{ "cells": [ { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "# Question Generation For Retrieval Evaluation" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "application/vnd.databricks.v1+cell": { "cellMetadata": {}, "inputWidgets": {}, "nuid": "cd68bc70-d82e-4919-bc28-68b2450ed3eb", "showTitle": false, "title": "" } }, "source": [ "MLflow provides an advanced framework for constructing Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) models.\n", "RAG is a cutting edge approach that combines the strengths of retrieval models (a model that chooses and ranks relevant \n", "chunks of a document based on the user's question) and generative models.\n", "It effectively merges the capabilities of searching and generating text to provide responses that are contextually\n", "relevant and coherent, allowing the generated text to make reference to existing documents. RAG leverges the retriever to find context documents, and\n", "this novel approach has revolutionized various NLP tasks.\n", "\n", "Naturally, we want to be able to evaluate this retriever system for the RAG model to compare and judge its\n", "performance. To evaluate a retriever system, we would first need a test set of questions on the documents.\n", "These questions need to be diverse, relevant, and coherent. Manually generating questions may be challenging\n", "because it first requires you to understand the documents, and spend lots of time coming up with questions \n", "for them. \n", "\n", "We want to make this process simpler by utilizing an LLM to generate questions for this test set. This\n", "tutorial will walk through how to generate the questions and how to analyze the diversity and relevance\n", "of the questions." ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "application/vnd.databricks.v1+cell": { "cellMetadata": {}, "inputWidgets": {}, "nuid": "b58f25ee-d0d6-4d9d-9cbb-dbbcaceebcdc", "showTitle": false, "title": "" } }, "source": [ "## Step 1: Install and Load Packages\n", "\n", "We also define some utility functions to cache the LLM responses to save cost. You can skip reading the implementation details in the next cell." ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 340, "metadata": { "application/vnd.databricks.v1+cell": { "cellMetadata": {}, "inputWidgets": {}, "nuid": "3cc6c6aa-56d8-4787-b263-56f508c06302", "showTitle": false, "title": "" } }, "outputs": [], "source": [ "# !pip install beautifulsoup4 langchain openai pandas seaborn scikit-learn" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 1, "metadata": { "application/vnd.databricks.v1+cell": { "cellMetadata": { "byteLimit": 2048000, "rowLimit": 10000 }, "inputWidgets": {}, "nuid": "5cbd5d73-4b97-46c8-a83d-9a3cb48901d1", "showTitle": false, "title": "" } }, "outputs": [], "source": [ "import json\n", "import os\n", "\n", "# For cost-saving, create a cache for the LLM responses\n", "import threading\n", "\n", "# For data analysis and visualization\n", "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n", "import numpy as np\n", "import openai\n", "import pandas as pd\n", "\n", "# For scraping\n", "import requests\n", "import seaborn as sns\n", "from bs4 import BeautifulSoup\n", "from langchain.embeddings import OpenAIEmbeddings\n", "from langchain.text_splitter import CharacterTextSplitter\n", "from sklearn.decomposition import PCA\n", "from sklearn.manifold import TSNE\n", "\n", "\n" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 2, "metadata": { "application/vnd.databricks.v1+cell": { "cellMetadata": { "byteLimit": 2048000, "rowLimit": 10000 }, "inputWidgets": {}, "nuid": "8606b8f6-0bee-451a-9c10-ef416a0f65ce", "showTitle": false, "title": "" } }, "outputs": [], "source": [ "#anthropic,meta,google,openai\n", "# assumption: \n", "# foldername: {data_domain_identifier}\n", "# and database name: db5-{data_domain_identifier}\n", "number_of_questions_to_generate=float('inf')\n", "SEED = 2023\n", "\n", "turn=2\n", "\n", "\n", "if turn ==1: #anthropic, done\n", " vendor_name=\"anthropic\"\n", " data_domain_identifier='agllm-data-isu-field-insects-all-species'\n", " domain_type=\"insects\"\n", " data_domain_identifier_label=\"IsuField\"\n", " user_type=\"Researcher\"\n", "\n", "elif turn ==2: #anthropic, done\n", " vendor_name=\"anthropic\"\n", " data_domain_identifier='agllm-data-isu-field-insects-all-species'\n", " domain_type=\"insects\"\n", " data_domain_identifier_label=\"IsuField\"\n", " user_type=\"Farmer\"\n", "\n", "elif turn ==3: #meta, done\n", " vendor_name=\"meta\"\n", " data_domain_identifier='agllm-data-isu-field-weeds-all-species'\n", " domain_type=\"weeds\"\n", " data_domain_identifier_label=\"IsuField\"\n", " user_type=\"Researcher\"\n", "\n", "elif turn ==4: #meta, done\n", " vendor_name=\"meta\"\n", " data_domain_identifier='agllm-data-isu-field-weeds-all-species'\n", " domain_type=\"weeds\"\n", " data_domain_identifier_label=\"IsuField\"\n", " user_type=\"Farmer\"\n", "\n", "elif turn ==5: #openai, done\n", " vendor_name=\"openai\"\n", " data_domain_identifier='agllm-data-trial-all-weeds'\n", " domain_type=\"weeds\"\n", " data_domain_identifier_label=\"Documents\"\n", " user_type=\"Researcher\"\n", "\n", "elif turn ==6: # Test Run, openai, done\n", " vendor_name=\"openai\"\n", " data_domain_identifier='agllm-data-trial-all-weeds'\n", " domain_type=\"weeds\"\n", " data_domain_identifier_label=\"Documents\"\n", " user_type=\"Farmer\"\n", "\n", "elif turn ==7: #google, done\n", " vendor_name=\"google\"\n", " data_domain_identifier='agllm-data-trial-all-insects'\n", " domain_type=\"insects\"\n", " data_domain_identifier_label=\"Documents\"\n", " user_type=\"Researcher\"\n", "\n", "elif turn ==8: #google, done\n", " vendor_name=\"google\"\n", " data_domain_identifier='agllm-data-trial-all-insects'\n", " domain_type=\"insects\"\n", " data_domain_identifier_label=\"Documents\"\n", " user_type=\"Farmer\"\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "OUTPUT_DF_PATH = f\"./agllm-data/{data_domain_identifier}/evaluation-development/question_answer_source_agllm_iowa_state_{user_type}.csv\"\n", "filename_question_generation_requests = f\"./agllm-data/{data_domain_identifier}/evaluation-development/question-generation-requests.jsonl\"\n", "persist_directory = f\"./vector-databases/db5-{data_domain_identifier}\"\n", "filename_output_question_generation_requests=f\"./agllm-data/{data_domain_identifier}/evaluation-development/question-generation-requests-results.jsonl\"\n", "\n" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "application/vnd.databricks.v1+cell": { "cellMetadata": {}, "inputWidgets": {}, "nuid": "28cd0b69-59e7-42e1-b5d7-c4346c5ed898", "showTitle": false, "title": "" } }, "source": [ "## Step 4: Prepare Document Data" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "### Select a subset of the documents and split them into chunks" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 3, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "name": "stderr", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "/u/marshad/.conda/envs/agllm-env1-updates-1/lib/python3.9/site-packages/langchain_core/_api/deprecation.py:139: LangChainDeprecationWarning: The class `OpenAIEmbeddings` was deprecated in LangChain 0.0.9 and will be removed in 0.2.0. An updated version of the class exists in the langchain-openai package and should be used instead. To use it run `pip install -U langchain-openai` and import as `from langchain_openai import OpenAIEmbeddings`.\n", " warn_deprecated(\n" ] } ], "source": [ "from langchain.vectorstores import Chroma\n", "\n", "embedding = OpenAIEmbeddings()\n", "vectordb = Chroma(persist_directory=persist_directory, \n", " embedding_function=embedding)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 4, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/plain": [ "{'ids': ['009c6524-31e1-44a5-ba8b-6140c60d62e2',\n", " '00c9398c-ae16-4d52-9964-ef4edafa478d',\n", " '0169c999-c701-4fe9-8358-c2f844e31c3b',\n", " '01d2bf94-84d9-45d9-8c5b-7271a6bfabbb',\n", " '0263c640-028a-459f-b709-84702b8699f8',\n", " '030941c3-8b13-4819-a198-95fe3a67b018',\n", " '040369c9-613c-4304-bd6b-e6f8e2398b9a',\n", " '04d3d1f0-2eed-45b0-9d7e-390a67cb05c1',\n", " '04f4d1ac-49fe-447c-99cd-2def153972f5',\n", " '0589e4a5-d407-4b6a-a54f-864712d98180',\n", " '06e4df07-af64-427d-a88b-8ef8ba8f7012',\n", " 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nubilalis.pdf#page1#chunk4',\n", " 'subject': '',\n", " 'title': 'Field Crop Insect Guide',\n", " 'total_pages': 2,\n", " 'trapped': ''},\n", " {'author': '',\n", " 'creationDate': \"D:20240517103925-05'00'\",\n", " 'creator': 'Adobe InDesign 18.0 (Macintosh)',\n", " 'file_path': 'agllm-data/agllm-data-isu-field-insects-all-species/agromyza frontella.pdf',\n", " 'format': 'PDF 1.7',\n", " 'keywords': '',\n", " 'matched_specie_0': 'agromyza frontella',\n", " 'modDate': \"D:20240517103943-05'00'\",\n", " 'page': 0,\n", " 'producer': 'Adobe PDF Library 17.0',\n", " 'source': 'agllm-data/agllm-data-isu-field-insects-all-species/agromyza frontella.pdf#page0#chunk1',\n", " 'subject': '',\n", " 'title': 'Field Crop Insect Guide',\n", " 'total_pages': 1,\n", " 'trapped': ''}],\n", " 'documents': ['27\\nSouthern corn rootworm (Diabrotica undecimpunctata \\nhowardi) beetles are bright yellow to light green and \\ntheir head, antennae, and legs are black. They are easily \\ndistinguished by 12 black spots on their wings. Adults are \\napproximately 3/8 inch long. This insect also is called the \\nspotted cucumber beetle and does not survive winters in \\nmost of the Midwest. Adults that successfuly overwinter \\nbecome active when temperatures exceed 70°F. Soon \\nafter plant emergence, adult females lay eggs in the',\n", " 'those with a history of corn rootworm problems. Saturated \\nsoils will diminish overall corn rootworm populations, and \\nthe adoption of Bt corn should decrease populations in \\nmost fields. However, every field should be scouted for \\ncorn rootworm larval feeding regardless of seed selection \\n(i.e., scout even if Bt proteins are used). Sampling and \\nevaluating root systems during the current year will help \\nassess corn rootworm management and seed selection for \\nthe next growing season.',\n", " '58\\nScouting. Scouting should begin when 10% movement \\nof migrating larvae is predicted, or 1,300-1,400 degree \\ndays have accumulated since January 1 (base 41°F). This \\nprediction is based on temperature and will be different \\nbetween years and locations. Larvae are not very mobile \\nand typically only move into the first four to six rows of a \\nfield. Look for new leaves that have large feeding holes \\nor for expanded leaves that look shredded. Inspect corn',\n", " 'Scouting. Scout weekly after the second and third \\ncuttings. Blister beetles are unlikely to occur in Iowa \\nalfalfa before the fourth week of June. Beginning the \\nlast week of June and through September, many blister \\nbeetles may be present. Populations often are the \\nlargest during August. During a drought, and for the year \\nafterward, beetles may be a serious issue as this is when \\ngrasshoppers are more abundant.\\nManagement. If blister beetles are found, do not spray',\n", " 'up seed. The potential for injury is minimal in no-till \\nfields or where old crop residue is buried. Fields with \\nmanure applied in the winter or spring, fields with spring-\\nincorporated green vegetation (cover crops or weeds), or \\ncool, wet soils are at high risk.\\nManagement. No-till fields are less attractive to egg-laying \\nfemales and are at less risk of feeding injury. Planting \\ncan be delayed to minimize injury in high-risk fields, \\nand practices that favor crop growth will reduce losses',\n", " 'from VE through V4. Cool, wet conditions are conducive \\nto slug injury. Slugs are more likely to cause damage in \\nnortheastern Iowa, most often in no-till fields with heavy \\nresidue or in fields that follow alfalfa. Weedy fields \\nalso can be favorable for slugs. These pests are mainly \\nnight feeders, but also feed during early morning when \\nit is cooler and during days of heavy overcast and \\nmisting conditions.\\nManagement. Slugs are not controlled by insecticides.',\n", " '35\\nScouting. In soybean and corn, grassy areas are \\nassociated with infestations. The best time to scout corn \\nis in mid-to-late June; continue checking until silks begin \\nto dry. Look inside whorls a few days before tasseling \\nfor small larvae. Larvae are rarely a problem in Iowa, but \\nmay cause injury in late-planted (June) corn in southern \\nIowa. Check for cut soybean seedlings and look for \\nlarvae on young plants. Use a sweep net or ground cloth \\nas soybeans mature and in alfalfa stands. In alfalfa,',\n", " 'reach 1 1/2 inches long. Adult butterflies are brightly \\ncolored with reddish-orange, white, and black markings. \\nThe eggs are green and barrel-shaped.\\nCrop Injury. Thistle caterpillars damage soybean by \\nconsuming leaf tissue in the upper canopy of plants, and \\nuse silk to web leaves together. Feeding injury is most \\nserious in border rows of fields and when soybean is \\nV3 to V4. A second generation may occur, which can \\noftentimes be more widespread within a field.',\n", " 'applications for corn earworm in Iowa soybean are rare, but \\nmay be justified when defoliation reaches or exceeds 20% in \\nCorn earworm\\nCorn earworm on corn \\nCorn earworm on soybean\\nCORN, SOYBEAN\\nthe pod-fill (R4-R5) stages or when there is at least one corn \\nearworm per linear foot of row. See page 74 for soybean \\ndefoliation scouting guidelines.',\n", " 're-evaluation of stubble. If not \\nscheduled to harvest within seven \\ndays, consider treating. \\n18\\n2.7-5.0 1.7-3.1 1.2-2.3\\n20\\n2.8-5.8 2.0-3.4 1.4-2.6\\n>20\\n3.0-7.0 2.4-4.0 1.6-3.0\\nScouting. After reaching benchmark degree days (200 in \\nsouthern Iowa or 250 in northern Iowa, base 48°F), use \\na sweep net to sample for adults and larvae. Southern \\nslopes warm up faster and may be a good place to start \\nsampling. After larvae are first collected in sweep nets,',\n", " 'best time to scout: V3 to V4 and R1 to R5.\\nscouting tip: field edges, especially near \\nthistles, usually have the worst injury.\\nconfused with: alfalfa webworm, leafrollers, \\nspider webs.\\nThistle caterpillar (Vanessa cardui)\\nPest Description. Thistle caterpillar is a minor defoliator \\nof soybean and the larval life stage of the painted lady \\nbutterfly. Thistle caterpillars are variable in appearance, \\nranging from black and yellow to dark purple. Larvae \\nhave multi-pronged spines along their backs and can',\n", " 'the field. The two plants should be about 5 feet apart, and \\neach location should be approximately 100 feet apart. \\nAvoid field edges as this may overestimate the number \\nof beetles in the field. Approach each plant carefully as \\nbeetles are easily disturbed. Cover the ear tip to prevent \\nbeetles from escaping as you look for beetles beginning \\nat the bottom of the plant. Look at all surfaces of the \\nleaves and in the leaf axil, then gently open the ear tip to',\n", " '3.5\\n3.0\\n2.6\\n2.3\\n2\\n7.1\\n6.0\\n5.3\\n4.7\\n5.3\\n4.5\\n4.0\\n3.5\\n4.2\\n3.6\\n3.2\\n2.8\\n3\\n9.3\\n8.0\\n7.0\\n6.2\\n7.0\\n6.0\\n5.3\\n4.7\\n5.6\\n4.8\\n4.2\\n3.7\\n4\\n9.9\\n8.5\\n7.4\\n6.6\\n7.4\\n6.4\\n5.6\\n5.0\\n6.0\\n5.1\\n4.5\\n4.0\\n5 11.3 9.7\\n8.5\\n7.6\\n8.5\\n7.3\\n6.4\\n5.7\\n6.8\\n5.8\\n5.1\\n4.5\\n6 19.8 17.0 14.9 13.2 14.9 12.8 11.2 9.9 11.9 10.2 8.9\\n7.9\\n7 54.7 46.9 41.1 36.5 41.1 35.2 30.8 27.4 32.8 28.2 24.6 21.9\\nStalk borer whorl injury\\nTable 7. Economic thresholds (percentage of infested plants with \\nlarvae in the whorl) for stalk borer in corn, based on market value,',\n", " 'to identify white grub species (including Japanese beetle). \\nTrue white grubs have a zipper pattern, with two parallel rows \\nof hairs.\\nCrop Injury. Grubs feed a few inches beneath the soil surface, \\npruning roots and possibly killing plants. Like other early-season \\npests, injury from grubs is more severe during cool springs when \\ncrop growth is slow. \\nLife Cycle. True white grubs have a three- or four-year life cycle. \\nThe grub overwinters deep in the soil for the first several years.',\n", " 'Pupation begins in early August after larvae are dormant \\nduring high summer temperatures. Moths emerge, mate, \\nand lay eggs in late summer. Eggs hatch and larvae begin \\nfeeding before overwintering partially developed. One \\ngeneration occurs per year.\\nAlthough variegated cutworm (Peridroma saucia) can \\nbe found statewide in Iowa, economic injury in alfalfa \\nis uncommon. Larvae vary in color, ranging from tan to \\ngreenish-yellow to almost black, and have an orange',\n", " '38\\nManagement. Grasshoppers prefer to lay eggs in \\nundisturbed soil. To discourage egg laying, fallow fields \\nor small grain stubble can be tilled prior to egg laying. \\nConsider whether tillage makes sense within the context \\nof the farm operation. Reducing grasses and other weeds \\nwithin and around fields will discourage adults from \\nfeeding and mating in an area. \\nIn corn, apply insecticides if grasshoppers are present \\nand silks are being clipped, ear tips are being damaged,',\n", " 'Alfalfa webworm (Loxostege cereralis)\\nbest time to scout: July and August. \\nscouting tip: generally found on new alfalfa \\nregrowth; look for webbing on leaves; may \\nmove from harvested alfalfa fields to soybean.\\nconfused with: cutworms in alfalfa; thistle \\ncaterpillar in soybean.\\nPest Description. Alfalfa webworm is commonly found \\nin Iowa alfalfa but rarely causes economic injury. Young \\nlarvae are yellow to green with six black spots on each \\nbody segment. Older larvae are approximately 1 inch long',\n", " 'are deposited in clusters and may be yellow, orange, or cream colored and are spindle- or oval-shaped. \\nOver the course of six to eight weeks, as many as 1,000 eggs can be laid. In general, the larvae of the \\nlady beetles mentioned here look similar to very small alligators. Young larvae are gray or black; more \\nmature larvae also are gray or black, but display brightly-colored orange or yellow patches on their',\n", " '32\\nEuropean corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis)\\nbest time to scout: first-generation larvae are found \\nin June and July; second-generation egg masses are \\nlaid in late July and August.\\nscouting tip: remove whorl and unroll new leaves \\nto find first-generation larvae. Second-generation \\nlarvae are very difficult to find; focus on eggs laid \\non the underside of leaves near the ear. \\nconfused with: damage caused by stalk borer, corn \\nearworm, fall armyworm, or western bean cutworm.',\n", " 'holes in tender leaf tissue and may consume entire \\nseedlings. Older nymphs and adults can consume all leaf \\ntissue except the tougher veins. Grasshoppers chew \\nthrough green soybean pods (which bean leaf beetles \\nwill not do) and destroy seeds. Nymphs and adults eat \\nirregular-shaped holes in alfalfa leaves. Grasshoppers \\nnormally will be found feeding on the new alfalfa growth.\\nLife Cycle. Overwintering as eggs in grassy or weedy \\nsites, grasshopper nymphs emerge in May and June.',\n", " 'Management. It is important to diagnose cutworm injury \\nprior to major crop injury. Thresholds for minor cutworms \\nin corn have not been established because they are rare \\npests. Ensure good weed management to reduce favorable \\ncutworm habitat. Consider a crop other than corn for fields \\nwith historical cutworm issues, or in fields previously planted \\nto grassy crops, red clover, or alfalfa. Corn with Vip3A has \\nactivity against dingy cutworm.\\nAn insecticide treatment in soybean should only be',\n", " 'others. Fall armyworm may be resistant to some Bt traits. \\nFall armyworm head showing the prominent inverted ‘Y’',\n", " 'species may be found together on the same plant. Scout \\nthe entire field to determine the extent of the infestation \\nby averaging aphid numbers on 30 plants for every 50 \\nacres. Economic injury from bird cherry-oat and corn leaf \\naphid is not common in Iowa. However, individual fields \\nunder drought stress have experienced yield loss due \\nto heavy infestations. Scouting for corn root aphid can \\noccur throughout the growing season. Ant mounds around',\n", " 'emerging from eggs in the spring and feed on alfalfa roots. \\nAdults feed for approximately one month after emerging \\nin June or July, and then become dormant until fall. One \\ngeneration occurs per year. \\nManagement. There are no insecticide treatments that will \\nmanage clover root curculio larvae. Make sure to clean \\ntillage equipment when moving between fields, and do not \\nreplant alfalfa into infested fields for at least two years. \\nAvoid re-seeding alfalfa in, and adjacent to, fields where',\n", " 'head, copper forewings, and six white tufts of hair along \\neach side of the abdomen. Larvae are white grubs with \\na brown head and three pairs of thoracic legs. Larvae \\nare 1 inch long when fully developed and always curl \\ninto a C-shape.\\nCrop Injury. Adult Japanese beetles clip corn silks and \\ncan interfere with pollination. Although less common, \\nadults defoliate corn leaves between veins. Adults \\nskeletonize soybean and can cause severe defoliation.',\n", " 'are holes or streaks on corn leaves. In soybean, the \\nhypocotyl and cotyledons can be damaged; unifoliate \\nleaves attacked before expansion can appear ragged. \\nPlanted seeds of field crops also can be attacked. In \\nIowa, slugs are an infrequent pest.\\nLife Cycle. Generally, slugs overwinter as eggs, but mild \\nwinters permit adults to overwinter as well. For most \\nspecies, only one generation occurs per year. Slugs can \\nlive for 12 to 15 months.\\nScouting. The best time to scout soybean and corn is',\n", " 'shrinkage. Soybean injury appears as tiny yellow spots, or \\nstipples, on leaves and can resemble herbicide damage, \\nfoliar disease, or garden fleahopper damage (page 36). \\nAs injury becomes more severe, leaves turn yellow, then \\nbrown, and finally die and drop off. Spider mite injury can \\nreduce soybean yields and cause pod shattering, wrinkled \\nseed, and early maturity. In alfalfa, mite feeding causes \\nyellow stippling of leaves. Leaf bronzing, reduced plant',\n", " 'traps, alternative management should be considered the \\nfollowing year if two or more beetles per trap per day are \\ncaptured in a field.',\n", " 'and larvae feed on corn roots for several weeks before \\npupating in the soil. Depending on the temperature, the life \\ncycle from egg to emerging adults may take 23 to 46 days. \\nAdults emerge from the soil during late June or early July, \\nand peak adult populations typically occur the last week \\nof July through the first two weeks of August. Females can \\nlay up to 1,000 eggs from July until late fall. One generation \\nis completed per year. Western corn rootworm females',\n", " 'during the second week of August will discourage \\nmated females from laying eggs in those areas. Also, \\nburning grass between November and early spring will \\nreduce overwintering egg populations. Regular weed \\nmanagement within and around corn fields will help \\nreduce persistent stalk borer populations. Giant ragweed \\nand other similar large-stemmed weeds provide refuge \\nfor stalk borer larvae each spring. Simply killing grass \\nand weeds will force stalk borer larvae to migrate to a',\n", " 'for economic injury. Larvae are extremely variable in color. \\nThey range from dark brown, to green, to light purple, and \\nyellow. Alternating dark and light stripes running the length \\nof the body are present on all larvae. The skin has numerous \\ncone-shaped tubercles, each with an erect, dark-colored \\nhair. The head is usually orange, but occasionally green, \\nand freckled. Larvae are 1 1/2 inches long and have four \\npairs of fleshy prolegs on the abdomen. Adult moths are tan',\n", " 'pasture or Conservation Reserve Program. Look for plants \\nwith leaf feeding or that are cut. Dig damaged plants and \\nlook through the soil for larvae. Glassy cutworm larvae \\noverwinter and feed in the spring before pupating. Moths \\nemerge, mate, and lay eggs throughout the summer. \\nSandhill cutworm (Euxoa detersa) larvae are light tan \\nand semitranslucent with several pale stripes running \\nlongitudinally along the abdomen. Sandhill cutworms \\ndamage corn leaves and cut plants, just like black cutworm.',\n", " 'Seedling\\n<10 \\ninches\\n10-20 \\ninches\\n>20 \\ninches\\nBlue \\nalfalfa \\naphid\\n3/16; blue with \\nblack cornicles\\nMarch-\\nJune\\n1\\n10\\n30\\n50\\nCowpea \\naphid\\n1/8; shiny black \\nwith black \\ncornicles\\nApril\\n5\\n30\\n50\\n100\\nPea \\naphid\\n1/4; pale green \\nor pink with dark \\ncornicles\\nApril-\\nNovember\\n5\\n30\\n50\\n100\\nSpotted \\nalfalfa \\naphid\\n1/8; pale yellow \\nwith dark spots \\non the abdomen \\nand short \\ncornicles\\nMay-\\nOctober\\n1\\n10\\n20\\n40\\nTable 2. Treatment thresholds and quick reference for description and',\n", " 'two weeks later and feed for a short time before seeking \\nsheltered areas to enter a rest period; this is typically \\nwhere adults overwinter. However, adults can become \\nactive with favorable weather in the fall and lay eggs \\nin alfalfa stems. These fall-laid eggs may successfully \\noverwinter during mild winters. Both of these events can \\ncause a prolonged feeding period before the first cutting \\nand potentially lead to increased injury. \\nInjury caused by alfalfa weevil\\nAlfalfa weevil larva\\nAlfalfa weevil',\n", " '65\\nWestern bean cutworm (Striacosta albicosta)\\nbest time to scout: scout at VT or when pheromone \\ntraps indicate.\\nscouting tip: scout pre-tassel or newly tasseling \\nfields first, checking the top of upper leaves for \\negg masses.\\nconfused with: damage from corn earworm and \\nfall armyworm.\\nPest Description. Once a pest of the High Plains, the \\nwestern bean cutworm has expanded its range to the \\neast through the Corn Belt. Western bean cutworm \\nlarvae are dark brown when small and become light tan',\n", " 'field edge and be spaced 330 feet apart, and traps should \\nbe placed every 165 feet along a single row for each \\ntransect. Make sure to put a flag or marker at the field \\nedge to be able to locate transects in the future. Place \\ntraps at ear-height directly on the corn plant by folding \\nthe trap around the stalk such that the sticky sides face \\noutward. Use a twist-tie, paperclip, or binder clip to \\nsecure the traps. Remove any leaves that interfere with',\n", " 'black lesion may be present, usually occurring between \\nthe soil line and first node. The inside of the stem is corky, \\ndiscolored, and may be soft under heavy infestations. \\nEventually, the entire plant may die, and live plants easily \\nsnap off near the soil line. Many midges can infest a single \\nplant, and plants do not always die if infested. Infestations \\nare most severe at the edge of the field, particularly near \\nwhere soybean was planted the previous year.',\n", " 'closed to minimize slug travel in the furrow. Metaldehyde \\nslug baits may be expensive; however, spot treatments \\nmay be beneficial. For best results, apply bait when slug \\nactivity is highest.\\nCORN, SOYBEAN\\nSlugs\\nSlug on soybean\\nSlug on corn',\n", " 'it is two or more beetles per plant, and 25% of plants \\nshowing severe feeding.',\n", " 'and eight per square yard in the interior. Consider spot \\nor border treatments if infestations are localized to field \\nedges in any crop.\\nDifferential grasshopper adult\\nRedlegged grasshopper adult\\nGrasshoppers and feeding injury to corn',\n", " '12\\nArmyworm (Mythimna unipuncta)\\nbest time to scout: June or when grassy weeds are \\nkilled by herbicide.\\nscouting tip: no-till fields following pasture or sod, \\nfields with high grassy weed populations, and fields \\nwith winter rye cover crop are at a higher early-\\nseason risk. Late-season problems occur when \\nsmall grains mature and armyworms migrate into \\nadjacent corn.\\nconfused with: cutworms.\\nPest Description. Armyworm is native to the U.S. \\nLarvae have dull orange stripes along each side of',\n", " '49\\nSeedcorn maggot (Delia platura)\\nbest time to scout: planting to stand establishment.\\nscouting tip: check areas with poor stand for seed \\nfeeding by digging up seed.\\nconfused with: damage from seedcorn beetles, \\nwireworms, cutworms.\\nPest Description. Seedcorn maggot is a pest that attacks \\nsoybean and corn seed as it germinates. This can result \\nin poor emergence or seed death. Maggots are up to 1/4 \\ninch long, legless, and white. The body is tapered and',\n", " '37\\nGrasshoppers (Melanoplus spp.)\\nPest Description. There are several species of \\ngrasshoppers that cause damage in Iowa field crops, \\nbut the differential and redlegged grasshoppers are the \\nmost common. Although economic injury in Iowa is rare \\nduring most years, large populations during dry years \\nmay be problematic. Differential grasshoppers are nearly \\n2 inches long as adults and dark yellow or olive green. \\nThe upper hind legs have black chevrons (“V”-shaped',\n", " 'Learning to distinguish aphids in alfalfa takes a little \\npractice, but is worth knowing to make sound treatment \\ndecisions. \\nThe blue alfalfa aphid (Acyrthosiphon kondoi) is not \\ncommonly found in Iowa alfalfa. Adults are 3/16 inch long \\nand bluish-green. Blue alfalfa aphids can be dull or waxy \\nand have uniformly dark antennae. Blue alfalfa aphids \\nare most productive during spring and early summer due \\nto mild conditions; these aphids begin to decline when',\n", " 'consequences, making early identification and scouting \\ncritical. Damage is more severe during dry years. Larvae \\nare 1/4 inch long and legless white grubs with brown \\nheads. Adult curculios are 3/16 inch long with broad, \\nblunt snouts. They resemble small alfalfa weevils but \\nlack the brown stripe on the back. They are covered with \\nnumerous short, erect hairs.\\nCrop Injury. Larvae feed on alfalfa taproots, scarring the \\nroot surface and eventually cutting numerous burrows',\n", " 'legs on the thorax and reach a maximum size of 1/2 inch. \\nNorthern corn rootworm (Diabrotica barberi) beetles are \\ngreen without markings on their wings, but they may be \\ntan when newly emerged. Adults are about 1/4 inch long. \\nEggs are the overwintering stage, and they hatch during \\nlate May or early June. Larvae feed on corn roots for \\napproximately three weeks and then pupate for two more \\nweeks. Adults emerge in July and are active until the first',\n", " 'older caterpillars feed on flowers and pods.\\nLife Cycle. Moths migrate to the Midwest each year from \\nsouthern states and lay eggs on corn foliage and silks. Larvae \\nare cannibalistic so there is seldom more than one caterpillar \\nper ear. Larvae drop or crawl to the ground to pupate after \\nfeeding is complete. There are two generations per year.\\nScouting. Moths arrive at different times each year. Corn at \\nVT to R1 is most attractive to egg-laying females. Scout at R1',\n", " 'expected population peak for common aphids in Iowa alfalfa.',\n", " 'Corn rootworm injury to corn roots\\nSouthern corn rootworm adult\\nSample corn plants in different areas of the field to estimate \\nroot injury using the ISU Node Injury Scale (NIS). Economic \\ninjury can occur at a score of 0.25 in some field conditions. \\nA NIS score of 0.5 or greater is considered unacceptable \\ninjury to corn hybrids with more than one trait (Bt or RNAi) \\nfor corn rootworm. Priorities for scouting include fields with \\nnon-rootworm-Bt corn hybrids, continuous cornfields, and',\n", " 'when certain insecticides reduce the natural enemies of \\nthe mites.',\n", " 'small beetles, about 1/8 inch long, with a broad snout, \\nwide neck and forewings lined with rows of short, stiff \\nhairs. Adults are mottled gray with elbowed antennae half \\nthe length of the body and located on the snout. Larvae \\nare white, legless grubs that feed on a wide range of roots, \\nincluding grasses.\\nCrop Injury. Adult imported longhorned weevil damages \\nplants by consuming leaf tissue. Feeding results in a \\nragged leaf with a scalloped edge. Plant damage is usually \\nrestricted to field edges.',\n", " 'sap from leaves and stems. During feeding, leafhoppers \\ninjure plants by injecting toxic saliva into the plant. Leaves \\nturn yellow and appear burned, or sometimes they crinkle \\nand deform. Leaf tips are generally discolored first, which is \\nknown as “hopperburn.” Continued feeding causes stunted \\nplants, which can reduce yields and promote weed growth. \\nSymptoms can be confused with drought stress, nutrient \\ndeficiencies, or herbicide damage and may be worse under \\ndrought conditions.',\n", " 'angle downward approximately halfway to the tips. Each \\nwing has a yellow triangular spot near the bend. Alfalfa \\nplant bug nymphs are dark green and have red eyes. \\nAdults are light green and are approximately 3/8 inch \\nlong. They have white eyes and dark-tipped, cream-\\ncolored wings. Both the alfalfa and tarnished plant bug \\nhave long, thin antennae and legs, along with piercing-\\nsucking mouthparts.\\nCrop Injury. Plant bugs extract nutrients and fluids from',\n", " '42\\nJapanese beetle (Popillia japonica)\\nbest time to scout: VT through silking in corn; \\nR1 to R6 in soybean.\\nscouting tip: look for leaf skeletonization and \\naggregated beetles along border rows.\\nconfused with: false Japanese beetle, dogbane \\nbeetle, other large beetles.\\nPest Description. Japanese beetles have been reported \\nin Iowa since 1994, but plant damage has been erratic. \\nThey are closely related to true white grubs (page 62). \\nAdults are 1/2 inch long and oval with a metallic green',\n", " 'or when a significant moth flight is captured in pheromone \\ntraps. Look for small larvae in the silks and scout each hybrid \\nwithin a field separately. In soybean, the best time to scout is \\nfrom R1 through R5, though this insect is rarely an economic \\npest of soybean. Scout late-planted or drought-stressed \\nsoybean fields first. Many small caterpillars are prey for \\nnatural enemies, so only count ones longer than 3/8 inch long. \\nEstimate defoliation and soybean growth stage.',\n", " 'This process takes longer to kill larvae than the mode of \\naction for Bt, which is a crystalline protein that causes \\nthe midgut of insects to rupture, and insects typically \\ndie quickly. Therefore, it will be common to observe \\nfeeding on the roots of corn hybrids with RNAi. Corn \\nhybrids with RNAi are pyramided with Bt proteins, and \\na similar resistance management plan exists for RNAi \\nas with Bt. It is not recommended to use RNAi hybrids \\nin fields where resistance to Bt has been confirmed or',\n", " 'Crop Injury. Sod webworm damage is similar to that \\ncaused by cutworms (page 29). Plants are cut off at or \\njust below the soil surface and holes are chewed in \\nleaves. Larvae create webbed tunnels near the base of \\nthe plant and down into the soil. If sod webworms chew \\ninto plants near ground level, plants may be deformed. \\nSod webworm economic injury to corn is infrequent.\\nLife Cycle. Sod webworms overwinter as small larvae \\nnear ground level in grass crowns, typically enclosed',\n", " 'year. Brown lacewings are not as common as green lacewings in soybean and corn. \\nThe prey of lacewing larvae includes insect eggs, leafhoppers, mites, and small caterpillars. Green lacewing adults are not \\npredaceous, while adult brown lacewings are predaceous. Green lacewing adults require nectar and pollen for food.',\n", " 'are often confused with sweat bees because they are attracted to humans, especially light-colored clothing, presumably \\nlooking for moisture on the skin.',\n", " 'inch long and is easily distinguished from other aphids as \\nadults are shiny black and nymphs are dull grey. Cowpea \\naphid antennae are white at the base but gradually darken \\ntoward the tip, and the legs are white with dark “feet.” \\nColonies prefer feeding on newly expanding leaves but \\ncluster on leaves, blooms, and stems. These aphids \\nare most successful during early spring or late fall, and \\npopulations begin to decline when temperatures exceed \\n75˚F. Peak populations occur in April. Cowpea aphids',\n", " 'insecticides. Aphids on the undersides of leaves and lower \\nstems can survive and thrive without predators or other \\ncompetition, developing genetic resistance to insecticides \\nwhen complete coverage is not achieved over multiple \\napplications. Because aphids have multiple generations \\nwith clonal reproduction, genetic resistance can build up \\nfaster than in other insects. \\nPea aphid\\n \\nCommon \\nname\\nSize (inches) \\nand color\\nPopulation \\npeak\\nAlfalfa growth and aphid threshold \\nper stem, 30 stem average',\n", " 'resemble nutrient deficiency. Plant stunting, discoloration, \\nand wilting can occur, as well as browning of leaf tips \\nand edges. Larval feeding on soybean roots is rarely a \\nproblem. Adults can feed on corn leaves. In soybean, \\nadults create jagged, occasionally elongated holes as they \\nfeed on leaves. Major injury to leaves can occur if large \\npopulations of beetles are present, however, economic \\ninjury from defoliation has not been documented. \\nTransmission of bean pod mottle virus by adults is',\n", " 'Cultivation may kill slugs; however, it might not be enough \\nto end a slug problem, so make sure tillage makes sense \\nwithin the context of the farming operation. Planting \\nearly, before slug eggs have hatched or the heaviest \\nfeeding occurs, may allow plants to outgrow slug feeding \\ninjury. Planting later when soils are drier and warmer can \\npromote quick crop growth. Choose varieties with higher \\nemergence and vigor ratings, and ensure seed slots are',\n", " 'Life Cycle. The range of larval sizes within a single plant \\nindicates a female egg-laying period extended over time. \\nLarvae have been observed feeding in plants from June \\nto August, which suggests there are multiple, overlapping \\ngenerations possible in Iowa. Soybean gall midge likely \\noverwinters as a larva in a silken cocoon in the soil.\\nScouting. Begin scouting at V2, and look for wilted or \\ndead plants, black lesions near the base of the stem, and',\n", " 'look for beetles in the silks. Record the number of beetles \\non each plant, take note of plants with silks clipped to \\nwithin 1/2 inch, and determine whether females are \\ncarrying eggs. Yellow sticky traps (Pherocon AM No-\\nBait or Multigard traps) may be used to monitor adult \\ncorn rootworms. Begin placing traps in the field after \\nthe first beetles are observed or before silking. Use two \\ntransects of six to eight traps per transect for every 50 \\nacres. Transects should begin at least 165 feet from any',\n", " '26\\nNorthern corn rootworm adult\\nWestern corn rootworm adult\\nCorn rootworm larva\\nCORN\\nCorn rootworms\\nbest time to scout: scout for larvae in June; assess \\nroot injury in July; monitor adults R1 and beyond.\\nScout for adults before silking.\\nscouting tip: scout non-Bt fields and fields with \\nprevious rootworm issues first. Prioritize fields in \\ncontinuous corn production or those with a history \\nof corn rootworm issues. \\nconfused with: striped cucumber beetle.',\n", " 'numbers and alfalfa growth: 1) plants are less than three \\ninches and three or more adults/nymphs are caught per \\nsweep; 2) plants are more than three inches tall to early \\nbloom stage and five or more adults/nymphs are caught \\nper sweep; or 3) plants are in early bloom and 10 or more \\nadults/nymphs are caught per sweep. If these thresholds \\nare reached and cutting is not scheduled to occur within \\n10 days, consider insecticide application. If cutting is',\n", " 'and sheep also have been killed, but much less frequently. \\nAdults may be observed in soybean. Blister beetle larvae \\nare predators of grasshopper eggs. \\nLife Cycle. Adult females lay eggs in soil, which hatch \\nwithin two weeks. Larvae live in the soil and feed on \\ngrasshopper eggs. They overwinter in the last stage of \\nlarval development. In the spring, larvae pupate and, \\ndepending on species, emerge as adults from June to \\nSeptember. One generation occurs per year.',\n", " 'can break. Wilted petioles can indicate early infestation \\nas females lay eggs at the petiole base. Typically, only one \\nlarva can be found per stem since they are cannibalistic.