Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Causes & Sources
Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Causes & Sources
By Marc Lallanilla |
February 10, 2015 07:36pm ET
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Behind the struggle to address global warming and climate change lies the increase in greenhouse gases in our atmosphere. A greenhouse gas is any gaseous compound in the atmosphere that is capable of absorbing infrared radiation, thereby trapping and holding heat in the atmosphere. By increasing the heat in the atmosphere, greenhouse gases are responsible for the greenhouse effect, which ultimately leads to  global warming .
Solar radiation and the greenhouse effect
Global warming isn't a new study in science. The basics of the phenomenon were worked out by  Svante Arrhenius in 1896 . His paper, published in the Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, was the first to quantify the contribution of carbon dioxide to the greenhouse effect. 
The sun bombards Earth with enormous amounts of radiation, which strike  Earth's atmosphere  in the form of visible light, plus ultraviolet (UV), infrared (IR) and other types of radiation that are invisible to the human eye.
About 30 percent of the radiation striking the Earth is reflected back out to space by clouds, ice and other reflective surfaces. The remaining 70 percent is absorbed by the oceans, the land and the atmosphere, according to  NASA .
As they absorb radiation and heat up, the oceans, land and atmosphere release heat in the form of IR thermal radiation, which passes out of the atmosphere into space. The balance between incoming and outgoing radiation keeps Earth's overall average temperature at about 59 degrees Fahrenheit (15 degrees Celsius), according to NASA.
This exchange of incoming and outgoing radiation that warms Earth is often referred to as the "greenhouse effect" because a greenhouse works in much the same way. Incoming UV radiation easily passes through the glass walls of a greenhouse and is absorbed by the plants and hard surfaces inside. Weaker IR radiation, however, has difficulty passing out through the glass walls and is trapped inside, warming the greenhouse.
How greenhouse gases affect global warming
The gases in the atmosphere that absorb radiation are known as "greenhouse gases" (sometimes abbreviated as GHG) because they are largely responsible for the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect, in turn, is one of the leading causes of global warming. The most significant greenhouse gases are water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), according to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). "While oxygen (O2) is the second most abundant gas in our atmosphere, O2 does not absorb thermal infrared radiation," Michael Daley, an associate professor of environmental science at Lasell College, told Live Science.
While some say that global warming is a natural process and that there have always been greenhouse gasses, the amount of gasses in the atmosphere has skyrocketed in recent history. The Industrial Revolution had a big part to play in the amount of atmospheric CO2 being released. Before, CO2 fluctuated between about 180 ppm during ice ages and 280 ppm during interglacial warm periods. Since the Industrial Revolution, though, the amount of CO2 has dramatically increased to 100 times faster than the increase when the last ice age ended, according to the  National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration  (NOAA).
Fluorinated gases — that is, gases to which the element  fluorine  was added — including hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons and sulfur hexafluoride, are created during industrial processes and are also considered greenhouse gases. Though they are present in very small concentrations, they trap heat very effectively, making them high "global-warming potential" (GWP) gases.
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), once used as refrigerants and aerosol propellants until they were phased out by international agreement, are also greenhouse gases.
Three factors affect the degree to which any greenhouse gas will influence global warming:
Its abundance in the atmosphere
How long it stays in the atmosphere
Its global-warming potential
Carbon dioxide has a significant impact on global warming partly because of its abundance in the atmosphere. According to the  EPA , in 2012, U.S. greenhouse gas emissions totaled 6,526 million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalents, which equaled  82 percent  of all human caused greenhouse gasses. Additionally, CO2 stays in the atmosphere for thousands of years.
However, methane is about 21 times more efficient at absorbing radiation than CO2, giving it a high GWP rating, even though it stays in the atmosphere only about 10 years, according to the EPA.
Sources of greenhouse gases
Some greenhouse gases, like methane, are produced through agricultural practices including livestock manure management. Others, like CO2, largely result from natural processes like respiration and from the burning of fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas. The production of electricity is the source of 70 percent of the United States' sulfur dioxide emissions, 13 percent of nitrogen oxide emissions, and 40 percent of carbon dioxide emissions, according to the  EPA .
The second cause of CO2 release is deforestation, according to research published by  Duke University . When trees are killed to produce goods or heat, they release the carbon that is normally stored for photosynthesis. This process releases nearly a billion tons of carbon into the atmosphere per year, according to the  2010 Global Forest Resources Assessment .
It's worth noting that forestry and other land-use practices offset some of these greenhouse gas emissions, according to the EPA. "Replanting helps to reduce the buildup of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere as growing trees sequester carbon dioxide through photosynthesis. Atmospheric carbon dioxide is converted and stored in the vegetation and soils of the forest. However, forests cannot sequester all of the carbon dioxide we are emitting to the atmosphere through the burning of fossil fuels and a reduction in fossil fuel emissions is still necessary to avoid build up in the atmosphere," said Daley.
Worldwide, the output of greenhouse gases is a source of grave concern: From the time the Industrial Revolution began to the year 2009, atmospheric CO2 levels have increased almost 38 percent and methane levels have increased a whopping 148 percent, according to NASA, and most of that increase has been in the past 50 years. Because of global warming,  2014 was the warmest year on record  and 10 of the hottest years have all come after 1998.
"The warming we observe affects atmospheric circulation, which impacts rainfall patterns globally. This will lead to big environmental changes, and challenges, for people all across the globe," Josef Werne, an associate professor in the department of geology and planetary science at the University of Pittsburgh, told Live Science.
If these trends continue, scientists, government officials and a growing number of citizens fear that the worst  effects of global warming  — extreme weather, rising sea levels, plant and animal extinctions, ocean acidification, major shifts in climate and unprecedented social upheaval — will be inevitable. In answer to the problems caused by global warming by greenhouse gasses, the government created a  climate action plan  in 2013.
Additional reporting by Alina Bradford, Live Science Contributor
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