��ࡱ�>�� MO����L��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ��43bjbj>> �HpTpT&+ �������dd�����4�������hZ v<�l����������������$ ��^�����������&[[[�p�����[��[[[�����`��� �������^[�<0l[, [, [, �[|��[�����[���l������������������������������������������������������������������������, ���������d  �: Timeline of the Chinese Revolution   Name: Using the reading below, complete the timeline at the end of the packet. Be sure to explain events fully and in detail.  China Overthrew its Emperor In the early 1900s, China was independent in name only. Although the Chinese civilization was one of the oldest in the world, it had faced years of humiliation at the hands of outsiders. Foreign countries had spheres of influence in China. Foreigners controlled China�s trade and economic resources.  Many people in China believed that their country�s only chance for survival lay in modernization and nationalism. They urged government officials to improve the army and navy, to build modern factories, and to reform education. Yet while some leaders wanted change, others feared it. They believed that China�s greatness lay in its traditional ways.  Chinese Nationalists Overthrew the Qing Dynasty Among the groups pushing for modernization and nationalism was the Kuomintang, or the Nationalist People�s Party. In 1911, the Nationalists succeeded in overthrowing the last emperor of the Qing Dynasty, which had ruled China since 1644. Sun Yat-sen became president of the new Republic of China.   Yat-sen, a physician who had spent many years in the United States, hoped to establish a modern government based on what he called the Three Principles were:  1. Nationalism (meaning an end to foreign control) 2. People�s Rights (democracy) 3. People�s Livelihood (land reform to benefit the peasant farmers)  Sun and his followers quickly discovered that it was easier to destroy an old government than to build a new one. The end of imperial rule, after 2,000 years, left China weak and disunited. Civil War broke out as one powerful group battled another. Provincial warlords ruled territories as large as their armies could conquer.  As always during time of unrest, Chinese peasants suffered most. Warlord armies terrorized the countryside, pillaging and looting everywhere. Roads and bridges fell into disrepair, and crops were destroyed. Famine took the lives of millions. This was the situation in China when World War I broke out in 1914.  The Chinese, although powerless, sided with the Allies against Germany in hopes that the Allies would return control of China to China after the war in a show of gratitude.  On May 4th, 1919, some 3,000 angry students (among the first of young Chinese to receive a western style education) gathered in the center of Peking (modern day Beijing). They had just heard the infuriating news of the Treaty of Versailles. The Allied leaders had refused to give up their territories and commercial interests in China. Even worse, Japan was allowed to keep the Chinese territory it had seized during the war. These young students were outraged.  The May Fourth protests spread to other cities and became a truly national movement. It was not a revolution as such, that would come later, but it showed how much China�s young people wanted a strong and modern nation.  �What should we fear?� asked Mao Zedong, �We should not fear the militarists. We should not fear the capitalists. What is the greatest force? The greatest force is the union of the popular masses.�  As you will read, Mao later turned the masses into a powerful revolutionary army.  A Communist Party Arose in China China�s humiliation at the hands of the Allied powers left a deep scar on many young Chinese intellectuals. Many turned away from Sun�s belief in Western-style democracy. They turned instead to the ideals and beliefs of a powerful new leader. That leader was Vladimir Lenin of the Soviet Union.  Lenin was willing to help China�s Nationalist government. He believed that the Soviet Union and China had common enemies in European Powers and in the United States. Early in 1920, Lenin began sending military advisers and equipment to the Nationalists. Several of the Chinese Nationalist leaders traveled to Moscow for military training.  In 1921, the Chinese set up their own Communist party. In the beginning, the Communist party worked closely with the Nationalist party. However, in 1925, Sun Yat-sen died and leadership passed to his brother-in-law, Chiang Kai-shek. Chiang set out to defeat the warlords and unite all of China under the Nationalists.  Although the Communists supported him, Chiang distrusted them. He believed that the Soviet Union was supporting the Nationalists only until the Communists grew strong enough to take over. Chiang, the son of a landowner, did not agree with the Communists� goal of creating a socialist economy. Many of Chiang�s supporters were bankers and business people in the coastal cities. They feared a revolution like the one that brought the Communists to power in the Soviet Union.  Together, Chiang�s Nationalist forces and the Communists fought the warlords. Chiang led a successful march from Canton to Shanghai.   Then Chiang decided that time had come to strike at the Communists. At dawn on April 12th, 1927, Nationalist troops and armed gangs moved into Shanghai. They killed many Communist leaders and trade union members in the streets of the city. Similar killings took place in other cities. The Chinese Communist party was nearly wiped out. Its few survivors went into hiding.  