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Hearing of The House Financial Services Committee; Subject: Priorities For The Next Administration: Use of Tarp Funds Under The Emergency Economic Stabilization Act; Chaired By: Representative Barney Frank (D-MA) Witnesses Panel I: Donald L. Kohn, Vice
(60%)
HEARING OF THE HOUSE FINANCIAL SERVICES COMMITTEE SUBJECT: PRIORITIES FOR THE NEXT ADMINISTRATION: USE OF TARP FUNDS UNDER THE EMERGENCY ECONOMIC STABILIZATION ACT CHAIRED BY: REPRESENTATIVE BARNEY FRANK (D-MA) WITNESSES PANEL I: DONALD L. KOHN, VICE CHAIRMAN, BOARD OF GOVERNORS OF THE FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM; JOHN ...
Federal News Service  |  January 13, 2009
Status of Efforts to Address Transparency And Accountability Issues
(56%)
GAO-09-296 Troubled Asset Relief Program: Status of Efforts to Address Transparency and Accountability Issues January 30, 2009 Statement of Gene L. Dodaro, Acting Comptroller General of the United States Congressional Committees: On October 3, 2008, the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 (the act) was ...
GAO Reports  |  January 30, 2009
Congressman Sestak Votes For Historic Legislation to Rebuild Economic Security Introduces Amendments to Further Support Families And Small Businesses
(48%)
The following information was released by the office of Pennsylvania Rep. Joe Sestak: To avoid a deeper and more protracted economic recession that would devastate the economic security of his constituents, while ensuring a more rapid recovery from the recession, Congressman Joe Sestak (PA-07) voted for HR 1 ...
States News Service  |  January 28, 2009
Regulation of The Financial Sector; Committee: Senate Congressional Oversight Panel
(45%)
TESTIMONY-BY: MARC SUMMERLIN, MANAGING DIRECTOR AND CO-FOUNDER AFFILIATION: LINDSEY GROUP
Statement of Marc Summerlin Managing Director and Co-Founder Lindsey Group Committee on Senate Congressional Oversight Panel January 14, 2009 We are in the midst of an economic contraction that is currently mirroring the ...
CQ Congressional Testimony  |  January 14, 2009
Bank Enterprise Award Program;
Federal Register Extracts
(44%)
SUMMARY: The Department of the Treasury is issuing an interim rule implementing the Bank Enterprise Award (BEA) Program administered by the Community Development Financial Institutions Fund (Fund). The mission of the CDFI Fund is to increase the capacity of financial institutions to provide capital, credit and ...
Treasury Department Documents and Publications  |  January 30, 2009
TIAA-CREF Expands Its Community Bank Deposit Investment Program: Bank Deposits Reach $49 Million at Six Prominent Community Banks Across the Country
(34%)
TIAA-CREF, the leading provider of retirement services in the academic, medical and cultural fields, announced today that it has more than doubled its Community Bank Deposit Investment Program to $49 million of FDIC insured deposits. In 2007, TIAA-CREF's Global Social and Community Investing Department first announced ...
Business Wire  |  February 12, 2009
TIAA-CREF Expands its Community Bank Deposit Investment Program;
Bank Deposits Reach $49 Million at Six Prominent Community Banks Across the Country
(33%)
TIAA-CREF, the leading provider of retirement services in the academic, medical and cultural fields, announced today that it has more than doubled its Community Bank Deposit Investment Program to $49 million of FDIC insured deposits. In 2007, TIAA-CREF's Global Social and Community Investing Department first announced ...
Business Wire  |  February 12, 2009
Stockwire.com: Citigroup Inc.
(33%)
released some important news. Citigroup Inc.
A dedicated Chat Room for Citigroup Inc. STOCKWIRE.com to discuss this news event. Visit the following link to begin chatting with your fellow shareholders: http://www.stockwire.com/chat ----------------------------------------------------------
1/13/09 - Citi Announces ...
M2 PressWIRE  |  January 13, 2009
ENTERPRISE COMMUNITY INVESTMENT, INC.;
Enterprise Community Investment Announces Retirement of President and CEO Jeffrey H. Donahue
(32%)
Enterprise Community Investment, Inc. (Enterprise), a national leader in affordable housing finance and community development, announced the planned retirement of President and CEO Jeffrey H. Donahue, effective April 15, 2009. The company's board of directors has appointed Charles R. Werhane, current vice chairman ...
Marketing Business Weekly  |  February
8, 2009
The Pembrook Group Announces Launch of Pembrook Community Capital;
Pembrook Community Capital to Provide Capital for Community-Based Projects in Economically Distressed Areas, with Particular Emphasis on Clean Energy Projects and Projects Utilizing New M
(31%)
NEW YORK, Feb. 5 /PRNewswire/ -- The Pembrook Group ("Pembrook"), a commercial real estate investment fund management and development company, with a core focus on community-based real estate finance, announces the formation of Pembrook Community Capital ("PCC"), to provide capital towards underserved and economically ...
PR Newswire  |  February
5, 2009
Demoralized Mortgage Insurer Overlooked Challenge in Crisis
(31%)
Jan. 29, 2009 (Center for Independent Media delivered by Newstex) --
iStockphotoWith credit remaining tight and banks continuing to restrict lending, its been up to the government to keep the mortgage markets moving. And a major player these days is the Federal Housing Administration, a Depression-era insurer ...
Washington Independent  |  January 29, 2009
Bank of America Outlines Approach to Track Lending and Investing Activity
(30%)
(Logo: http://www.newscom.com/cgi-bin/prnh/20050720/CLW086LOGO-b ) "These are extraordinarily difficult economic times," said Lewis. "As America's largest bank, Bank of America must play a leading role in providing the capital and liquidity that will help revitalize the US economy. That's why we're pulling together ...
U.S. Newswire  |  January 28, 2009
They want to 'buy black'
(28%)
Ebony Experiment encourages other African-Americans to do the same
The Andersons are attempting to spend their money for one year exclusively with black-owned businesses and are encouraging other African-Americans


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Istanbul Stock Exchange - MarketsWiki, A Commonwealth of Market Knowledge
Istanbul Stock Exchange
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Istanbul Stock Exchange
Founded
1985
Headquarters
Istanbul, Turkey
Key People
Chairman & CEO Huseyin Erkan
Products
IKMB-100 Index
Corporate Website
www.ise.org
The Istanbul Stock Exchange (ISE), also known by its local acronym IKMB, is a fully-automated electronic trading exchange listing equities and debt securities. The ISE's benchmark stock index rallied significantly in 2009 after suffering a major downturn in 2008 following the global financial crisis, and began trading a new joint index for Turkish and Greek equities.
Background
The ISE was launched in 1985 and began trading securities publicly in 1986. In 1987, the exchange commenced publishing its benchmark stock index, the ISE-100 (also called the IMKB-100) on a daily instead of weekly basis, and in 1994 the ISE switched to fully-automated electronic trading. Six years later following a wave of global stock market demutualizations, the ISE took a 27.4 percent stake in the Baku Stock Exchange in Azerbaijan and a 5.26 percent stake in the Kyrgyz Stock Exchange in Kyrgyzstan.[1]
Following several years of strong market growth, the ISE was slammed in 2008 by the global financial crisis and saw its total market capitalization fall by more than half from US$288 billion at the end of 2007 to just US$118 billion one year later. Over the same period, the benchmark ISE-100 index also dropped by more than half, from 55,538 points in 2007 to 26,864 in 2008.[2] By the end of 2008, 317 listed Tukish companies and nine Turkish exchange-traded funds (ETFs) were listed on the ISE.
