DNA Paternity Center in India
Following paternity testing accreditation guidelines, results are reported with one of three possible statements. For example, if we tested Mr RA, alleged father, and SS (child), our paternity test results report might say one of the following:
Mr RA is excluded as the biological father of SS.
This means that Mr RA cannot be the father of SS because the analysis shows that they do not share a paternity relationship.
Mr RA is not excluded as the biological father of SS.
This means that Mr RA is highly likely to be the father of SS because the analysis shows that they share a paternity relationship.
Why does the report say "not excluded" if the person is the father? With DNA paternity testing it is possible to 100% exclude someone as the biological father. However, the only way to produce a 100% positive result, would be to test the entire genome of an individual - all of their DNA. DNA paternity tests use a standardized sample of DNA - up to 16 DNA markers - to predict the probability of paternity. These probabilities are usually very high - as high as 99.9999%. This means that, for an alleged father who is "not excluded", the paternity report is 99.9999% confident that he is the biological father.
What is Paternity Index
This value equals the odds that the alleged father is the biological father rather than any other man selected at random from the population. The minimum PI issued by us is 100 to 1.
What is Combined Paternity Index
Since the result at each Genetic System is an independent event, this value is the product of the Paternity Indices and indicates the possibility of the alleged father being the biological father relative to any other man selected at random from the population.
What is Probability of Paternity
This value is converted from the "Combined Paternity Index" into the percentage probability.
What is Prior Probability
The prior probability in a paternity test is 0.50 which is 50%. That means that, without testing any of the parties, there is a 50% chance that any untested man is the father and a 50% chance that he is not the father.
What is DNA Profile
A DNA test profile is a set of DNA markers (up to 16) used to determine paternity and identity. Geneticists developed this set of markers for consistency in identifying individuals and named them according to their chromosomal location. Each marker location (or "locus") shows two alleles (or variations values), represented by numbers on the report. In this case the alleles are simply measures of short tandem repeats (STR. One of these STR alleles comes from a person’s father, one from their mother.
In a DNA paternity test, the analysis seeks matches of allele number values between the alleged father and child. Because the child must receive one STR allele from his father at all locations (or "loci"), there should be matches for each marker. (In some cases there are natural mutations, where the child has a slightly higher or lower value than the father, but these are somewhat rare. For this tutorial, we'll assume no natural mutations exist.)
An alleged father can be excluded as the biological father with as little as one mismatch between DNA profiles. When a person is excluded as the father, the profiles often reveal several, if not many, mismatches. In the following example, the 3 mismatches would exclude the alleged father (he could not be the biological father). Even though there are also 3 matches, these matches are random and do not indicate a paternity relationship. Almost any two people will have at least some matches, but a father-child relationship will show matches at all locations.
Locus
Popular Paternity Test Cases
ND Tiwari :
The Delhi high court directed former Andhra Pradesh governor    and Congress veteran ND Tiwari (85) to undergo a DNA test in connection    with a two-year-old paternity suit.  Rohit Shekhar (31), a lawyer, has  claimed he is Tiwari's son from an   affair the leader had with his  mother, Congress activist Ujjwala Sharma. Shekhar had moved court to get  Tiwari to agree to a paternity test.  Tiwari was chief minister of  undivided Uttar Pradesh for three terms and once of Uttarakhand.He had  earlier moved Supreme Court for relief in the paternity case, but was  denied.
Boris Backer :
Becker is a former World Number 1 professional tennis  player from  Germany  who claimed the men’s singles title at Wimbledon  in 1984 when  he was only 17. He has since retired from the game but his  personal  issues have kept him in the media. In February 2001, Becker   acknowledged having a daughter with Angela Ermakova after a 1999 sexual  meet up  with her in a closest at a restaurant in London.  He initially  denied he was the father but a DNA test proved otherwise. Becker   obtained joint custody of his daughter Anna in 2007 after he expressed  concerns  over how her mother was raising her. Ermakova put the young  girl on public  display in fashion shows, interviews and in a promotion  for a children’s cosmetic  line.
Imran Khan  :
Imran Khan was declared the father of Tyrian after a paternity  test.   Sita White claimed in court that she had a long affair with Khan  and   that Tyrian had been conceived during a bout of passion in 1991.  She   claimed Khan wanted her to have an abortion once he found he was  going   to be the father of a girl, saying, "She cannot play cricket."
Brazilian footballer Ronaldo :
Star Brazilian footballer Ronaldo said on his Twitter feed that he  is undergoing a DNA test to determine whether he is the father of a  five-year-old boy living in Singapore. She says she met Ronaldo in a  party in Tokyo in 2002 celebrating   Brazil's championship in the World  Cup that year.Ronaldo, she says,   returned to Tokyo in 2004 during a  tour of Real Madrid, who he he was   playing for at the time. She said  she became pregnant by him at that   time.
