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As children, people rarely think about money and how much of it they do or do not have. This is because children depend on their parent and guardians to provide the food, shelter and clothing that they need to survive. However, as we get older, we begin to take on more and more of those responsibilities for ourselves, until eventually we are the only ones responsible for our own welfare. In order to take care of ourselves, we usually have to get an education and a job that will allow us to cover our expenses. Finance can be complicated, but it is not impossible to manage your money in such a way that you will always have resources for what you need.
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One of the first principles of responsible finance is learning how to prepare and implement a budget for all of your personal and professional expenditures. The best budgets are the ones that help you track and record all of the money that you make and all of the money that you spend. If you find yourself coming up short for bills month after month, you can turn to your budget to find out where the extra money is going, and what you might have to give up to return balance in your finances.
Another important thing to remember about responsible finance is that you should only get involved with credit cards and loans if you are sure that you will be able to pay them off completely in a timely manner. If you can’t afford a purchase, it is never a good idea to put it on a credit card and simply hope that you find the money to pay it off eventually. Make sure that you have a plan for paying your entire balance off every month.
One of the most important principles of responsible finance is that you have a plan for savings. No matter whether you put your lump sum of cash savings in a high yield savings account, or invest it in the stock market, you need to have a plan for the money that you’ve already set aside. If you don’t have any savings, you must take a look at your budget and find out how you can start putting money away on a regular basis. Even if it is only twenty or thirty dollars at a time, it’s important to provide for unseen expenses.
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Ramapithecus Error, The
Evolutionists who suggested that the Ramapithecus fossils discovered in India go back some 15 million years also proposed that these fossils were a definite intermediate form in the scenario of human evolution. However, it was realized that these fossils actually belonged to an extinct species of ape, and Ramapithecus was quietly removed from the imaginary human family tree.198
The first Ramapithecus fossil discovered consisted of an old jaw made up of two parts. Yet on the basis of these parts, evolutionist artists somehow managed to draw pictures of Ramapithecus in his natural habitat, together with his family.
EVOLUTIONISTS' SOURCE OF INSPIRATION WAS A SINGLE JAWBONE!
The first Ramapithecus fossil discovered consisted of a partial jaw, broken into two pieces. Evolutionist artists, however, had no difficulty in portraying Ramapithecus and even his family and habitat, based solely on these jaw fragments.
— See Ontogeny Recapitulates Phylogeny Theory, The.
Recombination means a new genotype (or hereditary structure) being produced by the genetic characters of the two genders combining. However, recombinations must not be confused with mutations. In mutation, in order for changes taking place in the individual’s genotype to be effective, they must take place in the reproduction genes.
Recombination, on the other hand, is a constant process that gives rise to new combinations of genes in every offspring, as a result of natural sexual reproduction. Recombination results from the regrouping of genes from the mother and father during the formation of their reproductive cells. Before cell division, the fertilized egg always takes half its genetic material from the mother and half from the father, but recombination plays a definitive and influential role in the formation of variety. (See Variation.) Thus except in the case of identical twins, two offspring are never identical to one another, and neither are their genetic contents exactly the same as their parents’.
Some evolutionists interpret variation through recombination as an evolutionary factor. 199 However, this is not scientifically valid. Variation is a natural process arising from genetic mixing during reproduction. Yet there is no question of a new species emerging through recombination, or of new information being added beyond that already recorded in the genes.
Studies on recombination occupy a very important place in the understanding of genetic mechanisms. Recombination has guided scientists’ production of the chromosome map, identification of genetic abnormalities, and in genetic transplants of one chromosome to another.
Reconstruction (Imaginary Pictures)
Using various propaganda techniques, evolutionists seek to camouflage their lack of any evidence to support their theories. The most important of these techniques is reconstruction, which involves an “artist’s conception” of what a living thing might have looked like, based on a piece of bone that has been unearthed. All the ape-men one sees in newspaper and magazine illustrations are reconstructions.
This picture, based on a skull bone, is a good example of the imaginative way in which evolutionists interpret fossils.
However, since the fossil records regarding the origin of man are generally scattered and deficient, any estimations based on them depend largely on imagination. Accordingly, reconstructions of the fossils are designed totally in line with the requirements of the ideology of evolution. The Harvard University anthropologist David Pilbeam emphasizes this: “At least in paleoanthropology, data are still so sparse that theory heavily influences interpretations. Theories have, in the past, clearly reflected our current ideologies instead of the actual data.”200
Reconstructions reflect only the imagination of evolutionists, not the scientific facts.
Only the very general features of a creature can be produced based on bone remains alone. The really distinguishing features are the soft tissues, which soon disappear over the course of fossilization. It is easy for an evolutionist to come up with an imaginary being by shaping those soft tissues however he sees fit. As Earnst A. Hooten says:
To attempt to restore the soft parts is an even more hazardous undertaking. The lips, the eyes, the ears, and the nasal tip leave no clues on the underlying bony parts. You can with equal facility model on a Neanderthaloid skull the features of a chimpanzee or the lineaments of a philosopher. These alleged restorations of ancient types of man have very little if any scientific value and are likely only to mislead the public… So put not your trust in reconstructions. 201
The biased interpretation of fossils and the production of fantastic drawings are evidence of how intensively evolutionists resort to deception. Yet compared with the various concrete frauds that have been perpetrated over the past 150 years, these pale into insignificance.
No concrete fossil evidence supports the picture of the ape-man constantly propagated in the media and in academic sources. Evolutionists may draw and paint imaginary beings, but the lack of any fossils belonging to those creatures is a major stumbling block for them. One of the methods often used to resolve this problem has been to manufacture whatever fossils they have been unable to find. Piltdown Man, a major scandal in the history of science, is one instance. (See Piltdown Man Fraud, The.)
Reductionism is the idea that things that do not appear material can be explained in terms of material effects. The materialist philosophy underlying the theory of evolution assumes that everything that exists consists solely of matter. (See Materialism.) According to this philosophy, matter has existed for all time, and nothing exists apart from matter. Materialists employ a logic known as reductionism to support these claims.
For example, the human mind cannot be touched or seen. In addition, the mind is not centered anywhere in the human brain. This inevitably leads us to conclude that the mind is a super-material concept. In other words, the entity you refer to as “me,” which thinks, loves, feels anger and sadness, and that experiences pleasure or pain, is not a material entity in the same way as a table or a stone is.
But materialists say that the mind can be reduced to matter. According to their claim, the way we think, love, feel sadness and all our other mental activities actually consist of chemical reactions taking place among the neurons in our brains. Our love for another person is a chemical reaction produced by certain cells in the brain, and our feeling fear in the face of an appropriate event is still another chemical reaction. The well-known materialist philosopher Karl Vogt described this logic in the famous words, “Just as liver secretes gall, so do our brains secrete thought.” 202
Gall is a material fluid, of course, but there is no evidence to suggest that thought is also just matter.
It is evident that mutations give rise to no evolutionary development, which places both neo-Darwinism and the punctuated model of evolution in a very severe predicament. (See Mutation and The Punctuated Model of Evolution.) Since mutations have a destructive effect, then the macro-mutations referred to by the proponents of punctuated evolution would lead to major damage in living things. Some evolutionists place their hopes in mutations occurring in regulatory genes. However, the destructive character that applies to other mutations also applies to these. The problem is that any mutation is a random change, and any random change in such a structure as complex as DNA gives rise to damaging consequences.
The geneticist Lane Lester and the population geneticist Raymond Bohlin describe the mutation predicament:
However though macro-mutations of many varieties produce drastic changes, the vast majority will be incapable of survival, let alone show the marks of increasing complexity. If structural gene mutations are inadequate because of their inability to produce significant enough changes, then regulatory and developmental mutations appear even less useful because of the greater likelihood of nonadaptive or even destructive consequences. 203
Experiments and observations show that mutations develop no new genetic information, but only damage the mutated individual, and that it is clearly inconsistent for the proponents of punctuated evolution to expect any such great successes from mutations.
Proteins are produced as the result of highly detailed processes inside the cell, with the assistance of many enzymes, in an organelle called the ribosome. The ribosome itself consists of proteins. This therefore brings with it an unrealistic hypothesis that the ribosome came into being by chance. Even Jacques Monod, a Nobel prize-winner and well-known advocate of the theory of evolution, describes how protein synthesis cannot be reduced solely to information in nucleic acids:
The code [in DNA or RNA] is meaningless unless translated. The modern cell’s translating machinery consists of at least 50 macromolecular components, which are themselves coded in DNA: the code cannot be translated otherwise than by products of translation themselves… When and how did this circle become closed? It is exceedingly difficult to imagine. 204
The genetic system requires the enzymes to read this code from the DNA, the mRNA to be manufactured through the reading of these codes, the ribosome to which the mRNA with the code will go and bind to for production, a transporter RNA that carries the amino acids to be used in production to the ribosome, and the exceedingly complex enzymes that ensure the countless other intermediate processes in the same environment. Bear in mind that such a controlled environment needs to be completely isolated and also to contain all the requisite energy sources and raw materials, and the invalidity of the claims of chance can be seen only too clearly.
Right-Handed (Dextro) Amino Acids
—See Left-Handed Amino Acids
RNA World Scenario, The
Asked how the first cell came into being, evolutionists since the early 20th century have offered various theories. The Russian biologist Alexander Oparin proposed the first evolutionist thesis on this subject, suggesting that proteins formed first with a number of random chemical reactions on the primeval Earth, and that these then combined together to give rise to the cell. In the 1970s, it was realized that even Oparin’s most basic assumptions, which he made in the 1930s were false: In the primitive world atmosphere scenario, he had included the gasses methane and ammonia that would permit the emergence of organic molecules. Yet it was realized that the atmosphere at the time was not rich in methane and ammonia, but contained high levels of oxygen that would break down organic molecules. (See The Primitive Earth.)
The ribosome "reads" the messenger RNA and sets the amino acids out in accordance with the information it contains. The diagrams show val, cyc and ala amino acids set out by the ribosome and transporter RNA. All proteins in nature are produced in this sensitive manner. No protein has come into being by chance.
This dealt a serious blow to the theory of molecular evolution. It meant that all the “primitive atmosphere” experiments, carried by evolutionists such as Miller, Fox and Ponnamperuma, were invalid. For that reason, other evolutionist quests were launched in the 1980s, and the RNA World scenario was put forward. This suggested that rather than proteins, the RNA molecule containing protein information emerged first. According to this scenario—proposed in 1986 by the Harvard chemist Walter Gilbert—billions of years ago, an RNA molecule somehow capable of copying itself came into existence by chance. Later, under the influence of environmental conditions, this RNA molecule suddenly began producing proteins. Later, when the need was felt to hide their information in a second molecule, the DNA molecule somehow emerged.
Instead of accounting for the beginning of life, this scenario—every stage of which is distinctly impossible and which is difficult to even imagine—made the problem even worse. It raised a number of insoluble questions:
1. Not even one of the nucleotides that comprise RNA can be accounted for in terms of chance. Then how did nucleotides come together in the appropriate sequence to give rise to DNA?
The evolutionist biologist John Horgan admits the impossibility of RNA forming by chance:
As researchers continue to examine the RNA-World concept closely, more problems emerge. How did RNA initially arise? RNA and its components are difficult to synthesize in a laboratory under the best of conditions, much less under really plausible ones. 205
2. Even if we assume that RNA, consisting solely of a chain of nucleotides, did come into being by chance, how did it decide to copy itself? By what mechanism did it succeed in doing so? Where did it find the nucleotides it would use while copying itself?
The evolutionist biologists Gerald Joyce and Leslie Orgel state the hopelessness of the situation:
Our discussion has focused on a straw man: the myth of a small RNA molecule that arises de novo and can replicate efficiently and with high fidelity under plausible prebiotic conditions. Not only is such a notion unrealistic in light of our current understanding of prebiotic chemistry, but it should strain the credulity of even an optimist’s view of RNA’s catalytic potential. 206
3. Even assuming that an RNA capable of copying itself did appear in the primeval world, and infinite amounts of all varieties of amino acids that the RNA needed were available in the environment—if all these impossibilities were somehow overcome, this is still not enough to form a single protein molecule. Because RNA is solely information about protein structure. Amino acids, on the other hand, are raw materials. Yet there is no mechanism here to produce protein. Viewing the existence of RNA as sufficient for protein production is as nonsensical as throwing the thousands of components of a car onto a blueprint and expecting a car to assemble itself. This production cannot take place in the absence of a factory and workers.
Dr. Leslie Orgel, a well-known evolutionist biochemist and also known as one of the founding fathers of the 'RNA world' hypothesis, uses the term scenario for the chances of life beginning with RNA. Orgel sets out the features this RNA would need to possess, and the impossibility thereof, in an article titled “The Origin of Life on Earth,” in the October 1994 edition of American Scientist:
This scenario could have occurred, we noted, if prebiotic RNA had two properties not evident today: A capacity to replicate without the help of proteins and an ability to catalyze every step of protein synthesis. 207
As you can plainly see, only evolutionist imagination and prejudice could expect these two complex processes, which Orgel describes as indispensable, from a molecule like RNA. Scientific facts reveal that the RNA World thesis, a new version of the claim that life was born by chance, could never come true.
206.Gerald F. Joyce and Leslie E. Orgel, “Prospects for Understanding the Origin of the RNA World,” in The RNA World, edited by Raymond F. Gesteland, Thomas R. Cech, John F. Atkins, 2nd ed., Cold Spring Harbor, New York: Laboratory Press, 2000, p. 62.
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Activities have the strength to bring people together produce the sense of community. 스포츠분석 through staff sports or specific activities, participating in sports can foster connections and market physical and mental health. In this particular article, we will explore the significance of sports neighborhood and how that can benefit persons and society all together.
One of the particular primary benefits involving sports community is definitely the sense involving connection and belonging it can generate. Being part involving a sports group or participating in sports activities along with others can support individuals develop relationships plus a sense of camaraderie. This can be particularly necessary for children and adolescents, who may struggle with social isolation or perhaps fitting in. Through sports, they can easily discover a sense regarding belonging and produce important social abilities.
Sports community could also promote bodily and mental health and fitness. Regular participation within athletics can improve cardiovascular health, reduce the risk of serious diseases, and promote weight management. Additionally , sports can possess a positive impact on psychological health by cutting down stress, improving mood, and promoting self-pride. Being part associated with a sports local community can also give people with a sense of purpose and motivation to keep a normal lifestyle.
Sports community can also have an impact on society in general. It can bring men and women together across ethnic and socio-economic limits, promoting understanding and respect for variety. Additionally, sports group can provide opportunities for volunteerism and community engagement, aiding to build stronger and more connected communities.
To construct a powerful sports local community, it is essential to provide chances for participation that are accessible and even inclusive. This might involve providing resources for persons with disabilities, generating programs that are usually affordable, and marketing diversity and addition. In addition , it is essential to showcase sportsmanship and the culture of respect among participants, cultivating an environment that is certainly welcoming and supportive.
In conclusion, sports community plays a great important role inside of promoting connections, physical and mental health, and cultural cohesion. By cultivating a culture involving inclusivity and promoting sportsmanship, we may build strong plus connected communities that benefit individuals in addition to society as some sort of whole.
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Crab Spiders usually have short, wide, flat bodies. The first two pairs of legs are larger than the back legs, and are usually held open so that the spider can easily grab its prey. They usually walk sideways or backwards, and use just their back legs. This is where they get their name.
All crab spiders have eight eyes, and the eyes on the edges of their cephalothorax are often raised up on bumps, so they can see in all directions. These spiders have small fangs compared to other spiders, but their venom acts quickly to paralyze their prey.
In some species males and females are different colors, and males are often much smaller than females. Crab spiders usually are colored to match their habitat. Some species can slowly (over a period of days) change color to match the color of the flowers they are hiding on.
Other Physical Features: bilateral symmetry
Sexual Dimorphism: sexes alike; female larger
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Make a plan
Start by making a scaled plan of the space indicating all the pipes, utilities and passages. Keep in mind that the smaller your garden is the higher you will have to go. It's important for you to draw all of your ideas to get a general picture of your vision, but mostly you need to stay realistic towards your needs, a packed garden is not relaxing.
Clear the centre of the space
Keep the centre of the garden free to give the impression that the space is bigger than it actually is. If your garden is longer that wider then don't plant along the sides to avoid the corridor feeling. If the space is wider than longer then, this time, plant along the walls to give the impression of depth and so making your garden feel longer that it really is.
Very in right now, Japanese gardens are a perfect model for small spaces. The art of gardening is very important in Japan. For the Japanese, gardening is the interpretation and idealisation of nature with limited devices. To keep with the style you need to incorporate water, wood and rock elements.
There's a dry variant of these garden, the Zen garden. The objective is the same but you need to replace the water elements with sand or gravel. If you want your garden to be pleasant and useful, why not turn it into a mini vegetable garden. There's no need to fill the space up, a few vegetable varieties should suffice. In this case symmetry is no longer important just go with your gut.
For small gardens climbing plants are ideal to add colour to your garden without clogging it. Smaller gardens are more present in big cities so gardeners have had to adapt their product to the demand. The result: There are, now, miniature versions of your favourite plants.
Before starting to plant you need to test your soil to determine the level of pH because some plants can't survive if the level is too high. There are little things you can do to make your garden feel bigger: make sure you vary the height of the plants, do not break up the space and of course, use different shapes and soft colours.
With this information you can get started, without forgetting the most important thing: this is your space so have fun with it. Let your imagination and creativity roam free so that the garden reflects your personality. Lara Ronayne Casimiro
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A Drake's Tale: Genetics Software Gets a Lift from Gaming
Many of us learned about dominant and recessive genes in a humdrum high school biology class. Some of us may still recognize the terms and symbols twenty or thirty years later—are your eyes bb or Bb? But, as it turns out, a very small number of traits in humans and other animals, plants, amoeba … you name it … involve the dominance mechanism of a single gene with just two alleles. (An allele is a variation of a gene, like the B or b in the above example.) The more biologists discover about the mechanisms of inheritance, the fewer traits we can point to that involve only one gene or can be illustrated using a simple Punnett square. In fact, biologists are compiling information about our genes at an astounding rate. As the process of sequencing DNA improves, the science of biology is dramatically changing.
Modern biology showcases both the relatedness and complexity of genetic interactions across virtually all organisms. For example, you may be surprised to learn that humans and fruit flies share a core set of genes comprising 60% of their genomes, and further, that 90% of mouse and human genes are similar to each other. As for complexity, there are at least eight genes that control eye color, and by the way, two individuals with blue eyes can have a child with brown eyes. Today’s students may be the first with access to enough information to break out of the Punnett square box and explore the many different ways in which genes act and interact. Students who use our Geniverse software and curriculum attain the keys to unlock the mysteries of the genetic code. As they discover polyallelic, multigenic, and sex-linked traits, they develop a broader and deeper knowledge of genetics.
