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{ "answer": "So Russia’s Mars exploration has seen two failures in two attempts!\n", "question": "What has happened to Mars exploration?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "This market contributed to the growth of a launch services market, which are the sales of space transport services for satellites.\n", "question": "What market contributed to the growth of a launch services market?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "These results are possible due to the simultaneous observations of the FTE by THE and THC closer to the magnetopause and thus able to observe the FTEs that generate these perturbations.\n", "question": "What is the FTE that generates the perturbations?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "The largest problems involve large defunct elements in low Earth orbit (especially around 800 km) and especially in polar, sun synchronous orbit.\n", "question": "What is the most common problem with defunct elements in low Earth orbit?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "In light of this original meaning and scope of ethics, the social significance of space behavioral science is regarded as ethical because space behavioral science can be considered ethical research that studies theoretically how people make appropriate decisions and behave in appropriate ways in a variety of isolated and confined environments and what factors deteriorate their ethical performances.\n", "question": "What is the social significance of space behavioral science?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "The orbit altitude is the altitude where the acceleration of gravity is equal to the centrifugal acceleration of the satellite at the orbital velocity.\n", "question": "What is the orbital altitude?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "Enhanced autonomy in these difficult applications will require the extension ofmodern stateoftheart techniques, including MixedInteger Linear Programming, Model Predictive Control, Artificial Potential Functions, andmotion planning algorithms, aswell as the invention of novel approaches.\n", "question": "What is one way to improve autonomy in difficult applications?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "Cryogens for this temperature range have enthalpies of sublimation of about 10% to 15% higher than their enthalpies of vaporization.\n", "question": "What is the temperature range of cryogens?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "The future of spaceplanes, rocketplanes, and hypersonic transport today is still a long ways from being established with a great deal of new technology to be developed.\n", "question": "What is the future of spaceplanes, rocketplanes, and hypersonic transport?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "Unlike the first fa factor works properly because of the fault’s characteris surements is random the filter does not work continuou for whole 200 seconds and moreover the scale factor m to the one.\n", "question": "What is the filter's characteris surements?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "For example, one could speak of a Newtonian force applied to a material point S of mass m. This would lead us to introduce the standard definition of energy.\n", "question": "What would lead us to introduce the standard definition of energy?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "The force curve at the interface of satellite joint and the adjacent angle steel in vertical direction is extracted and used as the input of shock environment of satellite.\n", "question": "What is the input of shock environment of satellite?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "The equilibrium temperature of a surface free from heat from any other source (e.g., such as internal conduction) and using thermooptical materials for its thermal control depends entirely upon the solar absorptance, to infrared emissivity ratio a / e , but it must be noted that highly polished surfaces having low values of a early in the mission can soon degrade to much higher values, due to damage from charged particle impacts and exposure to ultraviolet light throughout the mission.\n", "question": "What is the solar absorptance?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "GNSS tomography is a common approach for this purpose.\n", "question": "What is the most common approach for GNSS tomography?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "ISU faculty and lecturers from around the world have published hundreds of books and articles on space exploration, applications, science and development.\n", "question": "What is the name of the ISU faculty and lecturers?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "In the ROMAP instrument, the near sensor FPGA mainly controls the converter components while the calculation of the feedback and the final output values are computed by a separate microprocessor (Auster et al. 2007).\n", "question": "What is the main control of the near sensor FPGA?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "Negative human impacts demands to develop appropriate legislations within the national and international framework for marine and coastal environment as well as the onshore protection.\n", "question": "What is the need to develop legislation to protect the marine and coastal environment?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "A change of variable to the angle E, referred to as the eccentric anomaly, yields an equation that can be integrated and the resulting equation is called Kepler’s equation.\n", "question": "What is the Kepler's equation?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "Here, for consistency with the RLS approach, updates of the form ??\n", "question": "What is the reason for the form being updated?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "One remarkable aspect is that each one represents very different and specific approaches to addressing broadband applications by satellite.\n", "question": "What is one of the remarkable aspects of each satellite?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "The shortwave bands have greater potential range, but are more subject to interference by distant stations and varying atmospheric conditions that affect reception.\n", "question": "What is the potential range of shortwave bands?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "This directional characteristic is called polarization.\n", "question": "What is polarization?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "The sensitive magnetometers on ARTEMIS will approach the Moon on orbits that bring them, one at a time, to within 100 km of the lunar surface, i.e. to altitudes close enough to detect the core response to varying external drivers but distant enough to minimize perturbations from crustal anomalies.