In mid-October 2009 the ISE and its Greek counterpart, the Athens Stock Exchange (Athex), officially launched the Greece-Turkey 30 Index (GT-30) as a benchmark index for their markets combined.[3] The GT-30 is a STOXX customized index consisting of the 15 companies with the highest market capitalization on each exchange, calculated in Turkish lira and euros.[4] Its development and launch was the result of long-term co-operation between the two exchanges, which had received applications to develop exchange-traded funds (ETFs) based on the GT-30.
By mid-December 2009 the ISE had recovered some of its losses from the previous year, with the ISE-100 standing at just over 31,600, a gain of 17.2 percent on the year and a 22 percent rise since April.[5] The index crossed the 200-day moving average for the first time in more than a year.
In November 2011, plans were announced for a merger between Turkey's two largest exchanges, ISE and TurkDEX. CEO Huseyin Erkan also announced at that time that he would step down due to a new law passed by the Turkish government, giving the capital city of Ankara the power to appoint executives to the ISE board.[6]
Key people
ISE Chairman and CEO Huseyin Erkan first joined the ISE in 1994 and was appointed executive vice-chairman in 1996, a position he held for 10 years.[7] He was appointed chairman and CEO in November 2007 and one year later was elected to the board of directors of the World Federation of Exchanges (WFE). Erkan is also president of the Federation of Euro-Asian Stock Exchanges (FEAS), a group he helped launch. He graduated New York University's Stern School of Business with an MBA in International Business and Finance in 1984.
References
↑ Milestones in ISE history. Istanbul Stock Exchange.
↑ Global storm hits Turkish markets. Hürriyet.
↑ The ISE Chairman & CEO Mr. Huseyin Erkan and the ATHEX Chairman Mr. Spyros Capralos officially launched the GT-30 Index. Federation of Euro-Asian Stock Exchanges (FEAS).
↑ [http://www.ise.org/Libraries/Duyurular_genel_mektuplar/GT_30_Press_Bulletin.sflb.ashx GREECE – TURKEY JOINT INDEX
“GT-30” MEETING (PDF)]. Istanbul Stock Exchange


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Opinion: Does County Cricket Need A Transfer System? - Cricket World
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Opinion: Does County Cricket Need A Transfer System?
7 October 2011
Opinion: Does Cricket Need A Transfer System?James Taylor's predicted move away from Leicestershire re-opens the debate about a need for a transfer system in cricket.©Action ImagesCounty cricket is at a crossroads. Does it go the way of football and allow the moneyed clubs to procure all the best and brightest young talent, thus making any battle for trophies a three or four-horse race? Does it want to lose its long and proud tradition whereby any of the 18 counties can realistically win the Championship? In short, does our summer game want to fully embrace capitalism and all the free-market obligations that that entails?
I think most fans of the county game would answer no to those questions. We want to retain the competitiveness that has given us gripping climaxes to last two county seasons. And we want to be charmed by the heart-warming stories of cash-strapped clubs being led to title glory by long-serving and loyal legends of the game. So what is the solution?
Winston Churchill once said that capitalism is the unequal sharing of blessings. In the case of cricket clubs those blessings are the likes of the Taylors, the Denlys, and, who knows, in the future, the Shiv Thakors and the Reece Topleys.
In a normal profession those players would naturally gravitate towards the best paid jobs and leave their educators, usually the state, behind. They would then, of course, reward those educators for their efforts in the form of taxes and that money would then be used to train the next generation – and so the cycle continues.
In cricket, unlike even in premiership football - that Mecca to capitalism - this doesn’t happen. The likes of Leicestershire or Kent do not currently receive any of football’s compensation or solidarity payments when they lose their best and brightest young talent to the Manchester Uniteds of cricket, meaning that they suffer a gradual depletion of their resources which causes the problems to escalate.
Until recently, this lack of reward didn’t matter as players were reluctant to move clubs and the financial rewards for staging international cricket – the single most important factor in making some clubs so rich - were not so high.
That has all changed over the past decade or so, with the likes of Test match endowed Surrey now able to spend three times as much as the likes of Test matchless Kent on player salaries. This means that, as well as producing their own players, Surrey are able to poach the best young talent from the smaller counties without paying any form of compensation for the training and nurturing that the player has received through that county’s Academy system.
Numerous moves have been suggested over the past few years, including salary caps and the like, but nothing has really changed the view that county cricket is sleepwalking into a two-tier oblivion.
Perhaps the only answer is to adopt a transfer system similar to that used in football – only to perhaps go further – so that the smaller counties can be compensated for their losses. After all, the principle aim of counties – unlike for premiership football teams - is not to win trophies but to produce England players, so why should Leicestershire et al be penalised financially for doing just that?
Daniel Grummitt
© Cricket World 2011
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County CricketCounty Cricketers Abroad Part III
With many of England's county cricketers now heading home from their off-season destinations in time for Christmas, we take our monthly look at how they have been performing for their franchises or states so far in the 2011-12 season.
Pietersen To Stay With Surrey Indefinitely
England batsman Kevin Pietersen has extended his contract with Surrey until the end of his international career.
Pietersen, who first signed for the club on a one-year deal in 2011 following a loan spell in 2010, will play for the Brown Caps until he no longer has an ECB Central Contract.
Woakes Extends Bears Contract
Warwickshire and England seam-bowler Chris Woakes has signed a new two-year deal with the county which will see him remain with the club until at least the end of the 2014 season.
Ben Harmison Signs Kent Deal
Kent have signed former Durham all-rounder Ben Harmsion on a contract of undisclosed length ahead of the 2012 season.
Tomlinson And Rossington Extend County Contracts
Middlesex wicket-keeper Adam Rossington and Hampshire seam bowler James Tomlinson have both signed contract extensions with their respective counties.
Rossington, an 18 year-old who has represented England’s Under-19 side, has extended his existing contract by one year to the end of 2013, while Tomlinson has also signed until the end of the 2013 season.
Philander Signs For Somerset
Somerset have tentatively announced that they have secured the services of South African all-rounder Vernon Philander as their overseas player for the first two months of the 2012 season. Philander's availability is dependent on him not being selected to play in the Indian Premier League.
LV= County Championship
County Championship 2011
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Cricket World - For all the latest international cricket news, live cricket scores, cricket videos, cricket highlights, cricket radio and cricket TV, live cricket commentary, exclusive interviews, women's cricket, club cricket, youth cricket and disabled cricket news.Cricket scores and cricket video news from England, Australia, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, West Indies, South Africa, New Zealand, Kenya, Europe and other ICC


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Acer Says It Has No Plans to Phase out Netbooks. Acer on Wednesday in a statement
said that it has no plans to phase out netbooks as it increases its focus on tablets.
The company also said that it does not foresee tablets based on Sandy Bridge processors,
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Lu Bing-hsian earlier this week told the IDG News Service that Acer would begin
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Tide rallies from 14 down to top Dawgs, keep NCAA Tourney hopes alive
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Tide rallies from 14 down to top Dawgs, keep NCAA Tourney hopes alive
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Tide rallies from 14 down to top Dawgs, keep NCAA Tourney hopes alive
Friday, 11 March 2011 16:32
Erik Stinnett
You know early Friday afternoon, Bama fans -- or at least the majority of Bama fans -- had one question on their minds.
How many more days until spring football?
Basketball?