Playing the Game
Geniverse immerses students in a game-like environment where they are challenged to sort out the genetics of a mythical organism, the drake (Figure 1). Drakes are essentially a smaller version of a dragon, and are a model species that can help solve genetic mysteries in dragons, in much the same way as the mouse is a model species for human genetic disease. In fact, the Concord Consortium began the exploration of the genetics of dragons with the GenScope project led by Paul Horwitz in 1992, followed by BioLogica in 1998, and then GENIQUEST in 2007. With Geniverse, we are adding elements of gaming to this engaging approach to learning genetics.
To become a Master breeder in the Drake Breeders Guild, students must learn the tricks of the trade to produce a variety of drakes, which they can do only by understanding the ways that drake genes interact and are inherited. Students explore the genetic landscape by doing experiments, looking at the data, drawing tentative conclusions, and then testing these conclusions with more experimentation. Thus, despite moving through a fantastical world, students are engaging in an authentic, experiment-driven approach to biology.
To progress through the Guild, each student solves a series of "cases," moving from training level to Apprentice, Journeyman, and ultimately Master. By the time students reach the game’s finale, they have encountered genes that have more than two alleles, genes whose alleles are not fully dominant or recessive (known as incomplete dominance), genes that exhibit different patterns of inheritance in males and females (X-linked genes), and a trait that is influenced by three different genes.
Students learn that while drakes are mythical creatures, the drake genome comes from real-world animal models, including mouse, lizard (Figure 2), and stickleback fish. For example, tough exterior drake “armor” plates are encoded by a real gene involved in generating some typical properties of skin: in anole lizards, scales; in humans, hair and sweat glands. There are four alleles of the armor gene. Their pairwise combinations can yield from zero to five plates.
Armor illustrates that there are a variety of versions of a trait (phenotypes) that can be present in a population, even though any individual can only have two alleles (one from the mother and one from the father).
Both simple and complex traits are packed into the three pairs of drake chromosomes. Geniverse includes standard dominant/recessive traits (drake wings, forelimbs, and hindlimbs). Two trickier forms of dominance round out the collection of simpler traits: a rostral horn, which is a sex-linked trait, and horns on the top of the head, a recessive trait. The last one slays the common misconception that the presence of a trait is always the dominant condition.
As one of the final tests of their ability to uncover genetic mechanisms, students must fully explain the genetic control of the eight possible drake colors that result from the interaction of three genes. Students conduct breeding experiments both individually and in small groups (because not every student has access to drakes of every color), and publish their results in the Journal of Drake Genetics. Because this level of complexity goes beyond the usual learning goals for introductory biology, one might assume that student interest is lost or declines at this late stage of the game. But the opposite is true. One teacher described her students' excitement: "My kids are pumped about color! The more they are learning, the more they can’t wait to figure out how this all works. It’s a great program!"
DNA and Genes
Current development of the Geniverse software involves illuminating the molecular path from genotype to phenotype, that is, from the DNA that makes up a gene to the trait it encodes. At strategic points in their fantastical journey, students use a simulation of meiosis — the process of formation of gametes (sperm and egg cells) — which enables them to follow the many possible reassortments of parental alleles into gametes. Some of the mechanisms of genetic inheritance and diversity are thus revealed. As students progress, they will delve deeper and deeper into the underlying genetic code, digging down to the DNA sequence level using a protein synthesis simulator (Figure 3) and a database of drake DNA sequences populated with real genes.
Students will make small changes in a gene sequence and learn how such seemingly minute changes can either drastically affect an organism's physical appearance and metabolic functions or have no effect at all. When the Guild summons all drake breeders to help cure a genetic disease, students will use these tools to track down the cause of the disease.
Rather than memorizing terms and working through problems with selected data, students who play Geniverse learn to reason their way through a genetic challenge by crafting experiments that probe for information and answers, generating their own data sets and conclusions. The topics of inheritance, meiosis, and DNA-to- protein are frequently taught as separate units in traditional biology courses, making it difficult for students to connect their biology class to the real world. Geniverse helps teachers and students weave these topics into a meaningful tapestry, enabling students to better understand the big picture. And who doesn't like playing with dragons?
This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under grant DUE-0733264. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.
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Plants may not be able to talk but they never lie about their health.
And that’s why a North Vancouver-based company is on a mission to help plants and crops communicate about their overall well-being to the farmers and growers that tend to them.
Ecoation Innovative Solutions Inc. touts an artificial intelligence platform that examines and predicts plant or crop stress so that growers can reduce crop loss, use less pesticides and generally manage potential plant-related problems before they become an issue.
“Ecoation essentially pinpoints problems in your crops at the earliest stage before you can even see the symptoms with your eyes,” Ecoation founder and CEO Saber Miresmailli told the North Shore News.
“Plants are living things, and they change their chemistry internally when they are fighting stress and our technology can non-invasively detect those chemical changes and physiological changes inside the plant.”
Miresmailli, who founded Ecoation in 2010, defined plant stress as anything that could hinder the general activity and productivity of crops or plants.
Typically, he said, factors that could contribute to plant stress could include anything from pests or diseases, poor environmental conditions, or a lack of proper nutrients or water.
In late September, Ecoation was awarded the $110,000 first prize in the 2017 BCIC-New Ventures Competition, an annual awards competition that honours innovation in up-and-coming companies throughout the province.
For Miresmailli, the New Ventures Competition win is part of a larger narrative where the work his company has been pursuing during the last few years is becoming more widely known to the public.
“We’d been completely under the radar for the first three years, then we basically perfected our method and our intellectual properties, and then we started talking about the concept publicly about two and a half years ago,” he said.
That method includes three technological components, Miresmailli explained, including sensors that actively and non-invasively probe plants and measure their responses, an artificial intelligence platform that captures the data and makes sense of it, and an automated apparatus that does the measuring.
“The other component is the mobility platform, whether it’s a robotic roller that goes in greenhouses, whether it’s a robotic arm that goes in nurseries, or it’s a drone that can fly over your crops,” he said.
The system is wireless, and after Ecoation’s sensors have detected a degree of crop or plant stress the data is then delivered to a grower or farmer’s cellphone or computer.
It’s then up to the grower as the farming and agriculture expert to decide what to do next.
Miresmailli moved to Canada from Iran in 2003 to pursue his master’s degree followed by a PhD in plant sciences at UBC.
His passion for food systems and technology is evident in his devotion to giving those who grow the food that everybody consumes all the tools at their disposal.
His main point: by the time a grower or farmer notices the effects of crop stress on their plants – discolouration, decay, withering, poor yield – it’s likely too late to
“This is very important because there is a time frame between the instance of catching an infection or having an infestation with the pest than the time when you can actually see the visual symptoms of that disease or that pest.
Usually in the greenhouse this timeline is about 10 days to two weeks,” he said.
“If you enable the farmers to find the problems at various stages they have many other tools that they can deploy.”
Miresmailli said Ecoation has set up its crop stress detection system on farms in five countries, with plans to expand.
The ultimate goal, he said, would be to help establish a global, digital centre of disease control, but for plant health – a database that could allow growers anywhere to identify a problem and quickly find a solution.
“If you happen to have a particular deadly disease for tomatoes in Iran and you’ve never seen this before, if you basically have the ability to identify and know what kind of problem you’re dealing with and what it’s come from you can immediately choose the right remedy,” he said.
While Ecoation’s systems are billed as a way for farmers to reduce economic loss due to crop damage and overall reduce the cost of production, Miresmailli said his goal more generally is to help all food systems maintain their overall health and robustness.
He told a story about working in the biofuels industry before and after his post-doctoral work several years ago.
Miresmailli knew he could build a career working in sustainable energy development working in biofuel energy, but he had his eureka moment when he realized he wanted to return and share his expertise with his first passion: food, plants and crops.
“If you don’t have enough energy you can walk anywhere you want to go,” he said about his decision to ditch biofuel energy in favour of crops and plants. “But if you don’t have food you can’t walk.”
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Peripheral Artery Disease
A common condition, peripheral artery disease (PAD) often causes painful muscle cramping in the hips, thighs, or calves. The pain starts while you are exercising, but continues after you stop. PAD increases your risk of coronary heart disease, heart attack, and stroke.
About Peripheral Artery Disease
Peripheral arteries bring oxygen-rich blood to your arms and legs—the outer areas of the body. When they become narrow or blocked, it makes it difficult for blood to flow normally. We call this condition peripheral artery disease or PAD.
In its early stages, PAD causes painful cramping while you walk. If the disease progresses, you may cause variety of other symptoms:
- Coldness or numbness in your arms, legs, fingers, or toes
- Erectile dysfunction
- Loss of sensation in your arms or legs
- Non-healing wounds or skin ulcers
- Pain in the feet and color change
- Thinning or loss of hair on the arms and legs
Your risk of PAD increases as you get older. Other risk factors for PAD include:
- Accumulation of fat in the arteries (atherosclerosis)
- Family history of PAD
- High blood pressure (hypertension)
- High cholesterol
- Physical inactivity
- Renal disease
Diagnosis and Treatment
To diagnose PAD, we start with a thorough physical exam. We also use a variety of tests including:
- Angiography is an imaging test that allows us to see the arteries in your abdomen, pelvis, and legs, using contrast dye that we insert through a catheter placed in your arteries
- Ankle-brachial index is a painless exam that compares the blood pressure in the leg to the blood pressure in the arm.
- Arterial or venous duplex ultrasounds use sound waves to let us measure blood flow in your arteries, to determine if there’s blockage.
- Computerized tomography employs X-rays to create detailed pictures of your heart and arteries.
- Echocardiograms use sound waves to create pictures of your heart’s chambers, valves, and walls, as well as the arteries and veins attached to your heart.
- Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) takes advantage of magnets and radio wave technology to capture images of your arteries
Although PAD cannot be cured, we can reduce symptoms, help your heart work better, and prevent future problems such as heart attack or stroke. We may start by recommending lifestyle changes such as exercising, losing weight, and quitting smoking. We may also prescribe medications.
In certain cases, we offer a variety of minimally invasive and open surgical procedures that can help. Minimally invasive (endovascular) procedures include:
- Balloon angioplasty involves inserting a thin tube (catheter) with a balloon on the tip into your artery, moving it to the location of the PAD, and then inflating it to open your artery and restore blood flow.
- Laser atherectomy uses a catheter that emits high-energy light, called a laser, to vaporize the blockage and increase blood flow through the artery.
- Rotational atherectomy using a catheter with a revolving blade to break the plaque that is blocking blood flow into tiny pieces that can pass through the blood vessel.
- Stent implantation is similar to angioplasty. We insert a catheter with a balloon on the end into the problem area and inflate the balloon to open up the artery. Then we use a second device to insert a stent, which we expand, to hold the artery open. The stent remains in your artery to keep your blood flowing properly.
A more invasive procedure is called endartectomy. When we perform this surgical procedure, we make an incision in the neck, which allows us to reach the artery with the blockage, usually the femoral artery. We then remove the plaque that has built up and is preventing blood flow. You may need to stay in the hospital for a day or two after this procedure.
If we determine that you are not a good candidate for any of these options, we may perform bypass surgery. This procedure creates an alternate route for your blood to pass through. We make incisions above and below your blocked artery and attach a blood vessel made of synthetic material, or taken from another part of your body, and connect it to the existing blood vessel. The purpose is to redirect the blood flow around the blocked section (bypass). You will probably be in the hospital for several days after this procedure.
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What is a paper cutting machine?
A paper cutter can be used to cut sheets of plywood, plastic, vinyl, and other card materials without a heat. It is also used as a sheet metal fabric cutter or a paper cutter.
A paper cutting machine, also called a paper cutter, is a type of paper cutter. It can cut large sheets or thick sheets on a paper sheet, and in the name of a paper cutter. It is one of the most popular paper cutting machines because of its functions.
How to use a paper machine?
Paper printers come in all online, although they may not be suitable for large-scale printing. Some of them are called chalk paper rolls, cut down the size and cut down to the size of the roll and cut it down to size.
The machine can cut large sheets, and come in various sizes, for example. Paper printers come in various sizes, shapes, and colors to suit the needs of your customers.
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Nearly a half-mile below ground where 33 miners have been trapped for almost three weeks, there's no build-up of toxic or explosive gases and the air has been breathable, if hot and stuffy in their reinforced shelter. There is plenty of open tunnel for them to move around, and even water to drink, dug with a bulldozer from an underground deposit.
Mining experts say the geology and structural characteristics of the San Jose gold and copper mine in northern Chile helped the workers stay alive for 17 days before rescuers finally opened a narrow bore-hole to them Sunday. And despite the mine's history of rock falls in earthquake-prone Chile, the geology also bodes well for their survival in the weeks ahead.
The Aug. 5 collapse of the mine's main access shaft happened about 1,300 feet below the surface, well above where the miners were working, leaving vast stretches of passageways with air to breathe.
2 Days of Food Stretched for Weeks in Chile Mine
2nd Bore Hole Reaches 33 Trapped Chilean Miners
Buried Chilean Miners May Be Trapped for Months
Trapped Chilean Miners Still Alive After 17 Days
Interactive Gallery of Trapped Miners (In Spanish)
The gallery where the miners took refuge more than 2,200 feet below ground is at least 1.2 miles long, with easily enough air to last 17 days or more, said Gustavo Lagos, a professor at the Catholic University of Chile's Center for Mining.
"The caves, the tunnels, that is what saved them," agreed Wolfgang Griem, director of the geology department at the University of Atacama.
The Atacama Desert that surrounds Copiapo is considered the driest place on Earth. Some parts have not seen a single drop of rain since recordkeeping began.
Yet inside the mine, the igneous rock walls are seamed with clay that contains lots of water, which Lagos said he could see beading up and dripping down the walls behind the miners in video images from their emergency chamber.
The moist environment enabled the miners to carve water from the mine floor with a bulldozer to supplement stored industrial water. The internal runoff also means there is an essentially unlimited drinking supply, though Lagos said it could be acidic and cause minor health problems.
"It would probably contain some metals which would make it taste not so good," he said. "If it contained copper it could cause vomiting, diarrhea, stomach pains. ... But it would not kill them."
The dampness combined with warm temperatures caused by the mine's depth have created an environment so stuffy that video images showed some miners stripped to the waist to beat the heat. But they're not at risk for exposure as they would be in shallower coal mines, which can be quite chilly.
With temperatures above 90 degrees Fahrenheit, "we're not too worried about hypothermia," said Larry Grayson, a professor of mining engineering at Penn State University.
The trapped workers also don't have to worry about toxic gases such as carbon monoxide, or explosive gases such as methane, both common hazards in coal operations.
"Where there's coal there's methane gas, and you're going to get accumulations. Explosive gases are fairly rare in hard rock mines," said Grayson.
Copper sulfite can generate smelly sulfur dioxide during mining operations, but they've stopped that. And with copper levels in the mine's vein at less than 1 percent and gold even scarcer, the minerals "will not generate sulfur dioxide in great quantities," Lagos said.
Equally improbable is the possibility of a "rock burst," an extremely dangerous phenomenon that occurs when settling layers of earth bear down on the walls of a mine and result in a sudden, catastrophic release of stored energy. Exploding pillars can turn chunks of rock or coal into deadly missiles, and the shock wave alone can kill.
In 2007 at Crandall Canyon in Utah, a mountain "bump" - the coal mine equivalent of a rock burst - killed six workers and registered as a 3.9-magnitude earthquake, according to seismologists. Days later, a second bump killed three rescuers.
But this mine's structure is likely to be stable after the initial collapse released the stress, Grayson said. "It's probably in a state of equilibrium, at least for a while. As long as there's no new mine activity, that equilibrium would not be disturbed."
Geology also will determine how quickly the miners can be pulled up to the surface. Chile's state-owned Codelco mining company is setting up an enormous perforation drill capable of carving a hole 26 inches wide through solid rock at a rate of 15 to 30 yards a day.
The terrain at the San Jose mine is mostly diorite, an igneous rock formed from cooled magma that is considered to be only medium-hard, Lagos said.
The rescue operation's leader, Andres Sougarret, estimated it would take three to four months to get the men out.
But Davitt McAteer, a former assistant secretary of the U.S. Mine Safety and Health Administration, called that "perhaps the most conservative model."
"We ought to be able to get them out in a period of weeks, not months," he said.
Three 6-inch-wide shafts will serve as the miners' "umbilical cords" - one for supplies, another for communications and a third to guarantee their air supply.
A steady flow of emergency supplies was sent down to the miners on Tuesday in a rocket-shaped metal tube called a "paloma," Spanish for dove. The paloma is 5 1/4 feet long and takes a full hour to descend through the bore-hole.
The supplies included 33 small low-intensity and low-energy LED lights, so that each miner can have a light source that won't bother his eyes in the otherwise murky depths of the mine. Also sent down Tuesday was "more nutritive food" in the form of a vitamin-enriched gel, along with eye patches, aspirin and medicine for one miner who has diabetes and another who suffers from the respiratory disease silicosis, Health Minister Jaime Manalich said Tuesday.
Grayson predicted it could take just 25 to 30 days to reach the miners, while Lagos said it would likely be somewhere between 60 if all goes well and 120 if the effort bogs down.
The miners were lucky to be working far below where the tunnel collapsed. But the mountain itself helped provide the essentials for life.
"It was surprising for everyone in the country to find the 33 of them alive. I was very surprised," Lagos said, but "all the ingredients were there."
To reach the miners nearly 2,300 feet down, rescuers plan to use a larger drill to slowly bore down as much as 100 feet per day. The tunnel will be 26 inches wide, but once rescue equipment is lowered, miners will only have about 19 inches of space in which to squeeze, reports CBS News correspondent Seth Doane.
In one more week, the men will have been trapped underground longer than any other miners in history. Last year, three miners survived 25 days trapped in a flooded mine in southern China. Few other rescues have taken more than two weeks.
Chile is the world's top copper producer and a leading gold producer, and has some of the world's most advanced mining operations.
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Why Two Hearing Aids are Better Than One
Two ears work naturally together to give us the ability to locate and isolate one specific sound. Experiencing the quality of balanced audio perception depends upon hearing the sound as nature intended – through both ears.
One ear working less effectively than the other can have a significant impact on your daily activities. Hearing with one ear is like trying to see with one eye – it’s possible but not as effective.
Balanced hearing improves our ability to locate where the sound is coming from.
Our sense of hearing actually occurs in the brain. Taking input from both ears, our natural “built-in signal processor” blends the signal into a single, complete sound picture.
To enjoy true balanced sound perception, both ears must be receiving evenly. Without such equality, our brain is presented with incomplete information.