\n", "question": "What is the orbit of ARTEMIS?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "In other terms, management must have a commonly directed understanding of the market.\n", "question": "What is the common understanding of the market?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "It was then placed in a graveyard orbit, where it was allowed to drift.\n", "question": "What was the name of the animal that was placed in a graveyard orbit?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "Here a merged set of microwave satellite data, infrared/visible satellite data, and in situ ice buoy data was used to compute ice motion over a 25year period.\n", "question": "What was the merged set of satellite data used to compute ice motion?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "As this front is constantly shifting in space because of dynamic interaction with the solar wind, the vehicle crossed the bow shock a total of 17 times before it escaped completely.\n", "question": "What was the first time the vehicle crossed the bow shock?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "In exchange for full partnership, representation and access to the observatory for its astronomers, ESA is providing the NIRSpec instrument, the Optical Bench Assembly of the MIRI instrument, an Ariane 5 ECA launcher, and manpower to support operations.\n", "question": "What is the name of the instrument that ESA provides?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "The conventional centralized Kalman filter has some problems in data processing of an integrated multisensor system.\n", "question": "What is the problem with the Kalman filter?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "Support for Ethernet connections, serial ports, and generic USB is native to this distribution.\n", "question": "What is native to the distribution?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "It forms subset Wj;2 ?\n", "question": "What is the name of the subset of Wj;2?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "The two trackers calculate tracks of the target with their own measurements using a Kalman filter.\n", "question": "What does the Kalman filter do?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "The numerical flow solution is obtained by solving the explicit, transient and compressible LatticeBoltzmann equation implemented in the highfidelity CFD/CAA solver Simulia PowerFLOW®.\n", "question": "What is the LatticeBoltzmann equation?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "There will be still some statistical correlation nearest to the ground as the different paths tends to converge to the earth station situated in the rain.\n", "question": "What is the correlation between the paths?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "The spanwise lift is close to elliptical distribution and the pressure recover is smoothed to weaken shock wave.\n", "question": "What is the spanwise lift?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "Compared with single system PPP, combined PPP can also reduce the convergence time both in ambiguityfloat and ambiguityfixed solution.\n", "question": "What is the difference between combined PPP and single system PPP?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "Research Opportunities and Projects After observing and imaging artificial satellites, one may wonder about research opportunities involving satellites.\n", "question": "What is one of the research opportunities that may be available to the public?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "Consequently, (32) is minimized by a numerical search, e.g., the gradient projection algorithm.\n", "question": "What is the search algorithm used to minimize (32)?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "In such a way, the original problem assumes the form of a lot sizing model, in the presence of additional constraints.\n", "question": "What is the original problem?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "To rephrase this, space behavioral science provides help for people to live well in reality based on knowledge for living well.\n", "question": "What is the purpose of space behavioral science?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "Finally, the effectiveness of proposed method is demonstrated via the simulation experiments.\n", "question": "What is the main benefit of the proposed method?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "Again, consider a hollow sphere of radius r centred at the charge Q and hence containing our point P on the surface.\n", "question": "What is the charge Q?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "The Minuteman – named for its quite launch capability – was designed to be suitable for instantaneous launch from landbased missile silos and the Polaris was developed so that it could be launched from submarines.\n", "question": "What was the Minuteman's launch capability?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "Spacecraft Intercept or Rendezvous with a Target Vehicle By differentiating Eq.\n", "question": "What is the Eq.", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "The Gain is determined by considering its aperture size, its operating frequency, the accuracy of its shape, and its effective efficiency.\n", "question": "What is the Gain determined by?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "Observing in the infrared is a key technique for achieving this because of cosmological redshift and because it better penetrates obscuring dust and gas.\n", "question": "What is the key technique for observing in the infrared?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "In other words, if a body is accelerating, then there is a force on it.\n", "question": "What is the force on a body when it is accelerating?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "If the orbit is not close to circular, the altitude variations of the satellite during its revolutions are due to the eccentricity of the orbit, compared with which the flattening of the Earth is negligible.\n", "question": "What is the eccentricity of the orbit?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "Second problem is the cloud cover.\n", "question": "What is the second problem with cloud cover?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "However, marketing, especially within an industry, must be in step with the market.\n", "question": "What must marketing be in line with the market?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "The Doppler effect creates a change in received radio signal frequency as a result of velocity along the line of signal propagation.\n", "question": "What is the Doppler effect?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "To be led by NOAA, an Integrated Project Office (IPO) was created that would be staffed by people seconded from each of the three component agencies.