In 1928, Chiang became president of the Nationalist Republic of China. Great Britain and the United States both formally recognized the new government in China. However, the Soviet Union, as a result of the Shanghai Massacre, did not.  Mao Zedong Preached Revolution The Nationalist government of Chiang promised democracy and political rights for all Chinese. As time went by, however, Chiang was not able to fulfill his promises. His government became less democratic and more corrupt. Those that disagreed with its policies were thrown in into jail or killed.  In the cities, the Nationalist government set up new factories and businesses. It also built railroads, updated China�s laws, and opened new schools and hospitals. These improvements helped city people.  However, the Nationalists did nothing to improve life for China�s rural peasants. Many peasants turned away from Chiang and the Nationalist government. They looked instead to the Chinese Communist party.  One of the leaders of the Communists in the late 1920s was Mao Zedong. Mao came from a prosperous peasant family. His father forced him to leave school to work when he was 13. Mao ran away and went to school whenever he could, finally finishing high school at the age of 25. Afterward, he worked as a librarian and a teacher. He began his political activities in his student days and became a member of the Communist party.  When the Communists were nearly wiped out in 1927, Mao fled to the countryside. He had already begun to develop his own brand of communism. Here is how they differed:  What Karl Marx believed? Revolution would begin among urban workers in an industrialized nation.  What Lenin believed? Revolution can begin among urban workers in a largely agricultural nation that had not yet been industrialized.  What Mao believed? Revolution can begin among rural peasants in a largely agricultural nation that had not yet been industrialized.  Civil War Broke Out By 1930, civil war raged in China. The Communists set up strongholds in the southern mountains of China (the Chingkang Mountains). The Nationalists attacked them repeatedly, but failed to drive them out. From their mountain hideouts, the Communists waged a guerilla war against Chiang�s armies. However, Mao had devised a simple strategy for defeating the Nationalists that would come to embody tactics used by many guerilla fighters:  1. Retreat when the enemy advances. 2. Harass when the enemy encamps. 3. Attack when the enemy hesitates. 4. Pursue when the enemy retreats.  Such tactics were only possible with the support of the peasants in the area where the Communist guerillas were fighting. �The people are the water, the soldiers are the fish,� Mao observed, �without the water the fish cannot live.�  Mao ensured support for his army by dividing land the Communists won among local farmers. He also made sure that Communist soldiers respected peasant property by helping farmers with their harvest and protecting women and children. As a result, more and more Chinese farmers joined Mao�s Red Army.  The Red Army Retreated In 1933, Chiang Kai-shek launched a huge campaign to destroy the Communists. He gathered an army of nearly one million men that surrounded the Communists� mountain stronghold. Outnumbered nearly ten to one, Mao realized that battle was hopeless. In 1934, he and his followers fled the mountains.  This was the beginning of the epic journey known as the Long March. Over the next year, the Communists covered over 6,000 miles, always staying one step ahead of the Nationalists. They often traveled by night to avoid being seen by Nationalist planes hunting them. Roughly 100,000 Communists began the march, no more than 30,000 (maybe even as low as 10,000) would reach safety in the northwestern part of China. They were finally beyond the reach of Chiang�s forces.  Mao and the other Communists who survived the march settled in caves. They quickly gained more followers. Yet, while this was all going on, China would be confronted with the invasion of a new outside nation: Japan.  Japan Invaded Manchuria The Japanese had taken advantage of the fighting in China as early as 1931. In that year, Japanese forces invaded the northeast part of China known as Manchuria. This attack marked the beginning of World War II in Asia.  In 1937, the Japanese attacked other parts of China. Thousands of Chinese lost their lives as cities and villages were bombed by the Japanese. Many more would die of starvation and by 1938, Japan controlled a large part of China.  The Japanese invasion forced the Nationalists and the Communists to unite against this new enemy. Yet Chiang and Mao remained rivals with different goals for China. Chiang believed that the Communists were a greater threat than the Japanese, a mistake that would prove costly following the end of World War II.   Chiang received money and weapons from the United States to fight Japan, but Chiang did not use these weapons on the Japanese. Instead, he saved them for the fight against the Communists that would continue once Japan was defeated.  On the other hand, Mao and his Red Army fought the Japanese in every way they knew how. More and more Chinese peasants joined Mao�s Red Army to help his cause. They looked to the Communists as heroes who were defending China from foreigners.   Once World War II had ended, the Civil War between the Communists and the Nationalists would continue. By 1949, Mao and his Red Army would defeat the Nationalist party ending nearly half a century of revolution, civil war, and chaos in China.                        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