Virulence traits of avian pathogenic (APEC) and fecal (AFEC) E. coli isolated from broiler chickens in Algeria.
Avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) is the etiologic agent of avian colibacillosis, the most common disease responsible for chicken morbidity in the world. Although multiple virulence-associated factors were identified, their prevalence in Algeria is still poorly known. In the present research, 92 avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) isolates were recovered from broilers with clinical signs and lesions of colibacillosis. In addition, 32 E. coli isolates collected from feces of healthy birds (AFEC) were included for comparison. All isolates were investigated by PCR for the presence of a total of 11 virulence-associated genes described for avian pathogenic (iroN, ompT, hlyF, iss, iutA, and fimC) and diarrheagenic E. coli (eae, stx, elt/est, ipaH, and aggR). The sensitivity of 39 APEC isolates to 16 antibiotics was also determined using antimicrobial pretreated microplates. Here, we report that 98% of the examined isolates host at least one of the tested virulence factors. The most prevalent genes in APEC were iutA (90.6%), ompT (86.9%), and iss (85.8%); whereas, iutA (78.1%), fimC (78.1%), and iroN (68.7%) were the highest prevalent genes in AFEC. Our data showed that none of the AFEC isolates harbor any of the tested diarrheagenic genes. Moreover, only elt/est (5.4%), stx (2.1%), and ipaH (2.1%) genes were carried by APEC isolates. We further established that ceftazodime, ceftiofur, mequindox, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, and meropenem were the most efficient antibiotics against the analyzed APEC isolates. Overall, our findings provide more insights about APEC and AFEC virulence potential in Algeria which could participate in the fight against colibacillosis.


Fine structure of the doliolaria larva of the feather star Florometra serratissima (Echinodermata: Crinoidea), with special emphasis on the nervous system.
The epidermis of the doliolaria larva of the Florometra serratissima is differentiated into distinct structures including an apical organ, adhesive pit, ganglion, ciliary bands, nerve plexus, and vestibular invagination. All these structures possess unique cell-types, suggesting that they are functionally specialized in the larva, except the vestibular invagination that becomes the postmetamorphic stomodeum. The epidermis also contains yellow cells, amoeboid-like cells, and secretory cells. The enteric sac, hydrocoel, axocoel, and somatocoels have differentiated but are probably not functional in the doliolaria stage. Mesenchymal cells, around the enteric sac and coeloms, appear to be actively secreting the endoskeleton and connective tissue fibers. The nervous system is composed of a nerve plexus, ganglion, and sensory receptor cells in the apical organ. The apical organ is a larval specialization of the anterior end; the ganglion is located in the base of the epidermis at the anterior dorsal end of the larva. The nerve plexus underlies most of the epidermis, although it is more prominent in the anterior region. Here, processes from sensory receptor cells of the apical organ, as well as those from nerve cells, contribute to the plexus. These processes contain one or a combination of organelles including vesicles, vacuoles, microtubules, and mitochondria. The configuration of glyoxylic acid-induced fluorescence, revealing catecholamine activity, correlates to the apical organ, nerve cells, and nerve plexus. Morphological evidence suggests that the nervous system may function in initiation and control of settlement, attachment, and metamorphosis. The crinoid larval nervous system is discussed and compared to that found in other larval echinoderms.


Review of pediatric attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder for the general psychiatrist.
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common and impairing psychiatric condition, affecting significant numbers of children and adolescents. General psychiatrists serve, both by choice and out of necessity, in the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents who have ADHD and in the education of patients and their families. For many clinicians, however, there are numerous unanswered questions regarding the diagnosis and therapeutic interventions for ADHD. This article provides general psychiatrists with a practical overview and update on the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of pediatric ADHD. Background information, recent relevant research, current evidence-based practice guidelines, and tips for clinical practice are reviewed in this article. The information is presented in a question-answer format.


Demography of northern elephant seals, 1911-1982.
Northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) were hunted to near extinction in the 19th century. Protection has allowed them to recolonize former habitat on islands off California, where the population is increasing more than 14 percent per year. Immigration of young pregnant females from Baja California initiated the California rookeries but is responsible for only a small part of recent population growth. Almost 25,000 northern elephant seal pups were born in the species' range in Mexico and the United States in 1982 in comparison with only six known births in 1911.


Leishmania amazonensis isolated from human visceral leishmaniasis: histopathological analysis and parasitological burden in different inbred mice.
Leishmania amazonensis is a major etiological agent of human cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Americas; nevertheless there are some reports of this species causing visceral disease in dogs and men. In the present work we have studied a Leishmania strain isolated from a human case of visceral leishmaniasis. We have infected different mouse strains and analyzed the development of the disease, studying the parasite's ability to visceralize and whether this ability is influenced by host genetics. Female BALB/c, C57BL/6, C57BL/10, CBA, DBA/2, and C3H/He mice were subcutaneously infected with 10⁴ L. amazonensis amastigotes. BALB/c, C57BL/6 and C57BL/10 mice were found to be very susceptible to infection, showing lesions that developed to necrosis and ulceration. CBA mice developed a late but severe lesion. DBA/2 mice developed only discrete lesions, while C3H/He mice did not develop any lesions. All mouse strains except C3H/He showed some degree of visceralization, presenting parasites in the spleen, while BALB/c, C57BL/6 and CBA presented parasites also in the liver. Moreover, most of the strains presented high parasite load at the infection site, whereas DBA and C3H/He mice showed low or no parasite load 90 days after infection, respectively. Histopathology corroborates the results, showing that susceptible mice presented an inflammatory reaction with parasites in the skin, lymph nodes and spleen, while strains that are more resistant presented low parasitism and discrete inflammatory reaction. Results indicate that this isolate is extremely virulent, can easily visceralize and that the pathogenesis of leishmaniasis is, at least in part, related to the genetic background of the host.


The use of a calorimeter for neutron dosimetry.
The dose given to a polythene energy absorber in the radiation field from a 14 MeV neutron generator has been measured calorimetrically. The calorimeter was calibrated by giving the energy absorber a known dose of gamma-rays. The dose measured in this way was compared with that determined with a polythene-ethylene ionization chamber, and the two results agreed to better than 1%, though the estimated uncertainties on the calorimeter and ionization chamber results were each about 4%. This result can be used to determine a value of the ratio Wn/We, for 14 MeV neutrons in ethylene, where Wn is the W value for the charged particles generated in the neutron field in ethylene, and We is the W value for electrons in the same gas. The measured value of Wn/We was found to be 1.07 plus or minus 3.9%. The significance of the 'thermal defect' in polythene is discussed.


Structural brain changes in aging: courses, causes and cognitive consequences.
The structure of the brain is constantly changing from birth throughout the lifetime, meaning that normal aging, free from dementia, is associated with structural brain changes. This paper reviews recent evidence from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies about age-related changes in the brain. The main conclusions are that (1) the brain shrinks in volume and the ventricular system expands in healthy aging. However, the pattern of changes is highly heterogeneous, with the largest changes seen in the frontal and temporal cortex, and in the putamen, thalamus, and accumbens. With modern approaches to analysis of MRI data, changes in cortical thickness and subcortical volume can be tracked over periods as short as one year, with annual reductions of between 0.5% and 1.0% in most brain areas. (2) The volumetric brain reductions in healthy aging are likely only to a minor extent related to neuronal loss. Rather, shrinkage of neurons, reductions of synaptic spines, and lower numbers of synapses probably account for the reductions in grey matter. In addition, the length of myelinated axons is greatly reduced, up to almost 50%. (3) Reductions in specific cognitive abilities--for instance processing speed, executive functions, and episodic memory--are seen in healthy aging. Such reductions are to a substantial degree mediated by neuroanatomical changes, meaning that between 25% and 100% of the differences between young and old participants in selected cognitive functions can be explained by group differences in structural brain characteristics.


Evaluation for the ecological quality status of coastal waters in East China Sea using fuzzy integrated assessment method.
This research presented an evaluation for the ecological quality status (EcoQS) of three semi-enclosed coastal areas using fuzzy integrated assessment method (FIAM). With this method, the hierarchy structure was clarified by an index system of 11 indicators selected from biotic elements and physicochemical elements, and the weight vector of index system was calculated with Delphi-Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) procedure. Then, the FIAM was used to achieve an EcoQS assessment. As a result of assessment, most of the sampling stations demonstrated a clear gradient in EcoQS, ranging from high to poor status. Among the four statuses, high and good, owning a ratio of 55.9% and 26.5%, respectively, were two dominant statuses for three bays, especially for Sansha Bay and Luoyuan Bay. The assessment results were found consistent with the pressure information and parameters obtained at most stations. In addition, the sources of uncertainty in classification of EcoQS were also discussed.


IL-10 is necessary for FasL-induced protection from experimental autoimmune thyroiditis but not for FasL-induced immune deviation.
Ectopic expression of FasL on thyrocytes confers immune privilege status to the thyroid by inducing apoptosis of Fas-expressing autoimmune effector T cells and anti-thyroglobulin (Tg) immune deviation away from the T1 type. Fas-mediated apoptosis of lymphoid cells leads to rapid production of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10. On the other hand, cytokines play a crucial role in the immunoregulation and pathology of experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT), and systemic and local administration of IL-10 has a curative effect on EAT. To test the effect of endogenous IL-10 production in EAT, and to find out whether IL-10 production could be involved in FasL-induced protection, EAT was induced in IL-10(-/-) and in IL-10(-/-)xFasL-transgenic CBA/J mice. The results demonstrated that wild-type and IL-10 knockout (KO) animals developed similar EAT. In contrast, lack of endogenous IL-10 abolished the protective effect of FasL. Polymorphonuclear cells were observed significantly more frequently in the inflammatory cell infiltrates from IL-10(-/-)xFasL animals compared to IL-10(-/-) animals, but they were never detected in wild-type or IL-10(+/+)/FasL-transgenic mice. A shift away from T1 response was observed in FasL-transgenic mice irrespective of their IL-10 status, demonstrating that in our model, endogenous IL-10 plays no part in the T1-towards-T2 anti-Tg immune balance induced by FasL. In summary, endogenous IL-10 is not essential in EAT, or for the immune deviation induced by thyroid FasL expression, whereas it is necessary for the immune privilege status of the thyroid conferred by FasL expression on thyrocytes.