Busta Rhymes :
Rhymes released two  albums before breaking out with the 1996 solo  hit single “Woo Hah!! Got You All  in Check.” In 1999, 25-year-old Jill  Miskelly filed a paternity against the  rapper and the test results  showed that there was a 99.9964 percent chance that  he was the father.  The results came in July but Rhymes had already been  voluntarily paying  $1,200 a month in child support. Miskelly attempted to have  the amount  raised
Chris Rock  :
Rock is a comedian,  actor and director and was voted as the fifth  greatest stand-up comedian of all  time by Comedy Central. In 2007,  Kali Bowyer, a freelance journalist and former  actress, claimed that  Rock was the father of her son and filed a paternity suit  against him.  She claimed that Rock’s alleged son was in need of  hospitalization.  After the DNA test results came back, they proved that Rock  was not the  child’s father.
Mike Tyson  :
Tyson is a retired  boxer who remains the youngest man ever to win  and lose a world heavyweight  title. Most people hear his name and  think of the infamous ear biting Evander  Holyfield incident of 1997. In  1991 Natalie Fears files a $12 million paternity  lawsuit against Tyson  and the results showed that he is not the father of her son.
Goran Visnjic :
The former ER  heartthrob was hit with a paternity suit by Mirela  Rupic from his native Croatia in July  2007. She claimed her 4-month-old  daughter was Visnjic’s and that he refused to  acknowledge her as his.  Visnjic and his wife have been married since 1999 and  adopted a newborn  boy in April 2007. Just before he was scheduled to take the  paternity  test he confirmed that he is the father and that he remembered very   little of his affair with Rupic because he jetlagged and drunk at the  time. He  had been paying $1,000 a month in support but Rupic is looking  for more
Larry Birkhead :
Birkhead was  relatively unknown until the famous paternity trial  over a deceased Anna Nicole  Smith’s baby daughter Dannielynn. He joined  the line of a total of five men  claiming to be the father of the baby  and in April 2007, Birkhead was proven by  a DNA test to be the baby  daddy.
Robert Blake  :
Blake is best known  for his Emmy Award- winning role on the TV  show Baretta from 1975 to 1978. In  1999, Blake met Bonnie Lee Bakley  who was known for exploiting older men for  money, especially  celebrities. When Bakley became pregnant, she told both Blake  and  Marlon Brando’s son Christian, whom she was also dating, that the child  was  theirs. Bakley then claimed the child was Brando’s but Blake  ordered her to  take a paternity test to prove the paternity. DNA tests  proved that Blake was  the father of Bakely’s child and the two were  married in 2000. It was his  second marriage and her tenth.
Neil Bush  :
President George  Bush’s younger brother has been involved in  various business deals and  co-founded Ignite! Learning in 1999, which  is an educational software  corporation, started to help students with  learning disabilities like his son  Pierce. His paternity case is where  things get tricky. Bush married Sharon and they had three  kids and were  married for 23 years before divorcing in 2003.  Sharon  decided on the  day the divorce was to be final that she wasn’t sure she wanted  to go  through with it and wanted DNA testing done on Andrew’s youngest child   because she believed that Neil had fathered him.
Charlie Chaplin  :
Chaplin was an  Academy Award winning comedic actor as well as a  director, composer and  musician in the early Hollywood cinema era. He   was connected to a number of women during his life and one proved to be  quite a  nuisance. Chaplin was considering Joan Berry for a role in a  proposed film and  had a brief affair with her in 1942. Berry  started  acting a little too crazy and showed signs of severe mental illness so   the relationship was ended. In 1943, Berry  filed a paternity suit  against him after having a child and even though blood  tests proved  that Chaplin wasn’t the father, Berry’s attorney was able to convince  the  court that the tests were inadmissible as evidence.
DMX  :
DMX was an especially  popular rap artist in the late 1990s and  also went on to star in numerous  movies and wrote his autobiography in 2002. DMX was ordered to pay $5,000 a  month in child support to Davita  Oden after a paternity test proved that he was  her then 4-year-old’s  father in a 2006 ruling. In 2008, he was ordered to pay $1.5  million in  damages and $5,000 a month in support to Monique Wayne, who gave  birth  to his baby in 2004, after he denied being the father.
Mick Jagger  :
The 64-year-old  rocker has been performing with his group the  Rolling Stones since 1962: 46  years! They are still able to rake in the  dough even after all these years and  proved it by making $437 million  on their 2007 tour. Jagger dated actress  Marsha Hunt for two years but  when she became pregnant in 1970, wanted nothing  to do with the child.  The two were in court for nine years and Jagger was  finally ordered to  pay child support. He dated model Luciana Morad for several  months  while married to Jerry Hall and denied paternity when Morad became  pregnant.  DNA tests proved that he was the father and Jagger will be  paying Morad $10,000  a month in support until their son is 21.
