. The anatomist Gunther von Hagens always wears a black fedora in public, even when performing autopsies, in a tribute to Tulp's hat in the painting.

The corpse's navel is formed from the letter ''R''

Category:Cultural depictions of Dutch people

File:Dr Deijman’s Anatomy Lesson (fragment), by Rembrandt.jpg

''The Anatomy Lesson of Dr Nicolaes Tulp'' (The University of Edinburgh Fine Art)

File:EU464 Unknown after Rembrandt - The Anatomy lesson of Dr Tulp.jpg

Category:Cultural depictions of physicians

Rembrandt: ''[[The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Deijman

Category:Biology and natural history in the Dutch Republic


The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp

Prompt: How does The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp explain its In popular culture?

In Asterix and the Soothsayer (1972), Uderzo and Goscinny reference the painting at the bottom of page 10, where the characters observe the disembowelment of a fish.The 2011 video game Deus Ex: Human Revolution references the painting in both in-game portraits that can be found on the wall and in a certain cinematic trailer, featuring the main protagonist Adam Jensen as the cadaver as Dr. Nicolaes and his students study his charred and ruined arms, which in the actual story become amputated and replaced with mechanical limbs.In the 2012 German film Barbara, there is a scene in which a doctor offers his interpretation of the painting to a colleague (the protagonist) when she points out the inaccuracy of Aris Kindt's left hand.The painting is discussed by the narrator (a young man) and his mother during a visit to the Met in The Goldfinch, a 2013 novel by Donna Tartt.2014's The Anatomy Lesson by Nina Siegal is a fictionalized account of the painting's creation and backstory, based on six years of historical research and archival documents about Aris Kindt's life.The 2017 video game Observer features an edited version of the painting with the muscles and tendons replaced with sub-dermal cybernetics, in line with the game's themes of transhumanism.Nicoleas Tulp's alma mater Amsterdam University Medical Centers hosts a yearly Anatomy Lesson in tribute. Previous speakers include Anthony Fauci. The anatomist Gunther von Hagens always wears a black fedora in public, even when performing autopsies, in a tribute to Tulp's hat in the painting.

The corpse's navel is formed from the letter ''R''

Category:Cultural depictions of Dutch people

File:Dr Deijman’s Anatomy Lesson (fragment), by Rembrandt.jpg

''The Anatomy Lesson of Dr Nicolaes Tulp'' (The University of Edinburgh Fine Art)

File:EU464 Unknown after Rembrandt - The Anatomy lesson of Dr Tulp.jpg

Category:Cultural depictions of physicians

Rembrandt: ''[[The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Deijman

Category:Biology and natural history in the Dutch Republic


The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp

Prompt: In The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp, how is the In popular culture discussed?

In Asterix and the Soothsayer (1972), Uderzo and Goscinny reference the painting at the bottom of page 10, where the characters observe the disembowelment of a fish.The 2011 video game Deus Ex: Human Revolution references the painting in both in-game portraits that can be found on the wall and in a certain cinematic trailer, featuring the main protagonist Adam Jensen as the cadaver as Dr. Nicolaes and his students study his charred and ruined arms, which in the actual story become amputated and replaced with mechanical limbs.In the 2012 German film Barbara, there is a scene in which a doctor offers his interpretation of the painting to a colleague (the protagonist) when she points out the inaccuracy of Aris Kindt's left hand.The painting is discussed by the narrator (a young man) and his mother during a visit to the Met in The Goldfinch, a 2013 novel by Donna Tartt.2014's The Anatomy Lesson by Nina Siegal is a fictionalized account of the painting's creation and backstory, based on six years of historical research and archival documents about Aris Kindt's life.The 2017 video game Observer features an edited version of the painting with the muscles and tendons replaced with sub-dermal cybernetics, in line with the game's themes of transhumanism.Nicoleas Tulp's alma mater Amsterdam University Medical Centers hosts a yearly Anatomy Lesson in tribute. Previous speakers include Anthony Fauci. The anatomist Gunther von Hagens always wears a black fedora in public, even when performing autopsies, in a tribute to Tulp's hat in the painting.

The corpse's navel is formed from the letter ''R''

Category:Cultural depictions of Dutch people

File:Dr Deijman’s Anatomy Lesson (fragment), by Rembrandt.jpg

''The Anatomy Lesson of Dr Nicolaes Tulp'' (The University of Edinburgh Fine Art)

File:EU464 Unknown after Rembrandt - The Anatomy lesson of Dr Tulp.jpg

Category:Cultural depictions of physicians

Rembrandt: ''[[The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Deijman

Category:Biology and natural history in the Dutch Republic


Tomb of Karl Marx

Prompt: Focus on Tomb of Karl Marx and explain the abstract.