Enough already. Time to move on. Oh sure, Bama was playing at the time. Its
first game in the SEC Tournament. A pivotal, super-important second-round matchup with
Georgia. In the eyes of many, this was an NCAA Tournament play-out game
for the loser, especially if that loser was Bama. And with seven minutes
left in the second half, Bama trailed by 14. As in 1-4. As in two
touchdowns. As in not coming back. As in this game's over. In fact, it
looked like the beating was going to get worse. This was Gainesville,
Part II. This was another egg-laying performance by the Tide in another
high-stakes, big stage setting.
Hmmm. AJ or Phillip. Wonder how
good Aaron Douglas is going to look at left tackle. Heard A-Day is going
to be on ESPNU this spring.
Then JaMychal Green hit a pair of free throws. Trey Thompkins hit one for Georgia. Thirteen-point lead.
Wonder why Nick Saban always wears a suit on A-Day. Wonder if he's calling a high school coach right about now regarding a recruit.
Charvez
Davis jumper off the glass. An inside bucket by Green. Another bucket
by Green. Hey, it's a seven-point game now with 3:37 to play. Is it
possible that ... I mean could Bama really ... Or is this just a big
tease. If nothing else, at least Bama is making it respectable, right? A
Trevor Releford free throw. A Davis layup. Are you kidding? A
four-point game with three minutes to play.
It looked like Georgia
had awoken just in time when Thompkins converted a three-point play
with 2:49 to play to push the lead back to seven, but Bama answered
right back with a Davis trey to cut it to four again. This Tide team
wasn't going to go away. Spring football? Uh ... maybe that talk can wait. Bama
trailed by two when Releford showed some late-game moxie by driving
through heavy traffic in the lane and scooping a tying basket off the
glass with a mere 4.2 seconds to play.
It looked for a brief
second like Georgia had pulled off the great escape when Dustin Ware threw up a desperation, long-range 3-pointer with under a second to play, and it went in. But Georgia coach
Mark Fox had called timeout and was granted that timeout prior to Ware
releasing the shot. With .8 seconds to play, Thompkins heaved up an
airball.
Overtime. Bama, which had NIT written all over it just a few minutes earlier, had new life.
In
overtime, the Tide continued to hang close. Finally, with 2:44 left,
Chris Hines scored to give Bama a 59-58 advantage. The Tide's first lead
since being up 9-8 early in the game. Yeah, it had been that long. A
Ware free-throw knotted it back up at 59-59. Then, with 1:32 showing on
the clock, Tony Mitchell seized the moment by stepping up and knocking
down a huge 3-pointer.
It proved to be the game-winner. It also may prove to be the shot
that saved Bama's NCAA Tournament hopes. The Tide went on to win
Saturday, 65-59, and talk now is that that victory -- the Tide's fifth
this season over a foe from the big, bad SEC Eastern Division -- just
may have catapulted Bama, now 21-10, into the Big Dance. ESPN's bracket
guru Joe Lunardi is now projecting Bama as one of the last four teams in
and Georgia, 21-11, as one of the last four teams out.
Whatever it did as far as Bama's NCAA Tourney hopes it certainly
made Anthony Grant's squad look good. Two more wins and Bama won't need a
selection committee to decide its fate. The Tide moves on now to the
SEC Tournament semifinals -- its deepest run in the tourney since '05 --
and will take on Kentucky at noon CT Saturday. The finals are set for noon
Sunday with the NCAA Tournament field scheduled to be announced later Sunday.
And
speaking of fate, don't tell Grant there's no such thing. When asked
after the game about how the game played out in Bama's favor late in
regulation and then in overtime, he replied, "It's fate, I guess."
But this Tide team, characterized by its tenacity, will and fight throughout the second half of the season, did its part, too.
"We
stayed the course," Grant said, referencing the amazing comeback. "Our
energy on the defensive end the last seven minutes of the game was what
won the game for us."
Bama got in the hole -- the one it spent
most of the game in -- late in the first half when Georgia hit
back-to-back-to-back 3-pointers to turn a 19-19 contest into a 28-19
advantage. The Bulldogs remained comfortably ahead -- never letting its
lead dip below six points -- until that game-changing 11-1 run Green
started the Tide on when he hit those two free throws at the 6:43 mark.
Green finished with a team-high 20 points, while Travis Leslie's 24 points paced Georgia.
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MAA - Spring 2008 - Donald H. Gilden, '63
On the Heels of MS
Donald H. Gilden, ’63, knew the moment he touched the dying man’s cold hand he wanted to become a doctor. He was just five years old when he made his decision. His grandfather had taken him to visit a friend who was dying of congestive heart failure and was surviving in an oxygen tent. Young Gilden was under strict orders not to disturb the man, but he disobeyed his grandfather slipping his hand under the tent. The old man squeezed the boy’s fingers and told him stories about his grandfather.
“After that day I never stopped talking about it,” says Gilden, professor and chairman of the department of neurology and professor of microbiology at the University of Colorado School of Medicine. “I was going to be a doctor when I grew up. I never wanted to do anything else.”
Gilden, age 70, has indeed made his mark on the profession. He is recognized as a pioneer in the field of neurovirology for groundbreaking work relating to shingles and multiple sclerosis (MS).
After nearly 150 years of medical speculation, Gilden discovered that varicella zoster virus—the virus that causes shingles—is latent in human ganglia. More than a million people a year suffer from shingles, and his work helped lead to a shingles vaccination.
He has also been working to track down the virus he believes causes MS, a disease that affects about a quarter of a million people in the United States. But this has been far more challenging. Yet Gilden is focused on what he wants to accomplish and understands that it will perhaps take the rest of his life, or even longer, to reach answers. “You have to be patient,” he says. “Science goes little by little. Progress is little by little.”
For his work, Gilden has received an alumni award for distinguished service from the University of Chicago School of Medicine, the International Society for NeuroVirology Pioneer Award, and, in May, he will receive the Medical Alumni Association’s Honor Award and Gold Key, presented for outstanding medical accomplishments and distinguished service to mankind.
A neurologist by training, Gilden sees patients who suffer from migraines, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s, stroke, and Parkinson’s. “I will see anyone,” he says. “Clinical neurology has always been one of my first loves.” But most of his time is spent in the lab conducting research in the microscopic world of DNA, RNA, viruses, and proteins. “Sometimes in the lab my head is spinning because we have big things going on,” Gilden says.
As a boy growing up in Baltimore, Gilden’s world revolved around school and working summers in the family business, Sam Gilden & Son, a wholesale store that supplied hair tonic, razor blades, bobby pins, toothpaste, and other items to local drug stores. He unloaded trucks, packed orders, swept floors, and, when he was old enough, made deliveries in a bright red Dodge delivery truck His father saw him taking over the business one day, a task which demanded hard work and long hours. “We never had dinner with my father,” Gilden recalls. “The wholesale business was a tough business.”
Gilden’s real “job” was to go to school, and he excelled in biology, chemistry, and math. Classes in foreign language, however, barely held his interest. “For me the language of medicine was all I ever cared about,” he says.
He graduated from Dartmouth College in 1959, and moved back home to go to medical school. Gilden interned at the University of Illinois Hospital in Chicago, and did his residency in neurology at the University of Chicago Hospitals.
It was in the late 1960s while he was a staff neurologist in the US Army at Walter Reed Army Medical Center in Washington, DC, that he became interested in research. After seeing patients during the day, he had time to catch his breath in the evening and mull over the amazing research underway. Researchers had discovered that measles virus in the brain could cause chronic encephalitis, and that Jakob-Creutzfeld disease—a “degenerative” brain disorder in humans—was infectious.
