Photography Glossary | Photography Terms & Video Terminology | Nikon
14 Bit A/D Conversion
Analog to Digital conversion is usually the first stage in the process of converting an analog signal coming from the image sensor via multiple channels into digital data for the image processing and storage of image data. The higher the bit rate of this conversion, the higher the image quality. Nikon D-SLRs typically offer a 16 bit image processing pipeline, which converts images of 12 bit or 14 bit depth quickly and efficiently.
153 Focus Point System
Select Nikon DSLRs such as the D5 and D500 feature a system of 153 focus points, which broadly cover the image area at a high density for more accurate acquisition of subjects; 55 of which are selectable focus points. There are 99* cross sensors, of which 35* are user selectable (*depending upon the lens being used). Compatibility with f/8—15 focus points (9 are selective and the center 5 are cross sensors).
256-bit Encryption
256 bit Encryption is a security protocol that is characterized by key sizes that may be any multiple of 32 bits, both with a minimum of 128 and a maximum of 256 bits. This is a secure and very fast encryption type for both software and computers.
3D Color Matrix Metering II
Matrix metering evaluates multiple segments of a scene to determine the  best exposure by essentially splitting the scene into sections,  evaluating either 420-segments or 1,005 segments, depending on the Nikon  D-SLR in use. The 3D Color Matrix Meter II takes into account the scene's contrast and  brightness, the subject's distance (via a D- or G-type NIKKOR lens),  the color of the subject within the scene and RGB color values in every  section of the scene. 3D Color Matrix Metering II also uses special  exposure-evaluation algorithms, optimized for digital imaging, that  detect highlight areas. The meter then accesses a database of over  30,000 actual images to determine the best exposure for the scene. Once  the camera receives the scene data, its powerful microcomputer and the  database work together to provide the finest automatic exposure control  available.
3D Focus Tracking
An invaluable feature for sports, action and wildlife photography, 3D focus tracking, available in select Nikon D-SLRs, automatically shifts the focus point to follow the movement of the subject. With the shutter release pressed halfway, you'll see in the viewfinder the lens continuously maintain focus as the subject moves.
However, maintaining focus doesn't guarantee a sharp image, as there is a short time lag between the release of the shutter and the capture of the picture. To solve this problem, the focus tracking system is a predictive system that uses special algorithms to forecast the position of the subject at the moment the image is captured. The prediction is based on a measurement of the subject's movement and speed.
Simple predictive tracking is very effective for pictures of a subject moving at constant speed toward the camera, but to provide maximum focusing performance for a subject that abruptly changes direction at high speed, or a subject with low contrast, moving randomly, the AF system must accumulate subject location data using multiple focus areas. The AF modules built into selected Nikon D-SLRs have as many as 51 focus areas that can detect vertical, horizontal and diagonal movement of the subject.
To realize high-precision AF for high-speed continuous shooting of a fast-moving subject, the processing speed of the AF cycle is vital. To provide that speed, a Nikon proprietary technology called overlap servo prepares for the focus detection of the next shot while the lens-driving operation for the current shot is in process.
3D Tracking (11-points) AF-Area Mode
The 3D-tracking AF-Area Mode is an AF-Area Mode that is available in select Nikon digital cameras. When the user is in either AF-A or AF-C focus modes, the user selects the focus point. As long as the shutter button is kept pressed halfway, if the subject moves after the camera has focused, the camera uses 3D-tracking to select a new focus point and keep the focus locked on the original subject. If the subject leaves the viewfinder, remove your finger from the shutter release button and recompose the photograph with the subject in the selected focus point.
4K
4K is an emerging standard for digital motion picture resolution. The standard is so named because it refers to its approx. 4,000 pixels of horizontal resolution. 4K incorporates a number of aspect ratios that all utilize 4,000 pixels of horizontal resolution x differing numbers of pixels of vertical resolution. This is contrary to the standard HD resolutions of 720p and 1080p which represent the number of vertical pixels.
Aberration
An aberration prevents light from being brought into sharp focus. The ideal image by lenses (especially photographic lenses), must fulfill three key conditions, namely, 1. all light from the point object must be focused to a single point on the image plane (film or digital sensor); 2. when the object plane is perpendicular to the optical axis, the image plane must also be perpendicular; and 3. the object and the image (on the film or imaging sensor) must closely resemble each other. In reality, however, light refraction by the lens causes a variety of defects in the image, called aberration. The five most common types in aberration are SEIDEL's five aberrations, which occur even with monochromatic (single-wavelength) light. In addition, there are also two types of chromatic aberrations, which are caused by more than one frequency. It is impossible to eliminate them all, but in the lens design process, they can be controlled and balanced to provide the best possible result for that lens and application. This is handled by material (glass) selection, shape and positioning.
Action Control
A mode incorporated into select cameras such as the Nikon COOLPIX AW100 and AW110 digital cameras and the Nikon 1 AW1. When the action control is set to ON, you can control certain functions of the camera simply by swinging it in the air. The default setting is HIGH, which means that even if the camera is shaken by a small amount, it will register. When set to LOW, a large amount of movement is needed to register by the camera.
Active D-Lighting
Active D-Lighting optimizes high contrast images to restore the shadow and highlight details that are often lost when strong lighting increases the contrast between bright and dark areas of an image. It can be set to operate automatically or manually, and it's also possible to bracket pictures to get one with Active D-Lighting and one without.
Active D-Lighting's image optimization, which takes place in the camera at the moment the photo is taken, applies digital processing only to the necessary portion(s) of the image. Even when shooting a subject with a wide dynamic range, Active D-Lighting is able to reproduce a realistic image that retains natural contrast. 
Add a Bubble Effect
Add a Bubble Effect is a special effect found in select Nikon COOLPIX cameras such as the S32, it allows you to add a bubble effect to your images, so your subject will look as if it is projected on a bubble. A guide will be displayed in the monitor, and you simply compose your shot so the subject is within the guide.
Add Highlight Tag
The KeyMission 170 action camera incorporates an Add Highlight Tag feature, which allows you to tag certain sections of your video by pressing the function button on the remote control during movie playback. This feature is the default setting of the Function button on the camera’s remote control. You can then select Create movie digest, in which the camera automatically combines the tag-attached sections (2.5 seconds before and after each tag) and saves the it together as a separate movie with sound.
Add Slow Motion
This is a feature of select cameras such as the KeyMission 170 action camera, which allow you to add slow motion to a portion of your video capture, as its being recorded. This is done by assigning Add Slow Motion mode to the function button on the KeyMission 170’s remote control and pressing the function button to activate the feature while shooting. The slow motion mode captures footage as a high-frame-rate movie.
Add Starbursts
Add Starbursts is a Picture Play feature that is available on select COOLPIX digital cameras. Choosing it will cause star-like rays of light to radiate outward from bright objects such as sunlight reflections or street lights. This effect is suitable for night scenes.
AF Area Modes
Nikon's three AF Area Modes—Single Point AF, Dynamic Area AF and Auto Area AF—are designed to handle any shooting situation. With good light control and a static subject, Single Point AF ensures that the most important element in the composition, such as the eyes in a portrait, will be sharply focused. With Dynamic Area AF, you can select from several focusing options: 9-, 21- or all 51-point AF. Select a Single AF point and the areas surrounding it serve as backup—a significant advantage when shooting moving subjects. Select the 9-point option when you want to focus on erratically moving subjects with greater accuracy. When dealing with insufficient contrast for fast focus detection, choosing 21 or 51 points makes detection easier. The 51-point option also allows for 3D Focus Tracking, which uses color information from the RGB metering sensor to automatically follow moving subjects across the AF points. Auto Area AF uses color information and special face recognition algorithms to automatically focus on an individual's face, which is extremely helpful when there's simply no time to select a focus point, or when using Live View in hand-held mode at high or low angles.
AI (Automatic Maximum Aperture Indexing) System
AI became standard on Nikon cameras and NIKKOR lenses in 1977. Non-AI lenses coupled to the camera's meter through a system that required a pin on the camera to be mated to a slotted prong on the lens before the lens was mounted, then the aperture ring on the lens had to be turned from one extreme to the other to index the meter to the maximum aperture of the lens. AI eliminates this entire procedure because meter coupling and indexing occur automatically when the lens is mounted on the camera. Most AI lenses made until a few years ago were also supplied with the coupling prong so they would be compatible with either metering system.
Audio Monitoring
Using a visual display or auditory (using headphones) to monitor audio levels. This helps keep audio levels at their optimum level. It also helps to minimize degradation. Volume Unit (VU Meter) and Peak Program (PPM Meter) are common types of meters used to measure audio levels. They can be hardware or software based; regardless of type, the scale and ballistics of the meter are important characteristics.
Auto Area AF
Auto Area AF is one of Nikon's AF Area Modes. Auto Area AF uses color information and special face recognition algorithms to automatically focus on an individual's face, which is extremely helpful when there's simply no time to select a focus point, or when using Live View in hand-held mode at high or low angles.
Auto FP High-Speed Sync
Auto FP High Speed Sync is a flash mode used for fill-flash photography under brightly lit conditions. It will fill in and open up shadowed areas in order to portray the greatest detail in subjects. It's also ideal when using wide aperture lenses, and because it allows up to the fastest shutter speeds on compatible Nikon DSLRs, it is often used for action-stopping sports photography. And for portraits, you can open up your lenses to their full aperture in order to isolate your subject against a blurred background without overexposing the image. When Auto FP High Speed Sync is selected, the flash will fire for the duration of the shutter curtain's travel, thus syncing with the camera's shutter speed when that speed is set higher than the camera's normal sync speed.
Auto ISO
Auto ISO or ISO Auto is a feature that allows you to tell the camera to choose which ISO to use if certain parameters are met. For instance, when there is enough light to use ISO 100, the camera does so, but when it would have to use too slow a shutter speed, then it automatically increases the ISO to 200 and maintains a high enough shutter speed to avoid camera shake. Some Nikon digital cameras let you choose from a range that you're willing to shoot within, such as ISO 400 – 800.
Auto White Balance
In Nikon D-SLRs, Auto White Balance combines with the Scene Recognition  System to analyze each scene's light sources, cross-referencing this  information with 5,000 actual picture data examples from over 20,000  images in the camera's onboard white balance database.
A digital camera's white balance setting compensates for the different colors of various light sources—fluorescent, which has a "green" cast, or a cooler-than-daylight light balance; incandescent, which has a "yellow" or a warmer-than-daylight white balance; and daylight—so that white objects in a scene appear white regardless of the color temperature (the warmth or coolness) of the light source. Even under mixed  lighting or difficult light sources like mercury vapor  lights, auto  white balance technology calculates an ideal white  balance for  remarkably faithful colors.             
Best Moment Capture Mode
This mode, available on select Nikon 1 digital cameras is ideal for fast, hard to capture subjects. By selecting this mode, you can choose to release the shutter as the scene plays back in slow motion (Slow View) or let the camera choose the best shot (Smart Photo Selector).
B-Frames
Bi-directional (B) frames are encoded based on an interpolation from I- and P-frames that come before and after them. B-frames require little space, but can take longer to decompress because they're reliant on frames that may be reliant on other frames. A Group of Pictures (GOP) can begin with a B-frame, but can't end with one.
