Shark Week: Remembering Bruce, the Mechanical Shark in 'Jaws' - The Atlantic
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Shark Week: Remembering Bruce, the Mechanical Shark in 'Jaws'
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There are only a few dozen shark attacks on humans every year. It has been widely reported that you are 30 times more likely to die from a lightning strike than you are from an attack. In 2003, Reuters ran a story claiming that more people are killed by vending machines each year than are killed by sharks. And yet, I would bet that just about anybody who has spent time at the beach has thought about the possibility of an attack. I know I certainly have. Before dipping so much as a toe into the ocean, I scan the horizon for a dark, approaching shadow from the deep. And I thank Steven Spielberg for that.
In 1975, Spielberg released the first of what would become a franchise. Jaws was a landmark horror-thriller, recognized by everyone from Empire magazine (fifth greatest film ever made) to the New York Times (one of the 1,000 best movies ever) to the American Film Institute (number 48 on the "100 Years... 100 Movies" list). It won three Academy Awards and was even nominated for Best Picture. (It lost to One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest.) Perhaps more importantly, the movie created the wide-release summer blockbuster, a tradition of providing big-budget thrills in ever major theater across America during the hottest months of the year that continues to this day. Jaws brought in more money than any other film and held that title until George Lucas released Star Wars two years later.
Story continues after the gallery.
An instant classic, Jaws received rave reviews. Roger Ebert called it "a sensationally effective action picture, a scary thriller that works all the better because it's populated with characters that have been developed into human beings we get to know and care about." There's Roy Scheider as Brody, the police chief who we can all identify with, who doesn't like to swim, who is genuinely terrified of the water. There's Robert Shaw as Quint, "a caricature of the crusty old seafaring salt," at Ebert put it in that 1975 write-up. There's Hooper, the rich- kid-turned-oceanographer played by Richard Dreyfuss, just off a string of successes as the nice kid in American Graffiti and the title character in the Canadian hit The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz. But the most important character -- and, in many ways, one of the most human -- is the shark itself.
Everyone knows the story by now: The shark is a great white that terrorizes a small resort town during the Fourth of July weekend, a weekend critical to the economy of this little village. In an effort to track down and kill the shark, these three men leave their families behind (where applicable) and set out on a rickety boat. It's leaky. It's too small. It's old. This boat, we know from the outset, just isn't cut out for shark hunting. At least not hunting sharks of the size we suspect this great white to be.
"There are no doubt supposed to be all sorts of levels of meanings in such an archetypal story," Ebert notes . But he doesn't bother writing about them or trying to figure them out. And neither does Spielberg. "This is an action film content to stay entirely within the perimeters of its story, and none of the characters has to wade through speeches expounding on the significance of it all." And what an action film it is. This isn't just about the dark shadow from the deep -- though it is that, too. Before the story comes to an end, many individuals both on and off the island have been killed in a series of terrifying scenes that allow you to get up close and personal with the shark.
The only reason this works -- the only reason that theatergoers in the 1970s left their seats terrified of these macropredatory beasts and that modern viewers can't turn off the lights when screening the film in their own living rooms -- is the craftsmanship and technology that went into creating the main characters: Jaws.
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In early May of 1974, the rights had been acquired to Peter Benchley's book of the same name, the contracts had been signed by Spielberg and principal photography began on Martha's Vineyard. It could have failed. By all accounts, it probably should have failed. Spielberg, not yet 30, was largely untested as a director of big-budget productions and nothing was in place. "We started the film without a script, without a cast and without a shark," Richard Dreyfuss would tell James Lipton during a taping of Inside the Actor's Studio years later. But the cast would come together. And the shark was already in the works.
"We started the film without a script, without a cast and without a shark."
In the fall of 1973, art director Joe Alves designed the shark for Jaws. Three full-size pneumatically-powered units were constructed between November 1973 and April 1974 at Rolly Harper's Motion Picture & Equipment Rental in Sun Valley, California. They each measured about 25 feet long and weighed hundreds of pounds. One shark, known as a sea-sled, was a full bodied prop with its stomach carved out. The other two, known as platform sharks, were each one-sided. One platform shark moved from camera-left to -right with the side facing away from the camera completely exposed, the other moved in the opposite direction. Once completed, the three sharks were trucked to Martha's Vineyard. They arrived in July, two months after shooting had started.
The sharks were built by a legendary team overseen by mechanical effects supervisor Robert A. Mattey, who employed somewhere in the neighborhood of 40 effects technicians. Mattey had made a name for himself as the special effects director of 20000 Leagues Under the Sea and Mary Poppins, among many other films in the '60s and early '70s. His team included several individuals new to Hollywood, including Roy Argobast, who would later work again for Spielberg on Close Encounters of the Third Kind; Richie Helmer, who would work on Star Trek: The Motion Picture years later; and Michael Wood, who went on to oversee effects on Poltergeist.
Despite the expertise that went into the construction of the sharks, the three mechanical monsters caused many problems, ultimately delaying the shoot and contributing to the $9 million final bill. (Only $4 million had been budgeted for the entire project.) Martha's Vineyard was chosen for shooting because the ocean floor is never more than thirty-five feet below the surface around the island, but that fact provided little relief to the divers who were tasked with retrieving one of the sharks after it accidentally capsized and sank to the bottom. There are other reports that the sharks would sometimes slip off of the platform and get tangled in a bed of seaweed. At other times, the pneumatic hoses that controlled the sharks' movement took on salt water, the foam used as skin on the sharks became bloated, and parts even corroded.
It has been said, though, that the delays caused by the sharks actually helped the movie. Certain scenes, according to early scripts being worked with at the time (it was constantly refined and improved upon), called for more overt use of the models but, because they often weren't ready or weren't in a condition to appear on film, Spielberg would have to improvise, using barrels to represent the shark's location or shooting just the dorsal fin. This contributed to the suspense that one feels when watching the final film and forced the director to rely more on other parts of his production team. Perhaps that's how John Williams came up with the two notes -- an E and an F -- that would go on to become a classic piece of suspense music. Played by Tommy Johnson on the tuba, those two notes -- dun-dunh, dun-dunh -- have the "effect of grinding away at you, just as a shark would do, instinctual, relentless, unstoppable," Williams would later say, according to Lester Friedman's Citizen Spielberg.
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After filming wrapped (it went more than 100 days over schedule and Spielberg thought that his career was finished; he had never heard of a movie being delayed that long), the three sharks were destroyed. But a fourth, a smaller, scaled-down model, was created in 1976 out of Fiberglas. The model was put on display at Universal Studios in Studio City, California, where it remained until 1990.
Decades after the 1975 release of Jaws, NPR reporter Cory Turner learned about the fourth shark. Though E! True Hollywood Story did a piece about the Fiberglas model, which had been moved to the Aadlen Bros. U-Pick Parts junkyard in Sun Valley, California, in 2002, it had largely been forgotten. Turner soon tracked down the model again for a June 2010 segment. "It's the real one," Roy Arbogast, a member of the special effects crew on Jaws, said, according to the  Internet Movie Database . "It's just kinda nice to see it again after 25 or 30 years. It's amazing that it's still here."
Nicknamed Junkyard Bruce, the model shared a name with the first three sharks used in the film. It never takes a name in the film, but, during the shoot, the shark was known as Bruce. Spielberg named the monster after Bruce Ramer, his long-time lawyer. Ramer, a member of the firm Gang, Tyre, Ramer & Brown, continues to represent Spielberg -- and DreamWorks, his production company -- in high-profile, complex deals for television and feature films. "They never paid me a royalty -- that's all I know," Ramer told the Harvard Law Bulletin .
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