“I said to my wife, ‘I think I want to do a fellowship in infectious diseases,’” recalls Gilden, who was 32 at the time. “She looked at me like she married a crazy man.”
He was accepted at the Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health as a postdoctoral National Institutes of Health fellow. After about three years, he joined the faculty at University of Pennsylvania and set up a lab at the Wistar Institute in Philadelphia to find the virus that causes MS.
He worked closely with MS patients who lived in a chronic care facility and were ravaged by the disease. Gilden asked if they would donate their brains after death to his research because he was looking for the cause of MS. Sometimes his phone rang in the middle of the night and within an hour Gilden was harvesting brain from their skulls. “I had my own saw,” he says.
He studied 24 brains over eight years, but never found the MS virus. So, he turned his attention to varicella zoster virus, which causes chickenpox in children and shingles in adults. Nobody had ever isolated the virus, and if he could prove it was there he believed he could use the same technique to find the MS virus.
He tore into his work mapping the viral genome in human ganglia along the entire nervous system. In 1983, he proved for the first time that the virus was latent in ganglia and “reawakens” causing shingles. The shingles virus causes pain and even stroke if it makes its way to the brain.
Gilden found several other diseases caused by the virus, such as zoster sine herpete, or shingles without the rash. His discoveries led to more work for his team.
Gilden left the University of Pennsylvania in 1985 to become professor and chairman of the department of neurology at the University of Colorado School of Medicine and professor of microbiology.
At the University of Colorado, 15 members of Gilden’s team are working on varicella zoster virus and MS. They harvest ganglia collected from an autopsy room. “We go there every day,” Gilden says. “If it is a good case we will go as far as we have to. We even get specimens from Japan.”
MS has been a hard case to crack, but Gilden seems to be making progress. The common theory is that MS is autoimmune. The body’s immune response attacks a protein that is normally in the brain. The attack is so violent and persistent that the brain is destroyed in the process.
“We don’t think that is the case at all,” Gilden says. “Even now we have evidence that it is not autoimmune.” He argues that in people with MS who have increased amounts of an antibody called immunoglobulin G (IgG), in their brain and spinal fluid, the IgG is directed against an infectious agent, but nobody is quite sure at what agent it is directed.
He and his team are looking for footprints of virus in MS. “We are writing a paper showing that the immune response in MS is not against a self (auto) protein,” he says.
While he is busy with his research, Gilden, who is married and has three adult sons, skis and plays the violin—a 1779 Guadagnini. He is also quick to tell
a joke.
Gilden would like to find out what causes MS and how to prevent varicella zoster virus from reactivating. He is unfazed by the fact that his research into MS


Long Branch, NY Tornado, Sept 1912
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Long
Branch, NY Tornado
September 15, 1912
How Fatalities Occurred
The one man instantly killed by the storm was
Wilson Mathewson.
He was a farmer, 53 years of age, and lived
about three-quarters of a mile from Long Branch.
With his wife, Mr. Mathewson had stepped from a
car that had carried him from the city to Long
Branch.  They were both in the trolley
station at Long Branch preparing to go to their
home.  When the wind caught the trolley
station in its grasp, Mr. Mathewson was carried
along with it.  He was struck by the
timbers.  His body was caught in the grip
of the tornado and carried a distance of about
100 feet from where the station had stood.
He was found on a hillside and died before help
reached him.
GW Dopp
of Fulton and Charles Chapman of Pitcher hill
died in hospitals, the former in Genesee
hospital and the latter at St. Joseph's.
Mr. Dopp was employed as a motorman on the
Syracuse, Lakeshore & Northern railroad.
Dopp was in his car, which was at the Long
Branch shop.  When the storm came he was
engaged in cleaning the front window in order
that he might have a better view of the tracks
when the trip was resumed.
The car was close beside the waiting room,
and when it crashed down the roof of the
structure crashed into the car.  Dopp had
no chance to escape.  His chest and skull
were crushed.  He was rushed to the city in
an automobile and then taken to the Genesee
hospital, where he died at 10:30 o'clock.
Dopp was 22 years of age.
Charles Chapman
died at St. Joseph's hospital.  Mr. Chapman
ran a store at Pitcher Hill.  The house and
store were under the same roof. When the storm
hit the building Mr. Chapman tried to get to a
door to close it.  As he did he was caught
beneath the falling timbers of the house and
crushed.  His chest was crushed and he
received internal injuries that proved fatal.
Mr. Chapman was 45 year of age and is survived
by his wife and several children.
Syracuse Herald, Syracuse, NY 16 Sept
1912
TORNADO WRECKED SUMMER COTTAGES
Sunday's Storm Played Havoc Along Seneca
River
Visitor is Badly Hurt
Reuben Dudley
said to have sustained fractured skull -- Union
men offer their services to rebuild damaged
buildings.
Reuben Dudley,
a visitor at one of the cottages on the Seneca
Road is said to have suffered a fracture of the
skull as a result of the tornado of Sunday.
Reports of the damage to the cottages along the
Seneca river today showed that the tornado
played great havoc there and many persons
escaped death and injury only by good fortune.
Robert Prager
[?] a cottager near Long Branch, had tied his
motorboat to a tree near his cottage.  The
tornado uprooted the tree and [illegible] upon
his cottage, carrying the motorboat ten feet in
to the air where it hung by the rope.
A cottage owned by
Clarence Dunn was completely wrecked.
This cottage was about 100 feet from another
cottage where Mr. Dunn's family were huddled in
fear as trees crashed down in the woods about
hem.  Trees along the river, leaning over,
were hurled over in the opposite direction.
Mr. Dudley
was struck by an iron flag pole which broke into
three pieces while he was trying to fasten a
motorboat.
Syracuse Herald, Syracuse, NY 18 Sept
1912
A fatal accident to
Samuel Smith, who lived at Park and
Center streets, is directly attributable to the
tornado.  He started to walk from Long
Branch to this city, was hit by a trolley car
near Pleasant Beach and when brought to St. Joseph's hospital several hours afterwards, it
was found that his skull was fractured and his
right arm had been severed at the shoulder.
Syracuse Herald, Syracuse, NY 16 Sept
1912
North of Liverpool the storm first struck the
farm of Bartholomew
Smith, blowing the roof off the barn,
blowing in windows of the house and whirling
furniture about.
HM Younglove's greenhouse across
the road was blown to pieces.  Mowing
machines were carried [illegible] feet by the
wind.....
The home of Thomas
E. Bennett was torn from its stone
foundation and carried at least twenty feet.
Mr. Bennett and his wife were unhurt.  He
tried to protect her from heavy beams and boards
that fell about them and his shoulder was
dislocated and his chest injured, though it is
not thought seriously.  Across from the
Bennett's
Lewis Keith's
home was destroyed and the aged man and his
family narrowly escaped death or serious injury.
Several tons of coal in a woodshed were moved
several feet, woodshed and all.
At Pitcher Hill among the wrecked buildings
are the house and barn of
Mr. Chapman,
the home of HU
Wendell, home and barn of
William Michaels,
the schoolhouse and other buildings to say
nothing of those that are unroofed or twisted.
The farmers there are stared in the face by
ruin.