[Study on neuro-endocrine type of gastric carcinoma].
One hundred patients with gastric carcinoma resected surgically were studied by PAP immunoperoxidase and ultrastructural method. It was found that the tumor cells were positive for gastrin, serotonin, somatostatin as well as argyrophil particles in 19 patients. In these 19 patients, the quantity of endocrine tumor cells surpassed half of its total cancer cells in 4, leading to a separate entity of neuroendocrine gastric carcinoma. The authors hope to introduce this new subtype into the classification of gastric carcinoma. Among the 100 cases, 50 patients with undifferentiated carcinomas contained the NE cells in 16 (32%), the remains for high differentiated adenocarcinomas had the NE cells in 3 (6%) only. It was suggested that the appearance of NE tumor cells was closely correlated to differentiation of gastric carcinoma. This study theoretically demonstrated the heterogenicity of gastric carcinoma and supported the theory that different kinds of tumor cells (endocrine and nonendocrine) may have a common origin and are derived from the endoembryogenetic immature precursor cells.


[Laughter therapy for chronic skeletal muscular pain].
The authors explain the effects introducing workshops for laughter therapy and relaxation to a unit dedicated to therapeutic education and functional rehabilitation; the authors test to see if the application of this therapy helps to decrease pain, to improve mobility and to reduce an altered emotional state, such as anxiety-depression, common among chronic pain patients.


Multidirectional tomography and high resolution CT in lesions of the paranasal sinuses and the pharyngeal cavity.
In 18 cases of neoplasm and 18 of inflammatory lesion of the paranasal sinuses and the pharyngeal cavity the results of high resolution CT (HRCT) were compared with multidirectional tomography. In one third of the cases HRCT gave more information than tomography. The value of HRCT lay in the demonstration of thin bony structures and in the differentiation between decalcification and destruction. Soft tissue involvement of the infratemporal fossa and the pharyngeal cavity is demonstrable at an earlier stage by CT or HRCT than with tomography; the same applies to small lesions in the paranasal sinuses and in the nasal cavity. Lesions in the sphenoid and frontal bones need additional evaluation by a lateral tomography. A.p. tomography becomes necessary if frontal HRCT scans are insufficient.


Course and outcomes of depression in the elderly.
Major depressive disorder is a potentially debilitating condition that often is unrecognized or undertreated in the elderly. Even when aggressively treated, the course of geriatric depression can be severe. There is growing evidence that suggests that late-life depression may carry a higher illness burden than depression with onset earlier in life, and that severity is linked to medical and psychiatric comorbidity. Data continue to accumulate in support of various treatment modalities, including medication, electroconvulsive therapy, and psychotherapy. Given the increased risk of adverse outcomes associated with geriatric depression, such as dementia and suicide, it is essential that future investigations continue to build on the evidence base supporting improved diagnosis and treatment of this complex disorder.


Different effects of in vivo ouabain and digoxin on renal artery function and blood pressure in the rat.
To investigate vascular mechanisms in hypertension, we isolated renal arterial rings from rats with ouabain-dependent hypertension and studied their function. In rats infused with ouabain for 5 weeks, systolic and mean blood pressures (BP) were increased relative to controls. Contractions evoked by high KCl solutions were greater in rings from ouabain-infused rats whereas the threshold concentrations and EC50s for KCl and the peak caffeine contractures were not different. KCl contractures were not affected by 5 microM prazosin. Phenylephrine contractures were increased marginally in ouabain-infused rats, while acetylcholine-induced relaxation was normal. In vitro superfusion of rings with 10 nM ouabain or digoxin did not affect the measured parameters. Plasma ouabain, BP, and all evoked responses were normal one week following interruption of the ouabain infusion. In a second study, BP increased in ouabain (15 microg/kg/day, n= 23), but not digoxin (30 microg/kg/day, n=12), or vehicle-infused (n=16) rats. KCl contractures were greater in rings from ouabain-but decreased in rings from digoxin-infused rats, respectively and correlated with systolic and mean BP (r=0.69, n=30, p<0.005). Peak caffeine (25 mM) responses were similar but the area under the contraction was reduced in the vessels from ouabain-infused rats and correlated inversely with MBP (r=-0.47, n=33, p<0.02). We conclude that a voltage-dependent component of tone in the rat renal artery is reversibly and specifically augmented by in vivo administration of ouabain whereas it is diminished by in vivo digoxin. Vascular production of and response to nitric oxide does not appear to be impaired in the ouabain model. Alterations of intracellular Ca2+ storage and Ca2+ influx in response to in vivo ouabain may underlie the increase in renal vascular resistance and hypertension in this model. The opposite effects of ouabain and digoxin on the hemodynamic and vascular parameters in this study indicate that these agents have novel mechanisms of action in vivo that may not be mediated exclusively by sodium-potassium pumps.


Infection control practices of laryngoscope blades: a review of the literature.
Current procedures for cleaning anesthesia airway equipment as assessed by the presence of visible and occult blood on laryngoscope blades and handles as labeled "ready for patient use" has been reported to be ineffective. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the hepatitis B virus (HBV) are 2 commonly seen pathogens that frequently are found in the healthcare setting. It has been shown that HBV can survive on a dry surface for at least 7 days and both HIV and HBV are transmitted via blood. The potential for cross-contamination from airway equipment to patient has been shown in several studies. To prevent further potential infections, it should be ascertained why anesthesia providers are not all using disposable laryngoscope blades. The purpose of this literature review is to determine the use and infection control practices of disposable laryngoscope blades. Their frequency of use, their evaluation of ease of use, and any complications encountered when using the disposable blade are reviewed, as well as the perceptions of anesthesia providers regarding disposable laryngoscope blades.


Bouquet for riverside.
Riverside Health Authority, along with four social services departments around the country, has received a 'bouquet' award from the Campaign for People with Mental Handicaps, for positive attitudes displayed in its job advertisements.


Relationship of coronary calcium and myocardial perfusion in individuals with chest pain. Assessed by integrated rubidium-82 PET-CT.
The integrated value of coronary calcium scoring added to myocardial perfusion assessment in hybrid PET-CT imaging remains poorly defined. In the present study, we sought to determine the relationship between calcium burden, other risk factors, and tissue perfusion in a group of patients with chest pain and predominantly intermediate likelihood for coronary artery disease. In 70 patients, coronary calcium scores (CCS) were obtained in addition to rest/dipyridamole stress 82Rb perfusion images using a GE Discovery Rx hybrid PET-CT system. From static perfusion images, summed rest, stress and difference scores (SRS, SSS, SDS) were calculated using a 20-segment model. Absolute CCS was determined according to Agatston and age-, gender-, and ethnicity-matched CCS percentiles were calculated using the MESA database. SSS, SRS and SDS were abnormal (>or=4) in 25 (36%), 17 (24%), and 12 (17%) patients. Mean CCS according to Agatston was 180+/-446(range 0-2122), and CCS percentile was 42+/-43(range 0-99). Absolute CCS correlated mildly but significantly with SSS (r=0.31, p=0.01), while CCS percentile did not (r=0.11, p=0.36). Of 49 patients with normal perfusion, 25 (57%) had CCS=0, and 8 (18%) had a CCS percentile>or=75th. Of 35 patients with a CCS=0, 26 (74%) had normal perfusion. Individuals in whom review of patient records revealed events during follow-up (n=10) had significantly higher SSS than those where no events were recorded (6.0+/-7.2 versus 2.9+/-3.1, p=0.03), and there was a trend towards higher CCS percentiles (62+/-36 versus 35+/-43, p=0.06). Coronary calcifications and myocardial tissue perfusion, as interrogated in a single PET-CT imaging session, show only partial agreement in patients with chest pain. Both tests seem to reflect different pathophysiologic components, and may be complementary for definition of individual disease patterns.


[Post-traumatic stenoses of the larynx and subglottic space].
The authors give the basic principles of the etiopathogenesis of post-traumatic stenoses of the larynx and subglottic space. Therapeutic tactics are briefly described. Three basic types of treatment are illustrated on their own observations.


Cytokine production of RSV/PHA-stimulated tonsillar mononuclear cells: influences of age and atopy.
Links between immune responses to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), age and atopic sensitisation are poorly understood. This study investigated the induction of target organ type-1, type-2 and proinflammatory cytokine responses to RSV and/or phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) in tonsillar mononuclear cells from children, in relation to age and atopic status. In comparison with the control medium, RSV induced production of the type-1 cytokines interferon (IFN)-gamma and interleukin (IL)-18, the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, -8 and RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted), but not any of the type-2 cytokines IL-4, -5, -10 and -13. Induction of IL-6, -8 and RANTES, but not IFN-gamma or IL-18, were shown to be dependent on virus replication. PHA induced all except IL-12, -13, and -15. Induction of IFN-gamma, IL-6, -8, and RANTES was significantly increased in atopic children. Induction of both IFN-7 and IL-4 increased in parallel in relation to age, with no change in the IFN-gamma:IL-4 ratio. These data are compatible with the hypothesis that immature type-1 immunity during early childhood plays a role in both respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis and in its relationship with atopy.


Failure of the LH-releasing hormone agonist, deslorelin, to prevent development of a persistent follicle in heifers synchronized with norgestomet.
The use of exogenous progestagens for estrus synchronization in cattle can result in a persistent dominant follicle which is associated with reduced fertility. We examined whether the LHRH agonist, deslorelin, would prevent the formation of a persistent follicle in heifers synchronized with norgestomet. The estrous cycles of heifers were synchronized with cloprostenol, and on Day 7 of the ensuing cycle the heifers received one of the following treatments for 10 d: Group C (n = 5), untreated control; Group N (n = 6), injection of a luteolytic dose of cloprostenol on Days 7 and 8 and implant of norgestomet from Day 7 to Day 17 (i.e. typical 10-day norgestomet implant period); Group D (n = 6), injection of cloprostenol on Days 7 and 8 and implants of deslorelin from Day 7 to Day 17; Group ND (n = 6), injections of cloprostenol and both norgestomet and deslorelin implants as above. Follicle growth was monitored using ultrasonography. Group-N heifers showed continued follicle growth and had larger follicles on Day 17 of the cycle than Group-C heifers (16.8 +/- 1.6 and 10.4 +/- 1.6 mm). Follicle growth for Group-D and ND heifers was similar and variable, and seemed to depend on follicle status at the initiation of treatment. Heifers with follicles of 5 to 10 mm (n = 9) in diameter either showed no follicle growth (2 9 ) or developed large follicles (7 9 ), while heifers with follicles approximately 12 mm (n = 3) in diameter showed follicle atresia with no further significant growth. On Day 17, size of the largest follicle was similar for Group-ND (14.3 +/- 2.9) and Group-D (16.8 +/- 1.6) heifers. Heifers in Group N showed estrous behavior 1.8 +/- 0.2 d after treatment, whereas heifers in Groups D and ND did not show estrus for 2 to 4 wk. The results show that combined treatment with progestagen and an LHRH agonist does not consistently prevent the development of a persistent dominant follicle and that return to estrus can be delayed after treatment with an LHRH agonist.


