Honey Bee
Honey Bee
Apis mellifera
Copyright, Mark Cassino
Honey Bees are an animal          most of us learn about very early on, one way or another. In          Summer, many people step on Honey Bees and get stung while          walking barefoot on a lawn.
Honey Bees are usually          very gentle creatures who mind their own business. They are          too busy to worry about people or other animals.
Honey Bees are normally          about 3/4 of an inch long. Most bees are workers, which are          female, but some are male, called "drones." Workers are          slightly smaller than drones. All Honey Bees are reddish          brown and black, with orangish-yellow rings on the abdomen (back part of body). The head , antennae ,          and legs are black. Honey Bees have thick, pale hair on the thorax (middle part of body).
Honey Bees live in a          nest, called a "hive." A single hive can have up to 80,000          bees, mostly workers. It is usually located in a hollow          tree.
The hive is ruled over by          a queen bee. She is the largest bee in the hive, and she is          the only female to mate. Males usually just hang around;          their only purpose is to mate with the queen. Then they die.          The workers do all of the work inside and outside of the          hive. Their jobs include: caring for larvae (baby bees), making wax, building honeycomb, cleaning up the          hive, storing pollen ,          making honey, guarding the hive, collecting pollen and nectar .
Honeycomb is layers of          wax cells (little rooms) made into a hexagonal (six-sided)          shape. The queen will lay eggs in the cells and Honey Bee          babies, called larvae, will hatch. Larvae will eventually pupate (make a coccoon in their cells), and hatch out as adult bees.
Honey Bees eat nectar and          pollen from flowers. Nectar is the liquid in a flower, and          pollen is a powdery substance which must be transferred from          one flower to another to make more flowers. Larvae eat          honey.
Queen bees eat royal          jelly. Royal jelly is a paste made by worker          bees.
The queen lays eggs which          become either males, workers, or new queens, depending on          the time of year and the age of the hive. After she makes          new queens, she will leave the nest with some workers to          start a new hive.
The first new queen will          kill all the others, and then she will be the queen of the          old hive.
 
Can you see the queen          in this picture? >
When Honey Bees seek out nectar and pollen to make honey with, they visit many different types of flowers, including clover, dandelions, goldenrod, fruit trees, and milkweed.
Once at the flower, the worker bee drinks as much nectar as she can hold. When she gets back to the hive, she passes the nectar on to another worker. This worker holds the nectar on her tongue until the water evaporates (leaves the nectar to go back into the air). She is left with honey on her tongue, which is stored in the hive.
Bees eat their store of honey in the winter, when there is no food.
When a bee finds a good place with lots of flowers, she marks the spot with a scent. She then goes back to the hive and does a little "dance" which tells the other bees the distance and direction to go. This communication helps the hive locate good places so they don't waste time always looking for flowers.
Honey Bees are attracted to flowers with bright colors, but they cannot see red. Plants, which have bright flowers so that insects will pollinate them, have to rely on some other animal (like a butterfly or hummingbird) if they have red flowers.
When a bee enters a flower, it has to go deep down to get to the nectar. While it drinks nectar, the bee gets covered with pollen. The bee also collects the pollen in its pollen basket (part of its hind legs). When the bee moves on to another flower, some of the pollen from the first flower rubs off on the second flower. This is pollination. Now the plant will drop its flower and make a fruit with seeds in it. The seeds may grow into a new plant. The bees cannot live without the plants and the plants cannot live without the bees.
Worker bees have a stinger which is sharp and has a barb on it (like a fishhook). The stinger is attached to a venom gland in the abdomen. Honey Bees only sting if they, or the hive, are in danger. If a Honey Bee stings a wasp, because the wasp has soft tissue, the bee can pull her stinger out and sting again. However, if she stings an animal with tougher tissue, such as a frog or a human, the barb gets caught and the stinger tears out of the abdomen, along with the poison gland. This will kill the Honey Bee.
The venom is what makes the beesting hurt. A muscle attached to the venom gland continues to pump poison into the wound, even after the bee is gone. Beestings, are not really dangerous unless you are allergic to bees!
 
 
Honey Bees will usually          leave people alone, but they are attracted to some soaps,          perfumes, and hair sprays. If one comes near you, it is          probably confused. Once it realizes you have no nectar, it          will leave you alone.
Many predators avoid Honey Bees because of their sting, but others eat          them.
The worst predator for          Honey Bees is the Varroa Mite. Varroa Mites are tiny arachnids (spider cousins). Varroa Mites weaken the Honey Bee's immune          system, which makes them vulnerable to diseases. The picture          to the right show Honey Bees covered with Varroa Mites (the          tiny red creatures).
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