Bird Watching Scene Mode
Bird Watching Mode is a Scene Mode available in select Nikon COOLPIX digital cameras such as the P600. This Scene Mode will assist you in taking photos of birds in the wild. When chosen, this mode allows you to select Single or Continuous.
Broad Lighting
When photographing a portrait subject, broad lighting is the technique whereby you place the main light on the side of the face which is facing the camera and light source. It is often used to give a fuller look to the subject's face.
BSS (Best Shot Selector)
An exclusive Nikon technology, Best Shot Selector automatically selects the image with the sharpest focus from a series of up to ten consecutive images; only the sharpest shot is saved to the memory card.  
When Best Shot Selector is chosen, a series of images are stored in the camera's memory where they are evaluated by the camera's computer. The single image with the highest level of detail is then automatically transferred to the memory card.
Buffering
The action of the digital camera preloading data into a reserved area of its memory. Certain Nikon cameras feature modes that utilize the buffering of image or video data specific to the chosen mode.
With regards to the Nikon 1 camera system, the camera fills the buffer with data before the shutter is fully depressed. When using the Smart Photo Selector mode, the camera stores this pre-recorded data and can access it if the data holds the best shots taken. When using the Motion Snapshot mode, the video captured before and after the still image is captured is stored in the camera's buffer for use in creating the final Motion Snapshot.
Bulb (B Setting)
A shutter speed setting that holds the shutter open for as long as the shutter release button remains pressed. Commonly used for long time-exposures. When using the Bulb setting, use a cable release to make sure you don't cause camera shake.
Chromatic Aberration
A phenomenon in which light rays passing through a lens focus at different points, depending on their wavelength. Axial chromatic aberration is a variation in focal length; lateral chromatic aberration, a variation in magnification. Lateral chromatic aberration: Light wavelengths differ depending upon color. Differences in the length of the wavelengths result in changes in image magnification and become visible at image peripheries. Lateral Chromatic Aberration is the cause of color fringing. Lateral chromatic aberration is reduced to some degree by combining different lens elements with different refractive indexes, but optically speaking, it cannot be completely eliminated. In addition to red and its complimentary color, cyan, and blue and its complimentary color, yellow, some lenses may exhibit complex color fringing that combines these two primary types. It is greatly reduced by low-dispersion ED glass.
Cinematographer
A person who uses a motion picture camera to record the actual film footage shot during the making of a motion picture. Director of Photography is an equivalent title. On large budget "Hollywood" productions, cinematographers or director's of photography are responsible for the artistic and technical decisions related to capture of the film (or digital video, as many of today's motion pictures are being recorded using digital capture devices.)
CIPA Standard
The Camera & Imaging Product Association (CIPA) is an organization that conducts performance testing on photographic equipment and provides standard measurement results. Nikon Inc. uses the CIPA Standard when providing information on the shots per charge battery information for its cameras. Example: A Nikon D3S equipped with an AF-S NIKKOR 24-70mm f/2.8G ED lens, captured 4,200 images when measured at 23 degrees C/73.4  degrees F (plus or minus 2 degrees C/3.6 degrees F) under the following test conditions: lens cycled from infinity to minimum range and one photograph taken at default settings once every 30 seconds. Live view not used. Real life results will vary depending on factors such as temperature, use conditions and the number of times the battery is recharged.
Circle of Confusion
In photography, the circle of confusion (CoC) is used to determine the depth of field, the part of an image that is acceptably sharp. A standard value of CoC is often associated with each image format, but the most apprpriate value depends on visual acuity, viewing conditions and the amount of enlargement. Properly, this is the maximum permissible circle of confusion diameter limit, or the circle of confusion criterion, but is simply called circle of confusion.
Real lenses do not focus all rays perfectly, and so, even at best focus, a point is imaged as a spot rather than a point. The smallest such spot that a lens can produce is often referred to as the circle of least confusion.
Color Cast
If the white balance of a scene does not match the lighting under which the scene is being photographed, a color cast can occur. For example, daylight is normally cooler than incandescent lighting, so if you photograph a subject lit by an incandescent light and the white balance of the camera is set for daylight, the image will look warmer because that type of lighting is warmer (orangeish) in color than daylight. If the camera was set for incandescent and you photograph a subject in daylight, the image would look cooler (blueish). When shooting RAW (NEF), you can readjust the white balance in Nikon Capture NX2 in post production.
Comprehensive Dust Reduction System
Special care should be taken when changing lenses in order to avoid the possibility of dirt or dust entering the camera. Once inside the camera, foreign matter may adhere to the low-pass filter and show up in photographs. To help prevent the appearance of these artifacts in photographs Nikon has created the Comprehensive Dust Reduction System. This system uses a series of high resonance frequencies to vibrate the optical low-pass filter. This dislodges dust on the front of the sensor and reduces dust spots appearing on images. This system combined with the existing Image Dust Off system in Capture NX 2 provides a full dust prevention system for photographers.
Sensor cleaning can be set to be performed manually when required by selecting the 'Clean now' setting, or automatically by selecting the 'Clean at startup/shutdown' setting. The 'Clean at startup/shutdown' setting has options for when the camera automatically performs an automatic sensor clean, either each time the camera is turned on, turned off or both.
Sensor cleaning takes approximately three seconds to complete. If the shutter release is depressed during a sensor clean, cleaning will be cancelled. This enables images to be taken even if a sensor clean has started.
Continuous High Shooting
Continuous is one of the shooting options found in the Auto Mode of select Nikon digital cameras. Continuous allows you to take a series of pictures. Depending upon your camera model, the battery life and remaining memory in the buffer Continuous High lets you take more frames per second than Continuous Low; however if the flash is fired, only one picture will be taken.
Continuous Low Shooting
Continuous is one of the shooting options found in the Auto Mode of select Nikon digital cameras. Continuous allows you to take a series of pictures. Depending upon your camera model, the battery life and remaining memory in the buffer Continuous Low lets you take fewer frames per second than Continuous High; however if the flash is fired, only one picture will be taken.
CRC (Close Range Correction) System
The Close-Range Correction (CRC) system is one of Nikon's most important focusing innovations, for it provides superior picture quality at close focusing distances and increases the focusing range. With CRC, the lens elements are configured in a "floating element" design wherein each lens group moves independently to achieve focusing. This ensures superior lens performance even when shooting at close distances. The CRC system is used in fisheye, wide-angle, micro and selected medium telephoto NIKKOR lenses.
CRC (Close Range Correction) System
The Close-Range Correction (CRC) system is one of Nikon's most important focusing innovations, for it provides superior picture quality at close focusing distances and increases the focusing range. With CRC, the lens elements are configured in a "floating element" design wherein each lens group moves independently to achieve focusing. This ensures superior lens performance even when shooting at close distances. The CRC system is used in fisheye, wide-angle, micro and selected medium telephoto NIKKOR lenses.
Creative Mode
The Creative Mode is a shooting mode found on the mode dial of the Nikon 1 J2 camera. A variety of scene modes are available within the Creative Mode including: P/S/A/M, Night Landscape, Night Portrait, Backlighting (HDR), Easy Panorama, Soft (filter effect), Miniature Effect, and Selective Color. The Creative Mode is only for shooting still images, and will not work in movies mode.
Creative Mode
The Creative mode is an effects mode available in select Nikon digital cameras such as the DL series. Effects are chosen while you’re shooting either still images or movies and can be selected from five different groups (Light, which is the default, Depth, Memory, Classic and Noir). You can further adjust the amount, contrast, hue, saturation, filter or peripheral illumination of each of the effects.
Creative Palette
Creative Palette puts creativity at a photographer’s fingertips, by allowing you to modify the look of a photo via the touchscreen LCD or multi-selector before you shoot. This is a new feature in the Nikon 1 V3. The camera will automatically detect one of four scenes: portrait, close-up, landscape or other and will then display a ring showing four effects that can be applied to the scene. Brightness, saturation and white balance will change between the different effects as a finger is rotated around the ring or the multi-selector is rotated, so what you see is what you get.
Delayed Response Remote
The Delayed Remote mode is used when shooting with select Nikon cameras and the ML-L3 remote control, to ensure no camera shake will occur. The Delayed Remote sets the camera's shutter to release between 2 - 10 seconds after the shutter button on the ML-L3 remote control is pressed.
Depth Gauge
Available in select cameras such as the Nikon 1 AW1. Calibrate the Depth Gauge on the surface before you enter the water, setting it to zero. Then, you can view your depth while you’re shooting or even include it in the EXIF data that is recorded along with the image.
Distortion
There are three types of distortion that could affect the shape of the image: Barrel: image deformation causes a rectangle to swell in the center, looking like a barrel (the corners of the rectangle are greater than 90 degrees); Pincushion: image deformation causes the sides of a rectangle to move inward, forming a pincushion or star shape (the corners of the rectangle are less than 90 degrees); or Combinations: the two types can also be combined.
Distortion cannot be corrected by stopping down the lens. It can be improved by the optical combination of positive and negative lens elements.
D-Movie Mode
An innovative feature first introduced by Nikon, DSLRs that can capture HD movies, is now available in the new D7000, D3100, in 1080p, and also available in the D3S, D300S, D5000 and D90 in 720p. Capture sound with the on-board microphone or through the external mic input on select models for vocal memories. The dramatic impact of your movie making is leveraged by the legendary line of NIKKOR lenses, from ultra-wide-angle and fisheye to super-telephoto.
The camera's Live View capability makes D-Movies possible. Live View is essentially a video image, played back to the LCD monitor in near real-time for viewing. D-Movie mode records that image to the camera's memory card.
D-Movies are enhanced by the fact that they are made using NIKKOR lenses, which provide an incredible choice of focal lengths as well as legendary optical quality. They also benefit from an image sensor much larger than a typical camcorder, resulting in higher image quality and exceptional high ISO performance during low-light shooting.
Dual Shutter System
Certain Nikon digital cameras such as the Nikon 1 V1 digital camera utilize a dual shutter system, allowing you to choose from Mechanic, Electronic or Electronic (HI) shutters depending upon your shooting situation. The flash X sync speed of the Nikon 1 V1 digital camera when using the Mechanical Shutter is 1/250 of a second or slower. The Mechanical shutter offers a shutter speed range of 1/4,000 of a second–30 seconds in 1/3 EV steps, Bulb and Time (with optional ML-L3 remote). The Electronic Shutter is silent and is ideal for use where camera sounds are undesirable. The flash X sync speed of the Nikon 1 V1 digital camera when using the Electronic Shutter is 1/60 of a second or slower. The Electronic shutter offers a shutter speed range of 1/16,000 of a second – 30 seconds in 1/3 EV steps, Bulb and Time (with optional ML-L3 remote). The Electronic (HI) Shutter's default setting captures images at a rate of 10 fps. It does support 30 and 60 fps frame rates. Face detection is disabled when using the Electronic (HI) Shutter.
Dusk/Dawn Scene Mode
A scene mode available on select Nikon digital cameras. This scene mode preserves the colors seen in the weak natural light that is visible before sunrise or after sunset. It is suggested a tripod be used when shooting in this scene mode.