Variability in the content and composition of alkaloid found in Canadian ergot. III. Triticale and barley.
The total alkaloid content and individual alkaloid composition were determined by colorimetry and high performance liquid chromatography, respectively, for Canadian triticale and barley ergot (Claviceps purpurea). The total alkaloid content was highly variable between individual sclerotia from the same or different sources and ranged from 0.042 to 0.752% for triticale and from 0.082 to 1.04% for barley; average values were 0.239% for Ottawa triticale, 0.289% for Prairie triticale, and 0.264% for barley. Ergocristine and its isomer ergocristinine were the major constituents in both grains. On average, Canadian ergot pooled from rye, wheat, triticale, and barley consists of ergocristine (31%), ergocristinine (13%), ergocristinine (13%), ergotamine (17%), ergotaminine (8%), ergocryptine (5%), ergocryptinine (3%), ergometrine (5%), ergometrinine (2%), ergosine (4%), ergostinine (2%), ergocornine (4%), ergocorninine (2%), and unidentified alkaloids (3%), and an average total alkaloid content of 0.236%. With the exception of rye and barley ergot from the maritime regions, Canadian rye, wheat, triticale, and barley ergot is fairly uniform in individual alkaloid composition.


Influence of inorganic filler content of resin luting agents and use of adhesive on the performance of bonded ceramic.
The inorganic filler of resin-based luting agents and the use of an adhesive layer could influence the bonding ability, mechanical performance, and interface morphology of bonded feldspathic ceramic. The purpose of this in vitro study was to investigate the influence of resin-based luting agents loaded with different inorganic filler content, with or without an adhesive, on microtensile bond strength, biaxial flexural strength, and the adhesive interface morphology of bonded ceramic specimens. Experimental resin-based luting agents with low (55wt%), intermediate (65wt%), and high (75wt%) filler contents were bonded to ceramic specimens, with or without a layer of adhesive. The resin-based luting agents were characterized by measuring viscosity, elastic modulus, Poisson ratio, and degree of conversion (n=3 for each test). The response variables for the bonded ceramic specimens were ceramic-resin microtensile bond strength (n=30), biaxial flexural strength (n=30) and characteristic strength, and Weibull modulus. Scanning electron microscopy was used for fractographic and interface analyses of the specimens fractured in the microtensile test (n=3). Data were subjected to ANOVA with the post hoc Tukey test (α=.05). Weibull moduli were also calculated. Increased inorganic filler content yielded significantly higher viscosity, stiffness, and film thickness. However, the Poisson ratio and degree of conversion were not affected. The lowest bond strength values were observed for the resin-based luting agents with high inorganic filler content when no adhesive was used and for the resin-based luting agent with low filler content when the adhesive was used. The increase in filler content of the resin-based luting agent appeared to be associated with a higher frequency of mixed failures. Increased filler content resulted in higher biaxial flexural and characteristic strength and decreased structural reliability. The adhesive helped fill irregularities on ceramic and slightly increased film thickness but had only a minor effect on mechanical strength. Experimental resin-based luting agent loaded with high inorganic filler content strengthened the bonded feldspathic ceramic and yielded significantly higher viscosity and film thickness. In contrast, the bond strength was lower if no adhesive was used.


An improved photochemical method for the rapid spectrophotometric detection of superoxide dismutase.
A sensitive and convenient method is described for estimating superoxide dismutase activity using a photochemical augmentation procedure. This method is applicable to both liquid assays and polyacrylamide gel electropherograms. The flux of superoxide is generated by illuminating a reaction mixture containing dianisidine and riboflavin by either a laser source or light from a fluorescent lamp. The oxidation of dianisidine, as sensitized by riboflavin, is enhanced by superoxide dismutase. The increase is linearly dependent on superoxide dismutase concentration. The photochemical reaction is allowed to proceed uninterrupted for a standardized optimum time and intensity of illumination and then terminated by addition of a buffer, 'finibuf', which stabilizes the chromophoric complex formed. This permits the spectrophotometric absorbance measurements of a number of samples collectively and also eliminates the interruption of illumination with the concomitant requirement of a spectrophotometer for constant recording of the absorbance. This method is of utility to both biochemists and clinicians.


Mirror lenses in light microscopy--theoretical considerations and practical implications.
Various types of mirror lenses were developed some decades ago designed for several special tasks in microscopy. When compared with high-end glass lenses, mirror lenses lead to an extraordinary image quality because of their supraapochromatic color fidelity and their high planarity; the working distances are significantly longer, and in most cases, the depth of field and resolution are higher than in concurrent glass lenses. In this respect, the microscopic advantages of mirror lenses seem to be comparable with the advantages of mirror telescopes in astronomy; for in observations of celestial bodies, mirror telescopes lead to better results than refractors based on glass lenses. When mirror lenses are available in light microscopy, not only common illumination modes can be carried out in transmitted or incident light, but also new and specific axial illumination techniques can be utilized, which cannot be achieved with normal glass lenses. This axial illumination, called "luminance contrast," can be carried out in various modes, so that the resulting images can be compared with dark-field, phase or interference-contrast images. In all variants, especially, fine details within transparent specimens can be visible in maximized contrast and resolution, and blooming or haloing artifacts are significantly reduced or absent. These findings are based on theoretical consideration, and intensive practical tests carried out with several mirror lenses constructed in various optical designs. All in all, supramicroscopic image qualities could be expected if mirror lenses were produced based on the optimized manufacturing techniques available nowadays.


The potential role of homocysteine in percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI): review of current evidence and plausibility of action.
Several millions of patients with coronary heart disease worldwide are treated by means ofpercutaneous interventions each year. Above all conventional balloon dilation and implantation of uncoated stents are, however, only of limited success as reflected by 6-month restenosis rates of 50% (balloon dilation) and 25-35% (bare-metal stent). It is therefore of utmost importance to identify high-risk groups and explore further secondary-prophylactic measures for the prevention of restenosis. A large body of evidence suggests that elevated homocysteine and/or folate and B-vitamin deficiencies are relevant risk factors for restenoses due to their proatherothrombotic potential. Hyperhomocysteinemia is an ideal target as this parameter can be lowered easily, safely and at a low cost by means of folate and B-vitamin supplementation. The results of published studies exploring a potential correlation between homocysteine levels and the risk of restenosis and those of interventional studies for the reduction of the risk of restenosis have not yet lead to consistent conclusions. However, a critical assessment can by no means exclude the plausibility of postinterventional lowering of homocysteine levels. This review aims at providing insight into the current evidence and biological plausibility of homocysteine-lowering therapy in regard to PCI-related vascular damage. Currently available clinical observational and interventional studies are reviewed in detail.


Time-of-flight thermal flowrate sensor for lab-on-chip applications.
We describe a thermal microflowrate sensor for measuring liquid flow velocity in microfluidic channels, which is capable of providing a highly accurate response independent of the thermal and physical properties of the working liquid. The sensor consists of a rectangular channel containing a heater and several temperature detectors microfabricated on suspended silicon bridges. Heat pulses created by the heater are advected downstream by the flow and are detected using the temperature detector bridges. By injecting a pseudo-stochastic thermal signal at the heater and performing a cross correlation between the detected and the injected signals, we can measure the single-pulse response of the system with excellent signal-to-noise ratio and hence deduce the thermal signal time-of-flight from heater to detector. Combining results from several detector bridges allows us to eliminate diffusion effects, and thus calculate the flow velocity with excellent accuracy and linearity over more than two orders of magnitude. The experimental results obtained with several test fluids closely agree with data from finite element analysis. We developed a phenomenological model which supports and explains the observed sensor response. Several fully functional sensor prototypes were built and characterized, proving the feasibility and providing a critical component to microfluidic lab-on-chip applications where accurate flow measurements are of importance.


Forskolin photoaffinity labels with specificity for adenylyl cyclase and the glucose transporter.
Two photolabels, N-(3-(4-azido-3-125I-phenyl)-propionamide)-6- aminoethylcarbamylforskolin(125I-6-AIPP-Fsk) and N-(3-(4-azido-3-125I-phenyl)propionamide)-7-aminoethylcarbamyl-7- desacetylforskolin (125I-7-AIPP-Fsk) were synthesized with specific activities of 2200 Ci/mmol and used to label adenylyl cyclase and the glucose transporter. The affinities of the photolabels for adenylyl cyclase were determined by their inhibition of [3H]forskolin binding to bovine brain membranes. 6-AIPP-Fsk and 7-AIPP-Fsk inhibited [3H]forskolin binding with IC50 values of 15 nM and 200 nM, respectively. 125I-6-AIPP-Fsk labeled a 115-kDa protein in control and GTP gamma S-preactivated bovine brain membranes. This labeling was inhibited by forskolin but not by 1,9-dideoxyforskolin or cytochalasin B. 125I-6-AIPP-Fsk labeling of partially purified adenylyl cyclase was inhibited by forskolin but not by 1,9-dideoxyforskolin. 125I-7-AIPP-Fsk specifically labeled a 45-kDa protein and not a 115-kDa protein in control and GTP gamma S-preactivated brain membranes. This labeling was inhibited by forskolin, 1,9-dideoxyforskolin, cytochalasin B, and D-glucose but not cytochalasin E or L-glucose. Human erythrocyte membranes were photolyzed with 125I-6-AIPP-Fsk and 125I-7-AIPP-Fsk. 125I-7-AIPP-Fsk, but not 125I-6-AIPP-Fsk, strongly labeled a broad 45-70-kDa band. Forskolin, 7-bromoacetyl-7-desacetylforskolin, 1,9-dideoxyforskolin, cytochalasin B, and D-glucose, but not cytochalasin E or L-glucose, inhibited 125I-7-AIPP-Fsk labeling of the 45-70-kDa band. 125I-6-AIPP-Fsk and 125I-7-AIPP-Fsk are high affinity photolabels with specificity for adenylyl cyclase and the glucose transporter, respectively.