\\nLife Cycle. Dectes stem borer larvae overwinter inside \\nplant stems and pupate in spring. Adults begin to emerge \\nfrom plants in June, and females deposit eggs from July \\nto September in holes chewed in the leaf petiole or stem. \\nAfter eggs hatch, larvae tunnel through the petiole to the',\n", " 'Dectes stem borer (Dectes texanus)\\nbest time to scout: July and August for adults.\\nscouting tip: look inside stems of lodged plants \\nfor feeding or larvae. Wilted petioles can indicate \\ninfestation. Most common on border rows.\\nconfused with: damage caused by soybean gall midge.\\nPest Description. Dectes stem borer, sometimes called \\nsoybean stem borer, is a rare pest in Iowa. This insect \\noccasionally feeds on soybean and causes lodging. \\nLarvae are white with an orange-red head and have an',\n", " '20\\nClover leaf weevil (Hypera zoilus)\\nbest time to scout: shortly after first cutting, \\nespecially when dry.\\nscouting tip: larvae of clover leaf weevil and alfalfa \\nweevil often are found in the same field.\\nconfused with: alfalfa weevil, clover root curculio.\\nPest Description. Clover leaf weevil infestations can be \\nmild to moderate in the Midwest. Larvae are legless and \\ngreen with light brown heads; the white stripe running \\ndown the back is often bordered with small flecks of pink',\n", " 'frost in the fall. Female beetles lay eggs in the soil in corn \\nfields from August through September. Northern corn \\nrootworms usually complete their life cycle in one year. \\nHowever, some northern corn rootworms have adapted \\nto corn-soybean rotations, and their eggs remain dormant \\nover two winters. This two-year life cycle variation is \\nknown as extended diapause, and it will allow eggs to \\nhatch when corn is planted in the field two years later, \\nassuming a typical corn-soybean rotation is implemented.',\n", " 'for eggs to hatch, and feeding by larvae lasts 17 to 23 \\ndays. There are six instars before adulthood and two \\ngenerations per year.\\nScouting. The best time to scout is from V5 through R5 in \\nsoybean; outbreaks normally occur from mid-July through \\nmid-August in both soybean and alfalfa. A naturally \\noccurring fungus keeps this pest from reaching damaging \\nnumbers in most seasons.\\nManagement. If feeding caterpillars are present and \\nsoybean defoliation is 30% before bloom (R1) or 20% after',\n", " '47\\nScouting. In alfalfa, scout weekly following the first \\ncutting. Be sure to check new seedlings as yield can \\nbe diminished for the duration of the stand if there is \\ndamage during the first season. Losses can occur prior \\nto visible symptoms, making scouting important. Field \\nmargins are damaged first. Use a sweep net to detect \\npotato leafhopper nymphs and adults, and determine the \\naverage number of leafhoppers per sweep across 10 \\nsweeps at each of five locations across a field. Measure',\n", " 'pairs of true legs and three pairs of abdominal prolegs. \\nLarvae often wiggle violently when handled. Adult moths \\nare brown with dark wavy lines on the forewings, which \\nsit in a triangle shape at rest.\\nCrop Injury. Larvae feed on soybean leaves, consuming \\nthe soft tissue and leaving the leaf veins. Heavily infested \\nalfalfa fields can have a ragged appearance.\\nLife Cycle. Green cloverworm adults migrate from \\nsouthern states into Iowa each year. It takes four days',\n", " 'or late in the day. Yellowstriped armyworm problems \\nmay be reduced by managing grassy weeds, both in and \\nnear soybean and corn fields. Insecticides are labeled \\nfor management of yellowstriped armyworm on corn \\nand soybean in Iowa. Treatment in corn is unlikely to \\nbe profitable unless plants will experience at least 50% \\ndefoliation. In soybean, the threshold is when caterpillars \\nare less than 1 inch long and defoliation reaches 30% \\nbefore bloom (R1) or 20% after bloom, in combination with',\n", " 'In both crops, feeding is usually most severe at the field \\nedges. Larvae feed on root hairs of soybean and corn. \\nRoot feeding is not usually economically damaging in \\nsoybean, but it can negatively affect growth, cause \\nnutrient deficiency, and reduce stand in corn.\\nLife Cycle. Late-instar grubs of Japanese beetle \\noverwinter in the soil. In early spring, grubs become \\nactive and feed until pupation. Adults emerge from the \\nsoil in late June and move to a wide variety of plants,',\n", " 'horse consumption. Feeding horses hay from July, August, \\nand early September cuttings increases the risk of \\npoisoning the horses with blister beetle contaminated hay.',\n", " '28\\nCorn rootworm adults can be monitored using whole-\\nplant counts or yellow sticky traps. When looking for \\nbeetles on plants, begin scouting plants before silking \\nand continue until silking is complete. Corn rootworm \\nbeetles are highly active and can be readily observed \\nfeeding and mating during mornings and late afternoons. \\nWalk across the field and inspect ears. If no beetles are \\nfound, return to the field in three to five days. If beetles \\nare found, sample two plants at 12 locations throughout',\n", " 'Soybean leaf miner (Odontota horni)\\nbest time to scout: emergence through R1.\\nscouting tip: leaf damage is most likely along \\nfield edges.\\nPest Description. Soybean leaf miner is the most \\ncommon of three leaf miner species found on soybean, \\nbut it is still a rare pest in Iowa. Larvae are approximately \\n1/4 inch long, tan, and have dark-colored heads. Adult \\nbeetles are about 1/4 inch long and have red forewings \\nwith a dark stripe down the middle.\\nCrop Injury. Larvae feed within leaves, creating brown,',\n", " 'Twospotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae)\\nbest time to scout: July and August in corn; R1 \\nthrough R5 in soybean; earlier if hot, dry. \\nscouting tip: scout field edges, especially those \\nbordering perennial vegetative cover.\\nconfused with: aphids, garden fleahopper.\\nPest Description. Twospotted spider mites are not insects \\nbut are close relatives. Twospotted spider mites are \\ngreenish-white with two dark spots on the back. Adults \\nare the size of salt grains. Immature mites have three pairs',\n", " 'unable to survive on dried alfalfa. If alfalfa stubble is \\nbeing consumed a few days after cutting, consider an \\ninsecticide application. Be sure to check under windrows \\nfor defoliation. Insecticides may be warranted when at \\nleast 25% of terminals are infested, larvae are still present \\nin the webs, and cutting is at least two weeks away. In \\nsoybean, the threshold is when caterpillars are present \\nand defoliation reaches 30% before bloom (R1) or 20%',\n", " 'CORN, SOYBEAN\\n59',\n", " '4\\nAlfalfa caterpillar (Colias eurytheme)\\nALFALFA, SOYBEAN\\nbest time to scout: early spring for butterflies and \\nweekly once alfalfa regrowth is six inches tall.\\nscouting tip: alfalfa caterpillars eat all alfalfa \\nleaf tissue while armyworm feeding results in \\nskeletonization.\\nconfused with: green cloverworm, soybean looper, \\nother loopers.\\nPest Description. Alfalfa caterpillar is native to the U.S. and \\nis not considered an economic pest of alfalfa or soybean',\n", " 'rectangular dark spots on the middle of the forewings, \\nbut some beetles may only have two spots or no spots \\nat all.\\nCrop Injury. Bean leaf beetles can cause damage \\nthroughout all stages of soybean development. \\nDefoliation can occur throughout the season and is \\ngenerally not significant. However, a decrease in yield \\nand seed quality can occur if beetles feed on pods. Pod \\nfeeding is of greatest concern in seed production fields \\nor food-grade soybeans. Beetle feeding on the outer',\n", " 'bushel)\\nTreatment cost ($ per acre), including insecticide product \\nand application\\n$6\\n$7\\n$8\\n$9\\n$10\\n$11\\n$12\\nNumber of larvae per foot of row\\n$6\\n7.4\\n8.6\\n9.8\\n11.1\\n12.3\\n13.5\\n14.7\\n$7\\n6.3\\n7.4\\n8.4\\n9.5\\n10.5\\n11.6\\n12.6\\n$8\\n5.5\\n6.5\\n7.4\\n8.3\\n9.2\\n10.1\\n11.1\\n$9\\n4.9\\n5.7\\n6.6\\n7.4\\n8.2\\n9.0\\n9.8\\n$10\\n4.4\\n5.2\\n5.9\\n6.6\\n7.4\\n8.1\\n8.8\\n$11\\n4.0\\n4.7\\n5.4\\n6.0\\n6.7\\n7.4\\n8.0\\nGreen cloverworm',\n", " 'Life Cycle. These leafrollers overwinter as mid-stage \\nlarvae that begin feeding again when weather warms \\nduring spring. There are likely two generations per year. \\nScouting. Look for uneven, ragged holes in corn and \\nsoybean leaves. Caterpillars often tie themselves in \\nleaves, and webbing may be apparent. Damage from \\nleafrollers is not common, but when it does occur, it is \\nusually most abundant near grassy field margins.\\nSpotted fireworm in soybean\\nSpotted fireworm in corn\\nSpotted fireworm',\n", " 'CORN, SOYBEAN\\nJapanese beetle\\nJapanese beetles clipping corn silks\\nsoybean, the threshold is when beetles are present and \\ndefoliation reaches 30% before bloom (R1) or 20% after \\nbloom, in combination with other defoliators. See page \\n74 for soybean defoliation scouting guidelines. Spot \\napplications may be used. \\nDo not expect season-long control from a foliar \\ninsecticide. Adults are highly mobile, moving frequently \\nin the summer. Beetles present during the application',\n", " 'Stalk borer (Papaipema nebris)\\nbest time to scout: at 1,300-1,400 (base 41°F) \\ndegree days in corn; V3 through R4 in soybean.\\nscouting tip: look for injured plants at field \\nedges near grasses.\\nconfused with: damage from European corn \\nborer, early-season armyworm, or cutworms.\\nPest Description. Stalk borer has a wide host range; corn \\nis often a favored host, but many grasses, weeds, and \\nsoybean also can be infested. Young stalk borer larvae \\nhave a purple “saddle” over the thorax and cream-colored',\n", " 'Bronzed cutworms (Nephelodes minians) feed mainly \\non grasses. Larvae have seven stripes, four brown and \\nthree yellow, running the length of the body. The general \\nbody color is dark brown with a bronze sheen. Larvae \\nfeed on corn seedlings, eating irregularly-shaped holes \\nin the leaves and cutting plants. The best time to scout \\ncorn is from VE through V4. Look for plants with leaf \\nfeeding or that are cut. They can be common in fields \\nfollowing pasture or sod. Moths emerge, mate, and lay',\n", " 'usually found close to the roots. In soybean, the best time \\nto scout is VE through R2. Use a sweep net to gather adult \\nbeetles once plants are tall enough. Dry soil conditions \\ncan exacerbate grape colaspis feeding injury in soybean \\nand corn. Most of the damage in Iowa has been in seed \\nproduction fields for both crops. Fields experiencing grape \\ncolaspis problems should be considered at risk for injury in \\nthe future.\\nManagement. Economic injury from both larval and',\n", " 'levels in the field. Insecticide seed treatments and \\nin-furrow applications can protect roots near the soil \\nsurface; however, when rootworm populations are high, \\nthese tactics may not provide adequate protection. \\nRescue treatments (i.e., post-emergent insecticide \\napplications) for corn rootworm larvae are not usually \\npractical as the corn is too tall and may interfere with \\nthe product reaching the soil where the larvae are \\nfeeding. Additionally, insecticides typically need to be',\n", " 'typically lay eggs in the soil in corn fields; however, some \\nvariant females may fly to soybean fields to lay their eggs \\nas an adaptation to crop rotation. As a result, corn planted \\nafter soybean may suffer from larval damage.',\n", " 'the tips. There is a black “dagger-shaped” marking on \\neach wing.\\nCrop Injury. Young larvae, less than 3/4 inch long, feed on \\nleaf tissue. Sometimes feeding creates a windowpane \\neffect as new corn leaves unroll. Older larvae, more \\nthan 3/4 inch long, can cut seedlings. Cutting can occur \\nbeneath the soil surface when field conditions are dry \\nand soil around plants is loose. However, when fields are \\nwet and the soil is tight around plants, cutting will take',\n", " 'Ground beetles feed on caterpillars such as the black cutworm and other insects with soft bodies, particularly those that \\noccur on or under the soil. There are species that consume weed seeds as well. Ground beetles need undisturbed areas to \\noverwinter.',\n", " 'Soldier beetles \\nSoldier beetles feed on nectar and pollen of blooming weeds, and larvae feed on grasshopper eggs and \\nsmall caterpillars. Adult soldier beetles are often a mix of black and orange and resemble lightning bugs.',\n", " 'are greenish-brown and the end of the abdomen is slightly \\nrounded. Green stink bug adults are 1/2 to 3/4 inch long and \\ngreen, and their antennae have black bands. Nymphs have \\norange markings both on the abdomen and by the head, as \\nwell as black bands on the abdomen. Brown marmorated \\nstink bug adults are 5/8 inch long and mottled brownish-\\ngray with white bands on the antennae. Young nymphs are \\norange or red with black markings; more mature nymphs \\nare gray and black. Nymphs have antennae with white',\n", " 'is suspected; rather, RNAi should be used as another \\ntactic to suppress corn rootworm in fields without \\nresistance. The same NIS score of 0.5 is the threshold for \\nunacceptable damage to corn hybrids with RNAi.\\nControl of adult corn rootworms is usually not necessary. \\nIf the goal is to protect silks during pollination, treatment \\nmay be justified if populations reach five or more \\nbeetles per plant, silks are clipped within 1/2 inch, and \\npollination is not complete. Using foliar insecticides to',\n", " 'masked chafer beetles. Japanese beetle larvae also are white \\ngrubs that can cause damage to soybean and corn (page 42). \\nTrue white grub larvae, or grubs, are white with brown heads \\nand have three pairs of legs. The end of the abdomen is smooth \\nand shiny with dark body contents showing through the skin. \\nGrubs may be over 1 inch long when mature and always curl into \\na C-shape. The raster pattern, or arrangement of bristles and \\nhairs on the underside of the tip of the abdomen, can be used',\n", " 'when fully grown at 1 1/2 inches long. The head is solid \\norange. Older larvae can be distinguished from other \\ncorn caterpillars by two dark brown stripes behind the \\nhead. Western bean cutworm moth forewings are a \\ncollage of gray, tan, and pale yellow-brown. However, \\nthere are some distinguishing features: circular and \\nboomerang-shaped spots connected to a light-colored \\nstripe that extends most of the length of the wing.\\nCrop Injury. Prior to VT, newly emerged larvae move to',\n", " 'month and deposit two to three eggs per day in stems and \\nleaves. Nymphs and adults feed on plants throughout the \\nseason. Potato leafhoppers may complete their life cycle in \\nabout a month and up to four generations per year may be \\nobserved in the Midwest.\\nPotato leafhopper nymph (left) and adult (right)\\nPotato leafhopper\\nSOYBEAN, ALFALFA\\nAlfalfa leaves with hopperburn',\n", " '23\\nCorn earworm (Helicoverpa zea)\\nbest time to scout: in corn, scout at R1 or when a \\nsignificant moth flight is captured in pheromone \\ntraps. In soybean, R1 through R5.\\nscouting tip: look for small larvae in silks; scout each \\nhybrid separately. In soybean, scout late-planted or \\ndrought-stressed fields first.\\nconfused with: armyworm, fall armyworm, western \\nbean cutworm.\\nPest Description. Corn earworm is considered a minor \\npest in Iowa. Sweet and seed corn are at the highest risk',\n", " '43\\nLeafrollers (Choristoneura parallela and Xenotemna pallorana)\\nbest time to scout: scout young corn plants.\\nscouting tip: damage is most likely to occur \\nin border rows near grassy field edges.\\nconfused with: thistle caterpillar in soybean, \\nspider webs.\\nCORN, SOYBEAN\\nPest Description. Two species of leafrollers, spotted \\nfireworm and Xenotemna pallorana, have been found \\nin corn and occasionally in soybean. Spotted fireworm \\ncaterpillars are olive green with 10 white spots on each',\n", " 'as the larvae develop. Fully grown larvae reach 1/2 inch \\nlong. Adults are 5/8 inch long, dark brown, and speckled \\nblack. Wing covers have a light stripe on each side. Clover \\nleaf weevil may be confused with alfalfa weevil (page \\n6). However, note the differences in adult size, larval \\ncharacteristics, and location of feeding on the plant.\\nCrop Injury. Larvae consume leaf tissue, generally starting \\nwith the lowest leaves. Most damage occurs before',\n", " 'Other species include greenbug and English grain aphid. \\nAphids produce many generations each year and form \\ncolonies on host plants. In general, aphids are soft-bodied \\nand pear-shaped insects with walking legs. The main \\ndiagnostic feature of aphids is a pair of cornicles (tailpipes) \\non the tip of the abdomen. Adults may have wings or be \\nwingless. Aphids have a piercing-sucking stylet used to \\nfeed on plant phloem and can be especially problematic \\nduring dry weather.',\n", " 'collect six alfalfa stems from five locations throughout \\nthe field and record plant height. Take each stem and \\nvigorously shake it into a bucket to dislodge larvae \\nfrom the plant. Small larvae can be difficult to separate \\nfrom the plant, and therefore careful plant inspection \\nis needed. Determine if the economic threshold is \\napproaching using the average plant height and the \\naverage number of larvae per 30 stems (Table 1).\\nManagement. Cutting alfalfa is an effective management',\n", " 'Potato leafhopper-susceptible alfalfa variety with hopperburn (left) \\ncompared to a more resistant alfalfa variety (right). \\nAlfalfa \\nheight, \\ninches\\nControl costs, dollars\\n10\\n12\\n14\\n16\\n18\\nConventional alfalfa thresholds \\n4\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n5\\n6\\n6\\n3\\n5\\n6\\n8\\n9\\n8\\n4\\n6\\n8\\n10\\n12\\n10\\n5\\n8\\n10\\n13\\n15\\n>10\\n10\\n16\\n20\\n26\\n30\\nTolerant alfalfa thresholds\\n4\\n21\\n30\\n41\\n50\\n60\\n6\\n32\\n46\\n62\\n76\\n90\\n8\\n42\\n61\\n82\\n101\\n120\\n10\\n53\\n76\\n103\\n126\\n150\\n>10\\n106\\n152\\n206\\n252\\n300\\nTable 6. Action thresholds for potato leafhopper (# per 10 sweeps) on',\n", " 'had a late first cutting. Plant damage has been observed \\nin mid-July. Fleahoppers are present from mid-June until \\nSeptember in alfalfa. Populations may cause damage \\nif alfalfa is not cut on a timely basis. Large populations \\nsometimes move from late first-cutting alfalfa into \\nadjacent soybean and corn fields and cause injury. \\nGarden fleahopper\\nGarden fleahopper',\n", " 'year and form colonies on host plants. In general, aphids \\nare soft-bodied and pear-shaped insects with walking \\nlegs. The main diagnostic feature of aphids is a pair of \\ncornicles (tailpipes) on the tip of the abdomen. Sometimes \\nthe cornicles are highly reduced (e.g., spotted alfalfa \\naphid), making identification more difficult. Adults may \\nhave wings but are generally wingless. Aphids have a \\npiercing-sucking stylet used to feed on plant phloem.',\n", " 'management is warranted. When 30% or more leaflets \\nshow pinholes or at least 250 pinholes occur on a \\ntrifoliate, consider an insecticide treatment. However, \\ninsecticide application is considered unprofitable for \\nleafminer management in most situations. For best \\nresults, application should take place prior to the \\nappearance of blotches on multiple plants. Early cutting \\nand prompt hay removal may be beneficial for the \\nfirst cutting. Biological control also may be helpful in \\nreducing insect numbers.',\n", " 'leaf speckling and discoloration are apparent. In alfalfa, \\ntreatments should prevent mites from infesting the middle \\nand upper plant canopy. If infestations occur after alfalfa \\nplants begin to dry and seeds harden, treatment is not \\nrecommended. Cooler temperatures and high humidity \\npermit a naturally occurring fungus to control spider \\nmites; rainfall alone does not reduce populations. The risk \\nof mite injury increases with hot and dry conditions and',\n", " 'flotation. Hand-sorting involves placing the plant and soil \\non a dark surface and sorting through the soil and roots to \\nlook for larvae. Flotation involves placing the root and soil \\ninto a bucket and waiting for larvae to float to the surface. \\nTo evaluate root injury in July, carefully dislodge soil from \\nthe roots by using a power washer or washing the roots \\nin a bucket of water; it may be helpful to soak the roots \\novernight. Look for brown root tissue and pruned roots.',\n", " 'Scouting. The best time to look for thistle caterpillar \\nis V3 to V4 and again during R1 to R5. The edges \\nof fields, especially near thistles, usually exhibit the \\nworst damage. \\nManagement. Adult females prefer to lay eggs on \\nthistles, so reducing thistles near field edges may reduce \\nlarvae migrating to soybean. The threshold is when \\ncaterpillars are present and defoliation reaches 30% \\nbefore bloom (R1) or 20% after bloom, in combination \\nwith other defoliators. See page 74 for soybean',\n", " 'Damage usually is worse during a warm, dry summer, \\nand outbreaks are more likely after two or more dry \\nyears. There are several naturally occurring grasshopper \\npathogens, so look for dead or dying adults. Estimating \\ngrasshopper numbers is difficult, so defoliation is \\ngenerally used. Sweep nets also can be used.\\nbest time to scout: July through September.\\nscouting tip: check field edges or areas with grass \\nor weeds. Favored by dry weather.\\nconfused with: damage caused by caterpillar feeding.',\n", " '44\\nMeadow spittlebug (Philaenus spumarius)\\nbest time to scout: begin scouting in early May.\\nscouting tip: new stands planted into small \\ngrain stubble are at the most risk.\\nPest Description. The meadow spittlebug is a small \\ninsect that is rarely spotted in a field due to its small size. \\nEconomic injury from meadow spittlebugs has not been \\nreported in Iowa in recent years, but mild to moderate \\ninfestations can occur in the Midwest. Nymphs are \\nlight green and wingless with red eyes. The adults, also',\n", " 'and beetles hiding in soil or residue. Damage is more \\nfrequent in corn following sod or corn, if nutsedge is \\na common weed in the field, or in fields next to grassy \\nmarshes. Field edges may be infested. Billbugs are difficult \\nto find, even if injured plants are located.\\nManagement. Yellow nutsedge should be managed prior \\nto planting to reduce repeated infestations of billbugs \\nin corn. Crop rotation also can limit billbug issues. \\nInsecticides are labeled for use on billbugs in corn,',\n", " 'generation that can damage pods and overwinter. Bean \\nleaf beetle larvae live in the soil where they feed on plant \\nroots, but the most damaging stage is the adult. \\nScouting. Scout for the overwintering generation of \\nbean leaf beetles (for managing BPMV) at soybean \\nemergence. Scout for first and second generations \\n(for managing beetles) throughout the growing season. \\nSweep net sampling or a ground cloth can help \\ndetermine the infestation level. Directly looking at plants',\n", " 'feed. When present, larvae can be found in corn, soybean, \\nand alfalfa from June through August. \\nLife Cycle. Adult moths migrate from southern states each \\nyear. Eggs are laid beneath leaves and are covered with \\nscales from the adult’s body. It can take 23 to 25 days to \\ndevelop from egg to adult during warm summer days, but \\nnormally it takes about 40 days. There are two to three \\ngenerations per year.\\nScouting/Management. It is best to scout for larvae early',\n", " 'fall, and cornfield ants store the eggs in their nest until the \\nfollowing spring. After eggs hatch, ants carry aphids back \\nto the roots of smartweed, grass, or corn. Corn root aphids \\nfeed on roots and at the base of plants. Infested corn plants \\ncan be stunted, wilted, and discolored. In some cases, \\nheavy aphid infestations can kill seedlings. Field-wide \\neconomic injury is not common, but aphid colonies can \\naffect localized spots in corn fields.\\nCORN',\n", " '15\\nManagement. Planting later may allow soybean seedlings \\nto escape the highest beetle populations that occur early \\nin the spring. Late-maturing fields may be attractive to \\nsecond-generation adults and have more pod injury. \\nAltering planting date has not shown to be an effective \\nmanagement strategy under most growing conditions. Use \\nan insecticide seed treatment to suppress overwintering \\nadults feeding in areas with persistent bean leaf beetle \\nand BPMV problems.',\n", " 'yield; furthermore, layering these tactics can contribute \\nto resistance development. Make sure to rotate corn \\nrootworm management tactics annually to ensure \\nlongevity and reduce risk of resistance development.\\nCorn hybrids expressing a novel mode of action for corn \\nrootworm, RNAi or RNA interference, became available \\nin 2022. When corn rootworm larvae feed on plants that \\nproduce corn rootworm-specific double-stranded RNA, \\nan essential gene is turned off, and the larvae will die.',\n", " 'soil conditions, and sites where clover, alfalfa, or other \\ngreen organic matter or manure is incorporated during \\nspring are favored for egg laying. Fields with corn residue \\ntilled under have minimal risk of seedcorn maggot injury. \\nLife Cycle. Pupae overwinter in soil and adult flies emerge, \\nmate and lay eggs in late April to early May. Eggs are \\nlaid in soil with organic matter that is decaying, such as \\nincorporated green vegetation or animal manure. Alone,',\n", " 'soybean, adults and nymphs can feed on leaves, stems, \\nflowers, pods, and seeds. Seeds can become dry and \\nshriveled, resulting in flattened pods. Pods may even abort \\nand drop from the plant, and feeding can reduce seed \\nquality. Stink bugs also may cause green stem in soybean. \\nBrown marmorated stink bug has not yet caused economic \\ninjury in Iowa field crops, but severe injury has been \\nreported on the east coast. \\nBrown marmorated stink bug\\nGreen stink bug\\nGreen stink bug nymphs on soybean',\n", " 'in Iowa. Mature larvae are approximately 1 1/2 inches long \\nand green. A white stripe, with a faint red line through it, \\nextends along either side of the body. There are four pairs \\nof abdominal prolegs. Larvae have a velvet-like texture. \\nAdults are yellow or white butterflies that have black \\nborders on the upper wing surface. Butterflies have an \\napproximate wingspan of 2 inches.\\nCrop Injury. Caterpillars feed on entire leaves, causing \\ndefoliation, with the most damage on newly growing alfalfa.',\n", " 'soybean and corn seeds germinating in the field are not \\nattractive enough for egg laying. Eggs hatch and maggots \\nfeed for two to three weeks. After the pupal stage, a new \\ngeneration of adults emerges from late May to mid-June, \\nand the cycle is repeated. There are multiple generations \\neach year, although the greatest risk is during the \\nfirst generation.\\nScouting. The best time to scout is from planting to VE; \\ncheck areas with poor stand for seed feeding by digging',\n", " 'markings). Redlegged grasshopper adults are 1 1/4 \\ninches long with yellow-green bodies and bright red on \\nthe lower hind legs. Nymphs and adults appear similar \\nexcept nymphs do not have fully developed wings. All \\nstages have large hind legs built for jumping.\\nCrop Injury. In corn, nymphs may consume seedling \\nplants. Adults consume all leaf tissue except the midrib \\nand may chew into the husk and feed on developing \\nkernels. In soybean, young nymphs eat irregular-shaped',\n", " 'Bird cherry-oat aphids (Rhopalosiphum padi) are dark olive \\ngreen with an orange “saddle” between the cornicles. They \\nare 1/16 inch long with dark legs and cornicles. Nymphs \\nappear similar to adults but are smaller and lighter green. \\nBird cherry-oat aphids can overwinter on cherry trees in \\nIowa, but more significant numbers migrate long distances \\nfrom the southern U.S. each year. Corn is colonized in July \\nand August. After tassel emergence, bird cherry-oat aphids',\n", " '13\\nManagement. Insecticides are labeled for armyworm \\nin Iowa. A suggested threshold for seedling corn is 20% \\nstand loss. For plants in growth stages V7-V8, consider \\ntreatment if there is 25% defoliation, there are more than \\neight larvae per plant, and larvae are less than 3/4 inch \\nlong. Insecticide applications often are not economically \\nbeneficial if armyworms are more than 1 1/2 inches long \\nas feeding is nearly finished. Consider spot treatments\\nif applicable.\\nArmyworms and injury to corn',\n", " 'symptoms until later in the summer.\\nLife Cycle. Adults are sensitive to cold, so winter \\ntemperatures are used to estimate overwintering beetle \\nsurvival and predict Stewart’s disease risk. Adult beetles \\noverwinter in grass close to corn, emerging in spring and \\nfeeding on winter wheat or grassy weeds before moving \\nto corn. After mating, eggs are laid in soil, on leaves, or \\nnear the plant base. Larvae feed for two weeks on plant \\nroots prior to the pupal stage, after which adults emerge.',\n", " 'Flower fly larvae \\nLarvae, or maggots, of the flower fly (Syrphidae family, also referred to as hover or syrphid flies) are legless and green or \\nbrown. Larvae lack readily distinguishable heads and contents of the body are visible through the skin. \\nSmall caterpillars of corn earworm and European corn borer can be preyed upon by flower fly larvae. Aphids however, serve \\nas the main food source of this insect. Adult flower flies are not predators and require nectar and pollen for survival. Adults',\n", " 'the skin on small larvae. Glassy cutworms feed on \\nseedling corn plants and the damage is similar to that \\ncaused by other cutworm species. Stand reduction \\nis more frequent in corn fields that were previously \\ngrass pasture. The best time to scout corn is from VE \\nCORN, SOYBEAN, ALFALFA',\n", " 'occur in corn, but it is most common in edge rows that \\nborder grasses or weedy areas. Young corn plants that \\nare attacked by stalk borer produce fewer and smaller \\nears compared to older plants. Stalk borer also can tunnel \\ninto soybean stems, but soybean yield and stand losses \\nhave not been reported in Iowa.\\nLife Cycle. There is one generation per year and eggs are \\nthe overwintering stage. In Iowa, egg hatch begins in April \\nand continues through June. Larvae go through a variable',\n", " 'and dark green. Adults are small, light-brown moths. \\nCrop Injury. Alfalfa webworms eat alfalfa leaves, tying \\nthem together with silk and feeding within the protective \\nwebbing. The webbing can cause a “frosted” appearance \\nof fields when abundant, but the defoliation is generally \\ninsignificant. However, feeding can appear similar to \\ncutworms in new seedings as plants are cut at the ground. \\nThey also may feed on soybean. A similar caterpillar, the',\n", " 'or a considerable amount of foliage is being consumed \\nabove the ear leaf. In soybean, economic thresholds are \\nbased on insect counts (eight or more adults or 15 or more \\nnymphs per square yard near field borders) or defoliation \\n(when grasshoppers are present and defoliation reaches \\n30% before bloom [R1] or 20% after bloom, in combination \\nwith other defoliators). See page 74 for soybean \\ndefoliation scouting guidelines. Alfalfa thresholds are \\n20 grasshoppers per square yard at the edges of fields',\n", " 'humpbacked.\\nCrop Injury. Tiny pinholes on alfalfa leaves are the result \\nof adult feeding and egg laying. After hatching, larvae \\ntunnel between layers of leaf tissue. This feeding activity \\ncreates “mines” within tissue and makes the leaf look \\nblotchy. Mines increase in size as larval development \\nprogresses, appearing “comma-shaped.” Injured leaves \\ncan fall from the plant and result in diminished yield. \\nLeaf wounds can increase plant susceptibility to disease.',\n", " 'There are several generations in Iowa, but typically the \\nfirst generation is the most important. Certain corn fields \\nmay be at a higher risk for black cutworm damage than \\nothers, including poorly drained and low-lying fields, \\nthose next to areas of natural vegetation, and those that \\nare weedy or have reduced tillage. Black cutworm may \\nbe more troublesome in fields where corn is planted late \\nas plants are smaller and more vulnerable to damage. \\nScouting. Larvae start cutting at 300 degree days (base',\n", " 'of the field, especially rows bordering grassy areas, \\nsuch as waterways. Currently there are no treatment \\nrecommendations for this rare pest, but consider whether \\nimported longhorned weevils and other pests are causing \\nsufficient defoliation for an insecticide application (pests \\nare present and defoliation has reached 30% prior to \\nbloom [R1] or 20% after bloom). See page 74 for soybean \\ndefoliation scouting guidelines.\\nImported longhorned weevil\\nImported longhorned weevils and feeding injury',\n", " 'with the majority of observations in western Iowa on \\nplants near alfalfa. Adults are shiny black, about 1/16 \\ninch long and resemble the corn flea beetle (page 24) \\nbecause of their similar size and movement. The antennae \\nand hind legs are longer than the body, and wings have \\nmany tiny, white specks. The lower portion of the legs are \\ndark orange. Females have either long or short wings; \\nmales always have long wings. The short-winged garden \\nfleahopper is swollen and broad and may resemble an',\n", " '7\\nPlant',\n", " 'Life Cycle. During spring, adult painted lady butterflies \\nmigrate from overwintering sites in the southern U.S. \\nand Mexico to lay eggs on thistles or soybean. If eggs \\nare laid on thistles, larvae will defoliate thistles and \\nthen may move to soybean fields located nearby. Two \\ngenerations of thistle caterpillar can occur per year \\nin soybean. Adult butterflies can travel long distances \\nwhich makes prediction of second-generation egg-laying \\nsites impossible.',\n", " '46\\nPotato leafhopper (Empoasca fabae)\\nbest time to scout: weekly following the first \\ncutting in alfalfa; after June in soybean.\\nscouting tip: losses in alfalfa can occur prior to \\nsymptoms; field edges are damaged first.\\nconfused with: soybean aphid, other aphids, \\nplant bugs, meadow spittlebug.\\nPest Description. Potato leafhoppers can feed on more than \\n100 plant species, including alfalfa and soybean. Potato \\nleafhopper likely is the most damaging pest in alfalfa. They',\n", " 'edges of the leaf, consuming everything except for \\nthe tougher midrib. Larvae typically start feeding on \\nlower corn leaves before moving to upper leaves. \\nThe whorl leaves are eaten last. Young corn can \\novercome severe defoliation. Using hail damage \\nas an example, it is estimated that V7 corn with \\n70% leaf area destroyed will experience only a 5% \\nyield reduction. Soybean and alfalfa also can be \\nconsumed but are not preferred.\\nLife Cycle. Adults migrate from southern states and',\n", " 'Tachinid flies \\nTachinid fly (Tachinidae family) adults appear much like house flies, only slightly larger. Most tachinid fly \\nlarvae, or maggots, feed within a host insect. The way that tachinid fly larvae enter a host insect can vary \\nby species of fly. Larvae from eggs laid outside of the host can be eaten by the host as it feeds on \\nvegetation, or white eggs may be attached directly to a host and larvae enter through the host skin or',\n", " '51°F) after eggs are laid. The best time to scout is from \\nmid-to-late May until corn reaches V5. Fields should be \\nscouted for larvae weekly by examining 50 plants in five \\nareas of each field. Look for missing plants and those \\nwith wilting, leaf discoloration, leaf or stem damage, or \\n17\\nBlack cutworm\\nBlack cutworm moth \\nBlack cutworm can injure or cut seedling corn\\nCORN, SOYBEAN',\n", " 'bands and black legs.\\nCrop Injury. In corn, stink bugs feed throughout the season, \\nbut the most serious injury takes place during seedling \\nstages. Feeding that takes place from VE to V4 can kill the \\nplant. Injury to older, whorl-stage plants results in wrinkled \\nleaves with a series of holes, often surrounded by a yellow \\nhalo and yellow streaks extending up and down the leaf. \\nNewly emerging whorl leaves may fail to uncurl and plants \\nsometimes tiller. Kernels on the ear also may be fed on. In',\n", " 'stations and sampling sections of the soil. If looking after \\nplanting, scout from planting to V3. Look for missing plants. \\nWhere plants have not emerged, dig up seeds or adjacent \\nplants and check for wireworm larvae.\\nManagement. In fields with past problems, planting later \\nmay help avoid serious wireworm damage as seeds \\ngerminate more quickly and seedlings grow faster in \\nwarmer soils. Seed treatments can provide protection, \\nbut high populations of wireworms can be overwhelming.',\n", " 'to yellow with a dark spot near the middle of the forewings.\\nCrop Injury. Larvae feed on whorl leaves of corn or inside \\ndeveloping ears. Injury to corn is similar to that of fall \\narmyworm. Larvae tunnel through developing silks, which \\nmay interfere with pollination, and destroy kernels at the \\ntip and then along the side of the ear. Feeding damage can \\nallow pathogen entry, and resulting disease may reduce grain \\nquality. In soybean, small caterpillars feed on leaves while',\n", " 'can promote sooty mold growth that interferes with \\nphotosynthesis. Some aphids are capable of vectoring \\nplant diseases.\\nScouting. Scouting for aphids in alfalfa is relatively easy \\nand can be estimated by direct stem counts. Count aphids \\non at least 30 stems and average the number of aphids per \\nstem. Fields should be scouted weekly, especially in the \\nspring and early summer. In large fields, sample multiple \\nareas to ensure coverage.\\nManagement. Biological control, the use of resistant',\n", " 'predicted at 2,704 DD, and scouting should continue for \\nseven to 10 days afterward. \\nCORN\\nWestern bean cutworm \\nWestern bean cutworm adult\\nWestern bean cutworm',\n", " '29\\nCutworms–other \\nBronzed cutworm \\nDingy cutworm \\nGlassy cutworm\\nbest time to scout: during seedling stages in corn \\nand soybean; on new alfalfa seedings and regrowth.\\nscouting tip: check soil and residue near injured \\nplants. Examine weedy, low-lying or moist areas, \\nor fields previously in grassy crops. \\nconfused with: black cutworm, armyworms. \\nPest Description/Life Cycle/Scouting. Bronzed, dingy, \\nglassy, sandhill, and variegated cutworms can feed on \\nfield crops.',\n", " '45\\nPlant bugs (Lygus lineolaris and Adelphocoris lineolatus)\\nPest Description. The tarnished plant bug and alfalfa \\nplant bug commonly are found in Iowa alfalfa, although \\neconomic injury is uncommon. However, large populations \\ncan cause yield losses. Tarnished plant bug nymphs are \\ngreenish yellow with four dark spots behind the head and \\na single spot visible on the middle of the abdomen. Adults \\nare 1/4 inch long and mottled yellow and brown. The wings',\n", " 'stripes along the center of the back and along each side. \\nThe purple coloration fades as larvae mature, and the \\nbody becomes dirty white. Stalk borer larvae have an \\norange head with a dark stripe on each side. In addition \\nto the three pairs of true legs, larvae have four pairs of \\nfleshy, abdominal prolegs. Adult stalk borer moths have \\ngrayish-brown bodies and legs. The forewings are brown \\nwith wavy tan and gray lines and white spots. The wings \\nlay flat over the back at rest and span 1 1/4 inches.',\n", " 'after bloom, in combination with other defoliators. See \\npage 74 for soybean defoliation scouting guidelines. Spot \\ntreatments may be sufficient. Natural biological control \\nconsisting of parasitism and pathogens can be helpful in \\nreducing insect numbers.\\n5\\nAlfalfa webworm\\nALFALFA, SOYBEAN\\nAlfalfa webworm adult\\nAlfalfa webworm',\n", " 'to occur in new alfalfa stands planted into small grain \\nstubble. Insecticide may be warranted when spittlebugs \\naverage one or more per alfalfa stem.