Steve Jobs   :
Jobs is the  co-founder, chairman and CEO of Apple Inc. and  stinkin’ rich. He’s known for  usually wearing the same outfit: a black  long-sleeved St.   Croix mock turtleneck, Levis  501 jeans and New  Balance 992 sneakers. I guess money doesn’t always guarantee  wardrobe  variability. At the age of 23, Jobs got Chris-Ann Brennan pregnant and   denied it for two years while she was forced to go on welfare. He even  claimed  he was “sterile and infertile” until a paternity test proved he  was the father.  Jobs’ own father got Jobs’ mother pregnant when she  was 23 and the couple gave  Jobs up for adoption. His father married his  mother but later abandoned her and  their 4-year-old daughter.
Michael Jordan  :
A five-time NBA MVP, Jordan led the  Chicago Bulls to six NBA  championships in the 90s. In 1991 and 1998, he  supposedly promised $5  million to former girlfriend Karla Knafel to avoid a  paternity suit and  to keep the relationship a secret. Jordan sued  Knafel in 2002 to prove  in court that the deal was unenforceable. The paternity  test showed  that Jordan  wasn’t the baby’s father and even though Knafel’s attorney  argued that the  contract was not based upon actual paternity, the court  still ruled in Jordan’s favor  and he didn’t have to pay.
Kirk Kerkorian  :
Kerkorian is the  president/CEO of Tracinda Corporation, which is a  private investment company  that has major investments in big companies  like MGM Mirage. He is worth an  estimated $16 billion and is listed as  the world’s 41st richest person.  Kerkorian raised eyebrows in 2002  when he admitted that the 4-year-old girl,  that he claimed was his  daughter and had been paying $320,000 a month in  support for, was not  in fact his. Lisa Bonder,37, and Kerkorian,84, agreed to  fake DNA tests  so he would look cool by having a kid with a woman less than  half his  age. The saliva used for the DNA tests was from one of his daughters.
Edgar Mitchell  :
Mitchell was an  astronaut on Apollo 14 and spent 9 hours on the  moon in 1971, the sixth man to  walk on the moon. Mitchell’s second  marriage to Anita Rettig ended in 1984 when  he had an affair with a  former Playboy model. Sheilah Ledbetter then filed a  paternity suit  against Mitchell in 1986 and it proved that he was the father of  her  son. They married three years later and divorced ten years after that.
Paul McCartney  :
McCartney was a  member of the musical group the Beatles and went  on to have a successful solo  career after the Beatles disbanded.  Starting in 1959, he is rumored to have had  a three-year affair with  Erika Hübers while the band was in Hamburg, Germany  before they hit it  big. The claim was dismissed after blood tests proved that  McCartney  wasn’t the father in 1984 and it was assumed that that was all she   wrote. In 2007, his faux daughter Bettina Krischbin came forward and  claimed  that McCartney had sent a stand-in to give the blood test and  sign the papers.
Rae Carruth :
Carruth was a  first-round draft pick in the 1997 NFL Draft and  was on the team until the  middle of the 1999 season. Carruth was  already paying $3,500 a month in child  support and when he found out  that the woman he had been dating, Cherica Adams,  was pregnant, he  looked for a way out of owing another monthly payment. Carruth  tried to  get her to have an abortion but she refused and said that he then   became distant. On November   15, 1999, Adams and Carruth went to a  movie and left in separate  cars with Adams following Carruth.
Yves Montand :
Montand was a French  singer and actor who was in a number of  films mainly in the 60s and 70s. A  woman accused Montand of being the  father of her daughter and took him to court  to try and get a DNA  sample. Montand adamantly refused but the woman kept  pushing even after  his death. Finally the court ruled that the woman won the  right to  have Montaned exhumed so a sample could be taken. After all that,   Montand was not the father.
Eddie Murphy :
Murphy holds the  claim as the highest grossing film star in  history with a total of 33 films  grossing over $3.4 billion in the U.S.  alone. He dated Spice Girl  Melanie Brown following his divorce in 2006  and when she became pregnant, she  stated that he was the father.  Murphy told the press not to jump to conclusions  and that he would only  know whose child it was when it came out and had a blood  test. On June  22, 2007,  DNA tests confirmed that Murphy is the father and Brown says  that he will have  nothing to do with her daughter. Brown’s daughter  brings Murphy’s total to  seven kids.