\n", "question": "What was the name of the IPO?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "Estimated percentage of gross domestic product on space civil, and military costs in the USA, Japan, and Europe.\n", "question": "What is the percentage of the gross domestic product on space civil and military costs?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "Therefore, it can be considered that by increasing the semimajor axis, the period of the active spacecraft can be longer, and the active spacecraft can reach the equatorial plane when the target spacecraft reaches the equatorial plane, so as to achieve the purpose of the rendezvous on the equatorial plane and meet the requirement of shortcut point distance.\n", "question": "What is the purpose of the rendezvous on the equatorial plane?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "Solar fundamental ( f ) acoustic mode oscillations are investigated analytically in a magnetohydrodynamic ( MHD ) model.\n", "question": "What is the name of the model used to investigate solar fundamental acoustic mode oscillations?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "In simple missions, a single vehicle can be managed by a crew using a ground station provided by the vehicle manufacturer.\n", "question": "What is the name of the ground station used in missions?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "The analysis stops when the technical case is made; if simpler, more qualitative methods suffice, then more detailed methods need not be applied.\n", "question": "What is the main reason for the analysis to stop when the technical case is made?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "The equation of motion is x?\n", "question": "What is the equation of motion?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "A battery in Hebei Province, China which can store 36 MWh of electricity was built in 2013 at a cost of $500 million.\n", "question": "What was the cost of the battery in Hebei Province?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "The space environment as orbit and attitude design driver The present section will describe the space environment in general and will analyze how the external environment drives the satellite’s orbit and attitude design.\n", "question": "What is the main reason for the satellite's orbit and attitude design?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "The TTCIMBU is based on the latest singleboard IMBU product from SSBV that allows all these functions to be integrated into a single 3U/19?\n", "question": "What is the TTCIMBU's function?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "However, due to the low computing power of onboard computer, the tentative epoch folding with high computational load must be avoided.\n", "question": "What is the main reason for the epoch folding?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "267 days), which suggests sensitivity of optical bench system on temperature variation.\n", "question": "How long does it take to get to the end of the test?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "Operators had to check each command load to see how It changed power states and affected the propulsion subsystem.\n", "question": "What was the power state of the propulsion subsystem?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "This is the same principle behind inertial confinement fusion.\n", "question": "What is the principle behind inertial confinement fusion?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "The lengthy and ambitious developments and tests often confront the participating individuals, institutes and funding agencies with very difficult dilemmas resulting from the rapid evolution of the technologies.\n", "question": "What is the main challenge of the rapid evolution of the technologies?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "The speed of the signal depends on the ion density in the ionosphere and the atmosphere’s density and water vapor content, and determination of these parameters is essential.\n", "question": "What is the speed of the signal dependent on?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "Current turbomachinery, familiar from the aircraft jet engine, becomes increasingly unattractive thermodynamically at Mach numbers (ratio of flight speed to 198 PROPULSION SYSTEMS 0 2 4 6 8 Mach number S p ec if ic im p u ls e (s ) S p ec if ic im p u ls e (s ) 10 12 14 16 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 Turbojets Ramjets Hydrogen fuel Scramjet Rockets Combined cycle initial acceleration modes.\n", "question": "What is the ratio of flight speed to Mach numbers?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "Relative Economics of Different Satellite Orbits Most satellite planners and systems engineers start out by considering the service that is desired to be provided and the type of orbital configuration that can best provide the desired service at the lowest net overall cost and with the highest level of reliability and service quality.\n", "question": "What is the relative economics of different satellite orbits?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "The interference environment further ~onstrains the ~bsystem.\n", "question": "What is the interference environment?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "In this study, the discharge reliability of an APPT is assessed analytically and experimentally.\n", "question": "What is the discharge reliability of an APPT?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "Where it does not form part of the contractor’s management, it must be established and PAmonitored for effectiveness.\n", "question": "What must be established and PAmonitored for effectiveness?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "L1 provides the Coarse/Acquisition (C/A) code which is available to all users and used to be deliberately degraded with the so called Selective Availability (SA).\n", "question": "What is the code that is available to all users?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "A Chinese mathematical treatise, the Zhoubi Suanjing (c.\n", "question": "What is the Zhoubi Suanjing?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "It reaches a secondorder accuracy and produces accurate solutions for wave propagation phenomena, but is also stiffly firstorder accurate and remains stable with very large time steps for strongly stiff problems.\n", "question": "What is the first order accuracy of the X-ray machine?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "Additionally, we will briefly examine the requirements for groundbased computer systems throughout the lifecycle development process.\n", "question": "What is the purpose of the groundbased computer system?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "Gyro operations are used to rotate the probe 360 degrees six times per year to measure the magnetic field of the spacecraft, which is then subtracted from the magnetometer science data.