DX Format
Refers to Nikon cameras that feature a 1.5 magnification factor imaging sensor. Nikon digital SLRs have either an FX or a DX sensor. The FX sensor, measuring 23.9 x 36mm, is roughly equivalent to the size of the 35mm film frame. The DX sensor is smaller, measuring 15.8 x 23.6mm. The DX sensor makes possible the production of lighter, smaller cameras, but because it covers a smaller portion of the image projected by the lens, a 1.5x crop factor (so called because the smaller sensor crops the image compared to an image from a 35mm film frame) is introduced. This means, for example, a 24mm lens on a DX sensor camera will provide an approximate 36mm view.
Dynamic Area AF
Dynamic Area AF is one of three Nikon AF Area Modes. With Dynamic Area AF, you can select from several focusing options: 9-, 21- or all 51-point AF. Select a Single AF point and the areas surrounding it serve as backup—a significant advantage when shooting moving subjects. Select the 9-point option when you want to focus on erratically moving subjects with greater accuracy. When dealing with insufficient contrast for fast focus detection, choosing 21 or 51 points makes detection easier. The 51-point option also allows for 3D Focus Tracking, which uses color information from the RGB metering sensor to automatically follow moving subjects across the AF points.
Effective Pixels
The actual numbers of pixels the camera's sensor uses to make the image. The number of effective pixels is often slightly smaller than the total number of pixels, as some pixels are not used in the actual making of the image.
Effects Mode
Certain model Nikon D-SLRs such as the D5100 feature an Effects Mode that can be used when recording still images or D-movies. They can be found by selecting Effects on the cameras mode dial, and scrolling through the various effects via the command dial. Some of the special Effects are: Night Vision, Color Sketch, Miniature Effect, Selective Color, Silhouette, High Key, and Low Key.
EXPEED 4
EXPEED 4 is the latest iteration of Nikon's proprietary image processing system. EXPEED 4 is engineered to maximize performance speed, contributing to quicker response time, faster memory card access and data transfers. EXPEED 4 extends and assures breathtakingly rich image fidelity and reduces noise, even at high ISO’s. EXPEED 4 has evolved with the development of new Nikon technologies as well as the improvement of existing technologies. Nikon will continue to improve upon its EXPEED image processing systems to provide photographers with maximum camera performance and the highest quality images possible.
EXPEED 5
EXPEED 5 is the latest iteration of Nikon's proprietary image processing system. EXPEED 5 is engineered to maximize performance speed, contributing to quicker response time, faster memory card access and data transfers. EXPEED 5 extends and assures breathtakingly rich image fidelity and reduces noise, even at high ISOs. EXPEED 5 has evolved with the development of new Nikon technologies as well as the improvement of existing technologies. Nikon will continue to improve upon its EXPEED image processing systems to provide photographers with maximum camera performance and the highest quality images possible.
EXPEED C2
Engineered to deliver optimal performance on each COOLPIX model, the latest evolution of Nikon's renowned digital image processing engine, EXPEED C2 helps ensure beautiful photographs of every scene you shoot. EXPEED C2 continues to expand the possibilities of photography with  improved levels of high image quality, fine detail and processing speed.
Firmware
Firmware is a read only set of instructions that is embedded in a hardware device to either add or improve function. Sometimes there are two parts to a Nikon firmware update labeled A or B. Some updates will perform either A or B, and some will perform A and B, only one at a time. Some others still will perform both A and B at the same  time. Please read the instructions carefully as firmware updates are permanent and cannot be 'undone' outside of the service department. Newer firmware versions will overwrite older versions and will also include all previous update changes.
Flash Color Information Communications
Nikon Speedlights provide improved color accuracy in flash photography thanks to flash color information communication. In Auto White Balance mode, the master Speedlight—the unit attached to the Nikon D-SLR, transmits information to the camera about the color temperature of the light that it is emitting. The information is used by the camera to determine a white balance setting that best matches the color temperature of the flash to the color temperature of the scene's ambient light, thus allowing the camera to achieve optimum white balance for the scene.
Flash Duration
Refers to the very short amount of time it usually takes for a flash to fire. Automatic flash control varies the brightness by varying the duration of the flash. Flash duration for an auto flash is typically 1/1000 to 1/20,000 second.
Flash Value (FV) Lock
A function of the Nikon Creative Lighting System, Flash Value (FV) lock maintains the same flash exposure for your main subject when you're shooting a sequence of photos. This allows you to zoom in on your subject, change the composition or adjust the aperture, all without altering the intended exposure. Once FV Lock is set on your Nikon Speedlight, the flash value remains at the locked in setting until the FV Lock is pressed a second time, the camera's light meter times out or the camera is turned off.
Flash White Balance Setting
Flash is a white balance setting. When manually setting the white balance on your digital camera, and taking pictures using flash lighting, you use the flash setting to color balance the available light and flash so it is captured correctly by the camera.
F Mount
The F Mount is the designation given to the Nikon single lens reflex interchangeable lens mounting system. Used on Nikon SLRs/D-SLRs and NIKKOR lenses from the introduction of the Nikon F in 1959 to current models, the bayonet-type F-Mount is the communication link between Nikon SLRs and NIKKOR lenses.
Noted for its rugged construction and outstanding reliability, the F-Mount is distinctive also for its degree of compatibility with NIKKOR lenses and a design that can accommodate future system advances. Nikon has maintained the basic structure of the mount for the 50 years of its use, and currently some 400 different NIKKOR lenses are compatible with the system.
One of the biggest advantages of the Nikon F-Mount is that you're able to choose from a large selection of lenses including: AF NIKKOR and AF-S (Silent Wave Motor) and PC-E perspective-control NIKKOR lenses.
By adapting and extending the capability of the F-Mount and NIKKOR lenses, Nikon has incorporated technologies like autofocus, advanced metering, distance information technology, electronic aperture control in G-Type NIKKOR, VR (Vibration Reduction) image stabilization and Silvent Wave Motor (AF-S) technology, thus maintaining a significant degree of compatibility and demonstrating an ongoing commitment to photographers.
Focal Length Multiplier
For a D-SLR that uses an imaging sensor smaller than full frame (35mm film frame), the ratio of the diagonal of the camera's imaging sensor in comparison to the diagonal of a 35mm frame is the crop factor. This ratio is commonly referred to as a focal length multiplier (FLM), since multiplying a lens focal length by the crop factor or FLM gives the focal length of a lens that would yield the same field of view if used on the reference format.
Focal Plane
The precise position (plane) within the camera body, behind the shutter curtain, at which the light gathering surface of the image sensor is fixed. In a film SLR, this is the same plane across which the film would be positioned for each exposure. The focal plane mark is a mark on the exterior of the camera body noting where the focal plane is located inside.
Full-time Servo
Full-time-servo AF or AF-F is used for moving subjects. When set to AF-F, the camera will focus continuously as long as the shutter release button is pressed. The focus locks when the shutter button is pressed halfway. AF-F is one of the focus modes that are availalble on select cameras when in Live View.
FX-Format
Refers to Nikon cameras that feature a 35mm film-frame size sensor. Nikon digital SLRs have either an FX or a DX sensor. The FX sensor, measuring 23.9 x 36mm, is roughly equivalent to the size of the 35mm film frame. The DX sensor is smaller, measuring 15.8 x 23.6mm. The FX sensor, with more "light gathering" area, offers higher sensitivity and, generally, lower noise. There is, of course, no crop factor present with the FX sensor.
Gamma
Gamma is a mathematical term which is used to describes a skew in the middle tones of an image. Gamma values do not affect the overall density range (in other words the brightest and darkest points of the color space) but will dramatically affect the overall appearance: A low gamma value will produce a saturated, somber image, whereas a higher value will result in a de-saturated, washed-out result. All imaging devices such as monitors, digital cameras and scanners make use of some sort of gamma value as the conversion between digital and analog. The value of gamma can be specified for a color space so that the correct tonality can be reproduced.
Gelatin Filter
A color filter made of gelatin. Since gelatin can be dyed with a wide range of materials, filters can be made with a variety of colors for various effects. Certain lenses, such as the NIKKOR 10.5mm Fisheye lens, accept gelatin filters. Nikon does not make gel (gelatin) filters. Most Gel filters are made by Kodak (under the "Wratten" brand name) but other manufacturers also supply gel filters. These filters can be purchased from specialty camera stores and they usually come in 3" x 3" or 4" x 4" sheets. These sheets should be custom-cut by the user for the desired application. Many different types are available for color correction and neutral density effects.
Geotagging
Geotagging is the practice of recording and sharing GPS coordinates captured at the time that photos or videos are shot. Some photographers like to keep detailed records of exactly where they have traveled and photographed; while other photographers like to share the GPS coordinates with others so they too can visit these locations.
Groups of Pictures
MPEG formats use three types of compressed frames, organized in a group of pictures, or GOP, to achieve interframe compression. GOPs are defined by three factors: their pattern of I-, P-, and B-frames, their length, and whether the GOP is “open” or “closed.”
G-Type NIKKOR Lens
G-type NIKKOR lenses have no aperture control ring and are intended for use on Nikon D-SLRs that allow the lens aperture to be adjusted via the camera's command dial. In addition, like D-type NIKKORS, G-type optics relay subject-to-camera distance information to Nikon digital SLRs. The information is used to help determine ambient and flash exposure. A G-type lens will have the abbreviation G labeled on the lens barrel.
Guide Mode
Guide Mode provides instant in-camera guidance that shows you step-by-step how to change camera settings to achieve the picture you want. To use you select a Guide Mode setting that matches the scene you are shooting, and let it assist you, so you learn while obtaining the desired results.
HRI
HRI stands for High Refractive Index Lens. With a refractive index of more than 2.0, one HRI lens can offer effects equivalent to those obtained with several normal glass elements and can compensate for both field curvature and spherical aberrations. Therefore, HRI lenses achieve great optical performance in an even more compact body.
HRI
HRI stands for High Refractive Index Lens. With a refractive index of more than 2.0, one HRI lens can offer effects equivalent to those obtained with several normal glass elements and can compensate for both field curvature and spherical aberrations. Therefore, HRI lenses achieve great optical performance in an even more compact body.
Hybrid VR
A combination of Lens Shift and Electronic Vibration Reduction for image stabilization. Found in Nikon COOLPIX cameras. First, camera shake is corrected with the Lens Shift VR. If further image correction is required, the camera automatically takes two shots, one with a small amount of blurring taken at a faster than normal shutter speed, and another with a large amount of blurring taken at the normal shutter speed (the image with camera shake). It then aligns the two images to detect how much each pixel has moved. An appropriate amount of blurring, noise and chroma is extracted from each image, and a stabilized image is produced by processing the images while altering the synthesis ratio of both images. This method is most effective with large amounts of blurring. Some Nikon COOLPIX cameras use image processing to correct blurring without taking two shots.