\\nALFALFA\\nMeadow spittlebug\\nSpittlebug spittle mass',\n", " 'Remember to take into consideration the plant population \\nin a particular field and adjust threshold numbers \\naccordingly. Preventative black cutworm insecticide \\ntreatments applied as a tank-mix with herbicides may \\nnot be profitable. Black cutworm is a sporadic pest; \\ntherefore, every field should be scouted to determine \\nthe presence of the insect prior to spraying insecticides. \\nAn insecticide treatment in soybean should only be \\nconsidered when cutworms are present and cutting',\n", " 'be scouted and treated if the threshold is exceeded.\\nSoybean aphid colony on soybean stem with brown mummies present',\n", " 'stripe along each side. They have a row of small, yellow, \\ndiamond-shaped spots down the center of the back. \\nAdult moths are mottled and gray. Variegated cutworm \\nlarvae feed on alfalfa leaves and stems, and they may \\ncut seedlings in new stands. Serious damage can occur \\non regrowth after alfalfa is cut and larvae feed under the \\nprotection of windrows. Larvae are not commonly observed \\nduring the day, but symptoms of feeding include brown \\nor bare patches, irregular feeding holes, and delayed',\n", " '“accordion-like” appearance. Fully grown larvae can \\nbe up to 1/2 inch long. Adult beetles are about 3/8 inch \\nlong and gray and have very long, black and gray banded \\nantennae.\\nCrop Injury. Larvae tunnel up and down soybean stems \\nbefore settling at the base. Larvae girdle the plant from \\ninside mature stems within a few inches from the soil \\nsurface. This feeding can result in lodging of mature \\nsoybean plants. During high winds or heavy rains, plants',\n", " 'Blister beetles (Epicauta spp.)\\n19\\nBlister beetle\\nbest time to scout: weekly after the second and third \\nalfalfa cuttings.\\nscouting tip: may be more abundant when dry and \\nduring and after grasshopper outbreaks.\\nPest Description. This group of beetles is composed of \\nseveral species including the striped, black, margined, \\nand ashgray blister beetles. Moderate infestations of \\nblister beetles can occur throughout most of the Midwest, \\nwith severe infestations occurring in the southwest part',\n", " 'Management. Resistant Bt corn hybrids can limit injury \\nto ears and leaves caused by corn earworm. Planting corn \\nearly may help avoid egg-laying by peak populations of adult \\nmoths. Consider using a foliar insecticide if 50% of whorls \\nare infested. Application timing of insecticides is important \\nfor corn. When eggs hatch, insecticide residue must be \\npresent on silks. Once larvae have made their way into the \\near, insecticides are no longer effective. Foliar insecticide',\n", " 'Table 4. Economic thresholds (number of larvae per plant) for European corn borer in corn, based on market value, expected yield, and control costs.',\n", " 'tool for alfalfa weevil larvae, and an insecticide \\napplication may be avoided if harvesting within a few \\ndays of reaching the economic threshold. A stubble \\ninsecticide application may be necessary if plants are \\nnot regrowing after three or four days and weevils \\nare found, if there are six or more larvae or adults per \\nsquare foot, or if 50% of new growth has larval injury. \\nBiological control may be helpful in reducing the need \\nfor insecticide applications.',\n", " '41\\nImported longhorned weevil (Calomycterus setarius)\\nbest time to scout: V5 through R2.\\nscouting tip: damage most often occurs on \\nsmall plants at field edges near bromegrass. \\nconfused with: damage from the overwintering \\ngeneration of bean leaf beetle.\\nPest Description. Imported longhorned weevil is more \\ncommon in southern and western Iowa and is rarely \\nan economic pest of soybean. Like many weevils, the \\nimported longhorned weevil is unable to fly. Adults are',\n", " 'They jump readily if disturbed. Larvae are white grubs that \\nreach 1/8 inch long when fully developed.\\nCrop Injury. Corn flea beetles consume leaf tissue by \\nscraping parallel to leaf veins, creating a windowpane \\neffect where leaves appear bleached. Feeding scars \\ncan resemble foliar diseases like gray leaf spot. Heavily \\ninfested leaves may turn gray, shrivel near the tip, and \\ndie. Feeding rarely causes economic injury to established \\ncorn, but high beetle populations may kill seedlings. Corn',\n", " 'Nymphs go through several instars before reaching \\nadulthood. In general, nymphs and adults are active \\nwhen temperatures are above 68°F. At the end of \\nsummer or the beginning of fall, mated females lay \\neggs in the soil with a secretion that will harden and \\nprotect the eggs. Most species of grasshopper have one \\ngeneration per year. \\nScouting. Scout for grasshoppers from July through \\nSeptember. Grasshopper damage is more likely in weedy \\nfields and border rows next to grassy or weedy areas.',\n", " 'true white grubs, and seedcorn beetle.\\nWireworm\\nWireworm near corn roots \\nWireworms\\nCORN, SOYBEAN',\n", " 'scouting corn for western bean cutworm, examine 20 \\nsuccessive plants in five different areas of a field. On \\nthese plants, check for the presence of eggs or young \\nlarvae on the top three to four leaves.\\nAdult emergence also can be predicted using a degree \\nday (DD) model, which is based on the accumulation \\nof DD (base 38°F; upper 75°F) from March 1. Scouting \\nshould begin at 25% adult emergence, which is \\npredicted at 2,577 DD. Peak adult emergence (50%) is',\n", " '40\\nHop vine borer (Hydraecia immanis)\\nbest time to scout: VE through V10.\\nscouting tip: injury is most common at field \\nedges near grassy areas.\\nconfused with: cutworms, sod webworms, \\nstalk borer.\\nPest Description. Hop vine borer caterpillars can cause \\nstand loss in corn, particularly in northeastern Iowa. \\nLarvae are dirty white with dark brown to purple square \\npatches along the back. Each patch has two black \\ntubercles. The head is solid orange, and there are three',\n", " 'If injury continues over several cuttings in alfalfa, winter \\nsurvival and future yield potential will be reduced. New \\nalfalfa stands also can be severely damaged or killed. \\nMost years, migration is late enough that the first cutting is \\nnot threatened. However, regrowth and second and third \\ncuttings can be seriously injured. Young soybean plants \\nwithout well-developed pubescence are more susceptible \\nto injury when large numbers of potato leafhoppers migrate',\n", " 'known as froghoppers, are approximately 1/8 inch long \\nand appear mottled with pale to dark brown patches on \\nthe wings. The nymphs produce a froth or “spittle” that \\ncovers them on the stem, disguises them from predators, \\nand provides protection from dehydration. One to 25 \\nspittlebugs can occur in the same spittle.\\nCrop Injury. The nymphs remove plant nutrients and fluids \\nwith their piercing-sucking mouthparts. Feeding may stunt \\nthe plant, but it does not yellow it. Neither the adult insect',\n", " 'crop height in inches.\\nManagement. Insecticide applications in alfalfa are \\nbased on action thresholds, which differ by plant height \\nand tolerance to potato leafhoppers (Table 6). Plants \\nwith greater height can withstand more damage and \\nglandular-haired alfalfa varieties express resistance \\nto leafhoppers. Early harvesting can be an acceptable \\nalternative to insecticides, and it avoids harvest interval \\nissues. Re-colonization from adjacent fields is possible',\n", " 'north. Females lay eggs on the undersides of soybean \\nleaves, and the eggs hatch in approximately three days. \\nThere are six stages of larval development that take about \\ntwo weeks to complete. There may be two generations \\nper year. \\nScouting/Management. The best time to scout is from \\nV5 through R5; if infestations occur, they normally are \\nfrom R1 through R4 and can be anywhere in the field. The \\nthreshold is when caterpillars are present and defoliation',\n", " 'expected yield, and leaf stage.',\n", " 'look at five plants in five locations for each field weekly \\nfrom VT through complete silking. Estimate the number \\nof beetles per plant and the length and maturity of silks. \\nProblems are more likely on lighter textured soils. In \\nsoybean, estimate defoliation and scout from R1 to R6.\\nManagement. Foliar insecticide treatments may be \\nwarranted in corn if 1) there are three or more beetles \\nper ear, 2) silks have been clipped to less than 1/2 \\ninch, and 3) pollination is less than 50% complete. In',\n", " 'established in corn whorls. After VT, corn leaf aphids feed \\non leaves, stalks, ears, and tassels. \\nCorn root aphids (Protaphis middletonii) are 1/16 inch long \\nand spherical. Adults are blue-gray to green-gray with a \\nblack head and often are covered in a protective, waxy \\ncoating. Corn root aphids are found only in association \\nwith the cornfield ant. Ants tend aphid colonies and collect \\ntheir excreted honeydew for food. In return, ants provide \\nprotection from natural enemies. Aphids lay eggs during',\n", " 'in alfalfa should begin towards the end of May. Injury is \\nassociated with hot and dry conditions and in fields where a \\npyrethroid insecticide has been applied. When it is hot and \\ndry early in the season, scout well before the optimal times \\nlisted above. Scout field edges and spots within the field \\nthat border perennial vegetation. Shake plants over a piece \\nof white paper and look for moving specks on the paper. \\nUse a hand lens to properly identify spider mites. Mite injury',\n", " 'head that converge. The area where the converging lines are located is black and also has margins of \\nwhite. The wing covers are orange or red, and usually display six black spots on each side. However, the \\nnumber of spots varies, and sometimes there are no spots. Beetles are approximately 1/4 inch long. One \\nto two generations occur per year. \\nAdult multicolored Asian lady beetles (Harmonia axyridis) appear with and without spots on the',\n", " 'recommendations beyond VT, but treatment may be \\njustified if honeydew and sooty mold are interfering with \\ncorn development. \\nFields reaching hard dent may be past the point of a \\njustified insecticide. Be aware some insecticides have a 60-\\nday pre-harvest interval. Use high volume and pressure to \\nreach the aphids. Small droplets should make contact with \\nthe aphids for a quick knockdown.\\nBiological control of aphids also can help to keep numbers \\ndown. Natural fungi can quickly wipe out aphids in field',\n", " 'defoliation scouting guidelines. Spot treatments also \\nare an option when high densities of this pest occur in \\nlocalized areas within a field.\\nThistle caterpillar on soybean\\nThistle caterpillar \\nPainted lady butterflies are adult thistle caterpillars\\nSOYBEAN\\n61',\n", " 'may be challenging as bean leaf beetles tend to drop to \\nthe ground if disturbed. \\nSoybean with bean pod mottle virus symptoms\\nPod injury from bean leaf beetle\\nBean leaf beetle\\nSOYBEAN',\n", " 'not fly, but can crawl up to one quarter mile looking for \\nfood. They can lay 200 eggs over a two-month period in the \\nspring. Eggs hatch in four to 15 days and then larvae begin \\nfeeding. Larvae pupate in either the soil or stalk. There is \\none generation per year.\\nScouting. The best time to scout is from VE through V4. \\nScout in low-lying, wet areas of the field with weedy \\ngrasses or yellow nutsedge. Check plants with damaged \\nleaves and look at the base of plants for slits in the stems',\n", " 'the stalk below ground.\\nManagement. Persistent infestations in corn can be \\nmanaged with crop rotation or grass weed control \\nwithin and around fields. Larvae can be managed with \\ninsecticides as they are migrating to corn. A border \\ntreatment along grassy edges at VE (or within seven days) \\nis recommended if repeated infestations are noted. Larvae \\ncannot be controlled once tunneled into corn stalks.\\nHop vine borer \\nHop vine borer in base of corn stalk\\nHop vine borer injury to corn plant\\nCORN',\n", " 'will reduce plant stands to yield-limiting levels. If black \\ncutworm is defoliating soybean, consider treatment if \\ndefoliation, in combination with other defoliating pests, is \\nat or will reach 30% before R1. Spot treatments may be \\nsufficient if the damage is limited to field edges. See page \\n74 for soybean defoliation scouting guidelines. \\nBlack cutworm (top) and dingy cutworm (bottom)',\n", " '14\\nBean leaf beetle (Cerotoma trifurcata)\\nbest time to scout: VE-V3 and again during \\nR4 and R5.\\nscouting tip: sweep net sampling or a ground \\ncloth can help determine infestation level.\\nconfused with: corn rootworm beetles.\\nPest Description. Bean leaf beetle has been an erratic \\npest for soybean farmers in Iowa. Adult bean leaf \\nbeetles are 1/4 inch long and can be tan, yellow, orange, \\nred, or green. All adults have a distinguishing black \\ntriangle located on the back. Beetles usually have four',\n", " 'new host. A tank mix of a fast burndown herbicide and \\ninsecticide is a more effective control strategy. In areas \\nwith persistent stalk borer larvae infestations, consider \\nplanting transgenic corn hybrids. The Cry1Ab protein \\nwill suppress larvae, but the combination of Cry1Ab and \\nVip3A should provide control. Avoid planting a refuge \\nblock in corn next to grassy areas to ensure larvae are \\ncoming into contact with transgenic corn.\\nExposed, migrating larvae can be killed with a foliar',\n", " 'seed treatments. No rescue treatments are available. \\nTrue white grub\\nTrue white grub raster pattern\\nTrue white grub\\nCORN, SOYBEAN\\n62',\n", " 'Older larvae have two triangular spots on the top of each \\nsegment. Forewings of adult moths appear as a collage \\nof tan, brown, black, white, and pale yellow-brown with \\na long, teardrop-shaped spot close to where the wings \\nattach to the body.\\nCrop Injury. Yellowstriped armyworm larvae feed on \\nfoliage of corn, soybean, and alfalfa as well as other hosts \\nsuch as clover and grass. In soybean, groups of young \\nlarvae skeletonize leaves; maturing larvae disperse and',\n", " 'Leaf midribs also are consumed. Larvae also may feed \\non soybean.\\nLife Cycle. Adults lay eggs on newly growing alfalfa after \\noverwintering as pupae. It takes approximately one week \\nfor eggs to hatch. The caterpillar can be found from June \\nuntil the end of summer. Pupae form after larvae attach to \\nstalks and adults emerge in a week or less. There are two \\nto three generations of alfalfa caterpillar per year. Slowly \\ndeveloping alfalfa, weather that is hot and dry, and low',\n", " '33\\nIf most larvae are less than 1/4 inch long, wait three to \\nfive days to see if natural control reduces populations \\nand for additional eggs to hatch. If the economic \\nthreshold is not reached after sampling but considerable \\nsmall larvae are found within the whorls, resample that \\nfield in three to five days. Discontinue scouting when \\nlarge larvae are tunneling into stalks and small larvae are \\nno longer found in whorls.\\nManagement. Currently, there are several Bt proteins',\n", " 'this plant feeding is considered of minor importance. Of \\ngreatest importance is the health risk to animals feeding \\non the alfalfa, especially horses. Blister beetles contain \\na chemical called cantharidin, an irritant that can cause \\nserious health issues with livestock feeding on infested \\nalfalfa. If cattle and horses ingest the dead beetles with \\nhay, livestock illness or death may result. If as few as five \\nto ten beetles in hay are eaten by a horse, it may die. Cattle',\n", " 'and four pairs of fleshy prolegs on the abdomen. Black \\ncutworms are best identified by the dark tubercles found \\nalong the middle of the back. On each body segment, the \\npair of tubercles closest to the head is about one third \\nto one half the size of the pair nearest to the abdomen. \\nBlack cutworm larvae can be confused with crane fly \\nlarvae (Tipulidae family), which are gray or brown and \\n“tube-shaped,” lacking both true legs and prolegs. \\nAdult moths have dark gray wings that get lighter toward',\n", " '9\\nThe pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) is the most common \\naphid species in Iowa alfalfa. Adults are 3/16 inch long and \\npear-shaped with long legs and antennae. They range in \\ncolor from light green to yellow or pale pink. In addition to \\ntheir relatively large size, pea aphids can be distinguished \\nby the dark bands on the antennae. Pea aphids are present \\nthe entire summer, but reproduction is dramatically slowed \\nwhen temperatures exceed 90˚F. Peak populations occur',\n", " 'after early cutting, so monitor cut fields closely. \\nTreatment for potato leafhoppers alone is not typically \\nrecommended in soybean. The exception occurs when \\nhopper burn is severe and plants are under another \\nstress such as drought. Foliar insecticides labeled for \\npotato leafhopper in soybean are available in these \\ncases. Under normal growing conditions, soybean will \\nrecover and yield is rarely affected.\\nPotato leafhopper injury to soybean',\n", " 'Scouting. Regular scouting for soybean aphid in July and \\nAugust is recommended, even if using an insecticide seed \\ntreatment or resistant variety. Soybean aphid prefers the \\nnewest soybean foliage (e.g., expanding trifoliates) and \\ngenerally likes to colonize late-planted soybean. Ants and \\nlady beetles can indicate developing aphid colonies. Scout \\nevery seven to 10 days to monitor naturally fluctuating \\npopulations. Count aphids on 40 plants for every 50 acres',\n", " 'in sod or pasture, another crop besides corn can be \\nconsidered. Biological control plays an important role in \\nsuppressing sod webworm populations.\\nSod webworm\\nCORN\\nSod webworm',\n", " 'feed on all aboveground plant parts, including the base of \\nthe stalk. They generally do not feed on tassels.\\nCorn leaf aphids (Rhopalosiphum maidis) are dark \\ngreenish-blue. They are less than 1/16 inch long with dark \\nlegs and cornicles. Nymphs appear similar to adults but \\nare smaller and lighter green. Corn leaf aphids are not \\nknown to overwinter in Iowa and migrate from the southern \\nU.S., usually from April to late June. Colonies are first',\n", " 'True white grubs (Phyllophaga spp.) \\nbest time to scout: before planting through stand \\nestablishment.\\nscouting tip: grassy areas of the field are higher \\nrisk, and areas disturbed by mammals and birds \\nmay be a sign of infestation.\\nconfused with: Japanese beetle (adult and larva), \\ncolaspis beetle larva.\\nPest Description. True white grubs are the immatures of May \\nand June beetles. Another white grub found in the soil is the \\nannual white grub (Cyclocephala spp.), and adults are known as',\n", " 'Imported longhorned weevil feeding injury\\nSOYBEAN',\n", " 'Coast states and lay eggs on host plants or nearby \\nsurfaces, including fence posts. Development from \\negg hatch to adult can occur in approximately one \\nmonth, depending on the temperature. This insect does \\nnot overwinter in the Midwest and typically only one \\ngeneration occurs per year. Humid, warm conditions after \\ncool, wet springs favor fall armyworms.\\nFall armyworm on soybean',\n", " 'main stem and feed there before settling at the base of \\nstems. Fully grown larvae overwinter inside the base of the \\nplants a couple inches above soil level. One generation \\noccurs each year. \\nScouting/Management. The best time to scout for adults \\nis July through August. Use a sweep net to gather adult \\nbeetles, and check for tunneling and larvae in lodged \\nplants. Damage is more common along border rows. \\nTillage may reduce overwintering of dectes stem borer',\n", " 'treatment cost for first-and second-generation bean leaf beetles \\nper 20 sweeps.',\n", " 'place aboveground. Cutting seldom occurs after plants \\nreach V5. Larvae also can damage larger corn if feeding \\ninjures stalks. Economic injury in corn is more common \\nwhen weedy hosts are killed around corn planting. Black \\ncutworms also can cut seedling soybean stems. \\nLife Cycle. Black cutworm moths migrate on winds from \\nsouthern states in early spring, then mate and lay eggs in \\ncrop stubble, low spots in the field, and in weedy areas. \\nAround 1,300 eggs are laid by a single mated female.',\n", " 'is delayed due to environmental conditions or delayed \\nplanting, pollination may be severely affected. Adults of \\nall three species can feed on soybean, but the damage is \\nconsidered to be non-economical.\\nScouting. A majority of western and northern corn \\nrootworm larvae can be found on roots during June. Use \\na shovel to dig up roots in late June, extracting all soil \\nat least six inches around the plant and six inches deep. \\nTwo methods may be used to see larvae: hand-sorting or',\n", " 'Lacewings \\nGreen lacewing (Chrysopa and Chrysoperla spp.) larvae are grayish-brown and can reach approximately 1/4 inch long. Brown \\nlacewing (Hemerobius spp.) larvae display four light-colored spots on a brown body. Lacewing larvae have pincer-like \\nmouthparts. Green lacewing adults have transparent wings and green-colored bodies; brown lacewing adults look similar but \\nare brown and smaller. Green lacewing eggs are laid on long stalks. There are multiple generations of green lacewing each',\n", " 'vigor, defoliation, and plant death can occur if feeding \\nis severe. \\nLife Cycle. Spider mites become active in April and May \\nand are active the rest of the summer. Spider mites live in \\nthinly webbed colonies on the underside of leaves. Hot, \\ndry weather allows populations to grow rapidly with a \\ngeneration completed in five to seven days.\\nScouting. The best time to scout is from R1 through R5 \\nin soybean and during July and August for corn. Scouting',\n", " 'of this region. Beetles congregate in large numbers, so \\ninfestations may be patchy in fields. Beetles have narrow, \\ncylindrical, and soft bodies that are approximately 1/2 \\nto 1 inch long. The body segment between the head \\nand abdomen is narrow. Adults have long antennae and \\nforewings that vary in color, with all gray, all black, and \\nstriped orange and black being common.\\nCrop Injury. Blister beetles occasionally feed on alfalfa \\nleaves, but seem to prefer flowers and pollen. However,',\n", " 'Lady beetles \\nThere are several lady beetle species (Coccinellidae family) in field crops. While some species are native \\nto North America, such as the twelvespotted and convergent lady beetles, others were introduced into \\nNorth America, such as the sevenspotted and multicolored Asian lady beetles. Both the adult and larval \\nlife stages of these lady beetles are predators. \\nConvergent lady beetle (Hippodamia convergens) is named for the two white lines located behind the',\n", " 'Grasshopper feeding injury to corn\\nGrasshopper nymph on soybean\\nGrasshopper nymph on corn\\nCORN, SOYBEAN, ALFALFA',\n", " 'larvae. Weed control along fencerows may reduce \\npreferred hosts such as cocklebur, giant ragweed, and \\nwild sunflower. Timely harvest of infested fields (before \\nlodging occurs) can reduce yield loss.\\nDectes stem borer in stem\\nDectes stem borer adult\\nDectes stem borer stem girdling\\nSOYBEAN\\n31',\n", " 'incorporated via tillage to be effective which may not \\nbe feasible. To be effective, post-emergent insecticide \\napplications must be made before 50% egg hatch occurs \\n(684-767 degree days, base 52°F – soil), which is typically \\nin June. After this, most of the root injury will have \\nalready occurred.\\nUsing a pyramided rootworm-Bt corn hybrid is generally \\neffective, and larvae that consume plant tissue \\ncontaining Bt proteins likely will die. However, Bt for',\n", " '6\\nAlfalfa weevil (Hypera postica)\\nbest time to scout: at 200 degree days (base \\n48˚F) in southern Iowa and 250 degree days in \\nnorthern Iowa.\\nscouting tip: check southern-facing slopes first; \\nuse a sweep net to confirm presence.\\nconfused with: clover leaf weevil, clover root \\ncurculio.\\nPest Description. Alfalfa weevil infestations can be \\nsevere and occur throughout most of the U.S. Economic \\ninjury occurs annually in Iowa and is more common in \\nthe southern half of the state and during dry springs.',\n", " '(page 67). The best time to scout is from planting to VE; \\ncheck areas with poor stand for seed feeding by digging \\nup seed. No rescue treatments are available. Consider a \\nlabeled soil-applied insecticide and/or insecticide seed \\ntreatment if choosing to replant prior to June. Replanting \\ndecisions should be made based on the remaining plant \\npopulation, date, yield expectation, and other factors.\\nSeedcorn beetle\\nSlender seedcorn beetle\\nCORN',\n", " 'Two distinct characteristics separate fall armyworm from \\nother caterpillars: a prominent inverted “Y” on the head \\nand four bumps in the shape of a square near the end of \\nthe abdomen. Forewings of adult male moths are dark gray \\nand mottled with spots of darker and lighter coloring. A \\nwhitish patch can be seen close to the wing tip. Female \\nmoths look similar but are less distinctly marked and more \\nuniform gray-brown.\\nCrop Injury. Fall armyworm larvae leave ragged-edged',\n", " '39\\nGreen cloverworm (Hypena scabra)\\nbest time to scout: V5 through R5 in soybean. \\nMidsummer in alfalfa.\\nscouting tip: larvae commonly wiggle violently \\nif handled.\\nconfused with: alfalfa caterpillar, soybean looper.\\nPest Description. In Iowa, green cloverworm is an \\noccasional pest and economic damage is uncommon. \\nGreen cloverworm larvae are slender caterpillars, about \\n1/16 to 1 1/2 inches long and pale green with six white \\nstripes running the length of the body. They have three',\n", " 'the soil. Adults deposit eggs in soil during spring, usually \\nnear grass or grass-like plant roots. The life cycle of some \\nspecies may require four to seven years to complete.\\nScouting. Wireworm injury is more common in fields \\nwhere corn or soybean follows pasture. Because of the \\nlifespan of some species of wireworms, problems may \\npersist for several years. Options for detecting wireworm \\nbefore planting in soybean and corn include the use of bait',\n", " '8\\nAphids in alfalfa\\nCowpea aphids\\nInjury caused by pea aphid\\nbest time to scout: weekly in spring and early \\nsummer.\\nscouting tip: use stem counts rather than a sweep \\nnet to estimate infestation levels.\\nconfused with: potato leafhopper, plant bugs.\\nPest Description/Life Cycle. There are at least four aphid \\nspecies that can be found in Iowa alfalfa, including the \\nblue alfalfa aphid, cowpea aphid, pea aphid, and spotted \\nalfalfa aphid. Aphids produce several generations each',\n", " 'from seedcorn maggot. Use insecticide seed treatments \\nwhen planting early into manured or freshly tilled weedy \\nareas and avoid incorporating animal manure in spring. \\nReplanting may be an option if substantial stand loss has \\noccurred. No rescue treatments are available. \\nSeedcorn maggots\\nSeedcorn maggots and injury to corn seed\\nSeedcorn maggot (white) and pupae (orange)\\nCORN, SOYBEAN',\n", " 'ALFALFA',\n", " '21\\nClover root curculio (Sitona hispidulus)\\nbest time to scout: early spring for root damage and \\nJune-July for adult leaf feeding.\\nscouting tip: adults can be distinguished from \\nalfalfa weevils by a shorter snout and no stripe \\ndown the center of the back.\\nconfused with: alfalfa weevil, clover leaf weevil.\\nPest Description. Clover root curculio is not generally \\nconsidered a significant alfalfa pest in Iowa. However, \\nheavy infestations can cause severe economic',\n", " 'Larvae have black heads and are legless. Young larvae \\nare yellow or light gray. Older larvae have a white stripe \\ndown the middle of the back and are 3/8 inch long and \\nlight green. Adults are 1/4 inch long and have a narrow \\nbrown snout; elbowed antennae; and a dark, narrow \\nstripe that tapers to a point. Alfalfa weevil may be \\nconfused with clover leaf weevil (page 20). However, \\nnote the differences in adult size, larval characteristics, \\nand location of feeding on the plant.',\n", " 'however, economic damage from billbugs is rare in Iowa. \\nDirect foliar insecticide application to the base of corn \\nplants. Spot applications may be used. \\nBillbug \\nInjury to corn plant from billbugs\\nCORN',\n", " 'In corn, if there are more than one or two wireworms \\nper bait station, or if there is a history of problems in a \\nfield, consider a soil-applied insecticide at planting or a \\nhigher seed treatment rate. If replanting, be aware that \\nwireworms may still cause damage to replanted crops. \\nThere are no rescue treatments available. \\nbest time to scout: before planting to V3.\\nscouting tip: look for missing plants and dig \\nup seed or adjacent plants.\\nconfused with: damage from seedcorn maggot,',\n", " 'alfalfa with piercing-sucking mouthparts. They inject toxic \\nsaliva that will kill buds, flowers and seeds. Leaflets that \\nhave been fed upon will show distortions or constrictions. \\nEgg laying also can injure plants. Alfalfa can be stunted \\nas a result of plant bug feeding and egg laying.\\nLife Cycle. Alfalfa plant bugs overwinter as eggs in plant \\nstems before hatching mid-to-late spring. Overwintering \\ntarnished plant bug adults become active in spring',\n", " '67\\nWireworms (Elateridae family)\\nPest Description. Wireworms are larvae of click beetles \\n(Elateridae family). Wireworm larvae are usually hard-\\nbodied and yellowish-orange; however, some species \\nhave softer bodies and are primarily white except for a \\ndark head and tail section. The tails of some wireworms \\nare strongly scalloped.\\nCrop Injury. Early-season wireworm injury in corn occurs \\nwhen they bore into the seed before or during germination \\nand hollow it out. If wireworms tunnel into the plant base,',\n", " 'Soybean leaf miner leaf mine\\nSoybean leaf miners\\n55',\n", " 'problems occur in no-till fields that were in pasture \\nor sod previously or that have heavy grassy weed \\ninfestations. Late-season problems occur when \\nsmall grain crops mature and the armyworms \\nmigrate into nearby corn. Armyworms hide in the \\ndaytime beneath residue or clods of soil. Early or \\nlate in the day, armyworms are easily observed on \\nthe leaves, and they rarely hide in the whorl like \\nEuropean corn borers.\\nArmyworm adult\\nArmyworm\\nInjury caused by armyworm\\nCORN',\n", " 'generation occurs per year.\\nScouting/Management. Larvae can be found hiding near \\nthe plant base when days are sunny. Feeding generally \\noccurs during cloudy conditions or at night. Insecticides \\nmay be advantageous if an average of at least five healthy \\nlarvae are found per crown. An insecticide application \\nfor adult weevils after cutting may be necessary if plants \\nare not regrowing after three or four days and weevils \\nare found. See alfalfa regrowth management thresholds',\n", " 'Life Cycle. Imported longhorned weevils are all females \\nand reproduce without males. Adults deposit eggs in soil \\nthat hatch in eight to 12 days. Larvae feed on roots of \\nclover, alfalfa, several grasses and other plants. The pupal \\nlife stage occurs in the soil and adults emerge in mid-\\nJune. There is one generation per year. \\nScouting/Management. Scout soybeans for imported \\nlonghorned weevil adults beginning at VE through \\nR5. Plant damage is usually most severe at the edge',\n", " 'or ear shanks. Larval tunneling can interfere with nutrient \\nuptake and reduce grain weight, kernel number, and yield. \\nEuropean corn borer also occasionally attacks soybean by \\nboring into stems.\\nLife Cycle. Mature, fifth instars overwinter in corn stalks, \\ncorn ears, and plant residue. In the spring, larvae pupate \\nfor seven to 10 days before emerging as adults. Adult \\nfemales lay eggs on the undersides of corn leaves. Eggs \\nhatch in five to seven days and first instars begin feeding',\n", " '51\\nSod webworms (Crambus spp.)\\nbest time to scout: May and early June.\\nscouting tip: focus on scouting in corn fields the \\nyear following sod or very grassy fields.\\nconfused with: cutworms, hop vine borer.\\nPest Description. Besides corn, sod webworms can \\ndamage lawns and other areas of sod. Larvae are tan to \\ngray with a dark head and numerous shiny spots along \\nthe body. Adult moths have a “snout” and are white to \\nbrownish-gray; they are 1/2 to 3/4 inch long.',\n", " 'Spined soldier bug \\nSpined soldier bug (Podisus maculiventris) is 1/2 inch long and grayish-brown, with adults having pointed \\n“shoulders” and a dark spot on the tip of the wings. This beneficial stink bug can be confused with the \\nplant-feeding brown stink bug (page 59). \\nSpined soldier bug nymphs and adults are predators of soft-bodied insect pests such as alfalfa weevil \\nlarvae and caterpillars. Bodily fluids are extracted from prey insects using piercing-sucking mouthparts.',\n", " 'crops. Also, parasitized aphids are commonly seen in corn \\nand are a result of wasp biocontrol.\\nThere are no threshold guidelines for corn root aphid \\nand foliar insecticides are not recommended for control. \\nContinuous corn with no-till production can promote \\nrepeated ant and aphid infestations. Deep tillage can \\nweaken ant colonies prior to planting, and an insecticide \\nseed treatment can reduce aphid populations.\\n11\\nCorn root aphids on corn roots\\nAphids infesting corn ear',\n", " 'Stink bugs\\nbest time to scout: emergence through V4 in \\ncorn; R1 through R5 in soybean.\\nscouting tip: not all stink bugs are harmful, the \\nspined soldier bug is beneficial.\\nconfused with: damage caused by stalk borer or \\nEuropean corn borer in corn and foliar diseases.\\nPest Description. There are several species of stink bugs \\nthat can cause damage to field crops. These include \\nthe brown and dusky (Euschistus spp.), green (Chinavia \\nhilaris) and brown marmorated (Halyomorpha halys) stink',\n", " 'find them during planting in late April. Pupation begins \\nafter a period of dormancy, and moths emerge, mate and \\nlay eggs in mid-to-late summer. Eggs hatch and larvae \\nbegin feeding before overwintering. One generation \\noccurs per year.\\nGlassy cutworm (Apamea devastator) larvae spend \\nmost of their lives below the surface of the soil. The \\nhead and neck region are reddish-brown. The body \\nlacks any definite color and is semitransparent or glassy \\nin appearance. Internal organs can be seen through',\n", " 'through body openings when eggs hatch. Larvae pupate after emerging from the host body. \\nTachinid flies will parasitize green cloverworm, bean leaf beetle, Japanese beetle, and grasshoppers. \\nInternal feeding by the tachinid fly larva on body tissues generally ends in host insect death. Adult \\ntachinid flies are pollen and nectar feeders',\n", " 'of legs; older nymphs and adults have four pairs of legs. \\nWebbing can be present along with mites. \\nCrop Injury. In corn and soybean, infestations typically \\nstart at field margins and move to the center, if weather \\nremains favorable. Infestations typically begin at the \\nbottom of plants and advance upward. In corn, prolonged \\nfeeding will turn leaves yellow with stippling on the upper \\nsurface. Heavy infestations cause premature drying, \\nresulting in loss of leaf tissue, stalk breakage, and kernel',\n", " 'soybean in May and June. There are 15 to 18 generations \\non soybean depending on temperature and moisture. \\nA mixed population of wingless and winged adults \\nform during summer with asexual reproduction. Aphid \\ncrowding, plant quality, and presence of natural enemies \\nmay prompt formation of winged aphids. Long distance \\nmigration occurs as aphids move with jet streams. As \\nsoybean matures and day length decreases, winged \\naphids move back to buckthorn to mate and lay eggs.',\n", " 'insecticide treatment, but tunneling larvae are not \\nsusceptible. Border treatments can save application \\ncosts. Economic thresholds for insecticide applications \\nare based on the percent of stalk-borer infested plants \\nand use market value of corn, expected yield, and plant \\ngrowth stage (Table 7).\\nMarket \\nvalue\\n$3 per bushel\\n$4 per bushel\\n$5 per bushel\\nYield\\n150 175 200 225 150 175 200 225 150 175 200 225\\nPercentage of plants with larvae in the whorl\\nLeaf \\nstage\\n1\\n5.8\\n4.9\\n4.3\\n3.8\\n4.3\\n3.7\\n3.2\\n2.9\\n3.5\\n3.0',\n", " '68\\nYellowstriped armyworm (Spodoptera ornithogalli)\\nbest time to scout: June through August.\\nscouting tip: look for larvae early or late in the day.\\nconfused with: armyworm, fall armyworm, cutworms.\\nPest Description. Yellowstriped armyworm is rarely an \\neconomic problem for corn, soybean, or alfalfa in Iowa. \\nLarvae have a yellow stripe running on each side of the \\nthorax and abdomen. There is a black spot located on \\neach side of the abdomen four segments after the head.',\n", " 'bodies. Eventually, the final larval stage will attach itself to plant tissues by the abdomen tip and \\npupation begins. During development, pupae are not protected by a cocoon, but will shift their bodies \\ninto an upright position when disturbed. \\nAlthough larval and adult lady beetles are predacious, they do need floral resources. Twelvespotted lady \\nbeetles in particular feed on plant pollen, including corn pollen, and other lady beetle species are likely \\nto use pollen and nectar resources as well.',\n", " 'is generally observed in the lower canopy and at field edges \\nfirst. Determine if most plants are infested and if damage is \\nvisible. Whole field problems may occur when hot and dry \\nconditions in the spring (with a very dry start to June) allow \\npopulations to build up and mites to spread across the field. \\n63\\nCORN, SOYBEAN, ALFALFA\\nTwospotted spider mite\\nTwospotted spider mite injury and webbing on corn\\nTwospotted spider mite injury on soybean',\n", " 'thicker than the head. Larvae typically move in a looping or \\n“inchworm” motion.\\nCrop Injury. Soybean looper larvae consume leaf tissue, \\nleaving irregularly shaped holes between leaf veins. \\nFeeding mostly occurs in the lower half of the plant \\ncanopy. Soybean loopers seldom feed on green soybean \\npods. It is uncommon for soybean looper alone to \\neconomically damage soybean.\\nLife Cycle. Soybean looper does not overwinter in Iowa. \\nDuring spring and summer, weather systems carry moths',\n", " 'hatch if tassels have extended.\\nWestern bean cutworm injury to corn ears\\nWestern bean cutworm injury to corn ear',\n", " 'feeding. Larvae may hide in the soil near damaged plants, \\nespecially during warm conditions.',\n", " 'in combination with other defoliators. See page 74 for \\nsoybean defoliation scouting guidelines. Use eight larvae \\nper foot of row as a treatment threshold if fall armyworm \\nalone is present in more mature soybean. Spot \\ntreatments may be sufficient if damage is limited to field \\nedges. In alfalfa, insecticide treatments may be advised \\nif there is not enough hay to make a cutting, larvae are \\nless than 3/4 inch long, and more than two to three larvae',\n", " 'is rare. Foliar insecticides can be used for management \\nin both crops. Prior to pollination in corn, a threshold of \\n25% infested plants can be used to warrant treatment. It \\nis difficult for insecticide applications to reach stink bugs \\nin reproductive stage corn. One stink bug per foot of row \\nin reproductive-stage soybean is a common threshold. If \\nusing a sweep net, the threshold is 3.6 stink bugs per 15 \\nsweeps in soybean.\\nStink bug injury to corn leaves\\n60\\nBrown stink bug',\n", " 'cause economic injury to the second and third cuttings of \\nalfalfa in Iowa every year. Adults are approximately 1/8 inch \\nlong, generally yellow to light green with large white eyes, \\nand have a wedge-shaped appearance. They are extremely \\nwary and are very fast flyers. Nymphs are smaller than \\nadults and their color may be more yellow or pale green. \\nNymphs lack wings and may be confused with soybean \\naphid (page 52).\\nCrop Injury. Leafhopper adults and nymphs feed by sucking',\n", " 'height, \\ninches\\n$40 \\nper \\nton\\n$70 \\nper \\nton\\n$100 \\nper \\nton\\nManagement decision\\n4\\n1.8-2.8 0.8-1.3 0.6-0.8\\nRe-evaluate in four days with \\nanother sample. If injury and \\nlarval numbers are increasing, \\nconsider treating.