Mr. Chapman
was the only one downstairs when his home was
demolished and he was killed. His family and
friends were upstairs and were only
comparatively slightly hurt.  He was
crushed by heavy timbers under one corner of the
store.  He had evidently been trying to
close the door when the wind tumbled the
building down. Mrs. Chapman, who was slightly
injured by falling bricks and timber was
frantic.  Girls upstairs were hurled down
with the house and cut and bruised.
After the building fell
Miss Laura Hazelmyre, a guest at
the house, climbed out and was seen standing on
the roof covered with blood.  She had saved
the life of Edna Odin, a girl of 12, by throwing
her out of the window though how or why she did
it she does not know.  Miss Hazelmyre was
bruised and lacerated all over her body an a
large piece was torn from one of her limbs but
she was able to be up this morning and to limp
along the road.  Miss Hazlemyre is only
about 18 years old and other in the house,
excepting Mrs. Chapman
and Mrs. Louis Haber,
were all children.
All were upstairs save
Mr. Chapman.  Mrs. Chapman
crazed by the terrible disaster, managed to get
out of the wreckage that was once a home an
tried to find her husband.  He was found
crushed and died in St. Joseph's hospital.
It was necessary to saw away several [illegible]
before Mr. Chapman could be gotten out.
Jacob Kronder,
and employee of William
Merrell at Pitcher Hill, is likely to
die.  He and Merrell were in the barn when
the cyclone came.  A beam struck Kronder
and he went down.  The wind seemed to pick
up the barn and carry it and Mr. Merrell rode in
the storm, praying to God as he was carried
along.  Wagons were driven pas him by the
wind.  In an instant it was over, but it
seemed like years.  Merrell's home and
furniture and several barns were destroyed.
John Wilkinson
was between his house and barn when the cyclone
struck him and he was knocked down by flying
timbers.  His injuries while not apparently
serious may develop seriously.
William Michaels's
house, just south of the
Chapman's place, is twisted out of
shape and his barn is completely demolished.
In the wreckage of the barn lies a white horse,
killed by the falling timbers.  The house
outside does not look so bad but inside it is a
wreck.  It is twisted out of shape,
plastering is fallen everywhere.  Mr.
Michaels was going from the barn to the house
and the wind blew him against the house with
great force...
The homes of Earl
Benz and
Albert Jewell are in ruins.
Fred Zwicki
lost part of his house and all of his barn.
A big wagon was hurled through his henhouse.
Willard Davis
lost the roof from his house and not a shred was
left together of his barn.  In his
[illegible] are dead chickens by the score.
His family of children were in the house but
were not hurt.  Mr. Davis was in a lot near
his home and was knocked down by the wind, while
flying timbers were carried over his head.
He was not injured.
The home of Sidney
Price and his barn were wrecked.
One cow as left in the cellar of the barn this
morning and neighbors and friends tried to get
it out.  Another cow was hurt and
spectators begged that it be killed. It is said
that it would be.  The front of Mr. Price's
house was torn off and only two rooms were
undamaged.  From the front upstairs a
little picture could be seen this morning
evidently hurled from the wall and fastened by
the wind across the end of a partition that it
had torn off.
continued
>> Go to
page 1, 2,
3,
4
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for more information on the Long Branch Tornado
and other disasters in the  Historic
Newspapers Collection.  The number of
newspapers on line has recently doubled - search
over 1000 different newspapers. Use this
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Paul Calvert Statistics and History
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Pitching
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Paul Calvert
Paul Leo Emile Calvert
Position: Pitcher
Bats: Right, Throws: Right
Height: 6' 0", Weight: 175 lb.
Born: October
6, 1917 in
Montreal, Quebec, CAN
Signed as a Free Agent with the Cleveland Indians in 1940.
(All Transactions)Debut: September 24, 1942
Teams (by GP): Indians/Senators/Tigers 1942-1951Final Game: May 6, 1951
Died: February
1, 1999 in
Sherbrooke, Quebec, CAN
Buried: Cimetière Notre-Dame-des-Neiges, Montreal, Quebec, CAN
About biographical information
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Last Updated Feb 27, 2012, 12:02PM
All-Time Rank (among Pitchers): #1. Walter Johnson… #2. Cy Young… #3. Pete Alexander… #4. Christy Mathewson… #5. Randy Johnson… #6. Greg Maddux… #7. Tom Seaver… Vote
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1942
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1949
1951
1944
Splits [+]
Career
1942
1945
1950
1943
1949
1951
1944
HR Log
vs. Batter
Finders [+]