Hyperfocal Distance
The closest point you can focus a lens and still have the depth-of-field including infinity when the lens is focused on infniity. On a NIKKOR lens that does not have a depth-of-field scale, you can calculate the hyperfocal distance by using the formula: H = f 2 / ( F x CoC ) where "H" is the hyperfocal distance in mm, "f" is the focal length, "F" is the aperture and "CoC" is a Circle of Confusion value (0.033 for 35mm film or an FX format camera or 0.020 for a DX format body). The maximum permissible circle of confusion will vary depending on the image reproduction size, image capture format and other variables.
IF Lens
A NIKKOR lens in which only the internal lens group shifts during focusing. Thus, IF NIKKORS do not change in size during AF operation, allowing for compact, lightweight lenses capable of closer focusing distances. These lenses will be designated with the abbreviation IF on the lens barrel.
I-frames
Intra (I) frames, also known as reference or key frames, contain the necessary data to re-create a complete image. An I-frame stands by itself without requiring data from other frames in the Group of Pictures (GOP). Every GOP contains one I-frame, though it doesn't have to be the first frame of the Group. I-frames are the largest type of MPEG frame, but they're faster to decompress than other kinds of MPEG frames.
Image Area Selection
Image Area Selection is a feature available on the select Nikon Speedlight flashes such as the SB-900. When mounted on a camera that can select an image area between FX-format (36x24) and DX-format (24x16), the Speedlight automatically selects the suitable light distribution angle in accordance with the camera’s image area setting.
In-Camera HDR
Select Nikon cameras have an in-camera HDR (High Dynamic Range) mode so make sure to review your reference manual for complete details on setting your camera for HDR. When shooting HDR, the camera automatically combines two exposures to form a single image that captures a wide range of tones, from shadows to highlights. The first exposure is darker (underexposed) and the second exposure brighter (overexposed). They are combined into one image that has a wider range of tones than can be captured in one exposure. HDR mode is only available with JPEG recording, not RAW (NEF) recording. Along with choosing the exposure difference, the user is given the choice of Smoothing (high, normal or low). Smoothing refers to the look of the composite HDR image. High and normal produce a more natural look, whereas low produces an image with a more surreal look.
Incandescent
Incandescent light refers to the illumination produced from typical household light bulbs (tungsten bulbs) incorporating a heated tungsten wire filament. The light produced is “yellow” or a warmer-than-daylight white balance. Setting a camera’s white balance to Incandescent will correct for the yellow cast.
In terms of color temperature, incandescent light generally falls between 2500 and 3500 degrees Kelvin.
Color Temperature
Inverse Square Law
This law of physics indicates that when you increase the distance between a subject to twice as far away from a light source, it will then receive one quarter of the light. So, when you move a subject twice as far from the original light source, you will need to increase the amount of light four times. 
iPhone App.
An application that works on the Apple Inc. iPhone, iPod Touch and iPad. The Nikon Learn & Explore app is free, and can be downloaded from the Apple App store. It allows users to read L&E articles and view videos or audio podcasts posted on Learn & Explore.
IPTC
ITPC stands for the International Press Telecommunications Council. The ITPC came up with the Information Interchange Model or IIM file structure and metadata attributes that can be applied to images as well as text and other types of media files. It is almost universally accepted by photographers as the standard format for embedding metadata into an image file. Such embedded metadata could include the photographer's name, copyright information, or other descriptions. Almost all of the IIM attributes are supported by EXIF. ITPC data is found in the ITPC Header and is compatible with JPEG and TIFF files. In recent years, XMP (Extensible Metadata Platform) has taken over as the defacto standard format for embedding this data in an image file. 
ISO Control
Selected Nikon D-SLRs offer auto ISO control, a feature that will maintain a selected shutter speed range. Here's how it works: In aperture-priority operation, for instance, choose ISO control and set a base shutter speed of, for example, 1/250 second—meaning that you don't want the shutter speed to go below that setting. When the light level in the scene requires a shutter speed slower than 1/250 second, the camera will automatically kick up the ISO to maintain that shutter speed.
Along with f/stop and shutter speed, ISO is an important element of exposure control.
i-TTL Balanced Fill Flash
Nikon's i-TTL (intelligent through-the-lens) Balanced Fill-Flash automatically balances the output of the Nikon Speedlight and the scene's ambient light.
Immediately before the main flash goes off, the Speedlight fires a series of monitor pre-flashes, which convey Information about the scene's lighting to the camera. Combined with information from the camera's 3D Color Matrix metering system, the information is analyzed to adjust flash output to balance the scene's ambient light.
All of this complex processing happens in a fraction of a second, before each exposure, to provide unprecedented levels of flash precision and performance.
i-TTL Flash Control
Nikon's i-TTL (intelligent through-the-lens) flash system meters every exposure, setting the Nikon Speedlight's output to the precise level needed to balance the scene's ambient light.
Milliseconds before the main flash, Nikon Speedlights emit a monitor pre-flash, which reflects off every object in the frame, sending to the five-segment i-TTL flash sensor and RGB sensor the data about the scene's available light and shadow areas, subject distance, reflectance and color temperature. This information, along with data from the Matrix metering system, is analyzed to adjust the flash's output for the most balanced background-to-foreground exposure possible. All of this complex processing happens in a fraction of a second, before each exposure, to provide unprecedented levels of flash precision and performance.
KeyMission
KeyMission is Nikon’s brand name for its line of action cameras. These include the KeyMission 360, KeyMission 170 and KeyMission 80. The KeyMission 360 can record videos and still images in 360° and played back on a smart device or computer with interactivity, allowing the viewer to select how they wish to view the content. The KeyMission 170 records videos and still images in 170°; and the KeyMission 80 offers an 80° field of view.
KeyMission 360/170 Utility Software
KeyMission 360/170 Utility is free software designed specifically for use with the KeyMission 360 and KeyMission 170 action cameras. The Utility enables you to transfer images and movies to your computer for viewing and editing. You can also use it to change the camera’s settings. KeyMission 360/170 Utility is compatible with both Mac and Windows-based PC computers.
Light Modifiers
Accessory equipment that is used with Nikon Speedlights and other types of lighting equipment, to soften, direct or change the direction and quality of light. Examples of light modifiers include diffusers, softboxes, reflectors, gobos, grids, spotlights, snoots, barndoors, flags and light tents.
Linear PCM Audio Compression
Linear pulse-code modulation or LPCM is a method of encoding audio information digitally. It also refers to the formats that use this method of audio encoding. Pulse-code modulation or PCM, though more general, is often used to describe data that is encoded as LPCM.
Live Frame Grab
In the custom settings menu, you can choose the role played by pressing the shutter-release button when Movie Mode is selected with the live view selector. If the shutter-release button is pressed all the way down during movie recording, the camera will record a photograph without interrupting movie recording. Photos are 1,920 x 1,080 pixels in size (aspect ratio 16:9) and recorded at an image quality of JPEG fine (quality-priority). Note that during movie recording, photos are taken one at a time regardless of the release mode selected; this restriction does not apply if movie recording is not currently in progress)
Live View
Live View Shooting Mode is almost exactly what it says: you're seeing what the camera's lens is seeing, but you're seeing it on the camera's LCD. We say "almost" because you're seeing a video replay of the scene a split-second after the camera's sensor and memory have captured it. Live View enables you to view and compose the shot without looking through the finder, and it's ideal for situations in which you want to, or need to, hold the camera at an unusual angle or away from your body. To capture video with a Nikon D-SLR, the camera must be in Live View Shooting Mode.
Loop Lighting
A lighting technique whereby there is a pleasing shadow in the shape of a loop under the nose. Loop lighting is flattering for many types of faces. The main light is placed above the subject and to the right or left in the direction that the subject's face is pointing.
Loop Recording
The Loop Recording feature is available on select cameras such as the KeyMission 360 and KeyMission 170 action cameras. After recording a movie for a specified time, the camera continues recording the movie while deleting the recorded movie data from the beginning. Only the most recent data is saved to the memory card, resulting in a movie of the specified length. The movie is recorded as five separate files, however when playing them back, the recorded movies saved in the camera via the SnapBridge 360/170 app or on a TV, the split movies are played back continuously. Possible movie lengths that can be chosen are: 5 minutes (default), 10, 30 and 60 minutes.
Matrix Metering
An advanced metering mode in which the camera's computer sets exposure based on its analysis of the scene's components. It is generally regarded as the most accurate metering for most lighting situations, including those with complex lighting. Matrix Meter or 3D RGB Color Matrix Meter gathers information from the red, green, and blue sensors and factors in distance information provided by the lens as it evaluates proper exposure calculation. This meter instantly analyzes a scene's overall brightness, contrast, and other lighting characteristics, comparing what is sees against an onboard database of over 30,000 images for unsurpassed exposure accuracy, even in the most challenging photographic situations. By the time the 3D Matrix meter has made its considerations of colors by hue and saturation, tonal ranges by brightest and darkest, areas of similar tonality that are connected or separated, distance to the subject, and compared that to its database generated from photographic images, it's got a very good idea of what the exposure should be.
If you are a beginner, Matrix is where you should start. As your skills grow, and they will, you will acquire a better understand of when it might be beneficial to use other light metering options.
What is the database of over 30,000 images? Over the years Nikon has studied the color, area of coverage, focus distance, contrast, size and shape of shadows and highlights and exposure characteristics of over 30,000 actual photographic images and incorporated this data as a reference source for the expert exposure system that is the 3D Color Matrix Meter.
Motion Priority
A photo technique that you can choose when shooting in the Smart Photo Selector mode of the Nikon 1 digital cameras. Press the Feature (F) button to access it. Motion Priority is ideal for use when shooting subjects that are in motion. As long as the shutter is pressed half way, the camera will continuously adjust focus to keep the subject in focus.
Motion Snapshot
The Motion Snapshot mode allows you to capture a second of movie footage and a still image each time the shutter is pressed. The Motion Snapshot is played back on the camera's LCD, with the video shown in slow motion over the course of 2.5 seconds, ending with the still image. Music themes can be chosen before or after Motion Snapshot capture. To play back on a computer, you must first download the files to your computer and use the included Short Movie Creator software to convert the file type necessary for play back on a computer and sharing socailly.
MTF Chart (Modular Transfer Function)
An MTF (Modular Transfer Function) Chart shows the measurement of the optical performance potential of a lens. MTF charts can give you a better understanding of the optical quality of lenses and can be useful references when researching, comparing and purchasing a lens.
Multi-Area AF-Assist Illuminator
Multi-Area AF-Assist Illuminator, built-in to select Speedlights, can be used with all focus-areas of cameras compatible with the Nikon Creative Lighting System to give you autofocus shooting capability in extremely dim lighting.
If light in a scene is so low that the camera's AF system cannot "see" the subject, and thus cannot focus on it, turning on the Speedlight's AF Assist Illuminator will project a patterned beam of light on the subject; the AF system can then achieve autofocus by focusing on that pattern.
Multi-area Mode Full HD D-Movie Mode
Select Nikon D-SLRs feature a Multi-area crop mode for movies. This includes FX format, DX format, and a specific 1920x1080 crop mode. The latter of these modes provides a unique 2.7x crop factor by cropping the center of the image sensor to exactly 1920 x 1080 pixels. All three crop modes produce the same resulting 1080p movie files. These modes provide unparralleled versatility to any collection of NIKKOR lenses by offering a multitude of cropping options to fit almost any shooting situation and all provide the same high quality 1080p output movie file.