\\n6\\n2.0-3.0 0.8-1.5 0.6-1.0\\n8\\n2.2-3.2 0.9-1.7 0.7-1.2\\n10\\n2.3-3.5 0.9-1.7 0.8-1.4\\nIf pre-bloom, consider treating. \\n12\\n2.4-3.8 1.0-2.2 0.9-1.6\\n14\\n2.5-4.2 1.2-2.5 1.0-1.8\\n16\\n2.6-4.6 1.5-2.8 1.1-2.0\\nIf >60% of alfalfa is in bud stage, \\nharvest is recommended with',\n", " 'considered when injury will be severe enough to reduce plant \\nstands to yield-limiting levels and cutworms are present. \\nConsider treatment if cutworm larvae are less than 1 inch \\nlong and soybean defoliation is at or will reach 30% before \\nR1, in combination with other defoliators. Spot treatments \\nmay be sufficient if damage is limited to field edges. See page \\n74 for soybean defoliation scouting guidelines.\\n30\\nSandhill cutworm\\nVariegated cutworm\\nthrough V4. Scout fields that are planted following grass',\n", " 'early into a field from other crops. This is especially the \\ncase if the migration occurs later in May or early June and \\nnumbers of potato leafhoppers have built up on other crops \\n(i.e., recently cut alfalfa if timing is correct).\\nLife Cycle. Potato leafhoppers migrate from Gulf Coast \\nstates because they cannot overwinter in the Midwest. \\nAdults are carried by winds and may be seen in midwestern \\nstates by mid-to-late May. Adult females live for about a',\n", " 'Stalk borer injury in corn\\nCORN, SOYBEAN\\n57',\n", " 'ear. Ear and vegetative feeding resemble corn earworm \\ninjury. Problems are generally most severe on late-planted \\ncorn. In soybean, fall armyworm can cut seedling stems \\nand feed on pods and leaves. In alfalfa (and other forage \\ncrops), larvae can consume almost the entire plant, except \\nthe tougher stems. Initial injury may imitate drought stress, \\nwith brown patches showing up in fields. Injury can occur \\nvery quickly (overnight or within 48 hours).\\nLife Cycle. Moths migrate into the Midwest from Gulf',\n", " 'Soybean gall midge (Resseliella maxima)\\nbest time to scout: June through August.\\nscouting tip: injury is most severe at field edges.\\nconfused with: damage from dectes stem borer, \\nstem diseases.\\nPest Description. Soybean gall midge has only recently \\nbeen reported in Iowa as a pest of soybean, expanding \\neast after earlier confirmations in Nebraska and South \\nDakota. Initially, it was thought this pest was invading \\nsoybean stems only after other injury or disease occurred,',\n", " 'to minimize overwintering habitat and food sources for \\nlarvae and adults.\\nFor field corn before V5, the rescue treatment threshold \\nis five or more beetles per plant, and 50% of plants \\nshowing severe feeding. For susceptible seed corn \\ninbreds, the threshold is two or more beetles per plant \\nand 10% of plants showing severe feeding. For sweet \\ncorn susceptible to Stewart’s disease the threshold is six \\nor more beetles per 100 plants; on tolerant sweet corn,',\n", " 'bushel\\nTreatment cost, $ per acre including insecticide product \\nand application\\n$10\\n$12\\n$14\\n$16\\n$10\\n$12\\n$14\\n$16\\nFirst-generation \\nbeetles per 20 sweeps\\nSecond-generation \\nbeetles per 20 sweeps\\n$6\\n28.6\\n34.2\\n39.8\\n45.4\\n106.4\\n127.7\\n149.0\\n170.2\\n$8\\n21.6\\n25.8\\n30.0\\n34.2\\n79.8\\n95.8\\n111.7\\n127.7\\n$10\\n17.4\\n20.8\\n24.2\\n27.5\\n63.8\\n76.6\\n89.4\\n102.1\\n$12\\n14.6\\n17.4\\n20.2\\n23.0\\n53.2\\n63.8\\n74.5\\n85.1\\nBean leaf beetle\\nEarly season injury from bean leaf beetle\\nTable 3. Management thresholds based on crop value and',\n", " 'before pupation. Adult beetles exit the mines after the \\npupal life stage and feed on leaves.\\nScouting/Management. The best time to scout is from \\nVE through R1, though this insect is rarely an economic \\npest of soybean. Leaf damage is most likely along field \\nedges. Insecticides are not recommended because \\nfoliar products will not affect larvae feeding between \\nthe leaves. Defoliation from soybean leaf miner adults \\ntypically does not justify an insecticide application.\\nSOYBEAN\\nSoybean leaf miner',\n", " 'Alfalfa blotch leafminer and leaf mines\\nLeaf mines from alfalfa blotch leafminer\\nALFALFA\\nLeaf mines from alfalfa blotch leafminer',\n", " '25\\nScouting. The best time to scout is during the first \\nthree weeks after VE and again in early reproductive \\nstages. Look for plants that are lighter colored or have \\nwilted leaves. Injury usually is most severe during cold \\nsprings when corn growth is slow, which allows beetles \\nmore time to feed on seedlings. Pay special attention \\nto susceptible corn, but resistant plants also should be \\nscouted. Adults move to fields from grassy overwintering',\n", " '64\\nManagement. Spider mites seek refuge on weeds within \\nand around corn and soybean crops. Controlling weeds \\nwill discourage them from successfully overwintering and \\ninfesting corn and soybean the following year. Although \\nspider mites are not insects, they often are treated \\nwith insecticides. Pyrethroids are not very effective at \\nreducing outbreaks, so consider using organophosphates \\n(e.g., dimethoate). An application is warranted when most \\ncorn or soybean plants are infested with spider mites and',\n", " 'April through November. Colonies prefer to feed on stems \\nand newly expanding leaves.\\nThe spotted alfalfa aphid (Therioaphis maculata) is \\noccasionally found in Iowa alfalfa. This aphid is smaller \\nthan most aphids in alfalfa (1/16 inch long) and has short \\ncornicles, a pale green or yellow body, and red eyes. Six \\nrows of darker spots extend along the top side of the body, \\nand each spot has one or two short hairs. Spotted alfalfa \\naphids can successfully reproduce in warm temperatures',\n", " 'There are two generations per year.\\nCORN\\nCorn flea beetle\\nCorn flea beetle\\nStewart’s wilt symptoms on corn leaf',\n", " 'flea beetles vector the bacterium (Pantoea stewartii) \\nthat causes Stewart’s disease. Stewart’s disease lesions \\nspread from beetle-feeding scars, initially appearing \\nas pale green to yellow streaks, later turning brown as \\ntissue dies. Lesion edges are generally wavy and follow \\nleaf veins. Excluding some inbreds, the susceptibility of \\ndent corn to Stewart’s disease is low. Sweet corn can be \\nhighly susceptible. Susceptible sweet corn hybrids and \\nseed corn inbreds may be infected as seedlings but lack',\n", " 'injury, while adult weevils cause injury only during dry \\nsprings when the second cutting regrows very slowly. \\nMost defoliation occurs before the first harvest and \\nfeeding tapers off by mid-June. However, yield and stand \\nloss can occur to regrowth with high weevil populations.\\nLife Cycle. Overwintering adults lay yellow, oval eggs in \\nalfalfa stems, which hatch in mid-to-late spring. Larvae \\nfeed for three to four weeks, then develop cocoons in \\nplant debris or in the lower canopy. Adults emerge one to',\n", " '24\\nCorn flea beetle (Chaetocnema pulicaria)\\nbest time to scout: after VE for three weeks and \\nagain in early reproductive stages.\\nscouting tip: injury is usually most severe in \\ncold springs with slow corn growth. Infestations \\ngenerally begin at the field edge.\\nconfused with: other flea beetles, garden fleahopper, \\ncorn blotch leafminer.\\nPest Description. Corn flea beetles are 1/16 inch long, \\nshiny, and black, brown, or gray with enlarged hind legs.',\n", " 'the whorl and feed on the flag leaf, tassel, and other \\ntissue. Once tasseling begins, they move to the green \\nsilks. Older larvae feed primarily on the ear tip, but some \\nlarvae move outside of the ear, chew through the husk \\nand feed on the kernels on the side or shank end of the \\near. Unlike corn earworm, more than one larva may be \\nfound in an ear. Feeding damage can allow pathogen \\nentry, and resulting disease may reduce grain quality.\\nLife Cycle. Fully-grown larvae overwinter in the soil.',\n", " 'seven stages, they grow too big for grass stems and move \\nto corn and larger weeds. Mature larvae drop to the soil to \\npupate and emerge as adults during August. There is one \\ngeneration per year.\\nScouting. The best time to scout for hop vine borer larvae \\nis from VE through V10. Damage is most common in border \\nrows next to grassy areas. Look for wilted plants and \\nplants with newly emerged central leaves that are dying. \\nDig up injured plants to find larvae that have burrowed into',\n", " '22\\nColaspis beetles (Colaspis spp.)\\nbest time to scout: VE through V8 for larvae in corn; \\nVE through R2 in soybean.\\nscouting tip: dig up corn plants to find larvae near \\nroots; collect adults with a sweep net.\\nconfused with: corn rootworm beetles.\\nPest Description. Both grape colaspis and Iowa colaspis \\ncan be found in Iowa. Grape colaspis can be found \\nthroughout the state and Iowa colaspis is restricted to the \\nwestern counties. Colaspis beetle larvae are off-white, 1/8',\n", " 'soil near the base of corn stalks. Larvae feed on roots, \\npupate, and adult beetles may emerge in 15 to 28 days \\ndepending on temperature. One or more generations may \\nbe observed in a year. \\nCrop Injury. Corn rootworm larvae consume corn roots. \\nShortly after eggs hatch in spring, young larvae begin \\nfeeding on root hairs and tunnel inside roots. As they \\ndevelop, larvae begin feeding on larger root tips. Extensive \\nfeeding can eliminate entire nodes of roots. Feeding is',\n", " 'In addition to using a seed treatment to minimize BPMV, \\nconsider a foliar insecticide application at VC-V1 if beetles \\nare present. For fields without a history of BPMV, beetles \\nrarely exceed a treatment threshold for defoliation. \\nOverwintering beetle thresholds range from two to 10 \\nbeetles per plant, and first/second-generation beetle \\nthresholds range from 15 to 170 beetles per 20 sweeps, \\ndepending on treatment cost and crop value (Table 3).\\nCrop \\nvalue, \\n$ per \\nbushel',\n", " 'Pest Description. Economic injury to corn from European \\ncorn borer larvae is not common because of the high \\nadoption rate of Bt corn. However, damage still is possible \\nin non-Bt corn, such as refuge fields and non-Bt corn \\nhybrids. Young European corn borer larvae are translucent \\nwhite with a dark head. Older larvae are dirty white with \\ndarker, halo-shaped spots along the thorax and abdomen. \\nThey have three pairs of thoracic legs and four pairs \\nof abdominal prolegs. This is the most common white',\n", " 'lay eggs. Preferred egg-laying sites are fields with \\ngrassy weeds or with a cover crop such as rye. \\nYoung larvae feed on rye or grass until these plants \\nhave been consumed or killed, at which time larvae \\nmove to corn. Populations vary yearly, and cool, wet \\nsprings may increase the likelihood of outbreaks. \\nThere are three generations per year.\\nScouting. The best time to scout is in June or when \\ngrassy weeds are killed with herbicides. Fields with \\nreduced tillage are at higher risk. Early-season',\n", " 'that may girdle the taproot. They also can feed on nodules. \\nDamage shortens stand life, allows entry for pathogens, \\nand promotes winter kill. Adults chew leaf margins, green \\nstems, and leaf buds. Feeding damage by adults can \\nweaken or kill new seedlings.\\nLife Cycle. Eggs are deposited on soil and foliage near the \\nbase of the plant in fall or spring. Although most clover \\nroot curculios overwinter as eggs, some may overwinter \\nas adults or larvae. Young larvae enter the soil after',\n", " 'canopy and on the undersides of the leaves. Recently, \\npyrethroid insecticide-resistant soybean aphids have \\nbeen observed in Iowa and a few surrounding states. \\nBiological control is generally effective when aphid \\npopulations are low, and insecticide applications made \\nbefore the threshold is reached can diminish success.\\nAphid-resistant soybeans slow the growth and \\nreproductive potential of soybean aphid. Fields with host \\nplant-resistant varieties will not be aphid free and should',\n", " 'move down into the whorl, begin to tunnel into the stalk, \\nand often kill the growing point. Emerging leaves may \\nhave numerous large holes in a repeating pattern across \\nthe leaf or be completely cut. Damage becomes obvious \\nwhen the upper leaves begin to wilt and turn brown. Stalk \\nborers also injure plants by tunneling up into stalks after \\nentering near the plant base. Infested plants are often \\nstunted. Significant yield losses from stalk borer can',\n", " 'adult colaspis beetles in soybean and corn is rare. If \\nplanting into fields with past grape colaspis damage, use \\nmanagement practices that ensure vigorous, fast-growing \\nroots and quick, uniform seedling emergence. If severe \\nstand reduction occurs, replanting is the only option.\\nColapsis beetle\\nColapsis beetle\\nCORN, SOYBEAN\\nColapsis larva',\n", " 'other defoliators. See page 74 for soybean defoliation \\nscouting guidelines. If damage is limited to field edges, \\nspot treatments may be sufficient.\\nYellowstriped armyworm\\nYellowstriped armyworm and feeding injury to soybean\\nCORN, SOYBEAN, ALFALFA\\nYellowstriped armyworm',\n", " 'nor the spittle causes harm to the plant.\\nLife Cycle. There is one generation of meadow spittlebugs \\nper year. Eggs are laid in leaf litter in the fall. Eggs \\noverwinter, and nymphs begin to feed in the spring after \\neggs hatch. Adults move to nearby areas for egg-laying. \\nWhen temperatures average 75°F, nymphs feed for 31 \\ndays, but will feed longer at cooler temperatures.\\nScouting/Management. Spittlebugs are early-season \\npests. Start looking in early May. Damage is most likely',\n", " '(> 90˚F). Peak populations occur May through October. \\nColonies prefer to feed on the lower portions of alfalfa \\nincluding stems, petioles, and leaves, injecting a plant toxin \\nwhile feeding, and can cause early leaf drop, distinctive \\nvein-banding, or chlorosis.\\nCrop Injury. Aphid feeding can result in plant stunting, \\nyellowing, wilting, and death, and can be especially \\nproblematic in new stands and during dry weather. Aphids \\nsecrete a sticky substance (honeydew) on leaves, which',\n", " 'but now it is known that soybean gall midge can infest \\nhealthy plants. Gall midge larvae are maggots; young \\nlarvae are small and translucent, but mature larvae are \\nlarger and orange. Gall midges are long-legged flies with \\nhairy wings and long antennae. Adults are less than 1/4 \\ninch long, fragile, and known to be weak fliers.\\nCrop Injury. Soybean plants can be infested any time after \\nthe V2 growth stage. Shortly after infestation, stems may \\nbe swollen or discolored and leaves may begin to wilt. A',\n", " '10\\nAphids in corn\\nBird cherry-oat aphids\\nCorn leaf aphids \\nbest time to scout: tassel through dent for \\naboveground aphids.\\nscouting tip: aphids are most problematic during \\nmoisture stress. Scout entire field to determine \\nextent of infestation.\\nconfused with: twospotted spider mite.\\nPest Description/Life Cycle. There are at least three aphid \\nspecies that can persist on Iowa corn, including the bird \\ncherry-oat aphid, corn leaf aphid, and corn root aphid.',\n", " 'Crop Injury. Newly emerged larvae tunnel into grasses to \\nfeed. Tunneling typically creates a “dead heart,” where \\nthe top of the plant dies. Once larvae are too large for \\ngrass stems or preferred hosts are terminated, they move \\nto larger plants, like giant ragweed or corn. The most \\nsusceptible corn growth stages are V1 to V5. Larvae may \\nfeed on leaves as they move to a new plant, but this is not \\nconsidered economically damaging. Eventually, larvae',\n", " 'Western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera) \\nbeetles are yellow to light green and have three dark \\nstripes on the forewings that do not extend to the wing \\ntip. Adults are about 1/4 inch long and can be confused \\nwith other corn rootworms or striped cucumber beetles \\n(Acalymma vittatum); however, striped cucumber beetles \\nhave very distinct stripes along the wings that extend to \\nthe tip of the abdomen and their underside is completely \\nblack. Overwintered eggs hatch from May through June,',\n", " 'segment. Fully developed larvae have a brown head \\nand are 1 inch long. X. pallorana caterpillars are light \\ngreen and lack spots or stripes; fully developed larvae \\nare 1 inch long. Both leafrollers have three pairs of \\nthoracic legs and four pairs of fleshy prolegs.\\nCrop Injury. Leafroller larvae feed on leaves of young \\nsoybean and corn plants. They pull several leaves \\ntogether, tie them with silk, and feed inside the rolled \\nleaves. Feeding in the whorl does not reach the \\ngrowing point.',\n", " 'However, this cutworm only occurs in areas of very sandy \\nsoil, such as sandbars close to rivers or windblown dunes. \\nBecause of the sandy soil conditions where it occurs, most \\nof the cutting will take place below the soil surface. Injury \\nappears first as wilted leaves and then as dead plants. The \\nbest time to scout is at emergence. If plants are missing or \\nhave holes in the leaves, carefully look for larvae in the soil. \\nSandhill cutworm larvae overwinter and feed in the spring.',\n", " 'caterpillar with a dark head in Iowa corn. Adult moths are \\n1 inch long. The wings are either brown (males) or pale \\nyellow-brown (females) and have wavy lines.\\nCrop Injury. Larvae can feed on any aboveground portion \\nof corn plants. Before tasseling, young larvae feed deep \\ninside the whorl on newly developing leaves and cause \\na “shot hole” effect. They also can tunnel inside leaf \\nmidribs. Older larvae tunnel into lower stems. Later in the \\nsummer, second-generation larvae tunnel into stalks, ears',\n", " 'spots on the head behind each eye. One to two generations occur per year. \\nTwelvespotted lady beetle (Coleomegilla maculata) adults vary in color from pink to red and display 12 \\nblack spots; six on each wing cover. Beetles are approximately 1/4 inch long. Overwintering adults \\nemerge in springtime from protected areas and seek out prey. Yellow eggs are laid in groups near prey \\non plant tissues. In the Midwest, there are two to three generations per year. The eggs of lady beetles',\n", " 'seedling death can occur. Sometimes wireworms bore \\ninto stalks of large plants several inches above the soil \\nsurface. Wireworms also can feed on roots of larger \\nplants. In soybean, germinating seeds and soft stem tissue \\nbeneath the soil surface are attacked. Small roots also can \\nbe eaten. However, it is uncommon for economic damage \\nin soybean to occur. Injury to both crops is more severe \\nduring cool springs when crop growth is slow.\\nLife Cycle. Both wireworm adults and larvae overwinter in',\n", " '50\\nSlugs\\nbest time to scout: emergence to V4 in corn.\\nscouting tip: slugs are most often found in \\nno-till fields with heavy residue, weedy fields, \\n \\nand fields that follow alfalfa.\\nPest Description. Slugs are not insects; rather, they are a \\ngastropod pest of soybean and corn. Slugs are similar to \\nsnails but lack shells and have a “foot” that produces a \\nslimy trail.\\nCrop Injury. Slugs strip young corn leaves by eating the \\nsofter leaf tissue, leaving only the veins. Signs of damage',\n", " 'number of stages (ranging from seven to 16) and take \\n60 to 130 days to completely develop. This development \\nis based on temperatures and plant quality. Fully grown \\nlarvae drop down to the soil and pupate. The pupal stage \\nmay take 16 to 40 days depending on soil temperatures. \\nAdults live for eight to 10 days in hot weather. Females lay \\nabout 880 eggs individually or in masses; most are laid on \\ndead vegetation or in cracks of stems.\\nStalk borer\\nStalk borer injury in corn border rows',\n", " 'feeding. Fields with spring broadleaf weed growth, \\nespecially shepherd’s purse, are more likely to have brown \\nstink bugs. In soybean, the best time to scout is from \\nR1 through R5. Use a drop cloth or sweep net. Samples \\nshould come from several areas of a field as adults tend to \\naggregate. Count all adults and only nymphs longer than \\n1/4 inch. Field edges adjacent to timber or weeds may \\nhave more stink bugs.\\nManagement. Stink bug damage in soybean and corn',\n", " 'which leads to stunted plants or tattered leaves. Damage \\nby seedcorn beetles is most common in cool, wet springs \\nwhen crop emergence is delayed.\\nLife Cycle. The beetles most likely overwinter as adults, \\nbecause they can be found very early in the spring, and \\nlikely have two generations per year.\\nScouting/Management. Beetles occasionally are found \\nin the same conditions and in the same fields that are \\ninfested with seedcorn maggots (page 49) or wireworms',\n", " '18\\nmissing leaves. Note areas with suspected damage and \\nreturn later for further assessment. Larvae feed at night \\nor during cloudy days but hide in the soil during bright \\ndaylight. Larvae may hide adjacent to cut plants in the \\nsoil and under crop residue, and sometimes larvae pull \\nplants into cracks for continued feeding during the day.\\nManagement. Manage weeds as weedy fields may be \\nfavored by cutworm females for egg laying. Residue on \\nthe soil surface may be attractive to egg-laying females.',\n", " 'inject a plant toxin while feeding that further impacts \\nplant growth.',\n", " 'include those that have been in pasture or Conservation Reserve \\nProgram, or where willow or cottonwood trees (hosts for adult \\nbeetles) are growing adjacent to the field. Grubs are more \\nlikely to be found in grassy areas of fields, and areas dug up \\nby mammals or where birds congregate may indicate a grub \\ninfestation. True white grubs can be confused with annual white \\ngrubs, which are not a problem in soybean and corn in Iowa. \\nHowever, in central and southern Illinois they are considered \\nproblematic.',\n", " 'corn rootworm is not high dose as it is for European \\ncorn borer, and some of the larvae will survive. In Iowa, \\nwestern corn rootworm has overcome all four Bt traits \\navailable, and it is likely that every field has some level \\nof resistance to Cry3Bb1. If resistance is suspected, use \\ncrop rotation or switch to a non-rootworm-Bt hybrid with \\na soil-applied insecticide. It is not economical to layer Bt \\nand soil-applied insecticide and is unlikely to increase',\n", " 'Pest Description/Life Cycle. Corn rootworm adults and \\nlarvae can be damaging to corn. Northern and western \\ncorn rootworm are considered economically important \\ninsect pests of corn throughout the Corn Belt, while \\nsouthern corn rootworm is rarely reported as an important \\npest in Iowa. It is difficult to distinguish among the three \\ncorn rootworm species in the immature stages. Larvae are \\nslender and white with a dark brown head and a dark plate \\non the top side of the abdomen. They have three pairs of',\n", " 'Pupation occurs during May and early June, depending \\non temperatures. Adult western bean cutworm moths \\nemerge in late June and July, and mated females begin \\nto lay egg masses on the uppermost portion of flag \\nleaves. There is one generation per year.\\nScouting. Initiate scouting based on local pheromone \\ntrap captures of adult moths. Fields that are in the pre-\\ntassel stage or are just tasseling should be scouted first. \\nIf trap data are unavailable, begin scouting at VT. When',\n", " 'blister-like “mines” inside leaves. Adults feed on leaves, \\ncausing irregular holes or removing all tissue except the \\nveins. Plants will most likely recover from adult beetle \\nfeeding; however, adults can transmit bean pod mottle \\nvirus (page 14).\\nLife Cycle. It is believed that soybean leaf miner adults \\nare the overwintering stage. Adult females lay eggs in \\nsoybean and, when eggs hatch, larvae tunnel into and \\nfeed inside soybean leaves. There are three instars',\n", " 'Crop Injury. Larvae consume new buds and tender \\nleaf tissue on the youngest leaves. Large populations \\nskeletonize all leaves in the terminal before feeding lower \\non the plant. Stands turn grayish-brown if heavy feeding \\nand defoliation occur, appearing frosted or silver. Green \\nstems may show feeding scars, and vegetative regrowth \\nmay be delayed. Adults eat along the leaf margin, leaving \\nirregular notches. Larvae are responsible for the greatest',\n", " 'eggs in the fall. Egg hatch occurs in the spring, and \\nlarvae develop through six instars until mature larvae \\nenter the soil in May. Pupation begins in August after a \\nperiod of dormancy. One generation occurs per year.\\nDingy cutworm (Feltia jaculifera) larvae are pale gray \\nto reddish-brown and mottled with a pale gray line on \\nthe back and are up to 1 1/4 inches long. Dingy cutworm \\ncan be distinguished from black cutworm by the paired \\ntubercles on each body segment that are approximately',\n", " 'in silken cases and covered with soil. Feeding begins \\nin April and, by the beginning of June, development is \\ncomplete. Larvae pupate and adults emerge by mid-\\nJune; eggs are dropped in grassy places and hatch \\nin approximately one week. There are one to three \\ngenerations per year.\\nScouting/Management. Focus scouting in cornfields the \\nyear following sod or very grassy fields. Damage occurs \\nin May and early June. Management recommendations \\nhave not been developed, but if fields were previously',\n", " 'and lay eggs. After hatching, nymphs of both species \\nrequire about one month to develop into adults. The \\ntarnished plant bug has three to five generations per \\nyear in the Midwest, while the alfalfa plant bug has two \\nor three generations.\\nScouting/Management. Using a sweep net will help \\ndetermine if populations warrant an insecticide \\napplication. Sample 20 areas of the field, taking 10 sweeps \\nat each sampling area. Thresholds are based on insect',\n", " 'Billbugs can be brown, gray, or black, and one species, \\nthe claycolored billbug, has a pale stripe along each side. \\nAdults of the various species range from 3/8 to 1/2 inch \\nlong and have a long, downward-curving snout. Southern \\ncorn billbug is the smallest, while maize and claycolored \\nbillbugs are larger. Billbugs hide at the base of plants \\nduring the day, are frequently covered with soil, and play \\ndead when disturbed. Larvae are dull white, legless, and \\nhumpbacked grubs with brown to yellow heads.',\n", " 'the body and granular appearing skin. There are \\nthree pairs of legs on the thorax and four pairs of \\nfleshy prolegs on the abdomen with dark bands. \\nThe head is brown with a network of dark lines. \\nForewings of adult moths appear grayish-brown and \\nthere is a tiny, white spot on each wing.\\nCrop Injury. Armyworms feed on the leaves and \\ncan quickly cause severe defoliation of both corn \\nseedlings and mature plants. Young corn may be \\ncompletely defoliated. Larvae begin feeding near the',\n", " 'Pirate bugs \\nPirate bugs (Orius spp.) are black and white and 1/16 inch long. The immature life stage, or nymph, has \\nred eyes and a yellowish or orange body. The insidious flower bug (O. insidiosus) is most common in \\nIowa. In the western U.S., the minute pirate bug (O. tristicolor) is more commonly found. \\nThese insects use a piercing-sucking mouthpart to withdraw fluids from their prey. Corn earworm, \\nEuropean corn borer, and potato leafhopper nymphs all have been reported as prey. Aphids, insect',\n", " 'control.\\nIf corn is infested with larvae, insecticides are most \\neffective at controlling first-generation populations. The \\ntreatment threshold is highly dynamic, depending on \\nexpected control costs and larval density (Table 4). Be \\nsure to spray before most larvae reach 3/4 inch long; \\nat this stage they tunnel into the stalk and cannot be \\ncontrolled with insecticides.\\nYield\\n$3 per bushel\\n$4 per bushel\\n$5 per bushel\\n150\\n175\\n200\\n225\\n150\\n175\\n200\\n225\\n150\\n175\\n200\\n225\\nNumber of larvae per plant',\n", " 'for European corn borer available in many corn hybrids. \\nBt for European corn borer is considered high dose, and \\nthose larvae that consume plant tissue containing the \\nprotein likely will die. Shorter-season hybrids that tassel \\nprior to peak moth flight will have fewer larvae than corn \\nthat tassels during peak flight. There are many natural \\nenemies that regulate larval populations, and rainstorms, \\nhigh winds, and high temperatures provide natural \\ncontrol.',\n", " 'pull whorls from five plants at five locations throughout \\nthe field. Whorls should be selected at random. Unwrap \\nthe whorl leaves and count the number of live larvae. \\nDo not pull whorls only from plants with shot-hole injury \\non leaves, because this approach overestimates the \\nEuropean corn borer population.\\nCORN\\nEuropean corn borer\\nEuropean corn borer adults\\nShot-hole injury caused by European corn borer',\n", " 'temperatures exceed 90˚F. Peak populations occur March \\nthrough June. Colonies prefer to cluster and feed on newly \\nexpanding leaves, but will move down to stems as the \\nleaves mature and become crowded. Often, blue alfalfa \\naphids and pea aphids are intermingled on plant stems, \\nbut differences in antennae, body color, and general \\nappearance can help distinguish them.\\nThe cowpea aphid (Aphis craccivora) is becoming more \\ncommon in Iowa alfalfa. This small aphid is less than 1/8',\n", " '48\\nSeedcorn beetle (Stenolophus lecontei)\\nSlender seedcorn beetle (Clivina impressifrons)\\nbest time to scout: planting to stand establishment.\\nscouting tip: check areas with poor stand for seed \\nfeeding by digging up seed. \\nconfused with: damage from seedcorn maggot, \\nwireworms, cutworms.\\nPest Description. Seedcorn beetle and slender seedcorn \\nbeetle primarily feed on insect pests in the soil and rarely \\nattack corn seed. Beetles are approximately 1/4 inch long.',\n", " 'Damsel bugs \\nDamsel bugs (Nabis spp.) are about 1/2 inch long and appear blotched brown. They are thin, with the body wider than the \\nhead. The wings of adults are carried in a folded position upon the back, whereas nymphs, who appear similar to adults, do \\nnot have wings. \\nDamsel bug nymphs and adults inject a toxin into prey and withdraw fluids using piercing-sucking mouthparts. Alfalfa weevil',\n", " 'Injury from second and third generations is usually \\nmost severe.\\nLife Cycle. Leafminers overwinter as pupae and adults \\nlay eggs in leaves after emergence. Eggs hatch and \\nlarvae begin feeding on interior leaf tissue. Larvae \\ndrop to the soil surface to pupate when they are fully \\ndeveloped. There are three to four generations per year.\\nScouting/Management. Although pinhole leaf feeding \\nfrom adult flies is generally not considered problematic, \\nit can be used during scouting to determine when',\n", " 'Black cutworm (Agrotis ipsilon)\\nbest time to scout: mid-to-late May or according \\nto pheromone trap captures.\\nscouting tip: look for wilting or cut plants. Larvae \\ncan hide in soil and residue and are difficult to \\nlocate.\\nconfused with: crane fly larvae, dingy cutworm.\\nPest Description. The risk of injury from black cutworms \\nhas diminished recently due to changing agronomic \\npractices. Black cutworm larvae are up to 1 3/4 inches \\nlong and light gray to black with granular-appearing skin',\n", " 'regrowth. This cutworm overwinters in southern states, and \\nmoths migrate to Iowa in the spring and summer. Three or \\nfour generations occur per year. \\nIn soybean, cutworms may cut plants early in the season. \\nLeaf and stem feeding by young larvae may occur and \\ncotyledons can be cut off by more mature larvae. Cutworms \\nmay begin feeding on winter annual weeds and move \\nto soybean when weeds are removed. Look for missing, \\ndiscolored, and wilted plants, as well as plants with leaf',\n", " 'the same size. They commonly eat corn leaves on young \\nplants. Larvae chew small holes in leaves or along the \\nleaf edges, but rarely cut the stem. Leaf injury is similar \\nto that caused by black cutworms and is usually not \\neconomically important. The best time to scout is at \\nemergence. Look for injured plants, especially in weedy \\nor low-lying, damp areas. Larvae may hide adjacent to \\ninjured plants in the soil. Dingy cutworm overwinters as \\nthird and fourth instar larvae, so it is not uncommon to',\n", " '53\\nScouting could reveal fuzzy-looking aphids or brown or \\nblack mummies, which is a result of fungal pathogens \\nand parasitic wasps, respectively. \\nManagement. Use whole plant counts to determine \\nthe number of aphids per plant, and consider using \\na foliar insecticide when aphids exceed 250 aphids \\nper plant with increasing populations from R1 through \\nmid-seed set (R5.5). Treat within seven days to fully \\nprotect yield. Use sufficient volume and pressure \\nto make contact with aphids feeding in the lower',\n", " 'Crop Injury. Adult billbugs chew into the plant at or below \\nground level, and as leaves emerge, a series of holes \\nappear across the leaves and may cause wilting. Larvae \\nfeeding inside the base of the stalk and roots cause \\nserious injury or death; feeding by several larvae on a \\nsingle plant may prevent ear development. Damaged \\nplants are usually tillered (multiple shoots) and stunted \\nwith twisted leaves.\\nLife Cycle. Billbugs overwinter as adults. They usually do',\n", " 'Parasitoid wasps \\nParasitoid wasps attack other insects by injecting wasp eggs into a host insect egg or body. Larvae are \\nvery small, emerging inside the host egg or body, consuming the contents, and pupating. Eventually, \\nadults seek out other suitable hosts. \\nWasps will parasitize aphids, armyworms, corn earworms, cutworms, stink bugs, European corn borers, \\nand others.',\n", " 'will be killed, but beetles migrating into sprayed fields \\nmay not be controlled. If soybean defoliation continues, \\nadditional applications may be necessary to protect the \\nseed-filling stage. After corn pollination is complete, \\nJapanese beetles may not be economically important.',\n", " 'reaches 30% before bloom (R1) or 20% after bloom, \\nin combination with other defoliators. See page 74 for \\nsoybean defoliation scouting guidelines.\\nSoybean looper\\nSoybean looper adult\\nSOYBEAN\\n56',\n", " 'larvae, armyworms, corn earworm, and European corn borer larvae, as well as aphids and insect eggs, are sources of food for \\ndamsel bugs. In addition, feeding has been reported on spider mites and potato leafhoppers.',\n", " 'infestation by clover root curculio has just occurred.\\nClover root curculio \\nALFALFA\\nClover root curculio larva and root injury\\nClover root curculio injury on root',\n", " 'No-till soybean stubble is a preferred egg laying site \\nwhereas corn stubble is not. Transgenic Bt hybrids with \\nVip3A and Cry1F proteins exhibit activity against black \\ncutworm. If high numbers of larvae are present, problems \\ncan occur despite the use of Bt.\\nIf black cutworm larvae found in corn are smaller than \\n3/4 inch, an insecticide application may be warranted if \\n2% to 3% of plants are wilted or cut. If larvae are larger \\nthan 3/4 inch, the threshold increases to 5% cut plants.',\n", " 'Soybean looper (Chrysodeixis includens)\\nbest time to scout: V5 through R5.\\nscouting tip: larvae typically move in a looping or \\n“inchworm” motion.\\nconfused with: alfalfa caterpillar, green cloverworm.\\nPest Description. Soybean looper is rare in Iowa soybean. \\nLarvae have three pairs of thoracic legs and two pairs \\nof fleshy prolegs on the abdomen. They are light to dark \\ngreen with white stripes and approximately 1 3/8 inches \\nlong when mature. The end of the abdomen is often',\n", " 'layer of pods results in a pale scar, and damaged pods \\ncreate an entryway for fungal pathogens that infect \\nseeds. Beetles also can cut small pods from plants. \\nHibernating bean leaf beetle adults can harbor bean pod \\nmottle virus (BPMV) throughout winter and may transmit \\nBPMV to soybean seedlings. The subsequent first \\ngeneration of beetles also plays an important role in the \\nspread of BPMV.\\nLife Cycle. There are two generations of bean leaf \\nbeetle per year in Iowa. Adults from the previous',\n", " 'Management. When making management decisions, consider \\nthat true white grubs may persist in the soil for several years \\nand many life stages may be present. One or more grubs found \\nper cubic foot of soil can cause stand loss in corn and soybean. \\nFor corn, apply soil insecticide during planting when true white \\ngrubs are present. There are insecticide seed treatments that \\nprovide true white grub suppression, but protection may be \\ndependent upon insect density as higher infestations overwhelm',\n", " 'bloom, management is recommended. The sum damage \\nfrom green cloverworm and other defoliators should \\nbe considered. Alternatively, treatment thresholds also \\nexist based on larvae per foot of row (Table 5). Biological \\ncontrol consisting of parasitism and pathogens can be \\nhelpful in reducing insect numbers.\\nGreen cloverworm \\nSOYBEAN, ALFALFA\\nTable 5. Green cloverworm treatment thresholds are based \\non soybean market value and cost of insecticide product and \\napplication.\\nCrop \\nvalue \\n($ per \\nbushel)',\n", " 'which cuts plants, or stalk borer (page 57), which tunnels \\ninto the stalk through the whorl or bores into stalks above \\nthe soil. Injury to corn is detectable aboveground as \\nwilting or death of central whorl leaves. Plants damaged \\nbefore V8 often die; after V8, plants become stunted with \\nwilted whorls. \\nLife Cycle. Overwintering eggs hatch in late April and early \\nMay. Young hop vine borer larvae tunnel into grass stems \\nsimilar to stalk borer. As larvae develop through six to',\n", " 'scheduled within 10 days and thresholds are reached, \\nharvest and remove hay at the earliest possible time. \\nBiological control consisting of predatory insects can be \\nhelpful in reducing plant bug numbers.\\nbest time to scout: scout new stands and on growth \\nafter the first and second cuttings.\\nscouting tip: use a sweep net to sample plant bugs.\\nconfused with: aphid, potato leafhopper, and \\nmeadow spittlebug nymphs.\\nTarnished plant bug\\nTarnished plant bug nymph\\nALFALFA',\n", " '16\\nBillbugs (Sphenophorus spp.)\\nbest time to scout: VE through V4.\\nscouting tip: scout in low-lying, wet areas with \\nweedy grasses or yellow nutsedge. Check plants \\nwith injured leaves and look at the base of plants \\nfor beetles hiding in the soil or in crop residue.\\nconfused with: plant damage can be confused with \\nearly-season armyworm feeding.\\nPest Description. Maize, southern corn, and claycolored \\nbillbugs damage seedling corn plants in the Midwest.',\n", " 'Crop Injury. Aphids can be found feeding at the base of the \\nstalk, around the ear, above the ear leaf, on the tassel, and \\neven on roots. Aphids excrete sugar-rich honeydew, and \\nheavy populations can excrete droplets that cover tassels, \\nsilks, and leaves. Sooty mold can grow on aphid secretions \\nreducing photosynthesis and interfering with pollination.\\nScouting. Start looking for bird cherry-oat and corn leaf \\naphids just before VT and continue through R5. Both',\n", " 'Cowpea aphids\\nALFALFA',\n", " 'possible.\\nLife Cycle. Colaspis larvae overwinter in soil. Adults \\nemerge from the soil during June and July in Iowa. Mating \\noccurs soon after and eggs are laid, taking one to two \\nweeks to hatch. Larvae feed on roots and overwinter \\ndeep in the soil, feeding on roots again in the spring. One \\ngeneration occurs per year.\\nScouting. In corn, the best time to scout is from VE through \\nV8. Dig plants, carefully removing roots and the intact soil \\nball from the ground. Examine soil for larvae, which are',\n", " 'of soybean, and be sure to look at different areas of the \\nfield. For easier scouting, use Speed Scouting to make \\ntreatment decisions. Particular attention should be made \\nto fields during R1 through R5. \\nSoybean aphid\\nWinged soybean aphid and nymphs\\nSooty mold on soybean leaf (bottom)\\nSOYBEAN',\n", " 'Ground beetles \\nThere is a wide variety of ground beetle species (Carabidae family). Adults are often black, shiny, and large, with some \\nbeetles 3/4 inch long. Generally, ground beetles are found at the surface of the soil or below. Ground beetle larvae are tan to \\nblack and have three pairs of true legs and jaws for capturing prey. Larvae have two tail-like projections at the end of the \\nabdomen. Adult ground beetle lifespans range from one year to multiple years.',\n", " 'The seedcorn beetle is yellowish-brown with a darker \\narea along the middle of the back; the slender seedcorn \\nbeetle is reddish-brown and shiny with a noticeable \\nrestriction between the thorax and abdomen.