Game
Streak
Event
Year
Age
Tm
Lg
W
L
W-L%
ERA
G
GS
GF
CG
SHO
SV
IP
H
R
ER
HR
BB
IBB
SO
HBP
BK
WP
BF
ERA+
WHIP
H/9
HR/9
BB/9
SO/9
SO/BB
Awards
1938
20
PIT-min
AA
1
1
.500
4.15
3
13.0
8
9
6
14
1.692
5.5
9.7
MTL · IL
1940
22
CLE-min
B,A
6
6
.500
3.05
21
112.0
102
53
38
59
1.438
8.2
4.7
CDR,WKB · IIIL,EL
1941
23
CLE-min
B
6
3
.667
2.30
11
82.0
63
30
21
30
1.134
6.9
3.3
CDR · IIIL
1942
24
CLE-min
A
17
7
.708
2.22
30
26
207.0
168
71
51
107
1.329
7.3
4.7
WKB · EL
1942
24
CLE
AL
0
0
0.00
1
0
1
0
0
0
2.0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
0
7
1.000
0.0
0.0
9.0
9.0
1.00
1943
25
CLE-min
AA
4
11
.267
4.55
19
16
6
1
87.0
104
60
44
40
38
1
0
3
1.655
10.8
4.1
3.9
0.95
BLT · IL
1943
25
CLE
AL
0
0
4.32
5
0
2
0
0
0
8.1
6
4
4
0
6
2
1
0
0
37
76
1.440
6.5
0.0
6.5
2.2
0.33
1944
26
CLE
AL
1
3
.250
4.56
35
4
15
0
0
0
77.0
89
48
39
4
38
31
0
0
3
353
73
1.649
10.4
0.5
4.4
3.6
0.82
1945
27
CLE-min
AA
8
11
.421
4.40
24
24
6
1
141.0
160
100
69
69
71
4
2
4
1.624
10.2
4.4
4.5
1.03
BLT · IL
1945
27
CLE
AL
0
0
13.50
1
0
0
0
0
0
1.1
3
2
2
0
1
1
0
0
0
8
32
3.000
20.3
0.0
6.8
6.8
1.00
1949
31
WSH
AL
6
17
.261
5.43
34
23
9
5
0
1
160.2
175
111
97
11
86
52
2
0
8
735
78
1.624
9.8
0.6
4.8
2.9
0.60
1950
32
DET
AL
2
2
.500
6.31
32
0
19
0
0
4
51.1
71
42
36
7
25
14
2
0
3
250
74
1.870
12.4
1.2
4.4
2.5
0.56
1951
33
SLE
AAA
6
5
.545
3.51
21
12
5
1
95.0
90
39
37
28
32
0
0
1
1.242
8.5
2.7
3.0
1.14
SLE · PCL
1951
33
DET
AL
0
0
0.00
1
0
1
0
0
0
1.0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
1.000
9.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1952
34
SLE
Opn
3
6
.333
4.08
27
5
0
0
75.0
64
41
34
22
33
2
0
4
1.147
7.7
2.6
4.0
1.50
SLE · PCL
1956
38
NYY-min
C
0
0
3
MOD · CALL
7 Yrs
9
22
.290
5.31
109
27
47
5
0
5
301.2
345
207
178
22
158
102
5
0
14
1394
77
1.667
10.3
0.7
4.7
3.0
0.65
162 Game Avg.
5
11
.290
5.31
55
14
24
3
0
3
151
173
104
89
11
79
51
3
0
7
697
77
1.667
10.3
0.7
4.7
3.0
0.65
CLE (4 yrs)
1
3
.250
4.57
42
4
18
0
0
0
88.2
98
54
45
4
47
36
1
0
3
405
73
1.635
9.9
0.4
4.8
3.7
0.77
DET (2 yrs)
2
2
.500
6.19
33
0
20
0
0
4
52.1
72
42
36
7
25
14
2
0
3
254
76
1.854
12.4
1.2
4.3
2.4
0.56
WSH (1 yr)
6
17
.261
5.43
34
23
9
5
0
1
160.2
175
111
97
11
86
52
2
0
8
735
78
1.624
9.8
0.6
4.8
2.9
0.60
Player Value--Pitchers
WAR: 8+ MVP, 5+ A-S, 2+ Strtr, 0-2 Sub, < 0 Repl.
Year
Age
Tm
Lg
IP
GS
R
Rrep
Rdef
aLI
RAR
WAR
Salary
Awards
1942
24
CLE
AL
2.0
0
0
1
0
1.0
1
0.1
$
1943
25
CLE
AL
8.1
0
4
4
0
1.0
0
-0.1
$
1944
26
CLE
AL
77.0
4
48
38
1
1.0
-10
-1.4
$
1945
27
CLE
AL
1.1
0
2
1
0
1.0
-1
-0.2
$
1949
31
WSH
AL
160.2
23
111
99
-4
1.0
-12
-0.7
$
1950
32
DET
AL
51.1
0
42
34
1
1.0
-8
-0.7
$
1951
33
DET
AL
1.0
0
0
1
0
1.0
1
0.1
$
7 Seasons
301.2
27
207
178
-2
1.0
-29
-2.9
$
CLE (4 yrs)
88.2
4
54
44
1
1.0
-10
-1.6
$
DET (2 yrs)
52.1
0
42
35
1
1.0
-7
-0.6
$
WSH (1 yr)
160.2
23
111
99
-4
1.0
-12
-0.7
$
Standard BattingMore Stats
Minors Game Logs [+]
1942
1945
1950
1943
1949
1951
1944
Splits [+]
Career
1942
1945
1950
1943
1949
1951
1944
HR Log
vs. Pitcher
Finders [+]
Game
Streak
Event
Year
Age
Tm
Lg
G
PA
AB
R
H
2B
3B
HR
RBI
SB
CS
BB
SO
BA
OBP
SLG
OPS
OPS+
TB
GDP
HBP
SH
SF
IBB
Pos
Awards
1938
20
PIT-min
AA
3
MTL · IL
1940
22
CLE-min
B,A
17
31
31
7
1
0
0
.226
.226
.258
.484
8
CDR,WKB · IIIL,EL
1941
23
CLE-min
B
12
30
30
4
1
0
0
.133
.133
.167
.300
5
CDR · IIIL
1942
24
CLE-min
A
30
79
79
17
1
2
0
.215
.215
.278
.494
22
WKB · EL
1942
24
CLE
AL
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
/1
1943
25
CLE-min
AA
19
33
29
4
5
0
0
0
3
0
0
2
10
.172
.226
.172
.398
5
0
2
BLT · IL
1943
25
CLE
AL
5
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.000
.000
.000
.000
-100
0
0
0
0
/1
1944
26
CLE
AL
35
16
15
0
4
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
3
.267
.267
.400
.667
92
6
0
0
1
1
1945
27
CLE-min
AA
24
58
44
5
9
0
0
2
8
0
0
4
10
.205
.286
.341
.627
15
1
1
9
BLT · IL
1945
27
CLE
AL
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
/1
1949
31
WSH
AL
35
58
51
6
7
0
0
0
1
0
0
3
9
.137
.185
.137
.322
-13
7
1
0
4
1
1950
32
DET
AL
32
9
7
2
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
.000
.222
.000
.222
-40
0
1
1
0
1
1951
33
SLE
AAA
21
32
27
1
4
0
0
0
1
0
2
2
.148
.207
.148
.355
4
0
3
SLE · PCL
1951
33
DET
AL
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
/1
1952
34
SLE
Opn
27
23
20
3
2
0
0
0
0
0
2
6
.100
.182
.100
.282
2
0
1
SLE · PCL
1953
35
PHI-min
C
4
GNB · PROV
1956
38
NYY-min
C
3
0
0
0
MOD · CALL
7 Yrs
110
84
74
8
11
0
1
0
3
0
0
4
12
.149
.203
.176
.378
3
13
2
1
5
162 Game Avg.
162
124
109
12
16
0
1
0
4
0
0
6
18
.149
.203
.176
.378
3
19
3
1
7
CLE (4 yrs)
42
17
16
0
4
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
3
.250
.250
.375
.625
81
6
0
0
1
DET (2 yrs)
33
9
7
2
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
.000
.222
.000
.222
-40
0
1
1
0
WSH (1 yr)
35
58
51
6
7
0
0
0
1
0
0
3
9
.137
.185
.137
.322
-13
7
1
0
4
Player Value--Batters
WAR: 8+ MVP, 5+ A-S, 2+ Strtr, 0-2 Sub, < 0 Repl.
Year
Age
Tm
Lg
PA
Rbat
Rbaser
Rroe
Rdp
Rfield
Rpos
Rrep
RAR
WAR
oRAR
oWAR
dWAR
Salary
Pos
Awards
1943
25
CLE
AL
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.0
0
0.0
0.0
$
/1
1944
26
CLE
AL
16
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0.1
1
0.1
0.0
$
1
1949
31
WSH
AL
58
-8
0
0
0
0
4
1
-3
-0.3
-3
-0.3
0.0
$
1
1950
32
DET
AL
9
-2
0
0
0
0
1
0
-1
-0.1
-1
-0.1
0.0
$
1
4 Seasons
84
-10
0
0
0
0
6
1
-3
-0.3
-3
-0.3
0.0
$
CLE (2 yrs)
17
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0.1
1
0.1
0.0
$
WSH (1 yr)
58
-8
0
0
0
0
4
1
-3
-0.3
-3
-0.3
0.0
$
DET (1 yr)
9
-2
0
0
0
0
1
0
-1
-0.1
-1
-0.1
0.0
$
Standard FieldingMore Stats
Year
Tm
Lg
Age
Pos
G
GS
CG
Inn
Ch
PO
A
E
DP
Fld%
RF/9
RF/G
lgFld%
lgRF9
lgRFG
SB
CS
CS%
PO
Awards
1942
CLE
AL
24
P
1
0
0
2.0
0
0
0
0
0
0.00
0.00
2.25
2.30
1943
CLE
AL
25
P
5
0
0
8.1
2
0
2
0
0
1.000
2.16
0.40
.965
2.27
2.30
1944
CLE
AL
26
P
35
4
0
77.0
33
9
21
3
2
.909
3.51
0.86
.960
2.09
2.10
1945
CLE
AL
27
P
1
0
0
1.1
0
0
0
0
0
0.00
0.00
2.02
2.20
1949
WSH
AL
31
P
34
23
5
160.2
55
15
40
0
2
1.000
3.08
1.62
.962
2.12
2.09
1950
DET
AL
32
P
32
0
0
51.1
18
5
12
1
0
.944
2.98
0.53
.950
2.03
1.99
4
0
0%
0
1951
DET
AL
33
P
1
0
0
1.0
1
0
1
0
0
1.000
9.00
1.00
.950
1.80
2.10
0
0
0
7 Seasons
P
109
27
5
301.2
109
29
76
4
4
.963
3.13
0.96
.959
2.10
2.08
4
0
0%
0
7 Seasons
TOT
109
27
5
301.2
109
29
76
4
4
.963
3.13
0.96
.959
2.10
2.08
4
0
0%
0
Note:
Fielding stats are a combination of official records and RetroSheet records.