Multiple Exposure: Lighten
Multiple Exposure Lighten is a Scene mode in select Nikon digital cameras including the DL series models. When using this mode, the camera will automatically capture moving subjects at regular intervals and compare each image, then create a single composite image that combines only the bright areas. Use this mode for photos of the light trails from cars or other moving objects or star trails. Depending upon whether you want to photograph light trails or star trails, you’ll select either Nightscape + light trails or Nightscape + star trails, and then further select the options that those settings offer.
Nano Crystal Coat
An anti-reflective coating developed by Nikon that virtually eliminates internal lens element reflections across a wide range of wavelengths. Nano Crystal Coat uses ultrafine, nano-sized* crystal particles to eliminate reflections inside the lens throughout the spectrum of visible light waves (380 to 780 nm) in ways that far exceed the limits of conventional antireflection coating systems. Nano Crystal Coat not only solves ghost effects caused by red light, which was incredibly difficult for previous systems. It also effectively reduces ghost and flare effects caused by light entering the lens diagonally. The result: clearer images.
NEF - Nikon Electronic Format
Exclusive to Nikon cameras, the NEF is Nikon's RAW file format. RAW image files, sometimes referred to as digital negatives, contain all the image information captured by the camera's sensor, along with the image's metadata (the camera's identification and its settings, the lens used and other information). The NEF file is written to the memory card in either an uncompressed or "lossless" compressed form.  The primary benefit of writing images to the memory card in NEF format rather than TIFF or JPEG is that no in-camera processing for white balance, hue, tone and sharpening are applied to the NEF file; rather, those values are retained as instruction sets included in the file. You can change the instruction set as many times as you like without ever disturbing the original image's RAW data. Another benefit of the NEF file is that depending on the camera, it retains 12-bit or 14-bit data, resulting in an image with a far greater tonal range than an eight-bit JPEG or TIFF file. After-capture processing of the NEF file by Nikon's Capture NX2 software, or other imaging programs, offers greater control over the final image than the processing of a JPEG or a TIFF. After processing, the NEF file can be saved as a TIFF, JPEG or again as a NEF with the addition of any applied Capture NX2 processing saved inside the file as a second or alternate instruction set. As long as the original NEF file is preserved, the "digital negative" remains untouched; processing a NEF file does not alter the original instruction set.
Nightscape and Light Trails
An option of the scene mode Multiple Exposure: Lighten, which is found in select Nikon digital cameras including the DL series, that you’d choose if you want to photograph the trails of light from a car or other moving object against the dark background of a night landscape. You can choose the interval (1s, 2s, 4s, 8s) at which individual images will be captured. Once the camera captures 50 images it stops shooting and for every 10 images, it will make one composite image with the trails overlapping.
Nightscape and Star Trails
An option of the scene mode Multiple Exposure: Lighten, which is found in select Nikon digital cameras including the DL series, that you’d choose if you want to photograph the star trails in the night sky. You can choose the interval (15s, 20s, 25s, 30s) at which individual images will be captured. Once the camera captures 300 images it stops shooting and for every 30 images, it will make one composite image with the trails overlapping.
Nikon Capture NX2 Software
Capture NX 2 is a full-featured non-destructive photo editing program that provides photographers powerful tools to quickly and easily edit their photographs. Capture NX 2 provides the highest quality RAW (NEF) conversions from your Nikon camera and fully integrates with all Nikon software including Camera Control Pro 2, Image Authentication Software, Transfer and ViewNX.
Click here to get more information on Nikon Capture NX2.
Nikon Standard
The Nikon Standard for shots per charge battery information for its cameras is based on testing done by Nikon Inc. Example: A Nikon D3 equipped with an AF-S VR 70-200mm f/2.8 ED lens captured 4,700 images when measured at 20  degrees C/68 degrees F under the following test conditions: image quality set to JPEG normal; image size set to L (large); shutter speed 1/250; shutter-release button pressed halfway for three seconds and focus cycled from infinity to minimum range three times; six shots taken in succession with the monitor turned on for five seconds and then turned off; cycle repeated once exposure meters have turned off. Real life results will vary depending on factors such as temperature, use conditions and the number of times the battery is recharged.
Nikon Transfer NX Software
Software that allows for simple transfer of images captured with a Nikon digital camera or images recorded to media such as memory cards to a computer. Designed for easy integration with ViewNX and Capture NX software. Allows for back-up copying and embedding of information including copyright into image data during transfer.
Nikon View NX2 Software
Nikon ViewNX 2 is an all-in-one image browsing and editing software application for both still images and movies. In addition to image browsing functionality, ViewNX 2 allows users to adjust image size and brightness, as well as offering new editing functions that enable cropping and image straightening for RAW, TIFF and JPEG format images. Naturally, it also enables adjustment of such aspects as white balance and exposure compensation for RAW images captured with Nikon digital cameras. ViewNX 2 is also equipped with basic movie editing functions. Smooth collaboration with my Picturetown, Nikon's image storage and sharing service, has also been achieved. It is offered in MAC and PC versions.
For more information about Nikon View NX2 software, click here .
NRW File Format
The NRW (RAW) file format offers users more flexibility over capturing images in JPEG. The NRW file contains all of the original image information, unprocessed. Users can opt to have the camera process the RAW data and save the adjusted files as a separate JPEG file, or modify/edit the image after-capture in image editing software, without worry of degradation in the image quality. The NRW file format is Mac and PC compatible.
NTSC
NTSC, named for the National Television System Committee is the analog television system that was used in the United States. In 2009, the U.S. converted to ATSC a set of standards developed by the Advanced Television System Committee, for the transmission of digital television signals, more commonly known as HDTV, however standard definition signals can also be broadcast over ATSC.
Old Fashioned Movie Setting
The small Old Fashioned Movie Setting is available in select Nikon COOLPIX cameras such as the S32. When chosen, it records video at an image size of 640x480, with a 4:3 aspect ratio, and frame rate of 15 fps. The movie will have a look and feel similar to movies shot on old 8mm movie film.
Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED)
An organic light emitting diode (OLED) is a light-emitting diode (LED). It is one type of display screen that can be used in a camera.
An OLED is a light-emitting diode (LED) in which the layer of organic semiconductor material emits light in response to an electric current. This layer of organic material is situated between two electrodes, one of which is usually transparent.
OLEDs are used in camera displays, television screens, computer monitors, and other devices. OLEDs are also used in light sources for space illumination and in large-area light-emitting elements. An OLED display functions without a backlight, so it can display deep black levels and can be thinner and lighter than liquid crystal displays (LCDs).
OLED displays can use either passive-matrix (PMOLED) or active-matrix addressing schemes. Active-matrix OLEDs (AMOLED) require a thin-film transistor backplane to switch each individual pixel on or off, and can make higher resolution and larger size displays possible.
Phase Fresnel
Phase Fresnel (PF) lens elements effectively compensate for chromatic aberration and ghosting when combined with ordinary glass lens elements. The PF lens element is based upon the Phase Fresnel lens, which appears to have a series of concentric circles engraved onto it. Utilizing a Phase Fresnel lens element allows Nikon engineers to use fewer lens elements, resulting in a more compact and lightweight lens. Due to the characteristics of a PF (Phase Fresnel) lens that utilizes the photo diffraction phenomenon, when there is a strong light source within the frame or when light enters the lens from outside of the frame, ring-shaped colored flare may occur according to shooting conditions. This phenomenon can be minimized with “PF Flare Control” to be included in Capture NX-D (ver.1.1.0 or later). For more information, see software Help/manual. Capture NX-D is available from the Nikon website. Be sure to keep your software up to date.
Photo Illustration Special Effect
Photo Illustration is an effect found on select cameras that sharpens the outlines and simplifies the coloring in an image for a poster effect. It can be adjusted in Live View. When movies are shot in this mode, the movies play back like a slideshow made up of a series of stills.
Picture Angle
Refers to the amount of a scene that will be in the photo. It is determined by the focal length of the lens and the format of the camera and is usually measured across the diagonal of the frame. Also called angle of view.
Picture Controls
Nikon's Picture Controls is a system of in-camera and post-production settings that can be adjusted using a number of parameters that let you personalize your digital images to your individual photographic taste. The Picture Control options are: Standard, Neutral, Vivid, Monochrome, Portrait and Landscape. You can further adjust the hue, sharpening, contrast, brightness and saturation.
Picture Play
Picture Play is one of the options available under "Have fun with pictures" which is found in the Playback menu of such COOLPIX cameras as the S31. Picture Play lets you edit images using a number of effects including soften pictures, add starbursts, add a fisheye effect, add a diorama effect, toy camera, change colors, highlight colors, and decorate. Edited images are saved as copies.
Pixel
An abbreviation for picture element, it represents the basic building block of every image. It helps to think of pixels as tiny individual blocks or squares, each having a specific color and each one touching the next to form a color image.
Pixelization
An abbreviation for picture element, it represents the basic building block of every image. It helps to think of pixels as tiny individual blocks or squares, each having a specific color and each one touching the next to form a color image.
Predictive Focus Tracking
In AF-C mode, the camera will initiate predictive focus tracking if the subject moves toward or away from the camera while the shutter release button is pressed halfway or either of the AF-ON buttons is pressed. This allows the camera to track focus while attempting to predict where the subject will be when the shutter is released.
PRE (Preset Manual)
PRE is a white balance mode incorporated into certain Nikon cameras that allows you to record and recall a custom white balance setting. It is useful when you are shooting under mixed lighting conditions or when you're shooting under lights that have a strong color cast.
Radio AWL
Advanced wireless lighting using Nikon cameras and Speedlights that use radio frequencies to trigger the flashes and which do not require optical line of sight to trigger the flashes. Radio AWL and Optical AWL can be combined and used by a photographer for a shoot, using different groups for each of the Radio and Optical Speedlight units.
RAID Array
Redundant Array of Independent Disks. A RAID Array consists of multiple hard disk drives that behave as one. Depending upon their configuration, RAID Arrays can offer redundant backup (RAID 1 whereby data is written to each disk identically, so the content is mirrored) or non-redundant backup (RAID 0 whereby the disks are connected and offer an increased speed and capacity, but data is only written once).
RAW Sizes (L, M, S)
A RAW image file format (NEF as Nikon calls its RAW file format, which stands for Nikon Electronic Format) gets the data directly from the camera's CCD or CMOS image sensor, unmodified, with no in-camera processing performed. Select Nikon DSLRs such as the D5 offer the option to select RAW sizes L, M or S. RAW Size L - file ratio size 100% - selectable from 12-bit and 14-bit; uncompressed, lossless compressed, compressed - approx. 19.3MP (12bit Lossless), 24.2MP (14bit Lossless); RAW Size M - file ratio size 72% - 12-bit lossless compressed only - approx. 13.9MP; RAW Size S - file ratio size 55% - 12-bit lossless compressed only - approx. 10.5MP. The three RAW sizes can be processed within the camera.