\\nCrop Injury. Seedcorn beetles attack the germ of a seed \\nor may feed on the emerging mesocotyl. Seed feeding \\ncan cause poor or no emergence; stunting can result from \\nmesocotyl feeding. Typically, the seed is hollowed out. \\nOccasionally, beetles feed on the hypocotyl or cotyledons,',\n", " 'Fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda)\\n34\\nFall armyworm on corn\\nInjury to corn from fall armyworm\\nCORN, SOYBEAN, ALFALFA\\nbest time to scout: begin in mid-June for all crops; \\ncontinue until silks dry in corn, and throughout the \\nseason for soybean and alfalfa.\\nscouting tip: check whorls for larvae prior to \\ntasseling in corn; use a sweep net in soybean and \\nalfalfa; areas appearing drought stressed in alfalfa \\nmay indicate fall armyworm presence.\\nconfused with: corn earworm, armyworm.',\n", " 'first harvest and is usually insignificant. Large weevil \\npopulations can be problematic, as adults can eat foliage \\nafter alfalfa is first cut and can contribute to slower \\nregrowth when conditions are dry.\\nLife Cycle. Clover leaf weevils overwinter mostly as \\npartially-grown larvae in alfalfa fields. In the spring, \\nlarvae spin cocoons and pupate. The adults usually leave \\nthe field shortly after the first cutting and return in the \\nlate summer to feed and lay eggs before winter. One',\n", " 'are present per square foot. If there is enough hay to \\nmake a cutting, cut and bale it as soon as possible, and \\ncontinue to scout regrowth for larvae.\\nArmyworm problems may be reduced by managing \\ngrassy weeds, both in and near soybean and corn fields. \\nNatural enemies contribute to population reduction, \\nespecially in alfalfa. Transgenic Bt corn exhibits action \\nagainst fall armyworm; however, some Bt proteins \\nsuch as Cry1F and Vip3Aa20 provide better control than',\n", " 'selection, time of planting, row spacing, tillage, or manure \\napplication. Insecticidal seed treatments do not appear \\nto effectively suppress the midges. Insecticides are of \\nquestionable value, because foliar products will not affect \\nlarvae feeding inside stems, and adult midges do not feed. \\nSoybean gall midge larvae in soybean stem\\nSoybean gall midge\\nSoybean gall midge stem lesion\\n54\\nSOYBEAN',\n", " 'cultivars, and harvesting will suppress aphids in most \\ncases. There are many different natural enemies. For fields \\nwith persistent aphids, consider cultivars with at least \\nmoderate resistance to pea aphid.\\nInsecticides should only be applied if the number of \\naphids exceeds treatment guidelines (Table 2). Use \\nsufficient volume and pressure to ensure contact with \\naphids on the lower parts of the plant. Be aware that \\nbiological control agents in the field also can be killed by',\n", " 'the only visible features are two black hooks that make \\nup the mouthparts. Larvae may be found with the seed \\nor reddish-brown cocoons may be in the soil nearby. The \\ngray adult flies look similar to houseflies, though only \\napproximately half as large.\\nCrop Injury. Maggots burrow into seeds, potentially \\ndamaging or destroying the embryo. Plant development \\nmay be delayed or plants may die as a result. Field crop \\ninjury is worse when germination is delayed by cool, wet',\n", " 'conventional and tolerant alfalfa.',\n", " 'greatest on roots near the soil surface and when these \\nare destroyed, the next node down is attacked. A severe \\ninfestation can destroy nodes four to six, which interferes \\nwith water and nutrient uptake and makes the plant \\nunstable. Brace roots also may be eaten when the roots \\nattempt to penetrate the soil. Plants with heavily damaged \\nroot systems may lodge during windy conditions.\\nCorn rootworm beetles may feed on leaves, silks, pollen, \\nand kernels. Leaf feeding appears as scars parallel to leaf',\n", " 'Pest Description. Young fall armyworm larvae are white or \\ngreen with a black head. The head turns orange during the \\nsecond instar, and as they mature, narrow, white stripes \\ndevelop down the length of the back. Eventually, older \\nlarvae range in color from black to green to tan and also \\nhave a wider dark stripe and a wavy yellow-red blotched \\nstripe on each side of the body. Each body segment has \\ndistinct black tubercles, each with a long, slender hair.',\n", " 'one caterpillar for every 10 plants for new alfalfa plantings \\nor stressed fields. Natural biological control consisting of \\nparasitism and pathogens can be helpful in reducing insect \\nnumbers. In soybean, the threshold is when caterpillars are \\npresent and defoliation reaches 30% before bloom (R1) or \\n20% after bloom, in combination with other defoliators. See \\npage 74 for soybean defoliation scouting guidelines. \\nAlfalfa caterpillar\\nAlfalfa caterpillar\\nAlfalfa butterfly',\n", " 'holes on the leaves of grasses, including corn, as a \\nresult of feeding. They also feed deep inside the whorl on \\ndeveloping leaves of corn, occasionally killing the tassel \\nbefore it emerges and causing damage to the leaves. \\nHoles caused by feeding may be 1 or 2 inches across, and \\nthese holes often mirror one another on opposite leaves. \\nIf the tassel is not killed, the plant outgrows the feeding \\ninjury. Larvae that attack later in the season will enter the',\n", " 'insecticides on the alfalfa field. Killing beetles with an \\ninsecticide does not remove them from the field; they \\ncan still be raked up and baled into the hay, and the toxic \\ncompound is still present. The most effective way to \\nreduce the risk of blister beetle contamination is to cut the \\nhay with a self-propelled swather, on a wide-set wheel \\nALFALFA\\nBlister beetle\\nBlister beetle \\nbase, and with the crimping mechanism removed. \\nSet aside hay cut during May and June specifically for',\n", " 'whorls for small larvae resting inside before they enter \\nthe stalk. Larvae will excrete frass pellets in the whorl or \\nat the entry hole in the stalk. Young corn is particularly \\nvulnerable to severe damage, but plants are unlikely to \\nbe killed after reaching V7.\\nManagement. Earlier planted fields may escape potential \\nstalk borer damage. Late-planted corn surrounded \\nby grassy borders is at the highest risk for stalk \\nborer infestations. Mowing grass next to corn fields',\n", " 'veins, and heavily damaged tissues exhibit a windowpane \\neffect that may resemble environmental damage. Although \\nleaf damage is not economically important, it may indicate \\nemergence of adults in the field, especially if adults \\nemerge prior to R1 (silking). Feeding on pollen and clipping \\ncorn silks may interfere with pollination. Pollination may be \\nincomplete if silks are clipped to less than 1/2 inch before \\npollination, which may result in poorly filled ears. If silking',\n", " 'areas that appear drought stressed or where only the \\nstems remain may be signs of fall armyworm in the field. \\nFall armyworms have been noted to feed on cover crops \\nand pastures near the end of the season.\\nManagement. Consider treating corn with foliar \\ninsecticides when 25% of plants are infested, caterpillars \\nare small (<1 inch), and still exposed. In soybean, the \\nthreshold is when caterpillars are present and defoliation \\nreaches 30% before bloom (R1) or 20% after bloom,',\n", " 'Life Cycle. Stink bugs have a simple life cycle with three \\nstages: egg, nymph, and adult. The majority of stink bugs \\noverwinter as adults, hibernating under leaf litter or in \\nother protected locations. In Iowa, green stink bugs and \\nbrown marmorated stink bugs likely have one generation \\nper year and brown stink bugs likely have two generations. \\nScouting. The best time to scout corn for stink bugs is \\nVE through V4; noticeable symptoms persist long after',\n", " 'areas and infestations typically start at field edges. Look \\nat 20 plants at five locations in each field and determine \\nthe number of adults per plant and feeding injury. \\nManagement. Incorporating host plant-resistant hybrids \\nis the most effective means of disease control, but injury \\ncan occur if beetle populations are high. Systemic seed \\ntreatments provide early-season control of corn flea \\nbeetle, which can decrease the severity of Stewart’s \\ndisease. Keep fields and surrounding areas weed-free',\n", " 'bugs, among others. Not all stink bugs are harmful; the \\nspined soldier bug is considered beneficial (page 72). Stink \\nbugs are shield-shaped and often emit a foul-smelling \\nsubstance when threatened. Stink bugs have piercing-\\nsucking mouthparts that penetrate the plant and remove \\nsap. Brown stink bug adults are slightly more than 1/2 inch \\nlong, triangular, and dull brown with yellow undersides. \\nThe “shoulders” are rounded to slightly pointed. Nymphs',\n", " 'to 3/16 inch long, and will sometimes curl into a C-shape. \\nTan heads help differentiate them from other beetle larvae. \\nAdult beetles are yellow-brown with forewings appearing \\nstriped due to rows of shallow pits. Grape colaspis adults \\nare about 3/16 inch long; Iowa colaspis adults are larger \\nthan grape colaspis.\\nCrop Injury. In corn, larvae feed on root surfaces and \\nremove root hairs. This reduces water and nutrient \\nuptake and may cause aboveground symptoms that',\n", " '36\\nSOYBEAN, ALFALFA\\nGarden fleahopper (Microtechnites bractatus)\\nbest time to scout: VE through V5 in soybean; mid-\\nJune until September in alfalfa.\\nscouting tip: check soybean fields next to recently \\ncut alfalfa.\\nconfused with: aphids, corn flea beetle, twospotted \\nspider mite.\\nPest Description. Garden fleahopper is a true bug that \\nfeeds on many host plants besides soybean and alfalfa \\nincluding corn, barley, beans, clovers, wheat, oats, and \\nothers. In soybean, the garden fleahopper is uncommon,',\n", " 'garden webworm (Achyra rantalis), also can feed on alfalfa \\nand soybean.\\nLife Cycle. Alfalfa webworms overwinter in soil as pupae \\nand emerge as adults during spring. Adults mate and \\nfemales lay eggs in masses on leaves. Eggs hatch and \\nlarvae begin feeding, completing development in three to \\nfive weeks. There are two to three generations of alfalfa \\nwebworm per year.\\nScouting/Management. If there is a serious infestation, \\nalfalfa cutting is recommended as webworms are',\n", " 'Before its last winter, it will pupate, and then overwinter as an \\nadult underground. Adults will emerge in May or June. Mated \\nfemales deposit eggs in grass or soybean and corn fields, and \\nyoung larvae feed on roots until the winter. True white grubs will \\nfeed and develop for at least two more summers before pupating \\nand becoming adults. Annual white grubs have a one-year life \\ncycle and have no distinct pattern of hairs on the abdomen.\\nScouting. Scout for grubs prior to planting. High-risk fields',\n", " 'eggs, small caterpillars, and spider mites also are sources of food. Humans can be bitten by pirate bugs. \\nFlowers are important in order to maintain and build up populations as they feed on plants and pollen \\nwhen prey is not available.',\n", " 'forewings and in varying colors from yellow to red. Beetles are approximately 1/4 inch long and have an \\nM-shaped black marking behind the head. Despite their beneficial activity, however, these insects also \\ncan be a pest to homeowners and fruit producers. \\nSevenspotted lady beetles (Coccinella septempunctata) have black heads and seven black spots on wing \\ncovers that are dark red. Beetles are approximately 1/4 inch long and display white, square-shaped',\n", " 'pairs of thoracic legs and four pairs of abdominal prolegs. \\nMature larvae are 1 3/4 inches long. Adult hop vine borer \\nmoths are brown and have a wing span of 1 1/2 to \\n2 inches.\\nCrop Injury. Hop vine borers are stem tunneling \\ncaterpillars that kill young corn plants. Larvae attack \\nbelow the soil surface and move up the corn stalk to \\nhollow out the base of the stalk. This injury is unique and \\nshould not be confused with black cutworm (page 17),',\n", " 'plant parts. Honeydew is shiny, sugar-rich, and can \\npromote sooty mold growth. Severe aphid infestations \\ncan cause flowers and small pods to abort. Aphid feeding \\nand sooty mold can result in up to 40% yield losses.\\nLife Cycle. In the fall, soybean aphid eggs are laid on \\nbuckthorn (Rhamnus spp.) to overwinter. Egg hatch is \\nsynchronized with buckthorn bud burst in the spring. A\\nfew wingless generations are produced before winged \\nadults are formed. Spring migrants move to emerging',\n", " 'eyes and black cornicles. They have pale legs, antennae \\nand cauda (small appendage on the abdomen tip). Winged \\naphids have a dark head and thorax and two pairs of clear \\nwings extending past the end of the abdomen.\\nCrop Injury. Nymphs and adults use a piercing-sucking \\nmouthpart to feed on plant sap on all aboveground plant \\nparts. Heavily infested plants may be discolored or wilted. \\nProlonged aphid feeding results in large amounts of cast \\naphid skins and excreted honeydew on all aboveground',\n", " 'Table 1. Alfalfa weevil management decisions based on number of \\nlarvae per stem (30-stem average) by plant height (30-stem average) \\nand price per ton of alfalfa.',\n", " 'on the leaves. First-generation adults congregate and \\nmate in grassy areas along cornfield edges. There are \\ntwo, or rarely three, generations per year in Iowa.\\nScouting. Although all refuge (non-Bt) fields should \\nbe scouted every year for European corn borer, mated \\nfemales often are first attracted to and lay eggs in the \\ntallest corn fields. Sample plants at least 100 feet from \\nthe field edge. Look for larval feeding, also known as \\n“shot holes,” in the leaves. If larval damage is evident,',\n", " 'the trap. Return after seven days and count the number of \\ncorn rootworm beetles on each trap, replace traps, and \\ncontinue for six to eight weeks.\\nManagement. Crop rotation is the most effective way to \\ndisrupt the corn rootworm life cycle. Although genetic \\nvariants that overcome crop rotation exist, most corn \\nrootworm larvae in Iowa will not survive a rotation \\naway from corn. Rotating once every three to five years \\ncan reduce corn rootworm populations and resistance',\n", " 'season overwinter in leaf litter or wooded areas and \\nemerge early in the spring. Survival of the overwintering \\nbeetles is dependent upon winter temperatures; colder \\ntemperatures reduce beetle numbers. Beetles first \\nfeed on perennial legumes like alfalfa and then move to \\nsoybean fields to lay eggs and feed on seedlings. The \\npopulation produced from eggs laid by these beetles \\nis the first generation. First-generation beetles appear \\nin July, feed on leaves and will produce a second',\n", " '66\\nManagement. Western bean cutworm can be managed \\nby transgenic corn containing either Cry1F or Vip3A \\ngenes. An insecticide treatment may be warranted for \\nfield corn if 5% to 8% of plants have eggs or larvae. \\nFor sweet corn, the threshold is reduced to 4% for \\nthe processing market and 1% for the fresh market. \\nInsecticide application must be timed correctly, before \\nlarvae enter the ear to feed. The suggested application \\ntiming is 90% to 95% tassel emergence, or 70% to 90%',\n", " 'the base of a corn plant usually indicate the presence of \\naphids; dig plants and look for aphids on roots.\\nManagement. Consider a foliar insecticide application \\nfor bird cherry-oat and corn leaf aphids if drought-\\nstressed plants meet the following criteria: plants are at \\nVT, at least 80% of plants have 100 aphids per plant, and \\nhoneydew is coating the tassels. Healthy plants at VT can \\nwithstand higher populations and should be treated when \\nthere are 500 aphids per plant. There are no treatment',\n", " 'aphid or a small cricket. Nymphs are very small and green. \\nGarden fleahoppers are easily disturbed and jump away.\\nCrop Injury. Garden fleahopper adults and nymphs \\ninjure plants by sucking sap from leaves and stems. The \\nfeeding causes small, pale spots on the leaves, which \\nmay be confused with spider mite injury (page 63). Heavy \\ninfestations will cause leaves to turn brown and curl along \\nthe margins. Even with large populations, plant death is \\nunlikely and plants may recover with sufficient water.',\n", " 'Economic injury from garden fleahopper has not been \\nreported in Iowa.\\nLife Cycle. Garden fleahoppers overwinter as either eggs \\nor adults. Eggs are laid inside punctures from feeding \\nduring the spring. After hatching, there are five instars \\nbefore reaching adulthood. Three generations occur \\nper year. \\nScouting. The best time to scout for garden fleahopper in \\nsoybean is from VE through V5. Problems are more likely \\nin soybean border rows located next to alfalfa fields that',\n", " 'for alfalfa weevil (page 6). It is rarely economical to treat \\nfor this insect; biological control is generally sufficient to \\nreduce insect numbers.\\nALFALFA\\nClover leaf weevil\\nClover leaf weevil',\n", " 'larvae within the stem. Since injury is worse at the field \\nedge, begin scouting in the first few rows of soybean that \\nshare a border with a field where soybean was planted \\nthe previous year, even if there is a road or waterway \\nseparating the field edges. Later in the season, wilted and \\ndead plants are harder to see, so look for black lesions \\nand larvae at the base of the stem.\\nManagement. Cultural control practices have not \\nbeen observed to make a difference, including variety',\n", " 'reduce egg-laying is usually not profitable as timing is \\ndifficult and multiple treatments are usually required. \\nHowever, if scouting reveals more than one beetle per \\nplant and at least 10% of females have eggs, treatments \\nmay be made or plan to use a different management \\ntactic the following year. Realize that multiple insecticide \\napplications targeting females with fertilized eggs would \\nbe needed to successfully reduce egg-laying and this \\nis not a recommended practice. Using yellow sticky',\n", " 'natural enemy populations are conducive conditions for \\nalfalfa caterpillar. \\nScouting/Management. If feasible, harvesting early is \\nusually the most economic management option once the \\neconomic threshold has been reached. For established \\nalfalfa, the economic threshold for insecticide application \\nis at least 10 healthy caterpillars per sweep or one \\ncaterpillar for every two plants. Consider using a lower \\nthreshold of at least two healthy caterpillars per sweep or',\n", " '52\\nSoybean aphid (Aphis glycines)\\nbest time to scout: R1 through R5.\\nscouting tip: ants and lady beetles are good \\nindicators of developing aphid colonies.\\nconfused with: thrips, whiteflies, nymphs \\nof plant bugs, potato leafhoppers.\\nPest Description. Soybean aphid is the primary insect pest \\nof Iowa soybean. Significant injury and economic loss \\ncan occur if left untreated. Soybean aphid adults are 1/16 \\ninch long, pear-shaped and bright yellow-green with dark',\n", " 'including field crops, to feed and mate. Mated females \\nlay egg masses in the soil in August and September. \\nEggs hatch into small, white grubs that feed on plant \\nroots until late September when temperatures cool. \\nAlmost fully-grown grubs burrow deeper in the soil and \\nare inactive all winter. There is one generation per year.\\nScouting. Japanese beetles are highly aggregated and \\nusually found in feeding and mating clusters. Sample \\nthroughout the field, not just in border rows. In corn,',\n", " 'Control cost \\nin dollars ($) \\nincluding \\nproduct and \\napplication\\n10\\n1.18\\n1.01\\n0.89\\n0.79\\n0.89\\n0.76\\n0.67\\n0.59\\n0.71\\n0.61\\n0.53\\n0.48\\n12\\n1.42\\n1.22\\n1.06\\n0.95\\n1.06\\n0.91\\n0.80\\n0.71\\n0.85\\n0.73\\n0.64\\n0.57\\n14\\n1.65\\n1.42\\n1.24\\n1.10\\n1.24\\n1.06\\n0.93\\n0.83\\n0.99\\n0.85\\n0.75\\n0.66\\n16\\n1.89\\n1.62\\n1.42\\n1.26\\n1.42\\n1.22\\n1.06\\n0.95\\n1.14\\n0.97\\n0.85\\n0.76\\n18\\n2.12\\n1.82\\n1.59\\n1.42\\n1.59\\n1.37\\n1.20\\n1.06\\n1.28\\n1.09\\n0.96\\n0.85\\nEuropean corn borer midrib tunneling and leaf feeding\\nEuropean corn borer kernel injury',\n", " '3\\nAlfalfa blotch leafminer (Agromyza frontella)\\nbest time to scout: weekly starting in May to \\ndetermine appearance and extent of adult feeding.\\nscouting tip: look for small pinholes in leaves \\nwhile holding the leaf up to the sun.\\nPest Description. Alfalfa blotch leafminer can be \\nmoderately severe in the northeastern part of the \\nMidwest, reducing yield and protein content. Immature \\nleafminers are pale yellow, legless maggots; adults are \\nsmall black flies, approximately 1/8 inch long, that appear'],\n", " 'uris': None,\n", " 'data': None}" ] }, "execution_count": 4, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "# Just a sanity check to see if the database is \n", "vectordb.get()" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 5, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ " chunk \\\n", "0 58\\nScouting. Scouting should begin when 10% m... \n", "\n", " source chunk_index \\\n", "0 agllm-data/agllm-data-isu-field-insects-all-sp... 0 \n", "\n", " species \n", "0 papaipema nebris \n", " chunk \\\n", "230 3\\nAlfalfa blotch leafminer (Agromyza frontell... \n", "\n", " source chunk_index \\\n", "230 agllm-data/agllm-data-isu-field-insects-all-sp... 0 \n", "\n", " species \n", "230 agromyza frontella \n" ] } ], "source": [ "# UPDAT THIEE THIS HTIS HTIS \n", "#TODO: TAKE CARE OF chunk_index\n", "def convert_documents_to_aggregated_dataframe():\n", " data = []\n", " all_db_content=vectordb.get()\n", " for doc, meta in zip(all_db_content[\"documents\"], all_db_content[\"metadatas\"]) :\n", " # Here, we consider each document's content as a single chunk\n", " content = doc # The entire content of the document\n", " # Extracting the file name from the source path for uniformity with the example format\n", " source = meta['source']#.split('/')[-1]\n", " # Try to get the 'matched_specie_0' key from meta, skip if it's not present\n", " try:\n", " matched_first_species = meta['matched_specie_0']\n", " except KeyError:\n", " continue\n", " # Since each document is considered as a single chunk, the chunk_index is 0 for all\n", " data.append({'chunk': content, 'source': source, 'chunk_index': 0,'species': matched_first_species })\n", " df = pd.DataFrame(data)\n", " return df\n", "\n", "# Convert the sample documents with the corrected logic\n", "df = convert_documents_to_aggregated_dataframe()\n", "print(df.head(1)) # Display the dataframe\n", "print(df.tail(1))" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 7, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ "
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chunksourcechunk_indexspecies
5re-evaluation of stubble. If not \\nscheduled t...agllm-data/agllm-data-isu-field-insects-all-sp...0hypera postica
16two weeks later and feed for a short time befo...agllm-data/agllm-data-isu-field-insects-all-sp...0hypera postica
55collect six alfalfa stems from five locations ...agllm-data/agllm-data-isu-field-insects-all-sp...0hypera postica
767\\nPlantagllm-data/agllm-data-isu-field-insects-all-sp...0hypera postica
92tool for alfalfa weevil larvae, and an insecti...agllm-data/agllm-data-isu-field-insects-all-sp...0hypera postica
1236\\nAlfalfa weevil (Hypera postica)\\nbest time ...agllm-data/agllm-data-isu-field-insects-all-sp...0hypera postica
128ALFALFAagllm-data/agllm-data-isu-field-insects-all-sp...0hypera postica
130Larvae have black heads and are legless. Young...agllm-data/agllm-data-isu-field-insects-all-sp...0hypera postica
146height, \\ninches\\n$40 \\nper \\nton\\n$70 \\nper \\...agllm-data/agllm-data-isu-field-insects-all-sp...0hypera postica
159injury, while adult weevils cause injury only ...agllm-data/agllm-data-isu-field-insects-all-sp...0hypera postica
180Crop Injury. Larvae consume new buds and tende...agllm-data/agllm-data-isu-field-insects-all-sp...0hypera postica
218Table 1. Alfalfa weevil management decisions b...agllm-data/agllm-data-isu-field-insects-all-sp...0hypera postica
\n", "
" ], "text/plain": [ " chunk \\\n", "5 re-evaluation of stubble. If not \\nscheduled t... \n", "16 two weeks later and feed for a short time befo... \n", "55 collect six alfalfa stems from five locations ... \n", "76 7\\nPlant \n", "92 tool for alfalfa weevil larvae, and an insecti... \n", "123 6\\nAlfalfa weevil (Hypera postica)\\nbest time ... \n", "128 ALFALFA \n", "130 Larvae have black heads and are legless. Young... \n", "146 height, \\ninches\\n$40 \\nper \\nton\\n$70 \\nper \\... \n", "159 injury, while adult weevils cause injury only ... \n", "180 Crop Injury. Larvae consume new buds and tende... \n", "218 Table 1. Alfalfa weevil management decisions b... \n", "\n", " source chunk_index \\\n", "5 agllm-data/agllm-data-isu-field-insects-all-sp... 0 \n", "16 agllm-data/agllm-data-isu-field-insects-all-sp... 0 \n", "55 agllm-data/agllm-data-isu-field-insects-all-sp... 0 \n", "76 agllm-data/agllm-data-isu-field-insects-all-sp... 0 \n", "92 agllm-data/agllm-data-isu-field-insects-all-sp... 0 \n", "123 agllm-data/agllm-data-isu-field-insects-all-sp... 0 \n", "128 agllm-data/agllm-data-isu-field-insects-all-sp... 0 \n", "130 agllm-data/agllm-data-isu-field-insects-all-sp... 0 \n", "146 agllm-data/agllm-data-isu-field-insects-all-sp... 0 \n", "159 agllm-data/agllm-data-isu-field-insects-all-sp... 0 \n", "180 agllm-data/agllm-data-isu-field-insects-all-sp... 0 \n", "218 agllm-data/agllm-data-isu-field-insects-all-sp... 0 \n", "\n", " species \n", "5 hypera postica \n", "16 hypera postica \n", "55 hypera postica \n", "76 hypera postica \n", "92 hypera postica \n", "123 hypera postica \n", "128 hypera postica \n", "130 hypera postica \n", "146 hypera postica \n", "159 hypera postica \n", "180 hypera postica \n", "218 hypera postica " ] }, "execution_count": 7, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "df[df['species']==\"hypera postica\"]" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 10, "metadata": { "application/vnd.databricks.v1+cell": { "cellMetadata": {}, "inputWidgets": {}, "nuid": "51be6fcc-2810-4f4f-9ddd-07746199e9ed", "showTitle": false, "title": "" } }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "0 papaipema nebris\n", "1 delia platura\n", "2 spodoptera frugiperda\n", "3 vanessa cardui\n", "4 helicoverpa zea\n", " ... \n", "226 colias eurytheme\n", "227 aphis glycines\n", "228 popillia japonica\n", "229 ostrinia nubilalis\n", "230 agromyza frontella\n", "Name: species, Length: 231, dtype: object\n" ] } ], "source": [ "print(df[\"species\"])\n", "df=(df.loc[5])" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "application/vnd.databricks.v1+cell": { "cellMetadata": {}, "inputWidgets": {}, "nuid": "fd2fac88-c82d-4d56-abd5-73abc951bd00", "showTitle": false, "title": "" } }, "source": [ "## Step 5: Generate questions\n", "\n", "The prompt below instructs the LLM to generate a question for each given chunk, and also generate an answer to the question to make it easier to do human validation. Also, return the results in a structured format.\n", "\n", "This example uses OpenAI's gpt-3.5-turbo model to generate the questions, you can replace it with the LLM that works best for your use case." ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 11, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "domain_type_constraints={\n", " \"insects\": \"\"\"Examples of valid questions (but not limited to) include:\n", " Theme: Insect Management\n", " Category 1: Identification and Control\n", " Question: What type of insect is this, and is it harmful to my crops?\n", " Question: How can I tell the difference between a pest and a beneficial insect?\n", " Question: What are the most effective methods to control this specific pest?\n", " Question: Are there natural predators or biological controls I can use against this pest?\n", " Category 2: Pesticide Use\n", " Question: Which pesticides are recommended for this particular insect?\n", " Question: How often should I apply the pesticide?\n", " Question: Are there any safety precautions I need to take when using these chemicals?\n", " Question: What are the potential impacts of these pesticides on beneficial insects and the environment?\n", " Category 3: Integrated Pest Management\n", " Question: How can I integrate pest management strategies to reduce pesticide use?\n", " Question: What are some crop rotation or companion planting strategies to deter pests?\n", " Question: How can I monitor pest populations to determine the best time for intervention?\n", " Category 4: Damage Assessment\n", " Question: How can I assess the level of damage caused by this pest?\n", " Question: At what point does pest damage justify intervention?\n", " Question: What signs should I look for to detect early pest infestation?\n", " Category 5: Other\n", " Any other question\n", "\n", "\n", " Examples of good question/answer:\n", " Should I switch to a different insecticide if aphids become resistant to pyrethroids, or is it more cost-effective to wait?\tSwitching insecticides too soon might be more costly than waiting, as pyrethroids are less expensive and preventative spraying can lead to resistance.\n", "\n", " Examples of bad question/answer:\n", " How soon will the in-field test for detecting aphid resistance to insecticides be available for me to use?\tOnce the test is refined for in-field use, they will seek an industry partner to make it available to farmers.\n", " How can I test my soybean aphids to see if they are resistant to pyrethroid pesticides?\tYour local USDA research office can use the probe developed by Dr. Coates' team to check if your aphids have the genetic mutations for pyrethroid resistance.\n", " How soon will the in-field test for detecting aphid resistance to insecticides be available for me to use?\tOnce the test is refined for in-field use, they will seek an industry partner to make it available to farmers.\n", " Can soybean aphids in southern Minnesota and northern Iowa still be effectively controlled using pyrethroid insecticides?\tSoybean aphids in southern Minnesota and northern Iowa have developed resistance to pyrethroids, making them less effective. (notice that this one is bad because it is talking about specific location. It should not be dependent on location)\n", "\"\"\",\n", " \"weeds\":\"\"\"\n", " Theme: Weed Management\n", " Category 1: Identification and Control\n", " What kind of weed is this, and how does it affect my crops?\n", " What are the best methods to control this specific weed?\n", " Can you recommend any herbicides that are effective against this weed?\n", " How can I prevent the spread of this weed in my fields?\n", " Category 2: Herbicide Use\n", " Which herbicides are safe to use with my crops?\n", " How should I apply these herbicides for maximum effectiveness?\n", " Are there any environmental or health risks associated with these herbicides?\n", " How can I avoid herbicide resistance in weeds?\n", " Category 3: Cultural and Mechanical Control\n", " What are some effective non-chemical weed control methods?\n", " How can tillage or mulching help in managing weeds?\n", " Are there specific cover crops that can help suppress weed growth?\n", " How can I improve crop spacing and planting techniques to reduce weed pressure?\n", " Category 4: Integrated Weed Management (IWM)\n", " How can I integrate various weed management practices for better results?\n", " What are the benefits of using a combination of mechanical, cultural, and chemical controls?\n", " How can crop rotation help in managing weed populations?\n", " Category 5: Other\n", " Any other question\n", "\n", " Examples of good question/answer:\n", " Should I switch to a different herbicide if weeds become resistant to glyphosate, or is it more cost-effective to use alternative weed control methods? Switching herbicides too soon might be more costly than exploring alternative weed control methods, such as tillage, cover crops, or hand weeding. These methods can help manage resistant weeds while reducing reliance on herbicides.\n", " Examples of bad question/answer:\n", " How soon will the in-field test for detecting weed resistance to herbicides be available for me to use? Once the test is refined for in-field use, researchers will seek an industry partner to make it available to farmers.\n", " How can I test the weeds in my cornfield to see if they are resistant to glyphosate herbicides? Your local cooperative extension office can use the molecular assay developed by university researchers to check if your weeds have the genetic mutations for glyphosate resistance.\n", " When will the in-field test for detecting weed resistance to herbicides be commercially available for farmers? After the test is optimized for in-field use, the researchers will look for an agribusiness company to commercialize it and make it available to farmers.\n", "\n", " \"\"\"\n", " \n", "}\n", "\n", "user_type_constraints={\n", " \"Farmer\":\"\"\"Generate common questions you think farmer in the field will ask which will help to make decisions which are immediate and practical.\"\"\",\n", " \"Researcher\": \"\"\"Generate questions from scientist's perspective which are comprehensive and aimed at exploring new knowledge or refining existing methodologies \"\"\"\n", "}\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "def get_raw_request_single_prompt(row, user_type, domain_type): # task_type is implicit\n", " prompt = f\"\"\"Generate a question that a {user_type} might ask when seeking advice based on the information in the given paragraph. The question should be specific, standalone, and answerable using the details in the paragraph. Avoid generating questions that are too specific, not directly relevant to the {user_type}'s needs, or of limited practical significance. Don't ask multiple questions. Limit your attention to the most relevant for the {user_type}'s. Ask questions using first-person tense. Please answer the generated question using the information provided in the paragraph. The answer should directly address the question and provide actionable advice for the {user_type}. Include specific details or steps from the paragraph to support the advice given. If the paragraph does not contain enough information to provide a satisfactory answer, output \"Not Valid\" instead of generating a vague or unhelpful response. The answer should be informative and consist of one sentence (or maximum two if needed), focusing on actionable advice for the {user_type}. If you cannot provide a useful answer based on the given paragraph, output \"Not Valid\" for both the \"question\" and \"answer\". If the paragraph is not related to insect management or farming at all, output \"Not Valid\" for both the \"question\" and \"answer\". The response should start with {{ and contain only a JSON object (as specified above) and no other text. And while writing the answer, do not say things like: According to the 'According to the economic research mentioned' or 'Based on the observations mentioned' etc. The answer should be a single line. You can only pick the most important/relavent information (to form question answer pairs) and skip the rest of content. \n", "\n", " {domain_type_constraints[domain_type]}\n", " \n", " Paragraph is given (which is cut from the middle of a document. so it it will not be sementically and grammatically perfect. just make the best use of information if possible): {row[\"chunk\"]}\n", " \n", " The response should be in JSON format with only the following four fields:\n", " \"question\": \"The question asking for the key information in the given paragraph. This is asked from the perspective of a {user_type}\",\n", " \"answer\": \"The answer to the question using the information in the given paragraph. This is answered from the perspective of an expert, in simple terms, to the {user_type}\",\n", " \"category\": One of the five categories (listed above). The category \"Other\" means the question fits all the mentioned criteria but does not fit in one of the aforementioned categories.\n", " \"confidence\": \"The confidence that the generated question is likely to be asked by a {user_type}. It should be just an integer without any additional symbols. Range should be 0 to 100\"\n", " \"knowledge_vs_management\": \"Indicates whether the question is a 'Knowledge' question (seeking information or understanding) or a 'Management' question (focusing on practical application of knowledge to manage or control a problem). The acceptable values are Knowledge or Management\"\n", " \n", " Important: {user_type_constraints[user_type]}. \n", " \"\"\"\n", " return prompt" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 19, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "starting\n", "Done\n" ] } ], "source": [ "def get_raw_request_single(row, model_from_vendor=\"None\"):\n", "\n", " prompt=get_raw_request_single_prompt(row, user_type=user_type, domain_type=domain_type) # TODO: DOUBLE CHECK THIS\n", "\n", " jsonl_request={\n", " \"model\":model_from_vendor, \n", " \"messages\":[\n", " {\n", " \"role\": \"user\",\n", " \"content\": prompt\n", " }\n", " ],\n", " \"temperature\":1,\n", " \"max_tokens\":1024,\n", " \"top_p\":1,\n", " # \"response_format\":{ \"type\": \"json_object\" },\n", " \"metadata\": {\n", " \"chunk\": row[\"chunk\"], \n", " \"chunk_id\":row[\"chunk_index\"],\n", " \"source\": row[\"source\"],\n", " \"species\": row[\"species\"]\n", "\n", " }\n", " }\n", " return jsonl_request\n", "\n", "jobs=[]\n", "model_from_vendor=None\n", "if vendor_name=='openai':\n", " model_from_vendor=\"gpt-4-1106-preview\"\n", "elif vendor_name=='anthropic':\n", " model_from_vendor=\"claude-3-opus-20240229\"\n", "elif vendor_name==\"meta\":\n", " model_from_vendor=\"meta-llama/llama-3-70b-instruct\"\n", "elif vendor_name==\"google\":\n", " model_from_vendor=\"google/gemini-pro-1.5\"\n", "else:\n", " print(\"Error. Exiting\")\n", " \n", "for index, row in df.iterrows():\n", " jobs.append(get_raw_request_single(row,model_from_vendor))\n", "\n", "\n", "!rm {filename_question_generation_requests}\n", "print(\"starting\")\n", "request_counter=0\n", "with open(filename_question_generation_requests, \"w\") as f:\n", " for job in jobs:\n", " json_string = json.dumps(job)\n", " f.write(json_string + \"\\n\")\n", " request_counter=request_counter+1\n", " if request_counter>=number_of_questions_to_generate:\n", " print(\"Done\")\n", " break\n", " \n", "print(\"Done\")\n" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 20, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "INFO:root:Starting request #0\n", "INFO:root:Starting request #1\n", "INFO:root:Starting request #2\n", "INFO:root:Starting request #3\n", "INFO:root:Starting request #4\n", "INFO:root:Starting request #5\n", "INFO:root:Starting request #6\n", "INFO:root:Starting request #7\n", "INFO:root:Starting request 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Results saved to ./agllm-data/agllm-data-isu-field-insects-all-species/evaluation-development/question-generation-requests-results.jsonl\n" ] } ], "source": [ "# Universal attempt: \n", "%load_ext autoreload\n", "%autoreload 2\n", " # --request_url https://api.openai.com/v1/chat/completions \\\n", "!rm {filename_output_question_generation_requests}\n", "!python api_request_parallel_processor_universal.py \\\n", " --vendor_name \"{vendor_name}\" \\\n", " --requests_filepath \"{filename_question_generation_requests}\" \\\n", " --save_filepath \"{filename_output_question_generation_requests}\" \\\n", " --max_requests_per_minute 2 \\\n", " --max_attempts 1 \\\n", " --logging_level 20" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 21, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Done with compiling the list of QA pairs from given json file\n" ] }, { "data": { "text/html": [ "
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categoryAboutquestionground_truth_answerknowledge_vs_managementLLM Confidencechunksource
0Identification and Controlpapaipema nebrisWhen should I begin scouting for migrating lar...Start scouting when 10% larval movement is pre...Management9058\\nScouting. Scouting should begin when 10% m...agllm-data/agllm-data-isu-field-insects-all-sp...