When hearing with both ears, the brain can dampen background noise, placing it out of focus and providing the freedom to choose what you want to listen to. Depending on your hearing loss, you may not have to work as hard to hear effectively in certain situations.
Two ears work together to enable us to locate and isolate one specific sound over others.
A smoother, more natural sound quality is apparent when both ears are working together.
Even if hearing loss is mild, binaural hearing devices can provide valuable and significant improvements. With improved ability to hear correctly, stress is reduced and you will experience a relaxation of listening effort.
With both ears providing input, less amplification may be required to achieve a comfortable listening level.
Hearing equally from both sides means you will be capable of responding accurately and confidently, regardless of where or when the conversation occurs.
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Babies born by caesarean section are more likely to be obese as adults, according to a study that suggests the way we are born could have a lasting impact on health.
Birth by caesarean was linked to a 15% higher risk of obesity in children compared with vaginal birth.
The scientists involved believe that babies born by caesarean miss out on exposure to bacteria in the birth canal that colonise the baby’s gut and may ultimately change the body’s metabolic rate - and even how hungry we feel.
Audrey Gaskins, an epidemiologist at Harvard University and co-author of the new study, said: “Children born via C-section harbour less diverse gut bacteria and these patterns of less diversity have been linked to increased capacity for energy harvest by the gut microbiota. You can think of it as a slower metabolism.”
Previous studies have found the same link, but were less able to rule out other factors, such as the mother’s weight or health.
The latest research, which included 22,068 children born to 15,271 women, suggests that the link is not simply explained by overweight women or those with pregnancy complications such as high blood pressure being more likely to deliver by caesarean.
The link remained after maternal weight was taken into account, and was more striking when siblings who had different types of births were compared.
Within families, children born by caesarean were 64% more likely to be obese than their siblings born by vaginal delivery. “With siblings, they have the same mother and home environment so the genetics, the feeding environment, are all controlled for,” said Dr Gaskins.
The average difference in weight endured into early adulthood and added on average 0.3 points to a person’s body mass index (BMI) .
There is growing evidence that the internal ecosystem of bacteria that colonises our gut can have profound implications for health, influencing our metabolism, diabetes risk and even our mental health.
The latest study stopped short of proving that caesarean delivery causes the higher obesity risk, however. The study did not measure gut bacteria in the participants to prove it was different, and other factors may have contributed to the link.
For instance, babies born via caesarean are less likely to be breastfed, which also influences gut bacteria and protects against obesity.
The participants in the study, published on Tuesday in the journal JAMA Pediatrics, were followed up with questionnaires over 20 years. Those born via caesarean were on average 0.3 BMI points heavier.
Simon Cork, a biomedical scientist at Imperial College London, said that there may be a link between caesarean and obesity, but that at present it is “neither fully proven nor understood”. “Most often caesarean births are as a result of medical necessity, rather than elective,” he added, “and as such, this risk would outweigh any concerns mothers should have regarding the possibility of future weight issues.”
Dr Daghni Rajasingham, spokeswoman for the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, said: “Currently in England, the rate of caesarean section is 26.2%; this figure has been rising slowly over the last decade and could be explained by various factors which make childbirth more difficult, including a rise in older mothers and more obese mothers. We must remember that in some cases an emergency caesarean section is carried out to save the life of the mother or baby”.
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Water is imperative segment in our everyday life
Water is imperative segment which is fundamental for getting by in everyday life. The water is removed from different sources. Notwithstanding, the purging water is imperative nowadays as the water is drink by everybody. The aquaguard customer helpline number Noida assist you with guiding about the different purging framework. The water ascending out of some significant ground water may have fallen as rain a vast number, hundreds, or thousands of years back. Soil and shake layers typically channel the ground water to an abnormal state of clearness and routinely, it doesn’t require additional treatment other than including chlorine or chloramines as helper disinfectants. Such water may ascend as springs, artesian springs, or may be removed from boreholes or wells. Significant ground water is generally of high bacteriological quality yet the water may be well off in deteriorated solids, especially carbonates and sulfates of calcium and magnesium. Dependent upon the strata through which the water has spilled, distinctive particles may in like manner be accessible including chloride, and bicarbonate. There may be an essential to diminish the iron or manganese substance of this water to make it attractive for drinking, cooking, and apparel use.
- Typically arranged in the headwaters of stream structures, upland stores are for the most part sited over any human habitation and may be incorporated by a cautious zone to keep the open entryways for contamination. Minuscule living beings and microorganism levels are commonly low, yet a couple of organisms, protozoa or green development will be accessible. Where uplands are forested or peaty, humid acids can shade the water. Various upland sources have low pH which requires adjustment.
- The goals of the treatment are to clear bothersome constituents in the water and to make it safe to drink or fit for a specific reason in industry or helpful applications. Extensively varied techniques are available to remove contaminants like fine solids, little scale living things and some split up inorganic and common materials, or natural relentless pharmaceutical defilements. The choice of strategy will depend upon the idea of the water being managed, the cost of the treatment methodology and the quality standards expected of the readied water. The lot of water must be siphoned from its source or facilitated into channels or holding tanks. To keep away from adding contaminants to the water, this physical structure must be created utilizing appropriate materials and grew so incidental sullying does not occur.
The underlying stage in cleaning surface water is to remove far reaching debris, for instance sticks, leaves, garbage and other enormous particles which may intrude with coming about refinement steps. Most significant groundwater does not require screening before other sterilization steps. Water purifiers are extremely critical nowadays as it sanitizes the defilement and polluting influences of water. Aquaguard ro customer care number Noida assist you with understanding about the arrangement of water purifiers. It is really easy to buy water purifier these days with help of various online sites.
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It’s officially January, and, if you live in the colder parts of the northern hemisphere, that means winter weather is in full force. I can’t think of a better time to start introducing kids to the science behind one of the most famous winter weather phenomena: snow!
There’s something magical about snow. Even those of us who live a little too close to the equator to see regular snowfall find it amazing. I would even argue that we get more excited than our poleward neighbors who spend too much of winter shoveling it out of the way.
Snow forms when water freezes around particles in the atmosphere to form snowflakes. These snowflakes come in all shapes and, when they reach the ground, form snow that’s perfect for sledding or building a snowman.
So, let’s introduce kids to the science of weather by talking about a phenomenon that can bring out the child in all of us. And let’s engage the creative parts of their brain as well! Use the video below to introduce the kids in your life to the science of snowflakes and then follow it up with some of the activities below to reinforce the concept and help kids have a little more fun!
Video on the Science of Snowflakes:
This worksheet can accompany the video to keep kids engaged! The PDF document has a blank worksheet and the answers as well!
Make a Paper Snowflake:
Snowflake Painting with Salt:
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When you are pregnant, you have the responsibility for the wellbeing of two. Growth of your baby generally continues irrespective of what you eat, but there are some key nutrients that are required for your baby that, if not included in your diet could lead to deficiencies in both you and your baby.
During pregnancy, you’ll need protein and calcium for your baby’s tissues and bones. You’ll also need extra folic acid to protect against neural tube birth defects, as well as more iron to help red blood cells carry oxygen to your baby.
These are some pregnancy power foods that you must include in your pregnancy diet chart, to have a healthy pregnancy.
- Oatmeal and other whole grain: Oatmeal is a carbohydrate and protein-rich source that provides calories and energy. It has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and nutrients in oatmeal like copper, zinc, selenium, thiamin, and niacin, provide the essential nutrients required. In addition, its high fiber content is beneficial in reducing unhealthy fats in the body and reducing the risk of diabetes and colon cancer.
- Eggs : Eggs are a good source of protein that provides the amino acids that you and your baby need. They contain a number of essential vitamins and minerals that are good for your baby’s brain development. However, it is important not to eat undercooked or raw eggs.
- Lentils and beans: Besides providing protein and fiber, they are also good sources of key nutrients, such as iron, folate, calcium, and zinc.
- Salmon : Omega-3 fatty acids are good for your developing baby and salmon is a great source of these. It also provides protein and B vitamins. Salmon is also relatively low in mercury compared to other fish. You can safely eat up to 12 ounces of low-mercury fish (2 servings), such as salmon, per week.
- Nuts: Nuts contain good amounts of minerals such as magnesium, copper, manganese, zinc, potassium, calcium and selenium; and also contain vitamin E, which is important for a healthy pregnancy.
- Broccoli: This crunchy green veggie is rich in vitamins A and C, both of which have cancer preventing antioxidant properties. Broccoli also contains folic acid and calcium which makes it an ideal pregnancy
- Low-fat yogurt : One cup of plain, low-fat yogurt is packed with calcium and is high in protein. It is great served with fruit and cereal.
- Figs: Figs are an extremely great source of nutrients that you would need during pregnancy. They provide fibre to aid digestion and calcium for your bone health. Figs also contain vitamin K and iron that helps prevent anaemia during pregnancy.
A pregnancy diet should have a healthy mix of all the power foods mentioned above. These power foods at all stages of pregnancy will keep you healthy, and take care of your baby’s needs. Make sure you have regular check ups where your doctor will guide you with more pregnancy tips.
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|HOME LESSONS CHILDREN'S SONGS COMPOSERS|
Old McDonald Had a Farm
All kids love singing Old MacDonald Had a Farm! Sing along using this video. This video has the lyrics running along with it.
This other YouTube video below changes the tune a little bit in the E-I-E-I-O part. It also has a cow named Kissi-Moo and a sheep named Betty... a really fun, groovy version of Old MacDonald!
In each verse, you choose an animal and its sound.
Old MacDonald had a farm, EE-I-EE-I-O. And on that farm he had a [ANIMAL], EE-I-EE-I-O, With a [ANIMAL NOISE TWICE] here and a [ANIMAL NOISE TWICE] there Here a [ANIMAL NOISE], there a [ANIMAL NOISE], everywhere a [ANIMAL NOISE TWICE] Old MacDonald had a farm, EE-I-EE-I-O.For example, using a cow as an animal, and MOO as the animal sound, we get:
Old MacDonald had a farm, EE-I-EE-I-O. And on that farm he had a COW, EE-I-EE-I-O. With a MOO MOO here and a MOO MOO there Here a MOO, there a MOO, everywhere a MOO MOO Old MacDonald had a farm, EE-I-EE-I-O.
You can also omit the "with a" before the animal sound.
Free Sheet Music
Click the images below to open and print the "Old MacDonald" free sheet music. Right click and choose "Save link as" to download the PDF files to your computer.
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Ever stuck for ideas on how to do science learning with children and keep them engaged? Children learn through their senses and one of those senses is taste!
Use opportunities to teach children about growing their own food, and the science about agriculture in Manitoba. Participants will develop an understanding of planting practices, plant identification and coordinating planting and cooking with children.
Ruth Lindsey-Armstrong is an ECE III, an Instructor at Red River College Early Childhood Education Workplace Program and outdoor enthusiast! Ruth is the current Chairperson (or head-hippie as we like to call her 🙂 ) of the Manitoba Nature Summit Inc. She is also on the advisory committee for the Manitoba Nature Action Collaborative for Children.
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The Seaside Topic
During the Summer Term the children learn about the human and physical features by the seaside. They also create different pieces of artwork based on these features. The children draw pictures of lighthouses and create clay seashells.
The children also learn about the main similarities and differences between visiting the seaside in the past and present.
In English the children read a variety of texts linked to the seaside topic. We read the books as a class and children make links to these reading books when they carry out their postcard and diary entry writing.
In science the children also go on a summer walk, they use their senses to explore the surrounding natural environment.
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We acknowledge the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) for Grants 034685 and 034813 (UBC), which supported this project. We also thank the Centre for Hip Health and Mobility for providing the lab facilities and the Institute for Computing, Information and Cognitive Systems for program support.
The flexor tendon pulley system of the finger functions to maintain the flexor Atractyloside Dipotassium Salt of the fingers close to the phalanges, enabling full range of motion in finger flexing movements (Amis and Jones 1988; Roloff et al. 2006). These structures are subjected to extreme forces in sports such as rock climbing (Bollen 1988), and their rupture is a frequent consequence. Accurate diagnosis of pulley injuries depends on the use of crucial imaging techniques, but these are often accompanied by challenges.
The most widely employed technique for visualizing the finger flexor pulley system is ultrasound, as it enables the physician to examine these structures in real time and in a dynamic fashion (Hauger et al. 2000). For a better understanding of how the pulleys are visualized using ultrasound, Figure 1 compares the anatomic structures to their respective ultrasound images. Pulleys have traditionally been difficult to visualize directly using ultrasound, causing dependence on indirect symptoms such as the distance between flexor tendons and phalanx in a flexed finger position for pulley rupture diagnosis. However, with newer ultrasound equipment offering better visualization using higher frequency probes, direct visualization of the pulleys has achieved greater significance as a diagnostic (Klauser et al. 2002). For instance, Kovacs and Bodner (2002) were able to visualize all of the annular pulleys, including A3 and A5, as well as the cruciate pulleys. Boutry et al. (2005) were able to consistently visualize the A2 and A4 pulleys, the A3 pulley in 65% of cases and the C3 pulley in 45% of cases using a 17 MHz probe, concluding that a minimum frequency of 17 MHz is necessary for the visualization of the A3 pulley. Direct visualization of the A2 and A4 pulleys has subsequently reached a high diagnostic value. However, direct visualization of the A3 pulley remains accompanied by challenges and is limited to 17 MHz probes—instruments not typically available to normal clinicians, which restricts their use in clinical studies.
As the direct visualization of the A3 pulley remains difficult and with 65% rather random, ultrasound cannot be relied on as a secure method of diagnosing ruptures of the A3 pulley or those in which the A3 pulley is a component. In a magnetic resonance imaging cadaver study using the same specimens as used in this study, Bayer et al. (2015) were able to use a new, indirect approach for diagnosing A3 pulley ruptures. They included measurements involving the volar plate (VP), and were able to show that diminished translation distances of the VP relative to the middle phalanx base, as well as augmented VP tendon distances in the crimp grip position, were suitable indirect indicators for A3 pulley rupture. So far, this approach has not been applied to ultrasound imaging.
This study thus focused on the visualization of each pulley and its location with regards to the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint, crucial when considering a repair (Roloff et al. 2006), as well as on determining the accuracy of the ultrasound technique in determining correct pulley rupture—particularly of the A3 pulley. In order to achieve this, particular attention was paid to the visualization of the VP to determine whether the indirect approach from the magnetic resonance image could be applied to the ultrasound technique. For improved visualization, a picture enhancing technique (speckle reduction) was employed, leading to a high resolution of small structures (Wunsch et al. 2007).
Materials and Methods
All measurements were completed using a GE Logic 9 (GE Healthcare, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom) with a linear M12 L Matrix probe, an aperture of 3.9 cm and a frequency of 14 MHz. The cross beam settings were set to “low,” and the speckle reduction was left at “2” to maintain comparability with an in vivo environment. A 14-MHz probe, readily available to every clinician, was used to ensure the relevance of these research results to the improvement of diagnostic tools in clinical settings.
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Specimen number: 0001 – The Screaming Squadger (Quiritatio Spumatis)
Provisional taxonomical classification: Animalia/Chordata
Date of classification: 16th March 1961
Discovered by: Dr. Leornard Bortrose
Submitted by: Veronica Merrynether
Finding the Screaming Squadger was one of those life-defining moments. It was shocking enough to discover that Myron’s spontaneously appearing island was real, but to then be witness to literally hundreds of beasts that defy classification too, well, that’s enough to knock the wind out of anyone’s sails! And indeed, that was literally what had happened to Leonard Bortrose, our junior geologist, when we encountered our very first specimen.
Camp had only been set up for little over an hour before we saw poor Leonard racing toward us from the forest. With his arms flailing wildly and his mouth wide enough to swallow a small pigeon, nobody was surprised by the terrified high-pitched screaming as he dove for cover. What did surprise us was that we could still hear the scream in perfect pitch even while his face was buried in the wet sand of the beach, but as it grew louder and higher in pitch the realization dawned on us that it wasn’t his scream. Leonard scrambled up again, sporting a beard of sand, and with frantic hand signals that made him look like a madman practicing semaphore, he had us looking back at the forest.
Something the size of a large dog was... squadging toward us. That’s the only way I can describe it. A mass, like giant, green spaghetti flounced and flumbered underneath its globular body, and amongst the confusion of tentacles, large sucking orifices puffed and spat as they contended with the gritty sand. Whatever it was, it was clearly not liking the beach, but seemed grimly determined to drive sinister intruders like our geologist away from its habitat. Its sincerity was reinforced by the largest of its tentacles that stretched out from its rear and arched overhead like a slimy trunk: at its tip was a fleshy object splayed out like an open hand, and at its centre was a wide and screaming mouth.
It was only when the thing closed to within a dozen yards of our camp and our sizeable team had roused themselves from dumbfounded gawking to full-blown panic, that the creature stopped and fell silent. As if it had suddenly become distracted by a stray and fascinating thought, it squadged to a stop and simply stared vacantly upward in contemplation with oddly humanoid eyes. Many trumpet-like sneezes followed through another suckered tentacle where its nose might have been (one sneeze even managed to reach Leonard and add a snotty moustache to his distinguished beach beard), and it was only later, much later, after considerable study, that we came to understand that this species is pacified by sand. When the grit enters its tentacles, the Screaming Squadger (or Tubulous Squadgulii as our taxonomist has defined it) enters a trance-like state in which a cleansing process is initiated. Over the course of an hour, the sand particles are gradually snorted up through the tentacles and expelled through the primary blow hole. Our hypothesis is that these creatures regularly return to the beach in large numbers, probably twice a year, to flush out their systems. Though it was an unfortunate fright for young Leonard, I am grateful that he provoked this particular squadger into its routine earlier than expected.
There is still so much more to learn about this creature, but the Squadger is but one astounding discovery among so many more. I can at last imagine what it must have been like for Darwin when he first laid eyes upon the Galapagos islands, and although I sought out these islands with a very different and desperate agenda, I am determined not to squander this opportunity. Adventure awaits!
YOU ARE READING
The Merrynether CryptofilesFantasy
The Merrynether Cryptofiles is a serialised prequel to the forthcoming release of the young adult fantasy novel, The Beasts of Upton Puddle. Lilly the (often inebriated) cluricaun has pilfered Veronica Merrynether’s private journal about her discove...
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By Jessica Lyons
The Role of Activities Advisors
Although student organizations typically create executive boards made up of some of their members to actually run things, an advisor is there to help the groups along the way. The advisor could be a staff member of the school's student activities department or a professor.
Advisors provide support by attending the organization's functions and meetings, helping answer questions or solve problems that may arise, encouraging students and, in general, assisting the organization in reaching its goals. Because of their close work with the students, advisors have the opportunity to develop strong relationships with the organization's members and play a helpful part in making the organization succeed.