The Tomb of Karl Marx stands in the Eastern cemetery of Highgate Cemetery, North London, England. It commemorates the burial sites of Marx, of his wife, Jenny von Westphalen, and other members of his family. Originally buried in a different part of the Eastern cemetery, the bodies were disinterred and reburied at their present location in 1954. The tomb was designed by Laurence Bradshaw and was unveiled in 1956, in a ceremony led by Harry Pollitt, the General Secretary of the Communist Party of Great Britain, which funded the memorial.The tomb consists of a large bust of Marx in bronze set on a marble pedestal. The pedestal is inscribed with quotes from Marx's works including, on the front, the final words of The Communist Manifesto, "Workers of all lands unite". Since its construction, the tomb has become a place of pilgrimage for followers of Marxist theory. It has also been a target for Marx's opponents, suffering vandalism, and two bomb attacks in the 1970s. It is a Grade I listed structure, the highest listing reserved for buildings and structures of "exceptional interest".

File:Gravestone - Karl Marx grave - Highgate East Cemetery - North London, England.jpg

The tomb of Karl Marx: detailed view of the central panel which formed the original gravestone

The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon

Category:Vandalized works of art in the United Kingdom

Category:Grade I listed monuments and memorials

Category:Monuments and memorials to Karl Marx

Category:Grade I listed buildings in the London Borough of Camden

Former Karl Marx grave at the Highgate Cemetery

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1956

Category:Communist Party of Great Britain

Category:Monuments and memorials in London

The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte


Tomb of Karl Marx

Prompt: Explain the abstract of this artwork, Tomb of Karl Marx.

The Tomb of Karl Marx stands in the Eastern cemetery of Highgate Cemetery, North London, England. It commemorates the burial sites of Marx, of his wife, Jenny von Westphalen, and other members of his family. Originally buried in a different part of the Eastern cemetery, the bodies were disinterred and reburied at their present location in 1954. The tomb was designed by Laurence Bradshaw and was unveiled in 1956, in a ceremony led by Harry Pollitt, the General Secretary of the Communist Party of Great Britain, which funded the memorial.The tomb consists of a large bust of Marx in bronze set on a marble pedestal. The pedestal is inscribed with quotes from Marx's works including, on the front, the final words of The Communist Manifesto, "Workers of all lands unite". Since its construction, the tomb has become a place of pilgrimage for followers of Marxist theory. It has also been a target for Marx's opponents, suffering vandalism, and two bomb attacks in the 1970s. It is a Grade I listed structure, the highest listing reserved for buildings and structures of "exceptional interest".

File:Gravestone - Karl Marx grave - Highgate East Cemetery - North London, England.jpg

The tomb of Karl Marx: detailed view of the central panel which formed the original gravestone

The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon

Category:Vandalized works of art in the United Kingdom

Category:Grade I listed monuments and memorials

Category:Monuments and memorials to Karl Marx

Category:Grade I listed buildings in the London Borough of Camden

Former Karl Marx grave at the Highgate Cemetery

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1956

Category:Communist Party of Great Britain

Category:Monuments and memorials in London

The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte


Tomb of Karl Marx

Prompt: How does Tomb of Karl Marx explain its abstract?

The Tomb of Karl Marx stands in the Eastern cemetery of Highgate Cemetery, North London, England. It commemorates the burial sites of Marx, of his wife, Jenny von Westphalen, and other members of his family. Originally buried in a different part of the Eastern cemetery, the bodies were disinterred and reburied at their present location in 1954. The tomb was designed by Laurence Bradshaw and was unveiled in 1956, in a ceremony led by Harry Pollitt, the General Secretary of the Communist Party of Great Britain, which funded the memorial.The tomb consists of a large bust of Marx in bronze set on a marble pedestal. The pedestal is inscribed with quotes from Marx's works including, on the front, the final words of The Communist Manifesto, "Workers of all lands unite". Since its construction, the tomb has become a place of pilgrimage for followers of Marxist theory. It has also been a target for Marx's opponents, suffering vandalism, and two bomb attacks in the 1970s. It is a Grade I listed structure, the highest listing reserved for buildings and structures of "exceptional interest".

File:Gravestone - Karl Marx grave - Highgate East Cemetery - North London, England.jpg

The tomb of Karl Marx: detailed view of the central panel which formed the original gravestone

The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon

Category:Vandalized works of art in the United Kingdom

Category:Grade I listed monuments and memorials

Category:Monuments and memorials to Karl Marx

Category:Grade I listed buildings in the London Borough of Camden

Former Karl Marx grave at the Highgate Cemetery

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1956

Category:Communist Party of Great Britain

Category:Monuments and memorials in London

The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte


Tomb of Karl Marx

Prompt: In Tomb of Karl Marx, how is the abstract discussed?