Scene Effect
Incorporated into select Nikon COOLPIX cameras, the Scene Effect is an adjustment slider that allows you to adjust the intensity of certain scene modes. For example, the Food scene mode scene effect affects picture color, letting you make images more blue or more red; the Landscape and Close-up scene modes affect the saturation of the image, letting you choose between more vivid and less vivid; and the Sunset and Dusk/Dawn scene modes Scene Effect alters color, letting you choose to make the image more red or more blue.
Scene Modes
A mode in which camera settings are adapted to a specific scene or type of subject. The scene modes automatically selects the appropriate exposure (shutter speed, ISO, aperture) for the particular scene the photograph is being taken in. Many COOLPIX cameras have upwards of 18 scene modes. Some Nikon D-SLRs also offer scene modes. Some of the many Nikon Scene modes are: scene auto selector, portrait, landscape, sports, night portrait, party/indoor, beach, snow, sunset, dusk/dawn, night landscape, close-up, food, museum, fireworks show, copy, backlighting, panorama assist, candlelight, pet portrait, blossom, autumn colors, silhouette, high key, and low key.
Scene Recognition System
Nikon's Scene Recognition System (SRS) recognizes the position, color,  tones and characteristics of a subject or overall scene prior to  capture; then, using information from the sensor,  compares that information to the camera's built-in image database to  achieve more accurate autofocus, auto exposure and auto white balance  control.
The Scene Recognition System's accuracy and precision are made  possible by the image recognition capability of the sensor. Data  supplied to the camera's system by the RGB sensor includes subject  tracking and identification, highlight analysis and light source  identification.
Even changes of subject position within the viewfinder can be  recognized as image information, and this capability is used by the  autofocus system as a 3D-tracking function to give greater priority to  the subject’s position. For subject tracking, the sensor recognizes the  color of a subject within a user-selected focus point, then follows the  subject’s movement by detecting the identical color segment. The  3D-tracking mode shifts the focus point automatically to respond to the  subject’s movements. The AF and SRS are in constant communication with  each other, improving tracking performance even for subjects quickly  approaching the camera.
As an auto white balance function, better image recognition combined  with an advanced auto white balance algorithm achieves  higher-performance white balance control.
For subject identification, the SRS uses color information from the  sensor to automatically detect people and skin tones. In this way it can  quickly focus on the most important element—the human face—in Auto area  AF mode. Even if similar colors exist both in the foreground and  background, the Scene Recognition System uses distance information from a  D- or G-type AF NIKKOR lens to determine where the main subject is.
Shooting Menu Banks
Shooting menu options are stored in one of four banks. With the exceptions of Extended menu banks, Interval timer shooting, Multiple exposure, Time-lapse photography, and modifications to Picture Controls (quick adjust and other manual adjustments), changes to settings in one bank have no effect on the others. To store a particular combination of frequently-used settings, select one of the four banks and set the camera to these settings. The new settings will be stored in the bank even when the camera is turned off, and will be restored the next time the bank is selected. Different combinations of settings can be stored in the other banks, allowing the user to switch instantly from one combination to another by selecting the appropriate bank from the bank menu. The default names for the four shooting menu banks are A, B, C, and D.
Short Lighting
When photographing a portrait subject, short lighting is the technique whereby you place the main light on the side of the face which is facing away from the camera and light source. It is often used to give a leaner look to the subject's face.
Simultaneous Live View
Simultaneous Live View is a feature present in certain Nikon digital cameras that allow the user to view the video signal being captured on the camera's LCD screen and to an external monitor display that is connected to the camera. On digital cameras that do not feature Simultaneous Live VIew, the photographer has to choose between viewing the video on the camera's LCD or on an external monitor display, not both.
Single Point AF
Single Point AF is one of three Nikon AF Area Modes. With good light control and a static subject, Single Point AF ensures that the most important element in the composition, such as the eyes in a portrait, will be sharply focused.
Smooth Exposure Compensation
A movie exposure function that reduces the abrupt change in exposure when moving the camera composition from a light to dark area (or dark to light) while using an Automatic exposure mode to record movies. Can be set with a custom setting.
SnapBridge 360/170
SnapBridge 360/170 is a smartphone app that has been designed specifically for use with the KeyMission 360 and KeyMission 170 action cameras. The app allows you to transfer and view pictures from your camera, including 360 ̊ images, with your smart device. In addition, remote shooting, camera setting changes and image editing are all possible.
Solid State Drive (SSD)
A SSD is a data storage device that uses solid-state memory to store persistent data. An SSD drive, unlike a traditional hard disk drive, does not have spinning disks or moveable read/write heads. Solid State Drives use microchips that have no moving parts. As of 2010, most Solid State Drives use NAND-based flash memory, which can retain memory without the need for power.
Special Effect—Cross Screen
Cross Screen is a Special Filter Effect that is available on select Nikon digital cameras. The Cross Screen effect adds a starburst to light sources in an image. User selectable settings include the number of points in the starburst. The modified image is saved as a separate file.
SPORT Vibration Reduction Mode
Sport VR is a VR mode featured in specific Nikon lenses, and when used in conjunction with certain Nikon DSLR bodies, it provides the photographer with an improved user experience. For pros shooting fast and erratic moving sports subjects, using the SPORT VR mode will give you a more stable viewfinder image, handheld or when using a monopod, even if you’re panning. Track subjects easier when shooting in Continuous mode and as an added benefit with the specific cameras such as the D4S and D5, the continuous shooting frame rates and release lag time are not affected while using VR. Even use SPORT VR when shooting HD video. The Tripod VR function even eliminates the vibrations that may transfer from the ground to the tripod in both Normal and SPORT VR modes.
Storage Device
A storage device is a device that allows for the recording or storage of information or data. This can be a disk drive, removable media card, or other portable device that contains data for archiving purposes or future use.
Magnetic Storage is a term referring to the storage of data on a magnetized medium. Magnetic storage uses different patterns of magnetization in a magnetizable material to store data. It is a non-volatile form of memory. Magnetic storage is primarily used for hard disk drives.
Optical Storage is a term referring to the storage of data on an optically readable medium. Data is recorded by making marks in a pattern that can be read back with the aid of light, usually a beam of laser light, precisely focused on a spinning disk. An example of optical storage is a CD.
Sunlight White Balance Setting
Sunlight is a white balance setting. When manually setting the white balance on your digital camera, and shooting under bright sunlight lighting conditions you use the sunlight setting to balance the available light so it is captured correctly by the camera.
Sunny 16
Often called the sunny 16 rule, it's a quick guideline for exposure on a bright sunny day: Set the aperture at f/16 and the shutter speed to the fraction closest to the film's speed (for example, 1/125 second for ISO 100 film).
Super ED Glass
Super ED glass is a development of Nikon’s proprietary ED glass technology. Nikon optical designers developed Super ED glass to have optical properties resembling that of fluorite. Super ED glass exhibits an even lower refractive index and lower light dispersion than ED glass, while excelling at eliminating secondary spectrum and correcting chromatic aberration. Lenses that use Super ED glass deliver outstanding optical performance even under harsh shooting conditions, producing unparalleled sharpness and contrast though out the aperture range including usage at faster apertures.
Sync Speed
The speed at which a flash synchronizes with the opening of the shutter. Normal X-sync flash operation requires the entire shutter to be open when the flash is fired. Shutter speeds at which this is possible are referred to as sync speeds.
"Take Photos" Custom Setting
"Take Photos" is a custom setting that allows you to capture still images while you are in the middle of shooting HD Video with select Nikon D-SLR cameras. Still images taken with the Take Photos feature will have a 16:9 aspect ratio, just like the video footage, regardless of  whether the camera is set to FX or DX Crop.
Time Lapse Photography
Time lapse photography is a sequence of photographs taken at a specific interval of time between frames. Taking one picture every two minutes, for example, and then later playing them all back at a quick frame rate (10 frames per second) will allow you to view slow action in faster playback. This can be useful for monitoring weather patterns, plant growth, building construction or other events that take a long time. In order to do this type of photography you need to use a device called an "Intervalometer" which is a timer to trigger the shutter at pre-determined intervals. Select Nikon cameras have an 'Interval Timer' Function built-in. Time lapse should not be confused with Stop Motion. 
Touch Shooting
A number of Nikon cameras have touchscreens and support touch shooting, which will allow you to perform a variety of setting changes via touch. Depending upon the camera you’re using, it may include touch shutter, touch to focus or other options. The DL series of premium compact cameras lets you control the following using touch: placement of the focus point, change the AF-area mode, set the camera’s release mode to Pre-capture mode or Smart Photo Selector, move the focus area when the AF-area mode is set to Single-point, select the subject in subject tracking mode, display the focus operation screen when Focus mode is set to Manual, and disabling of the touch functionality. You can also use the touch shutter when using the self-timer.
Variable Bit Rate
Select Nikon D-SLR cameras that can record HD Video have variable bit rates, selectable from high to normal, depending upon your shooting requirements. Variable bit rates provide higher quality files. Variable bit rates mean that for areas with little or no visual or audible detail, the bit rate can drop down, to save space. This type of compression uses more efficient processing. It is more difficult to stream.
Vari-angle LCD Monitor
An LCD monitor that folds out from the camera body, making it easier for the user to compose, record and photograph subjects at extreme angles, such as very high or low; as well as self-portraits. Vari-angle monitors can fold up/down or swing outward, depending upon the camera model.
Vari-Program
A programmed auto exposure mode that offers various options such as sport program, close-up and night photography program, allowing you to select the option suitable to your subject and desired effect. They are designed to automatically set the camera's f/stop, shutter speed and, often, auto flash, to produce a balanced exposure of the subject.  The Vari-Programs vary depending upon which D-SLR you are using. In certain Nikon D-SLRs, the Vari-Programs also involve the camera's image processing engine to tailor, for example, white balance, sharpening, tone and hue to the subject. The portrait program's technology, for instance, will set not only a shallow depth-of-field, but also enhance skin tones.
Viewfinder Magnification
Magnification applied to the viewfinder is approximately 0.7X with a 50mm lens. This means objects in the viewfinder look 70% as big as they do with the naked eye. This magnification factor varies depending on camera model. Check your camera manual for specific details.
Vignette Control
Vignette Control reduces vignetting for G and D type NIKKOR lenses (DX and PC lenses excluded). Its effects vary from lens to lens and are most noticeable at maximum aperture. Choose from High, Normal, Low and Off. Vignette control does not apply to movies and its effects can't be previewed in Live View. Nikon Capture NX2 software also offers a Vignette Control tool that can be used to correct for vignetting on images that were captured with G or D type NIKKOR lenses. The Vignette Control tool can be used on NEF, JPEG, and TIFF files, however it is most effective when performed on images taken at maximum aperture. If the picture in the active image window is a RAW image taken with a lens equipped to transmit distance information (a type G or D lens) mounted on a camera that can record this information, Capture NX 2 will use the lens information recorded with the image to automatically select an optimal range for the Intensity slider.
Vignetting
Slight light falloff in the lens causes vignetting. Due to the physical properties of light passing through lenses it is impossible to get the same amount of light to the edges of the circle as the center (the light going to the edges has to travel further, thus falls off more).This light fall off creates a very slight reduction of exposure on the corners of an image. This darkening in the corners is called vignetting.