The Risk of Conflicts of Interest
The work of activities advisors could get a little complicated when they are working with two different organizations that are having a problem with one another. For instance, if a special interest club has concerns that the student government is giving funding based on friendship and not fairness, it could be difficult for the student advisor to adequately help in the situation if he or she is the advisor of both organizations.
There is also potential for conflicts of interest when the advisor has to decide between aiding the organization and making the school happy. An organization may decide that they strongly disagree with a university policy or action and that they want to take a stand to try to change it. Although their advisor should be there to help the group reach its goal, he or she could receive pressure from the university to instead convince the students to drop the issue.
Find schools that offer these popular programs
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences
- Communications and Journalism
- Computer Sciences
- Culinary Arts and Personal Services
- Liberal Arts and Humanities
- Mechanic and Repair Technologies
- Medical and Health Professions
- Physical Sciences
- Transportation and Distribution
- Visual and Performing Arts
How to Handle Conflicts of Interest
When a problem arises between two organizations that an advisor works with, the advisor should consider removing themselves from handling that particular problem. He or she can try to find two impartial advisors to step up and represent each organization as they try to come to a solution. Another option could be having student mediators work with the two organizations to resolve the problem.
In situations where the school wants something different from the students, it could be a bit more difficult for advisors to find impartial replacements. The hope would be that schools wouldn't put pressure on advisors and would instead work with the students on their own to address any concerns. If that doesn't happen, though, advisors might want to consider looking off-campus for some type of mediator.
Colleges and universities might also want to consider creating policies within their student activities department to specifically address how these kinds of conflicts of interest should be handled. This could help advisors feel more comfortable knowing there is a clear procedure to follow and it might help students feel more confident that there will be impartial parties available to help.
Some students are giving back to their communities through their participation in student organizations.
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How many different languages are there?
There are about 6900 known languages worldwide. For more
information, see the link below. Keep in mind many of these are
variations of one another and some are only spoken by a handful of
There's a problem with this, though. The distinction between a
language and a dialect is abitrary. There are no scientific
criteria, and the decision whether to call a variety of language a
dialect or something more impressive is socio-political, not
The number of languages will change depending on your criteria
for a language. For example, french is spoken in Canada and France,
but a frenchman and french Canadian will have great trouble
communicating because they speak very different versions of French.
Every minute the number of languages change because either speakers
of one uncommon language die, or a child who will learn to use
language in a different way than his/her parents is born.
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Gizhigin Bay (Russian: Gizhiginskaya Guba) is a wide bay northwest of Kamchatka, Russia. It is the northwest arm of Shelikhov Bay in the northeast corner of the Sea of Okhotsk. The settlements of Evensk and Gizhiga are located at the head of the bay.
Geography and climate
Gizhigin Bay is entered between Cape Aregichinsky (60°30' N, 155°27' E) and Cape Taygonos (60°34' N, 160°11' E). The Taygonos Peninsula separates it from Penzhina Bay to the east. It is about 260 km (about 160 mi) west to east by 148 km (about 92 mi) north to south and has a maximum depth of 88 m (about 289 ft). The coast is steep and rocky and there are no completely safe anchorages within the bay. The Gizhiga River is about 145 km (about 90 mi) long and flows into the head of the bay.
Spring tides rise 6.7 m (22 ft) at the entrance of the bay and 7.9 m (26 ft) at its head, while neaps rise 2.7 to 3.3 m (9 to 11 ft). The flood current sets to the north, while the ebb flows to the south. During spring tides these currents may reach up to 2.5 knots near Cape Taygonos. During the season of navigation the southeast part of the bay experiences dense fogs, with May and June being the foggiest months; in August, however, fog is rare. South winds are prevalent in the summer, while north winds are frequent in the fall and the first part of winter. Storms are common from the second half of September to November. In the winter, northwest winds prevail, which are interrupted by blizzards from the northeast. Gentle winds and calms occur in April and May.
Pacific herring are common and in the spring and summer there are a number of large colonies of common murre in the bay. In the spring and summer beluga whales aggregate in the bays and estuaries at the head of the bay to feed on spawning herring, smelt, and salmon. In the spring bowhead whales can also be seen in the bay.
- National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency. (2014). Sailing Directions (Enroute): East Coast of Russia. U.S. Government, Springfield, Virginia.
- Florida, of Fairhaven, Aug. 27, 1861, in One Whaling Family (Williams, 1964); Governor Troup, of New Bedford, June 9-17, June 27-July 4, 1863, Kendall Whaling Museum (KWM); Sea Breeze, of New Bedford, May 23-28, June 7-17, July 1-3, 1868, Old Dartmouth Historical Society (ODHS); Mary and Helen II, of San Francisco, May 21-25, July 6-8, 1885, KWM.
- Allen, J. A. (1903). "Report of the mammals collected in northeastern Siberia by the Jesup North Pacific expedition with itinerary and field notes, by N. G. Buxton". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, Vol. XIX, pp. 101-184.
- Sea Breeze, of New Bedford, Aug. 19-21, 1867, May 25, 1868, ODHS.
- Gorbatenko, K.M., Lazhentsev, A.E., and S.V. Loboda. (2004). "Distribution, feeding, and some physiological parameters of the Pacific herring from the Gizhigin and Okhotsk populations in the north part of the Sea of Okhotsk in the spring season". Russian Journal of Marine Biology, Vol. 30, Issue 5, pp. 298-305.
- Kondratyev, A. Y., Litvinenko, N. M., Shibaev, Y. V., Vyatkin, P. S., & Kondratyeva, L. F. (2000). "The breeding seabirds of the Russian Far East". Seabirds of the Russian Far East, 37-81.
- Solovyev, B. A., Shpak, O. V., Glazov, D. M., Rozhnov, V. V., & D. M. Kuznetsova. (2015). "Summer distribution of beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) in the Sea of Okhotsk". Russian J. Theriol. 14 (2): 201-215.
- Moore, S. E., and R. R. Reeves (1993). "Distribution and Movement". In Burns, J. J.; Montague, J. J.; and Cowles, C. J. The Bowhead Whale. Special Publication No. 2: The Society for Marine Mammalogy.
|This Magadan Oblast location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|
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Research papers are a great method of presenting a breakthrough to a wider public. They can also be used to discover innovative uses for the findings or replicate the experiment or make it accessible to the wider community. Research papers are used by academics to communicate the complete findings from the initial hypothesis to the data collection and finally the conclusion. Research papers are an important stage in the research process. They aid them in writing their thesis, and then present the findings in their entirety. While research papers vary in style and length however, there are some fundamental characteristics shared by all research papers that must be taken into consideration for successful submission and success in scientific and academic communities.
Writing research papers involves defining the purpose and use of your paper; you must also clearly outline your idea and provide evidence to back it up. In addition, you will have to create a formal outline to guide you through the writing process, and also indicate when in the writing process you will submit your work to be reviewed and possibly published. You must clearly define your purpose for writing and state the kind of response you want from readers.
Your research papers will require thorough reading, preparation and critical analysis prior to write. Therefore, you should spend considerable time thinking about the different aspects of your subject and think about any relevant literature that might further illuminate and strengthen your argument. It will allow you to more effectively justify your method as well as the accuracy and how your findings can be applied to new challenges or opportunities. You will also be able to demonstrate that your theory is the most accurate and reliable model to predict the future behavior. Before submitting your argument, take some time to think it through and analyze it.
Writing a research paper requires that you think critically. When reviewing your paper for inclusion in a directory of universities or submission to a journal, you must be skeptical about whether the results are scientifically sound and reliable. To do this review your work with a fine-toothed comb and determine whether there are any errors you’d like to rectify before submitting your paper. To ensure that your hypothesis is not overly simplified, you may consider consulting the literature and other members of your research group.
Your research papers should also be able to address specific issues. If you write an analysis essay on effect papers, you must prove that they do not depend on weak or ineffective arguments. There is often an argument that is strong in effect papers that is supported by a range of scientific assertions. You must argue the reasons why your argument is more convincing than the opposing view and counter their negative arguments. You should be able explain the result with great detail and use suitable language to explain the process, the result, or facts that justify your argument.
In order to write research papers that have a positive impact, you must also show the way your argument is better than the opposing view. It is possible to show that the cost to implement a transportation project is less than the cost of constructing a bridge. It can be done by presenting a variety of scenarios in which your solution is superior to the others. If you begin your research papers with a thesis statement, you can develop your arguments by starting every paragraph with a description of your topic and how it is applicable to.
You should also give examples of situations in which your approach is superior to the other options. Also, make sure you use the appropriate words in your conclusion in order to clearly identify your argument as the most appropriate alternative. These details are crucial but you should also organize your research papers in a way that is appropriate. You should analyze the evidence models, theories and other strategies that you used to create your argument. Include any additional corrector catalan data. Also, you should discuss the various points of view that you employed in your essay. Finally, you should conclude online sentence correction by expressing your thoughts on each.
Finally, the paper can be written to make a difference even if it begins with a basic thesis statement, and then ends with a short conclusion. First, you should clearly and concisely communicate your argument. Then, you must back your argument with examples and/or references that support your arguments. Then, you must record every aspect of your argument.
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Joomla is a content manager, namely it’s a software product which permits us to store, manage and show users information of any type. Of any type? Indeed, although they don’t have the same multimedia data processing text data, our friend Joomla is designed to work with any data type.
The text data type, and in some cases media data, is stored in a database manager.
Until recently, Joomla only worked with a MySQL database, but that has changed and today any database engine such as Oracle, Postgresql or any other open source database can be installed.
What is a database manager? Imagine a warehouse which is used for storage…
This building would be the server where the database engine would be launched. In our previous image we can see that in only one building (server) different database engines can exist together. By default our Joomla will try to configure itself to work with a MySQL database.
But let’s open the door of our database engine…
Notice that I have always used the term “database engine” to refer to the storage, and not the “database”... why? Because a database is a reserved space for a project (normally) inside of this storage and inside the database engine.
Inside of our database engine we have created four spaces for four databases. Normally our hosting provider will facilitate the access to a database engine, and depending on the type of hosting contracted we can create a determined number of databases inside of the space of our “storage”.
If Joomla needs a database for each installation, the number of CMS which we could set up would be limited by the number of databases supported by our “storage”… it is designed so that we can optimize all of our investments and also the hosting for our projects. Let's see how…
For each installation of an instance of Joomla we need to indicate not only the name of the server (storage), the database (the space we have reserved inside the storage), but also a “prefix” used to assign the tables that make up our project. This prefix is prepended to the names of all tables that contain our information (we will now see what these tables are):
It’s as if we placed the information in shelves identified by that prefix in each special zone and storage… but in what type of recipient is that data stored? In what we call “tables”, or in our example above, “boxes”. The boxes contain normalized information, namely, information which has a relation between them and together.
The boxes contain standardized information, ie information that has a relation between them and that brings up an "information item" or "record". For example, a box will contain the information of the users, another of the groups, or the articles, the menus, its elements, etc. Each box (named by the prefix of the project plus a text which helps to identify its content) therefore will store a set of data about a particular need for our project.
In this image we can see two instances of Joomla (which need to be in different databases (spaces inside the storage) since the prefix is the same and the name JOS_Users (table which contains the users and their permissions) will have the same name in the two box groups (tables). In the second group of tables JOS_Users inclides the “etc…” In the first group of boxes there is only one box… Is this possible in one operating instance of Joomla? No! This would be an example of an instance of Joomla incomplete or half installed. However in the second group of tables we can see a lot… and I mean a lot… this could be a complete and functional installation of Joomla.
There is a type of data which normally (unless the budget does not permit it) is stored outside of the database. These are multimedia files (videos, images, music, electronic signatures, etc…). That is to say as if this were a large estate (FTP space) around the warehouse where we could deposit our files (like logs of wood stacked out of the database engine). Each of these files will have a name, and if we need to refer to them inside of one of the “records” that we have inside of the boxes we would do it by using this name. This way the Joomla developer has the product prepared so he/she can access these files in a quick way locating it by only reading the name in the corresponding “record” and taking it from the “estate” where the files are in our hosting.
It’s much more economical to rent a free space (estate) than a database motor (storage). In addition to that, when using cache systems to provide greater optimization time building our pages, we can separate the behavior of our "dynamic" information (the database) from the static (the FTP space).
As we can see Joomla again worries about our economy.
This structure permits us to scale Joomla for projects of all sizes, from the projects of “next-next” (that is held by non-technologists), to large projects that have their databases spread over different continents and are created, maintained and managed by highly qualified personnel.
That’s why Joomla is a good choice for projects that manage a small amount of data, as well as those which are more demanding with hundreds of millions of users.
Now we know a little more about how information is stored by Joomla, we have enough information so that in the next article we can dare to understand how management options work and use it. It would be the moment to relate the menus with the categories, the articles and the rest of the “tools” which Joomla offers us with to do each day web portals more and more powerful and imaginative.
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What ist real friendship?
What ist real friendship?
Real friendships have always been of great importance to people, but
nowadays they are becoming rarer, although they are more urgently needed
than ever. Why is this, and what is the point of true friendship? In
our world today, the meanings of traditional friendship and true
friendship are moving apart. While many friendships are an exchange of
benefits where affection is tied to usefulness, true friendship is rare.
The work of Aristotle's "Nicomachean Ethics" contributes much to clarification. According to Aristotles, the meaning of friendship is the fellowship between two or more people who share a common ground of the same disposition and who feel goodwill towards the other person. Friendship is a virtue.
What types of friendship are there?
There is the traditional, "accidental" friendship. The meaning of the word "accidental" is unimportant,
secondary. It describes the kind of friendship that is based on mutual
benefit. Here, the focus is not on the person, but on the benefit one
receives from the relationship. A friendship that does not correspond to
true friendship. Here too there are differences. The >acceptance<
on which the friendship is based. One appreciates the comfortable
atmosphere of the other person, or other needs are pleasantly met. But
woe betide if the beautiful atmosphere falls away.
Who does not know this? Everything is only good as long as the mood is good, everyone is in good spirits and/or personal needs are met. As soon as a dark cloud appears, it doesn't take long for the friend to say goodbye under a pretext.
And then there are the friendships where the only thing that matters is expediency. They are based on reciprocity, and instead of the actual person, the focus is on one's own advantage.
Do you know that? Don't you also have friendships based on the fact that they are useful to you in certain aspects? Is it that this person again knows about other people who are interesting for you? Or because they have a great holiday home somewhere? Or you have advantages that you would not have without this person at your side? Take a piece of paper and write down the different names of your friends, together with the characteristics they have, such as position in society, possessions, contacts, characteristics from which you benefit, etc. And then imagine each individual person as if he or she did not benefit from all of this? Whom would you want to continue to be friends with?
Don't worry, it doesn't make you a bad person if you have these kinds of friendships. This kind of friendship is very common. We all have them in our circle. To recognize this, and to admit it to yourself, requires honesty towards yourself. It is a matter of you being aware of it. That you recognise for yourself who your true friends are, because it also works the other way round. Who benefits from being friends with you, and are they really true friends? Who can you call in the middle of the night when you feel bad and need someone at your side?
As long as someone
does good to a friend and expects something in return, it is not true
friendship. In a perfect friendship there is no question of quid pro
quo. It is the human being that is at the centre and giving comes from
the heart and is not counted.
So a friendship can develop from mutual benefit, pleasure or genuine affection. Friendships based on benefit and pleasure end when the foundation is exhausted. Only a friendship based on genuine interest in man himself can be firm and stable, and therefore only this is true friendship.
It arises when there is trust, respect, willingness, selflessness, understanding, gratitude and forgiveness. Another characteristic of a friendship is that the friend behaves towards the friend as he behaves towards himself.
What do you think about it?
Look around in your circle of friends. What in particular are your friendships based on?
Write your opinion about it. Your email will not be published.
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Comet Siding Spring Mars encounter: Ya gotta have a little ‘tude
Posted by ESA Mars Express Team
24-03-2014 15:44 CDT
This article was originally posted on the Mars Express blog and is reposted here with permission.
We have now finalised our choice for spacecraft attitude through the comet encounter. As we’re sure many of you have also worked out, our chosen attitude is with the High Gain Antenna (HGA) facing the comet.
This was identified early on as a likely attitude as there are no internal components mounted directly on the front wall, plus the HGA should act as an improvised Whipple shield.
I'm in control, my worries are few
'Cause I've got love like I never knew
Ooo, ooo, ooo, ooo, ooo
I got a new attitude
– Patti Labelle, 'New Attitude'
It is not perfect, however, as there are still several components in the 'firing line' of cometary dust particles. All antennas will be facing the incoming dust particles, but one or two holes in the parabolic reflector dish of the HGA shouldn’t prevent it from functioning. The ASPERA instrument is also exposed, as is the forward Sun Acquisition Sensor (SAS) and two of the thruster pairs.
As the angle between the comet and the Sun will be around 89°, we also had to decide which of the faces (i.e., sides of the spacecraft) should point towards the Sun.
As the solar panels are mounted on the left and right sides, if they were pointed at the Sun only the array on the side facing the Sun would be illuminated — and only on its end, so Mars Express would not be able to rely on solar power. The batteries are not able to support this configuration sufficiently long (up to 10 hours).
Pointing the top surface — where the instruments are located—toward the Sun is generally not a good idea, but pointing the base — where the thrusters are — toward the Sun does not cause any problem (see our diagramme of MEX sides here – Ed.).
Actually, this would provide some extra heat to the spacecraft fuel tanks and lines so we can save some power by not needing to use the on-board heaters as often. This angle also works out well for our solar arrays. They can still be facing the Sun (for full power) and yet lie edge-on to the expected particle 'flux' (stream of incoming particles), thereby presenting the smallest target.
So now that we have chosen our attitude, we now have to ensure that we stay so oriented!
Our current modelling shows that it is unlikely that an impact from the types of particles we expect could disturb the spacecraft's attitude. Even if it did, the on-board systems should be able to compensate. What we are more concerned about is if an impact were to cause a component to fail or behave strangely. This could then cause the on-board systems to think that the spacecraft is at risk and trigger a 'safe mode.'
Safe mode can be considered a spacecraft’s survival instinct; it's a mode that MEX enters automatically if it detects a condition or event that indicates loss of control or damage to the spacecraft. Usually the trigger is a system failure or detection of operating conditions considered dangerously out of the normal ranges. All non-essential systems are shut down and those that are vital will switch to their backup way of functioning; this is to try and isolate any suspected problem and prevent it from causing damage.
When a safe mode is triggered, the spacecraft automatically uses its SAS to point the front of the spacecraft and the solar arrays towards the Sun (ensuring that MEX has power). Next, the active Star Tracker (STR) makes a scan to determine in which attitude the spacecraft has ended up. With this knowledge the spacecraft consults an internally stored table containing the position in the sky of the Earth at that moment to determine in which direction the HGA needs to be pointed to re-establish communications. The spacecraft body is then rotated to point the HGA in that direction while simultaneously keeping the arrays facing the Sun.