Deactivation of leucocyte chemotaxis in vivo. Locomotion of cells isolated from a patient with meningococcal meningitis.
This report concerns the properties of polymorphonuclear leucocytes isolated from a patient with meningococcal meningitis. No differences in phagocytic capacity and random locomotion between the patient's polymorphonuclear leucocytes and normal PMNL were found, but by using activated normal human serum as chemo-attractant it was found that PMNL isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid had lost their ability to respond chemotactically. The deactivation was found to be accompanied by surface property changes of the cells.


A field study of triclosan loss rates in river water (Cibolo Creek, TX).
Triclosan (TCS) is an anti-microbial agent used in down-the-drain consumer products. Following sewage treatment some of the triclosan will enter receiving waters. This study was designed to determine the die-away rate of triclosan released into a river as part of the sewage treatment plant effluent matrix. The study was conducted in Cibolo Creek, a moderate sized stream (discharge approximately 0.1 m(3)s(-1)) located in South Central Texas. Triclosan was analyzed from samples collected upstream of the sewage treatment plant, the sewage treatment plant effluent, and the river downstream from the effluent discharge. The first-order loss rate of parent triclosan from the water column was calculated from measured data (0.06 h(-1)) and this rate corresponded to a 76% reduction in triclosan over an 8 km river reach below the discharge. Mathematical modeling indicated that sorption and settling accounted for approximately 19% of total triclosan loss over 8 km. When removing sorption and settling, the remaining amount of triclosan had an estimated first-order loss rate of 0.25 h(-1). This loss rate was presumably due to other processes such as biodegradation and photolysis. These data show that loss of parent triclosan from the water column is rapid. Additional data are needed to fully document loss mechanisms.


Chamomile and marigold tea: chemical characterization and evaluation of anticancer activity.
With the aim to evaluate the selectivity in the antitumor action, the cytotoxic activity of chamomile and marigold tea was tested against various malignant cell lines and against healthy immunocompetent peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Chemical profiles of chamomile and marigold infusions and decoctions were analyzed by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry; their total phenolic content and radical scavenging activity were determined, too. Results from present research demonstrate that chamomile and marigold tea exert selective dose-dependent cytotoxic action against target cancer cells. It is noteworthy that cytotoxicity of tea prepared from Calendula officinalis is remarkably higher in comparison to that from Matricaria recutita tea. The cytotoxic effect of chamomile tea is very weak to healthy PBMC, while the effect of marigold tea on PBMC is more pronounced. Marigold tea exerts highly selective antitumor effect especially to melanoma Fem-x cells in comparison to the action to normal healthy PBMC. Chemical analyses show that dominant phenolic compounds in examined infusions and decoctions are flavonoid glycosides and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives. There are no considerable differences in total phenolic content and antioxidant activity between examined infusions. Antitumor potential of chamomile and marigold tea should be further investigated.


Synthesis, characterization of an AlPO-CJ2 analogue containing heteroatomic Eu.
An analogue of AlPO-CJ2 microporous aluminophosphate containing heteroatomic Eu was hydrothermally synthesized in situ in the reactant system of carbamide-NH4-F-Al2O3-P2O5-H2O, and characterization by ICP, powder XRD, Mössbauer spectra, 31P MAS NMR and luminescent spectroscopy prove that Eu is incorporated into the framework.


Identification of two species of actin depolymerizing factor in cultures of BHK cells.
High-speed supernatant obtained from the lysate of cultured BHK cells has been chromatographed on Sepharose-4B, DEAE-cellulose and hydroxyapatite columns, and a fraction has been identified with characteristics similar to an actin depolymerizing factor (ADF), a small protein previously isolated from embryonic chick brain. Using a rabbit antibody against the chick brain protein, two immunoreactive forms were identified: a 19 kDa form co-migrating in SDS-polyacrylamide gels with embryonic chick brain ADF, and a 20 kDa form. The two species could be separated on a hydroxyapatite or green A dye matrix columns and only the 20 kDa protein was active when assayed for effects on pyrene-G-actin assembly. It enhanced the rate of F-actin assembly, but only after an initial lag phase, and decreased the final proportion of actin in filamentous form. These effects were calcium-independent. Actin depolymerizing factor constituted at least 0.5% of the total protein in the cytoplasmic fraction. A Triton extract of plasma membrane-enriched fraction from BHK cells was fractionated on a Sepharose-4B column and again, a fraction was found which had an ADF-like activity and also contained the two immuno-cross-reactive forms, 19 kDa and 20 kDa. These results suggest a novel regulation of the microfilament system in eukaryotic cells via the control of the ADF activity.


A randomised trial to evaluate the self-administered standardised chronic respiratory questionnaire.
The original chronic respiratory questionnaire (CRQ), one of the most widely used measures of health-related quality of life (HRQL) in chronic respiratory disease (CRD), is traditionally interviewer administered (IA) and includes an individualised dyspnoea domain. The present authors studied the impact of self-administered (SA) and standardised dyspnoea questions on CRQ measurement properties. In a factorial design multicentre trial, 177 patients with CRD (mean age 67.7 yrs; mean forced expiratory volume in one second per cent predicted 44.6%) were randomised to CRQ-IA (n = 86) or CRQ-SA (n = 91), and to initially complete the standardised or individualised items before and after respiratory rehabilitation. While maintaining validity, the CRQ-SA proved more responsive to changes in HRQL than the CRQ-IA in all domains. Compared with the standardised dyspnoea domain, the individualised dyspnoea domain indicated greater responsiveness. The correlations of baseline scores and change scores with other HRQL instruments indicated good validity of the CRQ-SA. In conclusion, self-administration and standardisation of the chronic respiratory questionnaire maintains validity and responsiveness relative to the interviewer-administered chronic respiratory questionnaire. These results challenge the assumption that interviewer-administered questionnaires are superior to self-administered questionnaires in older patients with chronic respiratory disease.


Scintigraphic demonstration of postural induced drainage stasis in an en bloc renal allograft.
Within 6 months after an en bloc transplantation of two kidneys from a cadaveric pediatric donor, the recipient was referred for further scintigraphic evaluation because of clinical suspicion of having a postural related function impairment of the grafted kidneys. Tc-99m MAG3 imaging, modified by varying the position of the patient during the procedure, resulted in detection of drainage stasis only with the patient standing. This drainage stasis had not been appreciated in the preceding routine examinations performed with the patient supine. Although the positional outflow stasis by itself may not be severe enough to cause alarming dysfunction of the grafted kidneys, it could conceivably be a significant contributing factor.


Mechanistic aspects of the abstraction of an allylic hydrogen in the chlorine atom reaction with 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene (isoprene).
The different channels for the abstraction of an allylic hydrogen in the chlorine atom reaction with isoprene were explored using ab initio methodology. It is shown that the metathesis reaction proceeds through an association-elimination mechanism in which a weakly bound intermediate (HCl.C(5)H(7)(*)) is formed first (formal addition). Further evolution by HCl elimination leads to the final C(5)H(7)(*) radical. QCISD(T)/aug-cc-pVDZ//MP2/6-31G(d,p) calculations show that for two of the possible pathways the barrier heights involved are moderate and the formation of the intermediates are exergonic (DeltaG < 0). Therefore, the mechanism proposed is both kinetically and thermodynamically feasible. The pressure dependence experimentally observed for the Cl + isoprene reaction can be rationalized in terms of the association-elimination mechanism proposed.


[Glycaemic control and complications of diabetes: what about?].
In France, 2.8 millions of patients have type 2 diabetes, which is a well-established risk factor for cardiovascular disease. In about 15 years, several large clinical trials tried to study the relationship between a tight glycaemic control and the occurrence of micro- and macroangiopathy. Meta-analyses of targeting intensive versus conventional glycaemic control focused on divergent results. In type 1 diabetes, a tight glycaemic control reduced the occurrence of microangiopathy whereas more time, at least 5 years is needed to reduce macroangiopathy. Conclusions drawn from studies are less clear for type 2 diabetes and depend on the caracteristics of the population studied, particularly for retinopathy. When microalbuminuria is the judgement criteria, its progression is lower in the intensive group than in the conventional one and it takes more than about 5 years to emerge; the impact on glomerular filtration rate is less clear. Worries about the excess of mortality observed in the ACCORD study in the intensive treatment group were not described in other studies. The decrease of mortality was not associated with an intensive glyceamic control. Intensified multifactorial intervention is finally needed to improve microangiopathy.


Maximizing the use of autogenous vein using the in situ (valve incision) technique.
Bypass grafting to vessels beyond the popliteal bifurcation is an established method for treating severe limb ischaemia. Failure rate is high, however, especially when prosthetic vascular substitutes have to be used. When left in situ, saphenous vein can be used down to much smaller diameters than would be possible with reversed vein. With this method, vein utilization of around 90% can be achieved with respective increases in patency and limb salvage. Our early results with 26 in situ grafts are presented. In two cases the presence of a suitable tributary of the saphenous vein allowed a 'bifurcated' or 'femorotibial' graft to be performed. All patients (17 males, nine females) were admitted with limb threatening ischaemia. Mean ankle pressure index was 0.29 (s.d. = 0.09), range 0.18-0.53. Average graft intra-operative flow rate measured 96 ml/min. Twenty grafts remain patent while six grafts have failed. In three of these failures, performed early in the series, the graft could not be made to function at the time of surgery. The mean postoperative ankle pressure index was 0.87 (s.d. = 0.19). Cumulative patency rate at 24 months is 74%. This rises to 83% if the three 'on table' failures are excluded. Five amputations were required; four as a result of graft failure and one despite a functioning graft. Four grafts clotted within 24 h but have remained patent following immediate thrombectomy. One patient required ligation of an arteriovenous fistula on the third postoperative day.


A three-dimensional registration method for microUS/ microPET multimodality small-animal imaging.
Small-animal models are used extensively in disease research, genomics research, drug development and developmental biology. The development of noninvasive small-animal imaging techniques with adequate spatial resolution and sensitivity is therefore of prime importance. In particular, multimodality small-animal imaging can provide complementary information. This paper presents a method for registering high-frequency ultrasonic (microUS) images with small-animal positron-emission tomography (microPET) images. Registration is performed using six external multimodality markers, each being a glass bead with a diameter of 0.43-0.60 mm, with 0.1 microl of [18F]FDG placed in each marker holder. A small-animal holder is used to transfer mice between the microPET and microUS systems. Multimodality imaging was performed on C57BL/6J black mice bearing WF-3 ovary cancer cells in the second week after tumor implantation and rigid-body image registration of the six markers was also performed. The average registration error was 0.31 mm when all six markers were used and increased as the number of markers decreased. After image registration, image segmentation and fusion are performed on the tumor. Our multimodality small-animal imaging method allows structural information from microUS to be combined with functional information from microPET, with the preliminary results showing it to be an effective tool for cancer research.


Hypercalcemia induced by parathyroid hormone-related peptide after treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of oral cavity.
Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck is a rare cause of humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy. This paraneoplastic syndrome is usually one of the presenting symptoms of the disease. We report a case of squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity that presumably elaborated parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTH-rP) and caused hypercalcemia only after radiotherapy and chemotherapy.


Calmodulin regulates the post-anaphase reposition of centrioles during cytokinesis.
A transient postanaphase repositioning of the centriole is found to control the completion of cytokinesis. Using a green fluorescent protein-calmodulin fusion protein as a living cell probe, we have previously found that calmodulin is associated with the initiation and progression of cytokinesis. In this study, we further studied the effect of calmodulin on the repositioning of the centriole and subsequent cell cycle progression. When activity of calmodulin is inhibited, the regression of the centriole from the intercellular bridge to the cell center is blocked, and thus the completion of cell division is repressed and two daughter cells are linked by longer cell bridge in perturbed cells. W7 treatment during cytokinesis also results in unfinished cytokinesis and stopped G1 phase. These results suggest that calmodulin activity is required for centriole repositioning and can affect the completion of cytokinesis and cell cycle progression.


High salt intake negatively impacts ovarian follicle development.
Many human disorders induce high salinity in tissues and organs, interfering with their normal physiological functions. Using a mouse model, we demonstrated that high salt intake caused infertility. Specifically, we established that high salinity dramatically affects ovarian follicle development and the extent of follicular atresia. However, it did not significantly influence the primordial follicles. TUNEL assays revealed that high salt intake inhibited follicle development by inducing the granulosa and theca cells that surround the oocytes to undergo apoptosis. Furthermore, immunohistological staining for the proliferation markers Ki67 and PH3 showed that high salt intake also repressed granulosa cell proliferation. In vitro testing of granulosa cells also confirmed that high salt significantly repressed cell proliferation and promoted cell apoptosis. In summary, high salt consumption negatively impacts reproductive functions in female mice by interfering with ovarian folliculogenesis.


Outcome after corticoamygdalohippocampectomy in patients with refractory temporal lobe epilepsy and mesial temporal sclerosis without preoperative ictal recording.
We report on the surgical outcome obtained in patients with refractory temporal lobe epilepsy with mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS) who were evaluated preoperatively without ictal recording and were submitted to corticoamygdalohippocampectomy. Two hundred twelve patients with refractory temporal lobe epilepsy were evaluated by means of clinical history, neurological examination, interictal electroencephalography (EEG), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and neuropsychological testing. MRI disclosed unilateral MTS in all patients. All patients were submitted to corticoamygdalohippocampectomy at the side determined by MRI. Interictal EEG showed unilateral temporal lobe spiking in 176 patients; in 36 patients, bilateral discharges were found. Mean follow-up time was 2.7 years. One hundred ninety-four patients (92%) were classified as Engel's class I. Eighteen patients (8%) were rated as Engel's class II. Thirty-two out of 36 patients, in whom bilateral discharges were found, were in Engel's class I. Sixty percent of the patients had an improvement in memory function related to the nonoperated temporal lobe. Fifty-nine percent of the patients had a 10-point increase in general IQ postoperatively. Verbal memory decline was noted in three patients. Pathological examination showed MTS in all patients. It is possible to adequately select good surgical candidates for temporal lobe resection using MRI and interictal EEG alone. In patients with MRI-defined MTS, we should expect a 90% postoperative remission rate. Cognitive decline was very rarely seen in this patient population. The finding of MTS on MRI is the single most important prognostic factor for good outcome after temporal lobe surgery.


The glucocorticoid antagonist mifepristone attenuates sound-induced long-term deficits in auditory nerve response and central auditory processing in female rats.
Systemic corticosteroids have been the mainstay of treatment for various hearing disorders for more than 30 yr. Accordingly, numerous studies have described glucocorticoids (GCs) and stressors to be protective in the auditory organ against damage associated with a variety of health conditions, including noise exposure. Conversely, stressors are also predictive risk factors for hearing disorders. How both of these contrasting stress actions are linked has remained elusive. Here, we demonstrate that higher corticosterone levels during acoustic trauma in female rats is highly correlated with a decline of auditory fiber responses in high-frequency cochlear regions, and that hearing thresholds and the outer hair cell functions (distortion products of otoacoustic emissions) are left unaffected. Moreover, when GC receptor (GR) or mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) activation was antagonized by mifepristone or spironolactone, respectively, GR, but not MR, inhibition significantly and permanently attenuated trauma-induced effects on auditory fiber responses, including inner hair cell ribbon loss and related reductions of early and late auditory brainstem responses. These findings strongly imply that higher corticosterone stress levels profoundly impair auditory nerve processing, which may influence central auditory acuity. These changes are likely GR mediated as they are prevented by mifepristone.-Singer, W., Kasini, K., Manthey, M., Eckert, P., Armbruster, P., Vogt, M. A., Jaumann, M., Dotta, M., Yamahara, K., Harasztosi, C., Zimmermann, U., Knipper, M., Rüttiger, L. The glucocorticoid antagonist mifepristone attenuates sound-induced long-term deficits in auditory nerve response and central auditory processing in female rats.


Posterior chamber implant power calculation: regression formulas.
Data from 230 eyes with posterior chamber lens implants were used to compare the prediction accuracy of different lens power formulas. Regression formulas gave more accurate results than did theoreic formulas.


Acetylcholinesterase-functionalized two-dimensional photonic crystal for the sensing of G-series nerve agents.
G-series nerve agents, such as sarin, tabun, and soman, would cause tremendous harm in military and terrorist attacks, so it is necessary to develop a simple method for the rapid and efficient detection of these hazardous substances. We have developed a tunable acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-functionalized two-dimensional photonic crystal (2D PhC) for the detection of a real nerve agent, sarin. In accordance with the 2D PhC previously prepared by our group, the AChE-functionalized 2D PhC was optimized by adjustment of the amount of monomer in the hydrogel, which not only increased the sensitivity of the 2D PhC, with the detection limit decreasing by two orders of magnitude, but also ensured the structural color spanned the whole visible region in the detection range. A linear relationship between the logarithm of the sarin concentration and the particle spacing of the AChE-functionalized 2D PhC was observed from 7.1 × 10-17 to 7.1 × 10-4 mol/L. The AChE-functionalized 2D PhC also responded to mimics of G-series nerve agents, including dimethyl methylphosphonate, diisopropyl methylphosphonate, and isodipropyl methylphosphonate, to various degrees. The proposed 2D-PhC hydrogel has potential for low-cost, trace-level, and on-site monitoring of other G-series nerve agents. Graphical abstract.


[Cytogenetic studies of hybridization in wild boars (Sus scrofa ferus) and domestic swine (Sus scrofa dom.)].
In cytogenetic studies on 2 domestic sows (male) crossed with a wild boar (female) karyotype 2n = 37,XX was found. The localization of G brands permitted to confirm that the submetacentric chromosome in in the hybrids inherited from the European wild boar corresponds to 2 acrocentric chromosomes of pair 15 and 17 fused by centromeres in the domestic pig. Both sows had regular, 18-day sexual cycles. After covering with the wild boar they become pregnant and gave birth to alive progeny. Polymorphism of chromosomes in Suidae and its relation to the effects of hybridization is discussed.


[Transmission sonographic diagnosis of infant hips].
By means of transmission sonography with incoherent ultrasound it is possible to obtain areal cross-section images of infants' hips which are free of interference and demonstrate axes accurately. It is possible to assess the condition of tendons, ligaments, capsular structures, and the bones, and their relative positions. The authors report on experience gathered since 1982 with the instrument developed at the Gesellschaft für Strahlen- und Umweltforschung (Society for Radiation and Environmental Research) in Munich. In addition to a brief description of the unit and an explanation of the examination technique, they discuss criteria of assessment and demonstrate on the basis of sample results that transmission sonographic findings can be assessed reliably in patients up to the age of 9 months. The possible significance of transmission sonography in the diagnosis and observation of congenital dislocation of the hip is discussed.


N,N'-bis[1-(pyrazin-2-yl)ethylidene]hydrazine.
Molecules of the title compound, C12H12N6, contain both a diimine linkage and an N-N bond, and assume a planar structure. The compound lies about an inversion centre and there are three intramolecular C-H...N hydrogen bonds.


A method for triple fluorescence labeling with Vicia villosa agglutinin, an anti-parvalbumin antibody and an anti-G-protein-coupled receptor antibody.
The aim of the original study [S.B. Bausch, C. Chavkin, Vicia villosa agglutinin labels a subset of neurons coexpressing both the mu opioid receptor and parvalbumin in the developing rat subiculum, Dev. Brain Res., 97, 1996, 169-177] [3] was to develop a method for identifying a subset of mu opioid receptor-expressing interneurons in the rat subiculum for electrophysiological studies. Previous studies had shown that a subset of parvalbumin-positive neurons in the rat subiculum could be labeled with the lectin, Vicia villosa agglutinin (VVA) [C.T. Drake, K.A. Mulligan, T.L. Wimpey, A. Hendrickson, C. Chavkin, Characterization of Vicia villosa agglutinin-labeled GABAergic neurons in the hippocampal formation and in acutely dissociated hippocampus, Brain Res., 554, 1991, 176-185] [11], and that mu opioid receptor immunoreactivity (-IR) and parvalbumin-IR were colocalized in a subset of neurons in the hippocampus and dentate gyrus [S.B. Bausch, C. Chavkin, Colocalization of mu and delta opioid receptors with GABA, parvalbumin and a G-protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel in the rodent brain, Analgesia, 1, 1995, 282-285] [2]. We hypothesized that a subset of mu opioid receptor-expressing neurons in the subiculum also would express the calcium binding protein, parvalbumin, and could be labeled with VVA. Labeling of live neurons with VVA [11] then could be used to identify these neurons. This protocol was designed to triple-label neurons expressing the mu opioid receptor, parvalbumin and the carbohydrate group, N-acetylgalactosamine (which binds VVA [S.E. Tollefsen, R. Kornfeld, The B4 lectin from Vicia villosa seeds interacts with N-acetylgalactosamine residues alpha-linked to serine or threonine residues in cell surface glycoproteins, J. Biol. Chem., 258, 1983, 5172-5176][M.P. Woodward, W.W. Young, R.A. Bloodgood, Detection of monoclonal antibodies specific for carbohydrate epitopes using periodate oxidation, J. Immunol. Methods, 78, 1985, 143-153] [25, 29]). VVA labeling and immunocytochemistry with an affinity-purified anti-mu opioid receptor antibody [S.B. Bausch, T.A. Patterson, M.U. Ehrengruber, H.A. Lester, N. Davidson, C. Chavkin, Colocalization of mu opioid receptors with GIRK1 potassium channels in rat brain: an immunocytochemical study, Recept. Channels, 3, 1995, 221-241] [4] and an anti-parvalbumin antibody [M.R. Celio, W. Baier, L. Scharer, P.A. de Viragh, C. Gerday, Monoclonal antibodies directed against the calcium binding protein parvalbumin, Cell Calcium, 9, 1988, 81-86] [8] were used to accomplish this goal. Immunofluorescence was used as the detection method; visualization was accomplished with three fluorophores with different excitation/emission spectra and a one laser confocal microscope. This protocol can be modified easily to triple-label neurons for other carbohydrate groups and proteins.


Intrinsic lifetime of higher excitonic states in tungsten diselenide monolayers.
The reduced dielectric screening in atomically thin transition metal dichalcogenides allows to study the hydrogen-like series of higher exciton states in optical spectra even at room temperature. The width of excitonic peaks provides information about the radiative decay and phonon-assisted scattering channels limiting the lifetime of these quasi-particles. While linewidth studies so far have been limited to the exciton ground state, encapsulation with hBN has recently enabled quantitative measurements of the broadening of excited exciton resonances. Here, we present a joint experiment-theory study combining microscopic calculations with spectroscopic measurements on the intrinsic linewidth and lifetime of higher exciton states in hBN-encapsulated WSe2 monolayers. Surprisingly, despite the increased number of scattering channels, we find both in theory and experiment that the linewidth of higher excitonic states is similar or even smaller compared to the ground state. Our microscopic calculations ascribe this behavior to a reduced exciton-phonon scattering efficiency for higher excitons due to spatially extended orbital functions.


[The Minimum Values of (RR-PQ) for High Quality Coronary CT Angiogram in Half, Automatic Patient's Motion Correction (APMC) and Full Reconstruction Using 320-ADCT (0.275 s/r)].
A clear coronary CT angiography (CCTA) can be obtained when temporal resolution (TR) is shorter than slow filling (SF) duration. The SF duration was calculated by the following equation: SF=-443+0.742 (RR-PQ). Although, the TR of half and full reconstruction using 320-ADCT (0.275 s/r) are known, the TR of automatic patient motion correction (APMC) reconstruction is not clear. The purpose of this study is to clarify the each minimum value of (RR-PQ) for acquiring a clear CCTA that was made by half, full or APMC reconstruction. CCTA was performed in consecutive 345 (M/F=195/150, Age: 69±10 years) patients except for arrhythmia and the final heart rate (controlled by β-blocker) ≥80 bpm using 320-ADCT (Aquilion ONE, 0.275 s/r). In all subjects, 3 CCTAs were generated by half, full, or APMC reconstruction at the same optimal phase. Image quality (A: excellent, B: acceptable, C: poor) was estimated by the consensus of three trained researchers. We classified (RR-PQ) into 15 groups by each 50 ms interval. The A or B % prediction (y) significantly correlated (y=-240.08+0.401x, r=0.98, p=0.0006 in half, y=-238.26+0.378x, r=0.98, p=0.0001 in APMC, and y=-236.84+0.332x, r=0.97, p<0.0001 in full reconstruction) with (RR-PQ) (x), respectively. The minimum values of (RR-PQ) for 95% prediction of A or B image quality were ≥836 ms in half, ≥881 ms in APMC, and ≥998 ms in full reconstruction.


Fracture risk and mortality post-kidney transplantation.
Fractures are associated with high morbidity and economic costs. There is a paucity of information on fractures after kidney transplantation outside the United States. Data were obtained from the Hospital Episode Statistics database on kidney transplants performed in England between 2001 and 2013 and post-transplant fracture-related hospitalization. Mortality data were obtained from the Office for National Statistics. In total, 21 769 first kidney transplant procedures were analyzed with 112 512 patient-years follow-up. Overall, 836 (3.8%) kidney allograft recipients developed a fracture requiring hospitalization. Event rate was 9.99 for any fracture and 1.54 for a hip fracture per 1000 patient-years. Accounting for the competing risk of mortality, increasing age, female gender, white ethnicity, and a history of pre-transplant diabetes mellitus or previous fracture were associated with increased fracture risk post-kidney transplantation. Death occurred in 2407 (11.1%) kidney allograft recipients, with 173 deaths occurring post-fracture. In an extended Cox model, hip fracture as a time-varying factor was independently associated with an increased risk of death (hazard ratio, 3.288; 95% confidence intervals, 2.513-4.301; p < 0.001). Fracture rates in English kidney transplant recipients are lower than previously reported in US cohorts. Sustaining a hip fracture is associated with an increased mortality risk. Our results can be used to power future fracture prevention trials.


Relative inactivation of steroidogenic enzyme activities of in vitro vitamin E-depleted human adrenal microsomes by lipid peroxidation.
The effects of lipid peroxidation and vitamin E on the steroidogenic activities of human adrenal microsomes were studied. The vitamin E content in the microsomes could be varied by treating the lyophilized microsomes with n-pentane, without affecting the steroidogenic enzyme activities. When the level of microsomal vitamin E in the adrenal was reduced to that in other tissues such as liver and kidney, NADPH-supported lipid peroxidation increased about 200-fold, and concomitantly, the steroidogenic enzyme activities decreased. After 5 min of the lipid peroxidation reaction, 17 alpha-hydroxylase and C17,20-lyase activities were inactivated to 13% and 18%, respectively, of the original activities. 3 beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-isomerase and 21-hydroxylase, however, retained 89% and 84%, respectively, of the original activities. When vitamin E was reincorporated into the original activities. When vitamin E was reincorporated into the extracted microsomes, neither the lipid peroxidation reaction nor the inactivation of the enzyme activities was observed. These results indicate that the high concentration of vitamin E in adrenal protects the enzymes from oxidative damage, and that the microsomal C19 steroidogenic cytochrome P-450 activities are highly sensitive to lipid peroxidation. This suggests an association between adrenal lipid peroxidation and a decrease in C19 steroid synthesis with advancing age.


Heterogeneity of nuclear estrogen-binding sites in the rat uterus: a simple method for the quantitation of type I and type II sites by [3H]estradiol exchange.
Estrogen administration to mature-ovariectomized rats causes the activation or stimulation of secondary nuclear estrogen-binding sites (type II) in the uterus which can interfere with estrogen receptor (type I) measurement. Earlier reports from our laboratory have shown that quantitation of type I sites in the presence of the type II site is very difficult and can only be achieved by graphic analysis of saturation curves which employ a wide range (0.4-40 NM) of [3H]estradiol concentrations in nuclear exchange assay. The studies presented in this manuscript describe simple methods which can be used to separately quantitate both nuclear estrogen-binding sites using a single concentration of [3H]estradiol. Since the nuclear type II site does not bind [3H]estradiol in the presence of reducing agent, type I sites can be easily quantitated by incubating nuclei (37 C for 30 min) in Tris-EDTA buffer containing 0.1-1.00 mM dithiothreitol using a single saturating concentration of [3H]estradiol. Conversely, a single concentration of [3H]estradiol (40-80 nM) can be used to quantitate the nuclear type II site by incubating nuclei in Tris-EDTA buffer under conditions (4 C for 60 min) which do not measure occupied nuclear estrogen receptor. Therefore, by using the appropriate buffer system, type I and type II sites can be easily separated in mixed binding systems. In addition, we also demonstrate that Nafoxidine does not bind to the nuclear type II site. Therefore, it can be used as a competitive inhibitor of [3H]estradiol binding to type I sites and permit the measurement of type II sites without interference from type I sites. These techniques should be applicable to autoradiographic or fluorescence studies which cannot discriminate between steroid binding to these two classes of nuclear estrogen-binding sites.


Cellulose nanofiber-embedded sulfonated poly (ether sulfone) membranes for proton exchange membrane fuel cells.
Cellulose nanofibers were embedded into sulfonated poly (ether sulfone) matrix to heighten the water retention and proton conductivity of proton exchange membranes (PEMs). Cellulose nanofibers were obtained by hydrolyzing cellulose acetate nanofibers, which were prepared via electrostatic-induction-assisted solution blow spinning. Morphology, thermal stability, and mechanical properties of the PEMs were investigated. The results showed that proton conductivity, water uptake, and methanol permeability of the composite membranes were improved. Hydrophilicity of the composite membranes was gradually improved with the addition of nanofibers. When the content of nanofibers was 5 wt%, the highest proton conductivity was 0.13 S/cm (80 °C, 100% RH). Therefore, the cellulose nanofiber could be used as support materials to enhance the performance of proton exchange membranes, the composite membranes have potential application in Direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs).


Changes after conservative surgical treatment for early breast carcinoma: comparison of sonographic and bioptic findings.
The aim of the study was evaluation of interventional ultrasound in the diagnostics of changes after conservative surgical treatment for early breast carcinoma and in the therapeutic removal of postoperative seromas. The analysis of USG- and bioptic findings in 240 breast cancer patients after conservative breast surgery performed between 1996-1998 is reported. The major findings were: postoperative scars, granulomas, seromas, hematomas, fat necrosis, skin thickening, inflammatory changes and local tumor recurrence. In our experience, the interventional ultrasound coupled with cytological examination are reliable methods for the follow up of early and late postoperative changes with sufficient degree of correlation between USG- and histologic findings.


New metabolites from the algal associated marine-derived fungus Aspergillus carneus.
The new oxepin-containing (1) and quinazolinone (2) alkaloids and new dihydrobenzofuran derivative (3) have been isolated from a marine strain of Aspergillus carneus KMM 4638. The structures of these metabolites were determined by HR-MS and 1D and 2D NMR, along with Marfey's method.


Inhibitory effect of curcumin on 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced increase in ornithine decarboxylase mRNA in mouse epidermis.
Application of 5 nmol 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) to the skin of female CD-1 mice led to a rapid increase in the concentration of epidermal ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) mRNA from an undetectable level in control mice to a high maximum level at 4-5 h after TPA administration. The concentration of epidermal ODC mRNA then decreased rapidly during the next 5 h. The time course for TPA-induced increases in epidermal ODC enzyme activity paralleled very closely the time course for TPA-induced increases in ODC mRNA. Topical administration of 1, 3 or 10 mumol curcumin together with 5 nmol TPA inhibited by 66, 81 and 91% respectively TPA-induced increases in epidermal ODC enzyme activity measured 5 h later. In a parallel study, TPA-induced increases in the concentration of epidermal ODC mRNA was inhibited by 54, 85 and 82% respectively. Intraperitoneal injection of 10 or 30 mumol curcumin 1h before topical application of 5 nmol TPA inhibited TPA-induced increases in epidermal ODC enzyme activity by 75 or 89% respectively. In a parallel study, the induction of epidermal ODC mRNA was inhibited by 53 and 65% respectively. The results indicate that curcumin inhibits TPA-induced increases in epidermal ODC enzyme activity by inhibiting the synthesis and/or enhancing the breakdown of ODC mRNA.


The correlation analysis of WWOX expression and cancer related genes in neuroblastoma- a real time RT-PCR study.
Neuroblastoma is one of the most common paediatric cancers, described as unpredictable due to diverse patterns of behaviour. WWOX is a tumour suppressor gene whose expression is reduced in many tumour types. Loss of its expression was shown to correlate with more aggressive disease stage and mortality rate. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of the WWOX tumour suppressor gene in neuroblastoma formation. We performed real-time RT-PCR to analyse levels of WWOX expression in 22 neuroblastic tumour samples in correlation with genes involved in cell cycle regulation (CCNE1, CCND1), proliferation (MKI67), apoptosis (BCL2, BIRC5, BAX) and signal transduction (EGFR, ERBB4). We also evaluated two potential mechanisms - promoter methylation (MethylScreen method) and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) status, which could be connected with regulation of WWOX gene expression. We found a positive correlation between WWOX gene and BCL2 and HER4 JM-a and negative with cyclin D1 and E1. Our observations are consistent with previous findings and emphasise the role of WWOX in cell cycle and apoptosis regulation. Moreover, strong positive association with HER4 JM-a in this tumour type may indicate a role for WWOX in neuroblastoma cell differentiation. The presented results indicate that LOH in locus D16S3096 (located in intron 8) may be involved in the regulation of WWOX mRNAexpression. However, no association between methylation status of WWOX promoter and its expression was observed.


[Clinical analysis of donor hepatectomy in living donor liver transplantation: report of 74 cases].
To evaluate the living donor selection, donor hepatectomy technique, and surgical complication in living donor liver transplantation. From June 2007 to July 2008, 74 consecutive cases living donor hepatectomy were performed by the same surgical team. Seventy-four donors (64 males and 10 females) with a mean age of 29.2 years old passed the donor liver assessment and evaluation program successfully. The hepatectomy procedure types contained right liver resection (n = 72), of which 27 cases harvested the middle hepatic vein and 45 cases not, left liver resection contain middle hepatic vein (n = 1) and left lateral resection (n = 1). Of all the donors, operation time was (6.5 +/- 6.2) hours, the mean blood loss was 300 ml (100 - 500 ml) and didn't accept foreign blood transfusion. The maximum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level was (229.5 +/- 108.6) U/L, the ALT returned to normal time was (12.7 +/- 4.8) d, the maximum total bilirubin (TB) level was (78.7 +/- 44.3) micromol/L, the TB returned to normal time was (8.8 +/- 2.7) d, and the mean hospital stay time was 14 days (7 - 28 d). The complications included bile leak (n = 1), cut surface hemorrhage (n = 1) and anaphylactoid purpura (n = 1). All the donors returned to normal work and life finally. Precisely evaluating donor blood vascular and biliary anatomy before operation, keeping the blood vascular and bile duct integrity during operation and monitoring complication to solve it immediately after operation is crucial to ensure donor safety and recovering successfully.


The effect of body mass index on adequacy of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in US adults: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001 to 2006.
To investigate the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and vitamin D adequacy among US adults. We used data for US adults aged 18 years or older (n = 12,927) who participated in the 2001 to 2006 United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Log-binomial regression was used to estimate the strength of association between BMI categories and the prevalence of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] greater than or equal to 20 ng/mL before and after controlling for selected characteristics. An interaction term between race or ethnicity and BMI categories was tested. Among US adults, 67.2% had serum 25(OH)D greater than or equal to 20 ng/mL, a cut point suggested by the Office of Dietary Supplements for adequate bone and general health. Overweight and obese adults were 8% (95% confidence interval, 0.89-0.95) and 26% (95% confidence interval, 0.71-0.78), respectively, less likely to have serum 25(OH)D greater than or equal to 20 ng/mL than their normal weight counterparts after controlling for age, gender, race/ethnicity, nativity and marital status, as well as education and income. No heterogeneity of the association between BMI categories and the prevalence of 25(OH)D greater than or equal to 20 ng/mL was observed by race or ethnicity. The low prevalence of 25(OH)D greater than equal to 20 ng/mL among overweight and obese adults in the US population underscores the need to comparatively assess vitamin D intakes across different BMIs.


Pitutaty insufficiency. Diagnosis masked by a toxic thyroid adenoma.
A patient with undiagnosed pituitary insufficiency who also had a toxic thyroid adenoma is presented. The T3 secreted by the adenoma apparently corrected the secondary thyroid failure, but also aggravated the secondary adrenal failure and almost precipitated adrenal crisis. The diagnostic work-up in such an unusual co-existence is discussed, in particular since the clinical diagnosis of pituitary insufficiency in the elderly is not easily established.


Earthworm bioassays and seedling emergence for monitoring toxicity, aging and bioaccumulation of anthropogenic waste indicator compounds in biosolids-amended soil.
Land application of biosolids (treated sewage sludge) can be an important route for introducing xenobiotic compounds into terrestrial environments. There is a paucity of available information on the effects of biosolids amendment on terrestrial organisms. In this study, the influence of biosolids and biosolids aging on earthworm (Eisenia fetida) reproduction and survival and lettuce (Lactuca sativa) seedling emergence was investigated. Earthworms were exposed to soils amended with varying quantities of biosolids (0, 1, 2, 3, or 4% dry mass). To investigate the influence of biosolids aging, the biosolids used in the study were aged for differing lengths of time (2 or 8 weeks) prior to exposure. All of the adult earthworms survived in the biosolids-amended soils at all concentrations that were aged for 2 weeks; however, only 20% of the adults survived in the soil amended with the highest concentration of biosolids and aged for 8 weeks. Reproduction as measured by mean number of juveniles and unhatched cocoons produced per treatment correlated inversely with biosolids concentration, although the effects were generally more pronounced in the 8-week aged biosolids-soil samples. Latent seedling emergence and reduced seedling fitness correlated inversely with biosolids concentration, but these effects were tempered in the 8-week aged versus the 2-week aged soil-biosolids mixtures. Anthropogenic waste indicator compounds (AWIs) were measured in the biosolids, biosolids-soil mixtures, and earthworm samples. Where possible, bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) were calculated or estimated. A wide variety of AWIs were detected in the biosolids (51 AWIs) and earthworm samples (≤19 AWI). The earthworms exposed to the 8-week aged biosolids-soil mixtures tended to accumulate greater quantities of AWIs compared to the 2-week aged mixture, suggesting that the bioavailability of some AWIs was enhanced with aging. The BAFs for a given AWI varied with treatment. Notably large BAFs were determined for some AWIs. For example, the maximum BAF determined for para-cresol, methyl salicylate, bisphenol-A, and cholesterol was greater than 100 in some treatments.


Chemotaxis of non-compressed blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes from an adolescent with severe leukocyte adhesion deficiency.
We have defined the defect in a child with severe leukocyte adhesion deficiency-1 (LAD) as resulting from a single amino acid shift in CD18 (from a C to T mutation at position 533) that prevents heterodimerization with the CD11 antigens to produce beta(2) integrins-the first reported patient homozygous for this defect. Although beset by frequent infections, the patient has survived to adolescence despite the lack of these important adhesion molecules. Consistent with his clinical course is the ability of his PMN to respond chemotactically in slide preparations, albeit with difficulty because of their poor purchase on substrate. The operant adhesins are unknown; his polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) remain chemotactically responsive in the presence of antibodies to alphavbeta(3) and beta(1) integrins and to integrin-associated protein (IAP). These findings indicate that not all patients with severe LAD are candidates for early bone marrow transplantation.


[SAG-S solution--a new medium for the resuspension of erythrocyte concentrates].
Concentrates of erythrocytes without buffy coat, re-suspended in a newly developed electrolyte-containing re-suspension solution (SAG-S) poor in saccharose (30 mmol/l) are in vitro compared with commercial CDS-AG RCC. In the equivalence of biochemical parameters complex-haematological indicators show a significantly improved maintenance of the cell integrity in the new preparation of blood constituents up to a storage time of 35 days. By means of an in-vitro-technique we calculated for these SAG-S-erythrocytes a post-transfusional survival rate of 74%. In contrast to this the in-vivo survival rate for 20-day-old CDS-AG-cells was only 65% In the practically equivalent content of erythrocytes the preparations differ as to their purity. The saccharose concentration of 200 mmol/l presented in the CDS-AG medium has, as it is made evident, a stabilizing effect on the leukocytes, i.e. it is retarding the time-dependent WBC-destruction. The results of the clinical test step III confirm a good tolerability of the SAG-S RCC. By lacking possibilities of the comparison of equivalent (produced under the same preparation and storage conditions) concentrates of erythrocytes the higher transfusion efficiency of the SAG-S concentrates of erythrocytes to be expected could not be verified.


A newly synthesized oleanolic acid derivative inhibits the growth of osteosarcoma cells in vitro and in vivo by decreasing c-MYC-dependent glycolysis.
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the primary malignant bone tumor with a peak incidence in children and adolescents. However, the little molecular mechanism of pathogenesis has been known and it is urgent to develop new therapeutical strategies to improve outcomes for patients. CDDO-NFM (N-formylmorpholine substituent of CDDO) is a newly synthesized triterpenoid, which is a derivative of oleanolic acid. In this study, we explored whether CDDO-NFM possesses a potential antitumor effect and revealed its molecular mechanism. We found that CDDO-NFM efficiently inhibited cell growth of OS cells and this inhibitory effect was independent of apoptosis-related and cell-cycle-related proteins. CDDO-NFM could decrease the level of glucose uptake, the generation of lactate, and the production of adenosine triphosphate to block the process of glycolysis. In vitro and in vivo cell-based assays showed that CDDO-NFM inhibited glycolysis via degradation of c-MYC rather than activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. Finally, CDDO-NFM could reduce tumor volume and weight with low toxicity, and down-regulate the expression of glycolysis-related enzymes in nude mice. Taken together, these results showed that CDDO-NFM might be a promising antitumor compound.


"Handedness" of spiral fractures of the tibia.
"Handedness" is a basic property of spirals. In many cases it is possible to determine whether spiral fractures are right or left handed by analysis of radiographs. Spiral fractures of the tibia show striking bilateral symmetry, with right-handed spirals predominating on the left side of the body, and left-handed spirals on the right.


"Friending Facebook?" A minicourse on the use of social media by health professionals.
Health professionals are working in an era of social technologies that empower users to generate content in real time. This article describes a 3-part continuing education minicourse called "Friending Facebook?" undertaken at Penn State Hershey Medical Center that aimed to model the functionality of current technologies in health care and encourage discussion about how health professionals might responsibly utilize social media. Fifteen health professionals participated in the course and provided written evaluation at its conclusion. The course instructor took field notes during each of the 3 classes to document emergent themes. The course received uniformly positive evaluations, and participants identified several current tools perceived as being potentially useful in their professional lives, including news aggregators, Google Alerts, and--if used responsibly--social networking sites such as Facebook. Developing innovative and appropriate programming that teaches to emerging social media technologies and ideologies will be crucial to helping the health professions adapt to a new, networked era. Medical institutions would do well to foster interprofessional-and perhaps even intergenerational-conversations to share not only the dangers and risks of social media, but also the opportunities that are emerging out of a rapidly evolving online world.


Early angiographic changes after carotid endarterectomy.
This report reviews the angiographic evaluation of 41 patients who underwent a carotid endarterectomy at Henry Ford Hospital. Postoperative angiograms were performed after 48 endarterectomies. Changes included the development of postoperative intimal flaps, common carotid stenosis, carotid occlusions, areas of corrugation, surface irregularities, and postendarterectomy dilatation. The development of dilatation, or the pantaloon effect, on the endarterectomized segment contributed to the limited use of angioplastic procedures. The benefits derived from a postoperative angiogram include the objective evaluation of the endarterectomized segment, the demonstration of a potentially complicating problem such as intimal flaps that could lead to restenosis, and recognition of the possible development of associated local problems. The procedure can be done with limited risks to the patients and in competent hands has low morbidity and mortality.


Reconstruction of hepatic venous tributaries using a Y-shaped left portal vein graft harvested from a resected left liver.
Hepatic vein resection and reconstruction after major hepatectomy is a technically feasible but controversial procedure. Reported autologous vein grafts include the great saphenous, external iliac vein, superficial femoral, gonadal, left renal and inferior mesenteric veins. The procedures required to obtain these grafts, however, are associated with a risk of postoperative morbidity such as edema of the lower leg. We performed the reconstruction of two middle hepatic vein (MHV) branches by using an autologous left portal vein graft that was harvested with its tributaries from the left hepatectomy specimen in a 57-year-old man who had undergone a sigmoidectomy for colon cancer and a partial resection of the right lateral sector of the liver for a metastasis. In conclusion, this is the first report on the reconstruction of MHV tributaries using a single autologous Y-shaped portal vein graft during a hepatectomy. This method produces no complications related to the harvesting of the graft.


Ionic liquid matrixes optimized for MALDI-MS of sulfated/sialylated/neutral oligosaccharides and glycopeptides.
1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidium (TMG) salt of alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (CHCA) (G(2)CHCA) was reported by Tatiana et al. as a useful ionic liquid matrix (ILM) for sulfated oligosaccharides to suppress the loss of sulfate groups. However, the report mainly referred to positive ion spectra only and amounts of 10 pmol or more of the analyte were used. Herein, we demonstrated highly sensitive detection of sulfated/sialylated/neutral oligosaccharides and preferential ionization of glycopeptides by optimizing a newly synthesized ILM: TMG salt of p-coumaric acid (G(3)CA) and the existing G(2)CHCA in both positive and negative ion extraction modes. Sulfated oligosaccharides were detected with high sensitivity (e.g., 1 fmol) in both ion extraction modes, and the dissociation of sulfate groups was suppressed especially using G(3)CA. Sialylated and neutral oligosaccharides were also detected with high sensitivity (e.g., 1 fmol) with positive ion extraction while the dissociation of sialic acids was suppressed especially using G(3)CA. Additionally, glycopeptide ions were detected preferentially using the ILMs among the digest of a glycoprotein, ribonuclease B, in both ion extraction modes but particularly in the negative ion mode. As a result, the use of optimized ILMs provides an effective method for carbohydrate analysis due to the highly sensitive soft-ionization achieved in both ion extraction modes as well as the homogeneity of analyte-matrix mixtures.


Deep ultraviolet lasers for flow cytometry.
Modern flow cytometers require multiple laser wavelengths to excite the wide variety of fluorescent probes now available for high-dimensional analysis. Ultraviolet (UV) lasers (typically solid state 355 nm) have become a critical excitation source for the Brilliant Ultraviolet (BUV) series of polymer fluorochromes. The BUV dyes have pushed the number of fluorescent probes available for simultaneous analysis to nearly 30, allowing an unprecedented level of precision for immune cell analysis. However, immunologists are already seeking analyze more than 30 simultaneous parameters, requiring both new fluorochromes and corresponding laser wavelengths. A group of polymer dyes requiring deep ultraviolet (UV) excitation (~280-300 nm) is currently under development, allowing the expansion of high-dimensional cytometry beyond the current 30 color limit. In this study, we evaluated a newly available laser emitting at 280 nm as a possible laser source for exciting these dyes. Since deep UV polymer dyes are not yet available, we used quantum nanoparticles (Qdots) as a surrogate probe to assess the utility of this laser wavelength for flow cytometry. Deep UV laser light was found to excite Qdots as well as traditional UV sources. Deep UV 280 nm did not excite BUV dyes well, suggesting that BUV and deep UV polymers will be spectrally compatible with low crossbeam spillover issues. Deep UV excitation did excite considerable autofluorescence in the violet to blue range, a limitation that will need to guide deep UV fluorochrome development. A deep UV 280 nm laser may therefore be the next essential wavelength for high-dimensional flow cytometry. © 2018 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.


Energy and angular dependences of common types of personal dosemeters in the mirror of the First national intercomparison of individual dosimetric monitoring laboratories in Ukraine.
In depth analysis of the results of the First National Intercomparison of individual dosimetry laboratories in Ukraine has revealed energy and angular responses of the most common types of personal dosemeters and dosi metric systems. Participating laboratories use 9 different types of dosimetric systems - automatic, semi automat ic and manual. If was found that energy dependences of the most common dosemeter types in Ukraine generally correspond to the literature data on respective TLD materials (LiF:Mg,Cu,P, LiF:Mg,TiandAl2O3:С), however, due to peculiarities of holders (filters) and dose algorithms, for some dosimetry systems the energy dependences can be improved (compensated). Angular dependences proved to be more pronounced: only two systems revealed weak dependence of response on the incident angle, for other systems at large angles (α=60°) dosemeters overestimate true dose values.


Self-injury behavior, economic status and the family anomie syndrome among adolescents.
Only recently has there been a focus upon the psychosocial environment of the family that surrounds the suicide-prone individual. The purpose of this research was to learn more about the association of economic status and family anomie, operationationalized by family normlessness and powerlessness scales, to the differential vulnerability of adolescents to suicide potential. The research design called for a detailed interview with the persons attempting suicide and members of their families. The study samples consisted of 30 low economic and 25 high economic status families. It was predicted that social anomie could be translated into behavioral (attempted suicide) and attitudinal (normlessness and powerlessness) determinants when viewed with regard to its impact upon the family. Significant differences in the degree of normlessness and powerlessness were found for suicidal and nonsuicidal adolescents and their families. These differences appear to be part of a family anomie syndrome.


Circulating MicroRNAs as Potential Biomarkers for Lung Cancer.
Lung cancer is the number one cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. To improve disease outcome, it is crucial to implement biomarkers into the clinics which assist physicians in their decisions regarding diagnosis, prognosis, as well as prediction of treatment response. Liquid biopsy offers an opportunity to obtain such biomarkers in a minimal invasive manner by retrieving tumor-derived material from body fluids of the patient. The abundance of circulating microRNAs is known to be altered in disease and has therefore been studied extensively as a cancer biomarker. Circulating microRNAs present a variety of favorable characteristics for application as liquid biopsy-based biomarkers, including their high stability, relatively high abundance, and presence is nearly all body fluids. Although the application of circulating microRNAs for the management of lung cancer has not entered the clinics yet, several studies showed their utility for diagnosis, prognosis, and efficacy prediction of various treatment strategies, including surgery, radio-/chemotherapy, as well as targeted therapy. To compensate for their limited tumor specificity, several microRNAs are frequently combined into microRNA panels. Moreover, the possibility to combine single microRNAs or microRNA panels with tumor imaging or other cancer-specific biomarkers has the potential to increase specificity and sensitivity and could lead to the clinical application of novel multi-marker combinations.


Proposed standard mass equations for European chub Leuciscus cephalus in Italy.
Total length (L(T)) and mass measurements of 28,596 specimens of European chub Leuciscus cephalus, collected from a variety of waterways across Italy, were used to compute standard mass (W(s)) equations by both empirical percentile (EmP) and regression line percentile (RLP) methods. The use of the EmP W(s) equation [log(10) W(s) = -4·79 + 2·68log(10) L(T) + 0·10(log(10) L(T))(2)] to compute relative mass (W(r)) of L. cephalus in Italy is suggested, as it was not influenced by length-related bias (L(T) range of application = 70-470 mm).