Because light falls off (decreases) with the square of the distance it travels, light that travels farthest (from the lens to the edge of the circle versus from the lens to the center of the frame) will always be slightly reduced. All lenses exhibit some light fall off towards the edges but wide angle lenses as well as some telephoto zoom lenses are most prone due to their optical design. Further, a lens will generally show the most vignetting at it's widest aperture.
With smaller format cameras (such as DX format D-SLRs) the light fall off is less noticeable because only the center of the circle of illumination is used. With larger format cameras (like 35mm film or FX format cameras) more of the circle is used and there will be more difference between the center of the frame and the edges.
A second type of vignetting is called Mechanical Vignetting. This is simply vignetting caused by something blocking the light path such as a filter with too thick a mount or stacking several filters together. Also, using the wrong lens hood on a lens can cause mechanical vignetting.
In most shooting conditions (proper exposure, normal subjects, etc.) light falloff will be minimal. However, at some f/stops, focal lengths and with some lenses it is normal to have more light falloff. If you have vignetting with a particular shot, change the lens focal length or aperture (lenses shot "wide open" will have the most vignetting, so stopping down a stop or two can help) until the vignetting is minimized. While vignetting may be easy to see and reproduce in a test situation, in real world shooting it is generally invisible.
For those conditions where vignetting is obvious in a photo, Nikon View NX software will automatically compensate for vignetting and Capture NX2 software includes a Vignette Control slider to further reduce the visible effect without noticeably changing the overall image. 
Virtual Horizon
Nikon's Electronic Virtual Horizon feature is available in select Nikon digital cameras. The Electronic Virtual Horizon feature quickly and accurately displays a graphic to show the camera's position relative to the horizontal plane. This is an invaluable photographic tool when shooting landscapes and architecture. You no longer have to guess if the horizon in your scene is level.
Waterproof Housing
A waterproof housing is a case that is designed to be watertight to a specific depth (pressure) and is used for shooting photos and videos underwater. Waterproof housings are usually designed to be used with specific camera models. They use O-rings to ensure watertight integrity.
WAV
WAV, short for WAVE or Waveform Audio File Format, is a Microsoft and IBM audio file format standard for storing audio bitstream on PCs. It is the main format used on Windows systems for raw and typically uncompressed audio; however it can hold compressed audio and will also work on Macintosh and Linux operating systems.
Wireless LAN
A Wireless LAN is a wireless local area network, which links two or more devices wirelessly. In addition, you can most often also connect to the internet beyond the local network. Most Wireless LANs are based on the IEEE 802.11 standards (Wi-Fi).
Wireless Mobile Utility App. (WMU)
The Wireless Mobile Utility App. (WMU) is a smartphone and tablet app. that allows you to connect a compatible Nikon DSLR, Nikon 1 or COOLPIX camera (using a Wireless Mobile Adapter (WU-1a or WU-1b) or built-in Wi-Fi® connectivity) to a compatible smartphone or tablet. The App. must be installed on the smart device before it can be used with the camera. Using the app., you can download images from the camera to the smart device as well as use the smart device to remotely trigger the shutter on the camera. The WMU works with iOS and Android™-powered smart devices.
Wireless Speedlight Commander SU-800
Nikon's compact, portable wireless commander uses Infrared communication to communicate with select Nikon Speedlights, to control an unlimited number of Speedlights in three groups. The SU-800 offers the use of four independent channels of communication for use in areas where multiple photographers/set-ups may be in use.
3D Tracking (11-points) AF-Area Mode
The 3D-tracking AF-Area Mode is an AF-Area Mode that is available in select Nikon digital cameras. When the user is in either AF-A or AF-C focus modes, the user selects the focus point. As long as the shutter button is kept pressed halfway, if the subject moves after the camera has focused, the camera uses 3D-tracking to select a new focus point and keep the focus locked on the original subject. If the subject leaves the viewfinder, remove your finger from the shutter release button and recompose the photograph with the subject in the selected focus point.
Add Starbursts
Add Starbursts is a Picture Play feature that is available on select COOLPIX digital cameras. Choosing it will cause star-like rays of light to radiate outward from bright objects such as sunlight reflections or street lights. This effect is suitable for night scenes.
ADL Bracketing
Bracketing automatically varies a given set of variables dependent upon which type of bracketing is chosen. Use bracketing in situations where it may be difficult to set exposure or to experiment with different settings for the same subject. ADL Bracketing is Active D-Lighting Bracketing and when chosen it takes one photo with Active D-Lighting off and another one at the current Active D-Lighting setting.
Aspherical Lens
A lens with a curved, non-spherical surface. Used to reduce aberrations and enable a more compact lens size. Aspherical lenses minimize coma and other types of lens aberrations, even when used at the widest aperture. They are particularly useful in correcting distortion in wide-angle lenses and help contribute to a lighter, more compact design by reducing the number of standard (spherical) elements necessary. Aspherical lens elements correct these distortions by continuously changing the refractive index from the center of the lens.
Auto Area AF
Auto Area AF is one of Nikon's AF Area Modes. Auto Area AF uses color information and special face recognition algorithms to automatically focus on an individual's face, which is extremely helpful when there's simply no time to select a focus point, or when using Live View in hand-held mode at high or low angles.
Best Moment Capture Mode
This mode, available on select Nikon 1 digital cameras is ideal for fast, hard to capture subjects. By selecting this mode, you can choose to release the shutter as the scene plays back in slow motion (Slow View) or let the camera choose the best shot (Smart Photo Selector).
Bird Watching Scene Mode
Bird Watching Mode is a Scene Mode available in select Nikon COOLPIX digital cameras such as the P600. This Scene Mode will assist you in taking photos of birds in the wild. When chosen, this mode allows you to select Single or Continuous.
Blink Proof
When using this feature, the camera detects that a human subject may have closed their eyes immediately after it recognizes the face. When this happens, the "Did someone blink?" screen will be displayed on the monitor to check the picture taken.
CMOS
Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor, one of the two main types of image sensors used in digital cameras. The Nikon COOLPIX CMOS image sensor with a backside illumination structure increases the amount of light that each pixel receives. The resulting improvement in noise and sensitivity reduction makes the select COOLPIX cameras more capable when shooting night scenes or in dark indoor situations. CMOS Technology provides Full HD 1080p movie recordings.
Color Sketch Effect
A Special Effect available on certain Nikon D-SLR cameras. The camera detects and colors the outlines of subjects in the scene for a color sketch effect. When shooting D-movies in this mode, the video playback looks like a slide show made up of a series of still photos.
Continuous High Shooting
Continuous is one of the shooting options found in the Auto Mode of select Nikon digital cameras. Continuous allows you to take a series of pictures. Depending upon your camera model, the battery life and remaining memory in the buffer Continuous High lets you take more frames per second than Continuous Low; however if the flash is fired, only one picture will be taken.
Continuous Low Shooting
Continuous is one of the shooting options found in the Auto Mode of select Nikon digital cameras. Continuous allows you to take a series of pictures. Depending upon your camera model, the battery life and remaining memory in the buffer Continuous Low lets you take fewer frames per second than Continuous High; however if the flash is fired, only one picture will be taken.
CRC (Close Range Correction) System
The Close-Range Correction (CRC) system is one of Nikon's most important focusing innovations, for it provides superior picture quality at close focusing distances and increases the focusing range. With CRC, the lens elements are configured in a "floating element" design wherein each lens group moves independently to achieve focusing. This ensures superior lens performance even when shooting at close distances. The CRC system is used in fisheye, wide-angle, micro and selected medium telephoto NIKKOR lenses.
CRC (Close Range Correction) System
The Close-Range Correction (CRC) system is one of Nikon's most important focusing innovations, for it provides superior picture quality at close focusing distances and increases the focusing range. With CRC, the lens elements are configured in a "floating element" design wherein each lens group moves independently to achieve focusing. This ensures superior lens performance even when shooting at close distances. The CRC system is used in fisheye, wide-angle, micro and selected medium telephoto NIKKOR lenses.
Creative Mode
The Creative Mode is a shooting mode found on the mode dial of the Nikon 1 J2 camera. A variety of scene modes are available within the Creative Mode including: P/S/A/M, Night Landscape, Night Portrait, Backlighting (HDR), Easy Panorama, Soft (filter effect), Miniature Effect, and Selective Color. The Creative Mode is only for shooting still images, and will not work in movies mode.
Creative Mode
The Creative mode is an effects mode available in select Nikon digital cameras such as the DL series. Effects are chosen while you’re shooting either still images or movies and can be selected from five different groups (Light, which is the default, Depth, Memory, Classic and Noir). You can further adjust the amount, contrast, hue, saturation, filter or peripheral illumination of each of the effects.
Creative Palette
Creative Palette puts creativity at a photographer’s fingertips, by allowing you to modify the look of a photo via the touchscreen LCD or multi-selector before you shoot. This is a new feature in the Nikon 1 V3. The camera will automatically detect one of four scenes: portrait, close-up, landscape or other and will then display a ring showing four effects that can be applied to the scene. Brightness, saturation and white balance will change between the different effects as a finger is rotated around the ring or the multi-selector is rotated, so what you see is what you get.
Delayed Response Remote
The Delayed Remote mode is used when shooting with select Nikon cameras and the ML-L3 remote control, to ensure no camera shake will occur. The Delayed Remote sets the camera's shutter to release between 2 - 10 seconds after the shutter button on the ML-L3 remote control is pressed.
Digital Zoom
The digital zoom uses software interpolation to "zoom" into the image further than the actual optical zoom lens in the camera allows. Because digital zooms use interpolation instead of an actual zoom lens, the resulting image will be of lower quality.
Dusk/Dawn Scene Mode
A scene mode available on select Nikon digital cameras. This scene mode preserves the colors seen in the weak natural light that is visible before sunrise or after sunset. It is suggested a tripod be used when shooting in this scene mode.
DX Format
Refers to Nikon cameras that feature a 1.5 magnification factor imaging sensor. Nikon digital SLRs have either an FX or a DX sensor. The FX sensor, measuring 23.9 x 36mm, is roughly equivalent to the size of the 35mm film frame. The DX sensor is smaller, measuring 15.8 x 23.6mm. The DX sensor makes possible the production of lighter, smaller cameras, but because it covers a smaller portion of the image projected by the lens, a 1.5x crop factor (so called because the smaller sensor crops the image compared to an image from a 35mm film frame) is introduced. This means, for example, a 24mm lens on a DX sensor camera will provide an approximate 36mm view.
Dynamic Area AF
Dynamic Area AF is one of three Nikon AF Area Modes. With Dynamic Area AF, you can select from several focusing options: 9-, 21- or all 51-point AF. Select a Single AF point and the areas surrounding it serve as backup—a significant advantage when shooting moving subjects. Select the 9-point option when you want to focus on erratically moving subjects with greater accuracy. When dealing with insufficient contrast for fast focus detection, choosing 21 or 51 points makes detection easier. The 51-point option also allows for 3D Focus Tracking, which uses color information from the RGB metering sensor to automatically follow moving subjects across the AF points.