The craft then starts sending a signal to Earth and waiting for a reply.
There are two transmitter types on MEX: X-Band and S-Band (we’ll explore why in a later post), but in safe mode, the spacecraft uses the lower bandwidth (and less complex) S-Band system at its lowest transmission rate, which results in a painfully slow communication rate of 9 bits per second (in comparison: in X-Band the maximum rate is 228 thousand bits per second!).
Furthermore, in entering safe mode, a small amount of fuel is consumed and the communications are a bit annoying (until we can restore the faster X-Band) but safe mode is by definition 'safe.'
So, two questions (you may have to go back a few posts for clues):
- What do you think the problem would be if this were to happen on 19 October?
- What are the weak points on the front of Mars Express?
(See the bottom of this page for answers – Ed.)
We're also working on another plan to avoid nasty bits of comet. Remember those raging snowball battles you had as a child in the school yard, during recess? The best strategy, if you were in the thick of it, was to hide behind something (or someone) massive – such as a tree – or another guy on your team. The bigger the guy, the more protection he offered.
Ah, those were the days... alas, long past. Or are they?
In fact, the situation we are preparing for now, or at least the situation our spacecraft is going to face on 19 October, isn't all that different from the snowball fights of yore, at least in principle. Well, it is true that any cometary dust particles that might have Mars Express's name on them are likely to be microscopic. On the other hand, they will be travelling at 56 km/s and at that speeds, even microscopic dust can pack a hefty punch.
There are no trees in the immediate vicinity of Mars Express, but there is a rather 'big guy' to hide behind – one with a diameter of almost 6800 kilometres. That's planet Mars, of course. The orbit of Mars Express around the planet is polar, it is eccentric (during every orbital revolution, which lasts 7 hours, the spacecraft passes as close as 350 km at the lowest point of the orbit (periares, in astronomers' parlance) and as far as 10 500 km at the highest point (apoares) above the Martian surface.
The fundamental laws of celestial mechanics cannot be infringed, not even a tiny little bit and not even in an emergency or when no one is looking. They dictate that MEX moves much faster at periares than it does at apoares. Other more complicated laws of physics dictate that a spacecraft orbit is not immutable: its orientation in space and also its shape are subject to variations due to external forces, known as perturbations. Some of these variations in the orbital parameters are periodic, some are not, and you can't do much about them.
You might fight them – for a time – by using the rocket engines aboard the spacecraft and the propellant in its tanks, but that will be effective only if you have lots of propellant – precisely the one thing that Mars Express does not have. Our arrival at Mars and positioning onto the spacecraft's science orbit used up 90% of the fuel that was on board. After all, the spacecraft was designed for a two-year mission and it has been at Mars for more than 10. This gain in mission duration is thanks largely to the skill and ingenuity of the Flight Dynamics team in making the spacecraft perform the observations that the science team required with the least possible fuel expenditure.
By 19 October, the evolution of the orbit will be such that when viewed from the direction from which the comet will be arriving (we know this direction quite accurately and can therefore simulate the encounter with a computer), it will look like in the image below. This shows where the spacecraft would be on its orbit if we did nothing.
The closest encounter takes place at 18:30. This is when we expect the concentration of mostly microscopic particles of comet dust to be greatest. About an hour and a half later, Mars will pass through the orbital plane of the comet. That's where we foresee the highest risk of being hit by larger particles. Once again, there is a trade-off as the larger particles carry more energy but there are fewer of them. Let’s assume that the danger is greatest at closest approach (although as mentioned in a previous post, more observations are still needed to improve our models of what to expect in the encounter).
The approaching comet would see Mars Express pass behind Mars just after 16:30, and it would reappear about half an hour later. It so happens that the time when the spacecraft is behind Mars (and therefore protected from the dust that accompanies the comet) coincides with periares. If you recall, that is when it is also moving fastest on its orbit. The fact that the spacecraft is behind Mars for only half an hour, while the passage through the dust tail is likely to last a few hours, means that this alone is not a (full) answer to our problem of how to endure passing through a comet coma. It does, however, provide a short respite from exposure to potentially damaging particles.
There is one thing we can change, however. Note that if we do nothing, then at 18:30, at the closest encounter, Mars Express would be in the open, far from any protection. We can at least change the time of periares such that it occurs at 18:30, not 16:41. Though we can change neither the shape nor the orientation of the orbit, we can change this one parameter. And it will cost only very little propellant.
In essence, what we need to do is to delay the spacecraft passage behind Mars by 109 minutes. That sounds like a major task, and it is, if you try to do it just shortly before the comet is there. But we won't wait until then.
We plan to do a manoeuvre using the MEX engine already several months in advance. We can cut this delay to, for example, 109 slices of 60 seconds each. If we increase the orbital period by this 60 seconds, then 109 orbits later we have accumulated exactly 109 minutes of delay and MEX will be behind Mars when the snowballs hail down – or rather, when the onslaught of cometary dust is expected to peak.
We could also split the delay into 218 slices of 30 seconds, or 327 slices of 20 seconds, and so on. The important part is that the earlier the change is made, the more revolutions are available and so the smaller the change needed and hence the smaller the fuel consumption.
How do we delay the arrival of a spacecraft at a given position?
You won't believe this – it's done by increasing the orbital velocity. Nobody ever said that celestial mechanics was intuitive, right? You know that Mars Express' orbit is an ellipse. Draw a line between the closest and the farthest point from Mars and you have the major axis; divide that by two and you have the semi-major axis. Every orbit represents a large amount of energy (that's why it takes a big rocket to launch something into orbit).
The orbital period (the time it takes to complete one revolution) depends on the orbital energy around a given planet (here Mars), and on nothing else. The orbital energy in turn depends on the size of the semi-major axis, and on nothing else. The larger the semi-major axis, the higher the orbital energy, the longer the orbital period.
Now, if you speed up a spacecraft, you add orbital energy, and therefore, inevitably, you increase its orbital period. This is a simple physical fact, and we are going to make use of it to maximize the chances Mars Express has of weathering the encounter with Comet Siding Spring.
We can't break the laws of physics but we can, and will, use physics to our advantage.
What do you think the problem would be if a safe mode were to happen on 19 October?
The answer is that, in safe mode, the HGA is pointed toward Earth and not towards the flux. The right and top sides of Mars Express would then be exposed to the flux, potentially harming the instruments. The solar arrays may be exposed for a short time but would end up edge-on again.
The SAS is needed in the safe mode, as are the thrusters. Without these Mars Express cannot find the Sun or control its attitude. The trouble is that these bits have to stick out to do their job and so there will always be a SAS in the firing line and the only side where the thrusters are not visible is from the top.
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Oversizing a PV array, also referred to as undersizing a PV inverter, involves installing a PV array with a rated DC power (measured @ Standard Test Conditions) which is larger than an inverter’s rated AC output power (i.e. DC @ STC > AC). It can be a valuable tool for system designers seeking to deliver a maximum amount of energy at a lowest possible specific cost. Reasons for oversizing PV arrays and important factors to consider are summarised below.
1. Make better use of the inverter’s AC output
PV modules have ratings which define how they will operate. Their power, current and voltage ratings are all defined at Standard Test Conditions (STC). STC are defined as operating at:
Air Mass 1.5
However it is obvious that a PV module would very rarely be subjected to these conditions under real world operating scenarios. Operating conditions can vary throughout the day and temperature can greatly impact the output power of a PV array. As the temperature of a PV array increases, its voltage and power will decrease. Typically at solar noon (maximum solar irradiation), a PV array will have its STC output power de-rated by between 20-25%, due to the array operating above 25ºC. That would mean that at solar noon on a clear sunny day a 100kWp PV array would probably be generating approximately 77kW. That’s 23% of the array’s rated power not being delivered!
If a PV array will never deliver its rated power, sizing an inverter to match that array’s typical peak power can make better use of the inverter’s AC output capacity.
2. Lower the specific cost of energy delivered
By oversizing a PV array, a lower cost of delivered energy can be realised (lower $ or S$/kWh). Oversizing a PV array will increase the cost of PV modules and array racking for a system. However, since this can be achieved without necessarily increasing either the quantity of rating of other balance of system components, the increased energy production is achieved with a lower $ or S$/kW installed cost. This in turn yields in a lower specific cost of energy delivered by the system. By oversizing a PV array with a 5kW inverter, the annual energy yield of a system can be increased by over 28% for only a ~10% increase in the total cost of installation.
3. Reduce inverter costs
By oversizing a PV array, the DC energy output of that array can better match the rated AC power of an inverter. This means that an inverter with a lower AC rating (hence lower cost) can be used. Consequently, this can decrease the relative cost of inverters compared to the total system cost.
4. Achieve favourable energy output when installing inverters in limited space
Inverters sometimes need to be installed in specific locations, either due to constraints from the owner or local electrical regulations. This may mean it would not be possible to install as many inverters at a site as would be desired for a perfectly sized system. However by oversizing PV arrays, it may be possible to achieve almost the same annual energy output with fewer installed inverters. For example, a 100kWp PV array with three STP25000TL-30 inverters (i.e. 75kW of inverters) would only produce ~2% less annual energy compared to the same PV array with four STP25000TL-30 inverters (i.e. 100kW of inverters). This means that there is only a ~2% lower energy output for 25% fewer inverters.
5. Maximise the value of daytime energy to the system owner
For a business which operates during normal business hours, the value of daytime energy from their PV system might be different depending on individual circumstances. The PV output may be used to avoid peak-capacity grid charges or to offset constant loads which may be operating on the site. In such cases, oversizing a PV array could provide a business with greater certainty in their energy costs, especially given the low price of PV modules in today’s market. By oversizing a PV array, the inverter can reach its rated AC capacity earlier in the day, and continue operating at that point until late in the afternoon as shown in the following graph.
6. Better match the inverter to the PV array, in the event an inverter needs to be replaced
Sometimes if an inverter which is no longer within its warranty fails, it is not always possible to replace it with the same model inverter. In such cases an inverter of a different AC output power may need to be purchased and installed. By installing an inverter with a lower AC output power, the existing PV array could be better matched to the inverter’s capacity and the replacement cost to the system owner minimised.
7. Make the most of East-West PV arrays
Often, PV arrays are installed to maximise energy output and so are tilted towards the equator (south facing in the northern hemisphere, north facing in the southern hemisphere). Sometimes however the array plane available for installing PV modules with these ideal orientation conditions may not be as great as other less ideal array planes. In cases where the area available for east and west facing orientations is greater, a PV array might be split into some east facing strings and some west facing strings. Since an east and west PV array will peak in output power at different times of the day, it is possible to greatly oversize a PV array (e.g. install a DC input power equal to the inverter AC output power for EACH of the east and west PV arrays). Using an inverter’s sizing capability in such a way can deliver greater overall energy output, and a more levelled AC output each day.
FACTORS TO CONSIDER WHEN OVERSIZING
There are two important factors which must be considered when designing for and installing oversized PV arrays:
1. Inverter input conditions
The most important input characteristic which should NEVER be exceeded for any SMA inverter is the input voltage limit. Inverters and their constituent components are designed and rated for certain input voltage levels. If an input voltage were to exceed this rating, it will almost certainly result in the inverter’s immediate failure. When oversizing a PV array, it is important to never exceed an inverter’s maximum input voltage. Consideration should also be given to the maximum power point tracker’s operating voltage range, to make sure that the PV array will not go outside that range. When a PV array voltage is outside an MPPT voltage range, the inverter is not able to maximise the performance of the system.
2. Inverter Operating Efficiency and Heat Generation
Broadly speaking, the efficiency loss from an inverter is realised as heat generation. An inverter has a different operating efficiency at different output powers. The example curve below shows that for an STP25000TL-30, at certain input voltage levels, operation is between 0.5-1.0% less efficient at full rated output power compared to 60% or 80% rated output power. This could result in more than double the heat generation at 100% AC output power compared to 60% or 80% AC output power. And when oversizing a PV array an inverter will be more often operate at or close to its rated AC output power, heat generation from the inverter may create an issue for the installation location especially if inverters are installed in a plant room or similar where air flow and heat dissipation might be limited.
There can be many different reasons to install an oversized PV array. Given PV array’s rarely operate at their rated peak power, oversizing a PV array can make better use of an inverter’s rated AC output and deliver a lower cost/watt system resulting in a lower specific cost of energy delivered ($ or S$/kWh). When oversizing PV arrays it is important that an inverter’s critical input limits are never exceeded. It is important to always comply with local electrical regulations and to use appropriately qualified system designers and installers like us.
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Health is wealth is a statement which could not be considered wrong in any case or in any part of the world. People who have been suffering from chronic diseases understand the importance of health. It is a blessing for those who have it and could be a main reason for the development of any society.
There are many individuals who are interested to pursue nutrition as a career to assist and advise others regarding food and healthy lifestyle. These professionals are usually found serving in long and short-term care facilities, community centres, research centres and clinics. Thus, there could be abundant opportunities for qualified nutritionists.
A nutritionist career entirely focuses on the prevention and treatment of illnesses through dietary care. They suggest ways to fight various health issues by panning the food charts for patients. They educate people about the use of healthy food which helps them balance their life. Individuals with a degree in nutrition or food sciences could facilitate ill people to lead a normal and healthy life again.
Infographics provided by: HealthSchoolGuide.net
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What Is A Bubble Deck Slab? Types Of Bubble Deck Slab
What Is A Bubble Deck Slab?
Bubble Deck is a new technology that utilizes hollow or foam-filled plastic balls to replace a large portion of the concrete in a slab. This creates a “voided biaxial slab” with a natural cellular structure that performs similarly to traditional solid reinforced concrete slabs.
However, Bubble Deck has several advantages, such as reducing dead weight by up to 35%, allowing for longer spans and greater design flexibility, and being more environmentally friendly and cost-effective.
Additionally, it can span far longer, without the need for beams, and achieve greater cantilevers and it can be made from recycled materials.
Types Of Bubble Deck Slab
There are three types of bubble deck slabs: Type A, Type B, and Type C.
Type A, known as Filigree Elements, combines precast and unconstructed elements. The concrete layer and part of the finished depth are precast, and the bubbles and steel reinforcement are added on-site. This type is best for new construction projects where the bubble positions and steel mesh layout can be determined.
Type B, known as Reinforcement Modules, is a pre-assembled steel mesh and plastic bubble module that is brought to the site, laid on traditional formwork, connected with additional reinforcement, and concreted in place. This type is best for construction areas with tight spaces since the modules can be stacked for storage.
Type C, known as Finished Planks, is a shop-fabricated module that includes plastic spheres, reinforcement mesh, and concrete in its finished form. The module is delivered on-site as a plank and is best for shorter spans and limited construction schedules, but requires the use of support beams or load-bearing walls.
Material used in Bubble Deck Slab
The materials and specifications used in a bubble deck slab include;
Concrete with a grade of M20-25 or higher for joint filling, with self-compacting concrete being commonly used for casting or joint filling on site.
Reinforcement bars made of steel with a grade of Fe-500 or higher, arranged in two meshes for lateral and vertical support.
Hollow bubbles made of high-density polypropylene, with a non-porous material that does not react chemically with concrete or reinforcement bars.
These bubbles have enough strength and stiffness to support a slab depth of 230mm to 600mm, with a minimum distance between bubbles of 1/9th of their diameter. The nominal diameter of the gaps can be 180, 225, 270, 315 or 360mm, and the bubbles can be spherical or ellipsoidal in shape.
Installation of Bubble Deck Slab
The installation process for a bubble deck slab involves dividing the floor area into individual elements, each up to 3 meters wide, based on site access. These elements consist of top and bottom reinforcement mesh joined together by vertical lattice girders, with void formers trapped between the mesh to fix their position. A layer of 60mm pre-cast concrete is cast to encase the bottom mesh reinforcement and provide formwork for part of the slab’s depth.
On-site, the individual elements are then joined together using loose reinforcement across the joints, and finally, concrete is poured and cured.
This technique creates a seamless, structurally continuous biaxial floor slab by eliminating the structural effect of the joints between elements.
Advantages of Bubble Deck Slab
The advantages of using a bubble deck slab include superior statics, improved production and construction, reduced transportation costs, significant economic savings, increased safety, environmental benefits, and enhanced resistance to explosions.
The bubble deck slab has reduced weight and increased strength, fewer columns, and no beams or ribs under the ceiling. The automated production of prefabricated units results in higher quality construction and less room for errors.
The lightweight of the slab also allows for easier erection with light and cheap lifting equipment. Transportation costs and materials are greatly reduced, resulting in economic savings and environmental improvement.
The bubble deck slab is fireproof and offers increased safety in the event of an earthquake. Additionally, the use of plastic bubbles in the slab reduces energy consumption and emissions of CO2. The biaxial flat slab system and columns of the bubble deck slab also make it ideal for structures with high resistance to explosions.
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Scientists are moving closer to an artificial hand that can feel: In an experiment, implanted electrodes allowed some amputees to tell by touch how gently to grasp, letting them pluck fruit without crushing it.
Continue Reading Below
Two amputees tell researchers at Case Western Reserve University that wiring some of their remaining nerves to a robotic arm feels more like grasping objects with their own hand than with a tool.
One of them, Igor Spetic of Madison, Ohio, says that it "feels like normal sensation."
An unexpected benefit of the experiment: Researchers tell the journal Science Translational Medicine that phantom pain both men have felt since losing their limbs in industrial accidents has nearly disappeared.
It will take years of additional research before robotic hands really let people feel what they touch.
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Miniature Gas Chromatograph Could Aid Early Crop Disease Detection
News May 29, 2014
Researchers at the GTRI) are developing a micro gas chromatograph (GC) for early detection of diseases in crops.
“It’s estimated that each year U.S. farmers lose 12 percent of their crops to pests and another 12 percent to diseases,” said Gary McMurray, division chief of GTRI’s Food Processing Technology Division.
To identify potential threats to crop health, farmers typically look for physical symptoms of disease, such as discolored or wilting leaves. However, in many cases, by the time these symptoms are visible, the plant is already dead or dying. And the culprit pathogen may have already spread to nearby plants, threatening the health of the entire crop.
“The key is to give farmers the ability to get early diagnostic results, which allows them to take action before it’s too late,” said McMurray.
GTRI’s micro gas chromatograph is a GC-on-chip device. Its separation column, where the gas interacts with the polymer coated on the interior walls, is about the size of a quarter, and the thermal conductive detector is about half the size of a penny. When the two are combined, the device itself is about the size of a 9-volt battery.