Both are likely to have substantial errors and will not match perfectly.
View Complete Notes on Fielding Data
Leagues historically made no effort to balance team, league, and player fielding stats.
Since 1990 or so, computers have made this feasible, but prior to that there are hundreds or thousands of discrepancies each year in games played (even whether a player played a position), putouts, assists, double plays and errors.
Pre-1950 SB & CS data for catchers is estimated from catcher assists, games started and opposition stolen bases.
From 1950 on SB, CS, Pickoff, & WP data for catchers and pitchers is taken from play-by-play accounts in the retrosheet files.
There are several hundred games without pbp from 1950 to 1973 and for those we may not have any data.
CG & GS come from the retrosheet data and should be complete and pretty accurate from 1919 on.
Innings played (like SB and CS) come from the retrosheet play-by-play data and should be considered mostly complete from 1950 to 1973 and complete from then on.
Stats (PO,A,G, etc) for LF-CF-RF positions
(since 1919) is taken from play-by-play or box score data as available.
Stats (PO,A,G,etc) for C,P,1B,2B,3B,SS,OF positions is taken from the official reported totals and may have been corrected at various times since their publication.
For detailed information on which games retrosheet is missing play-by-play from 1950 to 1973, please see their most wanted games list
For detailed information on the availability of data on this site by year, see our data coverage page
Appearances on Leader Boards, Awards, and Honors
Stats are Year-Value-Rank · Glossary
Saves
s
c
a
p
y
1950 AL  4 (8th)
Losses
s
c
a
p
y
1949 AL  17 (1st)
Wild Pitches
s
c
a
p
y
1949 AL  8 (7th)
Games Finished
s
c
a
p
y
1944 AL  15 (10th)
1950 AL  19 (7th)
Putouts as P
s
c
a
p
y
1949 AL  15 (5th)
Errors Committed as P
s
c
a
p
y
1944 AL  3 (4th)
Range Factor/9Inn as P†
s
c
a
p
y
1944 AL  3.51 (2nd)
1950 AL  2.98 (3rd)
Fielding % as P
s
c
a
p
y
1949 AL  1.000 (1st)
Hall Of Fame StatisticsPlayer rank in (·)
Gray InkPitching - 3 (2106), Average HOFer ≈ 185
Similarity ScoresExplanation of Similarity Scores
Similar Pitchers
View Similar Player Links in Pop-up Compare Stats to Similars
Bob Hall (985)
Jim Duckworth (982)
Al Papai (982)
Bobby Munoz (980)
Dick Starr (979)
Jason Berken (978)
Lou Koupal (978)
Joe Slusarski (977)
Lowell Palmer (976)
A.J. Sager (976)
Most Similar by Ages
View Similar Player Links in Pop-up Hold mouse over #'s to see names
Fay Thomas (985)  2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 C
Elmer Singleton (977)  2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 C
Bobby Munoz (980)  2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 C
Transactions
January 27, 1940: Signed as a Free Agent with the Cleveland Indians.
August 5, 1946: Sent from the Cleveland Indians to Toronto (International) in an unknown transaction.
(Date given is approximate. Exact date is uncertain.)
March 7, 1949: Signed as a Free Agent with the Washington Senators.
February 15, 1950: Selected off waivers by the Detroit Tigers from the Washington Senators.
The transaction information used here was obtained free of charge
from and is copyrighted by RetroSheet. We attempt to update transactions throughout the season.
Other Resources & Links
Error?
Compare
Search SABR's Baseball Index
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Baseball Library
Baseball-Almanac.com
Retrosheet
The Baseball Cube
The Baseball Page
WhatIfSports: Paul Calvert
Viewed 3,955 times through March 1, 2012.
Name and misspellings:
Paul Leo
Emile Paul poison Calvert
Player Page Tricks and Tips
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first and last rows of your selection. We will then compute the
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Win
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co-author of The
Book: Playing the Percentages in Baseball.
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provided by Sean Smith of BaseballProjection.com.
Full-year
historical Major League statistics provided by Pete Palmer and Gary Gillette of 24-7
Baseball.
Some
defensive statistics Copyright BIS, 2010-2011 .
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shots courtesy of David Davis.
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Influence of ultrasound on the processing and structure of polypropylene during extrusion, Cover Story, Jobwerx.com
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Cover Story
Influence
of ultrasound on the processing and structure of polypropylene during
extrusion
INSIGHT
The effects of ultrasonic irradiation on extrusion processing and crystallization
behavior of polypropylene (PP) are examined. The results show that appropriate
irradiation intensity can prominently decrease die pressure and apparent
viscosity, increase output, reduce extrudate swell, and improve apparent
quality of PP. DSC and WAX analysis demonstrate that the crystalline structure
of PP is changed and the content of the beta crystalline increases through
ultrasonic vibration. Special effects can be induced by ultrasound, such
as strong stress, shatter and vibration, which alter the growth of PP
crystals and may favor a special crystal transformation (alpha -> beta).
INTRODUCTION
Recently, some new processing
techniques have been emerging, such as the direct application of physical
(mechanical) fields on polymer melts. The route can be realized by introducing
mechanical or ultrasonic vibrations. Compared with low-intensity vibration,
ultrasonic waves are widely employed to influence a medium through shatter,
cavitation, chemical and mechanical action, with low noise. Lemelson (1)
described an apparatus and method for controlling the internal structure
of plastics in a mold. By applying ultrasonic energy to the solidifying
material, the apparatus can control well the crystalline structure formed
during solidification. Pendleton (2) also described an ultrasonic process
to modify the crystalline structure of blown polyolefin films. Khamad
(3) reported that imposition of ultrasound on HDPE melts containing a
small amount of butyl rubber resulted in increase of cystallinity, reduction
of structural defects, and enhancement of mechanical properties. Isayev
and Levin (4-7) introduced ultrasonic vibrations to an extruder by which
they accomplished reclaiming rubber from old tires and found improvements
of some mechanical properties of the extrudate, such as strain at break
and Young's modulus. However, there is little study on crystalline structure
of PP for the case when ultrasound is employed at the die entrance.
This article studies PP extrusion
with parallel superposition of ultrasonic waves upon the die. The effects
of ultrasound vibrations during extrusion on improving processability
and crystallization of PP melts are described. EXPERIMENTAL
Materials and Experimental Setup
PP, 2401, with a melt index of
2.5 g/10 min and a density of 0.905 g/cm^sup 3^ at 25 deg C, was commercially
obtained from Yanshan Petrochemical Co., Beijing, China.
The Ultrasound-Extrusion experimental
setup consists of a single- screw extruder (d = 20 mm, L/D = 25), with
a variable cross-section capillary having high-temperature pressure transducer
and ultrasonic generator (Fig. 1). The ultrasonic frequency is 20 kHz
and power ranges from 0 to 300W. The direction of ultrasonic vibration
coincides with that of the melt flow. Samples used for all tests were
directly from extruded strands, which are short and very near to the die.