\n", "question": "What is the purpose of the gyro operations?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "As the sophistication of satellite payloads and their operational capabilities increased along with their mass and size, power requirements, and antenna systems satellites just continued to grow, as did the various launch systems along with them .\n", "question": "What was the main reason satellites continued to grow?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "Despite having exceeded its radiation design limit by at least a factor of three, the spacecraft survived all these anomalies.\n", "question": "What was the radiation design limit of the spacecraft?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "This Configuration Has an Optimal View of the Deep Space for Cooling and Uses Three Fixed Solar Arrays.\n", "question": "What is the configuration of the Deep Space for Cooling?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "Internally, WORHP solves problems in standard mathematical form min x2RN FðxÞ subject to GiðxÞ ¼ 0; i ¼ 1;.\n", "question": "What is the standard mathematical form of WORHP?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "After obtaining the dynamic characteristics of elliptical orbits in different altitude, the model can be simplified by combining the accuracy requirement of the elliptical orbital dynamic model.\n", "question": "What can be simplified by combining the accuracy requirement of the elliptical orbital dynamic model?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "Thus, we must tailor the COTS products or adjust the need to match what is available.\n", "question": "What must be tailored to the COTS products?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "Fuzzy PD control is the combination of fuzzy control and traditional PD control.\n", "question": "What is the combination of fuzzy control and traditional PD control?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "These fields, which are not included in the IGRF, are as small as 20 nT during magnetically quiet periods, but can be as large as 1,000 nT or greater during a magnetic storm.\n", "question": "What is the IGRF?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "The Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) instrument aboard the final Nimbus, Nimbus7, mapped the extent of the phenomenon known as the “ozone hole.” A total of seven Nimbus spacecraft were launched by NASA into nearpolar and sunsynchronous orbits.\n", "question": "What did the TOMS instrument do?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "The projected area of a spherical spacecraft is unchanging, but S depends on the spacecraft attitude for all other shapes.\n", "question": "What is the projected area of a spherical spacecraft?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "The circular outer edge of each lily pad is formed by sweeping the momentum vector of the CMG whose gimbal axis passes through it (Yoon and Tsiotras ).\n", "question": "What is the gimbal axis?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "While the input levels may seem low, if the frequency range includes any of the spacecraft primary modes, the response levels may be significant, depending upon the load amplification of the design.\n", "question": "What is the frequency range of the spacecraft primary modes?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "Today directtothehome (DTH) television satellite service is the largest identifiable satellite market and has grown consistently around the world in both developed and developing economies.\n", "question": "What is the largest identifiable satellite market?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "The deceleration of the gas in the boundary layer near the surface of the vehicle, and through the system of shock waves that is produced in the flow surrounding the vehicle results in very high gas temperatures.\n", "question": "What is the cause of high gas temperatures?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "Variants of plug nozzles have been investigated for a wide range of operating conditions.\n", "question": "What is the name of the variable that has been investigated for a wide range of operating conditions?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "At this time the spacecraft were in transition from terrestrial to lunar orbit.\n", "question": "What orbit did the spacecraft transition from terrestrial to lunar?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "For every mission the technologist needs to identify the relevant mission environments and then determine the specific interactions of concern for that mission and its different phases.\n", "question": "What is the technologist's role in determining the environment of a mission?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "Ogi D Jgr;i as the effective inertias of the rotor about its own spin axis and the gimbal about its own axis, 230 A Extended Equations of Motion for Spacecraft with CMGs Eqs.\n", "question": "What is the effective inertia of the rotor about its own spin axis?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "At the intersection, a maneuver was performed to join the two trajectory segments.\n", "question": "What was the first maneuver performed to join the two trajectory segments?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "The design engineer was often independent of the budgeting process and the monitoring of cost during the execution of the project.\n", "question": "What was the role of the design engineer in the project?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "Standard sealevel pressure is accepted to be 1.013 × 105 Pa .\n", "question": "What is the standard sea level pressure?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "When the Sun is perpendicular to the orbit plane, the ORR mode reduces to a zenith pointing mode, as shown in Fig. 7.20a.\n", "question": "What is the ORR mode when the Sun is perpendicular to the orbit plane?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
{ "answer": "Realistic portrayals of encounters in space require the consideration of three dimensions.\n", "question": "What dimensions are necessary for a realistic space encounter?", "source": "SpaceSystemsDataset" }
End of preview. Expand in Data Studio
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This dataset is obtained from the data for this research paper:https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=9548078. This is an upload of 10K lines of the data with corresponding questions generated for each. The complete data can be obtained from https://pureportal.strath.ac.uk/en/publications/space-transformers-language-modeling-for-space-systems

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