(Georgia Tech Photo: Rob Felt)
McMurray says the goal is to be able to fit dozens of micro GCs on a ground robot that a farmer could then use in crop fields to take samples from plant to plant and get results in minutes.
“The idea is to have the robot be a mobile chemical laboratory that provides real-time data to the farmer. The robot provides a simple way to collect the data in an unstructured environment like a farm,” said McMurray.
Because all plants and pathogens emit volatile organic compounds (VOCs), these emissions can be used as chemical markers for rapid detection. Building the micro GC was the easy part, says Jie Xu, GTRI senior research scientist. The challenge now, she explains, is correlating the VOCs emitted from plants to their health status.
“It’s relatively easy to detect VOCs, but we still have a long way to go to interpret changes in plant VOC mixtures,” said Xu.
The difficulty lies in understanding how plants react to local environmental conditions. For example, changes in temperature, humidity, and soil moisture and nutrient levels, all have an effect on VOC emissions.
To determine if the emissions are due to a pathogen, a chemical signature has to be established by studying VOCs released under these different environmental conditions.
Researchers plan to conduct field tests using a benchtop model of the micro GC in summer 2014. Working with colleagues at the USDA’s Agricultural Research Service, they will test peach trees for Peachtree Root Rot disease at the Southeastern Fruit and Tree Nut Research Laboratory in Byron, Ga. The goal is to collect air and soil samples that can be analyzed to identify the disease’s chemical signature.
McMurray says a portion of the collected samples will be retained for additional laboratory tests with a traditional GC-MS to confirm the effectiveness of the micro GC. The team will then pursue efforts to integrate it into an autonomous robotic platform for crop field sampling and VOC data analysis.
“Real-time data from sensing technologies like the micro GC, when used in conjunction with other data collected on the farm, could revolutionize the ability of farmers to identify sick plants before any physical symptoms appear,” added McMurray.
Earlier detection also means earlier intervention, which could ultimately translate into a boon for America’s farmers. “If we could cut in half the 12 percent of crop losses due to diseases, farmers could potentially realize billions of dollars more in revenue each year,” said McMurray.
In addition to agricultural applications, the micro GC could potentially be used for homeland security monitoring to detect chemical threats, such as gases in subways and dangerous explosives in vehicles.
The micro GC project is being conducted in collaboration with researchers at GTRI, Georgia Tech’s George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and the Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, the Department of Plant Pathology in the University of Georgia’s College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, and the USDA’s Agricultural Research Service.
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Diabetic Foot Problems
Diabetes can damage the nerves in your feet, as well as lead to blood vessel disease. These conditions make it more difficult to notice when you injure your foot or develop a sore.
Special Foot Care for Diabetes
It's not high blood sugar, heart disease, or stroke that most often puts people with diabetes in the hospital. It's their feet.
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Soon I’ll write some entries about the following topics:
- Intonation (hanglejtés)Intonation means saying a single word or whole sentences with a certain cadence of your voice. Your voice can rise and fall according to saying question or statements.
- Tőhangsúlyos beszédI’ll try to find an adequate translation for it. Even Hungarian teachers don’t talk to the children about this very important phenomenon.
- Adding feeling to your speechAdding feeling to your speech means saying something with a certain tone of voice. It is much more entwined into Hungarian, then it is in English.
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Worksheet: Community Helpers
Community helpers are more than police officers and firemen! Community helpers are all citizens who perform and important services for people who live there. This community helpers PDF worksheet will help your child recognize and appreciate the helpers in his or her community!
Offer this worksheet to help your child:
- Recognize the various jobs people complete in the community
- Gain a greater understanding of contributing to one’s community
We often take our community helpers for granted. Teach your child early how to be an appreciative member of society using this thought-provoking worksheet meant to shed awareness on common community helpers!Grades:
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Beliefs and Institutional Values
Teaching and Learning Beliefs
- All students can learn.
- Learning is purposeful and contextual and organized around transferable core concepts (big ideas).
- Different types of thinking (analysis, synthesis, explanation, classification, creative, innovative etc.) mediate and enhance learning.
- Learners demonstrate their understanding when they apply, transfer, and adapt their learning to new situations and problems.
- New learning is built on prior knowledge and enhanced through purposeful feedback.
- Learning is social and interactive; it is non-linear and develops and deepens over time.
- Attitudes and values mediate learning by filtering experiences and perceptions.
- Feedback enhances learning and performance.
- Identifying and accommodating a learner’s preferred learning style, prior knowledge, and interests enhance learning.
- The school’s core values are implemented into the learning process.
- Civic Spirit
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- State and Regional
Water Boards' Map
- Board Priorities
- Make a Payment
- Decisions Pending and Opportunities for Public Participation
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)
What is pretreatment?
Industrial wastewater is often contaminated by a variety of harmful substances (such as industrial process by-products, like copper, lead, nickel, and other heavy metals). Because sewage collection and treatment systems are not designed to remove these substances, industrial wastes can damage sewers and interfere with the operation of treatment plants; pass through the systems untreated, resulting in pollution of nearby waters; and increase the costs and environmental risks of sludge management. The practice of removing pollutants from industrial wastewaters before they are discharged into municipal sewage treatment systems is known as "pretreatment." In focusing on industrial sources, pretreatment differs from pollution prevention, which focuses on residential and commercial sources.
The General Pretreatment Regulations at 40 CFR 403.1 et seq. establish the responsibilities of government agencies, industries, and the public to implement pretreatment standards to control industrial pollutants that may pass through or interfere with publicly owned treatment works (POTWs) or contaminate sewage sludge.
What are pretreatment requirements?
In 1978, U.S. EPA promulgated extensive regulations requiring many POTWs to develop and implement local pretreatment programs. U.S. EPA delegated the responsibility to oversee these pretreatment programs to the State Water Board and Regional Water Boards in 1989. As a result, the State and Regional Water Boards are responsible for the review and approval of new and modified POTW pretreatment programs. The NPDES permits for these POTWs spell out the pretreatment program monitoring and reporting requirements.
POTWs are required to have pretreatment programs when their total design flows are greater than five million gallons per day (5 mgd) and they receive industrial pollutants that could pass through or interfere with POTW operations. POTWs with smaller flows (5 mgd or less) may also be required to implement a pretreatment program if they receive industrial waste and pretreatment is warranted.
What are the State Water Board responsibilities?
The State Water Board is responsible for supporting and providing general oversight of the Regional Water Boards’ management of the pretreatment programs in California. This responsibility includes the following:
- Providing general oversight of the pretreatment program in California;
- Providing technical and legal assistance to Regional Water Boards’ staff, POTWs, and industrial users;
- Developing and maintaining a data management system;
- Providing information to USEPA and other organizations as required and/or requested; and
- Reviewing and ruling on petitions for review of Regional Water Board decisions.
What are the Regional Water Boards’ responsibilities?
The Regional Water Board's pretreatment program includes pretreatment compliance audits and inspections, annual and semiannual report reviews, program modifications, and enforcement activities.
Pretreatment compliance inspections verify the compliance status of POTWs, focusing on the POTW's own compliance monitoring and enforcement activities. Pretreatment compliance audits involve a comprehensive review of all elements of a POTW's pretreatment program. Audits take place every five years. Inspections usually occur every year, except when an audit is scheduled.
What agencies have been recognized for pretreatment excellence?
Since 1989, the USEPA has recognized pretreatment excellence through its annual Pretreatment Program Excellence Awards. Many agencies have received the award. Applications for future awards are available from the USEPA.
How can I get more information?
For more information about pretreatment, see Contacts.
Federal, State, and Regional Information on Pretreatment
- USEPA Pretreatment Program
- General Pretreatment Regulations (40 CFR Part 403)
- Streamlining Rule
- USEPA Pretreatment Streamlining Rule Fact Sheet
- USEPA Pretreatment Streamlining Rule Fact Sheet 2.0
- USEPA Memorandum on New Source Dates for Direct and Indirect Dischargers
- USEPA Final 2008 Effluent Guidelines Program Plan
- USEPA Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in Water
- California’s Perspective on Pretreatment
- Information on Fats, Oils and Grease (FOG) Program in California
- Example of Nashville FOG Management Policy
- USEPA Fact Sheet on Controlling FOG discharges from Food Service Establishments
- Standard Identification Classification (SIC) Codes
- Water Environment Federation (WEF) Pretreatment Programs
- WEF Pretreatment Links
- WEF Pretreatment Publications
January 21-23, 2009 Pretreatment Conference
- Introductory Pretreatment Workshop
- National Pretreatment Program Update: Streamlining Progress and National Update
- Industrial User Classification
- Fats, Oils and Grease (FOG) Management and Control Program
- Fog Numerical Limits, Sampling and Additives
- CMOM - Commercial and Residential FOG, Corrosion, and Sewer Maintenance Personnel and Pretreatment Personnel Communication
- Grease Interceptor and Grease Trap Certification Class
- Performance Indicators
- Development of Local Limits
- Chapter 1 - Section I: Industrial User Permits
- Sampling and Monitoring
- Industrial User Inspections
- Meat, Food, and Dairy Processing Industry - Waste Streams and Pollution Prevention
- State Water Board
Email Russell Norman or phone 916 323-5598
- Regional Water Boards Map
Regional Water Board Contact(s) Phone Region 1 - North Coast Lisa Bernard
Region 2 - San Francisco Bay Michael Chee 510 622-2333 Region 3 - Central Coast Sheila Soderberg 805 549-3592 Region 4 - Los Angeles Cris Morris 213 620-2083 Region 5(F) - Central Valley (Fresno Office) Anthony Toto 559 445-6278 Region 5(R) - Central Valley (Redding Office) Stacy Gotham 530 224-4993 Region 5(S) - Central Valley (Sacramento Office) Wendy Wyels
916 464-4835 Region 6 - Lahontan Alan Miller 530 542-5430 Region 7 - Colorado River Basin John Camona 760 340-4521 Region 8 - Santa Ana Najah Amin 951 320-6362 Region 9 - San Diego Joann Lim 619-521-3362
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Actinopteri (ray-finned fishes) > Stomiiformes
(Lightfishes and dragonfishes) > Sternoptychidae
(Marine hatchetfishes) > Sternoptychinae
Etymology: Sternoptyx: Greek, sternon = sternon, + Greek, ptyx = fold (Ref. 45335).
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Marine; bathypelagic; depth range 0 - 1500 m (Ref. 4462). Deep-water
Circumglobal in subtropical and temperate waters of the southern hemisphere. Another (possibly disjunct) population found in the tropical northeast Atlantic. A few specimens from the sub-Antarctic waters of the Pacific Ocean.
Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 6.0 cm SL male/unsexed; (Ref. 5168)
Mesopelagic species (Ref. 75154). Life history stages apparently stratified vertically, depth of occurrence increasing with age. No marked vertical migration (Ref. 5168). Minimum depth from Ref. 58018.
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae
Gon, O., 1990. Sternoptychidae. p. 123-126. In O. Gon and P.C. Heemstra (eds.) Fishes of the Southern Ocean. J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology, Grahamstown, South Africa. (Ref. 5168)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 123251)
CITES (Ref. 123416)
Threat to humans
Fisheries: of no interest
Common namesSynonymsMetabolismPredatorsEcotoxicologyReproductionMaturitySpawningSpawning aggregationFecundityEggsEgg development
ReferencesAquacultureAquaculture profileStrainsGeneticsAllele frequenciesHeritabilityDiseasesProcessingMass conversion
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref. 115969
): 6.6 - 15.5, mean 10.1 °C (based on 302 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82805
= 0.5625 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01622 (0.00649 - 0.04054), b=3.06 (2.84 - 3.28), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref. 93245
Trophic level (Ref. 69278
): 3.4 ±0.2 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
Resilience (Ref. 120179
): Medium, minimum population doubling time 1.4 - 4.4 years (Assuming Fec<1000).
Vulnerability (Ref. 59153
): Low vulnerability (19 of 100) .
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I guess, the problem is two-fold. First, most music theory used in education comprises only those national cultures that had been embraced by the Western classic academic music, that is, the Western church tradition and folk traditions of mostly Western-European and Central-and-Easter-European origin.
Second, while it is not the case that both folk and classic (religious, court, whatever) traditions of non-European peoples are neglected in modern music theory, the available theoretical treatment of them is just not ready for using in general education. Go notate gamelan for primary school pupils! And even some of non-academic musics popular in West and worldwide elude analysis and explanation by “school” musicology: some very flamboyant and memorable pieces may just lack elaborated harmony or non-trivial melodic line, their originality having rested mostly in e. g. the timbral roulades or micro-tonal or micro-rhythmic shifts or who knows what else.
At the same time, there are many reasons behind including native and grassroot musical material to students, first of all, not to turn music education into a tool of further levelling the diversity of global cultural landscape.
I do not think there is a simple answer to this challenge. Mechanistically adding “rebellious” material to the one traditionally used in the classes is not an option, for this would create an artificial hierarchy of literate and illiterate musics. Putting most or all the weight on oral modes of education, as Prof. Lucy Green proposes would deprive students of theoretical experience (and the joy of fusion of ear, throat, eyes and mind actions).
Perhaps this is a task for theorists to create frameworks of concepts and languages to deal with the actual diversity of global musical experience—those available to children/teenagers of school and college ages.
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nausea, (from Greek nausia, “seasickness”), feeling of discomfort in the pit of the stomach that is associated with a revulsion for food and an expectation that vomiting will follow, as it often does. Nausea results from the irritation of nerve endings in the stomach or duodenum, which in turn stimulate centres in the brain that control nausea and vomiting. Nausea can be a symptom of disorders ranging from the trivial to the serious. It is most commonly caused by indigestion, by motion sickness, or by pregnancy. Nausea can result from eating too rapidly or from experiencing emotional stress during or just after a meal. The nausea experienced in seasickness and airsickness is caused by a disturbance of the semicircular canals of the inner ear, which are the organs of balance. The nausea sometimes experienced in the early months of pregnancy is called morning sickness and usually occurs at breakfast time. It recurs daily for two or three weeks and then disappears without any treatment. Nausea may also arise from any of the causes of an abnormal lack of appetite—for example, shock, pain, intracranial pressure, badly fitting dentures, or disease of the liver or of the kidneys. Simple nausea is relieved by vomiting.
What made you want to look up nausea?
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60 Years Later, the Story As Lived in Nagasaki
By LOUISE STORY
Published: June 20, 2005
Initial American reports of the devastation caused by the use of an atomic bomb against Nagasaki, Japan, have finally been published, almost 60 years after they were first written.
In September 1945, a few weeks after the war ended, George Weller, a correspondent for The Chicago Daily News (now defunct), sneaked into Nagasaki, an industrial city more than 600 miles southwest of Tokyo, ahead of American ground forces. He wrote dozens of articles detailing the effects of the atomic bomb dropped there on Aug. 9.
Mr. Weller sent his reports to Gen. Douglas A. MacArthur's censorship office in Tokyo, as he was required to do. Unknown to him for much of his stay in Nagasaki, the articles were never published.
Some of his observations appeared for the first time on Thursday in the Japanese daily Mainichi Shimbun and in English on the paper's Web site. His writing and photographs from Nagasaki were thought to have been lost for most of the last 60 years until his son, Anthony Weller, discovered them in his father's old apartment in Italy. Mr. Weller died in 2002.
The articles that appeared online were filed on Sept. 8 and 9, 1945, early in Mr. Weller's roughly three-week stay in Nagasaki. Written in the first person, they provide a raw account of the destruction and the sad confusion that survivors experienced as they watched their neighbors and members of their families die from radiation exposure.
When Mr. Weller arrived in Nagasaki on Sept. 6, 1945, the atomic bomb, he wrote, seemed ''a tremendous, but not a peculiar weapon,''
''Nobody here in Nagasaki has yet been able to show that the bomb is different than any other, except in a broader flash and a more powerful knockout,'' his account said. (The first American use of a nuclear weapon occurred three days earlier, against Hiroshima.)
By telling those he encountered that he was an American colonel, Mr. Weller acquired an official guide, driver and place to stay. He also began to witness the bomb's different character and long-lasting effects.
''Several children, some burned and others unburned but with patches of hair falling out,'' a dispatch of his said, ''are sitting with their mothers. Yesterday Japanese photographers took many pictures with them. About one in five is heavily bandaged,'' but none, he said, were ''showing signs of pain.''
''Some adults are in pain as they lie on mats,'' Mr. Weller wrote. ''They moan softly. One woman caring for her husband, shows eyes dim with tears. It is a piteous scene and your official guide studies your face covertly to see if you are moved.''
Mainichi Shimbun bought the articles from Mr. Weller's son, who hopes to publish the rest of them, about 25,000 words in all, in a book.
George Weller was already a well-known, sometimes swashbuckling, reporter before going to Nagasaki. He won a Pulitzer Prize in 1943 for an article about an emergency appendectomy performed on a submarine. He was detained for two months by the Gestapo in Europe and had many other narrow escapes during the war.
Anthony Weller, 47, said his father believed that his carbon copies of his Nagasaki articles, which were written in a telegraphic shorthand, had been lost.
''It was a source of enormous frustration to him,'' he said, ''because obviously he was a celebrated war correspondent and he thought this was one of the biggest stories he had gotten.''
Mr. Weller said his father was furious that the censors blocked his articles, which not only detailed Nagasaki's destruction but also included accounts from witnesses of the explosion -- prisoners of war who had survived the explosion by burying themselves in trenches.
''All of this was kept from the American people who had a right to know,'' Anthony Weller said.
Greg Mitchell, the editor of Editor & Publisher, which first reported the publication of the articles, and an author with Robert Jay Lifton of ''Hiroshima in America,'' said Mr. Weller's articles were of great historical importance.
''To me, it's one of the great historical spines of our times,'' Mr. Mitchell said. ''For decades, the full picture of what the bomb did was kept from the people.''
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It’s not a question a lot of scientists ponder out loud, but it’s key to much of life on Earth: Exactly how does the penis form? Today, two teams of researchers report having solved one part of this mystery, pinpointing how the organ gets its start in snake, lizard, mouse, and chick embryos. Now that they understand the penis’s origin, researchers can track its development in more detail to understand what drives it to follow a different path in females and become a clitoris. The finding doesn’t just answer a biological conundrum; it could also help millions of people born with genital malformations.
In the first study, Harvard University developmental biologists Cliff Tabin, Patrick Tschopp, and colleagues traced penis development in mouse, lizard, chick, and snake embryos. They also analyzed the gene regulatory networks that orchestrate this process. They pinpointed the cells destined to become the penis, but those cells differed depending on the species studied, they report online today in Nature. In snakes and lizards, the penis arises from what will become—or, in snakes, would have been—the beginnings of the back legs, whereas in mice, some of the cells destined to become the tail take on that task. Penis formation in the chicken involved cells from the would-be tail and the would-be hindlimb, the team reports.