1Integrated Pest Managementdelia platuraHow can I minimize the risk of seed corn maggo...To minimize the risk of seed corn maggot injur...Management80up seed. The potential for injury is minimal i...agllm-data/agllm-data-isu-field-insects-all-sp...
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" ], "text/plain": [ " category About \\\n", "0 Identification and Control papaipema nebris \n", "1 Integrated Pest Management delia platura \n", "\n", " question \\\n", "0 When should I begin scouting for migrating lar... \n", "1 How can I minimize the risk of seed corn maggo... \n", "\n", " ground_truth_answer knowledge_vs_management \\\n", "0 Start scouting when 10% larval movement is pre... Management \n", "1 To minimize the risk of seed corn maggot injur... Management \n", "\n", " LLM Confidence chunk \\\n", "0 90 58\\nScouting. Scouting should begin when 10% m... \n", "1 80 up seed. The potential for injury is minimal i... \n", "\n", " source \n", "0 agllm-data/agllm-data-isu-field-insects-all-sp... \n", "1 agllm-data/agllm-data-isu-field-insects-all-sp... " ] }, "execution_count": 21, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "queries = []\n", "\n", "with open(filename_output_question_generation_requests, 'r') as file:\n", " for line in file:\n", " try:\n", " json_obj = json.loads(line)\n", " if vendor_name==\"openai\":\n", " returned=json.loads(json_obj[1][\"choices\"][0][\"message\"][\"content\"]) # This is for openai\n", " elif vendor_name==\"anthropic\":\n", " returned = json.loads(json_obj[1]['content'][0][\"text\"])\n", " elif vendor_name==\"meta\":\n", " returned=json.loads(json_obj[1][\"choices\"][0][\"message\"][\"content\"])\n", " elif vendor_name==\"google\":\n", " returned=json.loads(json_obj[1][\"choices\"][0][\"message\"][\"content\"])\n", "\n", " else:\n", " print(\"Invalid vendor specified\")\n", " queries.append(\n", " {\n", " \"category\": returned[\"category\"],\n", " \"About\": json_obj[2][\"species\"],\n", " \"question\": returned[\"question\"],\n", " \"ground_truth_answer\": returned[\"answer\"],\n", " \"knowledge_vs_management\": returned[\"knowledge_vs_management\"], \n", " \"LLM Confidence\": returned[\"confidence\"],\n", " \"chunk\": json_obj[2][\"chunk\"],\n", " \"chunk_index\": json_obj[2][\"chunk_id\"],\n", " \"source\": json_obj[2][\"source\"],\n", " }\n", " ) \n", " except:\n", " print(\"Parsing error at One\\n\")\n", "print(\"Done with compiling the list of QA pairs from given json file\")\n", "result_df = pd.DataFrame(queries)\n", "result_df=result_df[(result_df[\"ground_truth_answer\"] != \"Not Valid\")].drop(columns=[\"chunk_index\"])\n", "result_df.to_csv(OUTPUT_DF_PATH)\n", "# result_df = result_df[(result_df[\"answer\"] != \"Not Valid\")].drop(columns=[\"chunk_index\", \"source\"]) # Redundant\n", "# result_df.to_excel(OUTPUT_DF_PATH.split('.csv') [0]+'_clean.xlsx')\n", "result_df.head(2)\n", "# print(\"also saved xlsx\")" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "application/vnd.databricks.v1+cell": { "cellMetadata": {}, "inputWidgets": {}, "nuid": "eca136f3-b6dc-41c1-a195-08653ccc349d", "showTitle": false, "title": "" } }, "source": [ "Sometimes, the LLM may fail to generate a question. We can examine the data above to see whether there are any errors. If so, remove the error records." ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "# Now saving to the universal excel file" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 352, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "## !rm \"./agllm-data/all-generated-questions/QA V2.xlsx\"" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 13, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Data has been written to the Excel file successfully.\n" ] } ], "source": [ "\n", "import pandas as pd\n", "from pathlib import Path\n", "\n", "# Assuming you have the result_df DataFrame ready\n", "\n", "# Create the sheet name\n", "sheet_name = f\"{user_type}-{data_domain_identifier_label}-{domain_type}\"\n", "\n", "# File path\n", "file_path = f\"./agllm-data/all-generated-questions/QA_{vendor_name}.xlsx\"\n", "\n", "# Check if the file exists\n", "file = Path(file_path)\n", "file_exists = file.is_file()\n", "\n", "# Determine the file extension\n", "file_extension = file.suffix.lower()[1:]\n", "\n", "# Create an ExcelWriter object based on the file extension\n", "if file_extension == 'xlsx':\n", " engine = 'openpyxl'\n", "elif file_extension == 'xls':\n", " engine = 'xlwt'\n", "else:\n", " raise Exception(\"File format not supported. Please use .xlsx or .xls file.\")\n", "\n", "if file_exists:\n", " mode = 'a' # Append to an existing file\n", " if_sheet_exists = 'replace' # Replace the sheet if it already exists\n", "else:\n", " mode = 'w' # Create a new file\n", " if_sheet_exists = None # Not applicable when creating a new file\n", "\n", "with pd.ExcelWriter(file_path, engine=engine, mode=mode, if_sheet_exists=if_sheet_exists) as writer:\n", " # Write the result_df to the sheet\n", " result_df.to_excel(writer, sheet_name=sheet_name, index=False, header=True)\n", "\n", "print(\"Data has been written to the Excel file successfully.\")" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 14, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Number of questions which are deemed valid: 60\n" ] } ], "source": [ "print(\"Number of questions which are deemed valid: \", len(result_df))" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 355, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/plain": [ "'./agllm-data/agllm-data-isu-field-insects-2-species/evaluation-development/question_answer_source_agllm_iowa_state.csv'" ] }, "execution_count": 355, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "OUTPUT_DF_PATH " ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 356, "metadata": { "application/vnd.databricks.v1+cell": { "cellMetadata": {}, "inputWidgets": {}, "nuid": "eca136f3-b6dc-41c1-a195-08653ccc349d", "showTitle": false, "title": "" } }, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ "
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categoryAboutquestionanswerknowledge_vs_managementLLM Confidencechunk
0Damage AssessmentColias eurythemeWhat is the economic threshold for applying in...For established alfalfa, apply insecticides wh...Management90natural enemy populations are conducive condit...
1Identification and ControlColias eurythemeHow can I identify if the caterpillars feeding...Alfalfa caterpillars are approximately 1 1/2 i...Knowledge90in Iowa. Mature larvae are approximately 1 1/2...
2Identification and ControlAgromyza frontellaWhat should I look for when scouting for alfal...Look for small pinholes in leaves while holdin...Management903\\nAlfalfa blotch leafminer (Agromyza frontell...
\n", "
" ], "text/plain": [ " category About \\\n", "0 Damage Assessment Colias eurytheme \n", "1 Identification and Control Colias eurytheme \n", "2 Identification and Control Agromyza frontella \n", "\n", " question \\\n", "0 What is the economic threshold for applying in... \n", "1 How can I identify if the caterpillars feeding... \n", "2 What should I look for when scouting for alfal... \n", "\n", " answer knowledge_vs_management \\\n", "0 For established alfalfa, apply insecticides wh... Management \n", "1 Alfalfa caterpillars are approximately 1 1/2 i... Knowledge \n", "2 Look for small pinholes in leaves while holdin... Management \n", "\n", " LLM Confidence chunk \n", "0 90 natural enemy populations are conducive condit... \n", "1 90 in Iowa. Mature larvae are approximately 1 1/2... \n", "2 90 3\\nAlfalfa blotch leafminer (Agromyza frontell... " ] }, "execution_count": 356, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "\n", "all_result_df=result_df.copy(deep=True)\n", "all_result_df.head(3)" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "application/vnd.databricks.v1+cell": { "cellMetadata": {}, "inputWidgets": {}, "nuid": "03138482-c22e-4e05-ac15-f860544f1d87", "showTitle": false, "title": "" } }, "source": [ "## Quality Analysis of Questions Generated (Optional)\n", "\n", "If you would like to compare quality of questions generated across different prompts, we can\n", "analyze the quality of questions manually and in aggregate. We want to evaluate questions \n", "along two dimensions - their diversity and relevance.\n", "\n", "https://github.com/mlflow/mlflow/blob/master/examples/llms/question_generation/question_answer_source.csv is a pre-generated dataset with 56 questions. You can download it and specify the path with `OUTPUT_DF_PATH`, and load it to run the rest of the notebook if you want to jump to this section.\n", "\n", "Note: There isn't a well-defined way to analyze the quality of generated questions, so this is just one approach you can take to gain insight into how diverse and relevant your generated questions are." ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "application/vnd.databricks.v1+cell": { "cellMetadata": {}, "inputWidgets": {}, "nuid": "03138482-c22e-4e05-ac15-f860544f1d87", "showTitle": false, "title": "" } }, "source": [ "### Evaluating Diversity of Questions\n", "\n", "Diversity of questions is important because we want questions to cover the majority of the\n", "document content. In addition, we want to be able to evaluate the retriever with different \n", "forms of questioning. We want to be able to have harder questions and easier questions. All\n", "of these are not straightforward to analyze, and we decided to analyze its through question\n", "length and latent space embeddings." ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "application/vnd.databricks.v1+cell": { "cellMetadata": {}, "inputWidgets": {}, "nuid": "f9f3e4b3-4988-4570-a687-e762c6bac202", "showTitle": false, "title": "" } }, "source": [ "#### Length\n", "\n", "Length gives a sense of how diverse the questions are. Some questions may be wordy while\n", "others are straight to the point. It also allows us to identify problems with the question\n", "generated." ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 357, "metadata": { "application/vnd.databricks.v1+cell": { "cellMetadata": {}, "inputWidgets": {}, "nuid": "5df96390-b4db-4c47-8e80-34d0a1f404a7", "showTitle": false, "title": "" } }, "outputs": [ { "data": { "image/png": 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", "text/plain": [ "
" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" } ], "source": [ "# Length\n", "questions = all_result_df[\"question\"].to_list()\n", "question_len = pd.DataFrame([len(q) for q in questions], columns=[\"length\"])\n", "question_len.hist(bins=5)\n", "plt.title(\"Histogram of Question Lengths\")\n", "plt.xlabel(\"Question Length\")\n", "plt.ylabel(\"Frequency\")\n", "plt.show()" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "application/vnd.databricks.v1+cell": { "cellMetadata": {}, "inputWidgets": {}, "nuid": "f9f3e4b3-4988-4570-a687-e762c6bac202", "showTitle": false, "title": "" } }, "source": [ "In addition to visual representation, we also want to look at more concrete percentile values.\n" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 358, "metadata": { "application/vnd.databricks.v1+cell": { "cellMetadata": { "byteLimit": 2048000, "rowLimit": 10000 }, "inputWidgets": {}, "nuid": "d31fbb55-0504-4f14-aeb5-5e48912f3275", "showTitle": false, "title": "" } }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "p10-p90 range is 56\n" ] } ], "source": [ "# Calculating percentile values\n", "p10 = int(question_len[\"length\"].quantile(0.10))\n", "p90 = int(question_len[\"length\"].quantile(0.90))\n", "print(\"p10-p90 range is\", p90 - p10)" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "application/vnd.databricks.v1+cell": { "cellMetadata": {}, "inputWidgets": {}, "nuid": "9d6f9401-ed13-4a2e-9336-2ae0bc031a5f", "showTitle": false, "title": "" } }, "source": [ "There are also a couple queries that are longer than normal. However, these seem fine." ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 359, "metadata": { "application/vnd.databricks.v1+cell": { "cellMetadata": { "byteLimit": 2048000, "rowLimit": 10000 }, "inputWidgets": {}, "nuid": "40808ff8-d227-427a-89ae-beeac614dfa0", "showTitle": false, "title": "" } }, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/plain": [ "['What is the economic threshold for applying insecticides to control alfalfa caterpillar in established alfalfa stands?',\n", " 'What should I look for when scouting for alfalfa blotch leafminer damage, and when is the best time to start?',\n", " 'How can I use pinhole leaf feeding from adult leafminer flies during scouting to determine when to take action against these pests?']" ] }, "execution_count": 359, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "[q for q in questions if len(q) > 100]" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "application/vnd.databricks.v1+cell": { "cellMetadata": {}, "inputWidgets": {}, "nuid": "37cc6a27-434b-47b5-906a-b8b0f42e8fc8", "showTitle": false, "title": "" } }, "source": [ "#### Latent Space\n", "\n", "Latent space embeddings contain semantic information about the question. This can be used to \n", "evaluate the diversity and the difference between two questions semantically. To do so, we will need to map the\n", "high dimensional space to a lower dimensional space. We utilize PCA and TSNE to map the embeddings \n", "into a 2-dimensional space for visualization." ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "application/vnd.databricks.v1+cell": { "cellMetadata": {}, "inputWidgets": {}, "nuid": "0f056942-595a-46d1-9b69-c5efa08aa5f3", "showTitle": false, "title": "" } }, "source": [ "We append 5 benchmark queries to help visualize how diverse the questions are. The first four of these questions are semantically similar and all asking about MLflow, while the last is different and asks about RAG." ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": { "application/vnd.databricks.v1+cell": { "cellMetadata": { "byteLimit": 2048000, "rowLimit": 10000 }, "inputWidgets": {}, "nuid": "5c9aa32e-8168-417d-89f1-5fdf65e91491", "showTitle": false, "title": "" } }, "outputs": [], "source": [] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "application/vnd.databricks.v1+cell": { "cellMetadata": {}, "inputWidgets": {}, "nuid": "3c772b11-337b-4d0e-99f3-86a79158c686", "showTitle": false, "title": "" } }, "source": [ "Now that we have 2-dimensional embeddings representing the semantics of the question, we can visualize it with a scatter plot, differentiating the generated questions and the benchmark questions." ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 360, "metadata": { "application/vnd.databricks.v1+cell": { "cellMetadata": { "byteLimit": 2048000, "rowLimit": 10000 }, "inputWidgets": {}, "nuid": "ea3260ed-c69a-4de1-901d-7855554e4e1b", "showTitle": false, "title": "" } }, "outputs": [], "source": [ "# benchmark_questions = [\n", "# \"At what stages of growth are corn plants most susceptible to stalk borer larval infestation\",\n", "# \"How can farmers reduce the likelihood of stalk borer infestations in their corn crops\",\n", "# \"What is the recommended method to manage stalk borer larvae in corn fields with persistent infestations\",\n", "# \"At what degree day accumulation do approximately 10 percent of stalk borer larvae begin moving to corn in Iowa\",\n", "# \"When should farmers begin scouting for stalk borer larval movement in Iowa according to the 2012 data\",\n", "# \"What pest is currently being monitored in Iowa that could affect corn crops, and when is it recommended to scout for its caterpillars\",\n", "# \"Who developed the economic threshold for stalk borer in corn and what does it help determine\"\n", "# ]\n", "\n", "\n", "# questions_to_embed = questions + benchmark_questions\n", "# # Apply embeddings\n", "# embeddings = OpenAIEmbeddings()\n", "# question_embeddings = embeddings.embed_documents(questions_to_embed)\n", "# # PCA on embeddings to reduce to 10-dim\n", "# pca = PCA(n_components=10)\n", "# question_embeddings_reduced = pca.fit_transform(question_embeddings)\n", "# # TSNE on embeddings to reduce to 2-dim\n", "# tsne = TSNE(n_components=2, random_state=SEED)\n", "# lower_dim_embeddings = tsne.fit_transform(question_embeddings_reduced)\n", "\n", "\n", "# labels = np.concatenate(\n", "# [\n", "# np.full(len(lower_dim_embeddings) - len(benchmark_questions), \"generated\"),\n", "# np.full(len(benchmark_questions), \"benchmark\"),\n", "# ]\n", "# )\n", "# data = pd.DataFrame(\n", "# {\"x\": lower_dim_embeddings[:, 0], \"y\": lower_dim_embeddings[:, 1], \"label\": labels}\n", "# )\n", "# sns.scatterplot(data=data, x=\"x\", y=\"y\", hue=\"label\")" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 361, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "image/png": 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C1KdPH0VHR2vevHlycnJS9erV9e2336pHjx7WcUOGDNGxY8f05Zdfavny5WrdurVWrVql9u3b2yzv//7v/3Tp0iV9/fXXWrhwoRo2bKiffvpJY8aMyfvO+P/Onj2rzMzMbFcrkq6eclS3bl1FRkYqNjZWn332mVasWKGaNWvqq6++0nfffZft/fniiy80bNgwPf/880pPT9f48eNzDAzXxlaqVElRUVFavHixgoKCNHbs2GynOgEAcCssBjPeANyC3bt3q0GDBvrqq69yvTQqAAAomZjDACDPUlNTs7XNmDFDDg4Ouueee+xQEQAAKGyckgQgz6ZNm6YdO3aobdu2cnJy0rJly7Rs2TI9+eST2e5VAQAAbg+ckgQgz1atWqWJEydq3759Sk5OVoUKFdSvXz+9/PLLNnfCBgAAtw8CAwAAAABTzGEAAAAAYIrAAAAAAMAUJx3fQFZWlk6fPi0vL68835gKAIDCZhiGLl68qHLlysnBoeB//8vMzNSVK1cKfLkA7M/Z2VmOjo55Hk9guIHTp09z9RcAQLF18uRJ3XXXXQW2PMMwFBsbq4SEhAJbJoDix9fXV0FBQXn6QZzAcANeXl6Srv6D7O3tbedqAAC4KikpSSEhIdbPqYJyLSwEBASoVKlSHF0HbjOGYSglJUVxcXGSpODg4Bu+hsBwA9f+ofT29iYwAACKnYL8Qp+ZmWkNC2XKlCmw5QIoXtzd3SVJcXFxCggIuOHpSUx6BgAAkmSds1CqVCk7VwKgsF37e56XuUoEBgAAYIPTkIDbX37+nhMYAAAAAJgiMAAAAED33nuvRowYYe8yUAwRGAAAAApAZGSkLBZLtkfHjh3tXVqhW7t2bY7bfv1j7dq19i4TN4mrJAEAABSQjh07avbs2TZtrq6udqqm6LRs2VIxMTHW588995ySkpJs9oWfn589SkMB4AgDAABAAXF1dVVQUJDNo3Tp0pKu/grv4uKiDRs2WMdPmzZNAQEBOnPmjCRp+fLluvvuu+Xr66syZcrowQcf1JEjR6zjjx8/LovFom+//VatW7eWu7u7mjRpooMHD2rbtm1q3LixPD099cADD+js2bPW10VGRqpbt26aOHGi/P395e3traefflrp6emm25KWlqbRo0erfPny8vDwULNmzUyPEri4uNhss7u7u3VfHDx4UCEhIYqPj7d5zYgRI9S6dWtJUlRUlHx9fbVkyRJVqVJFbm5uioiI0MmTJ21e8+9//1sNGzaUm5ubKlWqpIkTJyojIyMP7wxuBYEBAACgCFybI9CvXz8lJiZq165devXVV/XFF18oMDBQknTp0iWNHDlS27dvV3R0tBwcHNS9e3dlZWXZLGv8+PF65ZVXtHPnTjk5Oemxxx7Tiy++qPfee08bNmzQ4cOHNW7cOJvXREdHa//+/Vq7dq2++eYbLVq0SBMnTjStd+jQodqyZYsWLFig33//XY888og6duyoQ4cO5Wu777nnHlWqVEnz5s2ztl25ckXz58/XE088YW1LSUnRpEmTNHfuXG3atEkJCQl69NFHrf0bNmxQ//799dxzz2nfvn367LPPFBUVpUmTJuWrHtwEA7lKTEw0JBmJiYn2LgUAAKvC+HxKTU019u3bZ6SmphbYMu8kAwYMMBwdHQ0PDw+bx6RJk6xj0tLSjPr16xu9evUyatasaQwZMiTXZZ49e9aQZOzdu9cwDMM4duyYIcn44osvrGO++eYbQ5IRHR1tbZsyZYpRrVo1m9r8/PyMS5cuWds++eQTw9PT08jMzDQMwzDatGljPPfcc4ZhGMbff/9tODo6GqdOnbKpp3379sbYsWPztC+6du1qff7mm28aNWrUsD7/4YcfDE9PTyM5OdkwDMOYPXu2Icn49ddfrWP2799vSDK2bt1qXffkyZNt1jNv3jwjODj4hvUgu/z8fWcOAwAAQAFp27atPvnkE5u268/dd3Fx0fz581W3bl2Fhobq3XfftRl76NAhjRs3Tlu3btW5c+esRxZOnDih2rVrW8fVrVvX+v/Xjk7UqVPHpi0uLs5m2fXq1bO5KV+LFi2UnJyskydPKjQ01Gbs3r17lZmZqapVq9q0p6Wl3dRdwCMjI/XKK6/o119/VfPmzRUVFaVevXrJw8PDOsbJyUlNmjSxPq9evbp8fX21f/9+NW3aVHv27NGmTZtsjihkZmbq8uXLSklJ4YaDhYjAAAAAUEA8PDwUHh6e65jNmzdLkuLj4xUfH2/zpblLly4KDQ3VzJkzVa5cOWVlZal27drZ5ho4Oztb///aDbj+2fbP05jyIzk5WY6OjtqxY4ccHR1t+jw9PfO9vICAAHXp0kWzZ89WxYoVtWzZsnxfNSk5OVkTJ07Uww8/nK3Pzc0t3zUh7wgMAAAAReTIkSN6/vnnNXPmTC1cuFADBgzQ6tWr5eDgoPPnz+vAgQOaOXOmdTLwxo0bC2zde/bsUWpqqtzd3SVJv/76qzw9PRUSEpJtbIMGDZSZmam4uDhrLbdq8ODB6tOnj+666y5VrlxZrVq1sunPyMjQ9u3b1bRpU0nSgQMHlJCQoBo1akiSGjZsqAMHDtwwkKHgERgAAAAKSFpammJjY23anJycVLZsWWVmZurxxx9XRESEBg4cqI4dO6pOnTp6++239cILL6h06dIqU6aMPv/8cwUHB+vEiRMaM2ZMgdWWnp6uQYMG6ZVXXtHx48c1fvx4DR06VA4O2a+BU7VqVfXt21f9+/fX22+/rQYNGujs2bOKjo5W3bp11blz53yvPyIiQt7e3nrjjTf02muvZet3dnbWsGHD9P7778vJyUlDhw5V8+bNrQFi3LhxevDBB1WhQgX17NlTDg4O2rNnj/744w+98cYb+d8hyDOukgQAAFBAli9fruDgYJvH3XffLUmaNGmS/v77b3322WeSpODgYH3++ed65ZVXtGfPHjk4OGjBggXasWOHateureeff15vvfVWgdXWvn17ValSRffcc4969+6thx56SBMmTDAdP3v2bPXv31+jRo1StWrV1K1bN23btk0VKlS4qfU7ODgoMjJSmZmZ6t+/f7b+UqVK6aWXXtJjjz2mVq1aydPTUwsXLrT2R0REaOnSpVq5cqWaNGmi5s2b69133802/wIFz2IYhmHvIoqzpKQk+fj4KDExUd7e3vYuBwAASYXz+XT58mUdO3ZMFStW5Jzw20xkZKQSEhK0ZMkSu9YxaNAgnT17Vj/++KNNe1RUlEaMGKGEhAT7FHYHys/fd05JAgAAQKFKTEzU3r179fXXX2cLCyj+CAwoEIZhKPZSrPad36cDFw6oul911ShTQ8EewfYuDQAA2FnXrl3122+/6emnn9Z9991n73KQT5ySdAOckpQ3hy4c0hMrnlBCWoK1rbRrac2KmKXw0lzNAAAKGqckAbgV+fn7zqRn3LKzKWf13JrnbMKCJF1Iu6Dn1z6vc6nn7FMYAAAAbhmBAbcs/nK8Tl48mWPf8aTjir8cX8QVAQAAoKAQGHDL0jLTcu/PyL0fAAAAxReBAbestFtpOVlynj/v5OCk0m6li7giAAAAFBQCA25ZGbcyerzm4zn2Dag5QGXcyxRxRQAAACgoXFYVt6yUcykNrD1QQR5Bmvn7TJ2/fF5l3MroqbpPKSIsQu5O7vYuEQAAADeJwIAC4efmpz7V+6hDhQ5Kz0qXi4OL/Ev5y8HCQSwAAOwlLCxMI0aM0IgRI+xdyk27HbahpOPbHAqMg8VBgR6BCvEKUaBHIGEBAFCkYmNj9dxzzyk8PFxubm4KDAxUq1at9MknnyglJcXe5eVZWFiYZsyYUWTri4+P14gRIxQaGioXFxeVK1dOTzzxhE6cOFFkNUhSVFSUfH19s7Vv27ZNTz75ZJHWAlscYQAAAAUuMSVd55LTlXT5irzdnVXWw0U+pVwKbX1Hjx5Vq1at5Ovrq8mTJ6tOnTpydXXV3r179fnnn6t8+fJ66KGHCm39N2IYhjIzM+XkVLy+esXHx6t58+ZycXHRp59+qlq1aun48eN65ZVX1KRJE23ZskWVKlWya43+/v52XT84wgAAAArY6YRUDf1ml9q/s07dP96s9m+v07Bvdul0QmqhrfPZZ5+Vk5OTtm/frl69eqlGjRqqVKmSunbtqp9++kldunSxjk1ISNDgwYPl7+8vb29vtWvXTnv27LH2T5gwQfXr19e8efMUFhYmHx8fPfroo7p48aJ1TFZWlqZMmaKKFSvK3d1d9erV0/fff2/tX7t2rSwWi5YtW6ZGjRrJ1dVVGzdu1JEjR9S1a1cFBgbK09NTTZo00erVq62vu/fee/X333/r+eefl8VikcVisfZt3LhRrVu3lru7u0JCQjR8+HBdunTJ2h8XF6cuXbrI3d1dFStW1Pz582+4315++WWdPn1aq1ev1gMPPKAKFSronnvu0YoVK+Ts7Kx//etf1rE5HfmoX7++JkyYkOd9u2fPHrVt21ZeXl7y9vZWo0aNtH37dq1du1YDBw5UYmKidbuvLfef6z1x4oS6du0qT09PeXt7q1evXjpz5ky+3r/vv/9ederUkbu7u8qUKaMOHTrY7EvYIjAAAIACk5iSrpd++F0bDp2zaV9/6JzG/PC7ElPSC3yd58+f18qVK/Wvf/1LHh4eOY65/ov3I488ori4OC1btkw7duxQw4YN1b59e8XH/+9Go0eOHNGSJUu0dOlSLV26VOvWrdPUqVOt/VOmTNHcuXP16aef6s8//9Tzzz+vxx9/XOvWrbNZ75gxYzR16lTt379fdevWVXJysjp16qTo6Gjt2rVLHTt2VJcuXayn/yxatEh33XWXXnvtNcXExCgmJsZaT8eOHdWjRw/9/vvvWrhwoTZu3KihQ4da1xUZGamTJ09qzZo1+v777/Xxxx8rLi7OdL9lZWVpwYIF6tu3r4KCgmz63N3d9eyzz2rFihU2++VGbrRv+/btq7vuukvbtm3Tjh07NGbMGDk7O6tly5aaMWOGvL29rds9evToHGvu2rWr4uPjtW7dOq1atUpHjx5V7969bcbl9v7FxMSoT58+euKJJ7R//36tXbtWDz/8sAzDyPN23nEM5CoxMdGQZCQmJtq7FAAArArj8yk1NdXYt2+fkZqaetPLOHzmohH60lLTx+EzFwus3mt+/fVXQ5KxaNEim/YyZcoYHh4ehoeHh/Hiiy8ahmEYGzZsMLy9vY3Lly/bjK1cubLx2WefGYZhGOPHjzdKlSplJCUlWftfeOEFo1mzZoZhGMbly5eNUqVKGZs3b7ZZxqBBg4w+ffoYhmEYa9asMSQZS5YsuWH9tWrVMj744APr89DQUOPdd9/Ntuwnn3zSpm3Dhg2Gg4ODkZqaahw4cMCQZPz222/W/v379xuSsi3rmtjY2Fz7Fy1aZEgytm7dalpXvXr1jPHjx1vrudG+9fLyMqKionJc3+zZsw0fH59s7devd+XKlYajo6Nx4sQJa/+ff/5ps+03ev927NhhSDKOHz+eYx13ivz8fS9eJ9IBAIASLenylVz7L96gvyD99ttvysrKUt++fZWWlibp6ikxycnJKlPG9h5BqampOnLkiPV5WFiYvLy8rM+Dg4Otv9YfPnxYKSkpuu+++2yWkZ6ergYNGti0NW7c2OZ5cnKyJkyYoJ9++kkxMTHKyMhQamrqDScY79mzR7///rvNaUaGYSgrK0vHjh3TwYMH5eTkpEaNGln7q1evnuMk4n8ybvDLuotL3uae5GXfjhw5UoMHD9a8efPUoUMHPfLII6pcuXKeli9J+/fvV0hIiEJCQqxtNWvWlK+vr/bv368mTZpIyv39q1evntq3b686deooIiJC999/v3r27KnSpbnRrBkCAwAAKDDebs659nvdoP9mhIeHy2Kx6MCBAzbt1ybrurv/735AycnJCg4O1tq1a7Mt5/ov187OtnVaLBZlZWVZlyFJP/30k8qXL28zztXV1eb5P0+RGj16tFatWqXp06crPDxc7u7u6tmzp9LTcz9VKzk5WU899ZSGDx+era9ChQo6ePBgrq/Pib+/v/WLdk72798vJycnVaxYUZLk4OCQLVxcufK/AJiXfTthwgQ99thj+umnn7Rs2TKNHz9eCxYsUPfu3fNdf25ye/8cHR21atUqbd68WStXrtQHH3ygl19+WVu3brVuK2wRGAAAQIEp6+mie6qU1fp/zGGQpHuqlFVZz4K/UlKZMmV033336cMPP9SwYcNM5zFIUsOGDRUbGysnJyeFhYXd1Ppq1qwpV1dXnThxQm3atMnXazdt2qTIyEjrF+Tk5GQdP37cZoyLi4syMzOz1b1v3z6Fh4fnuNzq1asrIyNDO3bssP7KfuDAASUkJJjW4uDgoF69emn+/Pl67bXXbOYxpKam6uOPP1b37t3l4+Mj6WrAuDanQpKSkpJ07Ngxmxrzsm+rVq2qqlWr6vnnn1efPn00e/Zsde/ePcft/qcaNWro5MmTOnnypPUow759+5SQkKCaNWvm+trrWSwWtWrVSq1atdK4ceMUGhqqxYsXa+TIkXlexp2kxE16/uijjxQWFiY3Nzc1a9ZMv/32m+nYmTNnqnXr1ipdurRKly6tDh065DoeAADcGp9SLprao67uqVLWpv2eKmX1Zo+6hXZp1Y8//lgZGRlq3LixFi5cqP379+vAgQP66quv9Ndff8nR0VGS1KFDB7Vo0ULdunXTypUrdfz4cW3evFkvv/yytm/fnqd1eXl5afTo0Xr++ec1Z84cHTlyRDt37tQHH3ygOXPm5PraKlWqaNGiRdq9e7f27Nmjxx57zPrL9zVhYWFav369Tp06pXPnrgavl156SZs3b9bQoUO1e/duHTp0SP/+97+tk56rVaumjh076qmnntLWrVu1Y8cODR482OboSk4mTZqkoKAg3XfffVq2bJlOnjyp9evXKyIiQg4ODnrvvfesY9u1a6d58+Zpw4YN2rt3rwYMGGDdr3nZt6mpqRo6dKjWrl2rv//+W5s2bdK2bdtUo0YN63YnJycrOjpa586dy/HeGR06dFCdOnXUt29f7dy5U7/99pv69++vNm3aZDv9y8zWrVs1efJkbd++XSdOnNCiRYt09uxZax3IQWFPqChICxYsMFxcXIxZs2YZf/75pzFkyBDD19fXOHPmTI7jH3vsMeOjjz4ydu3aZezfv9+IjIw0fHx8jP/+9795XieTngEAxVFxnfR8TcKlNOPwmYvGrr/jjcNnLhoJl9IKoMLcnT592hg6dKhRsWJFw9nZ2fD09DSaNm1qvPXWW8alS5es45KSkoxhw4YZ5cqVM5ydnY2QkBCjb9++1om048ePN+rVq2ez7HfffdcIDQ21Ps/KyjJmzJhhVKtWzXB2djb8/f2NiIgIY926dYZh/G/S84ULF2yWc+zYMaNt27aGu7u7ERISYnz44YdGmzZtjOeee846ZsuWLUbdunUNV1dX4/qvar/99ptx3333GZ6enoaHh4dRt25dY9KkSdb+mJgYo3Pnzoarq6tRoUIFY+7cuTlOVP6ns2fPGsOGDTNCQkIMR0dHQ5LRsmVL4/z58zbjEhMTjd69exve3t5GSEiIERUVZTPp+Ub7Ni0tzXj00UeNkJAQw8XFxShXrpwxdOhQmz9vTz/9tFGmTBlDknW5/9yGv//+23jooYcMDw8Pw8vLy3jkkUeM2NhYa/+N3r99+/YZERERhr+/v+Hq6mpUrVrVZtL5nSI/f98thlFyriHVrFkzNWnSRB9++KGkq5fWCgkJ0bBhwzRmzJgbvj4zM1OlS5fWhx9+qP79++dpnUlJSfLx8VFiYqK8vb1vqu7LGZd1LvWc9pzdo6T0JDXwb6BAj0CVdmNyDQDg5hTE59M/Xb58WceOHVPFihXl5uZWIMtEyfPll1/q2Wef1cKFC9WtWzd7l4NCkp+/7yVmDkN6erp27NihsWPHWtscHBzUoUMHbdmyJU/LSElJ0ZUrV+Tn52c6Ji0tzXolBenqP8i3IvVKqjae2qgX17+oDCPD2t7mrjYa32K8/Etx90IAAFB8DBo0SH5+ftq/f78iIiJueFoTbn8lZg7DuXPnlJmZqcDAQJv2wMBAxcbG5mkZL730ksqVK6cOHTqYjpkyZYp8fHysj+sv23UzzqSc0ej1o23CgiSt++86/efIf5SZlfvkHgAAgKLWvXt3jR07lrAASSUoMNyqqVOnasGCBVq8eHGuh13Gjh2rxMRE6+PkyZO3tN7oE9HKMrJy7Ju7b67OXz5/S8sHAAAAClOJOSWpbNmycnR01JkzZ2zaz5w5k+125v80ffp0TZ06VatXr1bdunVzHevq6prtGsq34lTyKdO++MvxpmECAAAAKA5KzBEGFxcXNWrUSNHR0da2rKwsRUdHq0WLFqavmzZtml5//XUtX748z5fbKkityrcy7atTto7cHJlUBgAAgOKrxAQG6ertxGfOnKk5c+Zo//79euaZZ3Tp0iUNHDhQktS/f3+bSdFvvvmmXn31Vc2aNUthYWGKjY1VbGys9Q6NRaFWmVoq51EuW7tFFo1uMlq+br5FVgsAAACQXyUqMPTu3VvTp0/XuHHjVL9+fe3evVvLly+3ToQ+ceKEzR0IP/nkE6Wnp6tnz54KDg62PqZPn15kNQd5BOnLiC/VvkJ7OViu7u4w7zB9et+nqla6WpHVAQAAANyMEnUfBnsoqOtcX7pySRcuX1BGVoY8XTxV1r3sjV8EAIAJ7sMA4FbclvdhKOk8nD3k4exh7zIAAACAfClRpyQBAACURBMmTFD9+vXtXUaBCAsL04wZM3Idczttb2EpSfuIwAAAAEq8yMhIWSyWbI/Dhw8XyfoXL16s5s2by8fHR15eXqpVq5ZGjBhRoOtYu3atLBaLEhIS8jTu2iMwMFA9evTQ0aNHC6SObdu26cknn7Q+t1gsWrJkic2Y0aNH21zZsjBERUXl+J5zOl3B45QkAABQ8FIvSJfOSpeTJDcfyaOs5F66UFfZsWNHzZ4926bN39+/UNcpSdHR0erdu7cmTZqkhx56SBaLRfv27dOqVasKfd25OXDggLy8vHTo0CE9+eST6tKli37//Xc5Ojre0nLzsk89PT3l6el5S+vJC29vbx04cMCmzWKxFPp67zQcYQAAAAUr8ZT03RPSh02kL9pLHzaWvh90tb0Qubq6KigoyOZx7cvxv//9bzVs2FBubm6qVKmSJk6cqIyMDElXfw1/8MEHrcuZMWOGLBaLli9fbm0LDw/XF198keN6//Of/6hVq1Z64YUXVK1aNVWtWlXdunXTRx99lG3svHnzFBYWJh8fHz366KO6ePGitS8tLU3Dhw9XQECA3NzcdPfdd2vbtm2SpOPHj6tt27aSpNKlS8tisSgyMjLX/REQEKDg4GDdc889GjdunPbt22c94vLJJ5+ocuXKcnFxUbVq1TRv3jzr6wzD0IQJE1ShQgW5urqqXLlyGj58uLX/+lOSwsLCJEndu3eXxWKxPr/+dJuVK1fKzc0t25GR5557Tu3atbM+37hxo1q3bi13d3eFhIRo+PDhunTpUq7baLFYsr3n166eefbsWQUFBWny5MnW8Zs3b5aLi4v16MeRI0fUtWtXBQYGytPTU02aNNHq1att1hEWFqY33nhD/fv3l6enp0JDQ/Xjjz/q7Nmz6tq1qzw9PVW3bl1t377d+pqoqCj5+vpqyZIlqlKlitzc3BQREaGTJ0/muj1ffPGFatSoITc3N1WvXl0ff/yxtS89PV1Dhw5VcHCw3NzcFBoaqilTpuS6vIJCYAAAAAUn9YL076HS0V9s249ESz8Ou9pfxDZs2KD+/fvrueee0759+/TZZ58pKipKkyZNkiS1adNGGzduVGZmpiRp3bp1Klu2rNauXStJOnXqlI4cOaJ77703x+UHBQXpzz//1B9//JFrHUeOHNGSJUu0dOlSLV26VOvWrdPUqVOt/S+++KJ++OEHzZkzRzt37lR4eLgiIiIUHx+vkJAQ/fDDD5KuHjmIiYnRe++9l+d94O7uLunql87Fixfrueee06hRo/THH3/oqaee0sCBA7VmzRpJ0g8//KB3331Xn332mQ4dOqQlS5aoTp06OS73WqCZPXu2YmJirM+v1759e/n6+lrrl6TMzEwtXLhQffv2te6bjh07qkePHvr999+1cOFCbdy4UUOHDs3zNv6Tv7+/Zs2apQkTJmj79u26ePGi+vXrp6FDh6p9+/aSpOTkZHXq1EnR0dHatWuXOnbsqC5duujEiRM2y3r33XfVqlUr7dq1S507d1a/fv3Uv39/Pf7449q5c6cqV66s/v376/qLj6akpGjSpEmaO3euNm3apISEBD366KOm9c6fP1/jxo3TpEmTtH//fk2ePFmvvvqq5syZI0l6//339eOPP+rbb7/VgQMHNH/+fGtAK3QGcpWYmGhIMhITE+1dCgAAVoXx+ZSammrs27fPSE1NvfmFnD1gGOO9zR9nDxRYvdcbMGCA4ejoaHh4eFgfPXv2NAzDMNq3b29MnjzZZvy8efOM4OBgwzAM48KFC4aDg4Oxbds2Iysry/Dz8zOmTJliNGvWzDAMw/jqq6+M8uXLm647OTnZ6NSpkyHJCA0NNXr37m18+eWXxuXLl61jxo8fb5QqVcpISkqytr3wwgvWdSQnJxvOzs7G/Pnzrf3p6elGuXLljGnTphmGYRhr1qwxJBkXLlzIdV/8c9zp06eNli1bGuXLlzfS0tKMli1bGkOGDLF5zSOPPGJ06tTJMAzDePvtt42qVasa6enpOS4/NDTUePfdd63PJRmLFy+2GTN+/HijXr161ufPPfec0a5dO+vzFStWGK6urtYaBw0aZDz55JM2y9iwYYPh4OBg+udx9uzZhiSb99zDw8Po2LGjzbhnn33WqFq1qvHYY48ZderUsXlfclKrVi3jgw8+sNnexx9/3Po8JibGkGS8+uqr1rYtW7YYkoyYmBib2n799VfrmP379xuSjK1bt+a4jypXrmx8/fXXNrW8/vrrRosWLQzDMIxhw4YZ7dq1M7KysnKtP6/y8/edIwwAAKDgXE66tf5b0LZtW+3evdv6eP/99yVJe/bs0WuvvWY9r97T01NDhgxRTEyMUlJS5Ovrq3r16mnt2rXau3evXFxc9OSTT2rXrl1KTk7WunXr1KZNG9P1enh46KefftLhw4f1yiuvyNPTU6NGjVLTpk2VkpJiHRcWFiYvLy/r8+DgYMXFxUm6+gv7lStX1KpVK2u/s7OzmjZtqv3799/U/rjrrrvk4eGhcuXK6dKlS/rhhx/k4uKi/fv326xHklq1amVdzyOPPKLU1FRVqlRJQ4YM0eLFi62nb92svn37au3atTp9+rSkq7+md+7cWb6+vpKuvkdRUVE271FERISysrJ07Ngx0+V6eXnZvOe7d+/OdurY9OnTlZGRoe+++07z58+Xq6urtS85OVmjR49WjRo15OvrK09PT+3fvz/bEYa6deta///aKU/XH3W51nbt/ZQkJycnNWnSxPq8evXq8vX1zfH9vHTpko4cOaJBgwbZ7IM33nhDR44ckXR1Yv/u3btVrVo1DR8+XCtXrjTdLwWNSc8AAKDguN3gJnI36r8FHh4eCg8Pz9aenJysiRMn6uGHH85ezv+/os69996rtWvXytXVVW3atJGfn59q1KihjRs3at26dRo1atQN11+5cmVVrlxZgwcP1ssvv6yqVatq4cKFGjhwoKSrAeB6FotFWVlZN7OpebJhwwZ5e3srICDAJqjcSEhIiA4cOKDVq1dr1apVevbZZ/XWW29p3bp12bYhr5o0aaLKlStrwYIFeuaZZ7R48WJFRUVZ+5OTk/XUU0/ZzJW4pkKFCqbLdXBwyPE9v96RI0d0+vRpZWVl6fjx4zZf9EePHq1Vq1Zp+vTpCg8Pl7u7u3r27Kn09HSbZVy/3dcmVefUdrPvZ3JysiRp5syZatasmU3ftXk4DRs21LFjx7Rs2TKtXr1avXr1UocOHfT999/f1Drzg8AAAAAKjoe/VLn91TkL/1S5/dX+ItawYUMdOHAg1y+Wbdq00axZs+Tk5KSOHTtKuhoivvnmGx08eNB0/oKZsLAwlSpV6oaTdq+5NgF506ZNCg0NlSRduXJF27Zts16e1cXFRZKscy1upGLFitZf8K9Xo0YNbdq0SQMGDLC2bdq0STVr1rQ+d3d3V5cuXdSlSxf961//UvXq1bV37141bNgw2/KcnZ3zVFPfvn01f/583XXXXXJwcFDnzp2tfQ0bNtS+fftu+OU/v9LT0/X444+rd+/eqlatmgYPHqy9e/cqICBA0tXtjoyMVPfu3SVd/eJ+/PjxAll3RkaGtm/frqZNm0q6OvckISFBNWrUyDY2MDBQ5cqV09GjR63zOnLi7e2t3r17q3fv3urZs6c6duyo+Ph4+fn5FUjNZggMAACg4LiXlh764OoE5+tDQ+X2V9sL+dKqORk3bpwefPBBVahQQT179pSDg4P27NmjP/74Q2+88YYk6Z577tHFixe1dOlS60Tke++9Vz179lRwcLCqVq1quvwJEyYoJSVFnTp1UmhoqBISEvT+++/rypUruu+++/JUo4eHh5555hm98MIL8vPzU4UKFTRt2jSlpKRo0KBBkqTQ0FBZLBYtXbpUnTp1kru7+01duvSFF15Qr1691KBBA3Xo0EH/+c9/tGjRIuvVgaKiopSZmalmzZqpVKlS+uqrr+Tu7m4NMv8UFham6OhotWrVSq6uripdOuf3uG/fvpowYYImTZqknj172pwa9NJLL6l58+YaOnSoBg8eLA8PD+ulaT/88EPTbTEMQ7GxsdnaAwIC5ODgoJdfflmJiYl6//335enpqZ9//llPPPGEli5dKkmqUqWKFi1apC5dushisejVV18tsKM+zs7OGjZsmN5//305OTlp6NChat68uTVA/NPEiRM1fPhw+fj4qGPHjkpLS9P27dt14cIFjRw5Uu+8846Cg4PVoEEDOTg46LvvvlNQUFCOobCgMYcBAAAULJ/yUs8vpaHbpMHRV//b88ur7XYQERGhpUuXauXKlWrSpImaN2+ud9991+YLcOnSpVWnTh35+/urevXqkq6GiKysrFznL0hXj04cPXpU/fv3V/Xq1fXAAw8oNjZWK1euVLVq1fJc59SpU9WjRw/169dPDRs21OHDh7VixQrrF/Dy5ctr4sSJGjNmjAIDA2/6CkLdunXTe++9p+nTp6tWrVr67LPPNHv2bOtRFF9fX82cOVOtWrVS3bp1tXr1av3nP/9RmTJlclze22+/rVWrVikkJEQNGjQwXW94eLiaNm2q33//Pduv6HXr1tW6det08OBBtW7dWg0aNNC4ceNUrly5XLclKSlJwcHB2R5xcXFau3atZsyYoXnz5snb21sODg6aN2+eNmzYoE8++USS9M4776h06dJq2bKlunTpooiIiByPotyMUqVK6aWXXtJjjz2mVq1aydPTUwsXLjQdP3jwYH3xxReaPXu26tSpozZt2igqKkoVK1aUdHW+xrRp09S4cWM1adJEx48f188//ywHh8L/Om8xjOuu/4RskpKS5OPjo8TERHl7F955lwAA5EdhfD5dvnxZx44dU8WKFblbLnALoqKiNGLEiBveldue8vP3nSMMAAAAAEwRGAAAAACYIjAAAAAABSgyMrJYn46UXwQGAAAAAKYIDAAAAABMERgAAAAAmCIwAAAAADBFYAAAAABgisAAAAAAwBSBAQAAoJBNmDBB9evXt3cZxQr75MaKyz4iMAAAgBIvMjJSFosl2+Pw4cNFsv7FixerefPm8vHxkZeXl2rVqqURI0YU6DrWrl0ri8Vyw+v7XxtXq1YtZWZm2vT5+voqKiqqQOvKC4vFoiVLlti0jR49WtHR0YW63qioqBz/XLi5uRXqem83TvYuAAAA3H4S0xIVfzleF9MvysvFS35ufvJx9SnUdXbs2FGzZ8+2afP39y/UdUpSdHS0evfurUmTJumhhx6SxWLRvn37tGrVqkJfd26OHj2quXPnauDAgXatw4ynp6c8PT0LfT3e3t46cOCATZvFYin09d5OOMIAAAAKVOylWL24/kU9tOQh9f25rx5a8pBeWv+SYi/FFup6XV1dFRQUZPNwdHSUJP373/9Ww4YN5ebmpkqVKmnixInKyMiQdPWX7gcffNC6nBkzZshisWj58uXWtvDwcH3xxRc5rvc///mPWrVqpRdeeEHVqlVT1apV1a1bN3300UfZxs6bN09hYWHy8fHRo48+qosXL1r70tLSNHz4cAUEBMjNzU133323tm3bJkk6fvy42rZtK0kqXbq0LBaLIiMjc90fw4YN0/jx45WWlmY6JiEhQYMHD5a/v7+8vb3Vrl077dmzx2bMG2+8oYCAAHl5eWnw4MEaM2aMzWky27Zt03333aeyZcvKx8dHbdq00c6dO639YWFhkqTu3bvLYrFYn19/us3KlSvl5uaW7ejJc889p3bt2lmfb9y4Ua1bt5a7u7tCQkI0fPhwXbp0Kdf9YLFYsv25CAwMlCSdPXtWQUFBmjx5snX85s2b5eLiYj36ceTIEXXt2lWBgYHy9PRUkyZNtHr1apt1hIWF6Y033lD//v3l6emp0NBQ/fjjjzp79qy6du0qT09P1a1bV9u3b7e+JioqSr6+vlqyZImqVKkiNzc3RURE6OTJk7luzxdffKEaNWrIzc1N1atX18cff2ztS09P19ChQxUcHCw3NzeFhoZqypQpuS4vLwgMQC4uXbmkkxdP6mD8Qf334n+VlmH+jy4A4OqRhfGbx2vz6c027ZtOb9KEzROUmJZY5DVt2LBB/fv313PPPad9+/bps88+U1RUlCZNmiRJatOmjTZu3Gg9fWfdunUqW7as1q5dK0k6deqUjhw5onvvvTfH5QcFBenPP//UH3/8kWsdR44c0ZIlS7R06VItXbpU69at09SpU639L774on744QfNmTNHO3fuVHh4uCIiIhQfH6+QkBD98MMPkqQDBw4oJiZG7733Xq7rGzFihDIyMvTBBx+YjnnkkUcUFxenZcuWaceOHWrYsKHat2+v+Ph4SdL8+fM1adIkvfnmm9qxY4cqVKigTz75xGYZFy9e1IABA7Rx40b9+uuvqlKlijp16mQNQ9dCz+zZsxUTE2N9fr327dvL19fXuo2SlJmZqYULF6pv377W/dexY0f16NFDv//+uxYuXKiNGzdq6NChue6H3Pj7+2vWrFmaMGGCtm/frosXL6pfv34aOnSo2rdvL0lKTk5Wp06dFB0drV27dqljx47q0qWLTpw4YbOsd999V61atdKuXbvUuXNn9evXT/3799fjjz+unTt3qnLlyurfv78Mw7C+JiUlRZMmTdLcuXO1adMmJSQk6NFHHzWtd/78+Ro3bpwmTZqk/fv3a/LkyXr11Vc1Z84cSdL777+vH3/8Ud9++60OHDig+fPnWwPaLTGQq8TEREOSkZiYaO9SUMRiL8UaL617yag3p55RO6q20XBuQ2Pq1qnG2ZSz9i4NAArl8yk1NdXYt2+fkZqaetPLOJpw1KgdVdv0cTThaIHVe70BAwYYjo6OhoeHh/XRs2dPwzAMo3379sbkyZNtxs+bN88IDg42DMMwLly4YDg4OBjbtm0zsrKyDD8/P2PKlClGs2bNDMMwjK+++sooX7686bqTk5ONTp06GZKM0NBQo3fv3saXX35pXL582Tpm/PjxRqlSpYykpCRr2wsvvGBdR3JysuHs7GzMnz/f2p+enm6UK1fOmDZtmmEYhrFmzRpDknHhwoVc98X14z799FPDz8/PSEhIMAzDMHx8fIzZs2cbhmEYGzZsMLy9vW3qNAzDqFy5svHZZ58ZhmEYzZo1M/71r3/Z9Ldq1cqoV6+e6fozMzMNLy8v4z//+Y+1TZKxePFim3Hjx4+3Wc5zzz1ntGvXzvp8xYoVhqurq3V7Bw0aZDz55JM2y9iwYYPh4OBg+md29uzZhiSbPxceHh5Gx44dbcY9++yzRtWqVY3HHnvMqFOnTrZ98k+1atUyPvjgA+vz0NBQ4/HHH7c+j4mJMSQZr776qrVty5YthiQjJibGprZff/3VOmb//v2GJGPr1q057qPKlSsbX3/9tU0tr7/+utGiRQvDMAxj2LBhRrt27YysrKxc6zeM/P195wgDkIOEtASN3zxePx37SZnG1V+c0rPS9dX+r/T5ns+VmpFq5woBoHi6mH7xlvpvRdu2bbV7927r4/3335ck7dmzR6+99pr1nHlPT08NGTJEMTExSklJka+vr+rVq6e1a9dq7969cnFx0ZNPPqldu3YpOTlZ69atU5s2bUzX6+HhoZ9++kmHDx/WK6+8Ik9PT40aNUpNmzZVSkqKdVxYWJi8vLysz4ODgxUXFyfp6q/nV65cUatWraz9zs7Oatq0qfbv33/T+2TQoEEqU6aM3nzzzWx9e/bsUXJyssqUKWOzb44dO6YjR45Iuno0o2nTpjav++fzM2fOaMiQIapSpYp8fHzk7e2t5OTkbL/A30jfvn21du1anT59WtLVX9M7d+4sX19fa71RUVE2tUZERCgrK0vHjh0zXa6Xl5fNn4vdu3dnO71s+vTpysjI0Hfffaf58+fL1dXV2pecnKzRo0erRo0a8vX1laenp/bv359t++rWrWv9/2unPNWpUydb27X3XJKcnJzUpEkT6/Pq1avL19c3x/f80qVLOnLkiAYNGmSzD9544w3r+xUZGandu3erWrVqGj58uFauXGm6X/KDSc9ADuJT47Xp1KYc+7479J361eqnEK+QIq4KAIo/LxevW+q/FR4eHgoPD8/WnpycrIkTJ+rhhx/O1nftajn33nuv1q5dK1dXV7Vp00Z+fn6qUaOGNm7cqHXr1mnUqFE3XH/lypVVuXJlDR48WC+//LKqVq2qhQsXWicdOzs724y3WCzKysq6mU3NMycnJ02aNEmRkZHZTt1JTk5WcHCw9dSr6137kp4XAwYM0Pnz5/Xee+8pNDRUrq6uatGihdLT0/NVa5MmTVS5cmUtWLBAzzzzjBYvXmxzRafk5GQ99dRTGj58eLbXVqhQwXS5Dg4OOf65uN6RI0d0+vRpZWVl6fjx4zZf9EePHq1Vq1Zp+vTpCg8Pl7u7u3r27Jlt+65/f69Nqs6p7Wbf8+TkZEnSzJkz1axZM5u+a3N1GjZsqGPHjmnZsmVavXq1evXqpQ4dOuj777+/qXVeQ2AAchCXEmfal5GVoeT05CKsBgBKDj83P7Uq10qbTmf/0aVVuVbyc/Mr8poaNmyoAwcO5PqlsU2bNpo1a5acnJzUsWNHSVdDxDfffKODBw+azl8wExYWplKlSt1wQu41lStXlouLizZt2qTQ0FBJ0pUrV7Rt2zbr5VldXFwkKdulUm/kkUce0VtvvaWJEyfatDds2FCxsbFycnIyPc+9WrVq2rZtm/r3729t++cchE2bNunjjz9Wp06dJEknT57UuXPnbMY4Ozvnqe6+fftq/vz5uuuuu+Tg4KDOnTvb1Ltv374bfvnPr/T0dD3++OPq3bu3qlWrpsGDB2vv3r0KCAiQdHX7IiMj1b17d0lXv7gfP368QNadkZGh7du3W4/aHDhwQAkJCapRo0a2sYGBgSpXrpyOHj1qndeRE29vb/Xu3Vu9e/dWz5491bFjR8XHx8vP7+b/7hEYgBz4uvnm2u/u5F40hQBACePj6qMJLSdowuYJNqGhVblWmtByQqFfWjUn48aN04MPPqgKFSqoZ8+ecnBw0J49e/THH3/ojTfekCTdc889unjxopYuXWqdiHzvvfeqZ8+eCg4OVtWqVU2XP2HCBKWkpKhTp04KDQ1VQkKC3n//fV25ckX33Xdfnmr08PDQM888oxdeeEF+fn6qUKGCpk2bppSUFA0aNEiSFBoaKovFoqVLl6pTp05yd3fP82VJp06dqoiICJu2Dh06qEWLFurWrZumTZumqlWr6vTp0/rpp5/UvXt3NW7cWMOGDdOQIUPUuHFjtWzZUgsXLtTvv/+uSpUqWZdTpUoVzZs3T40bN1ZSUpJeeOEFubvbfk6GhYUpOjparVq1kqurq0qXLp1jnX379tWECRM0adIk9ezZ0+bUoJdeeknNmzfX0KFDNXjwYHl4eFgvX/vhhx+abrthGIqNzX6FroCAADk4OOjll19WYmKi3n//fXl6eurnn3/WE088oaVLl1q3b9GiRerSpYssFoteffXVAjsy5OzsrGHDhun999+Xk5OThg4dqubNm2c77euaiRMnavjw4fLx8VHHjh2Vlpam7du368KFCxo5cqTeeecdBQcHq0GDBnJwcNB3332noKCgfB0xyglzGIAclHEro4reFXPss9cvZABQUgR5BOnNe97Uj91+1PxO8/Vjtx/15j1vKsgjyC71REREaOnSpVq5cqWaNGmi5s2b691337X+ki9dvVRpnTp15O/vr+rVq0u6GiKysrJynb8gXT06cfToUfXv31/Vq1fXAw88oNjYWK1cuVLVqlXLc51Tp05Vjx491K9fPzVs2FCHDx/WihUrrF+uy5cvr4kTJ2rMmDEKDAzM19WB2rVrp3bt2lkvJStdPUXm559/1j333KOBAweqatWqevTRR/X3339bz7fv27evxo4dq9GjR1tPd4mMjLS58dmXX36pCxcuqGHDhurXr5/10rDXe/vtt7Vq1SqFhISoQYMGpnWGh4eradOm+v3337P9il63bl2tW7dOBw8eVOvWrdWgQQONGzdO5cqVy3Xbk5KSFBwcnO0RFxentWvXasaMGZo3b568vb3l4OCgefPmacOGDdarQb3zzjsqXbq0WrZsqS5duigiIkINGzbM246/gVKlSumll17SY489platWsnT01MLFy40HT948GB98cUXmj17turUqaM2bdooKipKFSte/c7i5eWladOmqXHjxmrSpImOHz+un3/+WQ4Ot/aV32IY113bCdkkJSXJx8dHiYmJ8vb2tnc5KEJ/J/6tZ6Of1YmL/5vUVKtMLb1777sK9gy2Y2UAUDifT5cvX9axY8dUsWJF7oQLU/fdd5+CgoI0b948e5dSokVFRWnEiBE3vHN3YcnP33dOSQJMhPqEanbH2YpLiVNcSpzKeZaTv7u/yriXsXdpAAAUiZSUFH366aeKiIiQo6OjvvnmG61evdrud7FG0SIwALkIKBWggFIBNx4IAMBt6NppS5MmTdLly5dVrVo1/fDDD+rQoYO9S0MRIjAAAAAgR+7u7lq9erW9y7gtRUZGKjIy0t5l5AmTngEAAACYIjAAAAAbXA8FuP3l5+85gQEAAEj6311pU1JS7FwJgMJ27e/5P+9AnhPmMAAAAEmSo6OjfH19FRd39W73pUqVksVisXNVAAqSYRhKSUlRXFycfH195ejoeMPXEBgAAIBVUNDVm6tdCw0Abk++vr7Wv+83QmAAAABWFotFwcHBCggI0JUrV+xdDoBC4OzsnKcjC9cQGAAAQDaOjo75+kIB4PbFpGcAAAAApggMAAAAAEwRGAAAAACYIjAAAAAAMEVgAAAAAGCKwAAAAADAFIEBAAAAgCkCAwAAAABTBAYAAAAApggMAAAAAEwRGAAAAACYIjAAAAAAMEVgAAAAAGCKwAAAAADAFIEBAAAAgCkCAwAAAABTBAYAAAAApggMAAAAAEwRGAAAAACYIjAAAAAAMEVgAAAAAGCKwAAAAADAFIEBAAAAgCkCAwAAAABTBAYAAAAApggMAAAAAEwRGAAAAACYIjAAAAAAMEVgAAAAAGCKwAAAAADAFIEBAAAAgCkCAwAAAABTBAYAAAAApggMAAAAAEwRGAAAAACYIjAAAAAAMEVgAAAAAGCKwAAAAADAFIEBAAAAgCkCAwAAAABTBAYAAAAApggMAAAAAEwRGAAAAACYIjAAAAAAMEVgAAAAAGCKwAAAAADAFIEBAAAAgCkCAwAAAABTBAYAAAAApggMAAAAAEwRGAAAAACYIjAAAAAAMEVgAAAAAGCKwAAAAADAFIEBAAAAgKkSFxg++ugjhYWFyc3NTc2aNdNvv/1mOvbPP/9Ujx49FBYWJovFohkzZhRdoQAAAMBtoEQFhoULF2rkyJEaP368du7cqXr16ikiIkJxcXE5jk9JSVGlSpU0depUBQUFFXG1AAAAQMlXogLDO++8oyFDhmjgwIGqWbOmPv30U5UqVUqzZs3KcXyTJk301ltv6dFHH5Wrq2sRVwsAAACUfCUmMKSnp2vHjh3q0KGDtc3BwUEdOnTQli1bCmw9aWlpSkpKsnkAAAAAd6oSExjOnTunzMxMBQYG2rQHBgYqNja2wNYzZcoU+fj4WB8hISEFtmwAAACgpCkxgaGojB07VomJidbHyZMn7V0SAAAAYDdO9i4gr8qWLStHR0edOXPGpv3MmTMFOqHZ1dWV+Q4AAADA/1dijjC4uLioUaNGio6OtrZlZWUpOjpaLVq0sGNlAAAAwO2rxBxhkKSRI0dqwIABaty4sZo2baoZM2bo0qVLGjhwoCSpf//+Kl++vKZMmSLp6kTpffv2Wf//1KlT2r17tzw9PRUeHm637QAAAABKihIVGHr37q2zZ89q3Lhxio2NVf369bV8+XLrROgTJ07IweF/B01Onz6tBg0aWJ9Pnz5d06dPV5s2bbR27dqiLh8AAAAocSyGYRj2LqI4S0pKko+PjxITE+Xt7W3vcgAAkMTnE4CiU2LmMAAAAAAoegQGAAAAAKYIDAAAAABMERgAAAAAmCIwAAAAADBVoi6rCgBAbs4lp+l8cppS0zPl5+GiMp6u8nDlow4AbgX/igIAbgtHzybrma926sCZi5IkRweL+jaroOHtq6isp6udqwOAkotTkgAAJV5MQqr6frHVGhYkKTPL0Nwtf2v+1hO6kpllx+oAoGQjMAAASrxj5y4pJvFyjn1frD+qsxfTirgiALh9EBgAACXe4bPJpn0X0zKUeiWzCKsBgNsLgQEAUOJV9vc07fN0dZKbk2MRVgMAtxcCAwCgxKvk76Egb7cc+wbdXVEB3kx6BoCbRWAAAJR4wT7umj+4maoE/O9Ig6ODRf2aVdDjzUPl7MjHHQDcLC6rCgC4LVQO8NTXQ5pfvQ/Dlav3YSjLfRgA4JbxrygA4Lbh7+Uqfy9OPwKAgsQxWgAAAACmCAwAAAAATBEYAAAAAJgiMAAAAAAwRWAAAAAAYIrAAAAAAMAUgQEAAACAKQIDAAAAAFMEBgAAAACmCAwAAAAATBEYAAAAAJgiMAAAAAAwRWAAAAAAYIrAAAAAAMAUgQEAAACAKQIDAAAAAFMEBgAAAACmCAwAAAAATOU5MFy5ckUvvviiwsPD1bRpU82aNcum/8yZM3J0dCzwAgEAAADYT54Dw6RJkzR37lw9/fTTuv/++zVy5Eg99dRTNmMMwyjwAgEAAADYj1NeB86fP19ffPGFHnzwQUlSZGSkHnjgAQ0cONB6tMFisRROlQAAAADsIs9HGE6dOqXatWtbn4eHh2vt2rXavHmz+vXrp8zMzEIpEAAAAID95DkwBAUF6ciRIzZt5cuX15o1a7Rt2zZFRkYWdG0AAAAA7CzPgaFdu3b6+uuvs7WXK1dOv/zyi44dO1aghQEAAACwvzzPYXj11Vf1119/5dhXvnx5rVu3TqtWrSqwwgAAAADYn8Xg0ka5SkpKko+PjxITE+Xt7W3vcgAAkMTnE4Ciw43bAAAoIlcys5SRmWXvMgAgX/J8ShIAALg5cUmX9efpJC3YdlJODtJjzUJVLdBLZb1c7V0aANwQgQEAgEJ0Jumyhn69U9uOX7C2/bQ3VvfVDNDk7nXlT2gAUMxxShIAAIVo3cGzNmHhmlX74vT7fxOKviAAyKebPsKQnp6uuLg4ZWXZnotZoUKFWy4KAIDbQfylNM3ZfNy0f/am42pRqYxKuXLAH0Dxle9/oQ4dOqQnnnhCmzdvtmk3DEMWi4U7PgMA8P9lGdLlK+aTnNMyMpXJxQoBFHP5DgyRkZFycnLS0qVLFRwcLIvFUhh1AQBQ4pV2d1aXesGasfpQjv0PN7hLXm7ORVwVAORPvgPD7t27tWPHDlWvXr0w6gEA4Lbh6Oigng3v0tdbTyjuYppNX2iZUmpTzd9OlQFA3uU7MNSsWVPnzp0rjFoAALjt3OVXSj8801JztxzXv3eflqODRY80ukuPNq2gcr7u9i4PAG4o33d6/uWXX/TKK69o8uTJqlOnjpydbQ+l3m53m+ROmgCAgpCekakLl65IFqmMh4ucHG/tQoV8PgEoKvkODA4OV/+B++fchdt10jP/IAMAiiM+nwAUlXyfkrRmzZrCqAMAAABAMZTvwNCmTZvCqAMAAABAMXRTd4pJSEjQl19+qf3790uSatWqpSeeeEI+Pj4FWhwAAAAA+8r3jKvt27ercuXKevfddxUfH6/4+Hi98847qly5snbu3FkYNQIAAACwk3xPem7durXCw8M1c+ZMOTldPUCRkZGhwYMH6+jRo1q/fn2hFGovTCoDABRHfD4BKCr5Dgzu7u7atWtXthu37du3T40bN1ZKSkqBFmhv/IMMACiO+HwCUFTyfUqSt7e3Tpw4ka395MmT8vLyKpCiAAAAABQP+Q4MvXv31qBBg7Rw4UKdPHlSJ0+e1IIFCzR48GD16dOnMGoEAAAAYCf5vkrS9OnTZbFY1L9/f2VkZEiSnJ2d9cwzz2jq1KkFXiAAAAAA+8n3HIZrUlJSdOTIEUlS5cqVVapUqQItrLjgHFEAQHHE5xOAonJT92GQpFKlSqlOnToFWQsAAACAYiZPgeHhhx9WVFSUvL299fDDD+c6dtGiRQVSGAAAAAD7y1Ng8PHxkcVisf4/AAAAgDvDTc9huFNwjigAoDji8wlAUcn3ZVVTU1Ntbs72999/a8aMGVq5cmWBFgYAAADA/vIdGLp27aq5c+dKkhISEtS0aVO9/fbb6tq1qz755JMCLxAAAACA/eQ7MOzcuVOtW7eWJH3//fcKCgrS33//rblz5+r9998v8AIBAAAA2E++A0NKSoq8vLwkSStXrtTDDz8sBwcHNW/eXH///XeBFwgAAADAfvIdGMLDw7VkyRKdPHlSK1as0P333y9JiouLY9IVAAAAcJvJd2AYN26cRo8erbCwMDVr1kwtWrSQdPVoQ4MGDQq8QAAAAAD2c1OXVY2NjVVMTIzq1asnB4ermeO3336Tt7e3qlevXuBF2hOXrQMAFEd8PgEoKnm6cds/BQUFKSgoyKatadOmBVIQAAAAgOIj34Hh0qVLmjp1qqKjoxUXF6esrCyb/qNHjxZYcQAAAADsK9+BYfDgwVq3bp369eun4OBgWSyWwqgLAAAAQDGQ78CwbNky/fTTT2rVqlVh1AMAAACgGMn3VZJKly4tPz+/wqgFAAAAQDGT78Dw+uuva9y4cUpJSSmMegAAAAAUI/k+Jentt9/WkSNHFBgYqLCwMDk7O9v079y5s8CKAwAAAGBf+Q4M3bp1K4QyAAAAABRHN3XjtjsJN8YBABRHfD4BKCr5nsMgSQkJCfriiy80duxYxcfHS7p6KtKpU6cKtDgAAAAA9pXvU5J+//13dejQQT4+Pjp+/LiGDBkiPz8/LVq0SCdOnNDcuXMLo04AAAAAdpDvIwwjR45UZGSkDh06JDc3N2t7p06dtH79+gItDgAAAIB95TswbNu2TU899VS29vLlyys2NrZAigIAAABQPOQ7MLi6uiopKSlb+8GDB+Xv718gRQEAAAAoHvIdGB566CG99tprunLliiTJYrHoxIkTeumll9SjR48CLxAAAACA/eQ7MLz99ttKTk5WQECAUlNT1aZNG4WHh8vLy0uTJk0qjBqREi9djJHSku1dCQAAAO4w+b5Kko+Pj1atWqWNGzfq999/V3Jysho2bKgOHToURn13tkvnpJNbpfXTrwaG8g2le8dIZapIzu72rg4AAAB3AG7cdgN2uzHO5URp/dvS5vds2y0OUv8lUsU2RVcLAKDY4cZtAIpKvo8wSFevlLRmzRrFxcUpKyvLpu+dd94pkMLueMlnpS3vZ283sqT/jJAGLpe8Aou8LAAAANxZ8h0YJk+erFdeeUXVqlVTYGCgLBaLte/6/8ctit0rmR38iT8qXU4gMAAAAKDQ5TswvPfee5o1a5YiIyMLoRxYObnk3m/J93x1AAAAIN/y/a3TwcFBrVq1KoxacL3AWpKjc8595RpK7n5FWw8AAADuSPkODM8//7w++uijwqgF1/MMlLrkMIfB1Vt66APJo0zR1wQAAIA7Tr6vkpSVlaXOnTvr4MGDqlmzppydbX8FX7RoUYEWaG92vQpFWrJ04bi07Usp4bgUdo9Uu7vkU0Fy4JQkALiTcZUkAEUl33MYhg8frjVr1qht27YqU6YME50Lk6unFFRb6vSWlJl+9d4L7G8AAAAUoXwHhjlz5uiHH35Q586dC6Me5MTR6eoDAAAAKGL5Pq/Fz89PlStXLoxa8uSjjz5SWFiY3Nzc1KxZM/3222+5jv/uu+9UvXp1ubm5qU6dOvr555+LqFIAQHFzLjlNB2IvavfJBJ2IT1FKWoa9SwKAYi/fgWHChAkaP368UlJSCqOeXC1cuFAjR47U+PHjtXPnTtWrV08RERGKi4vLcfzmzZvVp08fDRo0SLt27VK3bt3UrVs3/fHHH0VcOQDA3o6eTVbfmVsVMWO9un20Se2mr9U7qw7q3MU0e5cGAMVavic9N2jQQEeOHJFhGAoLC8s26Xnnzp0FWuD1mjVrpiZNmujDDz+UdHUCdkhIiIYNG6YxY8ZkG9+7d29dunRJS5cutbY1b95c9evX16effpqndTKpDABKvpiEVHX/eLNiky5n63upYzU92bqSHB1L1sUk+HwCUFTyfWJ8t27dCqGMG0tPT9eOHTs0duxYa5uDg4M6dOigLVu25PiaLVu2aOTIkTZtERERWrJkSWGWCgAoZo6cTc4xLEjSJ+uOqGv98irn617EVQFAyZDvwDB+/PjCqOOGzp07p8zMTAUGBtq0BwYG6q+//srxNbGxsTmOj42NNV1PWlqa0tL+d3g6KSnpFqoGABQHB88km/YlpWbo8pXMIqwGAEqWknX8tQhMmTJFPj4+1kdISIi9SwIA3KLwAE/TPm83J7k5OxZhNQBQsuQpMPj5+encuXOSpNKlS8vPz8/0UVjKli0rR0dHnTlzxqb9zJkzCgoKyvE1QUFB+RovSWPHjlViYqL1cfLkyVsvHgBgV1UCPOXv5Zpj3+DWlRRg0gcAyOMpSe+++668vLwkSTNmzCjMeky5uLioUaNGio6Ots6jyMrKUnR0tIYOHZrja1q0aKHo6GiNGDHC2rZq1Sq1aNHCdD2urq5ydeWDAwBuJ8G+7vpmSDM9OXeHjp67JElydLDosaYheqxpBTmVsAnPAFCU8n2VJHtauHChBgwYoM8++0xNmzbVjBkz9O233+qvv/5SYGCg+vfvr/Lly2vKlCmSrl5WtU2bNpo6dao6d+6sBQsWaPLkydq5c6dq166dp3VyFQoAuH3EXbys+OR0pVzJlJ+Hi8p6uMjTzfnGLyyG+HwCUFTyPek5MTFRq1at0vHjx2WxWFSpUiW1b9++SP6x6t27t86ePatx48YpNjZW9evX1/Lly60Tm0+cOCEHh//9StSyZUt9/fXXeuWVV/R///d/qlKlipYsWZLnsAAAuL0EeLkpwMvN3mUAQImSryMMX331lYYOHZrtykE+Pj769NNP1bt37wIv0N74BQcAUBzx+QSgqOT5pM2dO3dq4MCB6tatm3bt2qXU1FSlpKRo+/bt6tKli/r166c9e/YUZq0AAAAAiliejzAMHDhQycnJ+u6773Ls79mzp7y9vTVr1qwCLdDe+AUHAFAc8fkEoKjk+QjDpk2b9NRTT5n2P/3009q4cWOBFAUAAACgeMjzpOfTp0+ratWqpv1Vq1bVqVOnCqQoAMDtLyYhVSfiUxSbdFmV/D0U7OOusp5c1hoAips8B4aUlBS5uZlfWcLV1VWXL18ukKIAALe3v2KS1O/L33Q2Oc3aVj/ERx/3baRyvu52rAwA8E/5uqzqihUr5OPjk2NfQkJCQdQDALjNxSSkqt8s27AgSbtPJmrST/v1Zo86JfbeCABwO8pXYBgwYECu/RaL5ZaKAQDc/k5cSNHZi2k59i37I0YvdqxGYACAYiTPgSErK6sw6wAA3CHOJuUcFiQpy5AuX8kswmoAADeS56skAQBQECr6e5j2ebo6ydM1Xwe/AQCFjMAAAChSQd5uahJWOse+f7WtrABv8wtsAACKHoEBAFCkyni66v0+DdS1Xjk5Olyd++bl6qSXOlZTr8YhcnbkowkAipM83+n5TsWdNAGgcKSkZ+hccppS07Pk6eqkAG9XwkI+8PkEoKhwoigAwC5KuTipgh8fQwBQ3OX5p5zffvtNmZnmV65IS0vTt99+WyBFAQAAACge8hwYWrRoofPnz1ufe3t76+jRo9bnCQkJ6tOnT8FWBwAAAMCu8hwY/jnVIaepD0yHAAAAAG4vBTq7jDs9AwAAALcXLkcBAAAAwFS+Lk+xb98+xcbGSrp6+tFff/2l5ORkSdK5c+cKvjoAAAAAdpXn+zA4ODjIYrHkOE/hWrvFYsn1SkolEde5BgAUR3w+ASgqeT7CcOzYscKsAwAAAEAxlOfAEBoaWph1AAAAACiG8hwYTpw4kadxFSpUuOliAAAAABQveQ4MYWFhOV429drcBenqXIaMjIyCqw4AAACAXeU5MOzatSvHdsMwtGDBAr3//vvy9PQssMIAAAAA2F+eA0O9evWyta1evVpjxozRwYMH9eKLL2rUqFEFWhwAAAAA+8rXfRiu2blzp1566SVt2LBBgwcP1s8//6yAgICCrg0AAACAneXrTs9HjhxR79691bRpU/n7+2vfvn368MMPCQsAAADAbSrPgeHZZ59VzZo1lZiYqO3bt+vrr79WpUqVCrM2AAAAAHaWrzs9u7m5qXr16rmO27lzZ4EUVlxwJ00AQHHE5xOAopLnOQzjx48vzDoAAAAAFEN5PsJwp+IXHABAccTnE4CiclNXSbreunXrdOnSJbVo0UKlS5cuiJoAAAAAFBN5DgxvvvmmkpOT9frrr0u6esO2Bx54QCtXrpQkBQQEKDo6WrVq1SqcSgEAAAAUuTxfJWnhwoWqXbu29fn333+v9evXa8OGDTp37pwaN26siRMnFkqRAAAAAOwjz4Hh2LFjqlu3rvX5zz//rJ49e6pVq1by8/PTK6+8oi1bthRKkQAAAADsI8+BISMjQ66urtbnW7ZsUcuWLa3Py5Urp3PnzhVsdQAAAADsKs+BoXLlylq/fr0k6cSJEzp48KDuuecea/9///tflSlTpuArBAAAAGA3eZ70/K9//UtDhw7Vhg0b9Ouvv6pFixaqWbOmtf+XX35RgwYNCqVIAAAAAPaR58AwZMgQOTo66j//+Y/uueeebDdyO336tJ544okCLxAAAACA/XDjthvgxjgAgOKIzycARSXPcxhy0rlzZ8XExBRULQAAAACKmVsKDOvXr1dqampB1QIAAACgmLmlwAAAAADg9nZLgSE0NFTOzs4FVQsAAACAYibfgeHEiRO6Nk/6jz/+UEhIiCTJMAydOHGiYKsDAAAAYFf5DgwVK1bU2bNns7XHx8erYsWKBVIUAAAAgOIh34HBMAxZLJZs7cnJyXJzcyuQogAAAAAUD3m+cdvIkSMlSRaLRa+++qpKlSpl7cvMzNTWrVtVv379Ai8QAAAAgP3kOTDs2rVL0tUjDHv37pWLi4u1z8XFRfXq1dPo0aMLvkIAAAAAdpPnwLBmzRpJ0sCBA/Xee+9xV0kAAADgDpDnwHDN7NmzC6MOAAAAAMUQN24DAAAAYIrAAAAAAMAUgQEAAACAKQIDAAAAAFMEBgAAAACmCAwAAAAATBEYAAAAAJgiMAAAAAAwRWAAAAAAYIrAAAAAAMAUgQEAAACAKQIDAAAAAFMEBgAAAACmCAwAAAAATBEYAAAAAJgiMAAAAAAwRWAAAAAAYIrAAAAAAMAUgQEAAACAKQIDAAAAAFNO9i4AAMzEX0rTueR0XUrLkG8pZ5XxcJW3u7O9yyp06RlZcnHi9xwAQPFAYABQLJ2MT9HQr3dqz38TJUkWi/RA7SCN71JLgd5udq6u4GVkZulUQqp+3hujHX9fULUgL/VoeJfK+7rL1dnR3uUBAO5gBAYAxc7Zi2kaPGe7Dpy5aG0zDOnnvbHycHHSxIdqqZTr7fXP176YJPX+7FelXsmUJK3eH6fP1h3VlwOaqFV4GTk5csQBAGAffALZyeWMyzpz6YzOXDqjtIw0e5cDFCtxSZdtwsL1Fu86pbPJt9ffmbiLlzX8m13WsHBNRpahYd/sVNzF22t7AQAly+31E10JcfLiSc38faZWHF8hB4uDHqz0oCJrRaq8V3l7lwYUCzFJl037MrIMXUrLNO0vieIvpev4+ZQc+5IuZygmMVXlfN2LuCoAAK4iMBSxUxdPqe9PfXUh7YK1bcGBBVpzco3mPTBPwZ7BdqwOKB6CfcznKDg5WOTpenud05+ZZeTan56RVUSVAACQHackFaGMrAwtOrTIJixccybljFafWC3DyP2LA3AnCPRyU41grxz7ejQsr7KerkVcUeEqXcpFvqVyvvqTs6NF5UuXKuKKAAD4HwJDEUpKS1L0yWjT/hXHV+hies7nbQN3krJervq8X2M1Ci1tbbNYpIfqldPI+6vddhOeA73d9NpDtXLsG9Ghqsp6uhRxRQAA/M/t9albzDk4OMjdyfw8ZA9nDzk58JYAkhTiV0oz+zfW+eQ0XUrPkK+7i8p4usjL7fa7D4Ojg0Vtqwfou6da6K2Vf+lAbLJC/Nz1fIeqahhaWqVc+HcBAGA/fAoVIV9XX/Wr0U8vbXgpx/7HazyuUs6cegBc4+fhIj+PO+PXdS83ZzWp6KfP+zXW5StXb9x2p2w7AKB445SkItY0qKnuueuebO0PhD2gmmVq2qEiAMWJbykXBfm4ERYAAMUGRxiKWNlSZfVay9d0POm4fjz8oxwsDuoW3k0h3iHyc/Ozd3kAAACADQKDHZRxL6My7mXUKLCRvUsBAAAAcsUpSQAAAABMERgAAAAAmCIwAAAAADBFYAAAAABgisAAAAAAwBSBAQAAAIApAgMAAAAAUwQGAAAAAKYIDAAAAABMERgAAAAAmCIwAAAAADBFYAAAAABgisAAAAAAwBSBAQAAAICpEhMY4uPj1bdvX3l7e8vX11eDBg1ScnJyrq/5/PPPde+998rb21sWi0UJCQlFUywAAABwmygxgaFv3776888/tWrVKi1dulTr16/Xk08+metrUlJS1LFjR/3f//1fEVUJAAAA3F4shmEY9i7iRvbv36+aNWtq27Ztaty4sSRp+fLl6tSpk/773/+qXLlyub5+7dq1atu2rS5cuCBfX998rTspKUk+Pj5KTEyUt7f3zW4CAAAFis8nAEWlRBxh2LJli3x9fa1hQZI6dOggBwcHbd261Y6VAQAAALc3J3sXkBexsbEKCAiwaXNycpKfn59iY2MLdF1paWlKS0uzPk9KSirQ5QMAAAAliV2PMIwZM0YWiyXXx19//VWkNU2ZMkU+Pj7WR0hISJGuHwAAAChO7HqEYdSoUYqMjMx1TKVKlRQUFKS4uDib9oyMDMXHxysoKKhAaxo7dqxGjhxpfZ6UlERoAAAAwB3LroHB399f/v7+NxzXokULJSQkaMeOHWrUqJEk6ZdfflFWVpaaNWtWoDW5urrK1dW1QJcJALeLhJR0xV9KV9LlDHm7OamMp6t83J3tXRYAoBCViDkMNWrUUMeOHTVkyBB9+umnunLlioYOHapHH33UeoWkU6dOqX379po7d66aNm0q6erch9jYWB0+fFiStHfvXnl5ealChQry8/Oz2/YAQEkUk5iq/1u0V2sOnLW2taseoEndayvYx92OlQEAClOJuEqSJM2fP1/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" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" } ], "source": [ "benchmark_questions_positive = [\n", " \"At what stages of growth are corn plants most susceptible to stalk borer larval infestation\",\n", " \"How can farmers reduce the likelihood of stalk borer infestations in their corn crops\",\n", " \"What is the recommended method to manage stalk borer larvae in corn fields with persistent infestations\"\n", "]\n", "\n", "benchmark_questions_negative =[\n", "\"At what degree day accumulation do approximately 10 percent of stalk borer larvae begin moving to corn in Iowa\",\n", "\"When should farmers begin scouting for stalk borer larval movement in Iowa according to the 2012 data\",\n", "\"What pest is currently being monitored in Iowa that could affect corn crops, and when is it recommended to scout for its caterpillars\",\n", "\"Who developed the economic threshold for stalk borer in corn and what does it help determine\"\n", "]\n", "\n", "\n", "questions_to_embed = questions + benchmark_questions_positive + benchmark_questions_negative\n", "# Apply embeddings\n", "embeddings = OpenAIEmbeddings()\n", "question_embeddings = embeddings.embed_documents(questions_to_embed)\n", "# PCA on embeddings to reduce to 10-dim\n", "pca = PCA(n_components=10)\n", "question_embeddings_reduced = pca.fit_transform(question_embeddings)\n", "# TSNE on embeddings to reduce to 2-dim\n", "# tsne = TSNE(n_components=2, random_state=SEED)\n", "# lower_dim_embeddings = tsne.fit_transform(question_embeddings_reduced)\n", "\n", "lower_dim_embeddings=question_embeddings_reduced\n", "labels = np.concatenate(\n", " [\n", " np.full(len(lower_dim_embeddings) - len(benchmark_questions_positive)-len(benchmark_questions_negative), \"Generated Questions\"),\n", " np.full(len(benchmark_questions_positive), \"Few Shot Positive Examples\"),\n", " np.full(len(benchmark_questions_negative), \"Few Shot Negative Examples\"),\n", "\n", "\n", " ]\n", ")\n", "data = pd.DataFrame(\n", " {\"x\": lower_dim_embeddings[:, 0], \"y\": lower_dim_embeddings[:, 1], \"label\": labels}\n", ")\n", "# sns.scatterplot(data=data, x=\"x\", y=\"y\", hue=\"label\")\n", "\n", "plt.figure(figsize=(8, 6))\n", "sns.scatterplot(data=data, x=\"x\", y=\"y\", hue=\"label\")\n", "plt.title(\"Embedding Visualization\")\n", "plt.xlabel(\"t-SNE Dimension 1\")\n", "plt.ylabel(\"t-SNE Dimension 2\")\n", "\n", "# Place the legend outside the figure\n", "plt.legend(bbox_to_anchor=(1.05, 1), loc='upper left', borderaxespad=0., title=\"Example Type\")\n", "\n", "plt.tight_layout()\n", "plt.show()\n" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "application/vnd.databricks.v1+cell": { "cellMetadata": {}, "inputWidgets": {}, "nuid": "44cc8950-679d-4d65-ad43-0c18cd46c8bc", "showTitle": false, "title": "" } }, "source": [ "Observe that within the orange points on the scatter plot, there is one point that is further than the others. That is the unique benchmark question about RAG. This plot gives a sense of the diversity of the questions generated." ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "application/vnd.databricks.v1+cell": { "cellMetadata": {}, "inputWidgets": {}, "nuid": "927a179b-1cf0-49fe-a195-34182d7f4fd1", "showTitle": false, "title": "" } }, "source": [ "### Evaluate Document Relevance\n", "\n", "Another important axis to consider is how relevant the questions are to the document we provided. We want to understand whether the questions generated by the LLM is actually referring to our provided text, or whether it is hallucinating irrelevant questions. We will evaluate relevance by first manually checking certain questions against their document chunk. Then, we define a measure of relevance to analyze it quantitatively." ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "application/vnd.databricks.v1+cell": { "cellMetadata": {}, "inputWidgets": {}, "nuid": "3a2c0588-8695-4703-a4fd-d7f53e463ce8", "showTitle": false, "title": "" } }, "source": [ "#### Manual Checking of Document Relevance\n", "\n", "Manual qualitative check of whether the questions are relevant to the document." ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 362, "metadata": { "application/vnd.databricks.v1+cell": { "cellMetadata": {}, "inputWidgets": {}, "nuid": "927a179b-1cf0-49fe-a195-34182d7f4fd1", "showTitle": false, "title": "" } }, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ "
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categoryAboutquestionanswerknowledge_vs_managementLLM Confidencechunk
1Identification and ControlColias eurythemeHow can I identify if the caterpillars feeding...Alfalfa caterpillars are approximately 1 1/2 i...Knowledge90in Iowa. Mature larvae are approximately 1 1/2...
2Identification and ControlAgromyza frontellaWhat should I look for when scouting for alfal...Look for small pinholes in leaves while holdin...Management903\\nAlfalfa blotch leafminer (Agromyza frontell...
6Identification and ControlAgromyza frontellaWhat insect pest is causing these leaf mines i...The leaf mines in your alfalfa are caused by t...Knowledge95Alfalfa blotch leafminer and leaf mines\\nLeaf ...
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" ], "text/plain": [ " category About \\\n", "1 Identification and Control Colias eurytheme \n", "2 Identification and Control Agromyza frontella \n", "6 Identification and Control Agromyza frontella \n", "\n", " question \\\n", "1 How can I identify if the caterpillars feeding... \n", "2 What should I look for when scouting for alfal... \n", "6 What insect pest is causing these leaf mines i... \n", "\n", " answer knowledge_vs_management \\\n", "1 Alfalfa caterpillars are approximately 1 1/2 i... Knowledge \n", "2 Look for small pinholes in leaves while holdin... Management \n", "6 The leaf mines in your alfalfa are caused by t... Knowledge \n", "\n", " LLM Confidence chunk \n", "1 90 in Iowa. Mature larvae are approximately 1 1/2... \n", "2 90 3\\nAlfalfa blotch leafminer (Agromyza frontell... \n", "6 95 Alfalfa blotch leafminer and leaf mines\\nLeaf ... " ] }, "execution_count": 362, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "all_result_df.sample(3)" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "#### Embeddings Cosine Similarity\n", "\n", "The embedding of the chunk and query is placed in the same latent space, and the retriever model would extract similar chunk embeddings to a query embedding. Hence, relevance for the retriever is defined by the distance of embeddings in this latent space.\n", "\n", "Cosine similarity is a measure of vector similarity, and can be used to determine the distance of embeddings between the chunk and the query. It is a distance metric that approaches 1 when the question and chunk are similar, and becomes 0 when they are different.\n", "\n", "We can use the cosine similarity score directly to measure the relevancy." ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 363, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "ename": "NameError", "evalue": "name 'cached_langchain_openai_embeddings' is not defined", "output_type": "error", "traceback": [ "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m", "\u001b[0;31mNameError\u001b[0m Traceback (most recent call last)", "Cell \u001b[0;32mIn[363], line 2\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 1\u001b[0m embedded_queries \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m all_result_df\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mcopy()\n\u001b[0;32m----> 2\u001b[0m embedded_queries[\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mchunk_emb\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m] \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[43mall_result_df\u001b[49m\u001b[43m[\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m\"\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43mchunk\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m\"\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m]\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mapply\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m 3\u001b[0m \u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;28;43;01mlambda\u001b[39;49;00m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mx\u001b[49m\u001b[43m:\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mnp\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43msqueeze\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[43mcached_langchain_openai_embeddings\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[43mchunk\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mx\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mcache\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43membeddings_cache\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m 4\u001b[0m \u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m 5\u001b[0m embedded_queries[\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mquestion_emb\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m] \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m all_result_df[\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mquestion\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m]\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mapply(\n\u001b[1;32m 6\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mlambda\u001b[39;00m x: np\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39msqueeze(cached_langchain_openai_embeddings(chunk\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39mx, cache\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39membeddings_cache))\n\u001b[1;32m 7\u001b[0m )\n", "File \u001b[0;32m~/.conda/envs/agllm-env1/lib/python3.9/site-packages/pandas/core/series.py:4917\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mSeries.apply\u001b[0;34m(self, func, convert_dtype, args, by_row, **kwargs)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 4789\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mdef\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;21mapply\u001b[39m(\n\u001b[1;32m 4790\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m,\n\u001b[1;32m 4791\u001b[0m func: AggFuncType,\n\u001b[0;32m (...)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 4796\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;241m*\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m*\u001b[39mkwargs,\n\u001b[1;32m 4797\u001b[0m ) \u001b[38;5;241m-\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m>\u001b[39m DataFrame \u001b[38;5;241m|\u001b[39m Series:\n\u001b[1;32m 4798\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;250m \u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124;03m\"\"\"\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m 4799\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;124;03m Invoke function on values of Series.\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m 4800\u001b[0m \n\u001b[0;32m (...)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 4915\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;124;03m dtype: float64\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m 4916\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;124;03m \"\"\"\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[0;32m-> 4917\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mreturn\u001b[39;00m \u001b[43mSeriesApply\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m 4918\u001b[0m \u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;28;43mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m 4919\u001b[0m \u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mfunc\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m 4920\u001b[0m \u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mconvert_dtype\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mconvert_dtype\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m 4921\u001b[0m \u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mby_row\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mby_row\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m 4922\u001b[0m \u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43margs\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43margs\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m 4923\u001b[0m \u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mkwargs\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mkwargs\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m 4924\u001b[0m \u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mapply\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n", "File \u001b[0;32m~/.conda/envs/agllm-env1/lib/python3.9/site-packages/pandas/core/apply.py:1427\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mSeriesApply.apply\u001b[0;34m(self)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 1424\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mreturn\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mapply_compat()\n\u001b[1;32m 1426\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;66;03m# self.func is Callable\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[0;32m-> 1427\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mreturn\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;28;43mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mapply_standard\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n", "File \u001b[0;32m~/.conda/envs/agllm-env1/lib/python3.9/site-packages/pandas/core/apply.py:1507\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mSeriesApply.apply_standard\u001b[0;34m(self)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 1501\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;66;03m# row-wise access\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m 1502\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;66;03m# apply doesn't have a `na_action` keyword and for backward compat reasons\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m 1503\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;66;03m# we need to give `na_action=\"ignore\"` for categorical data.\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m 1504\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;66;03m# TODO: remove the `na_action=\"ignore\"` when that default has been changed in\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m 1505\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;66;03m# Categorical (GH51645).\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m 1506\u001b[0m action \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mignore\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;28;01mif\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;28misinstance\u001b[39m(obj\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mdtype, CategoricalDtype) \u001b[38;5;28;01melse\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;28;01mNone\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[0;32m-> 1507\u001b[0m mapped \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[43mobj\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m_map_values\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m 1508\u001b[0m \u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mmapper\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mcurried\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mna_action\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43maction\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mconvert\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;28;43mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mconvert_dtype\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m 1509\u001b[0m \u001b[43m\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m 1511\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mif\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;28mlen\u001b[39m(mapped) \u001b[38;5;129;01mand\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;28misinstance\u001b[39m(mapped[\u001b[38;5;241m0\u001b[39m], ABCSeries):\n\u001b[1;32m 1512\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;66;03m# GH#43986 Need to do list(mapped) in order to get treated as nested\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m 1513\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;66;03m# See also GH#25959 regarding EA support\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m 1514\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mreturn\u001b[39;00m obj\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39m_constructor_expanddim(\u001b[38;5;28mlist\u001b[39m(mapped), index\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39mobj\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mindex)\n", "File \u001b[0;32m~/.conda/envs/agllm-env1/lib/python3.9/site-packages/pandas/core/base.py:921\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mIndexOpsMixin._map_values\u001b[0;34m(self, mapper, na_action, convert)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 918\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mif\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;28misinstance\u001b[39m(arr, ExtensionArray):\n\u001b[1;32m 919\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mreturn\u001b[39;00m arr\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mmap(mapper, na_action\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39mna_action)\n\u001b[0;32m--> 921\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mreturn\u001b[39;00m \u001b[43malgorithms\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mmap_array\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[43marr\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mmapper\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mna_action\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mna_action\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mconvert\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mconvert\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n", "File \u001b[0;32m~/.conda/envs/agllm-env1/lib/python3.9/site-packages/pandas/core/algorithms.py:1743\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mmap_array\u001b[0;34m(arr, mapper, na_action, convert)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 1741\u001b[0m values \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m arr\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mastype(\u001b[38;5;28mobject\u001b[39m, copy\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;28;01mFalse\u001b[39;00m)\n\u001b[1;32m 1742\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mif\u001b[39;00m na_action \u001b[38;5;129;01mis\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;28;01mNone\u001b[39;00m:\n\u001b[0;32m-> 1743\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mreturn\u001b[39;00m \u001b[43mlib\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mmap_infer\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[43mvalues\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mmapper\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mconvert\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mconvert\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m 1744\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01melse\u001b[39;00m:\n\u001b[1;32m 1745\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mreturn\u001b[39;00m lib\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mmap_infer_mask(\n\u001b[1;32m 1746\u001b[0m values, mapper, mask\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39misna(values)\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mview(np\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39muint8), convert\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39mconvert\n\u001b[1;32m 1747\u001b[0m )\n", "File \u001b[0;32mlib.pyx:2972\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mpandas._libs.lib.map_infer\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n", "Cell \u001b[0;32mIn[363], line 3\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36m\u001b[0;34m(x)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 1\u001b[0m embedded_queries \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m all_result_df\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mcopy()\n\u001b[1;32m 2\u001b[0m embedded_queries[\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mchunk_emb\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m] \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m all_result_df[\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mchunk\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m]\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mapply(\n\u001b[0;32m----> 3\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mlambda\u001b[39;00m x: np\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39msqueeze(\u001b[43mcached_langchain_openai_embeddings\u001b[49m(chunk\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39mx, cache\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39membeddings_cache))\n\u001b[1;32m 4\u001b[0m )\n\u001b[1;32m 5\u001b[0m embedded_queries[\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mquestion_emb\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m] \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m all_result_df[\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mquestion\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m]\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mapply(\n\u001b[1;32m 6\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mlambda\u001b[39;00m x: np\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39msqueeze(cached_langchain_openai_embeddings(chunk\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39mx, cache\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39membeddings_cache))\n\u001b[1;32m 7\u001b[0m )\n", "\u001b[0;31mNameError\u001b[0m: name 'cached_langchain_openai_embeddings' is not defined" ] } ], "source": [ "embedded_queries = all_result_df.copy()\n", "embedded_queries[\"chunk_emb\"] = all_result_df[\"chunk\"].apply(\n", " lambda x: np.squeeze(cached_langchain_openai_embeddings(chunk=x, cache=embeddings_cache))\n", ")\n", "embedded_queries[\"question_emb\"] = all_result_df[\"question\"].apply(\n", " lambda x: np.squeeze(cached_langchain_openai_embeddings(chunk=x, cache=embeddings_cache))\n", ")" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": { "application/vnd.databricks.v1+cell": { "cellMetadata": { "byteLimit": 2048000, "rowLimit": 10000 }, "inputWidgets": {}, "nuid": "51196872-7bde-46a6-9169-49126dd374b3", "showTitle": false, "title": "" } }, "outputs": [], "source": [ "def cossim(x, y):\n", " return np.dot(x, y) / (np.linalg.norm(x) * np.linalg.norm(y))\n", "\n", "\n", "embedded_queries[\"cossim\"] = embedded_queries.apply(\n", " lambda row: cossim(row[\"question_emb\"], row[\"chunk_emb\"]), axis=1\n", ")" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "application/vnd.databricks.v1+cell": { "cellMetadata": {}, "inputWidgets": {}, "nuid": "ff7ea2dd-252f-45f4-b50b-951ecdb45f03", "showTitle": false, "title": "" } }, "source": [ "After we score each question by its relative relevancy, we can evaluate the generated questions as a whole." ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": { "application/vnd.databricks.v1+cell": { "cellMetadata": { "byteLimit": 2048000, "rowLimit": 10000 }, "inputWidgets": {}, "nuid": "972da253-3fa2-490f-9712-ecfcc8630463", "showTitle": false, "title": "" } }, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/plain": [ "(array([ 1., 8., 15., 20., 12.]),\n", " array([0.72730601, 0.76292693, 0.79854785, 0.83416876, 0.86978968,\n", " 0.9054106 ]),\n", " )" ] }, "execution_count": 59, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" }, { "data": { "image/png": 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", "text/plain": [ "
" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" } ], "source": [ "scores = embedded_queries[\"cossim\"].to_list()\n", "plt.hist(scores, bins=5)" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "application/vnd.databricks.v1+cell": { "cellMetadata": {}, "inputWidgets": {}, "nuid": "ff7ea2dd-252f-45f4-b50b-951ecdb45f03", "showTitle": false, "title": "" } }, "source": [ "There are a couple lower scores. Let's take a look at them." ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": { "application/vnd.databricks.v1+cell": { "cellMetadata": { "byteLimit": 2048000, "rowLimit": 10000 }, "inputWidgets": {}, "nuid": "410503c4-49a8-44d0-88ea-2f2075534a36", "showTitle": false, "title": "" } }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Question: 45\n", "What is the purpose of the 'experimentIds' variable in the given paragraph?\n", "Chunk:\n", "API. List experimentIds = Arrays.asList(\"1\", \"2\", \"4\", \"8\"); List searchResult = client.searchRuns(experimentIds, \"metrics.accuracy_score < 99.90\"); Previous Next © MLflow Project, a Series of LF Projects, LLC. All rights reserved.\n", "cossim:\n", "0.7273060141018568\n" ] } ], "source": [ "mask = embedded_queries[\"cossim\"] < 0.75\n", "lower_cossim = embedded_queries[mask]\n", "for i, row in lower_cossim.iterrows():\n", " print(f\"Question: {i}\")\n", " print(row[\"question\"])\n", " print(\"Chunk:\")\n", " print(row[\"chunk\"])\n", " print(\"cossim:\")\n", " print(row[\"cossim\"])" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": { "application/vnd.databricks.v1+cell": { "cellMetadata": {}, "inputWidgets": {}, "nuid": "c91cb46d-e3c0-4478-9a67-14d380fcd40a", "showTitle": false, "title": "" } }, "source": [ "Manual inspection of these less relevant questions reveals that some chunks are less informative or mainly consists of code, hence the generated question might be less useful. You can choose to filter these as desired." ] } ], "metadata": { "application/vnd.databricks.v1+notebook": { "dashboards": [], "language": "python", "notebookMetadata": { "pythonIndentUnit": 4 }, "notebookName": "question-generation-retrieval-evaluation", "widgets": {} }, "kernelspec": { "display_name": "Python 3 (ipykernel)", "language": "python", "name": "python3" }, "language_info": { "codemirror_mode": { "name": "ipython", "version": 3 }, "file_extension": ".py", "mimetype": "text/x-python", "name": "python", "nbconvert_exporter": "python", "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", "version": "3.9.19" } }, "nbformat": 4, "nbformat_minor": 4 }