Juan Perón :
Perón was elected as  President of Argentina three times and along  with his wife Eva, became a voice  for the working class of the  country. He died in 1974 and was reburied twice  before finally being  moved to a mausoleum at his former summer residence in San  Vicente. The  move cause a lot of uproar and riots ensued but the police were  able  to contain the violence enough to get Perón to his final resting spot.   Martha Holgado, 72, had been trying for 15 years to get a DNA sample  from his  corpse to prove she was Perón’s daughter and the move finally  gave her that  chance. The test proved she was not his daughter
Elvis Presley:
He is referred to as  the “King of Rock N’ Roll” and made a huge  cultural impact during his lifetime.  Presley was a singer and actor and  maintains his high-profile status even in  death, ranking as the  top-earning deceased celebrity to this day. In March  1971, six years  before his death, Presley had slept with a member of the  audience in  Tulsa.  She went on to give birth to a son and claimed it was his. DNA  testing didn’t  exist yet but Elvis established a $2,000,000 trust fund  payable when his  alleged son turned 24 just in case
Steve Bing :
Bing woke up on his  18th birthday with an inheritance of an  estimated $600 million from his  grandfather in his name. He has since  worked in the film industry and has  donated a large amount of his money  to the Democratic Party. In 2001, Bing was  involved in two  high-profile paternity cases. Actress Elizabeth Hurley  announced she  was pregnant with Bing’s child and he filed a lawsuit to  establish his  paternity. The DNA test proved he is in fact the father and Bing  has  given generous support to Hurley to raise his son. In the same year,  Bing sued  Kirk Kerkorian for invasion of privacy after Kerkorian’s  private investigators  took Bing’s dental floss from his trash to  collect his DNA.
http://www.dnacenterindia.com/Paternity-cases-India.php
Sample Collection Procedure
How to Perform a DNA Sample Collection for DNA Testing
DNA is the hereditary material or genetic instructions in  humans and  other organisms. Almost all cells in the body have the same DNA. DNA  is  located mainly in the cell nucleus but a small amount is located in the   mitochondria. DNA extractions are from skin, muscle, bone marrow,  saliva and  cheek cells. DNA is used in solving crimes and for paternity  testing.
Instructions
Step 1
Identify all items found inside your free kit for the collection of  DNA for testing. Detailed instructions explaining the collection process  along with 4 buccal swabs, 4 buccal swab envelopes to hold the samples  and a business reply envelope for shipment the samples.
Step 2
Label the buccal swab envelope where indicated with the required information.
Step 3
Swab the inside of your cheek with the buccal swab provided in the  kit. Use one of the swabs to rub against the inside of your cheek  lining, rotate the swab while covering as much of the cheek area as  possible.
Step 4
Put the used swab in pre-labeled envelope. Do not use the plastic  wrapper that enclosed the swab; this can cause growing molds which will  destroy the DNA sample.
Step 5
Repeat Step 3 and 4 with another swab for the same cheek.  Following the same procedure use the remaining two swabs for the other  cheek and seal the envelope with all 4 used swabs.
Step 6
Place the sealed envelope into the kit, put the entire collection  kit in the business reply envelope provided and mail this package back  to the laboratory for testing.
Step 7
Results from the paternity test should be available within 5-7 business days.
FAQ on DNA Sample collection prodedures:
The procedures for paternity testing, or DNA test, sample collection  are quite simple. The following is a list of frequently asked questions  that will help you find out about where to go, what to bring, who needs  to show up, if there are age requirements, what types of samples there  are, when to show up, and how your confidentiality is maintained.
Where are samples collected?
We will make every effort to ensure that you are scheduled at the  most convenient site possible. We can even find a new location, if  necessary, to meet your needs. To schedule an appointment for sample  collections just call us or email us and a member of our Client Services  staff will assist you.
We will provide you, or your client, with the location (usually a  local laboratory or clinic), date, time for sample collection, and the  name of a contact person at the site.
Are there any age requirements?
Paternity testing using DNA testing may be performed at any age. Age  of the person(s) tested DOES NOT affect the accuracy of the paternity  test / DNA test result in any way. We have successfully performed  numerous tests involving newborn infants.
Who needs to provide a sample?
Usually, a sample is collected from the mother, child and alleged  father. Under special circumstances, DNA testing / paternity testing may  be performed using only samples from the child and alleged father.  Mother sample can be optional.
What types of samples are collected?
In most  cases DNA testing / paternity testing is done using cells from the  inside of the mouth, which are collected with a cotton swab called a  "buccal swab". The older more classic approach is to collect a very  small sample of blood. The sample is small enough to allow even newborns  to participate in testing. Newborns may also be tested using umbilical  cord blood obtained at birth.       Relationship testing can be performed on various discreet samples  like Toothbrush, Hair sample, used bandage, contraceptives, nail  clippings or any other samples where possibility of  human dna exist.  Please note that, our lab make best efforts to get good yield of DNA  from these sample but some times it fails due to non sufficiency of DNA.
Are sample collections and tests confidential?
Yes. All information and all results are kept strictly confidential. Results are provided only to
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