What was common to all of these animals was the role of the cloaca, a cavity destined to become the lower part of the gut. Signals from the cloaca initiate penis formation in each animal. But as in real estate, location is everything. The rodent cloaca is back by the tail-to-be and taps some nearby cells for the penis, whereas the snake cloaca is close to where two limbs used to sprout. Hence, the snake gets two penises instead of just one, (though it uses just one at a time during mating), Tschopp says. When the researchers attached cloacal tissue to other parts of the chick embryo, they saw the buds indicative of penis growth where they should not have otherwise formed. They did not let the chick develop beyond this point. “Wherever you put the cloaca, that determines what cell types you recruit,” Tschopp explains. The work “highlights the important role of the cloaca in the earliest events involved, which I think has been underappreciated,” adds Marty Cohn, a developmental biologist at the University of Florida (UF) in Gainesville, who performed a separate study.
In that work, he and UF colleague Ana Herrera tagged different cells of a chick embryo with a fluorescent marker and followed those cells as they proliferated. They discovered that the ones that turned into either a penis or a clitoris started out as two groups of cells on opposite edges of the embryo when it was still a flat sheet. As that sheet curls up and joins to close the body wall and make a 3D embryo, the two sets of cells meet in the middle, the duo reports today in Scientific Reports. Each group of cells forms a bud, and these two buds merge in the chick to form a single penis. In snakes, the buds may remain separate to form their dual penises. In people, defects in the genital organs may arise when the body wall doesn’t close properly, Cohn says.
The two groups agree that the cells that form the penis start out at the outer edge of the embryo and that they are closer to the tail in the mouse and chicken than in the snake. But they don’t agree on whether those first cells are part of the pool of cells destined to become a limb or tail or whether the cells belong to a separate, nearby pool that is already specialized to become the penis. “I think they are adjacent populations,” Cohn says.
Regardless of this difference of opinion, these new insights into how the penis gets started in the embryo are impressive, says Gunter Wagner, an evolutionary biologist at Yale University who was not involved with either study. “It’s seems like a pretty complete story to me.” For him, the work begins to address the question of how novel anatomical structures arise in evolution. And in that respect, he adds, “it’s a big advance.”
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Semcad X Jungfrau is an updated and very attractive program for simulating electromagnetic fields around the sources of radio-frequency (RF) energy. Engineers use such programs to design antennas, study electromagnetic interference problems, and help bioscientists investigate the possible health risks of exposure to RF fields.
The program uses the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. The user defines the geometry of the problem and puts together the sources of the field, together with objects that might influence it, such as metal conductors. The program then models what happens after the field is turned on by working out just a few cycles of the field at a time over small time increments. At each step it solves the field equations over a grid that covers the region of interest. The FDTD method is now a standard approach for simulating electromagnetic fields at radio frequencies and is employed in several other commercial programs for electromagnetic field simulation.
The software originated in research at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, in Zurich. Now, after several commercial releases, it has evolved into a polished and complete package, with an extensive list of options and features. These include a variety of sophisticated methods to optimize and otherwise tweak calculations, which increase the flexibility of the program at the cost of added complexity.
Semcad’s charming nickname means ”maiden,” and the program’s clear graphical interfaceis indeed very alluring. It makes it easy to design the model to be simulated, and its postprocessor helps visualize the results of the calculations. Semcad can import models from several major CAD/CAM programs, as well as a variety of detailed numerical models of the human body.
The program’s latest version offers big gains in computation speed, thanks to a hardware accelerator card that ships with it (by Acceleware, http://www.acceleware.com). The company claims a 10-fold increase in the speed of computations, which I have not attempted to test. With the addition of the accelerator, a user with a late-model desktop computer with a few gigabytes of RAM can run large simulations that, until now, would have required a mainframe computer.
I installed and ran the program without difficulty on a Microsoft Windows XP machine with 3 GB of RAM. The program was easy, even fun to use, at least when it came to setting up and solving simple models. The documentation is clear and visually appealing. An extensive tutorial comes with more than 20 sample problems and an expansive manual. One sample problem, for example, finds the radiation pattern produced in an automobile with a Bluetooth antenna incorporated in its window; another calculates the power absorbed in the human head from a mobile phone. But it takes a lot of time to set up and run complex simulations with Semcad (or any other similar program), and some knowledge of electromagnetics and the FDTD method is necessary to get reliable results.
Schmid & Partner Engineering (http://www.speag.com), in Zurich, which makes the software, also sells the industry standard in equipment for measuring the absorption of RF energy in models of the human body. One of the firm’s founders, Niels Kuster, is a renowned investigator in that field. Unsurprisingly, Semcad has a strong focus on health and safety studies that involve human exposure to RF energy. It even has special features that facilitate such studies.
One of these features, in particular, promises to be influential and useful. In addition to being able to calculate electromagnetic fields induced within the body from a mobile phone, the program can also calculate the resulting temperature increase. Safety guidelines in most of the world are designed to avoid excessive heating of tissue. Conventional electromagnetic simulation programs can calculate only the absorbed power, not the temperature increase in tissue. Incorporating a thermal analysis facility into electromagnetic modeling software is a major step forward.
Competition in this field is intense, however. Remcom (http://www.remcom.com), in State College, Pa., has recently announced an update of a similar product, XFDTD 6.4, which also ships with an accelerator card and can calculate the temperature rise in the body from exposure to RF fields as well.
In addition to its full version, Schmid also sells a ”light” version of Semcad X for less than the cost of most electrical engineering textbooks. This version can nevertheless handle simulations of up to a million cells. More than a decade ago I wrote a review of a hugely expensive FDTD program called Mafia (IEEE Spectrum, December 1995), in which I hoped that competitive pressures would lead to inexpensive FDTD software for engineers with modest budgets. Semcad X Light will fill that function nicely, and perhaps it will help some of our students master this important part of modern EE practice.
In short, Semcad X, in both its versions, is a stellar program, and one that promises to have a major impact in some specialized fields involving the simulation of electromagnetic fields.
About the Author
KENNETH R. FOSTER, an IEEE Fellow, is a professor of bioengineering at the University of Pennsylvania, in Philadelphia.
To Probe Further
To learn more about research in measuring RF, see ”Measurement of Equivalent Power Density and RF Energy Deposition in the Immediate Vicinity of a 24â''GHz Traffic Radar Antenna,” Q. Balzano et al., IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility , May 1995.
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- 1 1. Prioritize and solve the questions that you know
- 2 2. Write the appropriate answers
- 3 3. Use simple and easy language
- 4 4. Choose the questions cautiously
- 5 5. Use passive voice for the fact-based answers
- 6 6. Attempt all the Questions
- 7 7. Don’t Panic
- 8 8. Maintain the spaces and be specific
- 9 9. Be Presentable
- 10 10. Revise and Check your Answer Sheet at the end
Every year, the CBSE board examination is held in every corner of the country. Students are likely to get worried or nervous as they enter the examination hall for the first time. If you’re appearing for CBSE boards this year, then you must already have felt the immense pressure of preparation. In spite of working hard and studying for endless hours, you might worry about forgetting everything you’ve studied so far. In such cases, you may wonder, how to write answers in board exams efficiently?
Well, there is no specific theory that defines the much-needed instructions for writing CBSE Board exam for securing extra good grades! However, there are few effective and best board exam tips and tricks that will create a good impression and save you from losing grades.
1. Prioritize and solve the questions that you know
List out and mark the questions which you’re more confident writing at, as there is no need to write the answers in the same order as in the question paper. It is highly recommended to attempt the questions that you know well. Doing so will boost your confidence and will help you utilize your time in thinking answers and attempting questions that you’re less confident at.
2. Write the appropriate answers
Do not write everything that you know. It’s common to get nervous or get a bit anxious as you enter the exam hall. In the meantime, you may tend to pour out everything you’ve studied in order to make your answer look lengthy. So, ignore the advisors that suggest you about writing everything you know. Presenting well-defined answers to each question certainly is one of the best instructions for writing the CBSE board exam.
3. Use simple and easy language
For CBSE boards, the medium of instruction is English. So whatever you write should be clear and easy to understand. Avoid writing the portions that you’ve read from your NCERT Books, rather write explaining the ideas in your own easy words.
4. Choose the questions cautiously
Your search for board exam tips and tricks simply does not remain in the writing good answers alone. It also depends on the type of questions you choose! Normally, in every paper, there are choices given. When it comes to choosing the questions you want to attempt, then take time to give all the questions a complete reading, so that you can sketch a picture in your mind concerning what needs to be written in each case.
5. Use passive voice for the fact-based answers
While writing long answers like historical events or the experiment based answers containing stepwise procedures, always use passive voice. The key strength of using passive voice in the long answers is, it appears more educational. Another board exam tips and tricks include avoiding the abbreviations or short formats for certain words, such as ‘hav’ for have, ‘shud’ for should, etc.
6. Attempt all the Questions
The best thing about the attempting all the board questions is that there is no negative marking for the wrong answer. So, always remember that one of the best rules for writing board exams is to attempt all the asked questions. If you’re confused about any question, then reconsider answering it by reading the question thoroughly. Cautiously reading the question will help you understand the genre of the questions and what it asks. If you know the answer, you can write it. If you don’t then make a smart assumption.
7. Don’t Panic
In spite of knowing about attempting all the questions or making assumptions, you know that it’s not always possible for you to know or assume everything. There could be some questions which may be beyond your understanding. At such times, don’t be afraid, as panicking can affect your brain making it blank due to which, you will be unable to answer the questions that you know well. Thus, we recommend you to be calm and think wisely so that you can frame the answers to all the questions confidently.
8. Maintain the spaces and be specific
While writing the answers, make sure that each word is properly spaced out or separated. Don’t force the ten words in a single line. Your examiner will find it difficult to understand overlapped words, and this may cause grades to fall.
Answer to each question precisely and write the answer in points. Do not repeat the same thing ten times in order to increase the length of your answer. Leave two lines and before and after writing the answer so that if you want to add up something later, you can do so without making a mess.
9. Be Presentable
An answer sheet with neat, readable handwriting, proper margins, and pencil sketched illustrations represents an excellently presented answer sheet. Good presentation is one of the key rules for writing board exams. Suppose you know every answer, but if your answer sheet is without margins, subheadings underline, poor handwriting, blotted answer sheet, will create a bad impression.
But, don’t mistake being presentable with decoration. Some students tend to use multi-colored ink for writing subheadings, drawing lines, etc. which will gain you no extra grades. It is recommended to use a blue pen for writing answers and black pen for writing the headings. To draw the margins and diagrams, you must always use a pencil.
10. Revise and Check your Answer Sheet at the end
Once you’ve finished writing the answers, make sure you recheck the entire answer sheet to make sure that you haven’t skipped any question. Check that you’ve written the proper question number to every answer you’ve written. Not only that, check your roll number, registration number correctly before handing over your answer sheet to the examiner. Rechecking your answer sheet will help you find out little mistakes which can be changed quickly and prevent the fall of grades.
So, these are some of the rules for writing board exams, But despite these tricks, your overall marks depend on your preparation. So, prepare well, keep nervousness at bay!
We wish you all the best for your boards!
Also Read: Secret to Success in Board Exams
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Literature has been part of the school curriculum and also as part of the life of people. Literature is a written material as defined and this could refer to the various works as a result of the creative imagination of a person. It can include the works of poetry, journalism, fiction, drama, nonfiction, and others. The coverage is anything that could be formed into words. It could be for the purpose to entertain or give information. Literature does not only comes in written form but also oral form.
Literature has become part of the life of people and it is essential as it is a way to convey a message that could connect people with the idea and facts. This could be for a small community or the international scope. It is a good way for people to share ideas or creative imagination or thoughts to a broader audience. Literature works are published continuously to contain information that is recent, from the past or a futuristic view. Those who can access it can have its benefits.
The literary works that come in various forms are needed for the people to be able to understand many things that influence things. Through the writings, the thoughts of people, nature, the needs, the activities, the interests and many more or everything that surrounds people are covered in the literature. That is why it can provoke an emotion or certain feeling while literature is being read. It can also help one person have a clear understanding of one topic.
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Researchers ease LCD viewing angle woes
Taking a different view of the problem
Researchers at a Taiwanese university have developed an LCD that tracks a viewer’s movements and then adjusts its settings to give the optimum display. It’s claimed the design can therefore overcome blurred or distorted images when viewing the screen from an angle.
The prototype display, developed at the National Chiao Tung University, is connected to a miniature camera that tracks the viewer’s head position in front of the screen. Specialist software then helps to alter the orientation of the display’s liquid crystals and the power supplied to LEDs, which its researchers claim results in a much clearer image from a variety of angles.
The Taiwanese researchers have also claimed they are already working on improvements to the system by replacing the camera with an infra-red sensor that tracks a user’s eye movements instead, and which could be incorporated into handheld devices. Further development of either technique could have positive implications for the global LCD market.
Sponsored: Optimizing the hybrid cloud
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Biodiversity loss is one of the biggest challenges nature faces. In the context of examining man-made changes in the environment, scientists studied flora and fauna in Ecuador. Llanganates, the Cloud Forest and Finca Palmonte gave them valuable insights. They discussed their findings in a meeting with local professors.
Anthropogenic impact on biodiversity and landscape change
Humans put their mark on planet earth. Greenhouse gas emissions, plastic pollution and biodiversity loss are our footprints in the world. That is the topic of the Expedition Anthropocene: Six German scientists from Die Junge Akademie came to Ecuador in order to research the human’s impact on its environment. Apart from studying the glacier retreat and climate change in Ecuador the team also addressed the country’s biodiversity and landscape change.
Biologist Christian Hof wants to find out how biodiversity differs between anthropogenic and natural places at different altitudes. Due to its wide variety of flora and fauna and its different levels of height Ecuador is the perfect location for this research. Additionally, the scientists want to see how humans changed the landscape. Therefore, the team went to one of the most impressive locations of Ecuador: The Llanganates national park.
The Llanganates national park
A sense of mystery and adventure encases the Llanganates national park. On one hand that’s because of its inaccessible terrain. It consists of forests and moorlands. Fog often veils the scenery. On the other hand it’s because a legend tells that the Incas hid a huge treasure of gold and silver artifacts in Llanganates. It says that the Inca general Rumiñahui wanted to use the riches to ransom his king Atahualpa. However, he concealed the treasure after hearing that Atahualpa was killed. Lots of adventurers who came to Llanganates filled with hope to find the treasure eventually got lost in the confusing topography.
The real treasure of Llanganates is probably its magic scenery and biodiversity. The vegetated mountainous landscape is the habitat of various plants and animals. In Llanganates you feel like you are in another world.
Llanganates is divided into two zones: western and eastern. The western zone is a deserted landscape with mountains and high valleys. The eastern one is known for its rich biodiversity. However, this area is very hard to access. That’s the reason why the biodiversity of Llanganates has been studied very little.
Research in Llanganates
Medical doctor Martin-Immanuel Bittner performs a qualitative study regarding the local population’s perception of climate and climate change. In this context, he conducted a range of interviews with inhabitants of the Llanganates area, including a ranger of the national park. In addition, Christian Hof observed the birds of the reservoir together with the Ecuadorian ornithologist Carlos Díaz. They were able to spot some interesting species. The conservation rules in Llanganates are very strict. Nevertheless, nature suffers from illegal wildlife hunting, extraction of timber and progressing agriculture. As a result, the group saw radical changes in the landscape. A big part of the terrain that is naturally occupied by woods was transformed for farming.
The scientists also visited another part of Llanganates: The Cloud Forest. This jungle in Ecuador is known for its huge biodiversity. Although the Cloud Forest occupies only a tiny part of the world’s surface, it’s the habitat of a big proportion of all existing bird species. Where does that diversity come from? First, from the climatic conditions in Ecuador. Second, the jungle stands on a slope. That allows the sunrays to come deeper into the forest and support a larger variety of life forms. For biologist and bird expert Christian Hof the Cloud Forest was ideal to study Ecuador’s diverse flora and fauna.
Cooperation with local university
An important part of scientific progress is the exchange of knowledge with other experts. That’s why the members from Expedition Anthropocene met professors from their official partner: The Universidad Estatal Amazónica in Puyo. Together with Andean Summit Adventure the university organized the application for the national park permits.
Moreover, it supported the expedition team by sharing their research and understanding of Ecuador’s environment. At a meeting at the hotel La Chimenea in Baños de Agua Santa the scientists talked about several topics. Some of them were the observed glacier retreat of Chimborazo, immense plastic usage and the resulting pollution and Ecuador’s biodiversity. Besides, they discussed further collaboration for the interpretation of the collected data.
In addition, the expedition team also met researches from the Universidad Católica del Ecuador and Universidad San Francisco de Quito to discuss their observations. As a result, the close collaboration will allow the scientists to put their findings on climate and land-use change in a wider context.
Investigations at Finca Palmonte
Even after having seen the incredible nature of Llanganates and the Cloud Forest, the Finca Palmonte in the CELS (Corridor Ecológico Llanganates Sangay) impressed the scientists. The name “Palmonte” is derived from the palm trees and mountains that surround the finca. This isolated place in the middle of nowhere was perfect for the expedition´s research.
The team studied colorful butterflies, birds, orchids and interesting insects. Moreover, they spoke to Fausto Recalde from the EcoMinga Foundation about how climate change affects the Candelaria Reserve. Besides, Dirk Pflüger used the opportunity to take panoramic photos in order to analyse the different forms of landscape.
Humans and the environment
Humans are a strange species. We exist on this planet for a relatively short amount of time. Nonetheless, we dramatically changed the world. That presents nature with heavy challenges. As our lives are embedded into the environment, we depend on it. Thus, it’s in our best interest to conserve it.
The Expedition Anthropocene did a lot of research in Ecuador. Packed with glacier samples, photos from flora and fauna, answers from the interviews and good relationships to local professors the team of scientists returns to Germany. Back home the analysis of the collected data starts. Being aware of the importance that the environment has for us, Andean Summit Adventure hopes that the results from Expedition Anthropocene help in the process of protecting nature.
All Photos: © Die Junge Akademie – Expedition Team
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Ryanodine receptors (RyRs) form a class of calcium channels in various forms of muscle and other excitable animal tissue. It is the major cellular mediator of calcium-induced calcium release (CICR) in animal cells.
It has been shown that calcium release from a number of ryanodine receptors in a ryanodine receptor cluster results in a spatiotemporally-restricted rise in cytosolic calcium that can be visualised as a calcium spark.
Ryanodine receptors are similar to the inositol triphosphate (IP3) receptor, and stimulated to transport Ca2+ into the cytosol by recognizing Ca2+ on its cytosolic side, thus establishing a positive feedback mechanism; a small amount of Ca2+ in the cytosol near the receptor will cause it to release even more Ca2+ (calcium-induced calcium release/CICR).