Exchange Messages
Select COOLPIX digital cameras such as the S31 offer a "Have fun with pictures" mode in the playback menu that allows you to perform a range of creative options. One such option is Exchange Messages, which allows you to add voice messages to your images. You can even add responses to initial voice messages.
EXPEED 4
EXPEED 4 is the latest iteration of Nikon's proprietary image processing system. EXPEED 4 is engineered to maximize performance speed, contributing to quicker response time, faster memory card access and data transfers. EXPEED 4 extends and assures breathtakingly rich image fidelity and reduces noise, even at high ISO’s. EXPEED 4 has evolved with the development of new Nikon technologies as well as the improvement of existing technologies. Nikon will continue to improve upon its EXPEED image processing systems to provide photographers with maximum camera performance and the highest quality images possible.
EXPEED 5
EXPEED 5 is the latest iteration of Nikon's proprietary image processing system. EXPEED 5 is engineered to maximize performance speed, contributing to quicker response time, faster memory card access and data transfers. EXPEED 5 extends and assures breathtakingly rich image fidelity and reduces noise, even at high ISOs. EXPEED 5 has evolved with the development of new Nikon technologies as well as the improvement of existing technologies. Nikon will continue to improve upon its EXPEED image processing systems to provide photographers with maximum camera performance and the highest quality images possible.
Home [Screen]
The home screen on the COOLPIX S800c is displayed on the camera's LCD when you quit shooting and press the home button. The home screen displays the shooting and playback mode icons as well as buttons for upload, settings and browser. You can place widgets on the home screen to control specific functions, as well as see the status bar, dock bar and shortcuts to apps.
HRI
HRI stands for High Refractive Index Lens. With a refractive index of more than 2.0, one HRI lens can offer effects equivalent to those obtained with several normal glass elements and can compensate for both field curvature and spherical aberrations. Therefore, HRI lenses achieve great optical performance in an even more compact body.
HRI
HRI stands for High Refractive Index Lens. With a refractive index of more than 2.0, one HRI lens can offer effects equivalent to those obtained with several normal glass elements and can compensate for both field curvature and spherical aberrations. Therefore, HRI lenses achieve great optical performance in an even more compact body.
IF Lens
A NIKKOR lens in which only the internal lens group shifts during focusing. Thus, IF NIKKORS do not change in size during AF operation, allowing for compact, lightweight lenses capable of closer focusing distances. These lenses will be designated with the abbreviation IF on the lens barrel.
Incandescent
Incandescent light refers to the illumination produced from typical household light bulbs (tungsten bulbs) incorporating a heated tungsten wire filament. The light produced is “yellow” or a warmer-than-daylight white balance. Setting a camera’s white balance to Incandescent will correct for the yellow cast.
In terms of color temperature, incandescent light generally falls between 2500 and 3500 degrees Kelvin.
Color Temperature
Kelvin White Balance Setting
The Kelvin scale is a unit of temperature measurement, and is recognized using the symbol "K". In addition to white balance settings based on lighting scenarios, one can also set the white balance in many Nikon digital cameras using degrees Kelvin.
KeyMission 360/170 Utility Software
KeyMission 360/170 Utility is free software designed specifically for use with the KeyMission 360 and KeyMission 170 action cameras. The Utility enables you to transfer images and movies to your computer for viewing and editing. You can also use it to change the camera’s settings. KeyMission 360/170 Utility is compatible with both Mac and Windows-based PC computers.
Live View
Live View Shooting Mode is almost exactly what it says: you're seeing what the camera's lens is seeing, but you're seeing it on the camera's LCD. We say "almost" because you're seeing a video replay of the scene a split-second after the camera's sensor and memory have captured it. Live View enables you to view and compose the shot without looking through the finder, and it's ideal for situations in which you want to, or need to, hold the camera at an unusual angle or away from your body. To capture video with a Nikon D-SLR, the camera must be in Live View Shooting Mode.
Loop Recording
The Loop Recording feature is available on select cameras such as the KeyMission 360 and KeyMission 170 action cameras. After recording a movie for a specified time, the camera continues recording the movie while deleting the recorded movie data from the beginning. Only the most recent data is saved to the memory card, resulting in a movie of the specified length. The movie is recorded as five separate files, however when playing them back, the recorded movies saved in the camera via the SnapBridge 360/170 app or on a TV, the split movies are played back continuously. Possible movie lengths that can be chosen are: 5 minutes (default), 10, 30 and 60 minutes.
Matrix Metering
An advanced metering mode in which the camera's computer sets exposure based on its analysis of the scene's components. It is generally regarded as the most accurate metering for most lighting situations, including those with complex lighting. Matrix Meter or 3D RGB Color Matrix Meter gathers information from the red, green, and blue sensors and factors in distance information provided by the lens as it evaluates proper exposure calculation. This meter instantly analyzes a scene's overall brightness, contrast, and other lighting characteristics, comparing what is sees against an onboard database of over 30,000 images for unsurpassed exposure accuracy, even in the most challenging photographic situations. By the time the 3D Matrix meter has made its considerations of colors by hue and saturation, tonal ranges by brightest and darkest, areas of similar tonality that are connected or separated, distance to the subject, and compared that to its database generated from photographic images, it's got a very good idea of what the exposure should be.
If you are a beginner, Matrix is where you should start. As your skills grow, and they will, you will acquire a better understand of when it might be beneficial to use other light metering options.
What is the database of over 30,000 images? Over the years Nikon has studied the color, area of coverage, focus distance, contrast, size and shape of shadows and highlights and exposure characteristics of over 30,000 actual photographic images and incorporated this data as a reference source for the expert exposure system that is the 3D Color Matrix Meter.
Motion Snapshot
The Motion Snapshot mode allows you to capture a second of movie footage and a still image each time the shutter is pressed. The Motion Snapshot is played back on the camera's LCD, with the video shown in slow motion over the course of 2.5 seconds, ending with the still image. Music themes can be chosen before or after Motion Snapshot capture. To play back on a computer, you must first download the files to your computer and use the included Short Movie Creator software to convert the file type necessary for play back on a computer and sharing socailly.
Multiple Exposure: Lighten
Multiple Exposure Lighten is a Scene mode in select Nikon digital cameras including the DL series models. When using this mode, the camera will automatically capture moving subjects at regular intervals and compare each image, then create a single composite image that combines only the bright areas. Use this mode for photos of the light trails from cars or other moving objects or star trails. Depending upon whether you want to photograph light trails or star trails, you’ll select either Nightscape + light trails or Nightscape + star trails, and then further select the options that those settings offer.
Multishot 16
Select Nikon digital cameras offer a Multishot 16 mode. When the camera is set to Multishot 16, each time the shutter is pressed, the camera will capture 16 frames at a rate of 30 fps (frames per second). The pictures will be arranged into a single image, in a grid configuration. When used in this mode, digital zoom is disabled.
My Menu
The My Menu option lets you create and edit a customized list of options from the shooting, playback, Custom Settings, setup and retouch menus for quick access. Up to 20 items can be included in the My Menu list. Check your Nikon DSLR camera's user's manual to see whether your specific camera has this feature. You can also set up the camera's custom settings so that the Fn or Function button can be used to access this feature quickly.
Nano Crystal Coat
An anti-reflective coating developed by Nikon that virtually eliminates internal lens element reflections across a wide range of wavelengths. Nano Crystal Coat uses ultrafine, nano-sized* crystal particles to eliminate reflections inside the lens throughout the spectrum of visible light waves (380 to 780 nm) in ways that far exceed the limits of conventional antireflection coating systems. Nano Crystal Coat not only solves ghost effects caused by red light, which was incredibly difficult for previous systems. It also effectively reduces ghost and flare effects caused by light entering the lens diagonally. The result: clearer images.
Nightscape and Light Trails
An option of the scene mode Multiple Exposure: Lighten, which is found in select Nikon digital cameras including the DL series, that you’d choose if you want to photograph the trails of light from a car or other moving object against the dark background of a night landscape. You can choose the interval (1s, 2s, 4s, 8s) at which individual images will be captured. Once the camera captures 50 images it stops shooting and for every 10 images, it will make one composite image with the trails overlapping.
Nightscape and Star Trails
An option of the scene mode Multiple Exposure: Lighten, which is found in select Nikon digital cameras including the DL series, that you’d choose if you want to photograph the star trails in the night sky. You can choose the interval (15s, 20s, 25s, 30s) at which individual images will be captured. Once the camera captures 300 images it stops shooting and for every 30 images, it will make one composite image with the trails overlapping.
Phase Fresnel
Phase Fresnel (PF) lens elements effectively compensate for chromatic aberration and ghosting when combined with ordinary glass lens elements. The PF lens element is based upon the Phase Fresnel lens, which appears to have a series of concentric circles engraved onto it. Utilizing a Phase Fresnel lens element allows Nikon engineers to use fewer lens elements, resulting in a more compact and lightweight lens. Due to the characteristics of a PF (Phase Fresnel) lens that utilizes the photo diffraction phenomenon, when there is a strong light source within the frame or when light enters the lens from outside of the frame, ring-shaped colored flare may occur according to shooting conditions. This phenomenon can be minimized with “PF Flare Control” to be included in Capture NX-D (ver.1.1.0 or later). For more information, see software Help/manual. Capture NX-D is available from the Nikon website. Be sure to keep your software up to date.
Photo Illustration Special Effect
Photo Illustration is an effect found on select cameras that sharpens the outlines and simplifies the coloring in an image for a poster effect. It can be adjusted in Live View. When movies are shot in this mode, the movies play back like a slideshow made up of a series of stills.
Picture Controls
Nikon's Picture Controls is a system of in-camera and post-production settings that can be adjusted using a number of parameters that let you personalize your digital images to your individual photographic taste. The Picture Control options are: Standard, Neutral, Vivid, Monochrome, Portrait and Landscape. You can further adjust the hue, sharpening, contrast, brightness and saturation.
Scene Modes
A mode in which camera settings are adapted to a specific scene or type of subject. The scene modes automatically selects the appropriate exposure (shutter speed, ISO, aperture) for the particular scene the photograph is being taken in. Many COOLPIX cameras have upwards of 18 scene modes. Some Nikon D-SLRs also offer scene modes. Some of the many Nikon Scene modes are: scene auto selector, portrait, landscape, sports, night portrait, party/indoor, beach, snow, sunset, dusk/dawn, night landscape, close-up, food, museum, fireworks show, copy, backlighting, panorama assist, candlelight, pet portrait, blossom, autumn colors, silhouette, high key, and low key.
Wireless Mobile Utility App. (WMU)
The Wireless Mobile Utility App. (WMU) is a smartphone and tablet app. that allows you to connect a compatible Nikon DSLR, Nikon 1 or COOLPIX camera (using a Wireless Mobile Adapter (WU-1a or WU-1b) or built-in Wi-Fi® connectivity) to a compatible smartphone or tablet. The App. must be installed on the smart device before it can be used with the camera. Using the app., you can download images from the camera to the smart device as well as use the smart device to remotely trigger the shutter on the camera. The WMU works with iOS and Android™-powered smart devices.