Different samples were extruded one by one at the same rotation speed,
die temperature (200 deg C) and different ultrasonic intensity. They were
then all cooled at the same room temperature.
MFI
The melt flow index of samples
was measured on an American CS- 127 Melt Flow Index measuring device at
230 deg C with a load of 2160 g.
Differential Scanning Calorimetry
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Die Temperature
Figure 2 shows a prominently exponential
ascendance in die temperature by introducing ultrasonic vibration during
extrusion of PP. In presence of 250 W ultrasonic intensity, die temperature
at 5 rpm jumped 10 deg C higher than without ultrasonic vibration. This
is because part of the sound energy is converted into heat energy by the
internal friction between the melt molecules. For a given shear rate,
the temperature rise is a function of ultrasonic intensity. The higher
the intensity, the more violent the molecular motion, and the greater
the temperature rise.
Die Pressure and Throughput
The dependence of die pressure
on ultrasonic intensity at different screw speed was examined. Figure
3 shows that higher ultrasonic intensity and lower rotation speed both
contribute to a larger reduction of pressure, indicating that the pressure
drop depends on the intensity and duration of ultrasonic treatment. An
increase of both factors gives the melt the chance to obtain stronger
energy from ultrasound. In addition, ultrasonic vibration during extrusion
affects the throughput of extrudate; the flow rate increases with an increase
in the ultrasonic wave intensity, as shown in Fig. 4. All of the above-mentioned
characteristics demonstrate that ultrasonic treatment will significantly
improve the extrusion efficiency.
Apparent Viscosity
The prominent pressure drops after
the introduction of ultrasound into melts are surely related to molecular
chain structure, which can be reflected in viscosity data. Figure 5 shows
the dependence of apparent viscosity on ultrasonic intensity at various
rotation speeds. Ultrasonic motions result in a sharp decrease of viscosity
of the melt. Since higher screw speed means shorter residence time, the
decrease of apparent viscosity of PP is also a function of ultrasonic
intensity and time, just like the pressure reduction. Further, Fig. 6
demonstrate that MFR increases after application of ultrasound under the
same extrusion conditions. But with low- intensity ultrasound, MFR changes
very little-from 4.2 g/10 min (OW) to 4.7 g/ 10 min (100 W). It may be
concluded that appropriate ultrasonic irradiation can accelerate molecular
motion and make long entangled macromolecular chains unravel with a low
degree of degradation.
Die Swell
The swelling of the extrudate
in capillary extrusion is a manifestation of the elastic properties and
the fading memory of the melt, and is a result of unrelaxed deformations
generated during the extrusion process. Figure 7 shows that die swell
ratios D/D^sub 0^ decrease with increasing ultrasonic irradiation power.
Since swelling is a relaxation process, energy from ultrasonic irradiation
can affect the relaxation of polymer melts by shortening the relaxation
time of chain segments, thus decreasing the elasticity of the melt at
the die entrance. It is also observed that ultrasonic waves contribute
to a smoother appearance of extrudates.
Crystalline Structure
Ultrasound can greatly improve
the processing of PP, and this effect must be a result of structural changes
of the PP chain. At the same time, PP is well known for its different
crystalline forms: alpha, beta and gamma forms. So the ultrasonic irradiation
probably induces the change of the crystal structure. To verify this hypothesis,
samples were analyzed by DSC and WAXD. Table 1 summarizes the values obtained
from DSC thermograms. T^sub c^ is the crystallization temperature, T^sub
onset^ is the temperature at the cross point of the megathermic tangent
line and the base line at angle of alpha. Si, the tangent of alpha, is
a measure of the rate of nucleation. (T^sub onset^-T^sub c^) is a measure
of overall rate of crystallization of the system, which decreases with
the increase of the crystallization rate (11). It has been found that
with the use of ultrasonic vibration, (T^sub onset^-- T^sub c^), Si and
crystallinity are lower than their respective values for a sample without
ultrasonic treatment. This indicates that ultrasound prevents nucleation
as well as accelerating the growth of PP crystal, and the decreased rate
of nucleation may lead to lower crystallinity. Furthermore, it is also
noted from Fig. 8 that in the case of ultrasound, the peak occurring at
lower temperature, which corresponds to fusion of beta-form (temperature
of the peak is about 145 deg C), becomes stronger and the enthalpy is
higher. The other hightemperature peak due to fusion of the alpha-form
is correspondingly weaker. These investigations may imply that processing
PP with ultrasound causes a preference for the growth of the beta-form
relative to that of the alpha-form.
Table 1.
It can be seen from the X-ray
diffraction patterns that PP samples with and without ultrasonic treatment
are different (Fig. 9 and Table 2). By introducing ultrasonic effects,
peaks at theta = 16 deg, 21.3 deg increase and become markedly wider (Mg.
9). In addition, Table 2 shows the values of the increase of K. According
to Turner-Jones (9), these indicate an increase of the beta-forms of polypropylene.
Moreover, the data listed in Table 2 show that nearly all the d spacing
of crystal planes of PP decrease and values of S increase with ultrasonic
treatment. The maximum contribution (K = 29.5%) and maximum order (S =
47.9%) of the beta phase are in the samples affected by ultrasonic power
of 180 W. All the above imply that ultrasonic vibrations can shorten the
distances between molecular chains and decrease the crystal defects and
disordered structure, so that the lattices of PP have an increased order.
The enhancement of the beta-form combined with the decrease of crystallinity
implies that the polymorphic transitions alpha -> beta of PP may exist
in the system.
CONCLUSION
The application of ultrasound
to extrusion can improve the processing of PP by raising the die temperature
and decreasing pressure and viscosity, thus enhancing the throughput and
appearance of extrudate\s.
The results show that this ultrasonic
process can modify the structure of crystallizable thermoplastic materials
like PP during extrusion. Ultrasonic irradiation results in a reduction
of the crystallinity of extruded PP. Ultrasound also shows a selective
effect on the growth of different crystal forms of PP, which causes an
increase of the relative amount and order of the beta-form as well as
transitions of the alpha-form to the beta-form.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This paper is based on results
from the subject supported by the Special Funds for Major State Basic
Research Projects (G1999064809).
Table 2.
REFERENCE
1. J. Lemelson, U.S. Patent 4,288,398
(1981).
2. J. W. Pendleton, U.S. Patent
3,298,065 (1965).
3. SI Khamad, EN Popova,
and Z. I. Salina, Deposited Doc. (RUSS), VINITI, 1829 (1984).
4. A. 1. Isayev, CM along,
and X. Zeng, Adv. Polym TechnoL, 31, 10 (1990).
5. AI Isayev and J. Chen, Rubber
Chemistry and Technology, 68, 267 (1995).
6. AI Isayev, S. P. Yushanov,
and J. Chen, J. Appl. Polym. ScL, 59, 803 (1996).
7. V. Yu. Levin and S. H. Kim,
Rubber Chemistry and Techno/ogy, 70, 120 (1997).
8. M. A. Gomez, H. Tanaka, and
A. E. Tonelli, Polymer, 28, 2227 (1987).
9. A. Tuner-Jones, J. M. Aizlewood,
and DR Beckett, MakromoL Chem., 75, 136 (1964).
10. G. Zhou, Z. He, J. Yu, Z.
Han, and G. Shi, MakromoL Chem., 187, 633 (1986).
11. AK Gupta and VB