Agonist: 4-chloro-m-cresol and suramin are direct agonists, i.e., direct activators.
Xanthines like caffeine and pentifylline activate it by potentiating sensitivity to native ligand Ca.
Physiological agonist: Cyclic ADP-ribose can act as a physiological gating agent. It has been suggested that it may act by making FKBP12.6 (12.6 kilodalton FK506 binding protein, as opposed to 12kd FKBP12 which binds to RyR1) which normally bind (and blocks) RyR2 channel tetramer in an average stoichiometry of 3.6, to fall off RyR2 (which is the predominant RyR in pancreatic beta cells, cardiomyocytes and smooth muscles).
A variety of other molecules may interact with and regulate Ryanodine receptor. For example: Dimerized Homer physical tether linking inositol trisphosphate receptors (IP3R) and ryanodine receptors on the intracellular calcium stores with cell surface group 1 metabotropic Glutamate Receptors and the alpha 1D adrenergic receptor
The plant alkaloid ryanodine, for which this receptor was named, has become an invaluable investigative tool. It can block the phasic release of calcium, but at low doses may not block the tonic cumulative calcium release. The binding of ryanodine to RyRs is use-dependent, that is the channels have to be in the activated state. At low (<10 MicroMolar, works even at nanomolar) concentrations, ryanodine binding locks the RyRs into a long-lived subconductance (half-open) state and eventually depletes the store, while higher (~100 MicroMolar) concentrations irreversibly inhibit channel-opening.
RyRs are activated by millimolar caffeine concentrations. High (greater than 5 millimolar) caffeine concentrations cause a pronounced increase (from micromolar to picomolar) in the sensitivity of RyRs to Ca2+ in the presence of caffeine, such that basal Ca2+ concentrations become activatory. At low millimolar caffeine concentrations, the receptor opens in a quantal way, but has complicated behavior in terms of repeated use of caffeine or dependence on cytosolic or luminal calcium concentrations.
^ Vites A, Pappano A (1994). "Distinct modes of inhibition by ruthenium red and ryanodine of calcium-induced calcium release in avian atrium". J Pharmacol Exp Ther268 (3): 1476-84. PMID 7511166.
^ Xu L, Tripathy A, Pasek D, Meissner G. "Potential for pharmacology of ryanodine receptor/calcium release channels". Ann N Y Acad Sci853: 130-48. PMID 10603942.
^ Wang Y, Zheng Y, Mei Q, Wang Q, Collier M, Fleischer S, Xin H, Kotlikoff M (2004). "FKBP12.6 and cADPR regulation of Ca2+ release in smooth muscle cells". Am J Physiol Cell Physiol286 (3): C538-46. PMID 14592808.
^ Tu J, Xiao B, Yuan J, Lanahan A, Leoffert K, Li M, Linden D, Worley P (1998). "Homer binds a novel proline-rich motif and links group 1 metabotropic glutamate receptors with IP3 receptors". Neuron21 (4): 717-26. PMID 9808459.
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Meander-Greek Key Design
The meander motif took its name from the river Meander, a river with many twists, mentioned by Homer in Iliad. The motif is also known as Greek key or Greek fret. Meander was the most important symbol in Ancient Greece, symbolizing infinity or the eternal flow of things. Many temples and objects were decorated with this motif, and it is considered that there is a connection with the Cretan labyrinth.
This design is everywhere in today's decorating. Most commonly used in textiles, the design element is showing up as accents on furniture, giving us many options to incorporate this versatile graphic in our homes. Greek key has often been considered a motif for traditional décor. But by uing it in bright bold colors like pink and blue, it becomes more modern.
thanks for taking a peek ~
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Running out of ideas to keep student athletes occupied at home that don’t involve adding screen time?
Consider mixing it up with a scavenger hunt! Scavenger hunts have many benefits for student athletes, in that they require activation of the body and mind. By working on puzzles, your child can build upon his or her problem solving skills and learn in an interactive way that increases retention and memory. Sending them on a quest is also exciting and involves running around the house or neighborhood to get their heart rates pumping. The best part is that they will be building their skills and learning while having a blast.
Ethan Allen Prep recommends using this website, treasure.run. It does all of the work for you, so your family can stay actively engaged while having fun with their learning.
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In securing an airway, endotracheal intubation requires the highest skills and is accompanied by risks. To enable you as emergency medical staff to perform intubations, you should certainly use the opportunity to practice this during the administration of anaesthetic in the operating room. The intubation simulator provides exceptionally good and realistic intubation training, enabling you to:
" Acquire both the skill of oral and nasal tracheal intubation.
" Acquire the skill of handling supraglottic airway devices (e.g. laryngeal mask airway, esophageal gastric tube airway).
" Confirm left and right air sound with a stethoscope
" Determine ventilation of one lung
" Determine accidental oesophageal intubation
" Usage of the laryngoscope and training of securing airways can be trained almost like on a living body.
" Neck flexion and head extension
"Advancement of the mandible
Tongue, epiglottis and pharynx are reproduced realistically, with the tongue and mouth made of soft material. The front teeth (upper four) are made to break when pressure is exerted incorrectly and the teeth are used as a fulcrum while using a laryngoscope.
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Adware is a collective term for programs that purposely display annoying advertisements or pop-ups on the system user interface.
Adware can purposely disrupt the user’s browsing habits. Some Adware is designed to persuade the user into paying for unnecessary software that might be malicious.
Adware can come in the form of malicious or disruptive software, toolbars, free instant messaging smiley’s and more! Adware is commonly associated with Spyware and Trojans, which can cause a user’s computer great harm, whilst secretly obtaining personal information from the user.
Adware is often linked to poor computer speed and usability. However, the symptoms may be more severe when the adware is mixed in the system with other malicious programs.
When dealing with adware, it’s always best to identify it quickly and remove it as soon as possible!
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Report finds substantial variation in---and opportunity for---uptake of new technology for clinical care of cancer
Cancer is a growing challenge to Canadians and an increasing burden on healthcare budgets. A ground-breaking report released today suggests that access to, and utilization of, leading-edge medical-imaging technology for the diagnosis, staging, and monitoring of cancer treatment varies widely from province to province, putting cancer patients in some areas at a distinct disadvantage.
The technology, called Positron Emission Tomography, is often coupled with Computerized Tomography (CT) and is known as PET/CT imaging. PET imaging is already widely used and integral to cancer care in most developed nations, and increased utilization of this technology could provide more clinically-effective and cost-effective treatment for cancer patients in Canada. A nationally coordinated strategy to take up this technology and standardize its use could bring Canada back to the forefront of global cancer care.
"The Use of Positron Emission Tomography (PET) for Cancer Care Across Canada: Time for a National Strategy" was prepared for TRIUMF and AAPS, Inc. by independent medical-research consultant and well-known writer, Susan D. Martinuk. According to Martinuk, "PET is revolutionizing clinical cancer care in the United States and Europe, yet many Canadian doctors and policy officials continue to see PET as experimental and unproven technology. Cancer patients can suffer because of this reluctance." She reports that she was surprised at the variability among provinces in the utilization of, and access to, this key diagnostic technology.
One exception to the Canadian story is Quebec---where there is a network of 12 clinical PET scanners and PET imaging serves as the gateway to cancer treatment since patients are referred for a PET scan as soon as cancer is suspected. Some provinces have no PET scanners (e.g., Saskatchewan), while others have adequate equipment but restrict access (e.g., Ontario). In British Columbia, PET scanners are overwhelmed by patient volume.
Studies show that PET imaging is clinically effective; it can change the planned treatment regime of a patient in 36.5% – 50% of cases. Based on this, there is an implication that Quebec cancer patients will experience a very different standard of cancer management than their counterparts in other provinces. Of course, other factors beyond PET imaging contribute to overall success in managing cancer.
The power of this non-invasive, nuclear imaging technology is that it can detect changes in the biological function of cells before they undergo the anatomical changes that are typically identified by other diagnostic modalities like CT. This feature makes PET uniquely capable of detecting cancer at an early stage, before a mass is formed, and thus has positive implications for detecting, staging and restaging of cancer patients. PET is also critical to early determination of the efficacy of cancer treatment regimes. Rather than waiting until the end of a trial to determine if chemotherapy is working, a scan early in the chemotherapy regime can show if the treatment is effective or if it should be changed. This not only improves the probability of a cure, but also results in the most appropriate use of scarce healthcare resources.
Martinuk compiled the report by interviewing nuclear-medicine leaders within each province and collecting data about the deployment and utilization of PET-based technology for clinical oncology. She identifies key constraints that currently stand in the way of cancer patients having ready access to PET. They include Canada's unique geography and population density, equipment and operating costs, a limited availability of FDG (the active component of PET), and the lack of national policies, protocols, and indications. In particular, it was noted that a lack education and a low awareness of PET were evident among the public, cancer patients, and medical professionals.
Bu the report also identifies the key opportunities that exist for Canada to seize the moment and make PET a part of the normal standard of care for cancer patients. They include the development of several national initiatives to advance and fully deploy PET-based imaging technologies for effective diagnosis and managed-treatment of cancer, a national education campaign, and plans to increase the availability of FDG.
Nigel Lockyer, director of TRIUMF, commented, "Canada is a world leader in health science and technology. Together, our provincial health authorities have the expertise and the talent to give Canadians everywhere confidence that they are getting the best treatment available to detect, monitor, and control their cancer."
Martinuk added, "This report is not the last word; it's the start of something. Our intention is to move the conversation forward by engaging the provincial health authorities, the practitioners, and the patients."
-- based on a TRIUMF/AAPS news release
TRIUMF and AAPS released a joint report today that examines the deployment of PET-based imaging technology for the clinical care of cancer across Canada, province by province.
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Macular degeneration is a disease condition usually occurs in the elderly, in which the center of the inner mucous membrane, known as the retinal “spot” region becomes thin, which is also known as atrophy. In some cases, it even leads to bleeding. This can lead to loss of central vision, which can lead to the inability to see small details, read, in some cases, to detect faces. Vitamins for eye health macular degeneration certify that the macula, lenses and other eye tissues are protected and nourished. Here are some types of food that you should look for:
Visit this link to know more about eye health and other medical needs and concerns.
Some vitamins and nutrients, such as zinc, lutein, zeaxanthin, vitamins A, C, and E, will really help in your vision. Adding these different options each day can help slow down the macular degeneration you experience. Look at omega-3 from fish oil, as well as CoQ10, which contains L-carnitine.here are vitamins for eye health macular degeneration.
It is known that it balances cholesterol, reduces damage to free radicals and improves vision. It is often consumed along with vitamin C and zinc for better absorption. This promotes cell regeneration to maintain healthy eye cells.
This is known as beta-carotene and slows down the development of nerve damage caused by diabetes. It also serves as an additional shield to the surface of the eye called cornea. Vitamin A can be found in many foods such as liver, sweet potatoes, carrots, spinach, mango, melon, apricot, milk, egg yolk, and mozzarella cheese.
Fresh fruits and vegetables are a good natural source of vitamin C to promote good blood flow that keeps healthy blood vessels to prevent cataracts and macular degeneration.
Omega-3 fatty acids
Macular degeneration can be significantly improved by eating oily fish or fish oil supplements. a dietary supplement of EPA and DHA in long-chain omega-3 fatty acids prevents age-related vision less fatty acids can also help reduce the risk of glaucoma by helping to drain the fluid inside the eyeball from the eyes. This DHA also stops the buildup of the toxic molecule in the retina, which in turn leads to blindness with age. The research team at the University of Alberta is continuing to study the effect of DHA on AMD (age-related macular degeneration).
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By Jack Petrash
Providing for our children is another of parenting’s paradoxes. Because our children start out in life depending on us for everything, it is vital that we live fully into our role as providers. Food, clothing, and meaningful experiences are all a part of what parents work hard to provide. The more thought and care we put into providing for our children at an early age, the more they benefit. Providing healthy food, warm clothing, and good medical care are just the kind of assignments that good parents take seriously. It is our job to provide the very best for our children and over time these decisions will involve schools, camps, after school lessons, and all sorts of teams. But here too, Emerson’s words apply: “Every excess has its defect… Every sweet hath its sour.”
In his book, Too Much of a Good Thing: Raising Children of Character in an Indulgent Age, Dan Kindlon points out that providing too much for our children for too long, impedes character development. When Kindlon did a survey on “too good to be true teenagers,” the kinds of healthy children parents hope to raise, he found that there were certain characteristics that these young people had in common. They cleaned their own rooms. They did not have a phone in their room (I assume that also means a cell phone). And they did some kind of community service. What the parents provided was very simple; these children ate dinner regularly as a family.
What is clear from this study is that we should always provide our children with opportunities to give as well as receive. This can mean different things in different families. It can mean that children make their own beds or do the dishes. It can mean that adolescents do their own laundry or clean the bathroom. And with teenagers it can mean that they work outside of the home on weekends or in the summer to earn their own spending money, keeping in mind that independence fosters responsibility and that leads to self-esteem.
A number of years ago, the state of California offered a work program for young people modeled after the Civilian Conservation Corps, the federally funded program during the Depression. The California program promised “hard work, long hours, and low pay.” It had a waiting list, mostly with young people from well-to-do families who wanted to find out what they were really worth.
In the end children must provide for themselves. How many kids today pay for their own car insurance, their gasoline, their cell phones, or their credit card bills in college? What message do we send our children when we give them so much, other than the message of privilege or entitlement?
Parenting has to be a bi-polar undertaking. We are called on to protect our children, but not over-protect them, to provide for them, but not indulge them. These are the challenges that parenting sets before us; and as with any art form, there are no easy answers. We simply have to be present in the moment and move between the opposites to achieve the right balance. Sometimes this work seems overwhelming and I must say there are nights when I get down. It is then that I look for a little help with this work and this quotation by E.F. Schumacher from Small is Beautiful, helps.
“Through all our lives we are faced with the task of reconciling opposites which, in logical thought, cannot be reconciled… How can one reconcile the demands of freedom and discipline in education? Countless mothers and teachers, in fact, do it, but no one can write down a solution. They do it by bringing into the situation a force that belongs to a higher level where opposites are transcended – the power of love.”
These words remind me that I am just a struggling artist who really loves his work.
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A user is an agent, often a human agent (end-user) instead of a software agent, who uses a computer or network service.
A user is an agent, either a human agent (end-user) or software agent, who uses a computer or network service. A user often has a user account and is identified by a username (also user name), screen name (also screenname), nickname (also nick), or handle. In UX a user is most of the time a real person.
Questions having the users tag regards user satisfaction and task completion capability within the field of User Experience.
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Biodiversity Planning Toolkit
The Biodiversity Planning Toolkit is a new online resource, aimed at helping users to incorporate biodiversity into the planning system and new development. The Toolkit has been created by the Association of Local Government Ecologists (ALGE) in partnership with a wide range of conservation and planning organisations across the United Kingdom.
The website has a vast array of tools and useful resources for biodiversity/urban planners or ecological surveyors. It includes information about protocols and guidelines, biodiversity objectives, green infrastructure opportunities, ecosystem services assessment, offsetting schemes and site designations. It also outlines and defines key species, habitats and geodiversity characteristics. It has links to reports, user guides and best practice examples.
As well as being displayed in a standard web page format, a lot of the information is incorporated into an interactive web map. This shows examples of habitats, species, developments and other land uses, as well as issues and opportunities, as they sit within the landscape. It also incorporates a number of tools that can be used on-the-fly, such as a biodiversity offsetting calculator.
Biodiversity Planning Toolkit website – http://www.biodiversityplanningtoolkit.com/default.asp
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In the 34 developed and 156 developing countries, there are ~132 million disabled people who need a wheelchair, constituting 1.86% of the world population. Moreover, there are millions of people suffering from diseases related to motor disabilities, which cause inability to produce controlled movement in any of the limbs or even head. This paper proposes a system to aid people with motor disabilities by restoring their ability to move effectively and effortlessly without having to rely on others utilizing an eye-controlled electric wheelchair. The system input is images of the user’s eye that are processed to estimate the gaze direction and the wheelchair was moved accordingly. To accomplish such a feat, four user-specific methods were developed, implemented, and tested; all of which were based on a benchmark database created by the authors. The first three techniques were automatic, employ correlation, and were variants of template matching, whereas the last one uses convolutional neural networks (CNNs). Different metrics to quantitatively evaluate the performance of each algorithm in terms of accuracy and latency were computed and overall comparison is presented. CNN exhibited the best performance (i.e., 99.3% classification accuracy), and thus it was the model of choice for the gaze estimator, which commands the wheelchair motion. The system was evaluated carefully on eight subjects achieving 99% accuracy in changing illumination conditions outdoor and indoor. This required modifying a motorized wheelchair to adapt it to the predictions output by the gaze estimation algorithm. The wheelchair control can bypass any decision made by the gaze estimator and immediately halt its motion with the help of an array of proximity sensors, if the measured distance goes below a well-defined safety margin. This work not only empowers any immobile wheelchair user, but also provides low-cost tools for the organization assisting wheelchair users.
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited
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The World Health Organization develops health care services to help low-economic countries to improve the quality of primary health care for elderly people.
What is the most common cause of death in low-economic countries?
A- Diarrheal diseases
B- Lower respiratory tract infections
D- Ischemic heart disease
The most common cause of death in low-economic countries is lower respiratory tract infections as pneumonia. Ischemic heart disease and stroke are the most common causes in high-economic countries. Diarrheal diseases are the most common cause of death in young age low-economic population. HIV/AIDS is not the most common cause of death in any age group.
The correct answer is B
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Body language is a critical skill to learn if you want to master negotiations. This is rooted in the fact that humans usually trust a person's body language when they see a contradiction between his body language and his words. Nonverbal communication is used as a complementary technique to interpret other people's behavior. For example, if you are teasing your friend with a joke you want to make sure that he understands your intention by putting your hand on his shoulder.
When you meet a new person nonverbal communications always start before verbal communications. A few examples of nonverbal communication are the way people walk, make eye contact, and posture. To become an expert in body language you need to interpret and decode nonverbal messages in addition to sending nonverbal messages.
One of the main areas of body language is facial expression. The first person to study facial language was Charles Darwin who believed that humans and many mammals show similar facial expressions when showing different emotions. Most of the time, we show emotions on our faces for a few seconds before we hide them. This quick show of emotions is called micro-expressions. For example, when your boss is angry with you but he tries to hide it whenever it appears on his face.
The eye is a window to our mind and studying it is crucial to understand body language. For example, when we stare at a distant point, we non-verbally ask the other person to pause and let us think. Eye contact can also convey love and hate feelings. Lovers tend to stare at each other's eyes for a long time. On the other hand, two opponents in a boxing match tend to stare into each other's eyes with anger.
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