The Tomb of Karl Marx stands in the Eastern cemetery of Highgate Cemetery, North London, England. It commemorates the burial sites of Marx, of his wife, Jenny von Westphalen, and other members of his family. Originally buried in a different part of the Eastern cemetery, the bodies were disinterred and reburied at their present location in 1954. The tomb was designed by Laurence Bradshaw and was unveiled in 1956, in a ceremony led by Harry Pollitt, the General Secretary of the Communist Party of Great Britain, which funded the memorial.The tomb consists of a large bust of Marx in bronze set on a marble pedestal. The pedestal is inscribed with quotes from Marx's works including, on the front, the final words of The Communist Manifesto, "Workers of all lands unite". Since its construction, the tomb has become a place of pilgrimage for followers of Marxist theory. It has also been a target for Marx's opponents, suffering vandalism, and two bomb attacks in the 1970s. It is a Grade I listed structure, the highest listing reserved for buildings and structures of "exceptional interest".

File:Gravestone - Karl Marx grave - Highgate East Cemetery - North London, England.jpg

The tomb of Karl Marx: detailed view of the central panel which formed the original gravestone

The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon

Category:Vandalized works of art in the United Kingdom

Category:Grade I listed monuments and memorials

Category:Monuments and memorials to Karl Marx

Category:Grade I listed buildings in the London Borough of Camden

Former Karl Marx grave at the Highgate Cemetery

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1956

Category:Communist Party of Great Britain

Category:Monuments and memorials in London

The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte


Tomb of Karl Marx

Prompt: Focus on Tomb of Karl Marx and explain the History.

Marx moved to London as a political exile in June 1849. Living originally in Soho, he moved in 1875 to Maitland Park Road, in the north London area of Belsize Park, and this remained his home until his death in 1883. During this period, Marx wrote some of his most notable works, including The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon and Das Kapital. Throughout his time in London, Marx lived in financially straitened circumstances and was heavily reliant on the support of his friend and collaborator Friedrich Engels. Marx died on the afternoon of 14 March 1883 from a combination of bronchitis and pleurisy, exacerbated by an abscess on his lung. He was buried on the following Saturday, at Highgate Cemetery, in the grave prepared for his wife who had died eighteen months previously. Engels spoke the eulogy at the funeral.At least thirteen named individuals attended the funeral. They were Engels, Eleanor Marx, Edward Aveling, Paul Lafargue, Charles Longuet, Helene Demuth, Wilhelm Liebknecht, Gottlieb Lemke, Frederich Lessner, Georg Lochner, Sir Ray Lankester, Carl Schorlemmer and Ernest Radford. A contemporary newspaper account claims that 25 to 30 relatives and friends attended the funeral. A writer in The Graphic noted that, 'By a strange blunder ...his death was not announced for two days, and then as having taken place at Paris. Next day the correction came from Paris; and when his friends and followers hastened to his house in Haverstock Hill, to learn the time and place of burial, they learned that he was already in the cold ground. But for this secresy [sic] and haste, a great popular demonstration would undoubtedly have been held over his grave'.In 1954, the Marx Memorial Committee, with the agreement of Frederick and Robert-Jean Longuet, Marx's great-grandsons, applied to the Home Office for an exhumation licence allowing the bodies of Marx, his wife, other family members and the Marxs’ housekeeper Helene Demuth to be disinterred and reburied at a new site, some 100 yards from the original graves. The reburials took place during the night of 26/27 November 1954. The reburials were the precursor to the construction of the Karl Marx tomb, designed by Laurence Bradshaw and funded by the Communist Party of Great Britain. The unveiling ceremony on 15 March 1956 was led by the Party's General Secretary, Harry Pollit.Since its construction, the tomb has become a place of veneration for Marx's followers, including some, such as the anti-apartheid activist Yusuf Dadoo and the founder of the Notting Hill Carnival Claudia Jones, who have been buried nearby.The tomb is owned by the Marx Grave Trust. The Friends of Highgate Cemetery Trust, which owns the cemetery, charges an entrance fee to the cemetery to cover the costs of upkeep and maintenance; this has generated some controversy. Marx's grave is among the most visited sites at Highgate and has been described as "one of the most recognisable graves in the world".

File:Gravestone - Karl Marx grave - Highgate East Cemetery - North London, England.jpg

The tomb of Karl Marx: detailed view of the central panel which formed the original gravestone

Category:Vandalized works of art in the United Kingdom

Category:Grade I listed monuments and memorials

Category:Monuments and memorials to Karl Marx

Category:Grade I listed buildings in the London Borough of Camden

Former Karl Marx grave at the Highgate Cemetery

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1956

Category:Communist Party of Great Britain

Category:Monuments and memorials in London

The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte