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+Sheet,Row,Q/GT,Gemini,GPT,LLAMA,Claude,ground_truth_answer,answer_Gemini-1.5 Pro,answer_GPT-4,answer_GPT-3.5,answer_Llama-3 70B,answer_Llama-3 8B,answer_Claude 3 Opus
+Researcher-IsuField-insects,2,3,1,1,1,3,"Start scouting when 10% of migrating larvae are predicted to have emerged or 1,300-1,400 degree days have accumulated since January 1, based on a base temperature of 41°F.","Answer:The provided scientific literature focuses on stalk borer and does not contain information about black cutworm. 
+
+Reference:Nothing. 
+","Answer:
+The documents does not provide information about it.
+
+Reference:
+Nothing.",The documents does not provide information about it.,"Answer: The document does not provide information about black cutworm larvae, it provides information about Stalk borer (Papaipema nebris).
+
+Reference: Nothing","Answer: Scouting for black cutworm larvae in corn fields should begin when 10% movement of migrating larvae is predicted, or 1,300-1,400 degree days have accumulated since January 1 (base 41°F).
+
+Reference: ""Scouting. Scouting should begin when 10% movement of migrating larvae is predicted, or 1,300-1,400 degree days have accumulated since January 1 (base 41°F).""","Answer:
+Scouting for stalk borer larvae should begin when 10% movement of migrating larvae is predicted, or 1,300-1,400 degree days have accumulated since January 1 (base 41°F).
+
+Reference:
+""Scouting should begin when 10% movement 
+of migrating larvae is predicted, or 1,300-1,400 degree 
+days have accumulated since January 1 (base 41°F)."""
+Researcher-IsuField-insects,3,3,3,2,2,2,"To minimize feeding injury risk in high-risk fields, consider no-till practices, delaying planting, and implementing practices that promote rapid crop growth.","Answer:
+Delay planting to minimize injury, and adopt practices that favor crop growth to reduce losses from seedcorn maggot.
+
+Reference:
+Planting can be delayed to minimize injury in high-risk fields, and practices that favor crop growth will reduce losses from seedcorn maggot. 
+","Answer:
+Delay planting, use insecticide seed treatments, avoid spring manure incorporation, and employ practices that favor crop growth to reduce losses from seedcorn maggot.
+
+Reference:
+The context provided states: ""Management. No-till fields are less attractive to egg-laying females and are at less risk of feeding injury. Planting can be delayed to minimize injury in high-risk fields, and practices that favor crop growth will reduce losses from seedcorn maggot. Use insecticide seed treatments when planting early into manured or freshly tilled weedy areas and avoid incorporating animal manure in spring.""","Answer: No-till fields are less attractive to egg-laying females, so planting in such fields can minimize the risk of feeding injury. Delaying planting in high-risk fields and implementing practices that promote crop growth can also help reduce losses from seedcorn maggots.
+Reference: The potential for injury is minimal in no-till fields or where old crop residue is buried. Fields with manure applied in the winter or spring, fields with spring-incorporated green vegetation (cover crops or weeds), or cool, wet soils are at high risk. Management practices such as delaying planting and favoring crop growth can help reduce losses from seedcorn maggots.","Answer: To minimize the risk of feeding injury from seedcorn maggot in high-risk fields, management practices such as delaying planting, using insecticide seed treatments, and avoiding incorporating animal manure in spring can be employed.
+
+Reference: ""Management. ... Planting can be delayed to minimize injury in high-risk fields, ... and practices that favor crop growth will reduce losses from seedcorn maggot. Use insecticide seed treatments when planting early into manured or freshly tilled weedy areas and avoid incorporating animal manure in spring.""","Answer: No-till fields are less attractive to egg-laying females and are at less risk of feeding injury. Planting can be delayed to minimize injury in high-risk fields, and practices that favor crop growth will reduce losses.
+
+Reference: ""Fields with manure applied in the winter or spring, fields with spring-incorporated green vegetation (cover crops or weeds), or cool, wet soils are at high risk. No-till fields are less attractive to egg-laying females and are at less risk of feeding injury. Planting can be delayed to minimize injury in high-risk fields, and practices that favor crop growth will reduce losses.""","Answer:
+To minimize feeding injury risk from seedcorn maggots in high-risk fields, use no-till practices, delay planting, use insecticide seed treatments, and avoid spring manure incorporation. Replanting may be an option if substantial stand loss occurs.
+
+Reference:
+""No-till fields are less attractive to egg-laying females and are at less risk of feeding injury. Planting can be delayed to minimize injury in high-risk fields, and practices that favor crop growth will reduce losses from seedcorn maggot. Use insecticide seed treatments when planting early into manured or freshly tilled weedy areas and avoid incorporating animal manure in spring. Replanting may be an option if substantial stand loss has occurred."""
+Researcher-IsuField-insects,4,3,2,3,3,3,"Begin scouting for armyworm larvae in mid-to-late June in corn, continuing until silks dry, and check for cut soybean seedlings and larvae on young plants.","Answer:
+Start scouting for armyworm larvae in corn and soybean fields in mid-June.
+
+Reference:
+""best time to scout: begin in mid-June for all crops"" - Line 17, Document 2. 
+","Answer:
+Begin scouting for armyworm larvae in mid-June for both corn and soybean crops.
+
+Reference:
+The document states, ""best time to scout: begin in mid-June for all crops; continue until silks dry in corn, and throughout the season for soybean and alfalfa.""","Answer: 
+Begin scouting for armyworm larvae in mid-June for corn and soybean fields. Continue scouting until silks dry in corn and throughout the season for soybeans. Check inside whorls for small larvae in corn and use a sweep net in soybean fields.
+Reference: The best time to scout corn is in mid-to-late June; continue checking until silks begin to dry. Look inside whorls a few days before tasseling for small larvae. Larvae are rarely a problem in Iowa, but may cause injury in late-planted (June) corn in southern Iowa. Check for cut soybean seedlings and look for larvae on young plants. Use a sweep net or ground cloth as soybeans mature and in alfalfa stands.","Answer: Begin scouting for fall armyworm in mid-to-late June for corn and soybean fields.
+
+Reference: ""best time to scout: begin in mid-June for all crops; continue until silks dry in corn, and throughout the season for soybean and alfalfa."" (Line 34) and ""The best time to scout corn is in mid-to-late June; continue checking until silks begin to dry."" (Line 1)","Answer: Begin scouting for armyworm larvae in your corn and soybean fields in mid-June for all crops, and continue until silks dry in corn, and throughout the season for soybean and alfalfa.
+
+Reference: ""best time to scout: begin in mid-June for all crops; continue until silks dry in corn, and throughout the season for soybean and alfalfa."" (Document: 34, Fall armyworm on corn)","Answer:
+Begin scouting for fall armyworm larvae in mid-June for corn and soybean. In corn, continue scouting until silks begin to dry. In soybean, scout throughout the season.
+
+Reference:
+""The best time to scout corn is in mid-to-late June; continue checking until silks begin to dry. ... Check for cut soybean seedlings and look for larvae on young plants. Use a sweep net or ground cloth as soybeans mature and in alfalfa stands."""
+Researcher-IsuField-insects,5,3,2,2,3,2,"Soybean is most vulnerable to thistle caterpillar damage at the V3 to V4 growth stage, especially in border rows. Look for leaf feeding injury and webbed leaves in the upper canopy.","Answer:Soybean growth stages V3 to V4 are most vulnerable. Look for caterpillars and defoliation on the edges of fields, especially near thistles, during V3 to V4 and R1 to R5 growth stages. 
+Reference:
+Scouting. The best time to look for thistle caterpillar 
+is V3 to V4 and again during R1 to R5. The edges 
+of fields, especially near thistles, usually exhibit the 
+worst damage. 
+","Answer:
+The V3 to V4 growth stage of soybean is most vulnerable to damage from thistle caterpillars. Their presence can be identified by looking for defoliation in the upper canopy and webbed leaves together, especially along field edges near thistles.
+
+Reference:
+The documents state that ""Thistle caterpillars damage soybean by consuming leaf tissue in the upper canopy of plants, and use silk to web leaves together. Feeding injury is most serious in border rows of fields and when soybean is V3 to V4."" Additionally, it is mentioned that ""The best time to look for thistle caterpillar is V3 to V4 and again during R1 to R5. The edges of fields, especially near thistles, usually exhibit the worst damage.""","Answer: Thistle caterpillars cause the most damage to soybean plants during the V3 to V4 growth stages. Their presence can be identified by scouting the fields during V3 to V4 and again during R1 to R5, focusing on field edges, especially near thistles, where the worst damage is usually observed.
+
+Reference: Scouting information provided in the document mentions that the best time to look for thistle caterpillars is during the V3 to V4 growth stages and again during R1 to R5. The edges of fields, especially near thistles, exhibit the worst damage.","Answer: The growth stage of soybean most vulnerable to damage from thistle caterpillars is V3 to V4. To identify their presence, scout the edges of fields, especially near thistles, and look for leaves webbed together with silk.
+
+Reference: ""Crop Injury. Thistle caterpillars damage soybean by consuming leaf tissue in the upper canopy of plants, and use silk to web leaves together. Feeding injury is most serious in border rows of fields and when soybean is V3 to V4."" and ""Scouting. The best time to look for thistle caterpillar is V3 to V4 and again during R1 to R5. The edges of fields, especially near thistles, usually exhibit the worst damage.""","Answer:
+Thistle caterpillars damage soybean by consuming leaf tissue in the upper canopy of plants, and the most serious feeding injury occurs in the V3 to V4 and R1 to R5 growth stages. To identify their presence in your fields, look for damage at the edges, especially near thistles.
+
+Reference:
+Scouting. The best time to look for thistle caterpillar is V3 to V4 and again during R1 to R5. The edges of fields, especially near thistles, usually exhibit the worst damage.","Answer:
+Soybean is most vulnerable to thistle caterpillar damage at V3 to V4 growth stages. Scout for caterpillars and defoliation at field edges near thistles from V3 to V4 and again from R1 to R5.
+
+Reference:
+""Feeding injury is most serious in border rows of fields and when soybean is V3 to V4.""
+""The best time to look for thistle caterpillar is V3 to V4 and again during R1 to R5. The edges of fields, especially near thistles, usually exhibit the worst damage."""
+Researcher-IsuField-insects,6,3,3,3,3,3,Consider applying insecticides when defoliation reaches or exceeds 20% in the pod-fill stages (R4-R5) or when there is at least one corn earworm per linear foot of row.,"Answer: Insecticide application for corn earworm in soybean is justified when defoliation reaches or exceeds 20% in the pod-fill (R4-R5) stages or when there is at least one corn earworm per linear foot of row. 
+
+Reference: applications for corn earworm in Iowa soybean are rare, but 
+may be justified when defoliation reaches or exceeds 20% in 
+the pod-fill (R4-R5) stages or when there is at least","Answer:
+Applications for corn earworm in Iowa soybean may be justified when defoliation reaches or exceeds 20% during the pod-fill (R4-R5) stages or when there is at least one corn earworm per linear foot of row.
+
+Reference:
+The information comes from the context provided: ""applications for corn earworm in Iowa soybean are rare, but may be justified when defoliation reaches or exceeds 20% in the pod-fill (R4-R5) stages or when there is at least one corn earworm per linear foot of row.""","Answer: In Iowa soybean, applications for corn earworm may be justified when defoliation reaches or exceeds 20% or when there is at least one corn earworm per linear foot of row.
+Reference: Corn earworm on soybean","Answer: Applications for corn earworm in Iowa soybean are justified when defoliation reaches or exceeds 20% in the pod-fill (R4-R5) stages or when there is at least one corn earworm per linear foot of row.
+
+Reference: ""applications for corn earworm in Iowa soybean are rare, but may be justified when defoliation reaches or exceeds 20% in the pod-fill (R4-R5) stages or when there is at least one corn earworm per linear foot of row.""","Answer: You should consider applying insecticides to control corn earworm in your soybeans when defoliation reaches or exceeds 20% or when there is at least one corn earworm per linear foot of row.
+
+Reference: ""applications for corn earworm in Iowa soybean are rare, but may be justified when defoliation reaches or exceeds 20% in the pod-fill (R4-R5) stages or when there is at least one corn earworm per linear foot of row.""","Answer:
+Consider applying insecticides to control corn earworm in soybeans when defoliation reaches or exceeds 20% in the pod-fill (R4-R5) stages or when there is at least one corn earworm per linear foot of row.
+
+Reference:
+applications for corn earworm in Iowa soybean are rare, but may be justified when defoliation reaches or exceeds 20% in the pod-fill (R4-R5) stages or when there is at least one corn earworm per linear foot of row."
+Researcher-IsuField-insects,7,3,3,3,3,3,"Scout your soybean fields for thistle caterpillars from the V3 to V4 growth stages and again from R1 to R5, focusing on field edges near thistles where injury is usually worst.","Answer:You should start scouting soybean fields for thistle caterpillars at the V3 to V4 stages and again during R1 to R5.
+Reference:best time to scout: V3 to V4 and R1 to R5. 
+","Answer:
+The best time to start scouting for thistle caterpillars in soybean fields is during the V3 to V4 growth stages and again from R1 to R5.
+
+Reference:
+The context provided states, ""The best time to look for thistle caterpillar is V3 to V4 and again during R1 to R5.""","Answer: 
+The best time to start scouting soybean fields for thistle caterpillars is during the V3 to V4 growth stages and again during the R1 to R5 stages. 
+Reference: The best time to look for thistle caterpillar is V3 to V4 and again during R1 to R5. The edges of fields, especially near thistles, usually exhibit the worst damage.","Answer: The best time to scout for thistle caterpillars is during V3 to V4 and again during R1 to R5.
+
+Reference: ""The best time to look for thistle caterpillar is V3 to V4 and again during R1 to R5.""","Answer: You should start scouting your soybean fields for thistle caterpillars from V3 to V4 and again during R1 to R5.
+
+Reference: Scouting. The best time to look for thistle caterpillar is V3 to V4 and again during R1 to R5.","Answer:
+Start scouting soybean fields for thistle caterpillars at V3 to V4 growth stages and again from R1 to R5. Focus on field edges, especially near thistles, as they usually have the worst injury.
+
+Reference:
+best time to scout: V3 to V4 and R1 to R5.
+scouting tip: field edges, especially near 
+thistles, usually have the worst injury."
+Researcher-IsuField-insects,8,3,2,2,3,2,"When scouting for alfalfa webworm, look for webbing on leaves of new alfalfa regrowth in July and August, and be aware they may move from harvested alfalfa fields to soybeans.","Answer:
+Look for webbing on leaves in July and August, especially in new alfalfa regrowth. The larvae are yellow to green with six black spots per body segment.
+
+Reference:
+best time to scout: July and August. 
+scouting tip: generally found on new alfalfa 
+regrowth; look for webbing on leaves; may 
+move from harvested alfalfa fields to soybean.
+Young 
+larvae are yellow to green with six black spots on each 
+body segment. 
+","Answer:
+When scouting for alfalfa webworm, look for yellow to green larvae with six black spots on each body segment, webbing on leaves, and a ""frosted"" appearance of fields when webworms are abundant.
+
+Reference:
+The document states, ""scouting tip: generally found on new alfalfa regrowth; look for webbing on leaves,"" and ""Young larvae are yellow to green with six black spots on each body segment."" Additionally, it mentions, ""The webbing can cause a 'frosted' appearance of fields when abundant."" These lines were used to identify the key characteristics for scouting alfalfa webworm.","Answer: Look for webbing on new alfalfa regrowth, yellow to green young larvae with six black spots on each body segment, and approximately 1-inch long older larvae. 
+Reference: Pest Description section of the document.","Answer: When scouting for alfalfa webworm, look for webbing on leaves, particularly on new alfalfa regrowth. Young larvae are yellow to green with six black spots on each body segment, and older larvae are approximately 1 inch long.
+
+Reference: ""scouting tip: generally found on new alfalfa regrowth; look for webbing on leaves; may move from harvested alfalfa fields to soybean."" and ""Young larvae are yellow to green with six black spots on each body segment. Older larvae are approximately 1 inch long.""","Answer:
+When scouting for alfalfa webworm, look for new alfalfa regrowth and webbing on leaves, and remember that they may also move to soybean fields.
+
+Reference:
+Reference constraint guidelines: 'Nothing'","Answer:
+When scouting for alfalfa webworm, look for webbing on leaves in new alfalfa regrowth during July and August. Larvae are yellow to green with six black spots on each body segment and can grow up to 1 inch long.
+
+Reference:
+best time to scout: July and August. 
+scouting tip: generally found on new alfalfa 
+regrowth; look for webbing on leaves; may 
+move from harvested alfalfa fields to soybean.
+
+Young larvae are yellow to green with six black spots on each 
+body segment. Older larvae are approximately 1 inch long"
+Researcher-IsuField-insects,9,3,2,2,2,3,"Scout for first-generation larvae in June and July, focusing on whorl leaves, and look for second-generation egg masses on the underside of leaves near the ear in late July and August.","Answer:
+You should scout for first-generation larvae in June and July. For second-generation, focus on scouting for egg masses in late July and August. 
+
+Reference:
+best time to scout: first-generation larvae are found 
+in June and July; second-generation egg masses are 
+laid in late July and August. - Line 2-4
+","Answer:
+Scout for first-generation larvae in June and July, and for second-generation egg masses in late July and August.
+
+Reference:
+The document states, ""best time to scout: first-generation larvae are found in June and July; second-generation egg masses are laid in late July and August.""","Answer: 
+Scout for European corn borer larvae in June and July for the first generation, and for eggs in late July and August for the second generation.
+Reference: The best time to scout for European corn borer larvae and eggs is provided in the document: ""first-generation larvae are found in June and July; second-generation egg masses are laid in late July and August.""","Answer: Scout for first-generation larvae in June and July, and for second-generation egg masses in late July and August.
+
+Reference: ""best time to scout: first-generation larvae are found in June and July; second-generation egg masses are laid in late July and August.""","Answer: The best time to scout for European corn borer larvae is in June and July for first-generation larvae, and in late July and August for second-generation egg masses.
+
+Reference: ""best time to scout: first-generation larvae are found in June and July; second-generation egg masses are laid in late July and August.""","Answer:
+Scout for first-generation European corn borer larvae in June and July. Look for second-generation egg masses on the underside of leaves near the ear in late July and August.
+
+Reference:
+""best time to scout: first-generation larvae are found in June and July; second-generation egg masses are laid in late July and August."""
+Researcher-IsuField-insects,10,2,2,1,1,3,"Fall armyworm populations may have developed resistance to some Bt traits, so it's important to monitor for resistance and consider alternative management strategies like crop rotation or selective insecticides.","Answer:Fall armyworm exhibits resistance to some Bt proteins, specifically Cry1F.  Managing resistant populations can involve using alternative Bt proteins like Vip3Aa20, or using foliar insecticides when 25% of plants are infested and caterpillars are small.
+
+Reference:Transgenic Bt corn exhibits action 
+against fall armyworm; however, some Bt proteins 
+such as Cry1F and Vip3Aa20 provide better control than 
+\
+Consider treating corn with foliar 
+insecticides","Answer:
+Fall armyworm may be resistant to some Bt traits. To manage populations that have developed resistance, consider treating corn with foliar insecticides when 25% of plants are infested, caterpillars are small (<1 inch), and still exposed. In soybean, the threshold is when caterpillars are present and defoliation reaches 30% before bloom (R1) or 20% after bloom.
+
+Reference:
+The document states ""Fall armyworm may be resistant to some Bt traits."" For management, it suggests using foliar insecticides in corn when certain thresholds are met and provides specific defoliation percentages for soybeans as a threshold for treatment.","Answer: Fall armyworms may be resistant to some Bt traits, such as Cry1F and Vip3Aa20. To manage populations that have developed resistance, consider treating corn with foliar insecticides when infestation levels reach a certain threshold, and scout for larvae in hay fields and other susceptible areas.
+Reference: others. Fall armyworm may be resistant to some Bt traits.","Answer: Fall armyworms may be resistant to some Bt traits, but it is not specified which ones. To manage resistant populations, consider using foliar insecticides, managing grassy weeds, and taking advantage of natural enemies that contribute to population reduction.
+
+Reference: ""Fall armyworm may be resistant to some Bt traits."" and ""Armyworm problems may be reduced by managing grassy weeds, both in and near soybean and corn fields. Natural enemies contribute to population reduction, especially in alfalfa.""","Answer: Fall armyworms may be resistant to some Bt traits, specifically Cry1F and Vip3Aa20. To manage populations that have developed resistance, consider managing grassy weeds, both in and near soybean and corn fields, and using transgenic Bt corn with better control proteins.
+
+Reference: ""others. Fall armyworm may be resistant to some Bt traits. Transgenic Bt corn exhibits action against fall armyworm; however, some Bt proteins such as Cry1F and Vip3Aa20 provide better control than others.""","Answer:
+Fall armyworm may be resistant to some Bt traits such as Cry1F and Vip3Aa20. To manage resistant populations, scout fields regularly, cut and bale hay promptly if larvae are present, and manage grassy weeds near soybean and corn fields.
+
+Reference:
+Fall armyworm may be resistant to some Bt traits. 
+Transgenic Bt corn exhibits action against fall armyworm; however, some Bt proteins such as Cry1F and Vip3Aa20 provide better control than others.
+If there is enough hay to make a cutting, cut and bale it as soon as possible, and continue to scout regrowth for larvae.
+Armyworm problems may be reduced by managing grassy weeds, both in and near soybean and corn fields."
+Researcher-IsuField-insects,11,3,2,3,3,3,"To prevent clover root curculio infestations, clean tillage equipment between fields, avoid replanting alfalfa in infested fields for at least two years, and refrain from re-seeding alfalfa in or near affected areas.","Answer: To prevent clover root curculio infestations, clean tillage equipment between fields and avoid replanting alfalfa in infested fields for at least two years. 
+
+Reference: ""Make sure to clean tillage equipment when moving between fields, and do not replant alfalfa into infested fields for at least two years."" 
+","Answer:
+To prevent clover root curculio infestations in alfalfa fields, avoid replanting alfalfa into infested fields for at least two years and do not seed alfalfa in or adjacent to fields where infestation has just occurred. Additionally, clean tillage equipment when moving between fields to prevent spreading the pest.
+
+Reference:
+The document states, ""Make sure to clean tillage equipment when moving between fields, and do not replant alfalfa into infested fields for at least two years. Avoid re-seeding alfalfa in, and adjacent to, fields where infestation by clover root curculio has just occurred.""","Answer: 
+To prevent clover root curculio infestations in alfalfa fields, avoid reseeding alfalfa in or adjacent to fields where infestation has occurred, clean tillage equipment when moving between fields, and refrain from replanting alfalfa in infested fields for at least two years.
+Reference: Emerging from eggs in the spring and feed on alfalfa roots. Adults feed for approximately one month after emerging in June or July, and then become dormant until fall. One generation occurs per year. Management strategies include cleaning tillage equipment when moving between fields, and avoiding replanting alfalfa in infested fields for at least two years.","Answer: To prevent clover root curculio infestations, ensure to clean tillage equipment when moving between fields, avoid replanting alfalfa into infested fields for at least two years, and do not re-seed alfalfa in and adjacent to fields where infestation has just occurred.
+
+Reference: ""Management. ... Make sure to clean tillage equipment when moving between fields, and do not replant alfalfa into infested fields for at least two years. Avoid re-seeding alfalfa in, and adjacent to, fields where infestation by clover root curculio has just occurred.""","Answer: To prevent clover root curculio infestations in your alfalfa fields, make sure to clean tillage equipment when moving between fields, and do not replant alfalfa into infested fields for at least two years. Avoid re-seeding alfalfa in, and adjacent to, fields where infestation by clover root curculio has just occurred.
+
+Reference: ""Management. There are no insecticide treatments that will manage clover root curculio larvae. Make sure to clean tillage equipment when moving between fields, and do not replant alfalfa into infested fields for at least two years. Avoid re-seeding alfalfa in, and adjacent to, fields where infestation by clover root curculio has just occurred.""","Answer:
+To prevent clover root curculio infestations in alfalfa fields, clean tillage equipment when moving between fields, avoid replanting alfalfa in infested fields for at least two years, and do not re-seed alfalfa in or adjacent to recently infested fields.
+
+Reference:
+Make sure to clean tillage equipment when moving between fields, and do not replant alfalfa into infested fields for at least two years. Avoid re-seeding alfalfa in, and adjacent to, fields where infestation by clover root curculio has just occurred."
+Researcher-IsuField-insects,12,3,1,2,2,2,"Adult Japanese beetles have a metallic green head, copper forewings, and six white hair tufts on their abdomen. Larvae are white C-shaped grubs with brown heads. Adults clip corn silks, interfering with pollination, and skeletonize soybean leaves, causing severe defoliation.","Answer:
+Adult Japanese beetles are characterized by their copper-colored forewings and six white tufts of hair along each side of the abdomen. Larvae are white grubs with a brown head, three pairs of thoracic legs, and a C-shaped body. Adults damage corn by clipping silks and defoliating leaves, while larvae feed on root hairs. In soybeans, adults cause defoliation by skeletonizing leaves, while larvae feed on root hairs, potentially impacting growth and nutrient uptake.
+
+Reference:
+head, copper","Answer:
+Adult Japanese beetles have copper forewings and six white tufts of hair along each side of the abdomen. Larvae are white grubs with a brown head, three pairs of thoracic legs, and curl into a C-shape. They clip corn silks, potentially interfering with pollination, and skeletonize soybean leaves, causing severe defoliation. Larvae feed on root hairs, affecting corn growth and nutrient uptake.
+
+Reference:
+The description of adult and larval Japanese beetles is taken from the text: ""head, copper forewings, and six white tufts of hair along each side of the abdomen. Larvae are white grubs with a brown head and three pairs of thoracic legs. Larvae are 1 inch long when fully developed and always curl into a C-shape."" The damage caused to crops is described as: ""Adult Japanese beetles clip corn silks and can interfere with pollination...adults skeletonize soybean and can cause severe defoliation...Larvae feed on root hairs of soybean and corn.""","Answer: 
+Adult Japanese beetles have a metallic green head, copper forewings, and six white tufts of hair along each side of the abdomen. Larvae are white grubs with a brown head, three pairs of thoracic legs, and curl into a C-shape. They clip corn silks, interfere with pollination, defoliate corn leaves, skeletonize soybean, and cause severe defoliation in both crops, with feeding usually most severe at field edges.
+
+Reference: 
+The information was retrieved from the provided context about Japanese beetles and their impact on corn and soybean crops.","Answer: Adult Japanese beetles have a copper forewing, six white tufts of hair along each side of the abdomen, and a head. Larvae are white grubs with a brown head and three pairs of thoracic legs, curling into a C-shape when fully developed. They cause damage to corn and soybean crops by clipping corn silks, defoliating leaves, and feeding on root hairs, leading to reduced growth, nutrient deficiency, and stand reduction.
+
+Reference: ""head, copper forewings, and six white tufts of hair along each side of the abdomen. Larvae are white grubs with a brown head and three pairs of thoracic legs. Larvae are 1 inch long when fully developed and always curl into a C-shape."" and ""Crop Injury. Adult Japanese beetles clip corn silks and can interfere with pollination. Although less common, adults defoliate corn leaves between veins. Adults skeletonize soybean and can cause severe defoliation. ... Larvae feed on root hairs of soybean and corn. Root feeding is not usually economically damaging in soybean, but it can negatively affect growth, cause nutrient deficiency, and reduce stand in corn.""","Answer: Adult Japanese beetles have copper forewings and six white tufts of hair along each side of the abdomen, while larvae are white grubs with a brown head and three pairs of thoracic legs. They cause damage to corn by clipping corn silks and defoliating leaves, and to soybean by defoliating leaves and feeding on root hairs.
+
+Reference: 
+""Crop Injury. Adult Japanese beetles clip corn silks and can interfere with pollination. Although less common, adults defoliate corn leaves between veins. Adults skeletonize soybean and can cause severe defoliation. In both crops, feeding is usually most severe at the field edges. Larvae feed on root hairs of soybean and corn. Root feeding is not usually economically damaging in soybean, but it can negatively affect growth, cause nutrient deficiency, and reduce stand in corn.""","Answer:
+Adult Japanese beetles have metallic green head, copper forewings, and six white tufts of hair along each side of the abdomen. Larvae are white C-shaped grubs with brown head. Adults clip corn silks interfering with pollination and skeletonize soybean leaves. Larvae feed on root hairs.
+
+Reference:
+head, copper forewings, and six white tufts of hair along 
+each side of the abdomen. Larvae are white grubs with 
+a brown head and three pairs of thoracic legs. Larvae 
+are 1 inch long when fully developed and always curl 
+into a C-shape.
+
+Adult Japanese beetles clip corn silks and 
+can interfere with pollination. Although less common, 
+adults defoliate corn leaves between veins. Adults 
+skeletonize soybean and can cause severe defoliation.
+
+Larvae feed on root hairs of soybean and corn."
+Farmer-IsuField-insects,2,2,3,3,3,3,"Start scouting when 10% larval movement is predicted or 1,300-1,400 degree days have accumulated since January 1, focusing on the first four to six rows and looking for feeding damage on new or expanded leaves.","Answer:You should start scouting when 10% movement of migrating larvae is predicted, or 1,300-1,400 degree days have accumulated since January 1 (base 41°F). 
+Reference:Scouting. Scouting should begin when 10% movement 
+of migrating larvae is predicted, or 1,300-1,400 degree 
+days have accumulated since January 1 (base 41°F). 
+","Answer:
+Start scouting when 10% movement of migrating larvae is predicted, or when 1,300-1,400 degree days have accumulated since January 1 (base 41°F).
+
+Reference:
+Scouting should begin when 10% movement of migrating larvae is predicted, or 1,300-1,400 degree days have accumulated since January 1 (base 41°F).","Answer:Scouting should begin when 10% movement of migrating larvae is predicted, or 1,300-1,400 degree days have accumulated since January 1 (base 41°F).
+Reference:Scouting. Scouting should begin when 10% movement of migrating larvae is predicted, or 1,300-1,400 degree days have accumulated since January 1 (base 41°F).","Answer: You should begin scouting for migrating larvae in your corn fields when 10% movement of migrating larvae is predicted, or 1,300-1,400 degree days have accumulated since January 1 (base 41°F).
+
+Reference: ""Scouting. Scouting should begin when 10% movement of migrating larvae is predicted, or 1,300-1,400 degree days have accumulated since January 1 (base 41°F).""","Answer: You should begin scouting for migrating larvae in your corn fields when 10% movement of migrating larvae is predicted, or 1,300-1,400 degree days have accumulated since January 1 (base 41°F).
+
+Reference: Scouting. Scouting should begin when 10% movement of migrating larvae is predicted, or 1,300-1,400 degree days have accumulated since January 1 (base 41°F).","Answer:
+Begin scouting for migrating stalk borer larvae in corn fields when 10% movement is predicted, or 1,300-1,400 degree days (base 41°F) have accumulated since January 1. The prediction timing varies by year and location.
+
+Reference:
+Scouting should begin when 10% movement 
+of migrating larvae is predicted, or 1,300-1,400 degree 
+days have accumulated since January 1 (base 41°F). This 
+prediction is based on temperature and will be different 
+between years and locations."
+Farmer-IsuField-insects,3,3,2,3,2,3,"To minimize the risk of seed corn maggot injury, use no-till practices, avoid applying manure in winter or spring, and delay planting in high-risk fields.","Answer:
+Plant your corn and soybean seeds later in the season when the soil is warmer, as they are less attractive to egg-laying. Also, avoid incorporating animal manure in spring and use insecticide seed treatments when planting in early spring. 
+
+Reference:
+""...soybean and corn seeds germinating in the field are not attractive enough for egg laying....avoid incorporating animal manure in spring and use insecticide seed treatments when planting"" 
+","Answer:
+Use insecticide seed treatments when planting early, especially in manured or freshly tilled weedy areas. Avoid spring incorporation of animal manure and consider replanting if there's significant stand loss.
+
+Reference:
+from seedcorn maggot. Use insecticide seed treatments when planting early into manured or freshly tilled weedy areas and avoid incorporating animal manure in spring. Replanting may be an option if substantial stand loss has occurred. No rescue treatments are available.","Answer: Plant early into manured or freshly tilled weedy areas using insecticide seed treatments. Avoid incorporating animal manure in spring. Replant if substantial stand loss occurs. No rescue treatments are available.
+Reference: from seedcorn maggot. Use insecticide seed treatments when planting early into manured or freshly tilled weedy areas and avoid incorporating animal manure in spring. replanting may be an option if substantial stand loss has occurred. No rescue treatments are available.","Answer: To minimize the risk of seed corn maggot injury, use insecticide seed treatments when planting early into manured or freshly tilled weedy areas, and avoid incorporating animal manure in spring.
+
+Reference: ""Use insecticide seed treatments when planting early into manured or freshly tilled weedy areas and avoid incorporating animal manure in spring.""","Answer: Use insecticide seed treatments when planting early into manured or freshly tilled weedy areas and avoid incorporating animal manure in spring.
+
+Reference: 
+from seedcorn maggot. Use insecticide seed treatments 
+when planting early into manured or freshly tilled weedy 
+areas and avoid incorporating animal manure in spring.","Answer:
+Use insecticide seed treatments when planting early into manured or freshly tilled weedy areas. Avoid incorporating animal manure in spring. Replanting may be an option if substantial stand loss has occurred.
+
+Reference:
+Use insecticide seed treatments 
+when planting early into manured or freshly tilled weedy 
+areas and avoid incorporating animal manure in spring. 
+Replanting may be an option if substantial stand loss has 
+occurred."
+Farmer-IsuField-insects,4,2,2,2,2,2,"The best time to scout for armyworms in corn is mid-to-late June until silks begin to dry, and in soybeans, check for cut seedlings and larvae on young plants, then use a sweep net as soybeans mature.","Answer:Start checking your corn in mid-June and keep checking until the silks start drying out. For soybeans, you need to scout throughout the season. 
+
+Reference:CORN, SOYBEAN, ALFALFA
+best time to scout: begin in mid-June for all crops; 
+continue until silks dry in corn, and throughout the 
+season for soybean and alfalfa. 
+","Answer:
+Mid-to-late June for corn, and throughout the season for soybean.
+
+Reference:
+The document states, ""best time to scout: begin in mid-June for all crops; continue until silks dry in corn, and throughout the season for soybean and alfalfa.""","Answer: Begin scouting for armyworms in mid-June for both corn and soybean fields. Continue scouting until silks dry in corn and throughout the season for soybeans.
+Reference: The best time to scout: begin in mid-June for all crops; continue until silks dry in corn, and throughout the season for soybean and alfalfa.","Answer: The best time to scout for armyworms in corn is in mid-to-late June, and continue checking until silks begin to dry. For soybean, scout throughout the season.
+
+Reference: ""best time to scout: begin in mid-June for all crops; continue until silks dry in corn, and throughout the season for soybean and alfalfa.""","Answer: The best time to scout for armyworms in your corn and soybean fields is in mid-to-late June for corn, and throughout the season for soybean and alfalfa.
+
+Reference: ""Scouting. In soybean and corn, grassy areas are associated with infestations. The best time to scout corn is in mid-to-late June; continue checking until silks begin to dry.""","Answer:
+The best time to scout for fall armyworm in corn is mid-to-late June until silks dry. In soybean, scout throughout the season using a sweep net or ground cloth.
+
+Reference:
+""The best time to scout corn is in mid-to-late June; continue checking until silks begin to dry. ... Check for cut soybean seedlings and look for larvae on young plants. Use a sweep net or ground cloth as soybeans mature"""
+Farmer-IsuField-insects,5,3,3,2,2,2,"Watch for webbed leaves in the upper canopy, especially in border rows, and feeding damage when soybeans are at the V3 to V4 growth stage.","Answer:Look for webbed leaves, especially in the upper canopy of plants near field edges and thistles, when soybean is in V3 to V4 stage. 
+
+Reference: ""Thistle caterpillars damage soybean by 
+consuming leaf tissue in the upper canopy of plants, and 
+use silk to web leaves together. Feeding injury is most 
+serious in border rows of fields and when soybean is 
+V3 to V4.""
+","Answer:
+Check for leaf tissue consumption in the upper canopy and leaves webbed together with silk, especially along field edges near thistles.
+
+Reference:
+The documents state that ""Thistle caterpillars damage soybean by consuming leaf tissue in the upper canopy of plants, and use silk to web leaves together."" and ""The edges of fields, especially near thistles, usually exhibit the worst damage.""","Answer: Look for defoliation in the upper canopy of soybean plants, silk webbing on leaves, and caterpillars that are black and yellow to dark purple with multi-pronged spines along their backs. 
+Reference: The best time to look for thistle caterpillar is V3 to V4 and again during R1 to R5. Thistle caterpillars damage soybean by consuming leaf tissue in the upper canopy of plants and use silk to web leaves together. Thistle caterpillars are variable in appearance, ranging from black and yellow to dark purple, with multi-pronged spines along their backs.","Answer: Look for webbed leaves and defoliation, especially on the edges of fields near thistles, during the V3 to V4 and R1 to R5 stages.
+
+Reference: ""Crop Injury. Thistle caterpillars damage soybean by consuming leaf tissue in the upper canopy of plants, and use silk to web leaves together. Feeding injury is most serious in border rows of fields and when soybean is V3 to V4.""","Answer: Look for signs of damage on the edges of fields, especially near thistles, and check for the presence of green, barrel-shaped eggs.
+
+Reference: ""The best time to look for thistle caterpillar is V3 to V4 and again during R1 to R5. The edges of fields, especially near thistles, usually exhibit the worst damage.""","Answer:
+Look for thistle caterpillars and leaf feeding injury in soybean at growth stages V3 to V4, especially in field edges near thistles. Larvae web leaves together and can cause serious defoliation.
+
+Reference:
+The best time to look for thistle caterpillar is V3 to V4 and again during R1 to R5. The edges of fields, especially near thistles, usually exhibit the worst damage.
+Thistle caterpillars damage soybean by consuming leaf tissue in the upper canopy of plants, and use silk to web leaves together. Feeding injury is most serious in border rows of fields and when soybean is V3 to V4."
+Farmer-IsuField-insects,6,3,3,3,3,3,Consider applying insecticides when defoliation reaches or exceeds 20% in the pod-fill stages (R4-R5) or when there is at least one corn earworm per linear foot of row.,"Answer:
+If you're seeing 20% or more defoliation during the pod-filling stages (R4-R5) or finding at least one corn earworm per foot of row, it might be time to think about insecticides. 
+
+Reference:
+applications for corn earworm in Iowa soybean are rare, but 
+may be justified when defoliation reaches or exceeds 20% in 
+the pod-fill (R4-R5) stages or when there is at least","Answer:
+Consider applying insecticides when defoliation reaches or exceeds 20% during the pod-fill stages (R4-R5) or when there is at least one corn earworm per linear foot of row.
+
+Reference:
+The document states, ""applications for corn earworm in Iowa soybean are rare, but may be justified when defoliation reaches or exceeds 20% in the pod-fill (R4-R5) stages or when there is at least one corn earworm per linear foot of row.""","Answer: Insecticides should be considered when defoliation reaches or exceeds 20% in soybeans or when there is at least one corn earworm per linear foot of row.
+Reference: applications for corn earworm in Iowa soybean are rare, but may be justified when defoliation reaches or exceeds 20% in Corn earworm. Corn earworm on soybean.","Answer: Consider applying insecticides when defoliation reaches or exceeds 20% in the pod-fill (R4-R5) stages or when there is at least one corn earworm per linear foot of row.
+
+Reference: ""applications for corn earworm in Iowa soybean are rare, but may be justified when defoliation reaches or exceeds 20% in the pod-fill (R4-R5) stages or when there is at least one corn earworm per linear foot of row.""","Answer: 
+At least 20% defoliation or when there is at least one corn earworm per linear foot of row.
+
+Reference: 
+""applications for corn earworm in Iowa soybean are rare, but may be justified when defoliation reaches or exceeds 20% in Corn earworm on soybean the pod-fill (R4-R5) stages or when there is at least one corn earworm per linear foot of row. See page 74 for soybean defoliation scouting guidelines.""","Answer:
+Consider applying insecticides for corn earworm control in soybeans when defoliation reaches or exceeds 20% in the pod-fill (R4-R5) stages or when there is at least one corn earworm per linear foot of row.
+
+Reference:
+applications for corn earworm in Iowa soybean are rare, but may be justified when defoliation reaches or exceeds 20% in the pod-fill (R4-R5) stages or when there is at least one corn earworm per linear foot of row."
+Farmer-IsuField-insects,7,3,1,1,2,1,"Start scouting for potato leafhopper adults and larvae using a sweep net after reaching 200 degree days in southern Iowa or 250 degree days in northern Iowa, using a base temperature of 48°F.","Answer:The provided information does not tell us when to scout for potato leafhopper. It only talks about alfalfa weevils. 
+Reference:Nothing. 
+","Answer:
+The documents does not provide information about it.
+
+Reference:
+Nothing.","Answer:You should wait for 200 degree days in southern Iowa or 250 degree days in northern Iowa before starting to scout for potato leafhopper in your alfalfa fields.
+
+Reference: The best time to scout for alfalfa weevil is at 200 degree days in southern Iowa and 250 degree days in northern Iowa.","Answer: You should wait 200 degree days in southern Iowa and 250 degree days in northern Iowa before scouting for alfalfa weevil, not potato leafhopper, in your alfalfa fields.
+
+Reference: ""best time to scout: at 200 degree days (base 48˚F) in southern Iowa and 250 degree days in northern Iowa."" (from the section about Alfalfa weevil)","Answer: The documents does not provide information about potato leafhopper. It only talks about Alfalfa weevil.
+
+Reference: Nothing","Answer:
+The documents do not provide information about how many degree days to wait after the benchmark before scouting for potato leafhopper in alfalfa fields.
+
+Reference:
+Nothing"
+Farmer-IsuField-insects,8,3,1,2,1,1,"Thistle caterpillar damage can be distinguished by the presence of multi-pronged spines along the backs of the larvae, which range in color from black and yellow to dark purple.","Answer: Thistle caterpillars use silk to web leaves together, which helps distinguish them from alfalfa webworms or leafrollers. 
+
+Reference: ""Thistle caterpillars damage soybean by 
+consuming leaf tissue in the upper canopy of plants, and 
+use silk to web leaves together.""
+","Answer: Look for multi-pronged spines on the caterpillars and silk webbing leaves together. Thistle caterpillar damage is most serious in border rows and when soybean is V3 to V4.
+Reference: The document states that thistle caterpillars can be confused with alfalfa webworm, leafrollers, and spider webs. It also mentions that thistle caterpillars have multi-pronged spines along their backs and use silk to web leaves together, and that feeding injury is most serious in border rows of fields and when soybean is V3 to V4.","Answer: Thistle caterpillar damage can be distinguished by looking for multi-pronged spines along their backs and silk webbing on leaves. It can be confused with alfalfa webworm, leafrollers, and spider webs.
+Reference: Pest Description section","Answer: The document does not provide specific information about how to tell the difference between thistle caterpillar damage and damage from other pests like alfalfa webworm or leafrollers. However, it does mention that thistle caterpillars can be confused with alfalfa webworm, leafrollers, and spider webs.
+
+Reference: ""confused with: alfalfa webworm, leafrollers, spider webs.""","Answer: Thistle caterpillar damage can be confused with alfalfa webworm, leafrollers, and spider webs. Look for the presence of multi-pronged spines on the caterpillars and the characteristic webbing of leaves together with silk.
+
+Reference: Scouting tip: field edges, especially near thistles, usually have the worst injury. Confused with: alfalfa webworm, leafrollers, spider webs.","Answer:
+Thistle caterpillar damage can be confused with alfalfa webworm, leafrollers, or spider webs. The documents do not provide specific information to differentiate the damage from these pests.
+
+Reference:
+confused with: alfalfa webworm, leafrollers, 
+spider webs."
+Farmer-IsuField-insects,9,3,2,2,2,3,"Scout for alfalfa webworms in July and August, especially on new alfalfa regrowth. Look for webbing on leaves and be aware that they may move from harvested alfalfa fields to soybeans.","Answer:
+Look for webbing on leaves and a ""frosted"" appearance in your alfalfa fields, especially in July and August. 
+
+Reference:
+""best time to scout: July and August. 
+scouting tip: generally found on new alfalfa 
+regrowth; look for webbing on leaves; may 
+move from harvested alfalfa fields to soybean.""
+""The webbing can cause a “frosted” appearance 
+of fields when abundant"" 
+","Answer:
+Look for webbing on alfalfa leaves, especially on new regrowth, during July and August.
+
+Reference:
+The document states ""best time to scout: July and August,"" and ""scouting tip: generally found on new alfalfa regrowth; look for webbing on leaves.""","Answer: Look for webbing on new alfalfa regrowth in July and August to identify alfalfa webworm infestations. 
+Reference: best time to scout: July and August. scouting tip: generally found on new alfalfa regrowth; look for webbing on leaves; may move from harvested alfalfa fields to soybean.","Answer: Look for webbing on leaves, especially on new alfalfa regrowth, during July and August.
+
+Reference: ""best time to scout: July and August. scouting tip: generally found on new alfalfa regrowth; look for webbing on leaves;""","Answer: 
+To identify alfalfa webworm infestations, look for webbing on leaves, especially on new alfalfa regrowth. Be most vigilant in July and August, as this is the best time to scout for them.
+
+Reference: 
+""best time to scout: July and August. 
+scouting tip: generally found on new alfalfa 
+regrowth; look for webbing on leaves; may 
+move from harvested alfalfa fields to soybean.""","Answer:
+Look for webbing on leaves in July and August, especially on new alfalfa regrowth. Serious infestations can give fields a ""frosted"" appearance. Scout after cutting alfalfa, as webworms may move from harvested fields to soybeans.
+
+Reference:
+best time to scout: July and August. 
+scouting tip: generally found on new alfalfa 
+regrowth; look for webbing on leaves; may 
+move from harvested alfalfa fields to soybean.
+The webbing can cause a ""frosted"" appearance 
+of fields when abundant, but the defoliation is generally 
+insignificant."
+Farmer-IsuField-insects,10,3,2,2,2,3,"Start scouting for first-generation larvae in June and July, and look for second-generation egg masses on the underside of leaves near the ear in late July and August.","Answer: You should start looking for first-generation larvae in June and July.  Second-generation egg masses are laid in late July and August. 
+
+Reference: best time to scout: first-generation larvae are found 
+in June and July; second-generation egg masses are 
+laid in late July and August. 
+","Answer:
+Start scouting for first-generation larvae in June and July, and look for second-generation egg masses in late July and August.
+
+Reference:
+The document states, ""best time to scout: first-generation larvae are found in June and July; second-generation egg masses are laid in late July and August.""","Answer: 
+You should start looking for European corn borer larvae in June and July for the first generation, and for eggs in late July and August for the second generation.
+Reference:
+The best time to scout for European corn borer larvae is in June and July for the first generation, and for eggs in late July and August for the second generation.","Answer: You should start looking for European corn borer larvae in June and July for the first generation, and for eggs in late July and August for the second generation.
+
+Reference: ""best time to scout: first-generation larvae are found in June and July; second-generation egg masses are laid in late July and August.""","Answer: You should start looking for European corn borer larvae or eggs in your corn fields in June and July for first-generation larvae, and in late July and August for second-generation egg masses.
+
+Reference: ""best time to scout: first-generation larvae are found in June and July; second-generation egg masses are laid in late July and August.""","Answer:
+First-generation larvae can be found in June and July by removing whorls and unrolling new leaves. Second-generation egg masses are laid on the underside of leaves near the ear in late July and August.
+
+Reference:
+best time to scout: first-generation larvae are found in June and July; second-generation egg masses are laid in late July and August.
+scouting tip: remove whorl and unroll new leaves to find first-generation larvae. Second-generation larvae are very difficult to find; focus on eggs laid on the underside of leaves near the ear."
+Farmer-IsuField-insects,11,3,2,1,1,1,"Look for prominent inverted 'Y' markings on the head of fall armyworm larvae to identify them, and consider resistance testing if damage occurs despite Bt traits.","Answer:You'll see continued damage to your corn even though it's a Bt hybrid that's supposed to control fall armyworm. 
+
+Reference:Fall armyworm may be resistant to some Bt traits. 
+","Answer:
+The documents does not provide information about it.
+
+Reference:
+Nothing.","Answer:Look for signs of fall armyworm feeding on Bt corn. If there is damage despite Bt traits, it may indicate resistance. Consider using Bt proteins like Cry1F and Vip3Aa20 for better control.
+Reference:others. Fall armyworm may be resistant to some Bt traits.","Answer: The document does not provide information about how to determine if fall armyworms are resistant to Bt traits in corn hybrids.
+
+Reference: Nothing. The document only mentions that fall armyworm may be resistant to some Bt traits, but it does not provide guidance on how to determine resistance.","Answer:
+Fall armyworms may be resistant to some Bt traits. If you notice that the worms are not being controlled by the Bt corn, it could be a sign of resistance.
+
+Reference:
+others. Fall armyworm may be resistant to some Bt traits.","Answer:
+The documents do not provide information about how to tell if fall armyworms in a field are resistant to the Bt traits in corn hybrids.
+
+Reference:
+Nothing"
+Farmer-IsuField-insects,12,3,2,3,3,2,"Clean tillage equipment when moving between fields, avoid replanting alfalfa in infested fields for at least two years, and do not re-seed alfalfa in or near affected fields.","Answer:
+You can't kill the larvae with insecticide. Don't plant alfalfa in infested fields for at least 2 years. Clean your equipment before moving between fields. 
+
+Reference:
+Management. There are no insecticide treatments that will 
+manage clover root curculio larvae. Make sure to clean 
+tillage equipment when moving between fields, and do not 
+replant alfalfa into infested fields for at least two years. 
+Avoid re-seeding alfalfa in, and adjacent to","Answer:
+There are no insecticide treatments for clover root curculio larvae. Clean tillage equipment, avoid replanting alfalfa in infested fields for two years, and don't re-seed alfalfa in or adjacent to recently infested fields.
+
+Reference:
+Management. There are no insecticide treatments that will manage clover root curculio larvae. Make sure to clean tillage equipment when moving between fields, and do not replant alfalfa into infested fields for at least two years. Avoid re-seeding alfalfa in, and adjacent to, fields where infestation by clover root curculio has just occurred.","Answer: There are no insecticide treatments available for managing clover root curculio larvae. To control clover root curculio, clean tillage equipment when moving between fields, avoid replanting alfalfa in infested fields for at least two years, and refrain from re-seeding alfalfa in or near fields recently infested by clover root curculio.
+
+Reference: ""There are no insecticide treatments that will manage clover root curculio larvae. Make sure to clean tillage equipment when moving between fields, and do not replant alfalfa into infested fields for at least two years. Avoid re-seeding alfalfa in, and adjacent to, fields where infestation by clover root curculio has just occurred.""","Answer: To control clover root curculio, clean tillage equipment when moving between fields, and do not replant alfalfa into infested fields for at least two years. Avoid re-seeding alfalfa in, and adjacent to, fields where infestation has just occurred.
+
+Reference: ""Management.... Make sure to clean tillage equipment when moving between fields, and do not replant alfalfa into infested fields for at least two years. Avoid re-seeding alfalfa in, and adjacent to, fields where infestation by clover root curculio has just occurred.""","Answer: 
+To control clover root curculio in your alfalfa fields, make sure to clean tillage equipment when moving between fields, and do not replant alfalfa into infested fields for at least two years. Avoid re-seeding alfalfa in, and adjacent to, fields where infestation by clover root curculio has just occurred.
+
+Reference: 
+""There are no insecticide treatments that will manage clover root curculio larvae. Make sure to clean tillage equipment when moving between fields, and do not replant alfalfa into infested fields for at least two years. Avoid re-seeding alfalfa in, and adjacent to, fields where infestation by clover root curculio has just occurred.""","Answer:
+To control clover root curculio in alfalfa fields, clean tillage equipment when moving between fields and avoid replanting alfalfa in infested fields for at least two years. There are no effective insecticide treatments for the larvae.
+
+Reference:
+Management. There are no insecticide treatments that will 
+manage clover root curculio larvae. Make sure to clean 
+tillage equipment when moving between fields, and do not 
+replant alfalfa into infested fields for at least two years."
+Researcher-IsuField-weeds,2,3,2,2,2,2,"Look for a basal rosette of leaves, stems that elongate later, alternate or whorled leaves that are linear, toothed, hairy, and up to 4 inches long.","Answer: Horseweed (Marestail) can be distinguished by its hairy stems, linear toothed leaves (up to 4 inches), and small flowers arranged in large panicles at the top of the stems. 
+
+Reference: ""Leaves: Seedlings develop as a basal rosette; stems elongate later. Leaves are alternate but may appear whorled as they are crowded along the stem. Leaves are linear, usually toothed, hairy, up to 4 inches long, and attached directly to the stem. Leaves become progressively smaller","Answer:
+Key identifying features of Horseweed (Marestail) include a basal rosette of leaves, elongated stems with stiff hairs, alternate linear leaves that may appear whorled, small flowers in large panicles with yellow disk and white ray flowers, and small yellow achenes with a white pappus.
+
+Reference:
+The document describes Horseweed's leaves as developing from a basal rosette, with stems that elongate later and are covered with stiff hairs. Leaves are described as alternate, linear, and usually toothed. The document also mentions that the flowers are very small, in large panicles, with yellow disk flowers and white ray flowers, and that the fruit are small yellow achenes with a white pappus.","Answer:
+Horseweed (Marestail) can be identified by its basal rosette leaves, elongated stems with alternate linear leaves, small flowers in large panicles at the tops of stems, and small yellow achenes with a white pappus for wind dispersion.
+Reference:
+Weed identification field guide - Horseweed basal rosette leaves, Horseweed plants with elongated stems, Flowers/fruit section","Answer: The key identifying features of Horseweed (Marestail) include its winter or early summer annual life cycle, up to 7 feet height, linear leaves with teeth and hair, alternate but crowded arrangement along the stem, erect and branched stems with stiff hairs, and small flowers in large panicles with yellow disk and white ray flowers.
+
+Reference: The description of Horseweed's life cycle, height, leaves, stems, and flowers/fruit in the provided document, specifically the lines: ""Life cycle/height: Winter or early summer annual, up to 7 feet"", ""Leaves: Seedlings develop as a basal rosette; stems elongate later. Leaves are alternate but may appear whorled as they are crowded along the stem. Leaves are linear, usually toothed, hairy, up to 4 inches long, and attached directly to the stem."", and ""Flowers/fruit: Very small flowers in large panicles are positioned at the tops of stems. Each flower head has a narrow, pointed green bract at the base and is composed of yellow disk flowers and white ray flowers.""","Answer: 
+Horseweed (Marestail) can be identified by its characteristic basal rosette leaves, linear and toothed, which may appear whorled due to crowding on the stem. The stem is erect, branched, and covered with stiff hairs, while the flowers are very small, in large panicles, and accompanied by a narrow, pointed green bract.
+
+Reference: 
+Weed identification field guide.","Answer:
+Key identifying features of Horseweed (Marestail) are:
+1. Seedlings develop as a basal rosette, with alternate crowded leaves
+2. Leaves are linear, toothed, hairy, up to 4 inches long
+3. Erect stems, branched toward the top, covered with stiff hairs
+4. Very small flowers in large panicles at the tops of stems
+
+Reference:
+Leaves: Seedlings develop as a basal rosette; stems elongate later. Leaves are alternate but may appear whorled as they are crowded along the stem. Leaves are linear, usually toothed, hairy, up to 4 inches long, and
+
+Stems: Erect, branched toward the top and covered with stiff hairs
+
+Flowers/fruit: Very small flowers in large panicles are positioned at the tops of stems."
+Researcher-IsuField-weeds,3,3,2,3,3,3,"Look for annual plants up to 5 feet tall with leaves that have short, fine hairs on the upper surface, hairy ligules up to 1/8 inch long, and a cylindrical, bristly panicle seedhead that is 3 to 8 inches long with a nodding appearance.","Answer:Giant foxtail can be identified by its tall, erect stems, long (up to 16 inches) hairy leaves, and its distinctive cylindrical, bristly seedhead that nods. 
+
+Reference:Life cycle/height: Annual, up to 5 feet
+Leaves: Blades are up to 16 inches long.
+Upper surfaces are covered with short, fine
+hairs. 
+Seedhead: Inflorescence is a cylindrical,
+bristly panicle that is 3 to ","Answer:
+Giant foxtail can be identified by its annual life cycle, erect stems that are round and hollow, leaf blades up to 16 inches long with short fine hairs on the upper surfaces, hairy ligules up to 1/8 inch long, and a cylindrical, bristly seedhead 3 to 8 inches long with a nodding appearance.
+
+Reference:
+The identification characteristics were derived from the provided document, specifically: ""Life cycle/height: Annual, up to 5 feet"", ""Leaves: Blades are up to 16 inches long. Upper surfaces are covered with short, fine hairs"", ""Ligules: Hairy, up to 1/8 inch long"", ""Stems: Erect, round, hollow, and usually without hairs"", and ""Seedhead: Inflorescence is a cylindrical, bristly panicle that is 3 to 8 inches long. The inflorescence has a nodding appearance.""","Answer:Giant foxtail can be identified in fields by its annual life cycle, erect round hollow stems without hairs, hairy ligules up to 1/8 inch long, blades up to 16 inches long with short fine hairs on upper surfaces, and a cylindrical bristly panicle seedhead that is 3 to 8 inches long.
+Reference:Weed identification field guide, Giant foxtail section","Answer: Giant foxtail can be identified by its annual life cycle, reaching up to 5 feet in height, with leaves that are up to 16 inches long and have short, fine hairs on the upper surface. The ligules are hairy and up to 1/8 inch long, and the stems are erect, round, hollow, and usually hairless. The seedhead is a cylindrical, bristly panicle that is 3 to 8 inches long and has a nodding appearance.
+
+Reference: The information used to answer this question comes from the ""Weed identification field guide"" document, specifically the section on Giant foxtail (Setaria faberi), which describes its life cycle/height, leaves, ligules, stems, and seedhead.","Answer: Giant foxtail can be identified by its annual life cycle, erect stems that are up to 5 feet tall, and leaves with upper surfaces covered with short, fine hairs. The leaves are also up to 16 inches long, and the sheaths have very short hairs along the margins.
+
+Reference: 
+\u2022 ""Life cycle/height: Annual, up to 5 feet"" 
+\u2022 ""Leaves: Blades are up to 16 inches long. Upper surfaces are covered with short, fine hairs. Sheaths have very short hairs along margins.""","Answer:
+Giant foxtail can be identified by its erect, round, hollow stems up to 5 feet tall, blades up to 16 inches long with short hairs on the upper surface, and a cylindrical, bristly, nodding seedhead 3 to 8 inches long.
+
+Reference:
+Leaves: Blades are up to 16 inches long. Upper surfaces are covered with short, fine hairs. Sheaths have very short hairs along margins.
+Stems: Erect, round, hollow, and usually without hairs
+Seedhead: Inflorescence is a cylindrical, bristly panicle that is 3 to 8 inches long. The inflorescence has a nodding appearance."
+Researcher-IsuField-weeds,4,2,3,2,3,3,"Look for annual plants with alternate, ovate leaves that have a small notch at the tip, rough surfaces with hairs on the underside, and erect, branched stems up to 6\xbd feet tall.","Answer:Redroot pigweed is characterized by alternate, ovate leaves with a notch at the tip, short dense hairs on stems (often red near the base), and thick, prickly flower spikes up to 8 inches long. 
+
+Reference:\u2022\tStems: Erect, branched plant. Stems are often red near the base and are covered with short, dense hairs that are most easily seen on new growth.
+\u2022\tLeaves: Cotyledons are linear with a prominent midvein. Leaves are alternate","Answer:
+Redroot pigweed can be identified by its erect, branched stems that are often red near the base and covered with short, dense hairs, especially on new growth. The leaves are alternate, ovate with a small notch at the tip, and have rough surfaces with hairs on the underside, particularly on the veins. The plant can grow up to 6\xbd feet tall and produces small, greenish flowers in dense terminal and axillary clusters with prickly spikes up to 8 inches long.
+
+Reference:
+The distinguishing features are derived from the description provided: ""Stems: Erect, branched plant. Stems are often red near the base and are covered with short, dense hairs that are most easily seen on new growth."" and ""Leaves: Cotyledons are linear with a prominent midvein. Leaves are alternate, ovate, and usually have a small notch at the tip. Leaf surfaces are rough with hairs on the underside, most notably on the veins."" Additionally, the height of the plant ""Life cycle/height: Annual, up to 6\xbd feet"" and the description of the flowers ""Flowers/fruit: Small, greenish flowers grow in dense terminal and axillary clusters. Clusters are thick, prickly spikes up to 8 inches long."" were used to provide a comprehensive identification guide.","Answer: 
+Redroot pigweed can be identified by its erect, branched stems that are often red near the base and covered with short, dense hairs. The leaves are alternate, ovate, rough with hairs on the underside, and usually have a small notch at the tip. 
+Reference: Weed identification field guide, Page 39","Answer: The distinguishing features of Redroot pigweed include its erect, branched stem that is often red near the base and covered with short, dense hairs, especially on new growth. Its leaves are alternate, ovate, and have a small notch at the tip, with rough surfaces and hairs on the underside, particularly on the veins. The flowers are small, greenish, and grow in dense terminal and axillary clusters, with bracts about twice as long as sepals.
+
+Reference: The information used to identify the distinguishing features of Redroot pigweed comes from the following lines in the document: ""Stems: Erect, branched plant. Stems are often red near the base and are covered with short, dense hairs that are most easily seen on new growth."" and ""Leaves: Cotyledons are linear with a prominent midvein. Leaves are alternate, ovate, and usually have a small notch at the tip. Leaf surfaces are rough with hairs on the underside, most notably on the veins."" and ""Flowers/fruit: Small, greenish flowers grow in dense terminal and axillary clusters. Clusters are thick, prickly spikes up to 8 inches long. Flowers have bracts about twice as long as sepals.""","Answer: Redroot pigweed can be identified by its erect, branched stem with short, dense hairs, alternate, ovate leaves with a small notch at the tip, and small, greenish flowers in dense terminal and axillary clusters. The stem is often red near the base and has a prominent midvein on the cotyledons.
+
+Reference:
+Reference: The answer was written based on the information in the ""Weed identification field guide"" document, specifically on the characteristics of Redroot pigweed stem, leaves, and flowers. The exact reference is: ""Weed identification field guide/39/Leaves: Cotyledons are linear with a prominent midvein..."", ""Weed identification field guide/39/Stems: Erect, branched plant..."", ""Weed identification field guide/39/Flowers/fruit: Small, greenish flowers grow in dense terminal and axillary clusters...""","Answer:
+Redroot pigweed can be identified by its erect, branched stems with short dense hairs, alternate ovate leaves with a small notch at the tip, and dense terminal and axillary flower clusters that are thick, prickly spikes up to 8 inches long.
+
+Reference:
+Stems: Erect, branched plant. Stems are often red near the base and are covered with short, dense hairs that are most easily seen on new growth.
+Leaves: Cotyledons are linear with a prominent midvein. Leaves are alternate, ovate, and usually have a small notch at the tip. Leaf surfaces are rough with hairs on the underside, most notably on the veins. Leaf margins are entire to wavy. Petioles are up to \xbd inch long.
+Flowers/fruit: Small, greenish flowers grow in dense terminal and axillary clusters. Clusters are thick, prickly spikes up to 8 inches long."
+Researcher-IsuField-weeds,5,3,2,3,3,2,"Shattercane can be identified by its hairless leaves with prominent midvein, 12 to 24 inches long and 1 to 2 inches wide, with reddish-purple splotches, and its erect and hairless stems with prominent nodes.","Answer:Shattercane is an annual grass that can grow up to 12 feet tall. It has hairless leaves with a prominent midvein, and its seeds are shiny black kernels similar to forage sorghum. 
+
+Reference:Life cycle/height: Annual, up to 12 feet, Leaves: Blades are hairless...with a prominent midvein,  Seeds are shiny black kernels similar to forage sorghum. 
+","Answer:
+Shattercane can be identified by its hairless blades, 12 to 24 inches long and 1 to 2 inches wide with a prominent midvein, often with reddish-purple splotches. The sheaths are hairless or with occasional hairs near the collar region. It has a membranous ligule with a fringe of hairs, erect and hairless stems with prominent nodes, and a terminal panicle seedhead with shiny black kernels.
+
+Reference:
+Leaves: Blades are hairless, 12 to 24 inches long, and 1 to 2 inches wide with a prominent midvein. Blades may have reddish-purple splotches. Sheaths are hairless or occasionally with hairs near the collar region.
+Ligules: Membranous, with a fringe of hairs on top, 1/8 inch long
+Stems: Erect and hairless with prominent nodes.
+Seedhead: Inflorescence is a terminal panicle held above the leaves. Seeds are shiny black kernels similar to forage sorghum.","Answer:
+Shattercane can be identified by its hairless blades that are 12 to 24 inches long and 1 to 2 inches wide, with a prominent midvein. The ligules are membranous with a fringe of hairs on top, and the stems are erect and hairless with prominent nodes.
+Reference:
+Weed identification field guide - Shattercane.","Answer: The key physical characteristics of Shattercane that can help identify it are: hairless leaves with a prominent midvein, 12 to 24 inches long and 1 to 2 inches wide, with possible reddish-purple splotches; hairless or occasionally hairy sheaths near the collar region; membranous ligules with a fringe of hairs on top; erect and hairless stems with prominent nodes; and a terminal panicle seedhead held above the leaves with shiny black kernels.
+
+Reference: The description of physical characteristics was obtained from the following lines in the document: ""Leaves: Blades are hairless, 12 to 24 inches long, and 1 to 2 inches wide with a prominent midvein. Blades may have reddish-purple splotches. Sheaths are hairless or occasionally with hairs near the collar region. Ligules: Membranous, with a fringe of hairs on top, 1/8 inch long. Stems: Erect and hairless with prominent nodes (like corn). Tillers are produced at the base. Seedhead: Inflorescence is a terminal panicle held above the leaves. Seeds are shiny black kernels similar to forage sorghum.""","Answer: Shattercane can be identified by its annual growth habit, hairless blades with a prominent midvein, membranous ligules with a fringe of hairs on top, and erect, hairless stems with prominent nodes.
+
+Reference: 
+\u2022 ""Life cycle/height: Annual, up to 12 feet""
+\u2022 ""Leaves: Blades are hairless, 12 to 24 inches long, and 1 to 2 inches wide with a prominent midvein. Blades may have reddish-purple splotches.""
+\u2022 ""Ligules: Membranous, with a fringe of hairs on top, 1/8 inch long""
+\u2022 ""Stems: Erect and hairless with prominent nodes (like corn)""","Answer:
+Shattercane can be identified by its tall height (up to 12 feet), hairless leaves with prominent midveins, membranous ligules with a fringe of hairs, erect hairless stems with prominent nodes, and a terminal panicle seedhead with shiny black kernels similar to forage sorghum.
+
+Reference:
+Leaves: Blades are hairless, 12 to 24 inches long, and 1 to 2 inches wide with a prominent midvein. Blades may have reddish- purple splotches. Sheaths are hairless or occasionally with hairs near the collar region.
+Ligules: Membranous, with a fringe of hairs on top, 1/8 inch long
+Stems: Erect and hairless with prominent nodes (like corn). Tillers are produced at the base.
+Seedhead: Inflorescence is a terminal panicle held above the leaves. Seeds are shiny black kernels similar to forage sorghum."
+Researcher-IsuField-weeds,6,3,2,3,3,3,"Green Foxtail weed can be identified by its hairless, rough leaves up to 12 inches long, hairy ligules, erect and hairless stems, and a cylindrical, bristly panicle seedhead.","Answer:Green foxtail is an annual grass that can grow up to 3 feet tall. It has hairless leaves, hairy ligules, and erect stems. The seedhead is a cylindrical, bristly panicle with green to purple bristles. 
+
+Reference:Life cycle/height: Annual, up to 3 feet
+Leaves: Hairless, rough, and up to 12 inches 
+long. , Ligules: Hairy, up to 1
+/8 inch long, Stems","Answer:
+Green Foxtail is identified by its hairless, rough leaves up to 12 inches long, hairy ligules, erect hairless stems slightly bent at nodes, and cylindrical bristly seedhead with green to purple bristles.
+
+Reference:
+Leaves: Hairless, rough, and up to 12 inches long. Sheaths are usually hairless except for short hairs along the margins.
+Ligules: Hairy, up to 1/8 inch long
+Stems: Erect, hairless, and slightly bent at nodes.
+Seedhead: Inflorescence is a cylindrical, bristly panicle, 1 to 3 inches long. Bristles are \xbc to \xbd inch long and green to purple.","Answer:
+The key identifying features of Green Foxtail weed include hairless, rough leaves up to 12 inches long, hairy ligules up to 1/8 inch long, erect hairless stems slightly bent at nodes, and cylindrical bristly panicle seedheads with rounded spikelets and green to purple bristles.
+Reference:
+Weed identification field guide, Green foxtail","Answer: The key identifying features of Green Foxtail weed are its hairless, rough, and up to 12 inches long leaves, hairy ligules up to 1/8 inch long, erect, hairless, and slightly bent stems, and a cylindrical, bristly panicle seedhead with rounded and nearly flat spikelets.
+
+Reference: The information was retrieved from the ""Weed identification field guide"" document, specifically from the section describing the Green Foxtail (Setaria viridis) weed, which lists its characteristics as follows: ""Leaves: Hairless, rough, and up to 12 inches long. Sheaths are usually hairless except for short hairs along the margins. Ligules: Hairy, up to 1/8 inch long. Stems: Erect, hairless, and slightly bent at nodes. May be branched at the base. Seedhead: Inflorescence is a cylindrical, bristly panicle, 1 to 3 inches long. Individual spikelets are rounded and nearly flat on one side with 1 to 3 bristles coming from the base.""","Answer: The key identifying features of Green Foxtail weed are its hairless, rough, and up to 12 inches long leaves, hairy ligules up to 1/8 inch long, erect and hairless stems, and cylindrical, bristly panicle seedhead with rounded and nearly flat spikelets and \xbc to \xbd inch long green to purple bristles.
+
+Reference: 
+\u2022 ""Leaves: Hairless, rough, and up to 12 inches long.""
+\u2022 ""Ligules: Hairy, up to 1/8 inch long""
+\u2022 ""Stems: Erect, hairless, and slightly bent at nodes.""
+\u2022 ""Seedhead: Inflorescence is a cylindrical, bristly panicle, 1 to 3 inches long. Individual spikelets are rounded and nearly flat on one side with 1 to 3 bristles coming from the base. Bristles are \xbc to \xbd inch long and green to purple.""","Answer:
+The key identifying features of Green Foxtail weed are its hairless, rough leaves up to 12 inches long, hairy ligules, erect stems, and cylindrical, bristly seedheads 1 to 3 inches long with rounded spikelets and 1 to 3 bristles at the base.
+
+Reference:
+Leaves: Hairless, rough, and up to 12 inches 
+long. Sheaths are usually hairless except for 
+short hairs along the margins.
+Ligules: Hairy, up to 1
+/8 inch long
+Stems: Erect, hairless, and slightly bent at 
+nodes. May be branched at the base. 
+Seedhead: Inflorescence is a cylindrical, 
+bristly panicle, 1 to 3 inches long. Individual
+
+spikelets are rounded and nearly flat on one 
+side with 1 to 3 bristles coming from the base. 
+Bristles are \xbc to \xbd inch long and green to 
+purple."
+Farmer-IsuField-weeds,2,2,2,3,2,2,"Look for hairless, rough leaves up to 12 inches long, hairy ligules up to 1/8 inch long, and cylindrical, bristly panicles 1 to 3 inches long.","Answer:Look for grasses with bristly, cylindrical seedheads that are 1 to 3 inches long. The individual spikelets on the seedheads will be rounded and have 1 to 3 green to purple bristles.
+Reference:Seedhead: Inflorescence is a cylindrical, 
+bristly panicle, 1 to 3 inches long. Individual
+
+spikelets are rounded and nearly flat on one 
+side with 1 to 3 bristles coming from the base. 
+Brist","Answer:
+Look for annual grass up to 3 feet tall with hairless, rough leaves, and cylindrical, bristly seedheads with green to purple bristles.
+
+Reference:
+The description is based on the provided document which states: ""Green foxtail...Annual, up to 3 feet...Leaves: Hairless, rough...Seedhead: Inflorescence is a cylindrical, bristly panicle...Bristles are \xbc to \xbd inch long and green to purple.""","Answer:
+Green foxtail weeds can be identified by their hairless, rough leaves that can grow up to 12 inches long, hairy ligules up to 1/8 inch long, and cylindrical, bristly panicle seedheads that are 1 to 3 inches long with green to purple bristles.
+Reference:
+Weed identification field guide, Green foxtail","Answer: Identify green foxtail weeds by looking for hairless, rough leaves up to 12 inches long, hairy ligules up to 1/8 inch long, and erect, hairless stems that may be branched at the base. The seedhead is a cylindrical, bristly panicle, 1 to 3 inches long, with individual spikelets having 1 to 3 bristles coming from the base.
+
+Reference: Leaves: Hairless, rough, and up to 12 inches long. Sheaths are usually hairless except for short hairs along the margins. Ligules: Hairy, up to 1/8 inch long. Stems: Erect, hairless, and slightly bent at nodes. May be branched at the base. Seedhead: Inflorescence is a cylindrical, bristly panicle, 1 to 3 inches long. Individual spikelets are rounded and nearly flat on one side with 1 to 3 bristles coming from the base.","Answer: Green foxtail weeds can be identified by their hairless, rough leaves up to 12 inches long, hairy ligules up to 1/8 inch long, and erect, hairless stems that are slightly bent at nodes. They also produce a cylindrical, bristly panicle seedhead with rounded and nearly flat spikelets.
+
+Reference: 
+Weed identification field guide, page 33, ""Leaves: Hairless, rough, and up to 12 inches long. Sheaths are usually hairless except for short hairs along the margins. Ligules: Hairy, up to 1/8 inch long. Stems: Erect, hairless, and slightly bent at nodes. May be branched at the base. Seedhead: Inflorescence is a cylindrical, bristly panicle, 1 to 3 inches long. Individual spikelets are rounded and nearly flat on one side with 1 to 3 bristles coming from the base. Bristles are \xbc to \xbd inch long and green to purple.""","Answer:
+Green foxtail can be identified by its cylindrical, bristly seedheads that are 1-3 inches long with rounded spikelets. The leaves are hairless, rough, and up to 12 inches long. Stems are erect, hairless, and may be branched at the base.
+
+Reference:
+Seedhead: Inflorescence is a cylindrical, bristly panicle, 1 to 3 inches long. Individual spikelets are rounded and nearly flat on one side with 1 to 3 bristles coming from the base. 
+Leaves: Hairless, rough, and up to 12 inches long. Sheaths are usually hairless except for short hairs along the margins.
+Stems: Erect, hairless, and slightly bent at nodes. May be branched at the base."
+Farmer-IsuField-weeds,3,2,2,3,2,3,"Look for annual plants up to 6\xbd feet tall with ovate leaves that have a small notch at the tip, rough surfaces with hairs on the underside, and erect, branched stems.","Answer:Redroot pigweed has erect, branched stems that are often red near the base. The leaves have a notch at the tip and are hairy. 
+Reference:Stems: Erect, branched plant. Stems are 
+often red near the base and are covered with 
+short, dense hairs that are most easily seen 
+on new growth., Leaves:....Leaves are alternate, 
+ovate, and usually have a small notch at the 
+tip. Leaf surfaces are rough with","Answer:
+Look for a plant with an erect, branched stem that's often red near the base, covered with short, dense hairs. Leaves are alternate, ovate with a small notch at the tip, and rough with hairs underneath. Flowers are small, greenish in dense clusters with prickly spikes.
+
+Reference:
+The identifying features are taken from the description of leaves, stems, and flowers in the document: ""Leaves: Cotyledons are linear with a prominent midvein... Leaf surfaces are rough with hairs on the underside... Leaf margins are entire to wavy. Petioles are up to \xbd inch long. Stems: Erect, branched plant. Stems are often red near the base and are covered with short, dense hairs... Flowers/fruit: Small, greenish flowers grow in dense terminal and axillary clusters. Clusters are thick, prickly spikes up to 8 inches long.""","Answer: Redroot pigweed can be identified by its erect, branched stems that are often red near the base and covered with short, dense hairs. The leaves are alternate, ovate, rough with hairs on the underside, and usually have a small notch at the tip. 
+Reference: Weed identification field guide","Answer: The identifying features of Redroot pigweed are: linear cotyledons with a prominent midvein, alternate ovate leaves with a small notch at the tip, rough leaf surfaces with hairs on the underside, entire to wavy leaf margins, petioles up to \xbd inch long, erect branched stems often red near the base, and stems covered with short dense hairs.
+
+Reference: ""Leaves: Cotyledons are linear with a prominent midvein. Leaves are alternate, ovate, and usually have a small notch at the tip. Leaf surfaces are rough with hairs on the underside, most notably on the veins. Leaf margins are entire to wavy. Petioles are up to \xbd inch long. Stems: Erect, branched plant. Stems are often red near the base and are covered with short, dense hairs that are most easily seen on new growth.""","Answer: The identifying features of Redroot pigweed that you should look for in your fields are its erect, branched stems that are often red near the base, covered with short, dense hairs, and its leaves that are alternate, ovate, and have a small notch at the tip, with rough surfaces and hairs on the underside, most notably on the veins.
+
+Reference: 
+Weed identification field guide, 39, ""Stems: Erect, branched plant. Stems are often red near the base and are covered with short, dense hairs that are most easily seen on new growth."" and ""Leaves: Cotyledons are linear with a prominent midvein. Leaves are alternate, ovate, and usually have a small notch at the tip. Leaf surfaces are rough with hairs on the underside, most notably on the veins.""","Answer:
+Key identifying features of Redroot pigweed are: rough, hairy leaves with notched tips; red stems near base; and dense, prickly flower spikes up to 8 inches long. Seedlings have linear cotyledons with prominent midvein.
+
+Reference:
+Leaves: Cotyledons are linear with a prominent midvein. Leaves are alternate, ovate, and usually have a small notch at the tip. Leaf surfaces are rough with hairs on the underside, most notably on the veins. 
+Stems: Erect, branched plant. Stems are often red near the base and are covered with short, dense hairs that are most easily seen on new growth.
+Flowers/fruit: Small, greenish flowers grow in dense terminal and axillary clusters. Clusters are thick, prickly spikes up to 8 inches long."
+Farmer-IsuField-weeds,4,2,2,2,2,3,"It likely means the horseweed population is resistant to glyphosate, so you should consider alternative weed control methods, such as tillage, cover crops, or hand weeding, to manage them effectively.","Answer:
+That means the horseweed is flowering and about to produce seed. You need to control them before they set seed, or you'll have a bigger problem next year.
+
+Reference:
+""Life cycle/height: Winter or early summer annual, up to 7 feet"", ""Horseweed plants with elongated stems"", ""Horseweed flowers"" 
+","Answer:
+It means the horseweed is in a mature stage, likely producing seeds. Since they're glyphosate-resistant, consider alternative herbicides or mechanical removal.
+
+Reference:
+The document states ""Horseweed plants with elongated stems"" and ""Horseweed flowers,"" indicating maturity, and mentions ""Populations of horseweed are resistant to glyphosate,"" suggesting the need for different management strategies.","Answer: 
+If you find horseweed plants with elongated stems and flowers in your fields, it indicates mature plants that are ready to produce seeds. To manage them, consider using alternative herbicides as populations of horseweed are resistant to glyphosate.
+Reference: Weed identification field guide","Answer: If you find horseweed plants with elongated stems and flowers in your fields, it means they have reached maturity and are likely to produce seeds. This calls for immediate management to prevent seed dispersal and reduce future infestations.
+
+Reference: ""Horseweed plants with elongated stems"" and ""Horseweed flowers"" from the document.","Answer: 
+Horseweed plants with elongated stems and flowers in your fields indicate that they have transitioned from the basal rosette stage to the elongated stem stage. To manage them, it is recommended to use integrated weed management techniques, such as cultural practices like crop rotation, tillage, and mulching, in combination with herbicides and other control methods.
+
+Reference: 
+""Ideally, seedlings develop as a basal rosette; stems elongate later.""","Answer:
+Horseweed plants with elongated stems and flowers indicate that the weed has matured. Horseweed populations may be resistant to glyphosate. Manage them by using alternative herbicides or mechanical removal before seed dispersal.
+
+Reference:
+""Horseweed plants with elongated stems""
+""Horseweed flowers""
+""Populations of horseweed are resistant to glyphosate."""
+Farmer-IsuField-weeds,5,2,2,3,3,3,"Shattercane has hairless leaves 12 to 24 inches long and 1 to 2 inches wide with a prominent midvein, and stems are erect and hairless with prominent nodes.","Answer:Shattercane is a tall annual grass, up to 12 feet, with hairless leaves and stems. It has a large seedhead that resembles forage sorghum.
+Reference:Life cycle/height: Annual, up to 12 feet
+Leaves: Blades are hairless...Stems: Erect and hairless...Seedhead: Inflorescence is a terminal panicle held above the leaves. Seeds are shiny black kernels similar to forage sorghum. 
+","Answer:
+Shattercane is an annual weed that can grow up to 12 feet tall with hairless blades 12 to 24 inches long and 1 to 2 inches wide. It has a prominent midvein and may have reddish-purple splotches on the leaves. The sheaths are hairless with occasional hairs near the collar. It has erect, hairless stems with prominent nodes and produces tillers at the base. The seedhead is a terminal panicle with shiny black kernels.
+
+Reference:
+The description is based on the provided document, specifically the sections: ""Life cycle/height: Annual, up to 12 feet"", ""Leaves: Blades are hairless, 12 to 24 inches long, and 1 to 2 inches wide with a prominent midvein. Blades may have reddish-purple splotches"", ""Sheaths are hairless or occasionally with hairs near the collar region"", ""Stems: Erect and hairless with prominent nodes"", and ""Seedhead: Inflorescence is a terminal panicle held above the leaves. Seeds are shiny black kernels similar to forage sorghum.""","Answer: Shattercane is an annual weed that can grow up to 12 feet tall. It has hairless blades that are 12 to 24 inches long, with reddish-purple splotches. The ligules are membranous with a fringe of hairs on top, and the seedheads are shiny black kernels held above the leaves.
+
+Reference: Weed identification field guide","Answer: Shattercane has hairless leaves that are 12 to 24 inches long and 1 to 2 inches wide with a prominent midvein and may have reddish-purple splotches. The stems are erect and hairless with prominent nodes. The seedhead is a terminal panicle held above the leaves with shiny black kernels.
+
+Reference: ""Leaves: Blades are hairless, 12 to 24 inches long, and 1 to 2 inches wide with a prominent midvein. Blades may have reddish-purple splotches. ... Stems: Erect and hairless with prominent nodes ... Seedhead: Inflorescence is a terminal panicle held above the leaves. Seeds are shiny black kernels similar to forage sorghum.""","Answer: Shattercane is an annual weed that can grow up to 12 feet tall, with hairless leaves that are 12 to 24 inches long and 1 to 2 inches wide, featuring a prominent midvein. The stems are also erect and hairless, with reddish-purple splotches on the leaves being a distinctive characteristic.
+
+Reference: 
+\u2022 ""Leaves: Blades are hairless, 12 to 24 inches long, and 1 to 2 inches wide with a prominent midvein. Blades may have reddish-purple splotches. Sheaths are hairless or occasionally with hairs near the collar region."" 
+\u2022 ""Stems: Erect and hairless with prominent nodes (like corn).""","Answer:
+Shattercane is an annual grass that grows up to 12 feet tall. It has hairless leaves that are 12-24 inches long and 1-2 inches wide with a prominent midvein. The stems are erect and hairless with prominent nodes. The seedhead is a terminal panicle with shiny black seeds.
+
+Reference:
+Leaves: Blades are hairless, 12 to 24 inches 
+long, and 1 to 2 inches wide with a prominent 
+midvein. Blades may have reddish-
+purple splotches. Sheaths are hairless or 
+occasionally with hairs near the collar region.
+
+Stems: Erect and hairless with prominent
+nodes (like corn). Tillers are produced at 
+the base.
+
+Seedhead: Inflorescence is a terminal 
+panicle held above the leaves. Seeds 
+are shiny black kernels similar to forage 
+sorghum."
+Farmer-IsuField-weeds,6,1,2,1,1,2,"You can prevent eastern black nightshade berries from mixing with your harvested soybeans by removing them from your fields before harvesting, as the berries can stain your beans and reduce their value.","Answer: You need to control the weed before it produces berries.  You can hand weed or use herbicides before the plant flowers.
+Reference: Berries mixed with harvested soybeans can stain beans and reduce the value of the crop.; Reproduction: Seed
+","Answer:
+Keep an eye out for the distinctive purple-tinged leaves and star-shaped flowers of Eastern black nightshade, and remove these weeds before they produce berries.
+
+Reference:
+The document states that ""berries mixed with harvested soybeans can stain beans and reduce the value of the crop,"" indicating the importance of preventing berries from mixing with the crop. It also describes the appearance of Eastern black nightshade, which can help in identifying and removing the plant before berry production.","Answer: 
+You can prevent eastern black nightshade berries from mixing with harvested soybeans by implementing proper weed management practices, such as timely and effective herbicide application, hand-weeding, and crop rotation. Harvesting soybeans at the right time can also help reduce the risk of contamination.
+Reference: Weed identification field guide","Answer: Remove eastern black nightshade plants from your field before harvesting soybeans to prevent berries from mixing with the crop.
+
+Reference: ""Berries mixed with harvested soybeans can stain beans and reduce the value of the crop.""","Answer: 
+To prevent eastern black nightshade berries from mixing with your harvested soybeans and reducing their value, you can carefully inspect your soybean crop for any signs of black nightshade infestation and remove any infested plants before harvesting. You can also use physical barriers or mulch to prevent the berries from coming into contact with your soybeans.
+
+Reference: 
+Comments: Berries mixed with harvested soybeans can stain beans and reduce the value of the crop.","Answer:
+To prevent eastern black nightshade berries from mixing with harvested soybeans, control the weed before it produces berries. Berries are the same size as soybeans and can stain them, reducing crop value.
+
+Reference:
+Berries mixed with harvested soybeans can stain beans and reduce the value of the crop.
+Fruit are berries; green when immature, shiny black at maturity, and are about the size of soybeans."
+Researcher-Documents-weeds,2,2,3,2,2,3,Include overlapping residual herbicides in your tank mixes and avoid using just one herbicide program to forestall herbicide resistance and improve weed control.,"Answer:
+To delay herbicide resistance in weeds, you can diversify your herbicide program by using a mix of preemergence and postemergence herbicides with different modes of action, such as dicamba, glufosinate, and 2,4-D-choline technologies. 
+
+Reference:
+""We now have [herbicide-tolerant postemergence] dicamba, glufosinate, and 2,4-D-choline technologies,"" he says. A key to keeping these technologies effective","Answer:
+Farmers can delay herbicide resistance in weeds by not relying on a single herbicide program and incorporating a variety of preemergence and postemergence herbicide options.
+
+Reference:
+The document suggests that using the same herbicide strategy year after year will lead to resistance, similar to what happened with glyphosate-resistant weeds. It mentions the importance of diversifying herbicide programs by including different preemergence and postemergence herbicide options. The exact lines used are: ""Don't use just one herbicide program,"" and ""Farmers have a host of preemergence and postemergence herbicide options to consider.""","Answer:
+To delay resistance in weeds, farmers should avoid using just one herbicide program. They can diversify their herbicide program by incorporating a mix of preemergence and postemergence herbicides to target weeds at different growth stages. This approach helps prevent the development of herbicide-resistant weeds.
+Reference:
+The document emphasizes the importance of diversifying herbicide programs to prevent herbicide resistance in weeds. It suggests using a combination of preemergence and postemergence herbicides to combat weeds effectively and avoid the issues seen with glyphosate-resistant weeds.","Answer: To diversify your herbicide program and delay resistance in weeds, consider using a combination of preemergence and postemergence herbicide options, and avoid using the same herbicide strategy year after year.
+
+Reference: ""Don't use just one herbicide program... Still, using the same herbicide strategy year after year will trigger what happened with glyphosate-resistant weeds.""","Answer: Don't use just one herbicide program. Instead, use a combination of preemergence and postemergence herbicides, and consider using different herbicide technologies such as dicamba, glufosinate, and 2,4-D-choline.
+
+Reference: 
+""Without such steps, we will see them fall to the same circumstances that eroded glyphosate in post applications,"" says Stripling. ""Whatever comes in the marketplace will not last forever."" 
+""That's a point to consider when forming weed management plans for 2021 and beyond. Farmers have a host of preemergence and postemergence herbicide options to consider. Still, using the same herbicide strategy year after year will trigger what happened with glyphosate-resistant weeds.""","Answer:
+To delay herbicide resistance in weeds, diversify your herbicide program by using preemergence and postemergence herbicides with different modes of action, such as dicamba, glufosinate, and 2,4-D-choline technologies. Avoid relying on a single herbicide strategy year after year.
+
+Reference:
+""We now have [herbicide-tolerant postemergence] dicamba, glufosinate, and 2,4-D-choline technologies,"" he says. A key to keeping these technologies effective involves steps like including overlapping residual herbicides in tank mixes, he adds.
+""Without such steps, we will see them fall to the same circumstances that eroded glyphosate in post applications,"" says Stripling. ""Whatever comes in the marketplace will not last forever."""
+Researcher-Documents-weeds,3,2,1,2,2,2,"Narrow rows and cover crops can suppress weed emergence and growth by competing for resources and space, providing an effective early weed management strategy.","Answer:
+Narrow rows and cover crops can help suppress weeds before they become problematic, according to Wen Carter.
+
+Reference:
+""Cultural weed practices like narrow rows and cover crops can help squelch weeds before they 
+start, says Wen Carter, AMVAC southern region technical service manager."" 
+","Answer:
+Narrow rows and cover crops can suppress early weed emergence by outcompeting weeds for resources and creating a physical barrier to weed growth.
+
+Reference:
+Cultural weed practices like narrow rows and cover crops can help squelch weeds before they start, says Wen Carter, AMVAC southern region technical service manager.","Answer: 
+Narrow rows and cover crops can help suppress weeds before they emerge, reducing competition for resources and inhibiting weed growth. This cultural practice can be effective in early weed management strategies.
+Reference:
+Cultural weed practices like narrow rows and cover crops can help squelch weeds before they start, says Wen Carter, AMVAC southern region technical service manager.","Answer: Narrow rows and cover crops can help squelch weeds before they start, contributing to early weed management in fields.
+
+Reference: ""Cultural weed practices like narrow rows and cover crops can help squelch weeds before they start, says Wen Carter, AMVAC southern region technical service manager.""","Answer:
+Narrow rows and cover crops can help squelch weeds before they start by cultural weed practices, as stated by Wen Carter, AMVAC southern region technical service manager.
+
+Reference:
+""Cultural weed practices like narrow rows and cover crops can help squelch weeds before they start, says Wen Carter, AMVAC southern region technical service manager.""","Answer:
+Narrow rows and cover crops can help suppress weeds before they start by reducing the space and resources available for weeds to grow. They are cultural weed management practices that can be used in addition to herbicides.
+
+Reference:
+""Cultural weed practices like narrow rows and cover crops can help squelch weeds before they start, says Wen Carter, AMVAC southern region technical service manager."""
+Researcher-Documents-weeds,4,2,1,2,2,3,Omitting a residual preemergence herbicide to cut costs is a terrible mistake as it limits options and puts weed control at risk.,"Answer:
+Omitting a residual preemergence herbicide is considered a terrible mistake, even if it helps cut costs.
+
+Reference:
+""In a year when everyone wants to cut costs, it's tempting to cut out a residual preemergence 
+herbicide,"" says Aaron Hager, University of Illinois Extension weed specialist. ""That is a terrible 
+mistake.""  (Lines 4-6)
+","Answer:
+No, it is not recommended to omit a residual preemergence herbicide to cut costs in soybean weed management.
+
+Reference:
+""In a year when everyone wants to cut costs, it's tempting to cut out a residual preemergence herbicide,"" says Aaron Hager, University of Illinois Extension weed specialist. ""That is a terrible mistake.""","Answer: Omitting a residual preemergence herbicide in soybean weed management to cut costs is not a recommended practice. It can put weed control at risk by limiting options and potentially leading to issues like glyphosate-resistant weeds.
+
+Reference: ""You are putting weed control at risk because you have fewer options,"" she says. ""In a year when everyone wants to cut costs, it's tempting to cut out a residual preemergence herbicide,"" says Aaron Hager, University of Illinois Extension weed specialist. ""That is a terrible mistake.""","Answer: No, omitting a residual preemergence herbicide in soybean weed management to cut costs is not a recommended practice.
+
+Reference: ""In a year when everyone wants to cut costs, it's tempting to cut out a residual preemergence herbicide,"" says Aaron Hager, University of Illinois Extension weed specialist. ""That is a terrible mistake.""","Answer: No, omitting a residual preemergence herbicide in soybean weed management to cut costs is not a recommended practice.
+
+Reference:
+""In a year when everyone wants to cut costs, it's tempting to cut out a residual preemergence herbicide,"" says Aaron Hager, University of Illinois Extension weed specialist. ""That is a terrible mistake.""","Answer:
+No, omitting a residual preemergence herbicide in soybean weed management to cut costs is a terrible mistake. Farmers should use preemergence chemistry in addition to postemergence herbicides with different effective sites of action to keep these technologies effective.
+
+Reference:
+""In a year when everyone wants to cut costs, it's tempting to cut out a residual preemergence herbicide,"" says Aaron Hager, University of Illinois Extension weed specialist. ""That is a terrible mistake.""
+Instead, farmers should aim to apply such products in tank mixes incorporating different effective herbicide sites of action and also use preemergence chemistry, he adds."
+Farmer-Documents-weeds,2,3,3,3,3,3,Apply several herbicides with different sites of action in a tank mix to reduce the chance of selecting for resistant weeds.,"Answer:You should apply several different herbicides in a tank mix that work on different ways in the plants. This makes it harder for weeds to become resistant.
+
+Reference:Applying several herbicides with a different site of action in a tank mix is less likely to result in 
+","Answer:
+Mix herbicides with different sites of action in your tank to reduce the chance of resistance.
+
+Reference:
+""4. Tank mix effective multiple herbicide sites of action.""","Answer: Tank mix effective multiple herbicide sites of action to reduce the likelihood of selecting for resistant weeds.
+Reference: Tank mix effective multiple herbicide sites of action.","Answer: To effectively use multiple herbicides and avoid selecting for resistant weeds, tank mix effective multiple herbicide sites of action. This is less likely to result in resistant weeds.
+
+Reference: ""4. Tank mix effective multiple herbicide sites of action. Applying several herbicides with a different site of action in a tank mix is less likely to result in...""","Answer:
+Use tank mix effective multiple herbicide sites of action. This is less likely to result in selecting for resistant weeds.
+
+Reference:
+""4. Tank mix effective multiple herbicide sites of action. Applying several herbicides with a different site of action in a tank mix is less likely to result in selecting for resistant weeds...""","Answer:
+Tank mix multiple herbicides with different sites of action to reduce the likelihood of selecting for resistant weeds during each application. Including overlapping residual herbicides in tank mixes can also help forestall herbicide resistance.
+
+Reference:
+""Tank mix effective multiple herbicide sites of action.  
+Applying several herbicides with a different site of action in a tank mix is less likely to result in""
+""Without a residual herbicide, numerous weed seeds are exposed to post-emergence herbicides 
+like glufosinate, dicamba, glyphosate, and 2,4-D choline. A herbicide selects for resistant weeds 
+during each application.""
+""including overlapping residual herbicides in tank mixes, he adds."""
+Farmer-Documents-weeds,3,3,3,3,3,3,Use cultural weed practices such as narrow rows and cover crops to suppress weeds before they emerge.,"Answer:You can use narrow row planting and cover crops to help prevent weeds.
+Reference:Cultural weed practices like narrow rows and cover crops can help squelch weeds before they start, says Wen Carter, AMVAC southern region technical service manager.  
+","Answer:
+Use narrow rows, cover crops, and harvest weed seed control (HWSC) strategies.
+
+Reference:
+Cultural weed practices like narrow rows and cover crops can help squelch weeds before they start, says Wen Carter, AMVAC southern region technical service manager. Ditto for harvest weed seed control (HWSC) strategies pioneered in Australia that include...","Answer:
+Cultural weed practices like narrow rows, cover crops, and harvest weed seed control (HWSC) strategies are recommended to prevent weeds before they start.
+Reference:
+""Cultural weed practices like narrow rows and cover crops can help squelch weeds before they start, says Wen Carter, AMVAC southern region technical service manager.""","Answer: Cultural weed practices like narrow rows and cover crops, as well as harvest weed seed control (HWSC) strategies, are recommended to prevent weeds before they start.
+
+Reference: ""Cultural weed practices like narrow rows and cover crops can help squelch weeds before they start, says Wen Carter, AMVAC southern region technical service manager. Ditto for harvest weed seed control (HWSC) strategies pioneered in Australia...""","Answer: Cultural weed practices like narrow rows and cover crops can help squelch weeds before they start.
+
+Reference: ""Cultural weed practices like narrow rows and cover crops can help squelch weeds before they start, says Wen Carter, AMVAC southern region technical service manager.""","Answer:
+Cultural weed practices like narrow rows and cover crops can help squelch weeds before they start. Harvest weed seed control strategies pioneered in Australia are also recommended.
+
+Reference:
+""Cultural weed practices like narrow rows and cover crops can help squelch weeds before they start, says Wen Carter, AMVAC southern region technical service manager.  
+Ditto for harvest weed seed control (HWSC) strategies pioneered in Australia that include"""
+Farmer-Documents-weeds,4,2,2,2,2,2,Preemergence products are critical for managing herbicide-resistant weeds by stopping them before they can start growing and becoming a problem in your fields.,"Answer:Preemergence products can help to control weeds before they emerge, which reduces the risk of them developing resistance to herbicides.
+
+Reference:""Preemergence products are critical to nix these invaders before they start."" - This is the first line of the document. 
+","Answer:
+Preemergence products can stop herbicide-resistant weeds before they grow, saving nitrogen and giving you more control options.
+
+Reference:
+The document states that preemergence products are critical to halt invaders before they start and that early-emerging weeds can consume up to 9 pounds per acre of nitrogen, which preemergence herbicides can prevent. It also mentions that relying solely on postemergence herbicides is risky due to fewer control options.","Answer:
+Preemergence products can help manage herbicide-resistant weeds by preventing weed growth before it starts, reducing the reliance on postemergence herbicides and providing an additional layer of weed control. 
+Reference:
+Preemergence products are critical to nix these invaders before they start.","Answer: Preemergence products can help manage herbicide-resistant weeds by nixing them before they start, reducing the risk of weeds consuming up to 9 pounds per acre of nitrogen, and providing more options for weed control.
+
+Reference: ""2. Nix early-emerging weeds with preemergence herbicides....consuming up to 9 pounds per acre of nitrogen.""","Answer: Preemergence products can help manage herbicide-resistant weeds by applying them in tank mixes with different effective herbicide sites of action and using preemergence chemistry to prevent weeds from emerging in the first place.
+
+Reference: 
+""Instead, farmers should aim to apply such products in tank mixes incorporating different effective herbicide sites of action and also use preemergence chemistry, he adds.""","Answer:
+Preemergence herbicides are critical for managing herbicide-resistant weeds. They can control weeds before they emerge and consume nutrients, reducing the need for postemergence herbicides. Using preemergence products in tank mixes with different effective sites of action is recommended.
+
+Reference:
+""Preemergence products are critical to nix these invaders before they start.""
+""The alternative of relying solely on postemergence soybean herbicides is not a good one, though. ""You are putting weed control at risk because you have fewer options,"" she says.""
+""Instead, farmers should aim to apply such products in tank mixes incorporating different effective herbicide sites of action and also use preemergence chemistry, he adds."""
+Researcher-Documents-insects,2,3,1,3,3,3,Black cutworm larvae are hatching just as the corn crop emerges from the soil.,,"Answer:
+The developmental stage of Black cutworm larvae that coincides with the emergence of corn crops in the field is when the larvae are hatching and hungry, which is likely to occur in later planted fields.
+
+Reference:
+The context states, ""Later planted fields are often at a high risk of damage, because the corn crop emerges from the soil just as the BCW larvae are hatching and hungry.""","The first instar larvae of Black cutworm coincide with the emergence of corn crops in the field. 
+Reference: Later planted fields are often at a high risk of damage, because the corn crop emerges from the soil just as the BCW larvae are hatching and hungry.","Answer: The hatching stage of Black cutworm larvae coincides with the emergence of corn crops in the field.
+
+Reference: ""...later planted fields are often at a high risk of damage, because the corn crop emerges from the soil just as the BCW larvae are hatching and hungry.""","Answer: The developmental stage of Black cutworm larvae that coincides with the emergence of corn crops in the field is when they are hatching and hungry.
+
+Reference: ""Later planted fields are often at a high risk of damage, because the corn crop emerges from the soil just as the BCW larvae are hatching and hungry.""","Answer:
+Later planted corn fields are at high risk of damage because the corn crop emerges from the soil just as the black cutworm larvae are hatching and hungry.
+
+Reference:
+""Later planted fields are often at a high risk of damage, because the corn crop emerges from the soil just as the BCW larvae are hatching and hungry."""
+Researcher-Documents-insects,3,2,2,2,2,2,Treatment is recommended if five or more adults are present per plant or one damaged plant is found per foot of row.,"Answer:
+If five or more adults are present or one damaged plant per foot of row is found during the vegetative stage, an insecticide application should be considered.
+
+Reference:
+Using a treatment guideline from the University of Missouri, if five or more adults are present or one damaged plant per foot of row is found during the vegetative stage, an insecticide application should be considered.3 
+","Answer:
+The economic threshold for insecticide application against bean leaf beetles in soybeans during the vegetative stage is when five or more adults are present or one damaged plant per foot of row is found.
+
+Reference:
+Using a treatment guideline from the University of Missouri, if five or more adults are present or one damaged plant per foot of row is found during the vegetative stage, an insecticide application should be considered.","Answer: 
+During the vegetative stage of soybeans, an insecticide application should be considered if five or more bean leaf beetle adults are present or if one damaged plant per foot of row is found.
+Reference: How do I scout for bean leaf beetle adults and what are the treatment guidelines?","Answer: The economic threshold for insecticide application against bean leaf beetles in soybeans during the vegetative stage is when five or more adults are present or one damaged plant per foot of row is found.
+
+Reference: Using a treatment guideline from the University of Missouri, if five or more adults are present or one damaged plant per foot of row is found during the vegetative stage, an insecticide application should be considered. (From the document provided)","Answer: If five or more adults are present or one damaged plant per foot of row is found during the vegetative stage, an insecticide application should be considered.
+
+Reference: ""If five or more adults are present or one damaged plant per foot of row is found during the vegetative stage, an insecticide application should be considered."" (From the University of Missouri treatment guideline)","Answer:
+According to the University of Missouri treatment guideline, an insecticide application should be considered if five or more bean leaf beetle adults are present or one damaged plant per foot of row is found during the soybean vegetative stage.
+
+Reference:
+""Using a treatment guideline from the University of Missouri, if five or more adults are present or one damaged plant per foot of row is found during the vegetative stage, an insecticide application should be considered.3"""
+Researcher-Documents-insects,4,2,2,2,2,3,Scouting for cut plants and applying rescue treatments when necessary is the most effective and economical way to control black cutworm populations.,"Answer:The most effective and economical way to control black cutworm populations is to scout for cut plants and apply rescue treatments if necessary. 
+
+Reference:He says research has clearly shown that scouting to find cut plants and applying rescue  treatments if necessary is the most e`ective and economical way to control black  cutworm populations.   
+","Answer:
+Scouting to find cut plants and applying rescue treatments if necessary is the most effective and economical way to control black cutworm populations.
+
+Reference:
+He says research has clearly shown that scouting to find cut plants and applying rescue treatments if necessary is the most e`ective and economical way to control black cutworm populations.","Answer: Scouting to find cut plants and applying rescue treatments if necessary is the most effective and economical way to control black cutworm populations in cornfields.  
+Reference: He says research has clearly shown that scouting to find cut plants and applying rescue treatments if necessary is the most effective and economical way to control black cutworm populations.","Answer: The recommended approach for controlling black cutworm populations in cornfields is scouting to find cut plants and applying rescue treatments if necessary.
+
+Reference: ""He says research has clearly shown that scouting to find cut plants and applying rescue treatments if necessary is the most effective and economical way to control black cutworm populations.""","Answer: Scouting to find cut plants and applying rescue treatments if necessary is the most effective and economical way to control black cutworm populations.
+
+Reference: He says research has clearly shown that scouting to find cut plants and applying rescue treatments if necessary is the most effective and economical way to control black cutworm populations.","Answer:
+Scouting to find cut plants and applying rescue treatments if necessary is the most effective and economical way to control black cutworm populations. Rescue insecticide treatments are recommended when 2% to 4% of the corn seedlings are damaged.
+
+Reference:
+He says research has clearly shown that scouting to find cut plants and applying rescue treatments if necessary is the most e`ective and economical way to control black cutworm populations.
+Rescue insecticide treatments are recommended when 2% to 4% of the corn seedlings are"
+Researcher-Documents-insects,5,2,3,2,2,2,"The fall armyworm (FAW), specifically Spodoptera frugiperda affecting maize, was first reported in 2016.","Answer:
+Fall armyworm (FAW) was first reported outside its native range in 2016 in maize in Africa. 
+
+Reference:
+""Indigenous to the tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas, fall armyworm in maize (Spodoptera frugiperda) was first reported in 2016""
+","Answer:
+The fall armyworm was first reported outside its native range in 2016.
+
+Reference:
+Indigenous to the tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas, fall armyworm in maize (Spodoptera frugiperda) was first reported in 2016.","The fall armyworm (FAW) was first reported outside its native range in 2016. It was first reported in maize in East Africa, Southwest Asia, and areas of the Middle East.
+Reference: 
+Last year, farmers in East Africa, Southwest Asia and areas of the Middle East battled their worst desert locust outbreak in decades. And as if that wasn’t enough, a second – and equally devastating —transboundary and invasive pest continues to invade parts of the eastern hemisphere: fall armyworm (FAW). Indigenous to the tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas, fall armyworm in maize (Spodoptera frugiperda) was first reported in 2016.","Answer: Fall armyworm (FAW) was first reported in 2016 outside its native range.
+
+Reference: ""Indigenous to the tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas, fall armyworm in maize (Spodoptera frugiperda) was first reported in 2016...""","Answer:
+The fall armyworm (FAW) was first reported outside its native range in 2016.
+
+Reference:
+""...in 2016, followed..."" (from the provided document)","Answer:
+Fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) was first reported outside its native range in 2016 in parts of the eastern hemisphere.
+
+Reference:
+""Indigenous to the tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas, fall armyworm in maize (Spodoptera frugiperda) was first reported in 2016, followed"""
+Farmer-Documents-insects,2,3,3,3,2,3,The fall armyworm has spread to over 70 countries.,"Answer:Fall armyworm has affected more than 100 countries. 
+Reference:""Fall armyworm has spread across more than 100 countries worldwide"" - this line from the second paragraph of the document. 
+","Answer:
+Over 100 countries have been affected by the fall armyworm.
+
+Reference:
+""Fall armyworm has spread across more than 100 countries worldwide""",The documents does not provide information about it.,"Answer: The fall armyworm has spread to over 70 countries and more than 100 countries worldwide.
+
+Reference: ""date, fall armyworm has spread to over 70 countries."" and ""Fall armyworm has spread across more than 100 countries worldwide...""","Answer: Over 70 countries.
+
+Reference: 
+""The outlook is dire: fall armyworm comes with serious consequences. Fall armyworm has spread to over 70 countries.""","Answer:
+Fall armyworm has spread to over 70 countries worldwide, causing unprecedented challenges for farmers.
+
+Reference:
+""Fall armyworm has spread across more than 100 countries worldwide, setting unprecedented challenges for farmers."""
+Farmer-Documents-insects,3,2,2,2,2,2,"Not managing pests could lead to substantial economic losses, potentially reaching billions of dollars.","Answer: If you don't manage pests like Fall armyworm, you could lose a lot of money. It might even cost billions of dollars! 
+
+Reference: Agriculture (CAAS) suggests that the fall armyworm invasion has increased poverty and vulnerability among smallholders in China and Africa, with CABI estimating the costs to be as high as USD 9.4 billion annually. 
+","Answer:
+The potential economic impact of not managing pests like the fall armyworm can be as high as USD 9.4 billion annually.
+
+Reference:
+The document states, ""Agriculture (CAAS) suggests that the fall armyworm invasion has increased poverty and vulnerability among smallholders in China and Africa, with CABI estimating the costs to be as high as USD 9.4 billion annually.""",The documents does not provide information about it.,"Answer: The potential economic impact of not managing pests, specifically the fall armyworm, could be as high as USD 9.4 billion annually.
+
+Reference: ""Agriculture (CAAS) suggests that the fall armyworm invasion has increased poverty and vulnerability among smallholders in China and Africa, with CABI estimating the costs to be as high as USD 9.4 billion annually.""","Answer: The potential economic impact of not managing pests is estimated to be as high as USD 9.4 billion annually, as stated by CABI.
+
+Reference: ""Agriculture (CAAS) suggests that the fall armyworm invasion has increased poverty and vulnerability among smallholders in China and Africa, with CABI estimating the costs to be as high as USD 9.4 billion annually.""","Answer:
+The potential economic impact of not managing fall armyworm is estimated to be as high as USD 9.4 billion annually in China and Africa, increasing poverty and vulnerability among smallholder farmers.
+
+Reference:
+Agriculture (CAAS) suggests that the fall armyworm invasion has increased poverty and 
+vulnerability among smallholders in China and Africa, with CABI estimating the costs to be as 
+high as USD 9.4 billion annually."
+Farmer-Documents-insects,4,1,3,3,3,3,"Fall armyworm can cause significant crop destruction, leading to lower maize yields.","Answer:
+Fall armyworm is a serious pest and can cause you to lose more than half of your maize yield. 
+
+Reference:
+A More Than 50% Potential Yield Loss Drastically 
+Impacting Farmers’ Livelihoods 
+","Answer:
+Fall armyworm can cause more than 50% yield loss in maize, potentially destroying your crop in just a few days.
+
+Reference:
+The document states, ""More Than 50% Potential Yield Loss Drastically Impacting Farmers’ Livelihoods"" and ""they can decimate an entire crop in a few days.""","The fall armyworm can drastically impact maize yield, causing more than 50% potential yield loss. The larvae feed on leaves and stems, creating holes and can decimate an entire crop in just a few days. 
+Reference: The insect is among the most destructive transboundary pests, feeding on more than 350 plant species, with maize being the preferred host. Maize can be attacked at all growth stages, leading to significant yield loss.","Answer: Fall armyworm can cause more than 50% potential yield loss, drastically impacting farmers' livelihoods.
+
+Reference: ""A More Than 50% Potential Yield Loss Drastically Impacting Farmers’ Livelihoods"" from the provided document.","Answer: 
+Fall armyworm can cause more than 50% potential yield loss, drastically impacting farmers' livelihoods.
+
+Reference: 
+""The voracious invaders feed in large numbers on the leaves and stems of more than 350 plant species, including staple crops such as maize, cotton, rice, and sorghum, with maize being the preferred host. Maize is an important crop, and as rising temperatures increase rates of insect development and the number of pest generations, multiple generations can wreak havoc in a few days.""","Answer:
+Fall armyworm can cause more than 50% potential yield loss in maize, drastically impacting farmers' livelihoods. The pest feeds voraciously on maize leaves and stems at all growth stages, decimating an entire crop in a few days.
+
+Reference:
+The insect is among the most destructive transboundary pests. The voracious invaders feed in large numbers on the leaves and stems of more than 350 plant species, including staple crops such as maize, cotton, rice, and sorghum, with maize being the preferred host. Maize is an
+
+A More Than 50% Potential Yield Loss Drastically Impacting Farmers' Livelihoods"
+Farmer-Documents-insects,5,1,1,1,1,1,CABI estimates that the fall armyworm invasion could cost farmers up to 9.4 billion USD annually.,"Answer:
+This bugger could cost us farmers around the world a whopping 9.4 billion dollars every year! 
+
+Reference:
+Agriculture (CAAS) suggests that the fall armyworm invasion has increased poverty and 
+vulnerability among smallholders in China and Africa, with CABI estimating the costs to be as 
+high as USD 9.4 billion annually. 
+","Answer:
+It could cost up to USD 9.4 billion annually.
+Reference:
+CABI estimating the costs to be as high as USD 9.4 billion annually.","Answer:
+The fall armyworm invasion could cost farmers like you up to USD 9.4 billion annually.
+Reference:
+The fall armyworm invasion has increased poverty and vulnerability among smallholders in China and Africa, with CABI estimating the costs to be as high as USD 9.4 billion annually.","Answer: The fall armyworm invasion could cost farmers like you up to USD 9.4 billion annually.
+
+Reference: ""CABI estimating the costs to be as high as USD 9.4 billion annually.""","Answer:
+According to the provided information, the fall armyworm invasion could cost as high as USD 9.4 billion annually.
+
+Reference:
+""Agriculture (CAAS) suggests that the fall armyworm invasion has increased poverty and vulnerability among smallholders in China and Africa, with CABI estimating the costs to be as high as USD 9.4 billion annually.""","Answer:
+The fall armyworm invasion could cost farmers like you up to USD 9.4 billion annually, according to estimates from CABI. This invasive pest has the potential to drastically impact your livelihood by causing more than 50% yield loss in vital crops like maize.
+
+Reference:
+Agriculture (CAAS) suggests that the fall armyworm invasion has increased poverty and 
+vulnerability among smallholders in China and Africa, with CABI estimating the costs to be as 
+high as USD 9.4 billion annually.
+
+A More Than 50% Potential Yield Loss Drastically 
+Impacting Farmers' Livelihoods"